Galaxy

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      <text bytes="12459" sha1="1q6gwf6kmzwytp1rclgc6pirxya87py" xml:space="preserve">{{For|the automobile|Ford Galaxy}}

A '''galaxy''' is a group of many [[stars]], with [[gas]], [[dust]], and [[dark matter]].&lt;ref name=sparke&gt;Sparke L.S. &amp; Gallagher III J.S. 2000. ''Galaxies in the Universe: an introduction''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521671868.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nasa&quot;&gt;Hupp E; Roy S. &amp; Watzke M. 2006.[http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2006/aug/HQ_06297_CHANDRA_Dark_Matter.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328193824/https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2006/aug/HQ_06297_CHANDRA_Dark_Matter.html|date=2020-03-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=cox1/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/galaxy/en/|title = What is a Galaxy? &amp;#124; NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids}}&lt;/ref&gt; The name 'galaxy' is taken from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word ''galaxia'' meaning [[milk]]y, a reference to our own galaxy, the [[Milky Way]]. Most galaxies look very misty, like small micro-droplets of [[milk]], when looked through a [[telescope]]. 

[[File:Birds of a feather (50071190086).jpg|thumb|400px|NGC 2775 galaxy in the constellation of [[Cancer (constellation)|Cancer]].]]

[[Gravity]] holds galaxies together against the general [[expansion of the universe]].&lt;ref name=&quot;cox1&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Wonders of the Universe|last1=Cox, Brian|last2=Cohen, Andrew|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2011|isbn=9780007395828|page=24}}&lt;/ref&gt; In effect, the expansion of the universe takes place between groups of galaxies, not inside those groups. Gravity holds the galaxy together. The same applies to  groups and clusters of galaxies, such as our [[Local Group]] where the Milky Way is, and the [[Virgo Cluster]], a collection of more than 1,000 (might even be 2,000) galaxies. The gravitation is produced by the matter and energy in a galaxy or group of galaxies. Everything in a galaxy moves around a [[centre of mass]], which is also an effect of gravity.  

There are various types of galaxies: [[Elliptical galaxy|elliptical]], [[Spiral galaxy|spiral]] and [[lenticular galaxy|lenticular]] galaxies, which can all be with or without [[Barred spiral galaxy|bars]]. There are also [[Irregular galaxy|irregular]] galaxies. 

All galaxies exist inside the [[universe]]. The [[Observable universe|observable Universe]] contains more than 2 trillion (10&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;) galaxies&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20161017&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Fountain |first=Henry |title=Two Trillion Galaxies, at the Very Least |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/18/science/two-trillion-galaxies-at-the-very-least.html |date=17 October 2016 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=17 October 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and, overall, as many as an estimated {{val|1e24}} stars&lt;ref name=&quot;ESA-2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=2019|title=How many stars are there in the Universe?|url=https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Herschel/How_many_stars_are_there_in_the_Universe|work=[[European Space Agency]]|accessdate=21 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=The Structure of the Universe|doi=10.1007/978-1-4614-8730-2_10|title=The Fundamentals of Modern Astrophysics|url=https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsofmo0000maro|year=2015|last1=Marov|first1=Mikhail Ya.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsofmo0000maro/page/279 279]–294|isbn=978-1-4614-8729-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; (more stars than all the [[Sand|grains of sand]] on planet [[Earth]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;SU-20020201&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mackie |first=Glen |title=To see the Universe in a Grain of Taranaki Sand |url=http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/~gmackie/billions.html |date=1 February 2002 |work=[[w:Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing]] |accessdate=28 January 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Description==
There are galaxies of different sizes and type. Typical galaxies range from [[Dwarf galaxy|dwarfs]] with as few as ten million&lt;ref name=cox1 /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eso&quot;&gt;ESO 2000: [http://www.eso.org/outreach/press-rel/pr-2000/pr-12-00.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120729/http://www.eso.org/outreach/press-rel/pr-2000/pr-12-00.html|date=2012-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; (10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt;) stars up to giants with a hundred [[trillion]]&lt;ref name=cox1 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Wilford&gt;Wilford, John Noble 1990. &quot;Sighting of largest galaxy hints at clues on the clustering of matter&quot;. ''New York Times''. [https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/26/us/sighting-of-largest-galaxy-hints-clues-on-the-clustering-of-matter.html. Retrieved 2010-05-06]{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; (10&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;) stars, all orbiting the galaxy's [[center of mass]]. Galaxies may contain many multiple star systems, [[star cluster]]s, and various [[interstellar cloud]]s. The [[Sun]] is one of the stars in the [[Milky Way]] galaxy; the [[Solar System]] includes the Earth and all the other objects that orbit the Sun.

[[Star cluster]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;s are not galaxies, they are inside galaxies. [[Globular clusters]] are spherical-shaped star clusters which are part of the outer [[halo]] of the Milky Way. One of the largest (and oldest) known star clusters, [[Messier 15]], has several million stars, packed closely together, with a [[black hole]] at its centre. The stars are too closely packed to get an accurate count, but it certainly has more stars than some of the smaller galaxies. 

Within [[galaxy cluster]]s, galaxies move relative to other galaxies. They sometimes collide. When this happens, the stars generally move past each other, but gas clouds and dust interact, making a [[Starburst galaxy]] with a burst of new stars. Gravity pulls both galaxies into somewhat new shapes, forming bars, rings or tail-like structures.

[[File:NGC 2997 ESO.jpg|thumb|270px|NGC 2997, a spiral galaxy in the [[constellation]] Antila, produces new stars at a rate of 1 or 2 stars per year.]]

Many galaxies continue to form new generations of stars. The Milky Way, and all spiral shaped galaxies like it (see right side image of NGC 2997), produce new stars at a rate of one or two stars per year. This [[star formation]] happens in the vast interstellar clouds that account for about 1% to 10% of the mass of these galaxies. Globular star clusters, on the other hand, are not currently forming stars because this activity happened billions of years ago and then stopped once all of the gas and dust clouds were used up. 

In the [[astronomy|astronomical]] [[literature]], the word 'Galaxy' with a capital ''G'' is used for our galaxy, the [[Milky Way]]. The billions of other galaxies are written as 'galaxy' with a lowercase ''g''. The term ''Milky Way'' first came out in the English language in a poem by [[Geoffrey Chaucer|Chaucer]].
{{Quote|
:&quot;See yonder, lo, the Galaxyë&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;Which men clepeth the Milky Wey,&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;For hit is whyt&quot;.&lt;ref name=cox1 /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Geoffrey Chaucer. ''The House of Fame'', ~1380.{{Cite web
 | url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=galaxy
 | title=Online Etymology Dictionary
 | accessdate=2007-01-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

When [[William Herschel]] wrote his [[wikt:catalogue|catalogue]] of deep sky objects, he used the name ''spiral [[nebula]]'' for objects like the [[Andromeda Galaxy]]. 200 years later astronomers discovered that they are made of stars as the Milky Way is, so the term 'nebula' is now only used for [[diffuse]] structures in a galaxy.

== Types ==
[[File:Hubble sequence photo.png|thumb|270px|Hubble Sequence.]]

There are two main kinds of galaxies, [[spiral galaxy]] and [[elliptical galaxy]]. They are classified according to the [[Edwin Hubble|Hubble Sequence]]. 

=== Spiral galaxy ===
[[File:Hubble2005-01-barred-spiral-galaxy-NGC1300.jpg|thumb|270px|[[NGC 1300]] is a [[barred spiral galaxy]].]]

A '''spiral galaxy''' is a galaxy that has a [[spiral]] shape. Most of the galaxies in the universe observed by [[astronomer]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;s are spiral galaxies (about 77%).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.space.com/22382-spiral-galaxy.html|title=Spiral Galaxy Facts &amp; Definition|newspaper=Space.com|access-date=2018-01-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

They are divided into two :
* Barred spiral galaxy (classified as &quot;SB&quot;)
* Unbarred spiral galaxy (classified as &quot;SA&quot;)
[[NGC 1300]] and [[NGC 1672]] are examples of barred spiral galaxies. The [[Whirlpool galaxy]] and [[Messier 81]] are examples of unbarred spiral galaxies.

The identifying characteristics of a spiral galaxy are disk-shaped rotating, spiral arms, and a bulge in the galactic core.  The spiral arms are where new hot stars are born.  &quot;Bulge&quot; in the galactic core has old stars.  This feature is common to the most spiral galaxies.

=== Elliptical galaxy ===
[[File:ESO 325-G004 in galaxy cluster Abell S0740 (STScI-PRC2007-08).jpg|thumb|270px|[[ESO 325-G004]] is an [[elliptical galaxy]].]]

An '''elliptical galaxy''' is a galaxy that has a [[ellipsoid]] (3D of [[ellipse]]) shape.  This type of galaxy are dominant in [[universe]], especially in [[galaxy cluster]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;s.  The shape ranges from circle, ellipse, and cigar-shaped.  In Hubble Sequence, this shape can be represented as class :
* E0 (circle-shape)
* E53 (ellipse-shape)
* E7 (cigar-shaped)
Elliptical galaxies have a large range in size. The giant elliptical galaxy can be over a more 1 million [[light year]]s and the smallest (know as &quot;dwarf elliptical galaxy&quot;) are less than one-tenth the size of Milky Way&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://cas.sdss.org/dr6/en/proj/basic/galaxies/ellipticals.asp|title=Elliptical Galaxies|website=cas.sdss.org|access-date=2018-01-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[effective radius]] defines the area from which half its light comes. The mass of elliptical galaxy is also large. A giant elliptical galaxy can have mass of 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; (many trillions) of solar masses.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/E/Elliptical+Galaxy|title=Elliptical Galaxy {{!}} COSMOS|website=astronomy.swin.edu.au|language=en|access-date=2018-01-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Other kinds of galaxies ===
[[File:Busy bees.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Lenticular galaxy]] [[NGC 5308]].]] 

A '''lenticular galaxy''' is a galaxy seen as a disc shape.  The shape of a lenticular galaxy is between spiral galaxy and elliptical galaxy.  The shape can be known by looking at the bulge of the [[galactic center]].  If the bulge is very bright, it is a spiral galaxy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://cas.sdss.org/dr2/en/proj/basic/galaxies/lenticular.asp|title=Lenticular Galaxies|website=cas.sdss.org|access-date=2018-01-30|archive-date=2018-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202092440/http://cas.sdss.org/dr2/en/proj/basic/galaxies/lenticular.asp|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Related pages ==
*[[List of galaxies]]
*[[List of nearest galaxies]]
*[[Most distant things]]
*[[Local Group]]
*[[IC 1101]]: the largest known galaxy, with about 100 [[trillion]] stars.&lt;ref&gt;https://arxiv.org/PS_cache/astro-ph/pdf/0209/0209205v2.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;science250_4980_539&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Uson, Juan M.|date=October 1990|title=The central galaxy in Abell 2029 {{ndash}} an old supergiant|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1990-10-26_250_4980/page/n83|journal=Science|volume=250|issue=4980|pages=539&amp;ndash;540|bibcode=1990Sci...250..539U|doi=10.1126/science.250.4980.539|pmid=17751483|s2cid=23362384| issn=0036-8075 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Milky Way]]
*[[Andromeda galaxy]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Other websites ==
{{Wiktionary|galaxy}}
{{Commonscat|Galaxies|Galaxy}}
* [http://www.seds.org/messier/galaxy.html Galaxies, SEDS Messier pages]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812221521/http://seds.org/messier/galaxy.html |date=2011-08-12 }}
* [http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/ An Atlas of The Universe]
* [http://www.nightskyinfo.com/galaxies Galaxies — Information and amateur observations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912191650/http://www.nightskyinfo.com/galaxies/ |date=2015-09-12 }}
* [http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/08feb_gravlens.htm The oldest galaxy yet found] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060411094750/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/08feb_gravlens.htm |date=2006-04-11 }}
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20060629.shtml Galaxies — discussed on BBC Radio 4's &quot;In Our Time&quot; programme]
* [http://www.galaxyzoo.org Galaxy classification project, harnessing the power of the internet and the human brain]
* [http://www.physics.org/facts/sand-galaxies.asp How many galaxies are in our universe?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821071507/http://www.physics.org/facts/sand-galaxies.asp |date=2015-08-21 }}


[[Category:Galaxies| ]]</text>
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      <comment>Coat of arms of Quebec (without crown).svg The crown was officially removed from the Québec coat of arms on 23 January 2026. Source: https://www.quebec.ca/gouvernement/portrait-quebec/drapeau-symboles-nationaux/armoiries</comment>
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'''Quebec''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|b|ɛ|k}} or {{IPAc-en|k|w|ᵻ|ˈ|b|ɛ|k}}; {{lang-fr|'''Québec'''}} {{IPA-fr|kebɛk||FR-Québec.ogg}})&lt;ref&gt;According to the [[Government of Canada|Canadian government]], '''Québec''' (with the [[acute accent]]) is the official name in [[Canadian French|French]] and '''Quebec''' (without the accent) is the province's official name in [[Canadian English|English]]; the name is [https://web.archive.org/web/20091210041815/http://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/info/pan_can_e.php one of 81 places of pan-Canadian significance with official forms in both languages]. In this system, the official name of the [[Quebec City|capital is Québec]] in both official languages. The Quebec government renders both names as ''Québec'' in both languages.&lt;/ref&gt; is a [[province]] in the eastern part of [[Canada]] located between the [[Hudson Bay]] and the [[Gulf of Saint Lawrence]]. It is the biggest of [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Canada's 10 provinces]] by [[size]]. It also has the second-largest [[population]], after [[Ontario]]. Most of Quebec's inhabitants live along or near the banks of the [[Saint Lawrence River]]. Not many people live in the north of the province. Quebec borders the Canadian [[provinces]] of [[Newfoundland and Labrador]] and [[New Brunswick]] and the U.S. [[states]] of [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Vermont]], [[New Hampshire]], and [[Maine]].

Unlike the other provinces, most people in Quebec speak [[French language|French]] ([[Canadian French]]), which is the only [[official language]]. There is a strong French-language [[culture]], which includes French-language [[newspaper]]s, [[magazine]]s, [[movie]]s, [[television]] and [[radio]] shows. Their culture and language, however, is quite different from that of [[France]], mainly because of Quebec's isolation from France since the 17th-century and the separate evolutions of the French language in Quebec and in France. The Quebec culture is also influenced by [[English language|English]]-speaking Canada.

The [[government]] of Quebec has its offices in the capital, [[Quebec City]], which is one of the oldest cities in [[North America]]. The city with the most people in the province is [[Montreal]], which is also the second-largest city in Canada.

Quebec has many [[natural resource]]s that are used to create [[job]]s. Quebec also has many [[company|companies]] that create products for [[Information technology|information]] and [[communication]] technologies, [[Aerospace engineering|aerospace]], [[biotechnology]], and [[Health care|health]] [[Industrialization|industries]]. It has also developed close relations with the [[Northeastern United States]].

== Leaving Canada ==
Quebec was part of [[New France]] until 1760, which then became under [[British Empire|British control]]. Quebec became a province in the Canadian Confederation in 1867.

Since then, some people in Quebec have wanted to leave Canada. Since Quebec is mainly French-speaking, most of its people feel that it is very different from the rest of Canada and want to keep it that way. Some feel that for this to happen, Quebec must [[Secession|leave Canada]] and become its own [[country]]. However, the people of Quebec are divided as to its place in Canada.

Quebec held [[Democracy|democratic]] [[vote]]s in 1980 and 1995 to decide whether to leave Canada. In 1995, the people of Quebec chose to stay in Canada by a 1% margin.

== History ==
[[Native American|Aboriginal]] people and [[Inuit]] groups were the first peoples who lived in what is now Québec. The Aboriginal people lived by [[hunting]], gathering, and [[fishing]]. Some of the Aboriginal people, called [[Iroquoian]]s, planted [[Squash (plant)|squash]] and [[maize]]. The Inuit fished and hunted whales and seals for fur and food. Sometimes, they [[war]]red with one another.

[[Viking]]s came in [[longboat]]s from [[Scandinavia]] in 1000 AD. [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque]] whalers and fishermen traded furs with Aboriginal people throughout the 1500s.

The first [[France|French]] explorer to reach Quebec was [[Jacques Cartier]]. He sailed into the St. Lawrence River in 1534 and established a [[colony]] near present-day Quebec City.

[[Samuel de Champlain]] came from France and to the [[Saint Lawrence River]]. In 1608, he founded [[Quebec City|Quebec Citty]] as a permanent [[Fur trade|fur trading]] outpost. Champlain signed trading and military agreements with Aboriginal people. Voyageurs, coureurs des bois, and Catholic [[Missionary|missionaries]] used river [[canoe]]s to explore the interior of the [[North America|North American]] continent.

After 1627, King [[Louis XIII|Louis XIII of France]] made a rule that only Roman Catholics could go to live in New France. [[Jesuit]] [[cleric]]s tried to [[Religious conversion|convert]] New France's [[Native American|Aboriginal people]] to Catholicism. New France became a royal province of France in 1663, and its [[population]] grew from about 3,000 to 60,000 people between 1666 and 1760. Colonists built farms on the banks of the [[Saint Lawrence River]].

In 1753, France began building a series of forts in the British [[Ohio River]] Country. Britain asked the French to remove the forts, and the French refused. By 1756, France and Britain were at war. In 1758, the British attacked New France by sea and captured the French fort at Louisbourg.

In 1759, British General James Wolfe defeated General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm outside Quebec City. France ceded its North American land to Great Britain at the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)]]. In 1764, New France was renamed the [[Province of Quebec (1763–1791)|Province of Quebec]].

In 1774, the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]] passed the Quebec Act, which recognized French law, the [[Roman Catholicism in Canada|Catholic religion]], and the [[French language]] in the colony and gave the Quebec people their first charter of [[rights]]. That angered American colonists angry, which was one reason that launched the [[American Revolution]]. A 1775 [[invasion]] by the [[Continental Army|American Continental Army]] was stopped at Quebec City. In 1783, Quebec gave the territory south of the [[Great Lakes]] to the new [[United States|United States of America]]. In 1837, disputes between English-speakers and French-speakers helped causew the Patriots' Rebellion in which over 100 died, and thousands were hurt. In 1867, the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] passed the British North America Act, which united some of the [[British North America|British North American]] provinces.

== Quiet Revolution ==
The [[Conservatism|conservative]] government of Maurice Duplessis dominated Quebec [[politics]] from 1944 to 1959 with the support of the Catholic Church. After he died, the Quiet Revolution was a period of social and political change.The newly-elected Liberals passed laws in which the English Canadians lost their control over the Quebec [[economy]], the Roman Catholic Church became less important, and the Quebec government took over the [[Hydroelectricity|hydro-electric]] companies.

In 1963, a [[terrorist]] group that became known as the Front de Libération du Québec (FLQ) began [[bombing]]s, [[Robbery|robberies]], and attacks on government offices. In 1970, the FLQ kidnapped [[James Cross]], the British trade commissioner to Canada. The FLQ also [[Kidnapping|kidnapped]] and [[assassination|assassinated]] Pierre Laporte, the Quebec Minister of Labour and Deputy Premier. Laporte's body was found in the trunk of Paul Rose's car on the South Shore of [[Montreal]] on October 17 1970. [[Prime Minister of Canada|Canadian Prime Minister]] [[Pierre Trudeau]] invoked the War Measures Act, and 497 people were arrested.

The Quiet Revolution was so named because it was not marked by many [[protest]]s or much violence.

In 1977, the newly-elected [[Parti Québécois]] government of [[René Lévesque]] introduced the Charter of the French Language. Often known as Bill 101, it defined [[French language|French]] as the only official language of Quebec.

==Government==
The government is based in the provincial capital, Quebec City. The government is led by a lieutenant-governor (pronounced &quot;lef-&quot;) who represents the Crown. As of 2024, she is [[Manon Jeannotte]]. The political leader of the province is the premier. He is [[François Legault]] of the [[Coalition Avenir de Quebec]] (CAQ), elected in 2018.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Other websites==
{{sisterlinks|Quebec}}

{{wikiatlas|Quebec}}
*[http://www.gouv.qc.ca/portail/quebec/pgs?lang=en Government of Quebec] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927045602/http://www.gouv.qc.ca/portail/quebec/pgs?lang=en |date=2011-09-27 }}
* {{dmoz|Regional/North_America/Canada/Quebec}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070929084947/http://www.discoverthequebec.ca/ Discover the Quebec in pictures, photos]
*[http://www.bonjourquebec.com/ Bonjour Québec], Quebec government official tourist site
*[http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/bill101/ Bill 101]
*[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-73-651/politics_economy/quebec_elections/ CBC Digital Archives&amp;nbsp;– Quebec Elections: 1960–1998]
*[http://www.agora.qc.ca/ Agora], online encyclopaedia from Quebec {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/province-of-quebec-1763-91/ An article on the province of Quebec from ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005050625/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/province-of-quebec-1763-91/ |date=2017-10-05 }}
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Quebec}}

;History
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090214133429/http://marianopolis.edu/quebechistory Quebec History], online encyclopaedia made by Marianopolis College
*[https://www.mccord-museum.qc.ca/scripts/explore.php?Lang=1&amp;tableid=11&amp;tablename=theme&amp;elementid=2__true The 1837–1838 Rebellion in Lower Canada], Images from the McCord Museum's collections
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070223042047/http://www.haldimand-collection.ca/ Haldimand Collection], documents in relation with Province of Quebec during the American War of Independence (1775–1784)

{{Provinces and territories of Canada}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1867 establishments in Canada]]
[[Category:Quebec| ]]</text>
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    <ns>4</ns>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>1452189</id>
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      <comment>Reporting [[Special:Contributions/Eetgdh|Eetgdh]] ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/User:TenWhile6/XReport|XReport]] v3.1b)</comment>
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&lt;noinclude&gt; 
{{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/header}}
&lt;!--
To better help administrators, please use the &quot;{{vandal}}&quot; template if the vandal has an account or the &quot;{{ipvandal}}&quot; template if it is an [[IP|IP address]].
 
Examples:
*&quot;{{vandal|Bad user}}&quot; for a vandal with the account (the user name is &quot;Bad user&quot;)
*&quot;{{ipvandal|127.0.0.1}}&quot; for a vandal that is an IP address (the address is &quot;127.0.0.1&quot;)
--&gt;
:''Please add new reports at the bottom.''&lt;/noinclude&gt;

== Current alerts ==
===Bot-reported===
&lt;!-- To clear reports made by the bot, go to [[Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/Bot]] and remove the entries on that page. Do not remove this template. --&gt;
{{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/Bot}}

=== User-reported ===
*{{Vandal|Eetgdh}} &amp;ndash; Vandalism. Long-term abuse &lt;small&gt;[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/User:TenWhile6/XReport|XReport]]&lt;/small&gt; --[[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG|talk]]) 13:32, 6 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>411705</id>
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&lt;noinclude&gt; 
{{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/header}}
&lt;!--
To better help administrators, please use the &quot;{{vandal}}&quot; template if the vandal has an account or the &quot;{{ipvandal}}&quot; template if it is an [[IP|IP address]].
 
Examples:
*&quot;{{vandal|Bad user}}&quot; for a vandal with the account (the user name is &quot;Bad user&quot;)
*&quot;{{ipvandal|127.0.0.1}}&quot; for a vandal that is an IP address (the address is &quot;127.0.0.1&quot;)
--&gt;
:''Please add new reports at the bottom.''&lt;/noinclude&gt;

== Current alerts ==
===Bot-reported===
&lt;!-- To clear reports made by the bot, go to [[Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/Bot]] and remove the entries on that page. Do not remove this template. --&gt;
{{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/Bot}}

=== User-reported ===</text>
      <sha1>1dmgp8x4m1aucd2en3qexrsxff2u9a8</sha1>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-06T15:52:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>1452189</id>
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      <comment>Reporting [[Special:Contributions/S18085|S18085]] ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/User:TenWhile6/XReport|XReport]] v3.1b)</comment>
      <origin>10880423</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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&lt;!--forced no table of contents--&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt; 
{{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/header}}
&lt;!--
To better help administrators, please use the &quot;{{vandal}}&quot; template if the vandal has an account or the &quot;{{ipvandal}}&quot; template if it is an [[IP|IP address]].
 
Examples:
*&quot;{{vandal|Bad user}}&quot; for a vandal with the account (the user name is &quot;Bad user&quot;)
*&quot;{{ipvandal|127.0.0.1}}&quot; for a vandal that is an IP address (the address is &quot;127.0.0.1&quot;)
--&gt;
:''Please add new reports at the bottom.''&lt;/noinclude&gt;

== Current alerts ==
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&lt;!-- To clear reports made by the bot, go to [[Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/Bot]] and remove the entries on that page. Do not remove this template. --&gt;
{{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/Bot}}

=== User-reported ===
*{{Vandal|S18085}} &amp;ndash; Long-term abuse. See edit, global LTA &lt;small&gt;[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/User:TenWhile6/XReport|XReport]]&lt;/small&gt; --[[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG|talk]]) 15:52, 6 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Der-Wir-Ing</username>
        <id>404478</id>
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      <comment>Reporting [[Special:Contributions/~2026-33639-93|~2026-33639-93]] ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/User:TenWhile6/XReport|XReport]] v3.1b)</comment>
      <origin>10880438</origin>
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&lt;!--forced no table of contents--&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt; 
{{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/header}}
&lt;!--
To better help administrators, please use the &quot;{{vandal}}&quot; template if the vandal has an account or the &quot;{{ipvandal}}&quot; template if it is an [[IP|IP address]].
 
Examples:
*&quot;{{vandal|Bad user}}&quot; for a vandal with the account (the user name is &quot;Bad user&quot;)
*&quot;{{ipvandal|127.0.0.1}}&quot; for a vandal that is an IP address (the address is &quot;127.0.0.1&quot;)
--&gt;
:''Please add new reports at the bottom.''&lt;/noinclude&gt;

== Current alerts ==
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&lt;!-- To clear reports made by the bot, go to [[Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/Bot]] and remove the entries on that page. Do not remove this template. --&gt;
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=== User-reported ===
*{{Vandal|S18085}} &amp;ndash; Long-term abuse. See edit, global LTA &lt;small&gt;[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/User:TenWhile6/XReport|XReport]]&lt;/small&gt; --[[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG|talk]]) 15:52, 6 June 2026 (UTC)
*{{IPvandal|~2026-33639-93}} &amp;ndash; Vandalism &lt;small&gt;[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/User:TenWhile6/XReport|XReport]]&lt;/small&gt; --[[User:Der-Wir-Ing|Der-Wir-Ing]] ([[User talk:Der-Wir-Ing|talk]]) 16:12, 6 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
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        <id>1320268</id>
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      <comment>Reporting [[Special:Contributions/Barack Obama, Osama Bin Laden And Hamza Bin Laden|Barack Obama, Osama Bin Laden And Hamza Bin Laden]]. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Small Wiki Monitoring Team|SWMT]])</comment>
      <origin>10880463</origin>
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&lt;!--forced no table of contents--&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt; 
{{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/header}}
&lt;!--
To better help administrators, please use the &quot;{{vandal}}&quot; template if the vandal has an account or the &quot;{{ipvandal}}&quot; template if it is an [[IP|IP address]].
 
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*&quot;{{ipvandal|127.0.0.1}}&quot; for a vandal that is an IP address (the address is &quot;127.0.0.1&quot;)
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== Current alerts ==
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=== User-reported ===
*{{Vandal|S18085}} &amp;ndash; Long-term abuse. See edit, global LTA &lt;small&gt;[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/User:TenWhile6/XReport|XReport]]&lt;/small&gt; --[[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG|talk]]) 15:52, 6 June 2026 (UTC)
*{{IPvandal|~2026-33639-93}} &amp;ndash; Vandalism &lt;small&gt;[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/User:TenWhile6/XReport|XReport]]&lt;/small&gt; --[[User:Der-Wir-Ing|Der-Wir-Ing]] ([[User talk:Der-Wir-Ing|talk]]) 16:12, 6 June 2026 (UTC)
*{{vandal|Barack Obama, Osama Bin Laden And Hamza Bin Laden}} &amp;ndash; Cross-wiki abuse, potential LTA. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:49, 6 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>411705</id>
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      <comment>Removing resolved vandalism entries (2 removed, 1 remaining)</comment>
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      <text bytes="1069" sha1="4bgbnw3640z08msecqimcjibsh92pd9" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__  
&lt;!--forced no table of contents--&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt; 
{{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/header}}
&lt;!--
To better help administrators, please use the &quot;{{vandal}}&quot; template if the vandal has an account or the &quot;{{ipvandal}}&quot; template if it is an [[IP|IP address]].
 
Examples:
*&quot;{{vandal|Bad user}}&quot; for a vandal with the account (the user name is &quot;Bad user&quot;)
*&quot;{{ipvandal|127.0.0.1}}&quot; for a vandal that is an IP address (the address is &quot;127.0.0.1&quot;)
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== Current alerts ==
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=== User-reported ===
*{{vandal|Barack Obama, Osama Bin Laden And Hamza Bin Laden}} &amp;ndash; Cross-wiki abuse, potential LTA. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:49, 6 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>411705</id>
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      <comment>Removing resolved vandalism entries (1 removed, all done!)</comment>
      <origin>10880471</origin>
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      <text bytes="769" sha1="1dmgp8x4m1aucd2en3qexrsxff2u9a8" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__  
&lt;!--forced no table of contents--&gt;
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{{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/header}}
&lt;!--
To better help administrators, please use the &quot;{{vandal}}&quot; template if the vandal has an account or the &quot;{{ipvandal}}&quot; template if it is an [[IP|IP address]].
 
Examples:
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*&quot;{{ipvandal|127.0.0.1}}&quot; for a vandal that is an IP address (the address is &quot;127.0.0.1&quot;)
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== Current alerts ==
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=== User-reported ===</text>
      <sha1>1dmgp8x4m1aucd2en3qexrsxff2u9a8</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Asia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1994</id>
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      <text bytes="4456" sha1="2063z6sj0l73t6t8kn81c61axwnctk8" xml:space="preserve">[[File:LocationAsia.png|thumb|A globe showing where Asia  is (green)]]
'''Asia''' is the largest [[continent]] on [[Earth]] by area and [[population|number of people]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Asia: The largest continent on Earth |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/zmh4bdm |publisher=BBC Bitesize |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007001521/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/zmh4bdm |archive-date=Oct 7, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is mainly in the [[north]]ern [[hemisphere]]. Asia is connected to [[Europe]] in the west and [[Africa]] on the south, and separated from [[North America]] at the east. Sometimes Asia and Europe are combined to form a larger continent called [[Eurasia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2009-06-29|title=Continents facts, Continents travel videos, flags, photos - National Geographic|url=http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/places/continents/|access-date=2021-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629180448/http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/places/continents/|archive-date=2009-06-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some of the oldest human [[civilization]]s began in Asia, for example [[Sumer]], [[China]], and [[Pakistan]]. Asia was the birthplace of many [[religion]]s, for example [[Hinduism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Judaism]], [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Confucianism]], [[Taoism]], [[Christianity]], and [[Sikhism]]. It was also home to some large empires, for example the [[Persian Empire]], the [[Mughal Empire]], the [[Byzantine Empire]], the [[Mongol Empire]], and the [[Ming Dynasty|Ming Empire]]. Asia has 48 countries. Georgia, Russia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkey, and Greece have territory in both Europe and Asia.

== Area ==
[[File:Two-point-equidistant-asia.jpg|thumb|[[Geography|Geographic]] area of Asia]]
Asia includes a large amount of land. Covering about 30% of the world's land area, it has more people than any other continent, with about 60% of the world's total [[population]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.populationof.net/asia/|title=Population of Asia. 2019 demographics: density, ratios, growth rate, clock, rate of men to women.|website=populationof.net|access-date=2 June 2019|archive-date=14 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714065955/https://www.populationof.net/asia/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Stretching from the icy [[Arctic]] in the north to the hot and steamy equatorial lands in the south, Asia contains huge, empty [[desert]]s, as well as some of the world's highest mountains and longest rivers.

Asia is surrounded by the [[Mediterranean Sea]], the [[Black Sea]], the [[Arctic Ocean]], the [[Pacific Ocean]], and the [[Indian Ocean]]. It is separated from Europe by the [[Pontic Mountains]] and the [[Turkish Straits]]. A long, mainly land [[border]] in the west separates Europe and Asia. This line runs north–south down the [[Ural Mountains]] in Russia, along the [[Ural River]] to the [[Caspian Sea]], and through the [[Caucasus Mountains]] to the Black Sea.

== Regions ==
* [[East Asia]]
* [[Southeast Asia]]
* [[South Asia]]
* [[Central Asia]]
* [[West Asia]]
* [[North Asia]]

== List of countries in Asia ==
{{Div col}}
* {{flag|Islamic Republic of Afghanistan}}
* {{flag|Armenia}}
* {{flag|Azerbaijan}} (geographically in Europe and Asia)
* {{flag|Bangladesh}}
* {{flag|Bhutan}}
* {{flag|Brunei}}
* {{flag|Cambodia}}
* {{flag|China}}
* {{flag|Cyprus}}
* {{flag|East Timor}}
* {{flag|Georgia}} (geographically in Europe and Asia)
* {{flag|India}}
* {{flag|Indonesia}} (geographically in Asia and Oceania)
* {{flag|Iran}}
* {{flag|Israel}}
* {{flag|Japan}}
* {{flag|Kazakhstan}} (geographically in Europe and Asia)
* {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
* {{flag|Laos}}
* {{flag|Malaysia}}
* {{flag|Maldives}}
* {{flag|Mongolia}}
* {{flag|Myanmar}}
* {{flag|Nepal}}
* {{flag|North Korea}}
* {{flag|Pakistan}}
* {{flag|Philippines}}
* {{flag|Russia}}
* {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
* {{flag|Singapore}}
* {{flag|South Korea}}
* {{flag|Sri Lanka}}
* {{flag|Tajikistan}}
* {{flag|Thailand}}
* {{flag|Turkey}} (geographically in Europe and Asia)
* {{flag|Turkmenistan}}
* {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
* {{flag|Uzbekistan}}
* {{flag|Vietnam}}
* {{Div col end}}
Some countries are in both Europe and Asia, for example [[Russia]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Kazakhstan]], and [[Turkey]].

== Related pages ==
* [[Asia Minor]]
* [[Asian Games]]

== References ==
{{Commons}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Continent}}
{{Asia}}

[[Category:Asia| ]]</text>
      <sha1>2063z6sj0l73t6t8kn81c61axwnctk8</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>10880759</id>
      <parentid>10880747</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T04:04:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CountryANDWestern</username>
        <id>1618275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit(s) by [[User:~2026-33192-75|~2026-33192-75]]:  ([[User:BZPN/MassRollback|MR]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="4641" sha1="ag4tcsnhd7ck7spq6vr8s8wyvuyyic4" xml:space="preserve">[[File:LocationAsia.png|thumb|A globe showing where Asia  is (green)]]
'''Asia''' is the largest [[continent]] on [[Earth]] by area and [[population|number of people]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Asia: The largest continent on Earth |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/zmh4bdm |publisher=BBC Bitesize |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007001521/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/zmh4bdm |archive-date=Oct 7, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is mainly in the [[north]]ern [[hemisphere]]. Asia is connected to [[Europe]] in the west and [[Africa]] on the south, and separated from [[North America]] at the east. Sometimes Asia and Europe are combined to form a larger continent called [[Eurasia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2009-06-29|title=Continents facts, Continents travel videos, flags, photos - National Geographic|url=http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/places/continents/|access-date=2021-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629180448/http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/places/continents/|archive-date=2009-06-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some of the oldest human [[civilization]]s began in Asia, for example [[Sumer]], [[China]], and [[Pakistan]]. Asia was the birthplace of many [[religion]]s, for example [[Hinduism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Judaism]], [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Confucianism]], [[Taoism]], [[Christianity]], [[Islam]], and [[Sikhism]]. It was also home to some large empires, for example the [[Persian Empire]], the [[Mughal Empire]], the [[Byzantine Empire]], the [[Mongol Empire]], and the [[Ming Dynasty|Ming Empire]]. Asia has 48 countries. Georgia, Russia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkey, and Greece have territory in both Europe and Asia.

== Area ==
[[File:Two-point-equidistant-asia.jpg|thumb|[[Geography|Geographic]] area of Asia]]
Asia includes a large amount of land. Covering about 30% of the world's land area, it has more people than any other continent, with about 60% of the world's total [[population]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.populationof.net/asia/|title=Population of Asia. 2019 demographics: density, ratios, growth rate, clock, rate of men to women.|website=populationof.net|access-date=2 June 2019|archive-date=14 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714065955/https://www.populationof.net/asia/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Stretching from the icy [[Arctic]] in the north to the hot and steamy equatorial lands in the south, Asia contains huge, empty [[desert]]s, as well as some of the world's highest mountains and longest rivers.

Asia is surrounded by the [[Mediterranean Sea]], the [[Black Sea]], the [[Arctic Ocean]], the [[Pacific Ocean]], and the [[Indian Ocean]]. It is separated from Europe by the [[Pontic Mountains]] and the [[Turkish Straits]]. A long, mainly land [[border]] in the west separates Europe and Asia. This line runs north–south down the [[Ural Mountains]] in Russia, along the [[Ural River]] to the [[Caspian Sea]], and through the [[Caucasus Mountains]] to the Black Sea.

== Regions ==
* [[East Asia]]
* [[Southeast Asia]]
* [[South Asia]]
* [[Central Asia]]
* [[West Asia]]
* [[North Asia]]

== List of countries in Asia ==
{{Div col}}
* {{flag|Islamic Republic of Afghanistan}}
* {{flag|Armenia}}
* {{flag|Azerbaijan}} (geographically in Europe and Asia)
* {{flag|Bahrain}}
* {{flag|Bangladesh}}
* {{flag|Bhutan}}
* {{flag|Brunei}}
* {{flag|Cambodia}}
* {{flag|China}}
* {{flag|Cyprus}}
* {{flag|East Timor}}
* {{flag|Georgia}} (geographically in Europe and Asia)
* {{flag|India}}
* {{flag|Indonesia}} (geographically in Asia and Oceania)
* {{flag|Iran}}
* {{flag|Iraq}}
* {{flag|Israel}}
* {{flag|Japan}}
* {{flag|Jordan}}
* {{flag|Kazakhstan}} (geographically in Europe and Asia)
* {{flag|Kuwait}}
* {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
* {{flag|Laos}}
* {{flag|Lebanon}}
* {{flag|Malaysia}}
* {{flag|Maldives}}
* {{flag|Mongolia}}
* {{flag|Myanmar}}
* {{flag|Nepal}}
* {{flag|North Korea}}
* {{flag|Oman}}
* {{flag|Pakistan}}
* {{flag|Palestine}}
* {{flag|Philippines}}
* {{flag|Qatar}}
* {{flag|Russia}}
* {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
* {{flag|Singapore}}
* {{flag|South Korea}}
* {{flag|Sri Lanka}}
* {{flag|Syria}}
* {{flag|Tajikistan}}
* {{flag|Thailand}}
* {{flag|Turkey}} (geographically in Europe and Asia)
* {{flag|Turkmenistan}}
* {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
* {{flag|Uzbekistan}}
* {{flag|Vietnam}}
* {{flag|Yemen}}
* {{Div col end}}
Some countries are in both Europe and Asia, for example [[Russia]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Kazakhstan]], and [[Turkey]].

==Related pages==
* [[Asia Minor]]
* [[Asian Games]]

==References==
{{commons}}
{{reflist}}

{{Continent}}
{{Asia}}

[[Category:Asia| ]]</text>
      <sha1>ag4tcsnhd7ck7spq6vr8s8wyvuyyic4</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aston Villa F.C.</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3065</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880647</id>
      <parentid>10871430</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T00:35:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stanley760</username>
        <id>1329823</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* European */</comment>
      <origin>10880647</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19257" sha1="kej4z35i9dknkuumwc28n2eirwam0o0" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Aston Villa
| fullname = Aston Villa Football Club
| nickname = Villa&lt;br&gt;The Lions&lt;br&gt;The Claret &amp; Blue Army
| short name = Villa, AVFC
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1874|11|21}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/a/aston_villa/default.stm|title=Aston Villa Football Club information |work=BBC Sport |accessdate=26 June 2007 | date=1 January 2010| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070622084515/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/a/aston_villa/default.stm| archivedate= 22 June 2007 |url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ground = [[Villa Park]]
| capacity = 42,680&lt;ref&gt;https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/2020/05/27/e9b03ff0-4f09-443e-b934-64ada14679a5/2019-20-PL-Handbook-270520.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
| owner = [[Nassef Sawiris]]&lt;br&gt;[[Wes Edens]]
| chairman = [[Nassef Sawiris]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44901531|title=Aston Villa: Wes Edens &amp; Nassef Sawiris to make 'significant investment' in club|work= BBC Sport |accessdate=25 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| manager = [[Unai Emery]]
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| league = [[Premier League]]
| season = [[2025–26 Premier League|2025–26]]
| position = [[Premier League]], 4th of 20
| current = 2022-23 Aston Villa F.C. season
| website = http://www.avfc.co.uk/
| pattern_la1 = _astonvilla2425h
| pattern_b1 = _astonvilla2425h
| pattern_ra1 = _astonvilla2425h
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| pattern_so1 = _astonvilla2425hl
| leftarm1 = BBD5F2
| body1 = 69091C
| rightarm1 = BBD5F2
| shorts1 = FFFFFF
| socks1 = BBD5F2
| pattern_la2 = _astonvilla2425a
| pattern_b2 = _astonvilla2425a
| pattern_ra2 = _astonvilla2425a
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| stadium = Villa Park
}}
'''Aston Villa Football Club''' (nicknamed '''Villa'''),&lt;ref name=BBCVillans&gt;{{cite news |title=Premiership club-by-club guide |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/4127422.stm |work=BBC Sport |date=8 August 2005 |accessdate=9 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730050113/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/4127422.stm |archive-date=30 July 2012 |url-status=live  }}&lt;/ref&gt; is an [[England|English]] [[Association football|football]] club based in [[Birmingham]]. They have played at [[Villa Park]], in [[Aston]], since 1897. They were one of the teams that started the [[English Football League]] in 1888. They were also one of the teams that started the [[Premier League]] in 1992.&lt;ref&gt;Ward, Adam; Griffin, Jeremy; p. 161.&lt;/ref&gt; They are one of five English clubs to have won the [[UEFA Champions League|European Cup]]. They won this in 1982. They have also won the [[Football League First Division]] seven times, the [[FA Cup]] seven times, the [[EFL Cup|League Cup]] five times, and the [[UEFA Super Cup|European Super Cup]] once.

Villa have a large [[:wikt:rivalry|rivalry]] with nearby team [[Birmingham City F.C.|Birmingham City]]. This is called the [[Second City Derby]], and they have been playing against each other since 1879.&lt;ref name=Derby&gt;{{cite book |last=Matthews |first=Tony |year=2000 |title=The Encyclopedia of Birmingham City Football Club 1875–2000 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofb0000matt |chapter=Aston Villa |publisher=Britespot |location=Cradley Heath |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofb0000matt/page/17 17] |isbn=978-0-9539288-0-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; The team's main home colours are claret and light blue. Their badge is a claret lion (having changed from a yellow lion in 2023).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Woodhall |first=Dave |year=2007 |title=The Aston Villa Miscellany |url=https://archive.org/details/astonvillamiscel0000dave |publisher=Vision Sports Publishing Ltd |page=[https://archive.org/details/astonvillamiscel0000dave/page/16 16] |isbn=978-1-905326-17-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=introducing&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.avfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10265~5475744,00.html | title=Introducing our badge for 2016/17 | publisher=Aston Villa Football Club | date=6 April 2016 | accessdate=6 April 2016 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409034826/http://www.avfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10265~5475744%2C00.html | archivedate=9 April 2016 | df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; The club is owned by the NWSE group (owned by Egyptian [[Nassef Sawiris]]) and American [[Wes Edens]].

== Club honours ==

Aston Villa have won European and domestic league trophies. The club's last English trophy was in 1996 when they won the [[Football League Cup|League Cup]], and most recently they won the [[2001 UEFA Intertoto Cup]].

=== Domestic ===

;League Titles

*'''[[Football League First Division|First Division]] / [[Premier League]]:&lt;ref name=league&gt;Up until 1992, the top division of English football was the Football League First Division; since then, it has been the FA Premier League. At the same time, the Second Division was renamed the First Division, and the Third Division was renamed the Second Division.&lt;/ref&gt; 7'''
::Champions:{{ref label|Topdivision|B|}} [[1893–94 in English football|1893–94]], [[1895–96 in English football|1895–96]], [[1896–97 in English football|1896–97]], [[1898–99 in English football|1898–99]], [[1899–00 in English football|1899–1900]], [[1909–10 in English football|1909–10]], [[1980–81 in English football|1980–81]]
* '''[[Football League Second Division|Second Division]] / [[Football League First Division|First Division]] / [[EFL Championship|Championship]]:&lt;ref name=league /&gt; 2'''
::Champions:{{ref label|Topdivision|B|}} [[1937–38 in English football|1937–38]], [[1959–60 in English football|1959–60]]
::[[EFL Championship play-offs|Play-off]] Winners: [[2019 English Football League play-offs|2018–19]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://www.efl.com/news/2019/may/report-championship-play-off-final/ | title=Report: Championship Play-Off Final}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''[[Football League Third Division|Third Division]] / [[Football League Second Division|Second Division]] / [[EFL League One|League One]]:&lt;ref name=league /&gt; 1'''
::Champions:{{ref label|Topdivision|B|}} [[1971–72 in English football|1971–72]]

;Cups

*'''[[FA Cup]]: 7'''
::Winners: [[1887 FA Cup Final|1886–87]], [[1895 FA Cup Final|1894–95]], [[1897 FA Cup Final|1896–97]], [[1905 FA Cup Final|1904–05]], [[1913 FA Cup Final|1912–13]], [[1920 FA Cup Final|1919–20]], [[1957 FA Cup Final|1956–57]]
*'''[[EFL Cup|League Cup / EFL Cup]]: 5'''
::Winners: [[1961 Football League Cup Final|1960–61]], [[1975 Football League Cup Final|1974–75]], [[1977 Football League Cup Final|1976–77]], [[1994 Football League Cup Final|1993–94]], [[1996 Football League Cup Final|1995–96]]
*'''[[FA Community Shield|FA Charity Shield / FA Community Shield]]: 1'''
::Winners: [[1981 FA Charity Shield|1981]]
*'''[[Sheriff of London Charity Shield]]: 2''' 
::Winners: [[Sheriff of London Charity Shield#First incarnation|1899]], [[Sheriff of London Charity Shield#First incarnation|1901]]

=== European ===
&lt;!--# # # # # # # # # # #
DO NOT add the Peace Cup here, it is not a full, UEFA authorised tournament: see the talkpage archives
# # # # # # # # # # # --&gt;

*'''[[UEFA Champions League|European Cup / UEFA Champions League]]: 1'''
::Winners: [[1981–82 European Cup|1981–82]]

*'''[[UEFA Super Cup|European Super Cup / UEFA Super Cup]]: 1'''
::Winners: [[1982 European Super Cup|1982]]

*'''[[UEFA Intertoto Cup|Intertoto Cup]]: 1'''
::Winners: [[2001 UEFA Intertoto Cup|2001]]{{ref label|Intertoto|A|}}
:* [[UEFA Europa League]]''': 1'''  Winners: 2025-26

== League position ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|Season||align=&quot;center&quot;|League||align=&quot;center&quot;|Position
|-
|2000/01||[[English Premier League|Premier League]]||8th
|-
|2001/02||[[English Premier League|Premier League]]||8th
|-
|2002/03||[[English Premier League|Premier League]]||16th
|-
|2003/04||[[English Premier League|Premier League]]||6th
|-
|2004/05||[[English Premier League|Premier League]]||10th
|-
|2005/06||[[English Premier League|Premier League]]||16th
|-
|2006/07||[[English Premier League|Premier League]]||11th
|-
|2007/08||[[English Premier League|Premier League]]||6th
|-
|2008/09||[[English Premier League|Premier League]]||6th
|-
|2009/10||[[English Premier League|Premier League]]||6th
|-
|2010/11||[[English Premier League|Premier League]]||9th
|-
|2011/12||[[English Premier League|Premier League]]||16th
|-
|2012/13||[[English Premier League|Premier League]]||15th
|-
|2013/14||[[English Premier League|Premier League]]||15th
|-
|2014/15||[[English Premier League|Premier League]]||17th
|-
|2015/16||[[English Premier League|Premier League]]||20th
|-
|2016/17||[[EFL Championship]]||13th
|-
|2017/18||[[EFL Championship]]||4th
|-
|2018/19||[[EFL Championship]]||5th
|-
|2019/20||[[English Premier League|Premier League]]||17th
|-
|2020/21||[[English Premier League|Premier League]]||11th
|}

=== Former position ===
{{scroll box|width=75%|
* 1888/89: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 2nd
* 1889/90: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 8th
* 1890/91: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 9th
* 1891/92: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 4th
* 1892/93: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 4th
* 1893/94: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - Champions
* 1894/95: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 3rd
* 1895/96: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - Champions
* 1896/97: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - Champions
* 1897/98: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 6th
* 1898/99: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - Champions
* 1899/1900: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - Champions
* 1900/01: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 15th
* 1901/02: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 8th
* 1902/03: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 2nd
* 1903/04: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 5th
* 1904/05: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 4th
* 1905/06: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 8th
* 1906/07: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 5th
* 1907/08: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 2nd
* 1908/09: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 7th
* 1909/10: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - Champions
* 1910/11: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 2nd
* 1911/12: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 6th
* 1912/13: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 2nd
* 1913/14: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 2nd
* 1914/15: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 14th
* 1919/20: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 9th
* 1920/21: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 10th
* 1921/22: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 5th
* 1922/23: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 6th
* 1923/24: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 6th
* 1924/25: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 15th
* 1925/26: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 6th
* 1926/27: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 10th
* 1927/28: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 8th
* 1928/29: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 3rd
* 1929/30: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 4th
* 1930/31: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 2nd
* 1931/32: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 5th
* 1932/33: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 2nd
* 1933/34: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 13th
* 1934/35: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 13th
* 1935/36: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 21st
* 1936/37: [[Football League One|Second Division]] - 9th
* 1937/38: [[Football League One|Second Division]] - Champions
* 1938/39: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 12th
* 1939/40: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - -
* 1946/47: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 8th
* 1947/48: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 6th
* 1948/49: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 10th
* 1949/50: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 12th
* 1950/51: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 15th
* 1951/52: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 6th
* 1952/53: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 11th
* 1953/54: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 13th
* 1954/55: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 6th
* 1955/56: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 20th
* 1956/57: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 10th
* 1957/58: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 14th
* 1958/59: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 21st
* 1959/60: [[Football League One|Second Division]] - Champions
* 1960/61: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 9th
* 1961/62: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 7th
* 1962/63: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 15th
* 1963/64: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 19th
* 1964/65: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 16th
* 1965/66: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 16th
* 1966/67: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 21st
* 1967/68: [[Football League One|Second Division]] - 16th
* 1968/69: [[Football League One|Second Division]] - 18th
* 1969/70: [[Football League One|Second Division]] - 21st
* 1970/71: [[Football League Two|Third Division]] - 4th
* 1971/72: [[Football League Two|Third Division]] - Champions
* 1972/73: [[Football League One|Second Division]] - 3rd
* 1973/74: [[Football League One|Second Division]] - 14th
* 1974/75: [[Football League One|Second Division]] - 2nd
* 1975/76: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 16th
* 1976/77: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 4th
* 1977/78: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 8th
* 1978/79: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 8th
* 1979/80: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 7th
* 1980/81: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - Champions
* 1981/82: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 11th
* 1982/83: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 6th
* 1983/84: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 10th
* 1984/85: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 10th
* 1985/86: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 16th
* 1986/87: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 22nd
* 1987/88: [[Football League One|Second Division]] - 2nd
* 1988/89: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 17th
* 1989/90: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 2nd
* 1990/91: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 17th
* 1991/92: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 7th
* 1992/93: [[English Premier League|Premier League]] - 2nd
* 1993/94: [[English Premier League|Premier League]] - 10th
* 1994/95: [[English Premier League|Premier League]] - 18th
* 1995/96: [[English Premier League|Premier League]] - 4th
* 1996/97: [[English Premier League|Premier League]] - 5th
* 1997/98: [[English Premier League|Premier League]] - 7th
* 1998/99: [[English Premier League|Premier League]] - 6th
* 1999/2000: [[English Premier League|Premier League]] - 6th
}}

== Managers ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left&quot;
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Name
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Nationality
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Period
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Played
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Win
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Draw
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Lose
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Win%{{Ref label|Win%|C|}}
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Honours
|-
!From
!To
|-
|align=left|[[George Ramsay]]
|{{SCO}}
|align=left|August 1884
|align=left|May 1926
{{WDL|align=center|1327|658|414|255}}
|align=left|6 [[FA Cup]]s, 6 [[Football League First Division|Division One championships]]
|-
|align=left|[[Jimmy Hogan]]
|{{ENG}}
|align=left|November 1936 
|align=left|September 1939
{{WDL|align=center|124|57|26|41}}
|align=left|[[Football League Second Division|Division Two Champions]]
|-
|align=left|[[Eric Houghton]]
|{{ENG}}
|align=left|September 1953 
|align=left|November 1958
{{WDL|align=center|250|88|65|97}}
|align=left|[[FA Cup|FA Cup winner]]
|-
|align=left|[[Joe Mercer]]
|{{ENG}}
|align=left|December 1958 
|align=left|July 1964
{{WDL|align=center|282|120|63|99}}
|align=left|[[Football League Second Division|Division Two Champions]], [[Football League Cup|League Cup winner]]&lt;br /&gt;Inducted into the [[English Football Hall of Fame]]
|-
|align=left|[[Ron Saunders]]
|{{ENG}}
|align=left|June 1974 
|align=left|February 1982
{{WDL|align=center|353|157|98|98}}
|align=left|2 [[Football League Cup|League Cups]], [[Football League First Division|Division One champions]]. Also in 2006 was inducted into the ''Aston Villa Hall of Fame''.
|-
|align=left|[[Tony Barton]]
|{{ENG}}
|align=left|February 1982 
|align=left|June 1984
{{WDL|align=center|130|58|24|48}}
|align=left|[[European Cup 1981-82|European Cup]], [[European Super Cup]]
|-
|align=left|[[Jozef Vengloš]]
|{{TCH}}
|align=left|July 1990 
|align=left|May 1991
{{WDL|align=center|49|16|15|18}}
|align-left|First manager not from Britain or Ireland to take charge of a top-flight club in England.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sport/football/134664.stm|title=Venglos first foreign coach|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2008-09-15 | date=1998-07-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|[[Ron Atkinson]]
|{{ENG}}
|align=left|July 1991 
|align=left|November 1994
{{WDL|align=center|178|77|45|56}}
|align=left|[[Football League Cup|League Cup winner]]
|-
|align=left|[[Brian Little (footballer)|Brian Little]]
|{{ENG}}
|align=left|November 1994 
|align=left|February 1998
{{WDL|align=center|164|68|45|51}}
|align=left|[[Football League Cup|League Cup winner]]
|-
|align=left|[[John Gregory (footballer)|John Gregory]]
|{{ENG}}
|align=left|February 1998 
|align=left|January 2002
{{WDL|align=center|190|82|52|56}}
|align=left|[[Intertoto Cup|Intertoto Cup winner]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Other websites ==
* [http://www.avfc.co.uk/ Official Aston Villa website]
* [http://uk.sports.yahoo.com/foot/engl/t/asto/index.html list of media articles concerning Aston Villa]
* [http://www.astonvillayears.com Aston Villa Fan site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915174446/http://www.astonvillayears.com/ |date=2008-09-15 }}
* [http://www.avfp.co.uk Aston Villa: From the Fans' Perspective]
* [http://www.heroesandvillains.info Heroes and Villains Fanzine]
* [http://www.avillafan.com - Aston Villa fansite made for the fans, by the fans]

{{Premier League}}

[[Category:Premier League clubs]]
[[Category:1874 establishments in England]]</text>
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    <title>Contract</title>
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      <text bytes="1884" sha1="m6y00wvldi40585u8xdcpwgztfbsbeq" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Handshake.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A contract is a legal [[agreement]] or [[promise]] between two or more people.]]
A '''contract''' is an [[agreement]] or [[promise]] that the law can enforce.&lt;ref name=&quot;UOL1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=What is contract law? |last1=Longstaff |first1=Grant |url=https://www.law.ac.uk/resources/blog/what-is-contract-law/ |publisher=The University of Law |access-date=6 June 2026 |language=en |date=16 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; The law will enforce some agreements but not others. For example, in most places, if a parent promises to take a child to get ice cream, the law will not enforce that promise as a legal contract.

The legal rules about which promises are enforced by the law can be different in different places (or [[jurisdiction]]s), but a contract is usually enforced only if it is made by people or groups who want it to be enforced and who know what they are doing.

Sometimes, a contract is [[writing|written]] down and [[signature|signed]] by the [[wikt:people|people]] agreeing to it, but it does not always need to be. People usually sign a contract when something important or costly is being done. For example, when people take a [[job]], they will sometimes sign a contract with their [[employer]]s. The contract will show what the person must do as part of the job and how much they will be paid. The person and the employer will sign the contract, and it will become a [[law|legal]] [[promise]].

If someone breaks a contract, another person might [[lawsuit|sue]] him or her. In a lawsuit about a contract, the court will look at the contract, listen to what the people who made the contract say about it, and then make a decision about what the contract means.

==Related pages==
* [[Law]] 
* [[Oath]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Law}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Business law]]
[[Category:Documents]]
[[Category:Common law| ]]</text>
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    <title>World</title>
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When people say &quot;the '''world'''&quot; they usually mean [[Earth]], especially in a cultural and geopolitical sense. [[Human|Humans]] and all other known living things live in this world. Sometimes &quot;world&quot; means another [[planet]]. 

Before people discovered that Earth is a planet, they often used &quot;World&quot; to mean &quot;[[Universe]]&quot;. They still sometimes use it to mean all humans or all [[civilization]].

Sometimes they mean a small part of Earth such as [[Western world]], [[third world]], [[new world]] or [[ancient world]]. Kingdom Of Dharmadom Island is the smallest country in the world. Its area is 0.02 km sq 

== Related pages ==
{{commonscat}}
* [[Universe]]


{{geo-stub}}

[[Category:Geography]]
[[Geopolitics]]</text>
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When people say &quot;the '''world'''&quot; they usually mean [[Earth]], especially in a cultural and geopolitical sense. [[Human|Humans]] and all other known living things live in this world. Sometimes &quot;world&quot; means another [[planet]]. 

Before people discovered that Earth is a planet, they often used &quot;World&quot; to mean &quot;[[Universe]]&quot;. They still sometimes use it to mean all humans or all [[civilization]].

Sometimes they mean a small part of Earth such as [[Western world]], [[Islamic world]], [[third world]], [[new world]] or [[ancient world]]. Kingdom Of Dharmadom Island is the smallest country in the world. Its area is 0.02 km sq 

== Related pages ==
{{commonscat}}
* [[Universe]]


{{geo-stub}}

[[Category:Geography]]
[[Geopolitics]]</text>
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      <text bytes="714" sha1="8rjlbcd4gl1avsh478luin1savsqs2m" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Whole world - land and oceans 12000.jpg|thumb|333px|center]]
When people say &quot;the '''world'''&quot; they usually mean [[Earth]], especially in a cultural and geopolitical sense. [[Human|Humans]] and all other known living things live in this world. Sometimes &quot;world&quot; means another [[planet]]. 

Before people discovered that Earth is a planet, they often used &quot;World&quot; to mean &quot;[[Universe]]&quot;. They still sometimes use it to mean all humans or all [[civilization]].

Sometimes they mean a small part of Earth such as [[Western world]], [[Islamic world]], [[third world]], [[new world]] or [[ancient world]].

== Related pages ==
{{commonscat}}
* [[Universe]]


{{geo-stub}}

[[Category:Geography]]
[[Geopolitics]]</text>
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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
[[File:T.S. Eliot, 1923.JPG|thumb|T. S. Eliot in 1923]]
'''Thomas Stearns Eliot''' [[Order of Merit|OM]] (26 September 1888 – 4 January 1965)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=T.S. Eliot, American-English poet, playwright, and literary critic|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/T-S-Eliot|access-date=6/6/2026|website=Brittanica}}&lt;/ref&gt; was an American-born British poet. He was one of the most influential poets of the 20th century. He also wrote plays and some important essays about literature.

==Early life==
He was born in [[St. Louis]], [[Missouri]], then went to college at [[Harvard]]. He spent most of his adult life in [[London]], England. He became a British [[citizen]] in 1928.

==Career==
One famous book of his was written for children and is called ''[[The Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats]]''. The songs in the [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]] musical ''[[Cats (musical)|Cats]]'' are based on poems in it. He also wrote &quot;[[The Waste Land]]&quot;, a very mysterious, complicated poem that helped start a new style called [[Modernism]]. His friend, [[Ezra Pound]], another Modern poet, helped him finish it. His poem &quot;The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock&quot; and his play ''Murder in the Cathedral'' (about [[Thomas Becket]]) are also well known.

==Personal life and death==
Eliot was married two times. He worked at a bank in England and later as the head editor of a famous publishing company in London that is now called [[Faber and Faber]]. In 1948, he won the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]. He died of [[emphysema]] in London.

== Related pages ==
*[[List of poets from North America]]
*[[List of poets from the United States]]

{{wikiquote|T. S. Eliot}}

{{Nobel Prize in Literature}}
{{Modernism}}
{{Metaphysical poetry}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eliot, T. S.}}
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1965 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:American Christians]]
[[Category:American essayists]]
[[Category:American literary critics]]
[[Category:American playwrights]]
[[Category:American poets]]
[[Category:British Anglicans]]
[[Category:British essayists]]
[[Category:British Nobel Prize winners]]
[[Category:British playwrights]]
[[Category:British poets]]
[[Category:Deaths from emphysema]]
[[Category:Disease-related deaths in England]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Literary critics]]
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[[File:T.S. Eliot, 1923.JPG|thumb|T. S. Eliot in 1923]]
'''Thomas Stearns Eliot''' [[Order of Merit|OM]] (26 September 1888 – 4 January 1965)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=T.S. Eliot, American-English poet, playwright, and literary critic|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/T-S-Eliot|access-date=6 June 2026|website=Brittanica}}&lt;/ref&gt; was an American-born British poet. He was one of the most influential poets of the 20th century. He also wrote plays and some important essays about literature.

==Early life==
He was born in [[St. Louis]], [[Missouri]], then went to college at [[Harvard]]. He spent most of his adult life in [[London]], England. He became a British [[citizen]] in 1928.

==Career==
One famous book of his was written for children and is called ''[[The Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats]]''. The songs in the [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]] musical ''[[Cats (musical)|Cats]]'' are based on poems in it. He also wrote &quot;[[The Waste Land]]&quot;, a very mysterious, complicated poem that helped start a new style called [[Modernism]]. His friend, [[Ezra Pound]], another Modern poet, helped him finish it. His poem &quot;The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock&quot; and his play ''Murder in the Cathedral'' (about [[Thomas Becket]]) are also well known.

==Personal life and death==
Eliot was married two times. He worked at a bank in England and later as the head editor of a famous publishing company in London that is now called [[Faber and Faber]]. In 1948, he won the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]. He died of [[emphysema]] in London.

== Related pages ==
*[[List of poets from North America]]
*[[List of poets from the United States]]

{{wikiquote|T. S. Eliot}}

{{Nobel Prize in Literature}}
{{Modernism}}
{{Metaphysical poetry}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eliot, T. S.}}
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1965 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:American Christians]]
[[Category:American essayists]]
[[Category:American literary critics]]
[[Category:American playwrights]]
[[Category:American poets]]
[[Category:British Anglicans]]
[[Category:British essayists]]
[[Category:British Nobel Prize winners]]
[[Category:British playwrights]]
[[Category:British poets]]
[[Category:Deaths from emphysema]]
[[Category:Disease-related deaths in England]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Literary critics]]
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[[File:T.S. Eliot, 1923.JPG|thumb|T. S. Eliot in 1923]]
'''Thomas Stearns Eliot''' [[Order of Merit|OM]] (26 September 1888 – 4 January 1965)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=T.S. Eliot, American-English poet, playwright, and literary critic|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/T-S-Eliot|access-date=6 June 2026|website=Brittanica}}&lt;/ref&gt; was an American-born British poet. He was one of the most influential poets of the 20th century. He also wrote plays and some important essays about literature.

==Early life==
He was born in [[St. Louis]], [[Missouri]], then went to college at [[Harvard]]. He spent most of his adult life in [[London]], England. He became a British [[citizen]] in 1928.

==Career==
One famous book of his was written for children and is called ''[[The Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats]]''. The songs in the [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]] musical ''[[Cats (musical)|Cats]]'' are based on poems in it. He also wrote &quot;[[The Waste Land]]&quot;, a very mysterious, complicated poem that helped start a new style called [[Modernism]]. His friend, [[Ezra Pound]], another Modern poet, helped him finish it. His poem &quot;The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock&quot; and his play ''Murder in the Cathedral'' (about [[Thomas Becket]]) are also well known.

==Personal life and death==
Eliot was married two times. He worked at a bank in England and later as the head editor of a famous publishing company in London that is now called [[Faber and Faber]]. In 1948, he won the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]. He died of [[emphysema]] in London.

== Related pages ==
*[[List of poets from North America]]
*[[List of poets from the United States]]

{{wikiquote|T. S. Eliot}}

{{Nobel Prize in Literature}}
{{Modernism}}
{{Metaphysical poetry}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eliot, T. S.}}
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1965 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:American Christians]]
[[Category:American essayists]]
[[Category:American literary critics]]
[[Category:American playwrights]]
[[Category:American poets]]
[[Category:British Anglicans]]
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[[Category:British Nobel Prize winners]]
[[Category:British playwrights]]
[[Category:British poets]]
[[Category:Deaths from emphysema]]
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[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Literary critics]]
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[[File:T.S. Eliot, 1923.JPG|thumb|T. S. Eliot in 1923]]
'''Thomas Stearns Eliot''' [[Order of Merit|OM]] (26 September 1888 – 4 January 1965)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=T.S. Eliot, American-English poet, playwright, and literary critic|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/T-S-Eliot|access-date=6 June 2026|website=Brittanica}}&lt;/ref&gt; was an American-born British poet. He was one of the most influential [[Poet|poets]] of the 20th century. He also wrote [[plays]] and some important [[Essay|essays]] about literature.

==Early life==
He was born in [[St. Louis]], [[Missouri]], then went to college at [[Harvard]]. He spent most of his adult life in [[London]], England. He became a British [[citizen]] in 1928.

==Career==
One famous book of his was written for children and is called ''[[The Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats]]''. The songs in the [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]] musical ''[[Cats (musical)|Cats]]'' are based on poems in it. He also wrote &quot;[[The Waste Land]]&quot;, a very mysterious, complicated poem that helped start a new style called [[Modernism]]. His friend, [[Ezra Pound]], another Modern poet, helped him finish it. His poem &quot;The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock&quot; and his play ''Murder in the Cathedral'' (about [[Thomas Becket]]) are also well known.

==Personal life and death==
Eliot was married two times. He worked at a bank in England and later as the head editor of a famous publishing company in London that is now called [[Faber and Faber]]. In 1948, he won the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]. He died of [[emphysema]] in London.

== Related pages ==
*[[List of poets from North America]]
*[[List of poets from the United States]]

{{wikiquote|T. S. Eliot}}

{{Nobel Prize in Literature}}
{{Modernism}}
{{Metaphysical poetry}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eliot, T. S.}}
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1965 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:American Christians]]
[[Category:American essayists]]
[[Category:American literary critics]]
[[Category:American playwrights]]
[[Category:American poets]]
[[Category:British Anglicans]]
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[[Category:British Nobel Prize winners]]
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[[Category:Deaths from emphysema]]
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[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
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[[File:T.S. Eliot, 1923.JPG|thumb|T. S. Eliot in 1923]]
'''Thomas Stearns Eliot''' [[Order of Merit|OM]] (26 September 1888 – 4 January 1965)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=T.S. Eliot, American-English poet, playwright, and literary critic|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/T-S-Eliot|access-date=6 June 2026|website=Brittanica}}&lt;/ref&gt; was an American-born British poet. He was one of the most important [[Poet|poets]] of the 20th century. He also wrote [[plays]] and some important [[Essay|essays]] about literature.

==Early life==
He was born in [[St. Louis]], [[Missouri]], then went to college at [[Harvard]]. He spent most of his adult life in [[London]], England. He became a British [[citizen]] in 1928.

==Career==
One famous book of his was written for children and is called ''[[The Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats]]''. The songs in the [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]] musical ''[[Cats (musical)|Cats]]'' are based on poems in it. He also wrote &quot;[[The Waste Land]]&quot;, a very mysterious, complicated poem that helped start a new style called [[Modernism]]. His friend, [[Ezra Pound]], another Modern poet, helped him finish it. His poem &quot;The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock&quot; and his play ''Murder in the Cathedral'' (about [[Thomas Becket]]) are also well known.

==Personal life and death==
Eliot was married two times. He worked at a bank in England and later as the head editor of a famous publishing company in London that is now called [[Faber and Faber]]. In 1948, he won the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]. He died of [[emphysema]] in London.

== Related pages ==
*[[List of poets from North America]]
*[[List of poets from the United States]]

{{wikiquote|T. S. Eliot}}

{{Nobel Prize in Literature}}
{{Modernism}}
{{Metaphysical poetry}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eliot, T. S.}}
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1965 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:American Christians]]
[[Category:American essayists]]
[[Category:American literary critics]]
[[Category:American playwrights]]
[[Category:American poets]]
[[Category:British Anglicans]]
[[Category:British essayists]]
[[Category:British Nobel Prize winners]]
[[Category:British playwrights]]
[[Category:British poets]]
[[Category:Deaths from emphysema]]
[[Category:Disease-related deaths in England]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Literary critics]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Order of Merit]]
[[Category:Writers from St. Louis, Missouri]]
[[Category:Nobel Prize in Literature winners]]


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[[File:T.S. Eliot, 1923.JPG|thumb|T. S. Eliot in 1923]]
'''Thomas Stearns Eliot''' [[Order of Merit|OM]] (26 September 1888 – 4 January 1965)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=T.S. Eliot, American-English poet, playwright, and literary critic|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/T-S-Eliot|access-date=6 June 2026|website=Brittanica}}&lt;/ref&gt; was an American-born British poet. He was one of the most important [[Poet|poets]] of the 20th century. He also wrote [[plays]] and some important [[Essay|essays]] about literature.

==Early life==
He was born in [[St. Louis]], [[Missouri]], then went to college at [[Harvard]]. He spent most of his adult life in [[London]], England. He became a British [[citizen]] in 1928.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==Career==
One famous book of his was written for children and is called ''[[The Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats]]''. The songs in the [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]] musical ''[[Cats (musical)|Cats]]'' are based on poems in it. He also wrote &quot;[[The Waste Land]]&quot;, a very mysterious, complicated poem that helped start a new style called [[Modernism]]. His friend, [[Ezra Pound]], another Modern poet, helped him finish it. His poem &quot;The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock&quot; and his play ''Murder in the Cathedral'' (about [[Thomas Becket]]) are also well known.

==Personal life and death==
Eliot was married two times. He worked at a bank in England and later as the head editor of a famous publishing company in London that is now called [[Faber and Faber]]. In 1948, he won the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]. He died of [[emphysema]] in London.

== Related pages ==
*[[List of poets from North America]]
*[[List of poets from the United States]]

{{wikiquote|T. S. Eliot}}

{{Nobel Prize in Literature}}
{{Modernism}}
{{Metaphysical poetry}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eliot, T. S.}}
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1965 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:American Christians]]
[[Category:American essayists]]
[[Category:American literary critics]]
[[Category:American playwrights]]
[[Category:American poets]]
[[Category:British Anglicans]]
[[Category:British essayists]]
[[Category:British Nobel Prize winners]]
[[Category:British playwrights]]
[[Category:British poets]]
[[Category:Deaths from emphysema]]
[[Category:Disease-related deaths in England]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Literary critics]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Order of Merit]]
[[Category:Writers from St. Louis, Missouri]]
[[Category:Nobel Prize in Literature winners]]


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[[File:T.S. Eliot, 1923.JPG|thumb|T. S. Eliot in 1923]]
'''Thomas Stearns Eliot''' [[Order of Merit|OM]] (26 September 1888 – 4 January 1965)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=T.S. Eliot, American-English poet, playwright, and literary critic|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/T-S-Eliot|access-date=6 June 2026|website=Brittanica}}&lt;/ref&gt; was an American-born British poet. He was one of the most important [[Poet|poets]] of the 20th century. He also wrote [[plays]] and some important [[Essay|essays]] about literature.

==Early life==
He was born in [[St. Louis]], [[Missouri]], then went to college at [[Harvard]]. He spent most of his adult life in [[London]], England. He became a British [[citizen]] in 1928.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==Career==
One famous book he wrote was written for children and is called ''[[The Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats]]''. The songs in the [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]] musical ''[[Cats (musical)|Cats]]'' are based on poems in it. He also wrote &quot;[[The Waste Land]]&quot;, a very mysterious, complicated poem that helped start a new style called [[Modernism]]. His friend, [[Ezra Pound]], another Modern poet, helped him finish it. His poem &quot;The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock&quot; and his play ''Murder in the Cathedral'' (about [[Thomas Becket]]) are also well known.

==Personal life and death==
Eliot was married two times. He worked at a bank in England and later as the head editor of a famous publishing company in London that is now called [[Faber and Faber]]. In 1948, he won the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]. He died of [[emphysema]] in London.

== Related pages ==
*[[List of poets from North America]]
*[[List of poets from the United States]]

{{wikiquote|T. S. Eliot}}

{{Nobel Prize in Literature}}
{{Modernism}}
{{Metaphysical poetry}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eliot, T. S.}}
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1965 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:American Christians]]
[[Category:American essayists]]
[[Category:American literary critics]]
[[Category:American playwrights]]
[[Category:American poets]]
[[Category:British Anglicans]]
[[Category:British essayists]]
[[Category:British Nobel Prize winners]]
[[Category:British playwrights]]
[[Category:British poets]]
[[Category:Deaths from emphysema]]
[[Category:Disease-related deaths in England]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Literary critics]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Order of Merit]]
[[Category:Writers from St. Louis, Missouri]]
[[Category:Nobel Prize in Literature winners]]


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[[File:T.S. Eliot, 1923.JPG|thumb|T. S. Eliot in 1923]]
'''Thomas Stearns Eliot''' [[Order of Merit|OM]] (26 September 1888 – 4 January 1965)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=T.S. Eliot, American-English poet, playwright, and literary critic|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/T-S-Eliot|access-date=6 June 2026|website=Brittanica}}&lt;/ref&gt; was an American-born British poet. He was one of the most important [[Poet|poets]] of the 20th century. He also wrote [[plays]] and some important [[Essay|essays]] about literature.

==Early life==
He was born in [[St. Louis]], [[Missouri]], then went to college at [[Harvard]]. He spent most of his adult life in [[London]], England. He became a British [[citizen]] in 1928.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==Career==
One famous book he wrote was written for children and is called ''[[The Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats]]''. The songs in the [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]] musical ''[[Cats (musical)|Cats]]'' are based on poems in it. He also wrote &quot;[[The Waste Land]]&quot;, a very mysterious, complicated poem that helped start a new style called [[Modernism]]. His friend, [[Ezra Pound]], another Modern poet, helped him finish it. His poem &quot;The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock&quot; and his play ''Murder in the Cathedral'' (about [[Thomas Becket]]) are also well known.

==Personal life and death==
Eliot was married two times. He worked at a bank in England and later as the head editor of a famous publishing company in London that is now called [[Faber and Faber]]. In 1948, he won the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]. He died of [[emphysema]] in London.

== Related pages ==
*[[List of poets from North America]]
*[[List of poets from the United States]]

{{wikiquote|T. S. Eliot}}
==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nobel Prize in Literature}}
{{Modernism}}
{{Metaphysical poetry}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eliot, T. S.}}
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1965 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:American Christians]]
[[Category:American essayists]]
[[Category:American literary critics]]
[[Category:American playwrights]]
[[Category:American poets]]
[[Category:British Anglicans]]
[[Category:British essayists]]
[[Category:British Nobel Prize winners]]
[[Category:British playwrights]]
[[Category:British poets]]
[[Category:Deaths from emphysema]]
[[Category:Disease-related deaths in England]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Literary critics]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Order of Merit]]
[[Category:Writers from St. Louis, Missouri]]
[[Category:Nobel Prize in Literature winners]]


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[[File:T.S. Eliot, 1923.JPG|thumb|T. S. Eliot in 1923]]
'''Thomas Stearns Eliot''' [[Order of Merit|OM]] (26 September 1888 – 4 January 1965)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=T.S. Eliot, American-English poet, playwright, and literary critic|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/T-S-Eliot|access-date=6 June 2026|website=Brittanica}}&lt;/ref&gt; was an American-born British poet. He was one of the most important [[Poet|poets]] of the 20th century. He also wrote [[plays]] and some important [[Essay|essays]] about literature.

==Early life==
He was born in [[St. Louis]], [[Missouri]], then went to college at [[Harvard]]. He spent most of his adult life in [[London]], England. He became a British [[citizen]] in 1928.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1948|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1948/eliot/biographical/|access-date=2026-06-06|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Career==
One famous book he wrote was written for children and is called ''[[The Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats]]''. The songs in the [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]] musical ''[[Cats (musical)|Cats]]'' are based on poems in it. He also wrote &quot;[[The Waste Land]]&quot;, a very mysterious, complicated poem that helped start a new style called [[Modernism]]. His friend, [[Ezra Pound]], another Modern poet, helped him finish it. His poem &quot;The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock&quot; and his play ''Murder in the Cathedral'' (about [[Thomas Becket]]) are also well known.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

==Personal life and death==
Eliot was married two times. He worked at a bank in England and later as the head editor of a famous publishing company in London that is now called [[Faber and Faber]]. In 1948, he won the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]. He died of [[emphysema]] in London.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Related pages ==
*[[List of poets from North America]]
*[[List of poets from the United States]]

{{wikiquote|T. S. Eliot}}
==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nobel Prize in Literature}}
{{Modernism}}
{{Metaphysical poetry}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eliot, T. S.}}
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1965 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:American Christians]]
[[Category:American essayists]]
[[Category:American literary critics]]
[[Category:American playwrights]]
[[Category:American poets]]
[[Category:British Anglicans]]
[[Category:British essayists]]
[[Category:British Nobel Prize winners]]
[[Category:British playwrights]]
[[Category:British poets]]
[[Category:Deaths from emphysema]]
[[Category:Disease-related deaths in England]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Literary critics]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Order of Merit]]
[[Category:Writers from St. Louis, Missouri]]
[[Category:Nobel Prize in Literature winners]]


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{{Infobox television
| image                = Buffy_the_vampire_slayer.svg
| caption              = 
| camera               = [[Single-camera]]
| runtime              = 42 minutes
| company              = [[Mutant Enemy Productions]]&lt;br /&gt;David Greenwalt Productions&lt;br /&gt;Kuzui Enterprises&lt;br /&gt;Sandollar Television&lt;br /&gt;[[20th Century Fox Television]]
| creator              = [[Joss Whedon]]
| starring             = [[Sarah Michelle Gellar]]&lt;br&gt;[[Nicholas Brendon]]&lt;br&gt;[[Alyson Hannigan]]&lt;br&gt;[[Charisma Carpenter]]&lt;br&gt;[[Anthony Stewart Head]]&lt;br&gt;[[David Boreanaz]]&lt;br&gt;[[Seth Green]]&lt;br&gt;[[James Marsters]]&lt;br&gt;[[Marc Blucas]]&lt;br&gt;[[Emma Caulfield]]&lt;br&gt;[[Michelle Trachtenberg]]&lt;br&gt;[[Amber Benson]]
| country              = [[United States]]
| network              = [[The WB Television Network|The WB]] (1997–2001)&lt;br&gt;[[UPN]] (2001–2003)
| first_aired          = {{start date|1997|03|10}}
| last_aired           = {{end date|2003|05|20}}
| num_episodes         = [[List of Buffy the Vampire Slayer episodes|144]]
| executive_producer   = [[Joss Whedon]]&lt;br /&gt;[[David Greenwalt]]&lt;br /&gt;Marti Noxon&lt;br /&gt;David Fury&lt;br /&gt;[[Fran Rubel Kuzui]]&lt;br /&gt;Kaz Kuzui
}}
'''''Buffy the Vampire Slayer''''' is an [[United States|American]] [[television]] [[Television programme|series]] about a girl who fights [[vampire]]s and other [[monster]]s. It was written by [[Joss Whedon]]. He based it on the script that he wrote for a [[movie]] with the [[Buffy the Vampire Slayer (movie)|same title]]. The movie came out in 1992 and stars [[Kristy Swanson]], [[Luke Perry]], [[Donald Sutherland]], and [[Paul Reubens]]. The television series has many [[wikt:fan|fans]]. It was originally shown from March 10, 1997 until May 20, 2003.

The main [[idea]] of the series is the opposite of what is the normal [[Hollywood]] idea about [[horror]]. In [[tradition]]al [[Hollywood]] horror stories, the young blonde girl is always the weakest character, the one who needs to be saved, and often the first one to [[die]]. In ''Buffy'', Whedon changed that. He changed that girl into the person with all the power. He changed her into the [[hero]]. Many of the monsters and storylines on the series are [[symbol]]s of real-life problems faced by [[teenager]]s. As Whedon has said, &quot;Highschool is a [[horror movie]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.shebytches.com/SFSaidgb.html Interview with Joss Whedon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100512141258/http://www.shebytches.com/SFSaidgb.html |date=2010-05-12 }} by SF Said at Shebytches.com&lt;/ref&gt;

''Buffy the Vampire Slayer'' was first shown on March 10, 1997 on [[the WB]] [[television network|network]]. It was a very important part of the [[Warner Bros.]] [[television network]] in its early years.&lt;ref&gt;See: Kaiser Family Foundation &quot;[http://www.kff.org/entmedia/upload/Speaker-Biographies-Generation-M-Media-in-the-Lives-of-8-18-Year-olds.pdf#search=%22%20Dawson's%20Creek%2C%20Buffy%20is%20often%20associated%20with%20the%20early%20success%20of%20the%20Warner%20Brothers%20Network.%22 Generation M: Media in the Lives of 8–18 Year Olds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804080910/http://www.kff.org/entmedia/upload/Speaker-Biographies-Generation-M-Media-in-the-Lives-of-8-18-Year-olds.pdf#search=%22%20Dawson's%20Creek%2C%20Buffy%20is%20often%20associated%20with%20the%20early%20success%20of%20the%20Warner%20Brothers%20Network.%22 |date=2012-08-04 }}&quot;, ''Kff.org'' (March 9, 2005), Schneider, Michael &amp; Adalian, Josef, &quot;[http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117946199?cs=1&amp;s=h&amp;p=0 WB revisits glory days]&quot;, ''Variety.com'' (June 30, 2006).&lt;/ref&gt;
After five seasons, the series left the WB and went to the United Paramount Network ([[UPN]]) for its last two seasons. In the [[United Kingdom]], the entire series was shown on [[Sky One]] and [[BBC2]]. The BBC showed the series at two different times. A [[family]]-friendly [[version]] with [[wikt:violence|violence]] and bad [[language]] cut out was shown early in the evening and an unedited version was shown later at night.&lt;ref&gt;Burr, Vivien, &quot;[http://slayageonline.com/essays/slayage8/Burr.htm Buffy vs the BBC: Moral Questions and How to Avoid Them] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927234420/http://slayageonline.com/essays/slayage8/Burr.htm |date=2007-09-27 }}&quot; ''Slaye.tv'' (March 2003), p1.&lt;/ref&gt; Sky One did something similar. It showed an edited version in the afternoon and the uncut version in [[prime time]]. From the fourth season onwards, the BBC showed the series in [[anamorphic]] 16:9 [[widescreen]] format, but Whedon said that ''Buffy'' was never supposed to be watched this way.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.homemediamagazine.com/news/iangeli-creator-joss-whedon-sees-evolution-tv-shows-dvd-5243 Angel Creator Joss Whedon Sees Evolution of TV Shows on DVD]&quot; ''Video Store Mag'' (August 28, 2003).&lt;/ref&gt;

==The Slayer==
The Slayer or Chosen One is a girl who [[kill]]s vampires. She had [[superhuman]] [[strength]] and [[speed]]. She also [[heal]]s very fast. It is her [[Fate|destiny]] to fight [[evil]] [[demon]]s, mainly vampires. When the Slayer [[death|dies]], a new girl is chosen. That girl gets all of the powers of the Slayer. Potentials (girls who might be chosen - &quot;[[potential]] slayers&quot;) are trained from an early age by a &quot;[[Watcher (btvs)|Watcher]]&quot;. In this series, Buffy Summers, Kendra Young, and Faith Lehane were the main slayers.

==Plot==

The main [[Fictional character|character]] was [[Buffy Summers]]. She was played by [[Sarah Michelle Gellar]]. Buffy was an ordinary [[high school]] [[student]] in the [[fictional]] city of Sunnydale, [[California]], except for being a &quot;[[vampire]] slayer.&quot; Buffy's Watcher was a [[United Kingdom|British]] man named Giles. With the help of Giles and her friends, Xander and Willow, Buffy fought a different monster every episode. (aside from the main villains of each season).

Buffy and her friends went to [[school]] at Sunnydale [[High school|High School]]. They appear normal to their [[family|families]] while killing vampires and monsters at night.

Not all vampires were evil in the series. One vampire was named [[Angel (vampire)|Angel]]. He was given his [[soul]] back by a [[gypsy]] [[curse]].  The curse would make him lose his [[soul]] and become evil again if he became really happy. He and Buffy fell in [[love]]. The curse took his soul away when they had [[sexual intercourse]] for the first time. This caused Angel to become evil (losing his soul). When Angel got back his soul, he knew that he and Buffy could not be together because he might lose it again. Angel left Sunnydale and went to [[Los Angeles]]. The television series ''[[Angel (TV series)|Angel]]'' tells the story of what happened to him after he left.

==Notable episodes==

*'''&quot;Earshot&quot;''' (Season 3): This episode was not shown when it was first supposed to. The episode dealt with a school violence. It was first scheduled to be shown just after the [[Columbine High School massacre|shootings at Columbine]] happened. Because of this, they did not show it in the [[United States]] until the summer after the season had ended.
*'''&quot;Hush&quot;'''(Season 4): Nearly all of the episode was done with no talking at all. For 29 minutes, the characters could not say anything. Joss Whedon created the episode after he heard that that the most important part of the series was the [[wikt:dialogue|dialogue]]. The episode was nominated for an [[Emmy Award]].
*'''&quot;The Body&quot;''' (Season 5): This episode had no [[music]]al [[soundtrack]] at all. The episode was about the death of Buffy's mother, Joyce Summers.
*'''&quot;Once More, With Feeling&quot;'''(Season 6): The entire episode was done as a [[musical]]. Every scene included the characters singing. They usually were also dancing. The episode was nominated for an Emmy Award.

==Characters==
===Major characters===
====Buffy Summers====
Buffy Anne Summers (played by [[Sarah Michelle Gellar]]) is &quot;the Slayer,&quot; one in a long line of young women chosen to fight evil. She is blonde and beautiful and she is a normal cheerleading girl at the start of the movie. Being the Slayer gave her increased strength, endurance, agility and healing. She also had greater intuition, and some [[ability]] of [[clairvoyance]], usually in the form of [[dream]]s that tell the [[future]]. She was born January 19, 1981 and grew up in [[Los Angeles, California]]. Buffy died two times in the normal series. There have also been [[magic]]al times that she died in, but these periods of time were stopped and do not affect normal times. The first time she died, she [[drown]]ed and was brought back to life with [[CPR]]. The second time, magic was used to bring her back to life.

====Rupert Giles====
Rupert &quot;Ripper&quot; Giles (played by [[Anthony Stewart Head]]) is Buffy's Watcher. He was an [[England|English]]man. He was Buffy's second Watcher. Her first watcher was killed in the movie version of the story but this fact is not talked about in the series. Unlike most slayers, it was not known that Buffy was a potential slayer at an early age. When she was chosen, the Watcher's council sent a watcher to help her. When he died, the Council sent Giles to Sunnydale to become her watcher. In the past, Giles used magic and had a lot of [[knowledge]] about demons and vampires.

====Willow Rosenberg====
Willow Rosenberg (played by [[Alyson Hannigan]]) was Buffy's [[school]]mate and best friend. She was very smart and good with [[computer]]s. During the series, she learned more and more about magic. She found out that she is very good at magic and became a powerful [[witch]]. While in highschool, she had a boyfriend named Oz, who was a guitarist in a local band called Dingoes Ate My Baby, and he was also a werewolf. After Oz left in college, Willow fell in love with another witch, Tara Maclay. When Tara was killed, Willow tried to destroy the world, but Xander stopped her. Later on, at the end of season seven, she developed a relationship with a potential slayer named Kennedy.

====Xander Harris====
Alexander Lavelle &quot;Xander&quot; Harris (played by [[Nicholas Brendon]]) was another good friend of Buffy. During season 4, Xander becomes romantically involved with an ex-vengeance demon, Anya (Anyanka), whom he later became engaged to, but left during the wedding in the episode &quot;Hells Bells&quot;. It was said many times during the series that Xander was the person in the group who had no special powers at all, but still fought as much as everyone else, and, in season 7 (&quot;Potential&quot;) Xander is named the &quot;Seer&quot; because he sees everything that is going on, because he's never actually in the spotlight, just next to it. Xander was often the character the writers used for [[comedy|comic]] moments. Xander was a major character in the series and saved the world (from Willow) at the end of Season 6, by telling her he loved her repeatedly, accessing the human love inside of her &quot;evil&quot; persona, created by [[Tara Maclay]]'s death.

====Dawn Summers====
Dawn Summers (played by [[Michelle Trachtenberg]]) was a magical energy (The Key) that was turned into a person and Buffy's sister. At first, Dawn had the special ability to open the way to a hell dimension (with her blood). After Buffy's death closed that way, Dawn's only special [[ability|abilities]] was being very good with languages and a very fast learner. She could have made a very good Watcher.

====Anya Jenkins====
Anya Christina Emmanuella Jenkins, or Anyanka, or Aud (played by [[Emma Caulfield]]) was an 1100 year old [[vengeance]] demon. She was born with the name Aud somewhere in [[Scandinavia]] during the [[9th century]]. She became a vengeance demon after casting a magic spell on her [[love]]r, Olaf. The spell turned him into a [[troll]]. Anya spent the next 1100 years as Anyanka. As a vengeance demon, she would use magic to give a [[wish]] to a woman who had been treated wrong by a man. Anyaka lost her powers during a wish she cast for Cordelia Chase. When the wish was ended, Anyanka was trapped in the [[human]] [[body]] of 17 year old Anya. Anya and Xander got together after graduation and later were engaged. But Xander left her at the wedding, realising he was not ready to get married, but still loved her. She then got her vengeance powers back from D'Hoffryn (head of vengeance) but later lost them again after she realized how unfulfilling maiming human men was (her human side).

====Angel====
Angel (played by [[David Boreanaz]]) was an [[Ireland|Irish]] vampire first named Liam. He was born in 1727, in Galway, Ireland. After being turned into a vampire in 1753, he spent the next 145 year creating [[Fear|terror]] as &quot;Angelus&quot; ([[face]] of an [[angel]]). In 1898, he killed the daughter of [[gypsy|gypsies]]. As [[punishment]], the Gypsies returned Angelus human soul to him. This caused him to have to feel all the pain he had caused. Angel went to the [[United States]] and lived on the streets. He stopped killing people to drink their blood because with a soul he knew it was wrong. He lived a very poor life drinking the blood of [[rat]]s until a [[messenger]] from the Powers That Be took him to [[California]] to show him Buffy. He fell in love with her and changed his life so he could help her. Buffy fell in love with Angel but he turned evil after she gave him one true moment of happiness (after they had sex). Then he turned into Angelus and when he was finally changed back (after months, by Willow), Buffy stabbed him in order to once again save the world by closing acathla (against her feelings of love for him).

====Cordelia Chase====
Cordelia &quot;Cordy&quot; Chase (played by [[Charisma Carpenter]]) went to Sunnydale High with Buffy. She was a [[cheerleader]] who only thought of herself. She would help Buffy every now and then, but most often was the one that needed help. During her senior year of high school, all the money Cordelia's parents had was taken away by the government because Cordy's dad had not fully paid his family's taxes. Cordy had to get a job at a dress store to pay for a dress for her senior prom.

Although Cordelia started off as a self-involved character, she grew throughout the first three seasons, learning to love others (spawning a relationship with [[Xander Harris]], above). After Season 3 of ''Buffy'', Cordelia moves away to L.A. to become an actress. After having little luck, she meets [[Angel]] and they work together in the [[detective]] business- [[Angel Investigations]]. Cordelia's character grows even further throughout ''Angel'' as well, and by Season 4/5 of ''Angel'', she seems to be a completely different person.

====Spike====
Spike, or William the Bloody, (played by [[James Marsters]]) was an [[England|English]] vampire. He was born in [[London]] around 1853. He was turned into a vampire in 1880 by Drusilla, a pretty vampire created by Angelus. He spent the next 20 years with Angelus, Drusilla and Darla as they killed throughout [[Europe]] and [[Asia]]. After Angelus got his soul back and left, Spike and Drusilla continued for 100 years before going to Sunnydale to try and find him. Later, Spike fell in love with Buffy. He fought a demon (initially to get his chip removed) and got his soul back and helped save the world in the last episode (&quot;[[Chosen]]&quot;). He was sent, by the amulet he wore, to Angel. (Stars in the final season of ''[[Angel]]'').

====Faith Lehane====
Faith Lehane (played by [[Eliza Dushku]]) was a vampire slayer. Buffy's first death caused Kendra Young to be chosen as the Slayer. When Kendra died, Faith was chosen. Faith is in many ways the opposite of Buffy. While Buffy had family and friends for support, Faith was alone. Faith tried to fight evil, but later chose to be evil instead. In the end, Faith learns from her mistakes and helps Buffy in her fight.

====Oz====
Daniel &quot;Oz&quot; Osborne (played by [[Seth Green]]) was a musician and [[werewolf]]. He was Willow's first [[boyfriend]]. For three nights each [[month]], Oz would change shape. If he was not put into a cage or locked up, he would roam Sunnydale from the time the [[sun]] set until it came up again in the morning. Being a werewolf gave him increased strength, endurance and healing. As a werewolf, his mind was similar to an animal and not a human.

====Riley Finn====
Riley Finn was a member of a [[secret]] part of [[United States|American]] [[military]]. 
During the day, he was a helper to a [[professor]] at Sunnydale University. At night, he led a military team that hunted and captured demons. He had increased strength and endurance, but he was not as strong as Buffy. He gave Buffy an ultimatum and at the last minute she decided on him. But when she got to his helicopter they had already taken off and he did not see her. When he comes back in a later episode Buffy finds out that he is married.

'''Tara Maclay'''

Tara was a member of the [[Wicca]] group Willow joined in her first year in [[college]]. Willow and Tara started as friends. Over time, they became [[love]]rs. When Tara is first introduced, she is very shy. Tara has a very obvious [[stuttering|stutter]] in her first season. Through season five, Tara becomes more confident. Eventually, her family comes back to take Tara home, but she (with Buffy and the gang's help) stands up to them. She became more and more confident until Glory took her sanity. Willow got it back in the season five finale, and Tara was sane again.

In season 6, Willow used dark magic (magic that hurt other people) more and more. Eventually, she used it to make Tara forget a [[argument|fight]] they had had. Tara broke up with Willow. Tara came back when Willow stopped using dark magic. A very short time later, Tara died after being hit by a [[bullet]] meant for Buffy.

===Recurring characters===
*'''Joyce Summers''': Joyce was Buffy's mother. She died of a [[aneurysm]] shortly after having [[surgery]] to take a [[tumor]] out of her [[head]].
*'''Jonathan Levinson''': Jonathan went to school with Buffy. He was often only used for [[comedy|comic]] moments. In season 6, he played a larger part as a member of the Trio. He was killed by Andrew Wells in season 7 in an attempt to open the Hellmouth.
*'''Harmony Kendall''': Harmony was one of Cordelia's friends. She was turned into a vampire at their [[high school]] [[graduation]].
*'''Principal Snyder''': Snyder was the high school [[principal]] for a lot of Buffy's time at Sunnydale High. He made Buffy's daily life very hard. He is one of the few people other than the main cast that shows he knows about the weird things in town such as vampires and demons. After Mayor Wilkins turned into a giant demon snake at the graduation, he killed Principal Snyder.
*'''Kennedy''': Kennedy was one of the potential slayers. She had a [[lesbian]] [[Intimate relationship|relationship]] with Willow.
*'''Principal Robin Wood''': Wood was the son of a Slayer (Nikki Woods). His mother was killed by Spike. He became the principal of Sunnydale High after it was rebuilt. He tried and failed to get [[wikt:revenge|revenge]] on Spike for killing his mother. He later joined Buffy in her fight and got into a relationship with Faith.
*'''Andrew Wells''': Andrew was a [[obnoxious]], possibly [[bi-sexual]] [[nerd]]y member of the Trio. He has a [[talent]] for [[language]]s and [[summon]]ing demons.
*'''Jenny Calendar''': Jenny was the high school [[computer]] teacher. She was also a member of the same [[gypsy]] [[clan]] that [[curse]]d Angel. She was in Sunnydale to watch Angel. She had a [[Love|romance]] with Giles. Angelus broke her [[neck]], killing her.

===Villains===
*'''The Master''': The Master was one of the oldest living vampires. He was the first major [[villain]] that Buffy faced in Sunnydale. The Master was the leader of a vampire [[cult]] called the [[Order of Aurelius]]. The cult included Darla who The Master turned into a vampire. Buffy killed the Master in season 1.
*'''Darla''': Darla was a very old vampire. She was turned into a vampire in 1609. She was a prostitute who was dying of [[syphilis]], when the Master turned her into a vampire. She was the vampire who sired Liam turning him into Angelus (Angel). Darla was killed by Angel in season 1 of ''Buffy''. She was later brought back to life on the spin-off ''Angel''.
*'''Drusilla''': Drusilla is a vampire created by Angelus around 1860. Angelus made her [[insane]] before turning her into a vampire. She has the ability to see the future and [[Hypnosis|hypnotize]] people. Drusilla created Spike in 1880. It is not known if Drusilla has been killed or if she still lives.
*'''Mayor Richard Wilkins III''': Wilkins was the [[mayor]] of Sunnydale. He first came to the area in the [[19th century]] to search for [[gold]]. He is the [[wikt:founder|founder]] of Sunnydale. Wilkins made a deal with demons. He created the town so that demons would have a place to feed and the demons said they would turn him into a pure demon. It would take over 100 years to turn into a demon. Wilkins turned into a giant [[snake]] at Buffy's [[graduation]]. She killed him by blowing up the school with him inside it. Wilkins was the major villain in season 3.
*'''Adam''': Adam was a [[cyborg]]. He was made out of parts of [[human]]s, demons, and [[Electronics|electronic]] [[machine]]s. Adam was created in [[The Initiative]]'s [[laboratory|lab]] 314. He was the major villain in season 4. Buffy killed Adam by taking his [[power source]] out of his [[chest]].
*'''Glorificus''': Glorificus, or Glory, was an [[evil]] [[deity|goddess]] from a different [[dimension]]. She was trapped in the body of a baby boy named Ben. Many years later, she began to take control of the body. After a while she could take full control and change the body into that of her own form for a short time. Glory was trying to find the key that would let her go back to her own dimension. Buffy stopped her. She beat her very badly and Glory was trapped inside Ben again. Knowing that she would become strong enough to come back one day, Giles killed Ben which also killed Glory. Glory was the main villain of season 5.
*'''The First''': The First, or The First Evil, is the creator of evil itself. The First has no body (incorporeal) and can not physically affect things. It can look like anyone who has ever died. This includes dead humans (Buffy's mother Joyce), vampires (Drusilla, Spike), and even Buffy herself. The First had an [[army]] of very very old vampires called [[Turok-Han]] and a cult of humans called [[The Bringers]] that did things for it because it could not do them itself. The First can not be killed. Its army and cult were destroyed in the final episode of the series and its plans were stopped. The First was the main villain in season 7.

==Whedon's Trademarks==
Joss Whedon uses several [[theme]]s throughout his works. These are often found in the writing done for ''Buffy''.

*'''Strong female characters''': As a supporter of [[feminism]], Whedon likes to create teenage girls with [[superpower]]s. Many of the most powerful characters in the series are female. Buffy and Willow are examples.
*'''Homosexuality''': Whedon uses [[Homosexuality|gay]] characters both for major parts (Willow and Tara) and for minor parts (Larry Blaisdall and Scott Hope).
*'''Witty dialogue''': The dialogue in Joss Whedon's series and movies is [[wikt:notable|notable]]. It often has [[rapid-fire]] [[wit]] and [[pop culture]] [[references]]. Some are easy to notice others are more difficult.
*'''Death''': No one is safe in a story written by Whedon. Major characters can die at any time. Minor characters die more often. In a world with magic, not all deaths are forever though. Buffy herself died at least four times and was brought back to life twice. Tara Maclay, Jenny Calender, Joyce Summers, and [[Principal]] Snyder were all regular characters that died and did not return. Other characters such as Harmony Kendall died and came back as vampires.
*'''Relationships''': A good [[Love|romantic]] [[Intimate relationship|relationship]] makes for a bad story. Whedon does not like relationships that have a happy ending. Every relationship in the series ended badly.
:Angel and Buffy: Angel loses his soul and turns evil.
:Spike and Buffy: Spike later tries to [[rape]] Buffy, but she stops him. At the end of the series, Spike dies to save the world.
:Willow and Tara: Tara is shot and killed.
:Xander and Anya: They almost got married, but Xander leaves Anya at the [[marriage|altar]]. They never get back together. Anya dies at the end of the series.

*'''Family''': In a Whedon story, family is not who you were born to. Family is who you chose to be with. In ''Buffy'', Buffy, Giles, Willow and Xander, as well as the others with them, were more of a family than any of their [[Biology|biological]] families.
*'''Fatherhood''': Fathers in Whedon's stories are almost always shown badly. Buffy's father left her mother and her. He is rarely talked about or seen in the series. Xander's father is always shown as being [[abuse|abusive]]. [[Father figure]]s replace the [[traditional]] father in the same way Whedon replaced the traditional family. Giles takes the place of the father in ''Buffy''. At times, even he is shown badly in the [[role]].

==Related pages==
*[[Angel (TV series)]]

==References==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Other websites ==
{{wikiquote-en|Buffy the Vampire Slayer}}
{{commons|Buffy the Vampire Slayer}}
* [http://www.foxhome.com/buffysplash/index_frames.html ''20th Century Fox'' — ''Buffy'' section] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006203614/http://www.foxhome.com/buffysplash/index_frames.html |date=2010-10-06 }}
* [http://www.atpobtvs.com/sindex.html ''All Things Philosophical on Buffy the Vampire Slayer'']
* [http://vrya.net/bdb/ ''Buffyverse Dialogue Database''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808045209/http://vrya.net/bdb/ |date=2020-08-08 }}
* [http://www.slayage.tv ''Slayage.tv'' - Buffy academic essays]
* [http://whedonesque.com/ ''Whedonesque.com''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215173331/http://whedonesque.com/ |date=2020-12-15 }}
* [http://www.whedon.info/ ''Whedon.info'']
* [http://stakesandsalvation.com/ ''Stakes and Salvation: a Buffyverse Encyclopedia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928205919/http://stakesandsalvation.com/ |date=2007-09-28 }}
* [http://whedonwiki.com/ ''WhedonWiki.com''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231132448/http://whedonwiki.com/ |date=2020-12-31 }}

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  <page>
    <title>Michael Jackson</title>
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      <text bytes="63837" sha1="8j9ep9b91avx1i5dhv6urkl6rjlmyza" xml:space="preserve">{{for|the British writer|Michael Jackson (writer)}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Michael Jackson
| alt                = Michael Jackson
| image              = Michael Jackson 1983 (3x4 cropped) (contrast).jpg
| caption            = Jackson in 1983
| birth_name         = Michael Joseph Jackson
| alias              = Michael Joe Jackson&lt;!-- Legal aliases only. This is not a field for nicknames.--&gt;
| birth_date         = {{Birth date|1958|8|29}}
| birth_place        = [[Gary, Indiana|Gary]], [[Indiana]], U.S.
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|2009|6|25|1958|8|29}}
| death_place        = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S.
| death_cause        = [[Cardiac arrest]] caused by acute [[propofol]] and [[benzodiazepine]] [[intoxication]] ([[Death of Michael Jackson|details]])
| resting_place      = 
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| burial_place       = [[Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)|Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California]], U.S.
| burial_coordinates = {{coord|34.125|-118.240|display=inline, title|name=Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale}}
| nationality        = [[Americans|American]]
| citizenship        = [[United States]] (1958–2009)
| works              = 
| education          = 
| alma_mater         = [[Montclair College Preparatory School]]
| occupation         = {{hlist|[[Singer]]|[[songwriter]]|[[dancer]]|[[musician]]|[[philanthropist]]|[[producer]]}}
| years_active       = 1964–2009
| known_for          = Music career
| notable_works      = {{flatlist|
* [[Michael Jackson singles discography|Singles]]
}}
| height             = 5 ft 9 in
| spouse             = {{marriage|[[Lisa Marie Presley]]|1994|1996|end=divorced}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|[[Debbie Rowe]]|1996|2000|end=divorced}}
| children           = 3, including [[Paris Jackson|Paris]]
| mother             = [[Katherine Jackson]]
| father             = [[Joe Jackson (manager)|Joe Jackson]]
| family             = [[Jackson family]]
| awards             = [[List of awards and nominations received by Michael Jackson|Full list]]
| website            = {{url|https://www.michaeljackson.com/}}
| signature          = Michael Jackson signature.svg
| signature_size     = 100px
| module             = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
 | instrument      = {{hlist|Vocals|guitar|keyboards|piano|bass|drums}}&lt;!--If you think an instrument should be listed, a discussion to reach consensus is needed first--&gt;
 | background      = solo_singer
 | genre           = &lt;!--These music genres are all sourced under the section #Musical themes and genres--&gt;{{hlist|[[Contemporary R&amp;B|R&amp;B]]|[[Pop music|pop]]|[[soul music|soul]]|[[funk]]|[[Hip hop music|hip hop]]|[[rock music|rock]]|[[disco]]|[[post-disco]]|[[dance-pop]]|[[new jack swing]]}}
 | label           = {{hlist|[[Steeltown Records|Steeltown]]|[[Motown]]|[[Epic Records|Epic]]|[[Legacy Recordings|Legacy]]|[[Sony Music|Sony]]|MJJ Productions}}
 | associated_acts = &lt;!--These associated acts are all sourced under #Discography--&gt;[[The Jackson 5]]
}}
}}
'''Michael Joseph Jackson''' (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009), also known by his initials '''MJ''', was an American [[singer]], [[songwriter]], [[dancer]], and [[philanthropist]]. Dubbed the &quot;'''King of Pop'''&quot;, he is often regarded as one of the most culturally significant figures of the 20th century. Over a four-decade career, his musical achievements broke racial barriers in the U.S. and made him a dominant figure across the world. Through songs, concerts, and fashion, he proliferated visual performance for artists in [[popular music]]; popularizing street dance moves including the [[Moonwalk (dance)|moonwalk]], the [[Robot (dance)|robot]], and the [[Smooth Criminal#anti-gravity lean|anti-gravity lean]]. Jackson is often deemed the greatest entertainer of all time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Villarreal |first=Yvonne |date=June 29, 2009 |title=Remembering Michael Jackson: 'The Greatest Entertainer of All Time' |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-jun-29-et-jackson-tribute29-story.html |access-date=January 16, 2025 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The eighth child of the [[Jackson family]], Michael began performing in 1964 with his brothers in [[the Jackson 5]] at the age of 6. The group gained worldwide fame with him as its lead singer and recorded multiple successful singles. In the early 1970s, he embarked on his solo career. Later, he rose to global stardom with the release of his fifth studio album ''[[Off the Wall]]'' (1979), he then achieved unprecedented global success with ''[[Thriller (Michael Jackson album)|Thriller]]'' (1982), the best-selling album in music history. The [[Music video|music videos]] for the singles, &quot;[[Beat It]]&quot;, &quot;[[Billie Jean]]&quot;, and &quot;[[Thriller (song)|Thriller]]&quot;, redefined the medium. ''[[Bad (album)|Bad]]'' (1987), produced the five [[Billboard Hot 100]] number-one singles &quot;[[I Just Can't Stop Loving You]]&quot;, &quot;[[Bad (Michael Jackson song)|Bad]]&quot;, &quot;[[The Way You Make Me Feel]]&quot;, and &quot;[[Dirty Diana]]&quot;. ''[[Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)|Dangerous]]'' (1991), ''[[HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I]]'' (1995), produced the US number-one singles &quot;[[Black or White]]&quot; and &quot;[[You Are Not Alone]]&quot;. His final studio album ''[[Invincible]]'' (2001) is the most expensive album ever made. When [[Death of Michael Jackson|he died]] in 2009 at age 50, he had spent 44 years working in the [[music industry]]. 

Jackson remains a global figure in [[popular culture]]. His contributions to music, dance, and [[fashion]] had a major cultural impact. Finally, his highly publicized personal life kept him in the public eye. Jackson died in 2009 from an [[overdose]] of [[propofol]] administered by [[Conrad Murray|Dr. Conrad Murray]]. [[Trial of Conrad Murray|Murray's trial]] was widely publicized, and he went to prison for involuntary manslaughter.

Jackson influenced artists across many music [[Genre|genres]]. Through [[Concert|stage]] and video performances, he popularized complicated dance moves such as the moonwalk, the robot, and the anti-gravity lean. Jackson is the [[List of awards and nominations received by Michael Jackson|most awarded individual music artist]] in history: his awards include 15 [[Grammy Award|Grammy Awards]], 6 [[BRIT Awards]], a [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe]], and 39 [[Guinness World Records]], including &quot;Most Successful [[Entertainer]] of All Time&quot;. He is included in the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]], the Vocal Group [[Hall of fame|Hall of Fame]], the [[Songwriter|Songwriters]] Hall of Fame, the National [[Rhythm and blues|Rhythm &amp; Blues]] Hall of Fame, and the Dance Hall of Fame. Jackson is one of the best-selling music artists of all time, with estimated sales of over 500 million records.

==Early life and career==

===Early life===
Michael Joseph Jackson was born to a family of [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] on August 29, 1958, at St Mary's Mercy Hospital in [[Gary, Indiana]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Barnes|first=Brokes|date=June 25, 2009|title=A Star Idolized and Haunted, Michael Jackson Dies at 50|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/26/arts/music/26jackson.html?ref=obituaries&amp;_r=0|access-date=September 30, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was the eighth of [[Katherine Jackson|Katherine]] and [[Joe Jackson]]'s ten children.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.truemichaeljackson.com/childhood/|title=Childhood :: True Michael Jackson|website=truemichaeljackson.com|access-date=2020-02-11|archive-date=2019-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204131417/https://www.truemichaeljackson.com/childhood/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Jackson's father Joseph was a [[steel]] [[Mill (grinding)|mill]] worker who played guitar in a rhythm and blues band to earn extra money for the family.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Sweeting|first=Adam|date=2018-06-27|title=Joe Jackson obituary|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/jun/27/joe-jackson-obituary|access-date=2024-09-30|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 1964: The Jackson Brothers ===
On January 1, 1964, Jackson and his brother [[Marlon Jackson|Marlon]] joined The Jackson Brothers, a band that their older brothers [[Jackie Jackson|Jackie]], [[Tito Jackson|Tito]], and [[Jermaine Jackson|Jermaine]] had started.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=You Are Not Alone: Michael Through a Brother's Eyes|url=https://archive.org/details/youarenotalonemi0000jack|last=Jackson|first=Jermaine|publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4516-5156-0|location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt; When they did their first public performance, Jackson was just five years old.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rockhall.com/inductees/the-jackson-five/ |title=The Jackson 5: inducted in 1997 &amp;#124; The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum |publisher=Rockhall.com |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When Jackson was 8, he and Jermaine became the group's main singers. The group's name then changed to The Jackson 5. 

=== 1965: The Jackson 5 ===
{{main|The Jackson 5}}

The members of the Jackson 5 were the same as the &quot;Jackson Brothers&quot;: Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon, and Michael Jackson.

The group won an important [[talent show]] in 1966. Two years later they were signed to a famous record label called [[Motown Records]]. Their first [[Motown]] single ''I Want You Back'' reached No. 1 in the ''[[Billboard Hot 100]],'' a list of the 100 top songs in the [[United States]].
[[File:Michael Jackson 1977.JPG|thumb|Jackson in 1977]]
They became quite popular and performed many original songs, including &quot;[[ABC (song)|ABC]]&quot; and &quot;[[I'll Be There (Jackson 5 song)|I'll Be There]]&quot;. They were managed by their father Joe Jackson, who was very strict.

=== 1971–1973: ''Go to Be There,'' ''Ben,'' and ''Music &amp; Me'' ===
In 1971, Jackson embarked on his solo career and released his studio albums ''[[Got to Be There]]'' and ''[[Ben (Michael Jackson album)|Ben]]'' (both in 1972), and ''[[Music &amp; Me]]'' (1973).

''Got to Be There'' produced the [[Got to Be There (song)|song of the same name]], as Jackson's debut solo single. ''Ben'' released one single, the title track &quot;[[Ben (song)|Ben]]&quot;, which was a commercial success.

=== 1974–1981: ''Forever, Michael'', ''The Wiz'', and ''Off the Wall'' ===
In 1974, Jackson hosted the first [[American Music Awards]] with [[Donny Osmond]], Rodney Allen Rippy, and [[The Partridge Family|Ricky Segall]].

In June 1975, the Jackson 5 left Motown for [[CBS Records]] and changed their name to &quot;The Jacksons&quot;. That same year, he released his fourth solo studio album ''[[Forever, Michael]]''.

In 1976, The Jacksons got their own TV show on [[CBS]]. The show was cancelled in March 1977.

On October 24, 1978, a movie called ''[[The Wiz (movie)|The Wiz]]'' was released. The movie was a remake of ''[[The Wizard of Oz]]'' with all [[Black people|black]] actors. Jackson acted as the [[Scarecrow]].

On December 17, 1978, The Jacksons' twelfth album was released. It was the first album they had produced. Jackson wrote the album's second single &quot;[[Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)]]&quot; with Randy Jackson. It reached No.7 on the Billboard Hot 100.

In December 1978, Jackson started making his fifth and first solo album on [[Epic Records]]: ''[[Off the Wall]]'' with record producer [[Quincy Jones]]. It was released on August 10, 1979. The album got good reviews and a [[Grammy Award]] for Best Male [[Rhythm and blues|R&amp;B]] Vocal Performance.

The Jacksons' thirteenth album, ''[[Triumph (The Jacksons album)|Triumph]],'' was released in 1980.
[[File:Michael Jackson 1984 (enhanced).jpg|thumb|Jackson in 1984]]

=== 1982–1983: ''Thriller'', and ''Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever'' ===
In 1982, Jackson made &quot;[[Someone in the Dark]]&quot; for the ''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial|E.T.: the Extra-Terrestrial]]'' soundtrack. It won a Grammy for Best Recording for Children in 1984.

On October 18, 1982, the first single from his sixth studio album ''[[Thriller (Michael Jackson album)|Thriller]]'', &quot;[[The Girl Is Mine]]&quot;, was released. It was sung with [[Paul McCartney]]. Some people thought that the album wasn't going to be very good because of the song.

On November 30, 1982, ''Thriller'' was released, which went on to become the best-selling album of all time. Jackson didn't do a tour to promote the album. The album sold around 70 million copies worldwide.

''Thriller'' includes famous songs like &quot;[[Beat It]]&quot; and &quot;[[Billie Jean]]&quot; and &quot;[[Thriller (song)|Thriller]]&quot;.

&quot;Thriller&quot; has a unique [[Michael Jackson's Thriller (music video)|music video]], in which shows Jackson and others dancing like [[Zombie|zombies]]. The popularity of these videos helped bring the television channel [[MTV]] to fame. 

That year, Jackson won seven other Grammys for his studio album ''Thriller''.&lt;ref name=&quot;IMDB&quot;&gt;[[imdbname:0001391|imdb.com]]&lt;/ref&gt; 

In 1983, Jackson wrote three songs with [[Queen (band)|Queen]]'s lead singer [[Freddie Mercury]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Locker |first=Melissa |url=http://entertainment.time.com/2013/07/29/michael-jackson-and-freddie-mercury-three-duets-coming-out-this-fall/ |title=Michael Jackson and Freddie Mercury: Three Duets Coming Out This Fall |work=TIME |date=2013-07-29 |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; That same year, he performed &quot;Billie Jean&quot; during an [[NBC]] special called ''[[Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever]]'', where he debuted the &quot;[[moonwalk]]&quot;, in which became his signature dance move in his repertoire.

=== 1984–1985: Pepsi commercial, songs, and albums ===
[[File:Michael Jackson autographing 'We Are The World' posters 1985.jpg|thumb|266x266px|Jackson signing a &quot;[[We Are the World]]&quot; poster in 1985]]On January 27, 1984, Michael's hair caught on fire while he was filming a Pepsi Cola commercial with the rest of The Jacksons. He received severe burns and was rushed to the hospital.

Pepsi paid $1.5 million to Jackson, who gave it to the Brotman Medical Center in [[Culver City, California]]. The accident left him with severe chronic pain, and he started taking [[narcotic]] [[Analgesic|pain medications]]. 

In May 1984, &quot;Farewell My Summer Love&quot;, a song that Jackson wrote in 1973, was released as a single. It reached number seven in the [[UK Singles Chart]].

&quot;[[Somebody's Watching Me]]&quot;, a single by [[Rockwell (musician)|Rockwell]] with Jackson singing on the [[Refrain|chorus]], was released January 14, 1984. It reached number one in [[Spain]] and [[France]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=InfoDisc : Tout les Titres N° 1 des 80's|url=http://www.infodisc.fr/Number1_80.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120112709/http://www.infodisc.fr/Number1_80.php|archive-date=2012-11-20|publisher=Infodisc.fr|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Jacksons' album ''[[Victory (The Jacksons album)|Victory]]'' was released on July 2, 1984. Between July and December 1984, Jackson toured with his brothers. He won eight awards at the 1984 [[American Music Awards]], the most anyone has ever won at once. He also won Best International Solo Artist and Best International Album at the [[BRIT Awards]].

Jermaine Jackson released his tenth album, ''[[Jermaine Jackson (album)|Jermaine Jackson]]''. Michael sang on a song from the album, &quot;[[Tell Me I'm Not Dreaming' (Too Good to Be True)]]&quot;. It was nominated for Best R&amp;B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals at the 1985 Grammy Awards.

In August 1985, Jackson bought [[music publisher]] [[ATV Music]] for $47.5 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/music/la-et-hilburn-michael-jackson-sep22,0,540678,full.story |title=The long and winding road - Los Angeles Times |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=1985-09-22 |accessdate=2014-06-24 |archive-date=2012-06-11 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68LcROJJ2?url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/music/la-et-hilburn-michael-jackson-sep22,0,540678,full.story |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; They owned the rights to [[The Beatles]].

Jackson wrote &quot;[[We Are the World]]&quot; with [[Lionel Richie]] in 1985. The song was recorded by [[USA for Africa]]. It was released as a single around the world to raise money to give to [[Starvation|starving]] people in [[Africa]]. It sold over 20 million copies. It also won four Grammy Awards.

=== 1986–1990: ''Bad'', autobiography, and videogames ===
[[File:Michael Jackson-3.jpg|thumb|Jackson performing &quot;[[The Way You Make Me Feel]]&quot; in 1988]]
In August 1987, his seventh studio album ''[[Bad (album)|Bad]]'', was released. Jackson wanted it to sell 100 million copies; it has sold over 45 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Michael-Jacksons-Thriller-is-1st-Album-Certified-33x-Million-Bad-Certified-10-Million-20170216#|title=Michael Jackson's 'Thriller' is 1st Album Certified 33x Million; 'Bad' Certified 10 Million|last=Desk|first=BWW News|access-date=2017-11-20|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Five of ''Bad's'' seven singles were No.1 in the U.S.:&quot;[[I Just Can't Stop Loving You]]&quot;, &quot;[[Bad (Michael Jackson song)|Bad]]&quot;, &quot;[[The Way You Make Me Feel]]&quot;, &quot;[[Man in the Mirror]]&quot; and &quot;[[Dirty Diana]]&quot;. Until [[Katy Perry]]'s success with her 2010 album ''[[Teenage Dream]]'', Jackson was the only musician to ever have had that many singles from one album be No.1. 

From September 1987 to January 1989, Jackson did the [[Bad (tour)|Bad World Tour]]. This was the first tour he did on his own. 

In 1988, ''[[Moonwalk (book)|Moonwalk]]'', a book Jackson wrote about his life, was published. It took Jackson four years to write. The book sold 200,000 copies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/celebrity/articles/2009/06/27/writer_stephen_davis_remembers_michael_jackson/ |title=Writer Stephen Davis remembers Michael Jackson |work=The Boston Globe |date=2009-06-27 |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jackson then made and released ''[[Moonwalker]]''. In 1989, some [[Michael Jackson's Moonwalker|video games]] about the movie were released by U.S. Gold.

In 1986, [[Disneyland]] and [[Epcot]] started showing a short film called ''[[Captain EO]]'' that starred Jackson. 

Jackson sang &quot;You Were There&quot; at [[Sammy Davis Jr.]]'s 60th birthday celebration. He was nominated for an [[Emmy Award]] for his performance.

The Jacksons released their last album, ''2300 Jackson Street,'' in 1989. Michael sang on the album's second single &quot;[[2300 Jackson Street (song)|2300 Jackson Street]]&quot; with his brothers and two of their sisters, Janet and Rebbie. Michael was also in the song's music video.

Jackson won the Grammy Award for Best Music Video, Short Form in 1989 for &quot;[[Leave Me Alone (Michael Jackson song)|Leave Me Alone]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/awards|title=Awards|date=30 April 2017|publisher=National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 1991–1993: ''Dangerous'', charitable work, and Superbowl ===
On November 26, 1991, Jackson released his eighth studio album, ''[[Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)|Dangerous]]''. It is a [[new jack swing]] album produced with [[Teddy Riley]]. Jackson included a rapper on the album for the first time and nine singles from the album. It contains the number-one single &quot;[[Black or White]]&quot;. 

On June 27, 1992, Jackson started the [[Dangerous World Tour]]. Its goal was to raise money for charities such as the [[Heal the World Foundation]]. Jackson promised to donate all of the tour's income to [[Charitable organization|charitable organizations]]. Jackson performed to 3.5 million people in 70 concerts, and [[Gross income|grossed]] $100 million in donations.
The Dangerous World Tour was supposed to last until [[Christmas]] 1992. However, on November 11, Jackson ended the tour early because he was hospitalized.

In January 1992, Jackson performed at the [[Half-time|halftime]] show at [[Super Bowl XXVII]].

=== 1994–1996: ''HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I'', and ''Ghosts'' ===
On July 16, 1995, Jackson released his ninth studio album, [[HIStory: Past, Present and Future|''HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I'']]. This album has two discs. The first &quot;''HIStory Begins''&quot; is a collection of Jackson's greatest hits (his most popular songs, and it was later reissued in 2001 as ''Greatest Hits: HIStory, Volume I''). The second &quot;''HIStory Continues''&quot; contains fifteen songs that Jackson recorded in late 1994 and early 1995. Thirteen of those songs were new at the time, and two of them are [[Cover version|cover versions]].

''HIStory'' won the [[Grammy Award for Album of the Year]]. In August 1995, the album's single &quot;[[You Are Not Alone]]&quot; became the first single ever to go straight to No.1 on [[Billboard Hot 100|Billboard's Hot 100]] (a list of the 100 most popular songs in the United States).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://uk.news.launch.yahoo.com/dyna/article.html?a=/14112006/344/jackson-receives-world-records.html&amp;e=l_news_dm |title=Jackson receives his World Records - LAUNCH, Music on Yahoo! is now Yahoo! Music UK &amp; Ireland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527045635/http://uk.news.launch.yahoo.com/dyna/article.html?a=/14112006/344/jackson-receives-world-records.html&amp;e=l_news_dm |accessdate=2014-06-24|archive-date=2011-05-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

The video for Jackson's single &quot;[[Scream (Michael Jackson and Janet Jackson song)|Scream]]&quot; entered the [[Guinness Book of World Records]] for being the most expensive short film ever made. 

In 1996, he started his [[HIStory World Tour|''HIS''tory World Tour]], which ended the following year. Over 4.5 million fans attended a show on the tour - more than any other tour in Jackson's career. Jackson performed 82 concerts in 58 different cities, within 35 countries, on five [[Continent|continents]]. The tour [[Gross income|grossed]] a total of $165 million. 
[[File:Neverland (7652959992).jpg|thumb|Jackson's &quot;[[Neverland]]&quot; complex in [[California]] included a [[carousel]].]]
In 1997 Jackson released a short film called [[Michael Jackson's Ghosts|Ghosts]] in 1997, which he wrote with [[Stephen King]].

=== 1997–1999: ''Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix'' ===
In 1997, Jackson released ''[[Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix]]'', the best-selling [[Remixing|remix]] album ever made.&lt;ref&gt;Rojek, Chris (2007). Cultural Studies. Polity. p. 74. {{ISBN|0-7456-3683-7}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The album and its first single reached No.1 in the [[United Kingdom]]. ''Blood on the Dance Floor'' contained five new songs, including the album's first single - also called &quot;[[Blood on the Dance Floor (song)|Blood on the Dance Floor]]&quot;. 

=== 2000–2003: ''Invincible'', and ''Number Ones'' ===
Jackson won Artist of the 1980s at the American Music Awards in 2000.

On October 30, 2001, ''[[Invincible (Michael Jackson album)|Invincible]]'', Jackson's last studio album, was released. The album got good and bad reviews. It was No.1 in 12 countries and sold 13 million copies around the world. But compared to Jackson's earlier albums, it was unsuccessful. The album's first single &quot;[[You Rock My World]]&quot; was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance.

In 2002, Jackson won his 22nd American Music Award for Artist of the [[Century]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Oc40AAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=GyEGAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5669,889435&amp;dq=american+music+awards+michael+jackson&amp;hl=en|title=Lodi News-Sentinel - Google News Archive Search|publisher=Google News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On November 18, 2003, Jackson released a collection of his popular songs called ''[[Number Ones (Michael Jackson album)|Number Ones]]''. The album also includes a new song called &quot;[[One More Chance (Michael Jackson song)|One More Chance]]&quot;'','' which was released as a single. It reached number one in three countries. The album was released as a DVD too.

=== 2004–2009: Final years ===
In 2006, Sony released twenty of Jackson's popular singles on video called ''[[Visionary: The Video Singles]]''.

In March 2009, Jackson told the press that he was going to do a tour called [[This Is It (concert residency)|This Is It]]. He said that he might stop making music after this. Jackson practiced his singing and dancing for the tour in [[Los Angeles]] with [[Kenny Ortega.]] Jackson died of an overdose of [[Propofol]] on June 25, 2009, after having a cardiac arrest, and his personal physician, [[Conrad Murray]], was convicted of involuntary manslaughter.

During an Interview on YouTube during the BBC UK Show featuring &quot;Michael Jackson's This Is It&quot; Michael talked about the future of his career and that he &quot;may&quot; be retiring after his &quot;This Is It&quot; Tour, but he wasn't sure if he would or not. However, due to his death in 2009, the show was cancelled. Some show-goers who paid for tickets wanted refunds but the Jackson Estate did not provide any.

=== 2009–2010: ''This Is It'', awards, and ''Michael Jackson: The Experience'' ===
Jackson won Entertainer of the Year at the 2009 [[Soul Train Awards]]. That year he also won five American Music Awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Artist &amp;#124; The Official Michael Jackson Site|url=http://www.michaeljackson.com/us/the-artist/legacy|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706081510/http://www.michaeljackson.com/us/the-artist/legacy|archive-date=2014-07-06|publisher=Michaeljackson.com|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On October 26, 2009, a two-disc album called ''[[Michael Jackson's This Is It (album)|Michael Jackson's This Is It]]'' was released. The album's only single &quot;This Is It&quot; was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance in 2011. On October 28, 2009, ''[[Michael Jackson's This Is It]]'' was released. It was a documentary movie. The movie showed recordings of Jackson's rehearsals for his This Is It tour. Jackson died before he could do the tour. It made $72,091,016 in the United States. It has made $261,183,588 around the world. It got good reviews from movie critics. On 26 January 2010 the movie was released on DVD. It sold over a 1.5million copies in the US in the first week it was released. This was more than any other music DVD had sold in its first week.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2010-02-03|title='This Is It' dominates sales, Blu-ray charts|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/it-dominates-sales-blu-ray-20251|work=The Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jackson won the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2010. His children, Prince and [[Paris Jackson|Paris]] collected the award for Jackson.

A video game called ''[[Michael Jackson: The Experience]]'' was released by [[Ubisoft]] in November 2010 for the [[Nintendo DS]], [[PlayStation Portable]] and [[Wii]].

=== 2011–2012: Trial of Conrad Murray, and ''Bad 25'' ===
In April 2011, [[Mohamed Al-Fayed]], who was friends with Jackson when he was alive, showed the public a 7ft 6in statue of Jackson outside [[Craven Cottage]] football stadium. A lot of people did not like the statue. In July 2013 Fayed sold his football club to [[Shahid Khan]]. In September 2013 Khan chose to have the statue was removed. It was given back to Fayed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=25 September 2013|title=Michael Jackson is HIStory: Controversial statue removed from Fulham|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/michael-jackson-is-history-controversial-statue-removed-from-fulham-stadium-craven-cottage-8839090.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928083305/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/michael-jackson-is-history-controversial-statue-removed-from-fulham-stadium-craven-cottage-8839090.html|archive-date=28 September 2013|access-date=10 December 2013|website=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Man in the Music: The Creative Life and Work of Michael Jackson'', a book written by Joseph Vogel about Jackson's life, was published in 2011.

Jackson was voted as the Greatest Singer of All Time by people who did a poll on NME.com.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2011-06-21|title=Michael Jackson tops NME's Greatest Singers poll|url=http://www.nme.com/news/michael-jackson/57469#9|work=NME|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2011, there was a criminal trial for Jackson's doctor Conrad Murray. Murray was found guilty of [[involuntary manslaughter]] of Jackson. He was sentenced to four years in prison. On October 28, 2013, Murray was released from prison. He was interviewed by [[60 Minutes]]. He said that he did not think that Jackson's death was his fault in any way. The journalist [[Liz Hayes]] asked Murray if he thought that Jackson was a pedophile. Murray stared at her for 13&amp;nbsp;seconds and would not give an opinion. He said that he would not answer because he did not want to make anything up.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2013-11-25|title=Michael Jackson's doctor grilled on allegations prince of pop was pedophile|url=http://news.ninemsn.com.au/world/2013/11/25/06/25/jackson-still-speaks-to-me-says-murray|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523151638/http://news.ninemsn.com.au/world/2013/11/25/06/25/jackson-still-speaks-to-me-says-murray|archive-date=2014-05-23|publisher=News.ninemsn.com.au|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An extinct species of [[hermit crab]] was called Mesoparapylocheles michaeljacksoni after Jackson in January 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=News Detail|url=http://www.kent.edu/news/newsdetail.cfm?customel_datapageid_9299=2982474|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919020229/http://www2.kent.edu/news/newsdetail.cfm?customel_datapageid_9299=2982474|archive-date=2014-09-19|publisher=Kent.edu|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[Bad 25]]'', a documentary movie about Jackson's album ''Bad'', was released in August 2012.

In 2012, he sold almost 8 albums in the United States. He is thought to have sold 2 albums around the world in 2012. His estate makes $1 a year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2012-05-31|title=How Michael Jackson's Estate Earns $145 Million a Year (From the Magazine)|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/legal-and-management/5785879/how-michael-jacksons-estate-earns-145-million-a-year|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714085719/http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/legal-and-management/5785879/how-michael-jacksons-estate-earns-145-million-a-year|archive-date=2014-07-14|work=Billboard|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2013–2014: Further child sexual abuse allegations, The Immortal World Tour, and ''Xscape'' ===
Jackson made more money than any other dead celebrity in 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Top-Earning Dead Celebrities|url=https://www.forbes.com/special-report/2013/dead-celebrities.html|work=Forbes|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In May 2013, [[Wade Robson]] said that Jackson sexually abused him from the age of 7 to 14. In 2005 he had been a defense witness for Jackson's child molestation trial.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=16 May 2013|title=Wade Robson: Michael Jackson Was a Pedophile Who Sexually Abused Me &amp;#124; E! Online UK|url=http://uk.eonline.com/news/419620/wade-robson-michael-jackson-was-a-pedophile-who-sexually-abused-me|publisher=E!|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; In June 2014 there will be a hearing where it is decided whether Robson can sue Jackson's estate over the abuse.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2013-10-10|title=Wade Robson-Michael Jackson Molestation Trial Hearing Set For June|url=http://www.thehollywoodgossip.com/2013/10/wade-robson-michael-jackson-molestation-trial-hearing-set-for-ju/|publisher=The Hollywood Gossip|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In November 2013, ''Billboard'' magazine's issue, 44 did a cover with Michael on it. It said 'Life After Death'. Inside the magazine there was an article about the success of [[Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2009-06-25|title=Michael Jackson's Touring Life After Death: The Billboard Cover Story|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/5785656/michael-jacksons-touring-life-after-death-the-billboard-cover-story|work=Billboard|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In January 2014, a judge ruled that Jackson's family could not have another trial against AEG Live.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2014-01-14|title=Judge denies Michael Jackson's family bid for new wrongful death trial &amp;#124; Reuters|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/01/14/uk-michaeljackson-lawsuit-idUKBREA0D02A20140114|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140115141429/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/01/14/uk-michaeljackson-lawsuit-idUKBREA0D02A20140114|archive-date=2014-01-15|work=Reuters.com|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Xscape (album)|Xscape]]'' was released on May 9, 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2014-03-31|title=New Michael Jackson Album 'Xscape' to Be Released in May|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6029371/new-michael-jackson-album-xscape-to-be-released-in-may|work=Billboard|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Voice==
Jackson had a unique voice. Between 1971 and 1975, it changed from boy [[soprano]] to spinto [[tenor]]. 

Jackson had a three and a half [[octave]] [[vocal range]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2011-03-04|title=Michael Jackson 'chemically castrated' as child: doctor - Health &amp; Families - Life &amp; Style|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/michael-jackson-chemically-castrated-as-child-doctor-2231967.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209093336/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/michael-jackson-chemically-castrated-as-child-doctor-2231967.html|archive-date=2014-02-09|work=The Independent|agency=Agence France-Presse|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is the best-known musician to use the 'vocal hiccup'. He first used it in 1973 on ''It's Too Late to Change the Time'' on The Jackson 5's ''G.I.T.: Get It Together'' album. Jackson also sang 'come on' wrongly on purpose so that it sounded like 'shamone'.

==Personal life==
Jackson lived a well-publicized personal life, even though he tried to stay private. He was often in celebrity and [[tabloid]] [[Magazine|magazines]]. Later in his life, he was in magazines because of his personal life more than for his music.

===Marriages and children===
In 1994, Jackson married [[Lisa Marie Presley]], the daughter of rock musician [[Elvis Presley]]. He [[Divorce|divorced]] her in 1995 and married [[nurse]] [[Debbie Rowe]] in 1996. 

Three months after Rowe and Jackson's marriage, she gave birth to a son, Prince Michael Jackson. The next year, she gave birth to a daughter, [[Paris-Michael Katherine Jackson]]. The couple divorced in April 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/422108417.html?FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Sep%206,%202006&amp;author=Jessica%20Garrison&amp;pub=Los%20Angeles%20Times&amp;edition=&amp;startpage=&amp;desc=Case%20Reopens%20Debate%20on%20Private%20Judges;%20Michael%20Jackson's%20clash%20with%20ex-wife%20heads%20for%20county%20court%20as%20officials%20seek%20to%20reform%20system |title=Los Angeles Times: Archives - Case Reopens Debate on Private Judges |publisher=Pqasb.pqarchiver.com |date=2006-09-06 |accessdate=2014-06-24 |archive-date=2016-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306212717/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/422108417.html?FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS%3AFT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Sep%206%2C%202006&amp;author=Jessica%20Garrison&amp;pub=Los%20Angeles%20Times&amp;edition=&amp;startpage=&amp;desc=Case%20Reopens%20Debate%20on%20Private%20Judges%3B%20Michael%20Jackson%27s%20clash%20with%20ex-wife%20heads%20for%20county%20court%20as%20officials%20seek%20to%20reform%20system |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bigi Jackson was born on February 21, 2002. Jackson never said who the mother was. He is better known as Blanket. When Blanket was 8 months old, Jackson held him over a [[balcony]] with a towel over Blanket's head. At the time, people did not know that he was called Blanket. Jackson made a public apology after people got upset.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/2494249.stm |title=Entertainment &amp;#124; Jackson: Baby stunt was 'mistake' |work=BBC News |date=2002-11-20 |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

After Jackson died, his mother Katherine was made the guardian of his children. In August 2012, Jackson's nephew [[TJ Jackson|TJ]] was made the children's co-guardian.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/tj-jackson-made-permanent-guardian-michael-jackson-kids/story?id=17059177 |title=TJ Jackson Made Permanent Co-Guardian of Michael Jackson Kids |publisher=ABC News |date=2012-08-22 |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Bubbles===
In the 1980s, Jackson bought a [[chimpanzee]] from a Texas research facility. He named it Bubbles and used it for a [[pet]]. 

Bubbles frequently traveled with Jackson, who had a strong attachment to the animal. The chimp, for example, was permitted to use Jackson's personal toilet.&lt;ref name=&quot;Monkey business in the loo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=May 12, 2005|title=Monkey business in the loo|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/People/Monkey-business-in-the-loo/2005/05/12/1115843291343.html|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|accessdate=April 3, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, people started to see Jackson as an eccentric. 

The media mocked Jackson and called him &quot;Wacko Jacko,&quot; which he hated.&lt;ref name=&quot;tara 370–373&quot;&gt;{{Cite book| last=Taraborrelli | first=J. Randy | authorlink=J. Randy Taraborrelli | title=The Magic and the Madness | url=https://archive.org/details/michaeljacksonma0000tara_n7h9 | year=2004 | publisher=Headline | isbn=0-330-42005-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Media coverage often focused on Bubbles, rather than on Jackson's music, and many false stories about the animal were told. One such story claimed that Bubbles was not a single [[ape]], but one of several.&lt;ref name=&quot;tara 364&quot;&gt;Taraborrelli, p. 364&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tara 380&quot;&gt;Taraborrelli, p. 380&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Claims of sexual abuse ===
{{Main|1993 Michael Jackson sexual abuse allegations}}

In 1993, he was accused of child molestation, but there was no trial; the case was [[Settlement (litigation)|settled]] out of court.

In 2003, he was accused a second time of child molestation. In a TV documentary called ''[[Living with Michael Jackson]],'' Jackson held hands with a 12-year-old boy called Gavin Arvizo and said that he shared his bed with children.''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=James Sullivan, Chronicle Pop Culture Critic|date=2003-02-05|title=The never-ending thriller / British press goes nuts over Jackson's confessions in documentary|url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/The-never-ending-thriller-British-press-goes-2636547.php|work=San Francisco Chronicle|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' When he was 13, Gavin Arvizo accused Jackson of [[Sexual abuse|sexually abusing]] him. This time Jackson was [[Trial of Michael Jackson|tried]] in court, and in 2005 he was found not [[Guilt (law)|guilty]] of fourteen [[Indictment|criminal charges]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Staff |first=Guardian |title=Michael Jackson: the verdicts in full |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2005/jun/14/michaeljackson.michaeljacksontrial |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=14 June 2005 |access-date=31 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;


In May 2013, on the ''Today'' show, a dancer called [[Wade Robson]] alleged that Jackson sexually abused him for 7 years. Prior to this, Robson had vehemently defended Jackson, including twice under [[oath]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/05/16/showbiz/jackson-sex-accuser/ |title=Wade Robson calls Michael Jackson 'a pedophile' |date=16 May 2013 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Appearance and health ==
{{Main|Health and appearance of Michael Jackson}} 

=== Hair ===
Over the years, Jackson's [[face]] and [[Human skin colour|skin color]] changed. This attracted a lot of attention.

However, when he was filming a Pepsi commercial in 1984, Jackson got second-degree [[Burn|burns]] to his [[scalp]]. These were extremely painful, and Jackson started taking painkillers. 

In his later years Jackson always wore a hairpiece or [[wig]] that blended with his natural hair. His autopsy found that his scalp was [[Tattoo|tattooed]] black so that it blended in with his wigs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michael Jackson’s Autopsy|url=https://documents.latimes.com/michael-jackson-autopsy/|access-date=2024-09-30|website=Documents Related to Michael Jackson's Death|publisher=The Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Face ===
Jackson's face appeared to go through major changes during his career.

People especially talked about Jackson's nose. Jackson had an [[Immune system|immune]] condition called [[discoid lupus]]. According to Dr. Richard Strick, Jackson had an immune condition called discoid lupus that &quot;destroyed part of the skin of his nose&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Geraldo: The Truth Behind MJ's Plastic Surgery, Vitiligo Secrets Revealed|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxyRGJ1latc|via=YouTube|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Jackson denied having plastic surgery to his face on more than a few occasions. When people pointed out that his face changed, he said that [[puberty]], weight loss and his [[vegetarian]] [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]] were at fault.&lt;ref&gt;Jackson, pp. 229–230&lt;/ref&gt; But the change was so drastic that few people believed him.

Jackson's autopsy found that his lips were [[Tattoo|tattooed]] pink.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 October 2011|title=Medical Expert Testifies on Conrad Murray's Care of Michael Jackson - News from|url=http://www.insideedition.com/headlines/3182-medical-expert-testifies-on-conrad-murrays-care-of-michael-jackson|publisher=InsideEdition.com|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Skin color ===
Jackson's skin color varied a lot during the course of his career. It seemed to get lighter over time. People accused Jackson of wanting lighter skin and bleaching his skin to make it that way.
[[File:Vitiligo2.JPG|thumb|Like Michael Jackson did, this person has [[vitiligo]].]]
In truth, Jackson had [[vitiligo]], a rare skin condition that creates light spots on the skin. (The skin around these spots keep their normal color.) Large areas of Jackson's body were very pale. He used makeup and medication to try to make his skin color look the same all over his body. This made it look like his skin tone was getting lighter.

Jackson first revealed that he had vitiligo in a 1993 television interview with [[Oprah Winfrey]]. Later, his autopsy confirmed that Jackson did have vitiligo, with large sections of white or lightened skin on his body.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michael Jackson’s Autopsy|url=https://documents.latimes.com/michael-jackson-autopsy/|access-date=2024-09-30|website=Documents Related to Michael Jackson's Death|publisher=The Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also noted that Jackson used a skin-bleaching cream called [[Monobenzone|Benoquin]] to treat his vitiligo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michael Jackson’s Autopsy|url=https://documents.latimes.com/michael-jackson-autopsy/|access-date=2024-09-30|website=Documents Related to Michael Jackson's Death|publisher=The Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Substance abuse ===
Jackson was allegedly [[Addiction|addicted]] to [[prescription]] drugs. In fact, he died of a [[drug overdose]]. In 2009 his personal [[physician]], [[Dr. Conrad Murray]], gave him [[Intravenous therapy|intravenous]] [[Propofol]] for his [[insomnia]]. The insomnia was actually a [[side effect]] of Jackson's addiction to [[Demerol]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=2011-11-04|title=Michael Jackson's Secret World: Willing Doctors, Hospital-Grade Sedatives|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/Conrad_Murray_Trial/michael-jacksons-secret-world-doctors-hospital-grade-sedatives/story?id=14881055|publisher=ABC News|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; While Murray was out of the room, Jackson's [[Cardiac arrest|heart stopped]] and he died. 
[[File:Michael Jackson 1969.jpg|thumb|This photo of Michael in 1969 shows his original skin color.]]
Jackson had many physicians (including Dr. Murray) who supplied him with medications, including controlled substances like Demerol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

=== Mental health and trauma ===
Michael's father, Joe Jackson, abused him physically and emotionally during rehearsals.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2003-02-04|title=Jackson interview seen by 14m|language=en-GB|work=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2719763.stm|access-date=2024-09-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Petridis|first=Alexis|date=2018-06-27|title=Joe Jackson was one of the most monstrous fathers in pop|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/jun/27/joe-jackson-one-of-the-most-monstrous-fathers-in-pop|access-date=2024-09-30|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; When he found out his son was self-conscious about his appearance, his father called him &quot;big-nose.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; 

Some people have suggested that Jackson had [[body dysmorphic disorder]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-02-12|title=Famous people with BDD - BDDF|url=https://bddfoundation.org/information/more-about-bdd/famous-people-with-bdd/|access-date=2024-09-30|website=[[Body Dysmorphic Disorder]] Foundation|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Angeles|first=OCD Center of Los|date=2009-06-26|title=Michael Jackson and Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)|url=https://ocdla.com/michael-jackson-bdd-1933|access-date=2024-09-30|website=OCD Center of Los Angeles|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gottlieb|first=Scott|date=2004-03-25|title=Cognitive behaviour therapy can reduce hypochondriasis|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/328/7442/725.2|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=328|issue=7442|pages=725|doi=10.1136/bmj.328.7442.725-a|issn=0959-8138|pmid=15044272}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a teenager, he had [[acne]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; In ''Living With Michael Jackson,'' Jackson told Martin Bashir how he went home and cried after a woman called him ugly because of his acne.&lt;ref&gt;Shaw, Julie (Director). (2003) ''Living with Michael Jackson: A Tonight Special.'' Granada Television.&lt;/ref&gt; The disorder is often triggered by appearance-related [[bullying]]. 

Some people think that Jackson had [[anorexia nervosa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=The Detail|first=|date=2021-01-10|title=Michael Jackson’s Secret Eating Disorder|url=https://thedetailchannel.medium.com/michael-jacksons-secret-eating-disorder-50448227d34e|access-date=2024-09-30|website=Medium|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2009-07-13|title=Book: Jackson told daughter he was dying|url=https://www.today.com/popculture/book-jackson-told-daughter-he-was-dying-wbna31892183|access-date=2024-09-30|website=TODAY.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1984, Jackson weighed 105&amp;nbsp;pounds. He was 5&quot;9 tall. This would have made his [[BMI]] 15.5, which is very [[underweight]].&lt;ref&gt;Taraborrelli, pp. 312–313&lt;/ref&gt; He weighed 112&amp;nbsp;lbs. when he died. This is in the unhealthy range.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/story/890744/jackson-trial-pathologist-death-was-homicide |title=Jackson Trial Pathologist: 'Death Was Homicide' |publisher=Sky News |date=2011-10-12 |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Physical health ===
Jackson may have had a rare genetic disease called [[Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency]], according to a [[Biography|biographer]] called [[Ian Halperin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Park |first=Alice |url=http://content.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1907262,00.html |title=Michael Jackson's Mysterious Medical Past |work=Time |date=2009-06-26 |accessdate=2014-06-24 |archive-date=2014-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813041648/http://content.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1907262,00.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Halpern wrote that Jackson's genetic disease had caused him to lose 95% of the vision in his left eye.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Sean Michaels |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/dec/23/michael-jackson-illness |title=Michael Jackson 'half-blind' with rare illness  |work=The Guardian |date=2008-12-23 |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; In fact, Jackson's doctor Conrad Murray said that he thought Jackson was &quot;legally [[Blindness|blind]]&quot; and had [[phlebitis]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=&lt;!-- // .ad .ad-halfpage --&gt; |url=http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/music/michael-jackson-legally-blind-doctors-thought-his-flesh-was-rotting-jurors-in-dr-conrad-murray-trial-hear/story-e6frfn09-1226165487462 |title=Conrad Murray tells jurors Michael Jackson legally blind, flesh smelt rotten |publisher=News.com.au |date=2011-10-13 |accessdate=2014-06-24 |archive-date=2013-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520032007/http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/music/michael-jackson-legally-blind-doctors-thought-his-flesh-was-rotting-jurors-in-dr-conrad-murray-trial-hear/story-e6frfn09-1226165487462 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/jury-hears-of-jacksons-catalogue-of-illnesses-toenail-fungus-and-urination-problems/story-e6frg6so-1226164624139&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Controversies ===
Aspects of Jackson's personal life, including his changing appearance, personal relationships, and behavior, generated [[controversy]]. He was [[1993 Michael Jackson sexual abuse allegations|accused of child sexual abuse]] in 1993, but the case was settled out of court. In 2003, Jackson was charged with child sexual abuse by Gavin Arvizo. In 2005, Jackson was found not guilty of all charges.

== Death ==
{{Main|Death of Michael Jackson}} 
[[File:2300 Jackson Street Yuksel.jpg|thumb|Michael's childhood home in [[Gary, Indiana]] with flowers left after his death]]
On June 25, 2009, Jackson was found without a heartbeat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,529103,00.html |title= AP: Michael Jackson Dies at Los Angeles Hospital |publisher= [[Fox News]] |date= 2009-06-25 |accessdate= 2009-06-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and taken by [[ambulance]] to the [[Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center]]. He had been unresponsive since 12:15. He arrived at the [[hospital]] with no signs of life. Though he was not pronounced dead when he arrived at the hospital, by 1pm he had already [[died]]. His death was announced that day at 2:25pm,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first= Andrew |last=Blankstein |author2= Phil Willon |title=Michael Jackson is dead [Updated] |date=June 25, 2009 |work=[[The LA Times]]|url= http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2009/06/pop-star-michael-jackson-was-rushed-to-a-hospital-this-afternoon-by-los-angeles-fire-department-paramedics--capt-steve-ruda.html  |accessdate= 25 June 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and confirmed by the Los Angeles coroner at 4:30pm.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Special Report with Keith Olberman |publisher=[[MSNBC]] TV |date=June 25, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jackson died just two months before his 51st birthday. The news of his death spread around the world very quickly. People around the world grieved on a scale never seen before.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Gillum|first=Jack|date=2009-06-30|title=News of Jackson death breaks Web records|url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2009-06-26-jackson-web-traffic_N.htm|work=USA Today|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rumors and news items about Jackson's death broke records for web traffic. Jackson's death gave [[Google]], [[Twitter]], [[Facebook]], and [[Yahoo!|Yahoo]] the most page views they had ever encountered.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Albanesius|first=Chloe|date=2009-06-26|title=Jackson's Death Prompts Record Traffic for Yahoo  &amp; Opinion|url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2349422,00.asp|work=PC Magazine|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Sharon Gaudin|date=2009-06-26|title=Michael Jackson's death sparks Internet crush|url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&amp;articleId=9134896&amp;intsrc=news_ts_head|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65EhwGKVn?url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9134896/Michael_Jackson_s_death_sparks_Internet_crush?intsrc=news_ts_head|archive-date=2012-02-05|work=Computerworld|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; This enormous amount of [[Web traffic|Internet traffic]] caused a cyberspace traffic jam.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} 

=== Dr. Murray ===
Jackson's doctor [[Conrad Murray]], who supplied the Propofol, claimed Jackson took the overdose himself. However, the Coroner ruled the death was a homicide. Murray was charged with involuntary manslaughter and served four years in prison.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2013-10-28|title=Michael Jackson doctor Conrad Murray released from jail|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-24704030|access-date=2024-09-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Propofol is used as [[Anesthetic|anesthesia]] for major [[Surgery|surgeries]] and requires heavy monitoring, including [[Nurse|nurses]] and medical equipment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Propofol (Intravenous Route) Side Effects|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/propofol-intravenous-route/side-effects/drg-20488192?p=1|access-date=2024-09-30|website=The [[Mayo Clinic]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Conrad Murray admitted to police that he had none of these when he gave Jackson the Propofol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; His autopsy discussed how dangerous Murray's actions were. It also noted that Jackson had an increased risk of respiratory failure because he had a lung injury.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Memorial service ===
A two-hour [[Funeral|memorial service]] was held at the [[Crypto.com Arena|Staples Center]] in downtown Los Angeles on July 7, 2009. It began with [[Smokey Robinson]] reading comments by [[Nelson Mandela]], [[Diana Ross]] and other close friends of Jackson's who could not attend the memorial.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Jesse |last=Washington |title=Jackson casket on stage |url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iJN6FHrmT75HzSZChIb2PDzFEDXgD999OGF83 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=7 July 2009 |accessdate=7 July 2009 |archive-date=10 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710131936/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iJN6FHrmT75HzSZChIb2PDzFEDXgD999OGF83 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

[[Mariah Carey]] sang &quot;[[I'll Be There (Jackson 5 song)|I'll Be There]]&quot; at the memorial service, followed by a speech given by [[Queen Latifah]]. [[Lionel Richie]] performed &quot;Jesus is Love&quot;. [[Berry Gordy]], Motown founder, spoke next, offering condolences. [[Kobe Bryant]] and [[Magic Johnson]] also spoke, with Magic describing the event as a &quot;celebration of Jackson's life and works&quot; rather than a funeral. 
[[File:Michael Jackson Memorial.jpg|thumb|A memorial to Michael in [[Munich, Germany]]]]
[[Jennifer Hudson]] sang &quot;[[Will You Be There]]&quot; accompanied by a music video. Reverend [[Al Sharpton]] then gave a speech about how Jackson kept rising and &quot;never stopped&quot;. [[John Mayer]] played the guitar as he did in Michael Jackson's song [[Human Nature (Michael Jackson song)|Human Nature]]. This was followed by [[Brooke Shields]] speaking. 

[[Jermaine Jackson]], Jackson's older brother, then performed [[Smile (Charlie Chaplin song)|Smile]], Michael's favorite song written by comic drama legend [[Charlie Chaplin]]. Next to speak were [[Martin Luther King III]] and [[Bernice King]]. Congresswoman [[Sheila Jackson Lee]] followed them, claiming &quot;people are innocent until proven guilty.&quot; (This was a reminder to people who accused Jackson of unproven [[Child sexual abuse|child molestations]]). She also said that Jackson's [[Humanitarianism|humanitarian]] efforts should be praised. 

[[Usher (musician)|Usher]] then sang &quot;[[Gone Too Soon]]&quot;, followed by a [[Montage (filmmaking)|montage]] of old videos of Jackson himself. Shamim sang next, with [[Kenny Ortega]] introducing him afterward. Kenny Ortega explained that Michael Jackson saw the Staples Center as his home, which is why the funeral service was held there. Ortega then sang a tribute to Jackson, including &quot;[[We Are the World]]&quot; and &quot;[[Heal the World]]&quot;. 

The service ended with speeches by members of Michael's family, including [[Jermaine Jackson|Jermaine]], [[Marlon Jackson|Marlon]] and daughter [[Paris Jackson|Paris]]. Paris began to cry and said that &quot;Daddy was the best father anyone could have.&quot; She added &quot;I will miss him&quot; before leaving the microphone and turning into [[Janet Jackson]]'s arms.

===Burial===
At first, Michael Jackson's custom-made quarter-million dollar golden [[Coffin|casket]], [[nickname]]d &quot;The [[Prometheus|Promethean]],&quot; was not expected to appear at the memorial service. However, due to a change in the family's plans, the casket did appear.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=Jesse|last=Washington|title=Michael Jackson's casket to be taken to memorial|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iJN6FHrmT75HzSZChIb2PDzFEDXgD999LPBO0|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=7 July 2009|accessdate=7 July 2009|archive-date=10 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710135501/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iJN6FHrmT75HzSZChIb2PDzFEDXgD999LPBO0|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Viewing parties were held all over the world for the [[Broadcasting|broadcast]]. Movie theaters showed the memorial service in [[Times Square]], the [[Apollo Theater]], [[Raleigh]], and [[Berlin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=Hollie |last=McKay |title=Jackson Memorial Airing Live at a Theater (Maybe) Near You|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,530297,00.html|publisher=[[Fox News]]|date=7 July 2009|accessdate=7 July 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; The broadcast was replayed a few times the next day. An estimated 1 billion people tuned into the farewell concert.

Over 3,000 police officers were assigned to the event, the largest amount assigned to a single event since the [[1984 Summer Olympics]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=CNN|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/07/07/michael.jackson.security/index.html?eref=rss_showbiz|date=7 July 2009|accessdate=2009-09-03|title=Cost only security problem at Jackson memorial}}&lt;/ref&gt; It cost the City of [[Los Angeles]] 1.4 million dollars.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Vercammen|first=Paul|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Music/07/08/michael.jackson.cost/index.html?eref=rss_topstories |publisher=CNN |date=8 July 2009 |accessdate=2009-09-03|title=Mayor's office: Michael Jackson memorial cost L.A. around $1.4 million}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jackson's funeral took place nine weeks after he died, in [[Glendale, California]] on September 3, 2009. He was laid to rest at 9:45 pm in the [[mausoleum]], above the ground. Some family members had wanted him to be buried below ground in the mausoleum, while Jermaine Jackson wanted him buried on Neverland ranch.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=July 10, 2009|title=Jackson Family Feud: Where Will Michael Be Buried?|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,531508,00.html|publisher=Fox News|accessdate=4 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, Michael's mother Katherine made the final decision.

== Legacy ==
Through music videos and live performances, Jackson is known for popularizing dance moves such as the robot, the anti-gravity lean, the side slide, the crotch grab, and the [[moonwalk]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Silviya|first=Y|date=March 24, 2023|title=Reminiscing 11 Iconic Dance Moves of the King of Pop, Michael Jackson|url=https://indigomusic.com/pop-cultures/reminiscing-11-iconic-dance-moves-of-the-king-of-pop-michael-jackson|access-date=September 30, 2024|website=Indigo Music}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

He won many awards and broke records. He is the most successful entertainer of all time, according to [[Guinness World Records]]. 

Jackson gave to many [[Charitable organization|charitable organizations]] and pioneered efforts to raise funds for charities in the [[entertainment industry]].

Jackson traveled the world attending events honoring his [[humanitarianism]]. In 2000, the ''Guinness World Records'' recognized him for supporting 39 charities, more than any other entertainer. 

People continue to buy Jackson's albums and listen to his songs. He is one of the best-selling music artists in history, with worldwide sales approaching 400 million records.

Many of Michael Jackson's songs are still extremely popular. These include:
* &quot;[[Bad (song)|Bad]]&quot;
* &quot;[[Beat It]]&quot;
* &quot;[[Billie Jean]]&quot;
* &quot;[[Black or White]]&quot;
* &quot;[[Earth Song]]&quot;
* &quot;[[Heal the World]]&quot;
* &quot;[[Thriller (Michael Jackson album)|Thriller]]&quot;

==Aftermath==
=== Recent releases ===
Jackson recorded several songs before his death. He had recently released a compilation album called ''[[Michael (Michael Jackson album)|Michael]]'' (2010), featuring remixed songs and new songs such as &quot;[[Hold My Hand (Michael Jackson and Akon song)|Hold My Hand]]&quot; a duet between him and popular singer [[Akon]], and &quot;[[Monster (Michael Jackson song)|Monster]]&quot;, a strong song with lots of attitudes and a hint of dislike for the paparazzi. Also &quot;[[(I Like) The Way You Love Me]]&quot;, &quot;[[Michael (Michael Jackson album)|Keep Your Head Up]]&quot;, and &quot;[[Michael (Michael Jackson album)|Much Too Soon]]&quot;.

In 2014, he released the second posthumous album, ''[[Xscape (album)|Xscape]]'' which includes the songs &quot;[[Love Never Felt So Good]]&quot; featuring [[Justin Timberlake]], &quot;[[Slave to the Rhythm]]&quot;, and &quot;[[A Place With No Name]]&quot;.

A [[Michael (2026 movie)|biopic]] based on Jackson's life and career was officially announced and stars [[Jermaine Jackson]]'s son [[Jaafar Jackson]] as Michael Jackson. The movie was released in April 2026.

== Discography ==

=== Studio albums ===
* ''[[Got to Be There]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Ben (Michael Jackson album)|Ben]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Music &amp; Me]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Forever, Michael]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Off the Wall]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Thriller (Michael Jackson album)|Thriller]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Bad (album)|Bad]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)|Dangerous]]'' (1991)
* ''[[HIStory: Past, Present and Future|HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Invincible]]'' (2001)

==== Posthumous albums ====

* ''[[Michael (Michael Jackson album)|Michael]]'' (2010)
* [[Xscape (album)|''Xscape'']] (2014)

== Filmography ==
* ''[[The Wiz (movie)|The Wiz]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Michael Jackson's Thriller (music video)|Michael Jackson's Thriller]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Captain EO]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Moonwalker]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Michael Jackson's Ghosts]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Men in Black II]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Miss Cast Away and the Islands Girls]]'' (2004)

=== Documentaries after death ===
* ''[[Michael Jackson's This Is It]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Bad 25 (movie)|Bad 25]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Michael Jackson: The Last Photo Shoot]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Michael Jackson's Journey from Motown to Off the Wall]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Square One: Michael Jackson]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Thriller 40]]'' (2023)

== Tours ==
* [[Bad (tour)|Bad World Tour]] (1987–1989)
* [[Dangerous World Tour]] (1992–1993)
* [[HIStory World Tour]] (1996–1997)

=== Singles ===
{{main|Michael Jackson singles discography}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Other websites==
{{commons|Michael Jackson}}
*{{official|https://www.michaeljackson.com}}
*[https://vault.fbi.gov/Michael%20Jackson Michael Jackson] at the [[FBI]]'s website
*{{IMDb name|0001391}}

{{Michael Jackson}}
{{African American topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jackson, Michael}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:African-American actors]]
[[Category:African-American musicians]]
[[Category:American autobiographers]]
[[Category:American manslaughter victims]]
[[Category:Philanthropists from Indiana]]
[[Category:American drummers]]
[[Category:American guitarists]]
[[Category:American pianists]]
[[Category:American R&amp;B singers]]
[[Category:American pop singers]]
[[Category:American soul singers]]
[[Category:American rock singers]]
[[Category:American disco singers]]
[[Category:American new jack swing singers]]
[[Category:Jackson family]]
[[Category:Singer-songwriters from Indiana]]
[[Category:Brit Award winners]]
[[Category:American Grammy Award winners]]
[[Category:Deaths from cardiac arrest]]
[[Category:Drug-related accidental deaths in the United States]]
[[Category:New wave musicians]]
[[Category:Michael Jackson]]
[[Category:People acquitted of sex crimes]]
[[Category:Musicians from Gary, Indiana]]
[[Category:People accused of child sexual abuse]]
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      <text bytes="63840" sha1="e0xhthvmr3bhv3itq4ay620k4v0alrx" xml:space="preserve">{{for|the British writer|Michael Jackson (writer)}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Michael Jackson
| alt                = Michael Jackson
| image              = Michael Jackson 1983 (3x4 cropped) (contrast).jpg
| caption            = Jackson in 1983
| birth_name         = Michael Joseph Jackson
| alias              = Michael Joe Jackson&lt;!-- Legal aliases only. This is not a field for nicknames.--&gt;
| birth_date         = {{Birth date|1958|8|29}}
| birth_place        = [[Gary, Indiana|Gary]], [[Indiana]], U.S.
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|2009|6|25|1958|8|29}}
| death_place        = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S.
| death_cause        = [[Cardiac arrest]] caused by acute [[propofol]] and [[benzodiazepine]] [[intoxication]] ([[Death of Michael Jackson|details]])
| resting_place      = 
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| burial_place       = [[Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)|Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California]], U.S.
| burial_coordinates = {{coord|34.125|-118.240|display=inline, title|name=Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale}}
| nationality        = [[Americans|American]]
| citizenship        = [[United States]] (1958–2009)
| works              = 
| education          = 
| alma_mater         = [[Montclair College Preparatory School]]
| occupation         = {{hlist|[[Singer]]|[[songwriter]]|[[dancer]]|[[musician]]|[[philanthropist]]|[[producer]]}}
| years_active       = 1964–2009
| known_for          = Music career
| notable_works      = {{flatlist|
* [[Michael Jackson singles discography|Singles]]
}}
| height             = 5 ft 9 in
| spouse             = {{marriage|[[Lisa Marie Presley]]|1994|1996|end=divorced}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|[[Debbie Rowe]]|1996|2000|end=divorced}}
| children           = 3, including [[Paris Jackson|Paris]]
| mother             = [[Katherine Jackson]]
| father             = [[Joe Jackson (manager)|Joe Jackson]]
| family             = [[Jackson family]]
| awards             = [[List of awards and nominations received by Michael Jackson|Full list]]
| website            = {{url|https://www.michaeljackson.com/}}
| signature          = Michael Jackson signature.svg
| signature_size     = 100px
| module             = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
 | instrument      = {{hlist|Vocals|guitar|keyboards|piano|bass|drums}}&lt;!--If you think an instrument should be listed, a discussion to reach consensus is needed first--&gt;
 | background      = solo_singer
 | genre           = &lt;!--These music genres are all sourced under the section #Musical themes and genres--&gt;{{hlist|[[Contemporary R&amp;B|R&amp;B]]|[[Pop music|pop]]|[[soul music|soul]]|[[funk]]|[[Hip hop music|hip hop]]|[[rock music|rock]]|[[disco]]|[[post-disco]]|[[dance-pop]]|[[new jack swing]]}}
 | label           = {{hlist|[[Steeltown Records|Steeltown]]|[[Motown]]|[[Epic Records|Epic]]|[[Legacy Recordings|Legacy]]|[[Sony Music|Sony]]|MJJ Productions}}
 | associated_acts = &lt;!--These associated acts are all sourced under #Discography--&gt;[[The Jackson 5]]
}}
}}
'''Michael Joseph Jackson''' (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009), also known by his initials '''MJ''', was an American [[singer]], [[songwriter]], [[dancer]], and [[philanthropist]]. Dubbed the &quot;'''King of Pop'''&quot;, he is often regarded as one of the most culturally significant figures of the 20th century. Over a four-decade career, his musical achievements broke racial barriers in the U.S. and made him a dominant figure across the world. Through songs, concerts, and fashion, he proliferated visual performance for artists in [[popular music]]; popularizing street dance moves including the [[Moonwalk (dance)|moonwalk]], the [[Robot (dance)|robot]], and the [[Smooth Criminal#anti-gravity lean|anti-gravity lean]]. Jackson is often deemed the greatest entertainer of all time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Villarreal |first=Yvonne |date=June 29, 2009 |title=Remembering Michael Jackson: 'The Greatest Entertainer of All Time' |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-jun-29-et-jackson-tribute29-story.html |access-date=January 16, 2025 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The eighth child of the [[Jackson family]], Michael began performing in 1964 with his brothers in [[the Jackson 5]] at the age of 6. The group gained worldwide fame with him as its lead singer and recorded multiple successful singles. In the early 1970s, he embarked on his solo career. Later, he rose to global stardom with the release of his fifth studio album ''[[Off the Wall]]'' (1979), he then achieved unprecedented global success with ''[[Thriller (Michael Jackson album)|Thriller]]'' (1982), the best-selling album in music history. The [[Music video|music videos]] for the singles, &quot;[[Beat It]]&quot;, &quot;[[Billie Jean]]&quot;, and &quot;[[Thriller (song)|Thriller]]&quot;, redefined the medium. ''[[Bad (album)|Bad]]'' (1987), produced the five [[Billboard Hot 100]] number-one singles &quot;[[I Just Can't Stop Loving You]]&quot;, &quot;[[Bad (Michael Jackson song)|Bad]]&quot;, &quot;[[The Way You Make Me Feel]]&quot;, and &quot;[[Dirty Diana]]&quot;. ''[[Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)|Dangerous]]'' (1991) and ''[[HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I]]'' (1995), produced the US number-one singles &quot;[[Black or White]]&quot; and &quot;[[You Are Not Alone]]&quot;. His final studio album ''[[Invincible]]'' (2001) is the most expensive album ever made. When [[Death of Michael Jackson|he died]] in 2009 at age 50, he had spent 44 years working in the [[music industry]]. 

Jackson remains a global figure in [[popular culture]]. His contributions to music, dance, and [[fashion]] had a major cultural impact. Finally, his highly publicized personal life kept him in the public eye. Jackson died in 2009 from an [[overdose]] of [[propofol]] administered by [[Conrad Murray|Dr. Conrad Murray]]. [[Trial of Conrad Murray|Murray's trial]] was widely publicized, and he went to prison for involuntary manslaughter.

Jackson influenced artists across many music [[Genre|genres]]. Through [[Concert|stage]] and video performances, he popularized complicated dance moves such as the moonwalk, the robot, and the anti-gravity lean. Jackson is the [[List of awards and nominations received by Michael Jackson|most awarded individual music artist]] in history: his awards include 15 [[Grammy Award|Grammy Awards]], 6 [[BRIT Awards]], a [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe]], and 39 [[Guinness World Records]], including &quot;Most Successful [[Entertainer]] of All Time&quot;. He is included in the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]], the Vocal Group [[Hall of fame|Hall of Fame]], the [[Songwriter|Songwriters]] Hall of Fame, the National [[Rhythm and blues|Rhythm &amp; Blues]] Hall of Fame, and the Dance Hall of Fame. Jackson is one of the best-selling music artists of all time, with estimated sales of over 500 million records.

==Early life and career==

===Early life===
Michael Joseph Jackson was born to a family of [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] on August 29, 1958, at St Mary's Mercy Hospital in [[Gary, Indiana]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Barnes|first=Brokes|date=June 25, 2009|title=A Star Idolized and Haunted, Michael Jackson Dies at 50|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/26/arts/music/26jackson.html?ref=obituaries&amp;_r=0|access-date=September 30, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was the eighth of [[Katherine Jackson|Katherine]] and [[Joe Jackson]]'s ten children.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.truemichaeljackson.com/childhood/|title=Childhood :: True Michael Jackson|website=truemichaeljackson.com|access-date=2020-02-11|archive-date=2019-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204131417/https://www.truemichaeljackson.com/childhood/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Jackson's father Joseph was a [[steel]] [[Mill (grinding)|mill]] worker who played guitar in a rhythm and blues band to earn extra money for the family.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Sweeting|first=Adam|date=2018-06-27|title=Joe Jackson obituary|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/jun/27/joe-jackson-obituary|access-date=2024-09-30|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 1964: The Jackson Brothers ===
On January 1, 1964, Jackson and his brother [[Marlon Jackson|Marlon]] joined The Jackson Brothers, a band that their older brothers [[Jackie Jackson|Jackie]], [[Tito Jackson|Tito]], and [[Jermaine Jackson|Jermaine]] had started.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=You Are Not Alone: Michael Through a Brother's Eyes|url=https://archive.org/details/youarenotalonemi0000jack|last=Jackson|first=Jermaine|publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4516-5156-0|location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt; When they did their first public performance, Jackson was just five years old.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rockhall.com/inductees/the-jackson-five/ |title=The Jackson 5: inducted in 1997 &amp;#124; The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum |publisher=Rockhall.com |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When Jackson was 8, he and Jermaine became the group's main singers. The group's name then changed to The Jackson 5. 

=== 1965: The Jackson 5 ===
{{main|The Jackson 5}}

The members of the Jackson 5 were the same as the &quot;Jackson Brothers&quot;: Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon, and Michael Jackson.

The group won an important [[talent show]] in 1966. Two years later they were signed to a famous record label called [[Motown Records]]. Their first [[Motown]] single ''I Want You Back'' reached No. 1 in the ''[[Billboard Hot 100]],'' a list of the 100 top songs in the [[United States]].
[[File:Michael Jackson 1977.JPG|thumb|Jackson in 1977]]
They became quite popular and performed many original songs, including &quot;[[ABC (song)|ABC]]&quot; and &quot;[[I'll Be There (Jackson 5 song)|I'll Be There]]&quot;. They were managed by their father Joe Jackson, who was very strict.

=== 1971–1973: ''Go to Be There,'' ''Ben,'' and ''Music &amp; Me'' ===
In 1971, Jackson embarked on his solo career and released his studio albums ''[[Got to Be There]]'' and ''[[Ben (Michael Jackson album)|Ben]]'' (both in 1972), and ''[[Music &amp; Me]]'' (1973).

''Got to Be There'' produced the [[Got to Be There (song)|song of the same name]], as Jackson's debut solo single. ''Ben'' released one single, the title track &quot;[[Ben (song)|Ben]]&quot;, which was a commercial success.

=== 1974–1981: ''Forever, Michael'', ''The Wiz'', and ''Off the Wall'' ===
In 1974, Jackson hosted the first [[American Music Awards]] with [[Donny Osmond]], Rodney Allen Rippy, and [[The Partridge Family|Ricky Segall]].

In June 1975, the Jackson 5 left Motown for [[CBS Records]] and changed their name to &quot;The Jacksons&quot;. That same year, he released his fourth solo studio album ''[[Forever, Michael]]''.

In 1976, The Jacksons got their own TV show on [[CBS]]. The show was cancelled in March 1977.

On October 24, 1978, a movie called ''[[The Wiz (movie)|The Wiz]]'' was released. The movie was a remake of ''[[The Wizard of Oz]]'' with all [[Black people|black]] actors. Jackson acted as the [[Scarecrow]].

On December 17, 1978, The Jacksons' twelfth album was released. It was the first album they had produced. Jackson wrote the album's second single &quot;[[Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)]]&quot; with Randy Jackson. It reached No.7 on the Billboard Hot 100.

In December 1978, Jackson started making his fifth and first solo album on [[Epic Records]]: ''[[Off the Wall]]'' with record producer [[Quincy Jones]]. It was released on August 10, 1979. The album got good reviews and a [[Grammy Award]] for Best Male [[Rhythm and blues|R&amp;B]] Vocal Performance.

The Jacksons' thirteenth album, ''[[Triumph (The Jacksons album)|Triumph]],'' was released in 1980.
[[File:Michael Jackson 1984 (enhanced).jpg|thumb|Jackson in 1984]]

=== 1982–1983: ''Thriller'', and ''Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever'' ===
In 1982, Jackson made &quot;[[Someone in the Dark]]&quot; for the ''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial|E.T.: the Extra-Terrestrial]]'' soundtrack. It won a Grammy for Best Recording for Children in 1984.

On October 18, 1982, the first single from his sixth studio album ''[[Thriller (Michael Jackson album)|Thriller]]'', &quot;[[The Girl Is Mine]]&quot;, was released. It was sung with [[Paul McCartney]]. Some people thought that the album wasn't going to be very good because of the song.

On November 30, 1982, ''Thriller'' was released, which went on to become the best-selling album of all time. Jackson didn't do a tour to promote the album. The album sold around 70 million copies worldwide.

''Thriller'' includes famous songs like &quot;[[Beat It]]&quot; and &quot;[[Billie Jean]]&quot; and &quot;[[Thriller (song)|Thriller]]&quot;.

&quot;Thriller&quot; has a unique [[Michael Jackson's Thriller (music video)|music video]], in which shows Jackson and others dancing like [[Zombie|zombies]]. The popularity of these videos helped bring the television channel [[MTV]] to fame. 

That year, Jackson won seven other Grammys for his studio album ''Thriller''.&lt;ref name=&quot;IMDB&quot;&gt;[[imdbname:0001391|imdb.com]]&lt;/ref&gt; 

In 1983, Jackson wrote three songs with [[Queen (band)|Queen]]'s lead singer [[Freddie Mercury]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Locker |first=Melissa |url=http://entertainment.time.com/2013/07/29/michael-jackson-and-freddie-mercury-three-duets-coming-out-this-fall/ |title=Michael Jackson and Freddie Mercury: Three Duets Coming Out This Fall |work=TIME |date=2013-07-29 |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; That same year, he performed &quot;Billie Jean&quot; during an [[NBC]] special called ''[[Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever]]'', where he debuted the &quot;[[moonwalk]]&quot;, in which became his signature dance move in his repertoire.

=== 1984–1985: Pepsi commercial, songs, and albums ===
[[File:Michael Jackson autographing 'We Are The World' posters 1985.jpg|thumb|266x266px|Jackson signing a &quot;[[We Are the World]]&quot; poster in 1985]]On January 27, 1984, Michael's hair caught on fire while he was filming a Pepsi Cola commercial with the rest of The Jacksons. He received severe burns and was rushed to the hospital.

Pepsi paid $1.5 million to Jackson, who gave it to the Brotman Medical Center in [[Culver City, California]]. The accident left him with severe chronic pain, and he started taking [[narcotic]] [[Analgesic|pain medications]]. 

In May 1984, &quot;Farewell My Summer Love&quot;, a song that Jackson wrote in 1973, was released as a single. It reached number seven in the [[UK Singles Chart]].

&quot;[[Somebody's Watching Me]]&quot;, a single by [[Rockwell (musician)|Rockwell]] with Jackson singing on the [[Refrain|chorus]], was released January 14, 1984. It reached number one in [[Spain]] and [[France]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=InfoDisc : Tout les Titres N° 1 des 80's|url=http://www.infodisc.fr/Number1_80.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120112709/http://www.infodisc.fr/Number1_80.php|archive-date=2012-11-20|publisher=Infodisc.fr|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Jacksons' album ''[[Victory (The Jacksons album)|Victory]]'' was released on July 2, 1984. Between July and December 1984, Jackson toured with his brothers. He won eight awards at the 1984 [[American Music Awards]], the most anyone has ever won at once. He also won Best International Solo Artist and Best International Album at the [[BRIT Awards]].

Jermaine Jackson released his tenth album, ''[[Jermaine Jackson (album)|Jermaine Jackson]]''. Michael sang on a song from the album, &quot;[[Tell Me I'm Not Dreaming' (Too Good to Be True)]]&quot;. It was nominated for Best R&amp;B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals at the 1985 Grammy Awards.

In August 1985, Jackson bought [[music publisher]] [[ATV Music]] for $47.5 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/music/la-et-hilburn-michael-jackson-sep22,0,540678,full.story |title=The long and winding road - Los Angeles Times |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=1985-09-22 |accessdate=2014-06-24 |archive-date=2012-06-11 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68LcROJJ2?url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/music/la-et-hilburn-michael-jackson-sep22,0,540678,full.story |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; They owned the rights to [[The Beatles]].

Jackson wrote &quot;[[We Are the World]]&quot; with [[Lionel Richie]] in 1985. The song was recorded by [[USA for Africa]]. It was released as a single around the world to raise money to give to [[Starvation|starving]] people in [[Africa]]. It sold over 20 million copies. It also won four Grammy Awards.

=== 1986–1990: ''Bad'', autobiography, and videogames ===
[[File:Michael Jackson-3.jpg|thumb|Jackson performing &quot;[[The Way You Make Me Feel]]&quot; in 1988]]
In August 1987, his seventh studio album ''[[Bad (album)|Bad]]'', was released. Jackson wanted it to sell 100 million copies; it has sold over 45 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Michael-Jacksons-Thriller-is-1st-Album-Certified-33x-Million-Bad-Certified-10-Million-20170216#|title=Michael Jackson's 'Thriller' is 1st Album Certified 33x Million; 'Bad' Certified 10 Million|last=Desk|first=BWW News|access-date=2017-11-20|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Five of ''Bad's'' seven singles were No.1 in the U.S.:&quot;[[I Just Can't Stop Loving You]]&quot;, &quot;[[Bad (Michael Jackson song)|Bad]]&quot;, &quot;[[The Way You Make Me Feel]]&quot;, &quot;[[Man in the Mirror]]&quot; and &quot;[[Dirty Diana]]&quot;. Until [[Katy Perry]]'s success with her 2010 album ''[[Teenage Dream]]'', Jackson was the only musician to ever have had that many singles from one album be No.1. 

From September 1987 to January 1989, Jackson did the [[Bad (tour)|Bad World Tour]]. This was the first tour he did on his own. 

In 1988, ''[[Moonwalk (book)|Moonwalk]]'', a book Jackson wrote about his life, was published. It took Jackson four years to write. The book sold 200,000 copies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/celebrity/articles/2009/06/27/writer_stephen_davis_remembers_michael_jackson/ |title=Writer Stephen Davis remembers Michael Jackson |work=The Boston Globe |date=2009-06-27 |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jackson then made and released ''[[Moonwalker]]''. In 1989, some [[Michael Jackson's Moonwalker|video games]] about the movie were released by U.S. Gold.

In 1986, [[Disneyland]] and [[Epcot]] started showing a short film called ''[[Captain EO]]'' that starred Jackson. 

Jackson sang &quot;You Were There&quot; at [[Sammy Davis Jr.]]'s 60th birthday celebration. He was nominated for an [[Emmy Award]] for his performance.

The Jacksons released their last album, ''2300 Jackson Street,'' in 1989. Michael sang on the album's second single &quot;[[2300 Jackson Street (song)|2300 Jackson Street]]&quot; with his brothers and two of their sisters, Janet and Rebbie. Michael was also in the song's music video.

Jackson won the Grammy Award for Best Music Video, Short Form in 1989 for &quot;[[Leave Me Alone (Michael Jackson song)|Leave Me Alone]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/awards|title=Awards|date=30 April 2017|publisher=National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 1991–1993: ''Dangerous'', charitable work, and Superbowl ===
On November 26, 1991, Jackson released his eighth studio album, ''[[Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)|Dangerous]]''. It is a [[new jack swing]] album produced with [[Teddy Riley]]. Jackson included a rapper on the album for the first time and nine singles from the album. It contains the number-one single &quot;[[Black or White]]&quot;. 

On June 27, 1992, Jackson started the [[Dangerous World Tour]]. Its goal was to raise money for charities such as the [[Heal the World Foundation]]. Jackson promised to donate all of the tour's income to [[Charitable organization|charitable organizations]]. Jackson performed to 3.5 million people in 70 concerts, and [[Gross income|grossed]] $100 million in donations.
The Dangerous World Tour was supposed to last until [[Christmas]] 1992. However, on November 11, Jackson ended the tour early because he was hospitalized.

In January 1992, Jackson performed at the [[Half-time|halftime]] show at [[Super Bowl XXVII]].

=== 1994–1996: ''HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I'', and ''Ghosts'' ===
On July 16, 1995, Jackson released his ninth studio album, [[HIStory: Past, Present and Future|''HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I'']]. This album has two discs. The first &quot;''HIStory Begins''&quot; is a collection of Jackson's greatest hits (his most popular songs, and it was later reissued in 2001 as ''Greatest Hits: HIStory, Volume I''). The second &quot;''HIStory Continues''&quot; contains fifteen songs that Jackson recorded in late 1994 and early 1995. Thirteen of those songs were new at the time, and two of them are [[Cover version|cover versions]].

''HIStory'' won the [[Grammy Award for Album of the Year]]. In August 1995, the album's single &quot;[[You Are Not Alone]]&quot; became the first single ever to go straight to No.1 on [[Billboard Hot 100|Billboard's Hot 100]] (a list of the 100 most popular songs in the United States).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://uk.news.launch.yahoo.com/dyna/article.html?a=/14112006/344/jackson-receives-world-records.html&amp;e=l_news_dm |title=Jackson receives his World Records - LAUNCH, Music on Yahoo! is now Yahoo! Music UK &amp; Ireland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527045635/http://uk.news.launch.yahoo.com/dyna/article.html?a=/14112006/344/jackson-receives-world-records.html&amp;e=l_news_dm |accessdate=2014-06-24|archive-date=2011-05-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

The video for Jackson's single &quot;[[Scream (Michael Jackson and Janet Jackson song)|Scream]]&quot; entered the [[Guinness Book of World Records]] for being the most expensive short film ever made. 

In 1996, he started his [[HIStory World Tour|''HIS''tory World Tour]], which ended the following year. Over 4.5 million fans attended a show on the tour - more than any other tour in Jackson's career. Jackson performed 82 concerts in 58 different cities, within 35 countries, on five [[Continent|continents]]. The tour [[Gross income|grossed]] a total of $165 million. 
[[File:Neverland (7652959992).jpg|thumb|Jackson's &quot;[[Neverland]]&quot; complex in [[California]] included a [[carousel]].]]
In 1997 Jackson released a short film called [[Michael Jackson's Ghosts|Ghosts]] in 1997, which he wrote with [[Stephen King]].

=== 1997–1999: ''Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix'' ===
In 1997, Jackson released ''[[Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix]]'', the best-selling [[Remixing|remix]] album ever made.&lt;ref&gt;Rojek, Chris (2007). Cultural Studies. Polity. p. 74. {{ISBN|0-7456-3683-7}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The album and its first single reached No.1 in the [[United Kingdom]]. ''Blood on the Dance Floor'' contained five new songs, including the album's first single - also called &quot;[[Blood on the Dance Floor (song)|Blood on the Dance Floor]]&quot;. 

=== 2000–2003: ''Invincible'', and ''Number Ones'' ===
Jackson won Artist of the 1980s at the American Music Awards in 2000.

On October 30, 2001, ''[[Invincible (Michael Jackson album)|Invincible]]'', Jackson's last studio album, was released. The album got good and bad reviews. It was No.1 in 12 countries and sold 13 million copies around the world. But compared to Jackson's earlier albums, it was unsuccessful. The album's first single &quot;[[You Rock My World]]&quot; was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance.

In 2002, Jackson won his 22nd American Music Award for Artist of the [[Century]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Oc40AAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=GyEGAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5669,889435&amp;dq=american+music+awards+michael+jackson&amp;hl=en|title=Lodi News-Sentinel - Google News Archive Search|publisher=Google News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On November 18, 2003, Jackson released a collection of his popular songs called ''[[Number Ones (Michael Jackson album)|Number Ones]]''. The album also includes a new song called &quot;[[One More Chance (Michael Jackson song)|One More Chance]]&quot;'','' which was released as a single. It reached number one in three countries. The album was released as a DVD too.

=== 2004–2009: Final years ===
In 2006, Sony released twenty of Jackson's popular singles on video called ''[[Visionary: The Video Singles]]''.

In March 2009, Jackson told the press that he was going to do a tour called [[This Is It (concert residency)|This Is It]]. He said that he might stop making music after this. Jackson practiced his singing and dancing for the tour in [[Los Angeles]] with [[Kenny Ortega.]] Jackson died of an overdose of [[Propofol]] on June 25, 2009, after having a cardiac arrest, and his personal physician, [[Conrad Murray]], was convicted of involuntary manslaughter.

During an Interview on YouTube during the BBC UK Show featuring &quot;Michael Jackson's This Is It&quot; Michael talked about the future of his career and that he &quot;may&quot; be retiring after his &quot;This Is It&quot; Tour, but he wasn't sure if he would or not. However, due to his death in 2009, the show was cancelled. Some show-goers who paid for tickets wanted refunds but the Jackson Estate did not provide any.

=== 2009–2010: ''This Is It'', awards, and ''Michael Jackson: The Experience'' ===
Jackson won Entertainer of the Year at the 2009 [[Soul Train Awards]]. That year he also won five American Music Awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Artist &amp;#124; The Official Michael Jackson Site|url=http://www.michaeljackson.com/us/the-artist/legacy|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706081510/http://www.michaeljackson.com/us/the-artist/legacy|archive-date=2014-07-06|publisher=Michaeljackson.com|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On October 26, 2009, a two-disc album called ''[[Michael Jackson's This Is It (album)|Michael Jackson's This Is It]]'' was released. The album's only single &quot;This Is It&quot; was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance in 2011. On October 28, 2009, ''[[Michael Jackson's This Is It]]'' was released. It was a documentary movie. The movie showed recordings of Jackson's rehearsals for his This Is It tour. Jackson died before he could do the tour. It made $72,091,016 in the United States. It has made $261,183,588 around the world. It got good reviews from movie critics. On 26 January 2010 the movie was released on DVD. It sold over a 1.5million copies in the US in the first week it was released. This was more than any other music DVD had sold in its first week.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2010-02-03|title='This Is It' dominates sales, Blu-ray charts|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/it-dominates-sales-blu-ray-20251|work=The Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jackson won the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2010. His children, Prince and [[Paris Jackson|Paris]] collected the award for Jackson.

A video game called ''[[Michael Jackson: The Experience]]'' was released by [[Ubisoft]] in November 2010 for the [[Nintendo DS]], [[PlayStation Portable]] and [[Wii]].

=== 2011–2012: Trial of Conrad Murray, and ''Bad 25'' ===
In April 2011, [[Mohamed Al-Fayed]], who was friends with Jackson when he was alive, showed the public a 7ft 6in statue of Jackson outside [[Craven Cottage]] football stadium. A lot of people did not like the statue. In July 2013 Fayed sold his football club to [[Shahid Khan]]. In September 2013 Khan chose to have the statue was removed. It was given back to Fayed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=25 September 2013|title=Michael Jackson is HIStory: Controversial statue removed from Fulham|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/michael-jackson-is-history-controversial-statue-removed-from-fulham-stadium-craven-cottage-8839090.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928083305/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/michael-jackson-is-history-controversial-statue-removed-from-fulham-stadium-craven-cottage-8839090.html|archive-date=28 September 2013|access-date=10 December 2013|website=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Man in the Music: The Creative Life and Work of Michael Jackson'', a book written by Joseph Vogel about Jackson's life, was published in 2011.

Jackson was voted as the Greatest Singer of All Time by people who did a poll on NME.com.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2011-06-21|title=Michael Jackson tops NME's Greatest Singers poll|url=http://www.nme.com/news/michael-jackson/57469#9|work=NME|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2011, there was a criminal trial for Jackson's doctor Conrad Murray. Murray was found guilty of [[involuntary manslaughter]] of Jackson. He was sentenced to four years in prison. On October 28, 2013, Murray was released from prison. He was interviewed by [[60 Minutes]]. He said that he did not think that Jackson's death was his fault in any way. The journalist [[Liz Hayes]] asked Murray if he thought that Jackson was a pedophile. Murray stared at her for 13&amp;nbsp;seconds and would not give an opinion. He said that he would not answer because he did not want to make anything up.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2013-11-25|title=Michael Jackson's doctor grilled on allegations prince of pop was pedophile|url=http://news.ninemsn.com.au/world/2013/11/25/06/25/jackson-still-speaks-to-me-says-murray|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523151638/http://news.ninemsn.com.au/world/2013/11/25/06/25/jackson-still-speaks-to-me-says-murray|archive-date=2014-05-23|publisher=News.ninemsn.com.au|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An extinct species of [[hermit crab]] was called Mesoparapylocheles michaeljacksoni after Jackson in January 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=News Detail|url=http://www.kent.edu/news/newsdetail.cfm?customel_datapageid_9299=2982474|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919020229/http://www2.kent.edu/news/newsdetail.cfm?customel_datapageid_9299=2982474|archive-date=2014-09-19|publisher=Kent.edu|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[Bad 25]]'', a documentary movie about Jackson's album ''Bad'', was released in August 2012.

In 2012, he sold almost 8 albums in the United States. He is thought to have sold 2 albums around the world in 2012. His estate makes $1 a year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2012-05-31|title=How Michael Jackson's Estate Earns $145 Million a Year (From the Magazine)|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/legal-and-management/5785879/how-michael-jacksons-estate-earns-145-million-a-year|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714085719/http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/legal-and-management/5785879/how-michael-jacksons-estate-earns-145-million-a-year|archive-date=2014-07-14|work=Billboard|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2013–2014: Further child sexual abuse allegations, The Immortal World Tour, and ''Xscape'' ===
Jackson made more money than any other dead celebrity in 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Top-Earning Dead Celebrities|url=https://www.forbes.com/special-report/2013/dead-celebrities.html|work=Forbes|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In May 2013, [[Wade Robson]] said that Jackson sexually abused him from the age of 7 to 14. In 2005 he had been a defense witness for Jackson's child molestation trial.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=16 May 2013|title=Wade Robson: Michael Jackson Was a Pedophile Who Sexually Abused Me &amp;#124; E! Online UK|url=http://uk.eonline.com/news/419620/wade-robson-michael-jackson-was-a-pedophile-who-sexually-abused-me|publisher=E!|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; In June 2014 there will be a hearing where it is decided whether Robson can sue Jackson's estate over the abuse.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2013-10-10|title=Wade Robson-Michael Jackson Molestation Trial Hearing Set For June|url=http://www.thehollywoodgossip.com/2013/10/wade-robson-michael-jackson-molestation-trial-hearing-set-for-ju/|publisher=The Hollywood Gossip|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In November 2013, ''Billboard'' magazine's issue, 44 did a cover with Michael on it. It said 'Life After Death'. Inside the magazine there was an article about the success of [[Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2009-06-25|title=Michael Jackson's Touring Life After Death: The Billboard Cover Story|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/5785656/michael-jacksons-touring-life-after-death-the-billboard-cover-story|work=Billboard|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In January 2014, a judge ruled that Jackson's family could not have another trial against AEG Live.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2014-01-14|title=Judge denies Michael Jackson's family bid for new wrongful death trial &amp;#124; Reuters|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/01/14/uk-michaeljackson-lawsuit-idUKBREA0D02A20140114|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140115141429/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/01/14/uk-michaeljackson-lawsuit-idUKBREA0D02A20140114|archive-date=2014-01-15|work=Reuters.com|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Xscape (album)|Xscape]]'' was released on May 9, 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2014-03-31|title=New Michael Jackson Album 'Xscape' to Be Released in May|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6029371/new-michael-jackson-album-xscape-to-be-released-in-may|work=Billboard|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Voice==
Jackson had a unique voice. Between 1971 and 1975, it changed from boy [[soprano]] to spinto [[tenor]]. 

Jackson had a three and a half [[octave]] [[vocal range]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2011-03-04|title=Michael Jackson 'chemically castrated' as child: doctor - Health &amp; Families - Life &amp; Style|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/michael-jackson-chemically-castrated-as-child-doctor-2231967.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209093336/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/michael-jackson-chemically-castrated-as-child-doctor-2231967.html|archive-date=2014-02-09|work=The Independent|agency=Agence France-Presse|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is the best-known musician to use the 'vocal hiccup'. He first used it in 1973 on ''It's Too Late to Change the Time'' on The Jackson 5's ''G.I.T.: Get It Together'' album. Jackson also sang 'come on' wrongly on purpose so that it sounded like 'shamone'.

==Personal life==
Jackson lived a well-publicized personal life, even though he tried to stay private. He was often in celebrity and [[tabloid]] [[Magazine|magazines]]. Later in his life, he was in magazines because of his personal life more than for his music.

===Marriages and children===
In 1994, Jackson married [[Lisa Marie Presley]], the daughter of rock musician [[Elvis Presley]]. He [[Divorce|divorced]] her in 1995 and married [[nurse]] [[Debbie Rowe]] in 1996. 

Three months after Rowe and Jackson's marriage, she gave birth to a son, Prince Michael Jackson. The next year, she gave birth to a daughter, [[Paris-Michael Katherine Jackson]]. The couple divorced in April 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/422108417.html?FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Sep%206,%202006&amp;author=Jessica%20Garrison&amp;pub=Los%20Angeles%20Times&amp;edition=&amp;startpage=&amp;desc=Case%20Reopens%20Debate%20on%20Private%20Judges;%20Michael%20Jackson's%20clash%20with%20ex-wife%20heads%20for%20county%20court%20as%20officials%20seek%20to%20reform%20system |title=Los Angeles Times: Archives - Case Reopens Debate on Private Judges |publisher=Pqasb.pqarchiver.com |date=2006-09-06 |accessdate=2014-06-24 |archive-date=2016-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306212717/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/422108417.html?FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS%3AFT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Sep%206%2C%202006&amp;author=Jessica%20Garrison&amp;pub=Los%20Angeles%20Times&amp;edition=&amp;startpage=&amp;desc=Case%20Reopens%20Debate%20on%20Private%20Judges%3B%20Michael%20Jackson%27s%20clash%20with%20ex-wife%20heads%20for%20county%20court%20as%20officials%20seek%20to%20reform%20system |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bigi Jackson was born on February 21, 2002. Jackson never said who the mother was. He is better known as Blanket. When Blanket was 8 months old, Jackson held him over a [[balcony]] with a towel over Blanket's head. At the time, people did not know that he was called Blanket. Jackson made a public apology after people got upset.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/2494249.stm |title=Entertainment &amp;#124; Jackson: Baby stunt was 'mistake' |work=BBC News |date=2002-11-20 |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

After Jackson died, his mother Katherine was made the guardian of his children. In August 2012, Jackson's nephew [[TJ Jackson|TJ]] was made the children's co-guardian.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/tj-jackson-made-permanent-guardian-michael-jackson-kids/story?id=17059177 |title=TJ Jackson Made Permanent Co-Guardian of Michael Jackson Kids |publisher=ABC News |date=2012-08-22 |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Bubbles===
In the 1980s, Jackson bought a [[chimpanzee]] from a Texas research facility. He named it Bubbles and used it for a [[pet]]. 

Bubbles frequently traveled with Jackson, who had a strong attachment to the animal. The chimp, for example, was permitted to use Jackson's personal toilet.&lt;ref name=&quot;Monkey business in the loo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=May 12, 2005|title=Monkey business in the loo|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/People/Monkey-business-in-the-loo/2005/05/12/1115843291343.html|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|accessdate=April 3, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, people started to see Jackson as an eccentric. 

The media mocked Jackson and called him &quot;Wacko Jacko,&quot; which he hated.&lt;ref name=&quot;tara 370–373&quot;&gt;{{Cite book| last=Taraborrelli | first=J. Randy | authorlink=J. Randy Taraborrelli | title=The Magic and the Madness | url=https://archive.org/details/michaeljacksonma0000tara_n7h9 | year=2004 | publisher=Headline | isbn=0-330-42005-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Media coverage often focused on Bubbles, rather than on Jackson's music, and many false stories about the animal were told. One such story claimed that Bubbles was not a single [[ape]], but one of several.&lt;ref name=&quot;tara 364&quot;&gt;Taraborrelli, p. 364&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tara 380&quot;&gt;Taraborrelli, p. 380&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Claims of sexual abuse ===
{{Main|1993 Michael Jackson sexual abuse allegations}}

In 1993, he was accused of child molestation, but there was no trial; the case was [[Settlement (litigation)|settled]] out of court.

In 2003, he was accused a second time of child molestation. In a TV documentary called ''[[Living with Michael Jackson]],'' Jackson held hands with a 12-year-old boy called Gavin Arvizo and said that he shared his bed with children.''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=James Sullivan, Chronicle Pop Culture Critic|date=2003-02-05|title=The never-ending thriller / British press goes nuts over Jackson's confessions in documentary|url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/The-never-ending-thriller-British-press-goes-2636547.php|work=San Francisco Chronicle|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' When he was 13, Gavin Arvizo accused Jackson of [[Sexual abuse|sexually abusing]] him. This time Jackson was [[Trial of Michael Jackson|tried]] in court, and in 2005 he was found not [[Guilt (law)|guilty]] of fourteen [[Indictment|criminal charges]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Staff |first=Guardian |title=Michael Jackson: the verdicts in full |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2005/jun/14/michaeljackson.michaeljacksontrial |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=14 June 2005 |access-date=31 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;


In May 2013, on the ''Today'' show, a dancer called [[Wade Robson]] alleged that Jackson sexually abused him for 7 years. Prior to this, Robson had vehemently defended Jackson, including twice under [[oath]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/05/16/showbiz/jackson-sex-accuser/ |title=Wade Robson calls Michael Jackson 'a pedophile' |date=16 May 2013 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Appearance and health ==
{{Main|Health and appearance of Michael Jackson}} 

=== Hair ===
Over the years, Jackson's [[face]] and [[Human skin colour|skin color]] changed. This attracted a lot of attention.

However, when he was filming a Pepsi commercial in 1984, Jackson got second-degree [[Burn|burns]] to his [[scalp]]. These were extremely painful, and Jackson started taking painkillers. 

In his later years Jackson always wore a hairpiece or [[wig]] that blended with his natural hair. His autopsy found that his scalp was [[Tattoo|tattooed]] black so that it blended in with his wigs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michael Jackson’s Autopsy|url=https://documents.latimes.com/michael-jackson-autopsy/|access-date=2024-09-30|website=Documents Related to Michael Jackson's Death|publisher=The Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Face ===
Jackson's face appeared to go through major changes during his career.

People especially talked about Jackson's nose. Jackson had an [[Immune system|immune]] condition called [[discoid lupus]]. According to Dr. Richard Strick, Jackson had an immune condition called discoid lupus that &quot;destroyed part of the skin of his nose&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Geraldo: The Truth Behind MJ's Plastic Surgery, Vitiligo Secrets Revealed|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxyRGJ1latc|via=YouTube|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Jackson denied having plastic surgery to his face on more than a few occasions. When people pointed out that his face changed, he said that [[puberty]], weight loss and his [[vegetarian]] [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]] were at fault.&lt;ref&gt;Jackson, pp. 229–230&lt;/ref&gt; But the change was so drastic that few people believed him.

Jackson's autopsy found that his lips were [[Tattoo|tattooed]] pink.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 October 2011|title=Medical Expert Testifies on Conrad Murray's Care of Michael Jackson - News from|url=http://www.insideedition.com/headlines/3182-medical-expert-testifies-on-conrad-murrays-care-of-michael-jackson|publisher=InsideEdition.com|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Skin color ===
Jackson's skin color varied a lot during the course of his career. It seemed to get lighter over time. People accused Jackson of wanting lighter skin and bleaching his skin to make it that way.
[[File:Vitiligo2.JPG|thumb|Like Michael Jackson did, this person has [[vitiligo]].]]
In truth, Jackson had [[vitiligo]], a rare skin condition that creates light spots on the skin. (The skin around these spots keep their normal color.) Large areas of Jackson's body were very pale. He used makeup and medication to try to make his skin color look the same all over his body. This made it look like his skin tone was getting lighter.

Jackson first revealed that he had vitiligo in a 1993 television interview with [[Oprah Winfrey]]. Later, his autopsy confirmed that Jackson did have vitiligo, with large sections of white or lightened skin on his body.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michael Jackson’s Autopsy|url=https://documents.latimes.com/michael-jackson-autopsy/|access-date=2024-09-30|website=Documents Related to Michael Jackson's Death|publisher=The Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also noted that Jackson used a skin-bleaching cream called [[Monobenzone|Benoquin]] to treat his vitiligo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michael Jackson’s Autopsy|url=https://documents.latimes.com/michael-jackson-autopsy/|access-date=2024-09-30|website=Documents Related to Michael Jackson's Death|publisher=The Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Substance abuse ===
Jackson was allegedly [[Addiction|addicted]] to [[prescription]] drugs. In fact, he died of a [[drug overdose]]. In 2009 his personal [[physician]], [[Dr. Conrad Murray]], gave him [[Intravenous therapy|intravenous]] [[Propofol]] for his [[insomnia]]. The insomnia was actually a [[side effect]] of Jackson's addiction to [[Demerol]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=2011-11-04|title=Michael Jackson's Secret World: Willing Doctors, Hospital-Grade Sedatives|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/Conrad_Murray_Trial/michael-jacksons-secret-world-doctors-hospital-grade-sedatives/story?id=14881055|publisher=ABC News|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; While Murray was out of the room, Jackson's [[Cardiac arrest|heart stopped]] and he died. 
[[File:Michael Jackson 1969.jpg|thumb|This photo of Michael in 1969 shows his original skin color.]]
Jackson had many physicians (including Dr. Murray) who supplied him with medications, including controlled substances like Demerol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

=== Mental health and trauma ===
Michael's father, Joe Jackson, abused him physically and emotionally during rehearsals.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2003-02-04|title=Jackson interview seen by 14m|language=en-GB|work=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2719763.stm|access-date=2024-09-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Petridis|first=Alexis|date=2018-06-27|title=Joe Jackson was one of the most monstrous fathers in pop|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/jun/27/joe-jackson-one-of-the-most-monstrous-fathers-in-pop|access-date=2024-09-30|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; When he found out his son was self-conscious about his appearance, his father called him &quot;big-nose.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; 

Some people have suggested that Jackson had [[body dysmorphic disorder]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-02-12|title=Famous people with BDD - BDDF|url=https://bddfoundation.org/information/more-about-bdd/famous-people-with-bdd/|access-date=2024-09-30|website=[[Body Dysmorphic Disorder]] Foundation|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Angeles|first=OCD Center of Los|date=2009-06-26|title=Michael Jackson and Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)|url=https://ocdla.com/michael-jackson-bdd-1933|access-date=2024-09-30|website=OCD Center of Los Angeles|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gottlieb|first=Scott|date=2004-03-25|title=Cognitive behaviour therapy can reduce hypochondriasis|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/328/7442/725.2|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=328|issue=7442|pages=725|doi=10.1136/bmj.328.7442.725-a|issn=0959-8138|pmid=15044272}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a teenager, he had [[acne]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; In ''Living With Michael Jackson,'' Jackson told Martin Bashir how he went home and cried after a woman called him ugly because of his acne.&lt;ref&gt;Shaw, Julie (Director). (2003) ''Living with Michael Jackson: A Tonight Special.'' Granada Television.&lt;/ref&gt; The disorder is often triggered by appearance-related [[bullying]]. 

Some people think that Jackson had [[anorexia nervosa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=The Detail|first=|date=2021-01-10|title=Michael Jackson’s Secret Eating Disorder|url=https://thedetailchannel.medium.com/michael-jacksons-secret-eating-disorder-50448227d34e|access-date=2024-09-30|website=Medium|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2009-07-13|title=Book: Jackson told daughter he was dying|url=https://www.today.com/popculture/book-jackson-told-daughter-he-was-dying-wbna31892183|access-date=2024-09-30|website=TODAY.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1984, Jackson weighed 105&amp;nbsp;pounds. He was 5&quot;9 tall. This would have made his [[BMI]] 15.5, which is very [[underweight]].&lt;ref&gt;Taraborrelli, pp. 312–313&lt;/ref&gt; He weighed 112&amp;nbsp;lbs. when he died. This is in the unhealthy range.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/story/890744/jackson-trial-pathologist-death-was-homicide |title=Jackson Trial Pathologist: 'Death Was Homicide' |publisher=Sky News |date=2011-10-12 |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Physical health ===
Jackson may have had a rare genetic disease called [[Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency]], according to a [[Biography|biographer]] called [[Ian Halperin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Park |first=Alice |url=http://content.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1907262,00.html |title=Michael Jackson's Mysterious Medical Past |work=Time |date=2009-06-26 |accessdate=2014-06-24 |archive-date=2014-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813041648/http://content.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1907262,00.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Halpern wrote that Jackson's genetic disease had caused him to lose 95% of the vision in his left eye.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Sean Michaels |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/dec/23/michael-jackson-illness |title=Michael Jackson 'half-blind' with rare illness  |work=The Guardian |date=2008-12-23 |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; In fact, Jackson's doctor Conrad Murray said that he thought Jackson was &quot;legally [[Blindness|blind]]&quot; and had [[phlebitis]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=&lt;!-- // .ad .ad-halfpage --&gt; |url=http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/music/michael-jackson-legally-blind-doctors-thought-his-flesh-was-rotting-jurors-in-dr-conrad-murray-trial-hear/story-e6frfn09-1226165487462 |title=Conrad Murray tells jurors Michael Jackson legally blind, flesh smelt rotten |publisher=News.com.au |date=2011-10-13 |accessdate=2014-06-24 |archive-date=2013-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520032007/http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/music/michael-jackson-legally-blind-doctors-thought-his-flesh-was-rotting-jurors-in-dr-conrad-murray-trial-hear/story-e6frfn09-1226165487462 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/jury-hears-of-jacksons-catalogue-of-illnesses-toenail-fungus-and-urination-problems/story-e6frg6so-1226164624139&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Controversies ===
Aspects of Jackson's personal life, including his changing appearance, personal relationships, and behavior, generated [[controversy]]. He was [[1993 Michael Jackson sexual abuse allegations|accused of child sexual abuse]] in 1993, but the case was settled out of court. In 2003, Jackson was charged with child sexual abuse by Gavin Arvizo. In 2005, Jackson was found not guilty of all charges.

== Death ==
{{Main|Death of Michael Jackson}} 
[[File:2300 Jackson Street Yuksel.jpg|thumb|Michael's childhood home in [[Gary, Indiana]] with flowers left after his death]]
On June 25, 2009, Jackson was found without a heartbeat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,529103,00.html |title= AP: Michael Jackson Dies at Los Angeles Hospital |publisher= [[Fox News]] |date= 2009-06-25 |accessdate= 2009-06-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and taken by [[ambulance]] to the [[Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center]]. He had been unresponsive since 12:15. He arrived at the [[hospital]] with no signs of life. Though he was not pronounced dead when he arrived at the hospital, by 1pm he had already [[died]]. His death was announced that day at 2:25pm,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first= Andrew |last=Blankstein |author2= Phil Willon |title=Michael Jackson is dead [Updated] |date=June 25, 2009 |work=[[The LA Times]]|url= http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2009/06/pop-star-michael-jackson-was-rushed-to-a-hospital-this-afternoon-by-los-angeles-fire-department-paramedics--capt-steve-ruda.html  |accessdate= 25 June 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and confirmed by the Los Angeles coroner at 4:30pm.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Special Report with Keith Olberman |publisher=[[MSNBC]] TV |date=June 25, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jackson died just two months before his 51st birthday. The news of his death spread around the world very quickly. People around the world grieved on a scale never seen before.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Gillum|first=Jack|date=2009-06-30|title=News of Jackson death breaks Web records|url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2009-06-26-jackson-web-traffic_N.htm|work=USA Today|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rumors and news items about Jackson's death broke records for web traffic. Jackson's death gave [[Google]], [[Twitter]], [[Facebook]], and [[Yahoo!|Yahoo]] the most page views they had ever encountered.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Albanesius|first=Chloe|date=2009-06-26|title=Jackson's Death Prompts Record Traffic for Yahoo  &amp; Opinion|url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2349422,00.asp|work=PC Magazine|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Sharon Gaudin|date=2009-06-26|title=Michael Jackson's death sparks Internet crush|url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&amp;articleId=9134896&amp;intsrc=news_ts_head|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65EhwGKVn?url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9134896/Michael_Jackson_s_death_sparks_Internet_crush?intsrc=news_ts_head|archive-date=2012-02-05|work=Computerworld|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; This enormous amount of [[Web traffic|Internet traffic]] caused a cyberspace traffic jam.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} 

=== Dr. Murray ===
Jackson's doctor [[Conrad Murray]], who supplied the Propofol, claimed Jackson took the overdose himself. However, the Coroner ruled the death was a homicide. Murray was charged with involuntary manslaughter and served four years in prison.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2013-10-28|title=Michael Jackson doctor Conrad Murray released from jail|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-24704030|access-date=2024-09-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Propofol is used as [[Anesthetic|anesthesia]] for major [[Surgery|surgeries]] and requires heavy monitoring, including [[Nurse|nurses]] and medical equipment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Propofol (Intravenous Route) Side Effects|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/propofol-intravenous-route/side-effects/drg-20488192?p=1|access-date=2024-09-30|website=The [[Mayo Clinic]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Conrad Murray admitted to police that he had none of these when he gave Jackson the Propofol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; His autopsy discussed how dangerous Murray's actions were. It also noted that Jackson had an increased risk of respiratory failure because he had a lung injury.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Memorial service ===
A two-hour [[Funeral|memorial service]] was held at the [[Crypto.com Arena|Staples Center]] in downtown Los Angeles on July 7, 2009. It began with [[Smokey Robinson]] reading comments by [[Nelson Mandela]], [[Diana Ross]] and other close friends of Jackson's who could not attend the memorial.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Jesse |last=Washington |title=Jackson casket on stage |url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iJN6FHrmT75HzSZChIb2PDzFEDXgD999OGF83 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=7 July 2009 |accessdate=7 July 2009 |archive-date=10 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710131936/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iJN6FHrmT75HzSZChIb2PDzFEDXgD999OGF83 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

[[Mariah Carey]] sang &quot;[[I'll Be There (Jackson 5 song)|I'll Be There]]&quot; at the memorial service, followed by a speech given by [[Queen Latifah]]. [[Lionel Richie]] performed &quot;Jesus is Love&quot;. [[Berry Gordy]], Motown founder, spoke next, offering condolences. [[Kobe Bryant]] and [[Magic Johnson]] also spoke, with Magic describing the event as a &quot;celebration of Jackson's life and works&quot; rather than a funeral. 
[[File:Michael Jackson Memorial.jpg|thumb|A memorial to Michael in [[Munich, Germany]]]]
[[Jennifer Hudson]] sang &quot;[[Will You Be There]]&quot; accompanied by a music video. Reverend [[Al Sharpton]] then gave a speech about how Jackson kept rising and &quot;never stopped&quot;. [[John Mayer]] played the guitar as he did in Michael Jackson's song [[Human Nature (Michael Jackson song)|Human Nature]]. This was followed by [[Brooke Shields]] speaking. 

[[Jermaine Jackson]], Jackson's older brother, then performed [[Smile (Charlie Chaplin song)|Smile]], Michael's favorite song written by comic drama legend [[Charlie Chaplin]]. Next to speak were [[Martin Luther King III]] and [[Bernice King]]. Congresswoman [[Sheila Jackson Lee]] followed them, claiming &quot;people are innocent until proven guilty.&quot; (This was a reminder to people who accused Jackson of unproven [[Child sexual abuse|child molestations]]). She also said that Jackson's [[Humanitarianism|humanitarian]] efforts should be praised. 

[[Usher (musician)|Usher]] then sang &quot;[[Gone Too Soon]]&quot;, followed by a [[Montage (filmmaking)|montage]] of old videos of Jackson himself. Shamim sang next, with [[Kenny Ortega]] introducing him afterward. Kenny Ortega explained that Michael Jackson saw the Staples Center as his home, which is why the funeral service was held there. Ortega then sang a tribute to Jackson, including &quot;[[We Are the World]]&quot; and &quot;[[Heal the World]]&quot;. 

The service ended with speeches by members of Michael's family, including [[Jermaine Jackson|Jermaine]], [[Marlon Jackson|Marlon]] and daughter [[Paris Jackson|Paris]]. Paris began to cry and said that &quot;Daddy was the best father anyone could have.&quot; She added &quot;I will miss him&quot; before leaving the microphone and turning into [[Janet Jackson]]'s arms.

===Burial===
At first, Michael Jackson's custom-made quarter-million dollar golden [[Coffin|casket]], [[nickname]]d &quot;The [[Prometheus|Promethean]],&quot; was not expected to appear at the memorial service. However, due to a change in the family's plans, the casket did appear.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=Jesse|last=Washington|title=Michael Jackson's casket to be taken to memorial|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iJN6FHrmT75HzSZChIb2PDzFEDXgD999LPBO0|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=7 July 2009|accessdate=7 July 2009|archive-date=10 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710135501/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iJN6FHrmT75HzSZChIb2PDzFEDXgD999LPBO0|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Viewing parties were held all over the world for the [[Broadcasting|broadcast]]. Movie theaters showed the memorial service in [[Times Square]], the [[Apollo Theater]], [[Raleigh]], and [[Berlin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=Hollie |last=McKay |title=Jackson Memorial Airing Live at a Theater (Maybe) Near You|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,530297,00.html|publisher=[[Fox News]]|date=7 July 2009|accessdate=7 July 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; The broadcast was replayed a few times the next day. An estimated 1 billion people tuned into the farewell concert.

Over 3,000 police officers were assigned to the event, the largest amount assigned to a single event since the [[1984 Summer Olympics]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=CNN|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/07/07/michael.jackson.security/index.html?eref=rss_showbiz|date=7 July 2009|accessdate=2009-09-03|title=Cost only security problem at Jackson memorial}}&lt;/ref&gt; It cost the City of [[Los Angeles]] 1.4 million dollars.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Vercammen|first=Paul|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Music/07/08/michael.jackson.cost/index.html?eref=rss_topstories |publisher=CNN |date=8 July 2009 |accessdate=2009-09-03|title=Mayor's office: Michael Jackson memorial cost L.A. around $1.4 million}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jackson's funeral took place nine weeks after he died, in [[Glendale, California]] on September 3, 2009. He was laid to rest at 9:45 pm in the [[mausoleum]], above the ground. Some family members had wanted him to be buried below ground in the mausoleum, while Jermaine Jackson wanted him buried on Neverland ranch.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=July 10, 2009|title=Jackson Family Feud: Where Will Michael Be Buried?|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,531508,00.html|publisher=Fox News|accessdate=4 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, Michael's mother Katherine made the final decision.

== Legacy ==
Through music videos and live performances, Jackson is known for popularizing dance moves such as the robot, the anti-gravity lean, the side slide, the crotch grab, and the [[moonwalk]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Silviya|first=Y|date=March 24, 2023|title=Reminiscing 11 Iconic Dance Moves of the King of Pop, Michael Jackson|url=https://indigomusic.com/pop-cultures/reminiscing-11-iconic-dance-moves-of-the-king-of-pop-michael-jackson|access-date=September 30, 2024|website=Indigo Music}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

He won many awards and broke records. He is the most successful entertainer of all time, according to [[Guinness World Records]]. 

Jackson gave to many [[Charitable organization|charitable organizations]] and pioneered efforts to raise funds for charities in the [[entertainment industry]].

Jackson traveled the world attending events honoring his [[humanitarianism]]. In 2000, the ''Guinness World Records'' recognized him for supporting 39 charities, more than any other entertainer. 

People continue to buy Jackson's albums and listen to his songs. He is one of the best-selling music artists in history, with worldwide sales approaching 400 million records.

Many of Michael Jackson's songs are still extremely popular. These include:
* &quot;[[Bad (song)|Bad]]&quot;
* &quot;[[Beat It]]&quot;
* &quot;[[Billie Jean]]&quot;
* &quot;[[Black or White]]&quot;
* &quot;[[Earth Song]]&quot;
* &quot;[[Heal the World]]&quot;
* &quot;[[Thriller (Michael Jackson album)|Thriller]]&quot;

==Aftermath==
=== Recent releases ===
Jackson recorded several songs before his death. He had recently released a compilation album called ''[[Michael (Michael Jackson album)|Michael]]'' (2010), featuring remixed songs and new songs such as &quot;[[Hold My Hand (Michael Jackson and Akon song)|Hold My Hand]]&quot; a duet between him and popular singer [[Akon]], and &quot;[[Monster (Michael Jackson song)|Monster]]&quot;, a strong song with lots of attitudes and a hint of dislike for the paparazzi. Also &quot;[[(I Like) The Way You Love Me]]&quot;, &quot;[[Michael (Michael Jackson album)|Keep Your Head Up]]&quot;, and &quot;[[Michael (Michael Jackson album)|Much Too Soon]]&quot;.

In 2014, he released the second posthumous album, ''[[Xscape (album)|Xscape]]'' which includes the songs &quot;[[Love Never Felt So Good]]&quot; featuring [[Justin Timberlake]], &quot;[[Slave to the Rhythm]]&quot;, and &quot;[[A Place With No Name]]&quot;.

A [[Michael (2026 movie)|biopic]] based on Jackson's life and career was officially announced and stars [[Jermaine Jackson]]'s son [[Jaafar Jackson]] as Michael Jackson. The movie was released in April 2026.

== Discography ==

=== Studio albums ===
* ''[[Got to Be There]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Ben (Michael Jackson album)|Ben]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Music &amp; Me]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Forever, Michael]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Off the Wall]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Thriller (Michael Jackson album)|Thriller]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Bad (album)|Bad]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)|Dangerous]]'' (1991)
* ''[[HIStory: Past, Present and Future|HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Invincible]]'' (2001)

==== Posthumous albums ====

* ''[[Michael (Michael Jackson album)|Michael]]'' (2010)
* [[Xscape (album)|''Xscape'']] (2014)

== Filmography ==
* ''[[The Wiz (movie)|The Wiz]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Michael Jackson's Thriller (music video)|Michael Jackson's Thriller]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Captain EO]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Moonwalker]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Michael Jackson's Ghosts]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Men in Black II]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Miss Cast Away and the Islands Girls]]'' (2004)

=== Documentaries after death ===
* ''[[Michael Jackson's This Is It]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Bad 25 (movie)|Bad 25]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Michael Jackson: The Last Photo Shoot]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Michael Jackson's Journey from Motown to Off the Wall]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Square One: Michael Jackson]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Thriller 40]]'' (2023)

== Tours ==
* [[Bad (tour)|Bad World Tour]] (1987–1989)
* [[Dangerous World Tour]] (1992–1993)
* [[HIStory World Tour]] (1996–1997)

=== Singles ===
{{main|Michael Jackson singles discography}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Other websites==
{{commons|Michael Jackson}}
*{{official|https://www.michaeljackson.com}}
*[https://vault.fbi.gov/Michael%20Jackson Michael Jackson] at the [[FBI]]'s website
*{{IMDb name|0001391}}

{{Michael Jackson}}
{{African American topics}}
{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:African-American actors]]
[[Category:African-American musicians]]
[[Category:American autobiographers]]
[[Category:American manslaughter victims]]
[[Category:Philanthropists from Indiana]]
[[Category:American drummers]]
[[Category:American guitarists]]
[[Category:American pianists]]
[[Category:American R&amp;B singers]]
[[Category:American pop singers]]
[[Category:American soul singers]]
[[Category:American rock singers]]
[[Category:American disco singers]]
[[Category:American new jack swing singers]]
[[Category:Jackson family]]
[[Category:Singer-songwriters from Indiana]]
[[Category:Brit Award winners]]
[[Category:American Grammy Award winners]]
[[Category:Deaths from cardiac arrest]]
[[Category:Drug-related accidental deaths in the United States]]
[[Category:New wave musicians]]
[[Category:Michael Jackson]]
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{{Infobox person
| name               = Michael Jackson
| alt                = Michael Jackson
| image              = Michael Jackson 1983 (3x4 cropped) (contrast).jpg
| caption            = Jackson in 1983
| birth_name         = Michael Joseph Jackson
| alias              = Michael Joe Jackson&lt;!-- Legal aliases only. This is not a field for nicknames.--&gt;
| birth_date         = {{Birth date|1958|8|29}}
| birth_place        = [[Gary, Indiana|Gary]], [[Indiana]], U.S.
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|2009|6|25|1958|8|29}}
| death_place        = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S.
| death_cause        = [[Cardiac arrest]] caused by acute [[propofol]] and [[benzodiazepine]] [[intoxication]] ([[Death of Michael Jackson|details]])
| resting_place      = 
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| burial_place       = [[Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)|Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California]], U.S.
| burial_coordinates = {{coord|34.125|-118.240|display=inline, title|name=Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale}}
| nationality        = [[Americans|American]]
| citizenship        = [[United States]] (1958–2009)
| works              = 
| education          = 
| alma_mater         = [[Montclair College Preparatory School]]
| occupation         = {{hlist|[[Singer]]|[[songwriter]]|[[dancer]]|[[musician]]|[[philanthropist]]|[[producer]]}}
| years_active       = 1964–2009
| known_for          = Music career
| notable_works      = {{flatlist|
* [[Michael Jackson singles discography|Singles]]
}}
| height             = 5 ft 9 in
| spouse             = {{marriage|[[Lisa Marie Presley]]|1994|1996|end=divorced}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|[[Debbie Rowe]]|1996|2000|end=divorced}}
| children           = 3, including [[Paris Jackson|Paris]]
| mother             = [[Katherine Jackson]]
| father             = [[Joe Jackson (manager)|Joe Jackson]]
| family             = [[Jackson family]]
| awards             = [[List of awards and nominations received by Michael Jackson|Full list]]
| website            = {{url|https://www.michaeljackson.com/}}
| signature          = Michael Jackson signature.svg
| signature_size     = 100px
| module             = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
 | instrument      = {{hlist|Vocals|guitar|keyboards|piano|bass|drums}}&lt;!--If you think an instrument should be listed, a discussion to reach consensus is needed first--&gt;
 | background      = solo_singer
 | genre           = &lt;!--These music genres are all sourced under the section #Musical themes and genres--&gt;{{hlist|[[Contemporary R&amp;B|R&amp;B]]|[[Pop music|pop]]|[[soul music|soul]]|[[funk]]|[[Hip hop music|hip hop]]|[[rock music|rock]]|[[disco]]|[[post-disco]]|[[dance-pop]]|[[new jack swing]]}}
 | label           = {{hlist|[[Steeltown Records|Steeltown]]|[[Motown]]|[[Epic Records|Epic]]|[[Legacy Recordings|Legacy]]|[[Sony Music|Sony]]|MJJ Productions}}
 | associated_acts = &lt;!--These associated acts are all sourced under #Discography--&gt;[[The Jackson 5]]
}}
}}
'''Michael Joseph Jackson''' (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009), also known by his initials '''MJ''', was an American [[singer]], [[songwriter]], [[dancer]], and [[philanthropist]]. Dubbed the &quot;'''King of Pop'''&quot;, he is often regarded as one of the most culturally significant figures of the 20th century. Over a four-decade career, his musical achievements broke racial barriers in the U.S. and made him a dominant figure across the world. Through songs, concerts, and fashion, he proliferated visual performance for artists in [[popular music]]; popularizing street dance moves including the [[Moonwalk (dance)|moonwalk]], the [[Robot (dance)|robot]], and the [[Smooth Criminal#anti-gravity lean|anti-gravity lean]]. Jackson is often deemed the greatest entertainer of all time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Villarreal |first=Yvonne |date=June 29, 2009 |title=Remembering Michael Jackson: 'The Greatest Entertainer of All Time' |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-jun-29-et-jackson-tribute29-story.html |access-date=January 16, 2025 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The eighth child of the [[Jackson family]], Michael began performing in 1964 with his brothers in [[the Jackson 5]] at the age of 6. The group gained worldwide fame with him as its lead singer and recorded multiple successful singles. In the early 1970s, he embarked on his solo career. Later, he rose to global stardom with the release of his fifth studio album ''[[Off the Wall]]'' (1979), and then achieved unprecedented global success with ''[[Thriller (Michael Jackson album)|Thriller]]'' (1982), the best-selling album in music history. The [[Music video|music videos]] for the singles, &quot;[[Beat It]]&quot;, &quot;[[Billie Jean]]&quot;, and &quot;[[Thriller (song)|Thriller]]&quot;, redefined the medium. ''[[Bad (album)|Bad]]'' (1987), is the first album to produce five [[Billboard Hot 100]] number-one singles &quot;[[I Just Can't Stop Loving You]]&quot;, &quot;[[Bad (Michael Jackson song)|Bad]]&quot;, &quot;[[The Way You Make Me Feel]]&quot;, and &quot;[[Dirty Diana]]&quot;. ''[[Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)|Dangerous]]'' (1991) and ''[[HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I]]'' (1995), produced the US number-one singles &quot;[[Black or White]]&quot; and &quot;[[You Are Not Alone]]&quot;. His final studio album ''[[Invincible]]'' (2001) is the most expensive album ever made. When [[Death of Michael Jackson|he died]] in 2009 at age 50, he had spent 44 years working in the [[music industry]]. 

Jackson remains a global figure in [[popular culture]]. His contributions to music, dance, and [[fashion]] had a major cultural impact. Finally, his highly publicized personal life kept him in the public eye. Jackson died in 2009 from an [[overdose]] of [[propofol]] administered by [[Conrad Murray|Dr. Conrad Murray]]. [[Trial of Conrad Murray|Murray's trial]] was widely publicized, and he went to prison for involuntary manslaughter.

Jackson influenced artists across many music [[Genre|genres]]. Through [[Concert|stage]] and video performances, he popularized complicated dance moves such as the moonwalk, the robot, and the anti-gravity lean. Jackson is the [[List of awards and nominations received by Michael Jackson|most awarded individual music artist]] in history: his awards include 15 [[Grammy Award|Grammy Awards]], 6 [[BRIT Awards]], a [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe]], and 39 [[Guinness World Records]], including &quot;Most Successful [[Entertainer]] of All Time&quot;. He is included in the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]], the Vocal Group [[Hall of fame|Hall of Fame]], the [[Songwriter|Songwriters]] Hall of Fame, the National [[Rhythm and blues|Rhythm &amp; Blues]] Hall of Fame, and the Dance Hall of Fame. Jackson is one of the best-selling music artists of all time, with estimated sales of over 500 million records.

==Early life and career==

===Early life===
Michael Joseph Jackson was born to a family of [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] on August 29, 1958, at St Mary's Mercy Hospital in [[Gary, Indiana]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Barnes|first=Brokes|date=June 25, 2009|title=A Star Idolized and Haunted, Michael Jackson Dies at 50|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/26/arts/music/26jackson.html?ref=obituaries&amp;_r=0|access-date=September 30, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was the eighth of [[Katherine Jackson|Katherine]] and [[Joe Jackson]]'s ten children.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.truemichaeljackson.com/childhood/|title=Childhood :: True Michael Jackson|website=truemichaeljackson.com|access-date=2020-02-11|archive-date=2019-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204131417/https://www.truemichaeljackson.com/childhood/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Jackson's father Joseph was a [[steel]] [[Mill (grinding)|mill]] worker who played guitar in a rhythm and blues band to earn extra money for the family.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Sweeting|first=Adam|date=2018-06-27|title=Joe Jackson obituary|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/jun/27/joe-jackson-obituary|access-date=2024-09-30|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 1964: The Jackson Brothers ===
On January 1, 1964, Jackson and his brother [[Marlon Jackson|Marlon]] joined The Jackson Brothers, a band that their older brothers [[Jackie Jackson|Jackie]], [[Tito Jackson|Tito]], and [[Jermaine Jackson|Jermaine]] had started.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=You Are Not Alone: Michael Through a Brother's Eyes|url=https://archive.org/details/youarenotalonemi0000jack|last=Jackson|first=Jermaine|publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4516-5156-0|location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt; When they did their first public performance, Jackson was just five years old.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rockhall.com/inductees/the-jackson-five/ |title=The Jackson 5: inducted in 1997 &amp;#124; The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum |publisher=Rockhall.com |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When Jackson was 8, he and Jermaine became the group's main singers. The group's name then changed to The Jackson 5. 

=== 1965: The Jackson 5 ===
{{main|The Jackson 5}}

The members of the Jackson 5 were the same as the &quot;Jackson Brothers&quot;: Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon, and Michael Jackson.

The group won an important [[talent show]] in 1966. Two years later they were signed to a famous record label called [[Motown Records]]. Their first [[Motown]] single ''I Want You Back'' reached No. 1 in the ''[[Billboard Hot 100]],'' a list of the 100 top songs in the [[United States]].
[[File:Michael Jackson 1977.JPG|thumb|Jackson in 1977]]
They became quite popular and performed many original songs, including &quot;[[ABC (song)|ABC]]&quot; and &quot;[[I'll Be There (Jackson 5 song)|I'll Be There]]&quot;. They were managed by their father Joe Jackson, who was very strict.

=== 1971–1973: ''Go to Be There,'' ''Ben,'' and ''Music &amp; Me'' ===
In 1971, Jackson embarked on his solo career and released his studio albums ''[[Got to Be There]]'' and ''[[Ben (Michael Jackson album)|Ben]]'' (both in 1972), and ''[[Music &amp; Me]]'' (1973).

''Got to Be There'' produced the [[Got to Be There (song)|song of the same name]], as Jackson's debut solo single. ''Ben'' released one single, the title track &quot;[[Ben (song)|Ben]]&quot;, which was a commercial success.

=== 1974–1981: ''Forever, Michael'', ''The Wiz'', and ''Off the Wall'' ===
In 1974, Jackson hosted the first [[American Music Awards]] with [[Donny Osmond]], Rodney Allen Rippy, and [[The Partridge Family|Ricky Segall]].

In June 1975, the Jackson 5 left Motown for [[CBS Records]] and changed their name to &quot;The Jacksons&quot;. That same year, he released his fourth solo studio album ''[[Forever, Michael]]''.

In 1976, The Jacksons got their own TV show on [[CBS]]. The show was cancelled in March 1977.

On October 24, 1978, a movie called ''[[The Wiz (movie)|The Wiz]]'' was released. The movie was a remake of ''[[The Wizard of Oz]]'' with all [[Black people|black]] actors. Jackson acted as the [[Scarecrow]].

On December 17, 1978, The Jacksons' twelfth album was released. It was the first album they had produced. Jackson wrote the album's second single &quot;[[Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)]]&quot; with Randy Jackson. It reached No.7 on the Billboard Hot 100.

In December 1978, Jackson started making his fifth and first solo album on [[Epic Records]]: ''[[Off the Wall]]'' with record producer [[Quincy Jones]]. It was released on August 10, 1979. The album got good reviews and a [[Grammy Award]] for Best Male [[Rhythm and blues|R&amp;B]] Vocal Performance.

The Jacksons' thirteenth album, ''[[Triumph (The Jacksons album)|Triumph]],'' was released in 1980.
[[File:Michael Jackson 1984 (enhanced).jpg|thumb|Jackson in 1984]]

=== 1982–1983: ''Thriller'', and ''Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever'' ===
In 1982, Jackson made &quot;[[Someone in the Dark]]&quot; for the ''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial|E.T.: the Extra-Terrestrial]]'' soundtrack. It won a Grammy for Best Recording for Children in 1984.

On October 18, 1982, the first single from his sixth studio album ''[[Thriller (Michael Jackson album)|Thriller]]'', &quot;[[The Girl Is Mine]]&quot;, was released. It was sung with [[Paul McCartney]]. Some people thought that the album wasn't going to be very good because of the song.

On November 30, 1982, ''Thriller'' was released, which went on to become the best-selling album of all time. Jackson didn't do a tour to promote the album. The album sold around 70 million copies worldwide.

''Thriller'' includes famous songs like &quot;[[Beat It]]&quot; and &quot;[[Billie Jean]]&quot; and &quot;[[Thriller (song)|Thriller]]&quot;.

&quot;Thriller&quot; has a unique [[Michael Jackson's Thriller (music video)|music video]], in which shows Jackson and others dancing like [[Zombie|zombies]]. The popularity of these videos helped bring the television channel [[MTV]] to fame. 

That year, Jackson won seven other Grammys for his studio album ''Thriller''.&lt;ref name=&quot;IMDB&quot;&gt;[[imdbname:0001391|imdb.com]]&lt;/ref&gt; 

In 1983, Jackson wrote three songs with [[Queen (band)|Queen]]'s lead singer [[Freddie Mercury]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Locker |first=Melissa |url=http://entertainment.time.com/2013/07/29/michael-jackson-and-freddie-mercury-three-duets-coming-out-this-fall/ |title=Michael Jackson and Freddie Mercury: Three Duets Coming Out This Fall |work=TIME |date=2013-07-29 |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; That same year, he performed &quot;Billie Jean&quot; during an [[NBC]] special called ''[[Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever]]'', where he debuted the &quot;[[moonwalk]]&quot;, in which became his signature dance move in his repertoire.

=== 1984–1985: Pepsi commercial, songs, and albums ===
[[File:Michael Jackson autographing 'We Are The World' posters 1985.jpg|thumb|266x266px|Jackson signing a &quot;[[We Are the World]]&quot; poster in 1985]]On January 27, 1984, Michael's hair caught on fire while he was filming a Pepsi Cola commercial with the rest of The Jacksons. He received severe burns and was rushed to the hospital.

Pepsi paid $1.5 million to Jackson, who gave it to the Brotman Medical Center in [[Culver City, California]]. The accident left him with severe chronic pain, and he started taking [[narcotic]] [[Analgesic|pain medications]]. 

In May 1984, &quot;Farewell My Summer Love&quot;, a song that Jackson wrote in 1973, was released as a single. It reached number seven in the [[UK Singles Chart]].

&quot;[[Somebody's Watching Me]]&quot;, a single by [[Rockwell (musician)|Rockwell]] with Jackson singing on the [[Refrain|chorus]], was released January 14, 1984. It reached number one in [[Spain]] and [[France]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=InfoDisc : Tout les Titres N° 1 des 80's|url=http://www.infodisc.fr/Number1_80.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120112709/http://www.infodisc.fr/Number1_80.php|archive-date=2012-11-20|publisher=Infodisc.fr|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Jacksons' album ''[[Victory (The Jacksons album)|Victory]]'' was released on July 2, 1984. Between July and December 1984, Jackson toured with his brothers. He won eight awards at the 1984 [[American Music Awards]], the most anyone has ever won at once. He also won Best International Solo Artist and Best International Album at the [[BRIT Awards]].

Jermaine Jackson released his tenth album, ''[[Jermaine Jackson (album)|Jermaine Jackson]]''. Michael sang on a song from the album, &quot;[[Tell Me I'm Not Dreaming' (Too Good to Be True)]]&quot;. It was nominated for Best R&amp;B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals at the 1985 Grammy Awards.

In August 1985, Jackson bought [[music publisher]] [[ATV Music]] for $47.5 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/music/la-et-hilburn-michael-jackson-sep22,0,540678,full.story |title=The long and winding road - Los Angeles Times |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=1985-09-22 |accessdate=2014-06-24 |archive-date=2012-06-11 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68LcROJJ2?url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/music/la-et-hilburn-michael-jackson-sep22,0,540678,full.story |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; They owned the rights to [[The Beatles]].

Jackson wrote &quot;[[We Are the World]]&quot; with [[Lionel Richie]] in 1985. The song was recorded by [[USA for Africa]]. It was released as a single around the world to raise money to give to [[Starvation|starving]] people in [[Africa]]. It sold over 20 million copies. It also won four Grammy Awards.

=== 1986–1990: ''Bad'', autobiography, and videogames ===
[[File:Michael Jackson-3.jpg|thumb|Jackson performing &quot;[[The Way You Make Me Feel]]&quot; in 1988]]
In August 1987, his seventh studio album ''[[Bad (album)|Bad]]'', was released. Jackson wanted it to sell 100 million copies; it has sold over 45 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Michael-Jacksons-Thriller-is-1st-Album-Certified-33x-Million-Bad-Certified-10-Million-20170216#|title=Michael Jackson's 'Thriller' is 1st Album Certified 33x Million; 'Bad' Certified 10 Million|last=Desk|first=BWW News|access-date=2017-11-20|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Five of ''Bad's'' seven singles were No.1 in the U.S.:&quot;[[I Just Can't Stop Loving You]]&quot;, &quot;[[Bad (Michael Jackson song)|Bad]]&quot;, &quot;[[The Way You Make Me Feel]]&quot;, &quot;[[Man in the Mirror]]&quot; and &quot;[[Dirty Diana]]&quot;. Until [[Katy Perry]]'s success with her 2010 album ''[[Teenage Dream]]'', Jackson was the only musician to ever have had that many singles from one album be No.1. 

From September 1987 to January 1989, Jackson did the [[Bad (tour)|Bad World Tour]]. This was the first tour he did on his own. 

In 1988, ''[[Moonwalk (book)|Moonwalk]]'', a book Jackson wrote about his life, was published. It took Jackson four years to write. The book sold 200,000 copies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/celebrity/articles/2009/06/27/writer_stephen_davis_remembers_michael_jackson/ |title=Writer Stephen Davis remembers Michael Jackson |work=The Boston Globe |date=2009-06-27 |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jackson then made and released ''[[Moonwalker]]''. In 1989, some [[Michael Jackson's Moonwalker|video games]] about the movie were released by U.S. Gold.

In 1986, [[Disneyland]] and [[Epcot]] started showing a short film called ''[[Captain EO]]'' that starred Jackson. 

Jackson sang &quot;You Were There&quot; at [[Sammy Davis Jr.]]'s 60th birthday celebration. He was nominated for an [[Emmy Award]] for his performance.

The Jacksons released their last album, ''2300 Jackson Street,'' in 1989. Michael sang on the album's second single &quot;[[2300 Jackson Street (song)|2300 Jackson Street]]&quot; with his brothers and two of their sisters, Janet and Rebbie. Michael was also in the song's music video.

Jackson won the Grammy Award for Best Music Video, Short Form in 1989 for &quot;[[Leave Me Alone (Michael Jackson song)|Leave Me Alone]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/awards|title=Awards|date=30 April 2017|publisher=National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 1991–1993: ''Dangerous'', charitable work, and Superbowl ===
On November 26, 1991, Jackson released his eighth studio album, ''[[Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)|Dangerous]]''. It is a [[new jack swing]] album produced with [[Teddy Riley]]. Jackson included a rapper on the album for the first time and nine singles from the album. It contains the number-one single &quot;[[Black or White]]&quot;. 

On June 27, 1992, Jackson started the [[Dangerous World Tour]]. Its goal was to raise money for charities such as the [[Heal the World Foundation]]. Jackson promised to donate all of the tour's income to [[Charitable organization|charitable organizations]]. Jackson performed to 3.5 million people in 70 concerts, and [[Gross income|grossed]] $100 million in donations.
The Dangerous World Tour was supposed to last until [[Christmas]] 1992. However, on November 11, Jackson ended the tour early because he was hospitalized.

In January 1992, Jackson performed at the [[Half-time|halftime]] show at [[Super Bowl XXVII]].

=== 1994–1996: ''HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I'', and ''Ghosts'' ===
On July 16, 1995, Jackson released his ninth studio album, [[HIStory: Past, Present and Future|''HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I'']]. This album has two discs. The first &quot;''HIStory Begins''&quot; is a collection of Jackson's greatest hits (his most popular songs, and it was later reissued in 2001 as ''Greatest Hits: HIStory, Volume I''). The second &quot;''HIStory Continues''&quot; contains fifteen songs that Jackson recorded in late 1994 and early 1995. Thirteen of those songs were new at the time, and two of them are [[Cover version|cover versions]].

''HIStory'' won the [[Grammy Award for Album of the Year]]. In August 1995, the album's single &quot;[[You Are Not Alone]]&quot; became the first single ever to go straight to No.1 on [[Billboard Hot 100|Billboard's Hot 100]] (a list of the 100 most popular songs in the United States).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://uk.news.launch.yahoo.com/dyna/article.html?a=/14112006/344/jackson-receives-world-records.html&amp;e=l_news_dm |title=Jackson receives his World Records - LAUNCH, Music on Yahoo! is now Yahoo! Music UK &amp; Ireland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527045635/http://uk.news.launch.yahoo.com/dyna/article.html?a=/14112006/344/jackson-receives-world-records.html&amp;e=l_news_dm |accessdate=2014-06-24|archive-date=2011-05-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

The video for Jackson's single &quot;[[Scream (Michael Jackson and Janet Jackson song)|Scream]]&quot; entered the [[Guinness Book of World Records]] for being the most expensive short film ever made. 

In 1996, he started his [[HIStory World Tour|''HIS''tory World Tour]], which ended the following year. Over 4.5 million fans attended a show on the tour - more than any other tour in Jackson's career. Jackson performed 82 concerts in 58 different cities, within 35 countries, on five [[Continent|continents]]. The tour [[Gross income|grossed]] a total of $165 million. 
[[File:Neverland (7652959992).jpg|thumb|Jackson's &quot;[[Neverland]]&quot; complex in [[California]] included a [[carousel]].]]
In 1997 Jackson released a short film called [[Michael Jackson's Ghosts|Ghosts]] in 1997, which he wrote with [[Stephen King]].

=== 1997–1999: ''Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix'' ===
In 1997, Jackson released ''[[Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix]]'', the best-selling [[Remixing|remix]] album ever made.&lt;ref&gt;Rojek, Chris (2007). Cultural Studies. Polity. p. 74. {{ISBN|0-7456-3683-7}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The album and its first single reached No.1 in the [[United Kingdom]]. ''Blood on the Dance Floor'' contained five new songs, including the album's first single - also called &quot;[[Blood on the Dance Floor (song)|Blood on the Dance Floor]]&quot;. 

=== 2000–2003: ''Invincible'', and ''Number Ones'' ===
Jackson won Artist of the 1980s at the American Music Awards in 2000.

On October 30, 2001, ''[[Invincible (Michael Jackson album)|Invincible]]'', Jackson's last studio album, was released. The album got good and bad reviews. It was No.1 in 12 countries and sold 13 million copies around the world. But compared to Jackson's earlier albums, it was unsuccessful. The album's first single &quot;[[You Rock My World]]&quot; was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance.

In 2002, Jackson won his 22nd American Music Award for Artist of the [[Century]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Oc40AAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=GyEGAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5669,889435&amp;dq=american+music+awards+michael+jackson&amp;hl=en|title=Lodi News-Sentinel - Google News Archive Search|publisher=Google News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On November 18, 2003, Jackson released a collection of his popular songs called ''[[Number Ones (Michael Jackson album)|Number Ones]]''. The album also includes a new song called &quot;[[One More Chance (Michael Jackson song)|One More Chance]]&quot;'','' which was released as a single. It reached number one in three countries. The album was released as a DVD too.

=== 2004–2009: Final years ===
In 2006, Sony released twenty of Jackson's popular singles on video called ''[[Visionary: The Video Singles]]''.

In March 2009, Jackson told the press that he was going to do a tour called [[This Is It (concert residency)|This Is It]]. He said that he might stop making music after this. Jackson practiced his singing and dancing for the tour in [[Los Angeles]] with [[Kenny Ortega.]] Jackson died of an overdose of [[Propofol]] on June 25, 2009, after having a cardiac arrest, and his personal physician, [[Conrad Murray]], was convicted of involuntary manslaughter.

During an Interview on YouTube during the BBC UK Show featuring &quot;Michael Jackson's This Is It&quot; Michael talked about the future of his career and that he &quot;may&quot; be retiring after his &quot;This Is It&quot; Tour, but he wasn't sure if he would or not. However, due to his death in 2009, the show was cancelled. Some show-goers who paid for tickets wanted refunds but the Jackson Estate did not provide any.

=== 2009–2010: ''This Is It'', awards, and ''Michael Jackson: The Experience'' ===
Jackson won Entertainer of the Year at the 2009 [[Soul Train Awards]]. That year he also won five American Music Awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Artist &amp;#124; The Official Michael Jackson Site|url=http://www.michaeljackson.com/us/the-artist/legacy|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706081510/http://www.michaeljackson.com/us/the-artist/legacy|archive-date=2014-07-06|publisher=Michaeljackson.com|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On October 26, 2009, a two-disc album called ''[[Michael Jackson's This Is It (album)|Michael Jackson's This Is It]]'' was released. The album's only single &quot;This Is It&quot; was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance in 2011. On October 28, 2009, ''[[Michael Jackson's This Is It]]'' was released. It was a documentary movie. The movie showed recordings of Jackson's rehearsals for his This Is It tour. Jackson died before he could do the tour. It made $72,091,016 in the United States. It has made $261,183,588 around the world. It got good reviews from movie critics. On 26 January 2010 the movie was released on DVD. It sold over a 1.5million copies in the US in the first week it was released. This was more than any other music DVD had sold in its first week.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2010-02-03|title='This Is It' dominates sales, Blu-ray charts|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/it-dominates-sales-blu-ray-20251|work=The Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jackson won the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2010. His children, Prince and [[Paris Jackson|Paris]] collected the award for Jackson.

A video game called ''[[Michael Jackson: The Experience]]'' was released by [[Ubisoft]] in November 2010 for the [[Nintendo DS]], [[PlayStation Portable]] and [[Wii]].

=== 2011–2012: Trial of Conrad Murray, and ''Bad 25'' ===
In April 2011, [[Mohamed Al-Fayed]], who was friends with Jackson when he was alive, showed the public a 7ft 6in statue of Jackson outside [[Craven Cottage]] football stadium. A lot of people did not like the statue. In July 2013 Fayed sold his football club to [[Shahid Khan]]. In September 2013 Khan chose to have the statue was removed. It was given back to Fayed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=25 September 2013|title=Michael Jackson is HIStory: Controversial statue removed from Fulham|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/michael-jackson-is-history-controversial-statue-removed-from-fulham-stadium-craven-cottage-8839090.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928083305/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/michael-jackson-is-history-controversial-statue-removed-from-fulham-stadium-craven-cottage-8839090.html|archive-date=28 September 2013|access-date=10 December 2013|website=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Man in the Music: The Creative Life and Work of Michael Jackson'', a book written by Joseph Vogel about Jackson's life, was published in 2011.

Jackson was voted as the Greatest Singer of All Time by people who did a poll on NME.com.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2011-06-21|title=Michael Jackson tops NME's Greatest Singers poll|url=http://www.nme.com/news/michael-jackson/57469#9|work=NME|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2011, there was a criminal trial for Jackson's doctor Conrad Murray. Murray was found guilty of [[involuntary manslaughter]] of Jackson. He was sentenced to four years in prison. On October 28, 2013, Murray was released from prison. He was interviewed by [[60 Minutes]]. He said that he did not think that Jackson's death was his fault in any way. The journalist [[Liz Hayes]] asked Murray if he thought that Jackson was a pedophile. Murray stared at her for 13&amp;nbsp;seconds and would not give an opinion. He said that he would not answer because he did not want to make anything up.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2013-11-25|title=Michael Jackson's doctor grilled on allegations prince of pop was pedophile|url=http://news.ninemsn.com.au/world/2013/11/25/06/25/jackson-still-speaks-to-me-says-murray|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523151638/http://news.ninemsn.com.au/world/2013/11/25/06/25/jackson-still-speaks-to-me-says-murray|archive-date=2014-05-23|publisher=News.ninemsn.com.au|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An extinct species of [[hermit crab]] was called Mesoparapylocheles michaeljacksoni after Jackson in January 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=News Detail|url=http://www.kent.edu/news/newsdetail.cfm?customel_datapageid_9299=2982474|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919020229/http://www2.kent.edu/news/newsdetail.cfm?customel_datapageid_9299=2982474|archive-date=2014-09-19|publisher=Kent.edu|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[Bad 25]]'', a documentary movie about Jackson's album ''Bad'', was released in August 2012.

In 2012, he sold almost 8 albums in the United States. He is thought to have sold 2 albums around the world in 2012. His estate makes $1 a year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2012-05-31|title=How Michael Jackson's Estate Earns $145 Million a Year (From the Magazine)|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/legal-and-management/5785879/how-michael-jacksons-estate-earns-145-million-a-year|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714085719/http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/legal-and-management/5785879/how-michael-jacksons-estate-earns-145-million-a-year|archive-date=2014-07-14|work=Billboard|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2013–2014: Further child sexual abuse allegations, The Immortal World Tour, and ''Xscape'' ===
Jackson made more money than any other dead celebrity in 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Top-Earning Dead Celebrities|url=https://www.forbes.com/special-report/2013/dead-celebrities.html|work=Forbes|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In May 2013, [[Wade Robson]] said that Jackson sexually abused him from the age of 7 to 14. In 2005 he had been a defense witness for Jackson's child molestation trial.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=16 May 2013|title=Wade Robson: Michael Jackson Was a Pedophile Who Sexually Abused Me &amp;#124; E! Online UK|url=http://uk.eonline.com/news/419620/wade-robson-michael-jackson-was-a-pedophile-who-sexually-abused-me|publisher=E!|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; In June 2014 there will be a hearing where it is decided whether Robson can sue Jackson's estate over the abuse.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2013-10-10|title=Wade Robson-Michael Jackson Molestation Trial Hearing Set For June|url=http://www.thehollywoodgossip.com/2013/10/wade-robson-michael-jackson-molestation-trial-hearing-set-for-ju/|publisher=The Hollywood Gossip|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In November 2013, ''Billboard'' magazine's issue, 44 did a cover with Michael on it. It said 'Life After Death'. Inside the magazine there was an article about the success of [[Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2009-06-25|title=Michael Jackson's Touring Life After Death: The Billboard Cover Story|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/5785656/michael-jacksons-touring-life-after-death-the-billboard-cover-story|work=Billboard|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In January 2014, a judge ruled that Jackson's family could not have another trial against AEG Live.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2014-01-14|title=Judge denies Michael Jackson's family bid for new wrongful death trial &amp;#124; Reuters|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/01/14/uk-michaeljackson-lawsuit-idUKBREA0D02A20140114|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140115141429/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/01/14/uk-michaeljackson-lawsuit-idUKBREA0D02A20140114|archive-date=2014-01-15|work=Reuters.com|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Xscape (album)|Xscape]]'' was released on May 9, 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2014-03-31|title=New Michael Jackson Album 'Xscape' to Be Released in May|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6029371/new-michael-jackson-album-xscape-to-be-released-in-may|work=Billboard|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Voice==
Jackson had a unique voice. Between 1971 and 1975, it changed from boy [[soprano]] to spinto [[tenor]]. 

Jackson had a three and a half [[octave]] [[vocal range]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2011-03-04|title=Michael Jackson 'chemically castrated' as child: doctor - Health &amp; Families - Life &amp; Style|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/michael-jackson-chemically-castrated-as-child-doctor-2231967.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209093336/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/michael-jackson-chemically-castrated-as-child-doctor-2231967.html|archive-date=2014-02-09|work=The Independent|agency=Agence France-Presse|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is the best-known musician to use the 'vocal hiccup'. He first used it in 1973 on ''It's Too Late to Change the Time'' on The Jackson 5's ''G.I.T.: Get It Together'' album. Jackson also sang 'come on' wrongly on purpose so that it sounded like 'shamone'.

==Personal life==
Jackson lived a well-publicized personal life, even though he tried to stay private. He was often in celebrity and [[tabloid]] [[Magazine|magazines]]. Later in his life, he was in magazines because of his personal life more than for his music.

===Marriages and children===
In 1994, Jackson married [[Lisa Marie Presley]], the daughter of rock musician [[Elvis Presley]]. He [[Divorce|divorced]] her in 1995 and married [[nurse]] [[Debbie Rowe]] in 1996. 

Three months after Rowe and Jackson's marriage, she gave birth to a son, Prince Michael Jackson. The next year, she gave birth to a daughter, [[Paris-Michael Katherine Jackson]]. The couple divorced in April 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/422108417.html?FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Sep%206,%202006&amp;author=Jessica%20Garrison&amp;pub=Los%20Angeles%20Times&amp;edition=&amp;startpage=&amp;desc=Case%20Reopens%20Debate%20on%20Private%20Judges;%20Michael%20Jackson's%20clash%20with%20ex-wife%20heads%20for%20county%20court%20as%20officials%20seek%20to%20reform%20system |title=Los Angeles Times: Archives - Case Reopens Debate on Private Judges |publisher=Pqasb.pqarchiver.com |date=2006-09-06 |accessdate=2014-06-24 |archive-date=2016-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306212717/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/422108417.html?FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS%3AFT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Sep%206%2C%202006&amp;author=Jessica%20Garrison&amp;pub=Los%20Angeles%20Times&amp;edition=&amp;startpage=&amp;desc=Case%20Reopens%20Debate%20on%20Private%20Judges%3B%20Michael%20Jackson%27s%20clash%20with%20ex-wife%20heads%20for%20county%20court%20as%20officials%20seek%20to%20reform%20system |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bigi Jackson was born on February 21, 2002. Jackson never said who the mother was. He is better known as Blanket. When Blanket was 8 months old, Jackson held him over a [[balcony]] with a towel over Blanket's head. At the time, people did not know that he was called Blanket. Jackson made a public apology after people got upset.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/2494249.stm |title=Entertainment &amp;#124; Jackson: Baby stunt was 'mistake' |work=BBC News |date=2002-11-20 |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

After Jackson died, his mother Katherine was made the guardian of his children. In August 2012, Jackson's nephew [[TJ Jackson|TJ]] was made the children's co-guardian.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/tj-jackson-made-permanent-guardian-michael-jackson-kids/story?id=17059177 |title=TJ Jackson Made Permanent Co-Guardian of Michael Jackson Kids |publisher=ABC News |date=2012-08-22 |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Bubbles===
In the 1980s, Jackson bought a [[chimpanzee]] from a Texas research facility. He named it Bubbles and used it for a [[pet]]. 

Bubbles frequently traveled with Jackson, who had a strong attachment to the animal. The chimp, for example, was permitted to use Jackson's personal toilet.&lt;ref name=&quot;Monkey business in the loo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=May 12, 2005|title=Monkey business in the loo|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/People/Monkey-business-in-the-loo/2005/05/12/1115843291343.html|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|accessdate=April 3, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, people started to see Jackson as an eccentric. 

The media mocked Jackson and called him &quot;Wacko Jacko,&quot; which he hated.&lt;ref name=&quot;tara 370–373&quot;&gt;{{Cite book| last=Taraborrelli | first=J. Randy | authorlink=J. Randy Taraborrelli | title=The Magic and the Madness | url=https://archive.org/details/michaeljacksonma0000tara_n7h9 | year=2004 | publisher=Headline | isbn=0-330-42005-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Media coverage often focused on Bubbles, rather than on Jackson's music, and many false stories about the animal were told. One such story claimed that Bubbles was not a single [[ape]], but one of several.&lt;ref name=&quot;tara 364&quot;&gt;Taraborrelli, p. 364&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tara 380&quot;&gt;Taraborrelli, p. 380&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Claims of sexual abuse ===
{{Main|1993 Michael Jackson sexual abuse allegations}}

In 1993, he was accused of child molestation, but there was no trial; the case was [[Settlement (litigation)|settled]] out of court.

In 2003, he was accused a second time of child molestation. In a TV documentary called ''[[Living with Michael Jackson]],'' Jackson held hands with a 12-year-old boy called Gavin Arvizo and said that he shared his bed with children.''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=James Sullivan, Chronicle Pop Culture Critic|date=2003-02-05|title=The never-ending thriller / British press goes nuts over Jackson's confessions in documentary|url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/The-never-ending-thriller-British-press-goes-2636547.php|work=San Francisco Chronicle|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' When he was 13, Gavin Arvizo accused Jackson of [[Sexual abuse|sexually abusing]] him. This time Jackson was [[Trial of Michael Jackson|tried]] in court, and in 2005 he was found not [[Guilt (law)|guilty]] of fourteen [[Indictment|criminal charges]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Staff |first=Guardian |title=Michael Jackson: the verdicts in full |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2005/jun/14/michaeljackson.michaeljacksontrial |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=14 June 2005 |access-date=31 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;


In May 2013, on the ''Today'' show, a dancer called [[Wade Robson]] alleged that Jackson sexually abused him for 7 years. Prior to this, Robson had vehemently defended Jackson, including twice under [[oath]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/05/16/showbiz/jackson-sex-accuser/ |title=Wade Robson calls Michael Jackson 'a pedophile' |date=16 May 2013 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Appearance and health ==
{{Main|Health and appearance of Michael Jackson}} 

=== Hair ===
Over the years, Jackson's [[face]] and [[Human skin colour|skin color]] changed. This attracted a lot of attention.

However, when he was filming a Pepsi commercial in 1984, Jackson got second-degree [[Burn|burns]] to his [[scalp]]. These were extremely painful, and Jackson started taking painkillers. 

In his later years Jackson always wore a hairpiece or [[wig]] that blended with his natural hair. His autopsy found that his scalp was [[Tattoo|tattooed]] black so that it blended in with his wigs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michael Jackson’s Autopsy|url=https://documents.latimes.com/michael-jackson-autopsy/|access-date=2024-09-30|website=Documents Related to Michael Jackson's Death|publisher=The Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Face ===
Jackson's face appeared to go through major changes during his career.

People especially talked about Jackson's nose. Jackson had an [[Immune system|immune]] condition called [[discoid lupus]]. According to Dr. Richard Strick, Jackson had an immune condition called discoid lupus that &quot;destroyed part of the skin of his nose&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Geraldo: The Truth Behind MJ's Plastic Surgery, Vitiligo Secrets Revealed|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxyRGJ1latc|via=YouTube|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Jackson denied having plastic surgery to his face on more than a few occasions. When people pointed out that his face changed, he said that [[puberty]], weight loss and his [[vegetarian]] [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]] were at fault.&lt;ref&gt;Jackson, pp. 229–230&lt;/ref&gt; But the change was so drastic that few people believed him.

Jackson's autopsy found that his lips were [[Tattoo|tattooed]] pink.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 October 2011|title=Medical Expert Testifies on Conrad Murray's Care of Michael Jackson - News from|url=http://www.insideedition.com/headlines/3182-medical-expert-testifies-on-conrad-murrays-care-of-michael-jackson|publisher=InsideEdition.com|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Skin color ===
Jackson's skin color varied a lot during the course of his career. It seemed to get lighter over time. People accused Jackson of wanting lighter skin and bleaching his skin to make it that way.
[[File:Vitiligo2.JPG|thumb|Like Michael Jackson did, this person has [[vitiligo]].]]
In truth, Jackson had [[vitiligo]], a rare skin condition that creates light spots on the skin. (The skin around these spots keep their normal color.) Large areas of Jackson's body were very pale. He used makeup and medication to try to make his skin color look the same all over his body. This made it look like his skin tone was getting lighter.

Jackson first revealed that he had vitiligo in a 1993 television interview with [[Oprah Winfrey]]. Later, his autopsy confirmed that Jackson did have vitiligo, with large sections of white or lightened skin on his body.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michael Jackson’s Autopsy|url=https://documents.latimes.com/michael-jackson-autopsy/|access-date=2024-09-30|website=Documents Related to Michael Jackson's Death|publisher=The Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also noted that Jackson used a skin-bleaching cream called [[Monobenzone|Benoquin]] to treat his vitiligo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michael Jackson’s Autopsy|url=https://documents.latimes.com/michael-jackson-autopsy/|access-date=2024-09-30|website=Documents Related to Michael Jackson's Death|publisher=The Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Substance abuse ===
Jackson was allegedly [[Addiction|addicted]] to [[prescription]] drugs. In fact, he died of a [[drug overdose]]. In 2009 his personal [[physician]], [[Dr. Conrad Murray]], gave him [[Intravenous therapy|intravenous]] [[Propofol]] for his [[insomnia]]. The insomnia was actually a [[side effect]] of Jackson's addiction to [[Demerol]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=2011-11-04|title=Michael Jackson's Secret World: Willing Doctors, Hospital-Grade Sedatives|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/Conrad_Murray_Trial/michael-jacksons-secret-world-doctors-hospital-grade-sedatives/story?id=14881055|publisher=ABC News|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; While Murray was out of the room, Jackson's [[Cardiac arrest|heart stopped]] and he died. 
[[File:Michael Jackson 1969.jpg|thumb|This photo of Michael in 1969 shows his original skin color.]]
Jackson had many physicians (including Dr. Murray) who supplied him with medications, including controlled substances like Demerol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

=== Mental health and trauma ===
Michael's father, Joe Jackson, abused him physically and emotionally during rehearsals.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2003-02-04|title=Jackson interview seen by 14m|language=en-GB|work=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2719763.stm|access-date=2024-09-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Petridis|first=Alexis|date=2018-06-27|title=Joe Jackson was one of the most monstrous fathers in pop|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/jun/27/joe-jackson-one-of-the-most-monstrous-fathers-in-pop|access-date=2024-09-30|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; When he found out his son was self-conscious about his appearance, his father called him &quot;big-nose.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; 

Some people have suggested that Jackson had [[body dysmorphic disorder]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-02-12|title=Famous people with BDD - BDDF|url=https://bddfoundation.org/information/more-about-bdd/famous-people-with-bdd/|access-date=2024-09-30|website=[[Body Dysmorphic Disorder]] Foundation|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Angeles|first=OCD Center of Los|date=2009-06-26|title=Michael Jackson and Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)|url=https://ocdla.com/michael-jackson-bdd-1933|access-date=2024-09-30|website=OCD Center of Los Angeles|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gottlieb|first=Scott|date=2004-03-25|title=Cognitive behaviour therapy can reduce hypochondriasis|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/328/7442/725.2|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=328|issue=7442|pages=725|doi=10.1136/bmj.328.7442.725-a|issn=0959-8138|pmid=15044272}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a teenager, he had [[acne]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; In ''Living With Michael Jackson,'' Jackson told Martin Bashir how he went home and cried after a woman called him ugly because of his acne.&lt;ref&gt;Shaw, Julie (Director). (2003) ''Living with Michael Jackson: A Tonight Special.'' Granada Television.&lt;/ref&gt; The disorder is often triggered by appearance-related [[bullying]]. 

Some people think that Jackson had [[anorexia nervosa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=The Detail|first=|date=2021-01-10|title=Michael Jackson’s Secret Eating Disorder|url=https://thedetailchannel.medium.com/michael-jacksons-secret-eating-disorder-50448227d34e|access-date=2024-09-30|website=Medium|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2009-07-13|title=Book: Jackson told daughter he was dying|url=https://www.today.com/popculture/book-jackson-told-daughter-he-was-dying-wbna31892183|access-date=2024-09-30|website=TODAY.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1984, Jackson weighed 105&amp;nbsp;pounds. He was 5&quot;9 tall. This would have made his [[BMI]] 15.5, which is very [[underweight]].&lt;ref&gt;Taraborrelli, pp. 312–313&lt;/ref&gt; He weighed 112&amp;nbsp;lbs. when he died. This is in the unhealthy range.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/story/890744/jackson-trial-pathologist-death-was-homicide |title=Jackson Trial Pathologist: 'Death Was Homicide' |publisher=Sky News |date=2011-10-12 |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Physical health ===
Jackson may have had a rare genetic disease called [[Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency]], according to a [[Biography|biographer]] called [[Ian Halperin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Park |first=Alice |url=http://content.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1907262,00.html |title=Michael Jackson's Mysterious Medical Past |work=Time |date=2009-06-26 |accessdate=2014-06-24 |archive-date=2014-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813041648/http://content.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1907262,00.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Halpern wrote that Jackson's genetic disease had caused him to lose 95% of the vision in his left eye.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Sean Michaels |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/dec/23/michael-jackson-illness |title=Michael Jackson 'half-blind' with rare illness  |work=The Guardian |date=2008-12-23 |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; In fact, Jackson's doctor Conrad Murray said that he thought Jackson was &quot;legally [[Blindness|blind]]&quot; and had [[phlebitis]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=&lt;!-- // .ad .ad-halfpage --&gt; |url=http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/music/michael-jackson-legally-blind-doctors-thought-his-flesh-was-rotting-jurors-in-dr-conrad-murray-trial-hear/story-e6frfn09-1226165487462 |title=Conrad Murray tells jurors Michael Jackson legally blind, flesh smelt rotten |publisher=News.com.au |date=2011-10-13 |accessdate=2014-06-24 |archive-date=2013-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520032007/http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/music/michael-jackson-legally-blind-doctors-thought-his-flesh-was-rotting-jurors-in-dr-conrad-murray-trial-hear/story-e6frfn09-1226165487462 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/jury-hears-of-jacksons-catalogue-of-illnesses-toenail-fungus-and-urination-problems/story-e6frg6so-1226164624139&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Controversies ===
Aspects of Jackson's personal life, including his changing appearance, personal relationships, and behavior, generated [[controversy]]. He was [[1993 Michael Jackson sexual abuse allegations|accused of child sexual abuse]] in 1993, but the case was settled out of court. In 2003, Jackson was charged with child sexual abuse by Gavin Arvizo. In 2005, Jackson was found not guilty of all charges.

== Death ==
{{Main|Death of Michael Jackson}} 
[[File:2300 Jackson Street Yuksel.jpg|thumb|Michael's childhood home in [[Gary, Indiana]] with flowers left after his death]]
On June 25, 2009, Jackson was found without a heartbeat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,529103,00.html |title= AP: Michael Jackson Dies at Los Angeles Hospital |publisher= [[Fox News]] |date= 2009-06-25 |accessdate= 2009-06-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and taken by [[ambulance]] to the [[Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center]]. He had been unresponsive since 12:15. He arrived at the [[hospital]] with no signs of life. Though he was not pronounced dead when he arrived at the hospital, by 1pm he had already [[died]]. His death was announced that day at 2:25pm,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first= Andrew |last=Blankstein |author2= Phil Willon |title=Michael Jackson is dead [Updated] |date=June 25, 2009 |work=[[The LA Times]]|url= http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2009/06/pop-star-michael-jackson-was-rushed-to-a-hospital-this-afternoon-by-los-angeles-fire-department-paramedics--capt-steve-ruda.html  |accessdate= 25 June 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and confirmed by the Los Angeles coroner at 4:30pm.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Special Report with Keith Olberman |publisher=[[MSNBC]] TV |date=June 25, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jackson died just two months before his 51st birthday. The news of his death spread around the world very quickly. People around the world grieved on a scale never seen before.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Gillum|first=Jack|date=2009-06-30|title=News of Jackson death breaks Web records|url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2009-06-26-jackson-web-traffic_N.htm|work=USA Today|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rumors and news items about Jackson's death broke records for web traffic. Jackson's death gave [[Google]], [[Twitter]], [[Facebook]], and [[Yahoo!|Yahoo]] the most page views they had ever encountered.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Albanesius|first=Chloe|date=2009-06-26|title=Jackson's Death Prompts Record Traffic for Yahoo  &amp; Opinion|url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2349422,00.asp|work=PC Magazine|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Sharon Gaudin|date=2009-06-26|title=Michael Jackson's death sparks Internet crush|url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&amp;articleId=9134896&amp;intsrc=news_ts_head|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65EhwGKVn?url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9134896/Michael_Jackson_s_death_sparks_Internet_crush?intsrc=news_ts_head|archive-date=2012-02-05|work=Computerworld|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; This enormous amount of [[Web traffic|Internet traffic]] caused a cyberspace traffic jam.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} 

=== Dr. Murray ===
Jackson's doctor [[Conrad Murray]], who supplied the Propofol, claimed Jackson took the overdose himself. However, the Coroner ruled the death was a homicide. Murray was charged with involuntary manslaughter and served four years in prison.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2013-10-28|title=Michael Jackson doctor Conrad Murray released from jail|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-24704030|access-date=2024-09-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Propofol is used as [[Anesthetic|anesthesia]] for major [[Surgery|surgeries]] and requires heavy monitoring, including [[Nurse|nurses]] and medical equipment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Propofol (Intravenous Route) Side Effects|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/propofol-intravenous-route/side-effects/drg-20488192?p=1|access-date=2024-09-30|website=The [[Mayo Clinic]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Conrad Murray admitted to police that he had none of these when he gave Jackson the Propofol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; His autopsy discussed how dangerous Murray's actions were. It also noted that Jackson had an increased risk of respiratory failure because he had a lung injury.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Memorial service ===
A two-hour [[Funeral|memorial service]] was held at the [[Crypto.com Arena|Staples Center]] in downtown Los Angeles on July 7, 2009. It began with [[Smokey Robinson]] reading comments by [[Nelson Mandela]], [[Diana Ross]] and other close friends of Jackson's who could not attend the memorial.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Jesse |last=Washington |title=Jackson casket on stage |url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iJN6FHrmT75HzSZChIb2PDzFEDXgD999OGF83 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=7 July 2009 |accessdate=7 July 2009 |archive-date=10 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710131936/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iJN6FHrmT75HzSZChIb2PDzFEDXgD999OGF83 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

[[Mariah Carey]] sang &quot;[[I'll Be There (Jackson 5 song)|I'll Be There]]&quot; at the memorial service, followed by a speech given by [[Queen Latifah]]. [[Lionel Richie]] performed &quot;Jesus is Love&quot;. [[Berry Gordy]], Motown founder, spoke next, offering condolences. [[Kobe Bryant]] and [[Magic Johnson]] also spoke, with Magic describing the event as a &quot;celebration of Jackson's life and works&quot; rather than a funeral. 
[[File:Michael Jackson Memorial.jpg|thumb|A memorial to Michael in [[Munich, Germany]]]]
[[Jennifer Hudson]] sang &quot;[[Will You Be There]]&quot; accompanied by a music video. Reverend [[Al Sharpton]] then gave a speech about how Jackson kept rising and &quot;never stopped&quot;. [[John Mayer]] played the guitar as he did in Michael Jackson's song [[Human Nature (Michael Jackson song)|Human Nature]]. This was followed by [[Brooke Shields]] speaking. 

[[Jermaine Jackson]], Jackson's older brother, then performed [[Smile (Charlie Chaplin song)|Smile]], Michael's favorite song written by comic drama legend [[Charlie Chaplin]]. Next to speak were [[Martin Luther King III]] and [[Bernice King]]. Congresswoman [[Sheila Jackson Lee]] followed them, claiming &quot;people are innocent until proven guilty.&quot; (This was a reminder to people who accused Jackson of unproven [[Child sexual abuse|child molestations]]). She also said that Jackson's [[Humanitarianism|humanitarian]] efforts should be praised. 

[[Usher (musician)|Usher]] then sang &quot;[[Gone Too Soon]]&quot;, followed by a [[Montage (filmmaking)|montage]] of old videos of Jackson himself. Shamim sang next, with [[Kenny Ortega]] introducing him afterward. Kenny Ortega explained that Michael Jackson saw the Staples Center as his home, which is why the funeral service was held there. Ortega then sang a tribute to Jackson, including &quot;[[We Are the World]]&quot; and &quot;[[Heal the World]]&quot;. 

The service ended with speeches by members of Michael's family, including [[Jermaine Jackson|Jermaine]], [[Marlon Jackson|Marlon]] and daughter [[Paris Jackson|Paris]]. Paris began to cry and said that &quot;Daddy was the best father anyone could have.&quot; She added &quot;I will miss him&quot; before leaving the microphone and turning into [[Janet Jackson]]'s arms.

===Burial===
At first, Michael Jackson's custom-made quarter-million dollar golden [[Coffin|casket]], [[nickname]]d &quot;The [[Prometheus|Promethean]],&quot; was not expected to appear at the memorial service. However, due to a change in the family's plans, the casket did appear.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=Jesse|last=Washington|title=Michael Jackson's casket to be taken to memorial|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iJN6FHrmT75HzSZChIb2PDzFEDXgD999LPBO0|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=7 July 2009|accessdate=7 July 2009|archive-date=10 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710135501/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iJN6FHrmT75HzSZChIb2PDzFEDXgD999LPBO0|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Viewing parties were held all over the world for the [[Broadcasting|broadcast]]. Movie theaters showed the memorial service in [[Times Square]], the [[Apollo Theater]], [[Raleigh]], and [[Berlin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=Hollie |last=McKay |title=Jackson Memorial Airing Live at a Theater (Maybe) Near You|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,530297,00.html|publisher=[[Fox News]]|date=7 July 2009|accessdate=7 July 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; The broadcast was replayed a few times the next day. An estimated 1 billion people tuned into the farewell concert.

Over 3,000 police officers were assigned to the event, the largest amount assigned to a single event since the [[1984 Summer Olympics]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=CNN|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/07/07/michael.jackson.security/index.html?eref=rss_showbiz|date=7 July 2009|accessdate=2009-09-03|title=Cost only security problem at Jackson memorial}}&lt;/ref&gt; It cost the City of [[Los Angeles]] 1.4 million dollars.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Vercammen|first=Paul|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Music/07/08/michael.jackson.cost/index.html?eref=rss_topstories |publisher=CNN |date=8 July 2009 |accessdate=2009-09-03|title=Mayor's office: Michael Jackson memorial cost L.A. around $1.4 million}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jackson's funeral took place nine weeks after he died, in [[Glendale, California]] on September 3, 2009. He was laid to rest at 9:45 pm in the [[mausoleum]], above the ground. Some family members had wanted him to be buried below ground in the mausoleum, while Jermaine Jackson wanted him buried on Neverland ranch.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=July 10, 2009|title=Jackson Family Feud: Where Will Michael Be Buried?|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,531508,00.html|publisher=Fox News|accessdate=4 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, Michael's mother Katherine made the final decision.

== Legacy ==
Through music videos and live performances, Jackson is known for popularizing dance moves such as the robot, the anti-gravity lean, the side slide, the crotch grab, and the [[moonwalk]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Silviya|first=Y|date=March 24, 2023|title=Reminiscing 11 Iconic Dance Moves of the King of Pop, Michael Jackson|url=https://indigomusic.com/pop-cultures/reminiscing-11-iconic-dance-moves-of-the-king-of-pop-michael-jackson|access-date=September 30, 2024|website=Indigo Music}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

He won many awards and broke records. He is the most successful entertainer of all time, according to [[Guinness World Records]]. 

Jackson gave to many [[Charitable organization|charitable organizations]] and pioneered efforts to raise funds for charities in the [[entertainment industry]].

Jackson traveled the world attending events honoring his [[humanitarianism]]. In 2000, the ''Guinness World Records'' recognized him for supporting 39 charities, more than any other entertainer. 

People continue to buy Jackson's albums and listen to his songs. He is one of the best-selling music artists in history, with worldwide sales approaching 400 million records.

Many of Michael Jackson's songs are still extremely popular. These include:
* &quot;[[Bad (song)|Bad]]&quot;
* &quot;[[Beat It]]&quot;
* &quot;[[Billie Jean]]&quot;
* &quot;[[Black or White]]&quot;
* &quot;[[Earth Song]]&quot;
* &quot;[[Heal the World]]&quot;
* &quot;[[Thriller (Michael Jackson album)|Thriller]]&quot;

==Aftermath==
=== Recent releases ===
Jackson recorded several songs before his death. He had recently released a compilation album called ''[[Michael (Michael Jackson album)|Michael]]'' (2010), featuring remixed songs and new songs such as &quot;[[Hold My Hand (Michael Jackson and Akon song)|Hold My Hand]]&quot; a duet between him and popular singer [[Akon]], and &quot;[[Monster (Michael Jackson song)|Monster]]&quot;, a strong song with lots of attitudes and a hint of dislike for the paparazzi. Also &quot;[[(I Like) The Way You Love Me]]&quot;, &quot;[[Michael (Michael Jackson album)|Keep Your Head Up]]&quot;, and &quot;[[Michael (Michael Jackson album)|Much Too Soon]]&quot;.

In 2014, he released the second posthumous album, ''[[Xscape (album)|Xscape]]'' which includes the songs &quot;[[Love Never Felt So Good]]&quot; featuring [[Justin Timberlake]], &quot;[[Slave to the Rhythm]]&quot;, and &quot;[[A Place With No Name]]&quot;.

A [[Michael (2026 movie)|biopic]] based on Jackson's life and career was officially announced and stars [[Jermaine Jackson]]'s son [[Jaafar Jackson]] as Michael Jackson. The movie was released in April 2026.

== Discography ==

=== Studio albums ===
* ''[[Got to Be There]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Ben (Michael Jackson album)|Ben]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Music &amp; Me]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Forever, Michael]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Off the Wall]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Thriller (Michael Jackson album)|Thriller]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Bad (album)|Bad]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)|Dangerous]]'' (1991)
* ''[[HIStory: Past, Present and Future|HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Invincible]]'' (2001)

==== Posthumous albums ====

* ''[[Michael (Michael Jackson album)|Michael]]'' (2010)
* [[Xscape (album)|''Xscape'']] (2014)

== Filmography ==
* ''[[The Wiz (movie)|The Wiz]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Michael Jackson's Thriller (music video)|Michael Jackson's Thriller]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Captain EO]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Moonwalker]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Michael Jackson's Ghosts]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Men in Black II]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Miss Cast Away and the Islands Girls]]'' (2004)

=== Documentaries after death ===
* ''[[Michael Jackson's This Is It]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Bad 25 (movie)|Bad 25]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Michael Jackson: The Last Photo Shoot]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Michael Jackson's Journey from Motown to Off the Wall]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Square One: Michael Jackson]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Thriller 40]]'' (2023)

== Tours ==
* [[Bad (tour)|Bad World Tour]] (1987–1989)
* [[Dangerous World Tour]] (1992–1993)
* [[HIStory World Tour]] (1996–1997)

=== Singles ===
{{main|Michael Jackson singles discography}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Other websites==
{{commons|Michael Jackson}}
*{{official|https://www.michaeljackson.com}}
*[https://vault.fbi.gov/Michael%20Jackson Michael Jackson] at the [[FBI]]'s website
*{{IMDb name|0001391}}

{{Michael Jackson}}
{{African American topics}}
{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:African-American actors]]
[[Category:African-American musicians]]
[[Category:American autobiographers]]
[[Category:American manslaughter victims]]
[[Category:Philanthropists from Indiana]]
[[Category:American drummers]]
[[Category:American guitarists]]
[[Category:American pianists]]
[[Category:American R&amp;B singers]]
[[Category:American pop singers]]
[[Category:American soul singers]]
[[Category:American rock singers]]
[[Category:American disco singers]]
[[Category:American new jack swing singers]]
[[Category:Jackson family]]
[[Category:Singer-songwriters from Indiana]]
[[Category:Brit Award winners]]
[[Category:American Grammy Award winners]]
[[Category:Deaths from cardiac arrest]]
[[Category:Drug-related accidental deaths in the United States]]
[[Category:New wave musicians]]
[[Category:Michael Jackson]]
[[Category:People acquitted of sex crimes]]
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{{Infobox person
| name               = Michael Jackson
| alt                = Michael Jackson
| image              = Michael Jackson 1983 (3x4 cropped) (contrast).jpg
| caption            = Jackson in 1983
| birth_name         = Michael Joseph Jackson
| alias              = Michael Joe Jackson&lt;!-- Legal aliases only. This is not a field for nicknames.--&gt;
| birth_date         = {{Birth date|1958|8|29}}
| birth_place        = [[Gary, Indiana|Gary]], [[Indiana]], U.S.
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|2009|6|25|1958|8|29}}
| death_place        = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S.
| death_cause        = [[Cardiac arrest]] caused by acute [[propofol]] and [[benzodiazepine]] [[intoxication]] ([[Death of Michael Jackson|details]])
| resting_place      = 
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| burial_place       = [[Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)|Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California]], U.S.
| burial_coordinates = {{coord|34.125|-118.240|display=inline, title|name=Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale}}
| nationality        = [[Americans|American]]
| citizenship        = [[United States]] (1958–2009)
| works              = 
| education          = 
| alma_mater         = [[Montclair College Preparatory School]]
| occupation         = {{hlist|[[Singer]]|[[songwriter]]|[[dancer]]|[[musician]]|[[philanthropist]]|[[producer]]}}
| years_active       = 1964–2009
| known_for          = Music career
| notable_works      = {{flatlist|
* [[Michael Jackson singles discography|Singles]]
}}
| height             = 5 ft 9 in
| spouse             = {{marriage|[[Lisa Marie Presley]]|1994|1996|end=divorced}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|[[Debbie Rowe]]|1996|2000|end=divorced}}
| children           = 3, including [[Paris Jackson|Paris]]
| mother             = [[Katherine Jackson]]
| father             = [[Joe Jackson (manager)|Joe Jackson]]
| family             = [[Jackson family]]
| awards             = [[List of awards and nominations received by Michael Jackson|Full list]]
| website            = {{url|https://www.michaeljackson.com/}}
| signature          = Michael Jackson signature.svg
| signature_size     = 100px
| module             = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
 | instrument      = {{hlist|Vocals|guitar|keyboards|piano|bass|drums}}&lt;!--If you think an instrument should be listed, a discussion to reach consensus is needed first--&gt;
 | background      = solo_singer
 | genre           = &lt;!--These music genres are all sourced under the section #Musical themes and genres--&gt;{{hlist|[[Contemporary R&amp;B|R&amp;B]]|[[Pop music|pop]]|[[soul music|soul]]|[[funk]]|[[Hip hop music|hip hop]]|[[rock music|rock]]|[[disco]]|[[post-disco]]|[[dance-pop]]|[[new jack swing]]}}
 | label           = {{hlist|[[Steeltown Records|Steeltown]]|[[Motown]]|[[Epic Records|Epic]]|[[Legacy Recordings|Legacy]]|[[Sony Music|Sony]]|MJJ Productions}}
 | associated_acts = &lt;!--These associated acts are all sourced under #Discography--&gt;[[The Jackson 5]]
}}
}}
'''Michael Joseph Jackson''' (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009), also known by his initials '''MJ''', was an American [[singer]], [[songwriter]], [[dancer]], and [[philanthropist]]. Dubbed the &quot;'''King of Pop'''&quot;, he is often regarded as one of the most culturally significant figures of the 20th century. Over a four-decade career, his musical achievements broke racial barriers in the U.S. and made him a dominant figure across the world. Through songs, concerts, and fashion, he proliferated visual performance for artists in [[popular music]]; popularizing street dance moves including the [[Moonwalk (dance)|moonwalk]], the [[Robot (dance)|robot]], and the [[Smooth Criminal#anti-gravity lean|anti-gravity lean]]. Jackson is often deemed the greatest entertainer of all time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Villarreal |first=Yvonne |date=June 29, 2009 |title=Remembering Michael Jackson: 'The Greatest Entertainer of All Time' |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-jun-29-et-jackson-tribute29-story.html |access-date=January 16, 2025 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The eighth child of the [[Jackson family]], Michael began performing in 1964 with his brothers in [[the Jackson 5]] at the age of 6. The group gained worldwide fame with him as its lead singer and recorded multiple successful singles. In the early 1970s, he embarked on his solo career. Later, he rose to global stardom with the release of his fifth studio album ''[[Off the Wall]]'' (1979), and then achieved unprecedented global success with ''[[Thriller (Michael Jackson album)|Thriller]]'' (1982), the best-selling album in music history. The [[Music video|music videos]] for the singles, &quot;[[Beat It]]&quot;, &quot;[[Billie Jean]]&quot;, and &quot;[[Thriller (song)|Thriller]]&quot;, redefined the medium. ''[[Bad (album)|Bad]]'' (1987), is the first album to produce five [[Billboard Hot 100]] number-one singles &quot;[[I Just Can't Stop Loving You]]&quot;, &quot;[[Bad (Michael Jackson song)|Bad]]&quot;, &quot;[[The Way You Make Me Feel]]&quot;, &quot;[[Man in the Mirror]]&quot;, and &quot;[[Dirty Diana]]&quot;. ''[[Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)|Dangerous]]'' (1991) and ''[[HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I]]'' (1995), produced the US number-one singles &quot;[[Black or White]]&quot; and &quot;[[You Are Not Alone]]&quot;. His final studio album ''[[Invincible]]'' (2001) is the most expensive album ever made. When [[Death of Michael Jackson|he died]] in 2009 at age 50, he had spent 44 years working in the [[music industry]]. 

Jackson remains a global figure in [[popular culture]]. His contributions to music, dance, and [[fashion]] had a major cultural impact. Finally, his highly publicized personal life kept him in the public eye. Jackson died in 2009 from an [[overdose]] of [[propofol]] administered by [[Conrad Murray|Dr. Conrad Murray]]. [[Trial of Conrad Murray|Murray's trial]] was widely publicized, and he went to prison for involuntary manslaughter.

Jackson influenced artists across many music [[Genre|genres]]. Through [[Concert|stage]] and video performances, he popularized complicated dance moves such as the moonwalk, the robot, and the anti-gravity lean. Jackson is the [[List of awards and nominations received by Michael Jackson|most awarded individual music artist]] in history: his awards include 15 [[Grammy Award|Grammy Awards]], 6 [[BRIT Awards]], a [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe]], and 39 [[Guinness World Records]], including &quot;Most Successful [[Entertainer]] of All Time&quot;. He is included in the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]], the Vocal Group [[Hall of fame|Hall of Fame]], the [[Songwriter|Songwriters]] Hall of Fame, the National [[Rhythm and blues|Rhythm &amp; Blues]] Hall of Fame, and the Dance Hall of Fame. Jackson is one of the best-selling music artists of all time, with estimated sales of over 500 million records.

==Early life and career==

===Early life===
Michael Joseph Jackson was born to a family of [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] on August 29, 1958, at St Mary's Mercy Hospital in [[Gary, Indiana]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Barnes|first=Brokes|date=June 25, 2009|title=A Star Idolized and Haunted, Michael Jackson Dies at 50|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/26/arts/music/26jackson.html?ref=obituaries&amp;_r=0|access-date=September 30, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was the eighth of [[Katherine Jackson|Katherine]] and [[Joe Jackson]]'s ten children.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.truemichaeljackson.com/childhood/|title=Childhood :: True Michael Jackson|website=truemichaeljackson.com|access-date=2020-02-11|archive-date=2019-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204131417/https://www.truemichaeljackson.com/childhood/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Jackson's father Joseph was a [[steel]] [[Mill (grinding)|mill]] worker who played guitar in a rhythm and blues band to earn extra money for the family.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Sweeting|first=Adam|date=2018-06-27|title=Joe Jackson obituary|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/jun/27/joe-jackson-obituary|access-date=2024-09-30|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 1964: The Jackson Brothers ===
On January 1, 1964, Jackson and his brother [[Marlon Jackson|Marlon]] joined The Jackson Brothers, a band that their older brothers [[Jackie Jackson|Jackie]], [[Tito Jackson|Tito]], and [[Jermaine Jackson|Jermaine]] had started.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=You Are Not Alone: Michael Through a Brother's Eyes|url=https://archive.org/details/youarenotalonemi0000jack|last=Jackson|first=Jermaine|publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4516-5156-0|location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt; When they did their first public performance, Jackson was just five years old.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rockhall.com/inductees/the-jackson-five/ |title=The Jackson 5: inducted in 1997 &amp;#124; The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum |publisher=Rockhall.com |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When Jackson was 8, he and Jermaine became the group's main singers. The group's name then changed to The Jackson 5. 

=== 1965: The Jackson 5 ===
{{main|The Jackson 5}}

The members of the Jackson 5 were the same as the &quot;Jackson Brothers&quot;: Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon, and Michael Jackson.

The group won an important [[talent show]] in 1966. Two years later they were signed to a famous record label called [[Motown Records]]. Their first [[Motown]] single ''I Want You Back'' reached No. 1 in the ''[[Billboard Hot 100]],'' a list of the 100 top songs in the [[United States]].
[[File:Michael Jackson 1977.JPG|thumb|Jackson in 1977]]
They became quite popular and performed many original songs, including &quot;[[ABC (song)|ABC]]&quot; and &quot;[[I'll Be There (Jackson 5 song)|I'll Be There]]&quot;. They were managed by their father Joe Jackson, who was very strict.

=== 1971–1973: ''Go to Be There,'' ''Ben,'' and ''Music &amp; Me'' ===
In 1971, Jackson embarked on his solo career and released his studio albums ''[[Got to Be There]]'' and ''[[Ben (Michael Jackson album)|Ben]]'' (both in 1972), and ''[[Music &amp; Me]]'' (1973).

''Got to Be There'' produced the [[Got to Be There (song)|song of the same name]], as Jackson's debut solo single. ''Ben'' released one single, the title track &quot;[[Ben (song)|Ben]]&quot;, which was a commercial success.

=== 1974–1981: ''Forever, Michael'', ''The Wiz'', and ''Off the Wall'' ===
In 1974, Jackson hosted the first [[American Music Awards]] with [[Donny Osmond]], Rodney Allen Rippy, and [[The Partridge Family|Ricky Segall]].

In June 1975, the Jackson 5 left Motown for [[CBS Records]] and changed their name to &quot;The Jacksons&quot;. That same year, he released his fourth solo studio album ''[[Forever, Michael]]''.

In 1976, The Jacksons got their own TV show on [[CBS]]. The show was cancelled in March 1977.

On October 24, 1978, a movie called ''[[The Wiz (movie)|The Wiz]]'' was released. The movie was a remake of ''[[The Wizard of Oz]]'' with all [[Black people|black]] actors. Jackson acted as the [[Scarecrow]].

On December 17, 1978, The Jacksons' twelfth album was released. It was the first album they had produced. Jackson wrote the album's second single &quot;[[Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)]]&quot; with Randy Jackson. It reached No.7 on the Billboard Hot 100.

In December 1978, Jackson started making his fifth and first solo album on [[Epic Records]]: ''[[Off the Wall]]'' with record producer [[Quincy Jones]]. It was released on August 10, 1979. The album got good reviews and a [[Grammy Award]] for Best Male [[Rhythm and blues|R&amp;B]] Vocal Performance.

The Jacksons' thirteenth album, ''[[Triumph (The Jacksons album)|Triumph]],'' was released in 1980.
[[File:Michael Jackson 1984 (enhanced).jpg|thumb|Jackson in 1984]]

=== 1982–1983: ''Thriller'', and ''Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever'' ===
In 1982, Jackson made &quot;[[Someone in the Dark]]&quot; for the ''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial|E.T.: the Extra-Terrestrial]]'' soundtrack. It won a Grammy for Best Recording for Children in 1984.

On October 18, 1982, the first single from his sixth studio album ''[[Thriller (Michael Jackson album)|Thriller]]'', &quot;[[The Girl Is Mine]]&quot;, was released. It was sung with [[Paul McCartney]]. Some people thought that the album wasn't going to be very good because of the song.

On November 30, 1982, ''Thriller'' was released, which went on to become the best-selling album of all time. Jackson didn't do a tour to promote the album. The album sold around 70 million copies worldwide.

''Thriller'' includes famous songs like &quot;[[Beat It]]&quot; and &quot;[[Billie Jean]]&quot; and &quot;[[Thriller (song)|Thriller]]&quot;.

&quot;Thriller&quot; has a unique [[Michael Jackson's Thriller (music video)|music video]], in which shows Jackson and others dancing like [[Zombie|zombies]]. The popularity of these videos helped bring the television channel [[MTV]] to fame. 

That year, Jackson won seven other Grammys for his studio album ''Thriller''.&lt;ref name=&quot;IMDB&quot;&gt;[[imdbname:0001391|imdb.com]]&lt;/ref&gt; 

In 1983, Jackson wrote three songs with [[Queen (band)|Queen]]'s lead singer [[Freddie Mercury]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Locker |first=Melissa |url=http://entertainment.time.com/2013/07/29/michael-jackson-and-freddie-mercury-three-duets-coming-out-this-fall/ |title=Michael Jackson and Freddie Mercury: Three Duets Coming Out This Fall |work=TIME |date=2013-07-29 |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; That same year, he performed &quot;Billie Jean&quot; during an [[NBC]] special called ''[[Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever]]'', where he debuted the &quot;[[moonwalk]]&quot;, in which became his signature dance move in his repertoire.

=== 1984–1985: Pepsi commercial, songs, and albums ===
[[File:Michael Jackson autographing 'We Are The World' posters 1985.jpg|thumb|266x266px|Jackson signing a &quot;[[We Are the World]]&quot; poster in 1985]]On January 27, 1984, Michael's hair caught on fire while he was filming a Pepsi Cola commercial with the rest of The Jacksons. He received severe burns and was rushed to the hospital.

Pepsi paid $1.5 million to Jackson, who gave it to the Brotman Medical Center in [[Culver City, California]]. The accident left him with severe chronic pain, and he started taking [[narcotic]] [[Analgesic|pain medications]]. 

In May 1984, &quot;Farewell My Summer Love&quot;, a song that Jackson wrote in 1973, was released as a single. It reached number seven in the [[UK Singles Chart]].

&quot;[[Somebody's Watching Me]]&quot;, a single by [[Rockwell (musician)|Rockwell]] with Jackson singing on the [[Refrain|chorus]], was released January 14, 1984. It reached number one in [[Spain]] and [[France]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=InfoDisc : Tout les Titres N° 1 des 80's|url=http://www.infodisc.fr/Number1_80.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120112709/http://www.infodisc.fr/Number1_80.php|archive-date=2012-11-20|publisher=Infodisc.fr|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Jacksons' album ''[[Victory (The Jacksons album)|Victory]]'' was released on July 2, 1984. Between July and December 1984, Jackson toured with his brothers. He won eight awards at the 1984 [[American Music Awards]], the most anyone has ever won at once. He also won Best International Solo Artist and Best International Album at the [[BRIT Awards]].

Jermaine Jackson released his tenth album, ''[[Jermaine Jackson (album)|Jermaine Jackson]]''. Michael sang on a song from the album, &quot;[[Tell Me I'm Not Dreaming' (Too Good to Be True)]]&quot;. It was nominated for Best R&amp;B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals at the 1985 Grammy Awards.

In August 1985, Jackson bought [[music publisher]] [[ATV Music]] for $47.5 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/music/la-et-hilburn-michael-jackson-sep22,0,540678,full.story |title=The long and winding road - Los Angeles Times |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=1985-09-22 |accessdate=2014-06-24 |archive-date=2012-06-11 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68LcROJJ2?url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/music/la-et-hilburn-michael-jackson-sep22,0,540678,full.story |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; They owned the rights to [[The Beatles]].

Jackson wrote &quot;[[We Are the World]]&quot; with [[Lionel Richie]] in 1985. The song was recorded by [[USA for Africa]]. It was released as a single around the world to raise money to give to [[Starvation|starving]] people in [[Africa]]. It sold over 20 million copies. It also won four Grammy Awards.

=== 1986–1990: ''Bad'', autobiography, and videogames ===
[[File:Michael Jackson-3.jpg|thumb|Jackson performing &quot;[[The Way You Make Me Feel]]&quot; in 1988]]
In August 1987, his seventh studio album ''[[Bad (album)|Bad]]'', was released. Jackson wanted it to sell 100 million copies; it has sold over 45 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Michael-Jacksons-Thriller-is-1st-Album-Certified-33x-Million-Bad-Certified-10-Million-20170216#|title=Michael Jackson's 'Thriller' is 1st Album Certified 33x Million; 'Bad' Certified 10 Million|last=Desk|first=BWW News|access-date=2017-11-20|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Five of ''Bad's'' seven singles were No.1 in the U.S.:&quot;[[I Just Can't Stop Loving You]]&quot;, &quot;[[Bad (Michael Jackson song)|Bad]]&quot;, &quot;[[The Way You Make Me Feel]]&quot;, &quot;[[Man in the Mirror]]&quot; and &quot;[[Dirty Diana]]&quot;. Until [[Katy Perry]]'s success with her 2010 album ''[[Teenage Dream]]'', Jackson was the only musician to ever have had that many singles from one album be No.1. 

From September 1987 to January 1989, Jackson did the [[Bad (tour)|Bad World Tour]]. This was the first tour he did on his own. 

In 1988, ''[[Moonwalk (book)|Moonwalk]]'', a book Jackson wrote about his life, was published. It took Jackson four years to write. The book sold 200,000 copies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/celebrity/articles/2009/06/27/writer_stephen_davis_remembers_michael_jackson/ |title=Writer Stephen Davis remembers Michael Jackson |work=The Boston Globe |date=2009-06-27 |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jackson then made and released ''[[Moonwalker]]''. In 1989, some [[Michael Jackson's Moonwalker|video games]] about the movie were released by U.S. Gold.

In 1986, [[Disneyland]] and [[Epcot]] started showing a short film called ''[[Captain EO]]'' that starred Jackson. 

Jackson sang &quot;You Were There&quot; at [[Sammy Davis Jr.]]'s 60th birthday celebration. He was nominated for an [[Emmy Award]] for his performance.

The Jacksons released their last album, ''2300 Jackson Street,'' in 1989. Michael sang on the album's second single &quot;[[2300 Jackson Street (song)|2300 Jackson Street]]&quot; with his brothers and two of their sisters, Janet and Rebbie. Michael was also in the song's music video.

Jackson won the Grammy Award for Best Music Video, Short Form in 1989 for &quot;[[Leave Me Alone (Michael Jackson song)|Leave Me Alone]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/awards|title=Awards|date=30 April 2017|publisher=National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 1991–1993: ''Dangerous'', charitable work, and Superbowl ===
On November 26, 1991, Jackson released his eighth studio album, ''[[Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)|Dangerous]]''. It is a [[new jack swing]] album produced with [[Teddy Riley]]. Jackson included a rapper on the album for the first time and nine singles from the album. It contains the number-one single &quot;[[Black or White]]&quot;. 

On June 27, 1992, Jackson started the [[Dangerous World Tour]]. Its goal was to raise money for charities such as the [[Heal the World Foundation]]. Jackson promised to donate all of the tour's income to [[Charitable organization|charitable organizations]]. Jackson performed to 3.5 million people in 70 concerts, and [[Gross income|grossed]] $100 million in donations.
The Dangerous World Tour was supposed to last until [[Christmas]] 1992. However, on November 11, Jackson ended the tour early because he was hospitalized.

In January 1992, Jackson performed at the [[Half-time|halftime]] show at [[Super Bowl XXVII]].

=== 1994–1996: ''HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I'', and ''Ghosts'' ===
On July 16, 1995, Jackson released his ninth studio album, [[HIStory: Past, Present and Future|''HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I'']]. This album has two discs. The first &quot;''HIStory Begins''&quot; is a collection of Jackson's greatest hits (his most popular songs, and it was later reissued in 2001 as ''Greatest Hits: HIStory, Volume I''). The second &quot;''HIStory Continues''&quot; contains fifteen songs that Jackson recorded in late 1994 and early 1995. Thirteen of those songs were new at the time, and two of them are [[Cover version|cover versions]].

''HIStory'' won the [[Grammy Award for Album of the Year]]. In August 1995, the album's single &quot;[[You Are Not Alone]]&quot; became the first single ever to go straight to No.1 on [[Billboard Hot 100|Billboard's Hot 100]] (a list of the 100 most popular songs in the United States).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://uk.news.launch.yahoo.com/dyna/article.html?a=/14112006/344/jackson-receives-world-records.html&amp;e=l_news_dm |title=Jackson receives his World Records - LAUNCH, Music on Yahoo! is now Yahoo! Music UK &amp; Ireland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527045635/http://uk.news.launch.yahoo.com/dyna/article.html?a=/14112006/344/jackson-receives-world-records.html&amp;e=l_news_dm |accessdate=2014-06-24|archive-date=2011-05-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

The video for Jackson's single &quot;[[Scream (Michael Jackson and Janet Jackson song)|Scream]]&quot; entered the [[Guinness Book of World Records]] for being the most expensive short film ever made. 

In 1996, he started his [[HIStory World Tour|''HIS''tory World Tour]], which ended the following year. Over 4.5 million fans attended a show on the tour - more than any other tour in Jackson's career. Jackson performed 82 concerts in 58 different cities, within 35 countries, on five [[Continent|continents]]. The tour [[Gross income|grossed]] a total of $165 million. 
[[File:Neverland (7652959992).jpg|thumb|Jackson's &quot;[[Neverland]]&quot; complex in [[California]] included a [[carousel]].]]
In 1997 Jackson released a short film called [[Michael Jackson's Ghosts|Ghosts]] in 1997, which he wrote with [[Stephen King]].

=== 1997–1999: ''Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix'' ===
In 1997, Jackson released ''[[Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix]]'', the best-selling [[Remixing|remix]] album ever made.&lt;ref&gt;Rojek, Chris (2007). Cultural Studies. Polity. p. 74. {{ISBN|0-7456-3683-7}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The album and its first single reached No.1 in the [[United Kingdom]]. ''Blood on the Dance Floor'' contained five new songs, including the album's first single - also called &quot;[[Blood on the Dance Floor (song)|Blood on the Dance Floor]]&quot;. 

=== 2000–2003: ''Invincible'', and ''Number Ones'' ===
Jackson won Artist of the 1980s at the American Music Awards in 2000.

On October 30, 2001, ''[[Invincible (Michael Jackson album)|Invincible]]'', Jackson's last studio album, was released. The album got good and bad reviews. It was No.1 in 12 countries and sold 13 million copies around the world. But compared to Jackson's earlier albums, it was unsuccessful. The album's first single &quot;[[You Rock My World]]&quot; was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance.

In 2002, Jackson won his 22nd American Music Award for Artist of the [[Century]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Oc40AAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=GyEGAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5669,889435&amp;dq=american+music+awards+michael+jackson&amp;hl=en|title=Lodi News-Sentinel - Google News Archive Search|publisher=Google News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On November 18, 2003, Jackson released a collection of his popular songs called ''[[Number Ones (Michael Jackson album)|Number Ones]]''. The album also includes a new song called &quot;[[One More Chance (Michael Jackson song)|One More Chance]]&quot;'','' which was released as a single. It reached number one in three countries. The album was released as a DVD too.

=== 2004–2009: Final years ===
In 2006, Sony released twenty of Jackson's popular singles on video called ''[[Visionary: The Video Singles]]''.

In March 2009, Jackson told the press that he was going to do a tour called [[This Is It (concert residency)|This Is It]]. He said that he might stop making music after this. Jackson practiced his singing and dancing for the tour in [[Los Angeles]] with [[Kenny Ortega.]] Jackson died of an overdose of [[Propofol]] on June 25, 2009, after having a cardiac arrest, and his personal physician, [[Conrad Murray]], was convicted of involuntary manslaughter.

During an Interview on YouTube during the BBC UK Show featuring &quot;Michael Jackson's This Is It&quot; Michael talked about the future of his career and that he &quot;may&quot; be retiring after his &quot;This Is It&quot; Tour, but he wasn't sure if he would or not. However, due to his death in 2009, the show was cancelled. Some show-goers who paid for tickets wanted refunds but the Jackson Estate did not provide any.

=== 2009–2010: ''This Is It'', awards, and ''Michael Jackson: The Experience'' ===
Jackson won Entertainer of the Year at the 2009 [[Soul Train Awards]]. That year he also won five American Music Awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Artist &amp;#124; The Official Michael Jackson Site|url=http://www.michaeljackson.com/us/the-artist/legacy|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706081510/http://www.michaeljackson.com/us/the-artist/legacy|archive-date=2014-07-06|publisher=Michaeljackson.com|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On October 26, 2009, a two-disc album called ''[[Michael Jackson's This Is It (album)|Michael Jackson's This Is It]]'' was released. The album's only single &quot;This Is It&quot; was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance in 2011. On October 28, 2009, ''[[Michael Jackson's This Is It]]'' was released. It was a documentary movie. The movie showed recordings of Jackson's rehearsals for his This Is It tour. Jackson died before he could do the tour. It made $72,091,016 in the United States. It has made $261,183,588 around the world. It got good reviews from movie critics. On 26 January 2010 the movie was released on DVD. It sold over a 1.5million copies in the US in the first week it was released. This was more than any other music DVD had sold in its first week.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2010-02-03|title='This Is It' dominates sales, Blu-ray charts|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/it-dominates-sales-blu-ray-20251|work=The Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jackson won the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2010. His children, Prince and [[Paris Jackson|Paris]] collected the award for Jackson.

A video game called ''[[Michael Jackson: The Experience]]'' was released by [[Ubisoft]] in November 2010 for the [[Nintendo DS]], [[PlayStation Portable]] and [[Wii]].

=== 2011–2012: Trial of Conrad Murray, and ''Bad 25'' ===
In April 2011, [[Mohamed Al-Fayed]], who was friends with Jackson when he was alive, showed the public a 7ft 6in statue of Jackson outside [[Craven Cottage]] football stadium. A lot of people did not like the statue. In July 2013 Fayed sold his football club to [[Shahid Khan]]. In September 2013 Khan chose to have the statue was removed. It was given back to Fayed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=25 September 2013|title=Michael Jackson is HIStory: Controversial statue removed from Fulham|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/michael-jackson-is-history-controversial-statue-removed-from-fulham-stadium-craven-cottage-8839090.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928083305/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/michael-jackson-is-history-controversial-statue-removed-from-fulham-stadium-craven-cottage-8839090.html|archive-date=28 September 2013|access-date=10 December 2013|website=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Man in the Music: The Creative Life and Work of Michael Jackson'', a book written by Joseph Vogel about Jackson's life, was published in 2011.

Jackson was voted as the Greatest Singer of All Time by people who did a poll on NME.com.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2011-06-21|title=Michael Jackson tops NME's Greatest Singers poll|url=http://www.nme.com/news/michael-jackson/57469#9|work=NME|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2011, there was a criminal trial for Jackson's doctor Conrad Murray. Murray was found guilty of [[involuntary manslaughter]] of Jackson. He was sentenced to four years in prison. On October 28, 2013, Murray was released from prison. He was interviewed by [[60 Minutes]]. He said that he did not think that Jackson's death was his fault in any way. The journalist [[Liz Hayes]] asked Murray if he thought that Jackson was a pedophile. Murray stared at her for 13&amp;nbsp;seconds and would not give an opinion. He said that he would not answer because he did not want to make anything up.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2013-11-25|title=Michael Jackson's doctor grilled on allegations prince of pop was pedophile|url=http://news.ninemsn.com.au/world/2013/11/25/06/25/jackson-still-speaks-to-me-says-murray|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523151638/http://news.ninemsn.com.au/world/2013/11/25/06/25/jackson-still-speaks-to-me-says-murray|archive-date=2014-05-23|publisher=News.ninemsn.com.au|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An extinct species of [[hermit crab]] was called Mesoparapylocheles michaeljacksoni after Jackson in January 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=News Detail|url=http://www.kent.edu/news/newsdetail.cfm?customel_datapageid_9299=2982474|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919020229/http://www2.kent.edu/news/newsdetail.cfm?customel_datapageid_9299=2982474|archive-date=2014-09-19|publisher=Kent.edu|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[Bad 25]]'', a documentary movie about Jackson's album ''Bad'', was released in August 2012.

In 2012, he sold almost 8 albums in the United States. He is thought to have sold 2 albums around the world in 2012. His estate makes $1 a year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2012-05-31|title=How Michael Jackson's Estate Earns $145 Million a Year (From the Magazine)|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/legal-and-management/5785879/how-michael-jacksons-estate-earns-145-million-a-year|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714085719/http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/legal-and-management/5785879/how-michael-jacksons-estate-earns-145-million-a-year|archive-date=2014-07-14|work=Billboard|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2013–2014: Further child sexual abuse allegations, The Immortal World Tour, and ''Xscape'' ===
Jackson made more money than any other dead celebrity in 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Top-Earning Dead Celebrities|url=https://www.forbes.com/special-report/2013/dead-celebrities.html|work=Forbes|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In May 2013, [[Wade Robson]] said that Jackson sexually abused him from the age of 7 to 14. In 2005 he had been a defense witness for Jackson's child molestation trial.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=16 May 2013|title=Wade Robson: Michael Jackson Was a Pedophile Who Sexually Abused Me &amp;#124; E! Online UK|url=http://uk.eonline.com/news/419620/wade-robson-michael-jackson-was-a-pedophile-who-sexually-abused-me|publisher=E!|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; In June 2014 there will be a hearing where it is decided whether Robson can sue Jackson's estate over the abuse.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2013-10-10|title=Wade Robson-Michael Jackson Molestation Trial Hearing Set For June|url=http://www.thehollywoodgossip.com/2013/10/wade-robson-michael-jackson-molestation-trial-hearing-set-for-ju/|publisher=The Hollywood Gossip|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In November 2013, ''Billboard'' magazine's issue, 44 did a cover with Michael on it. It said 'Life After Death'. Inside the magazine there was an article about the success of [[Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2009-06-25|title=Michael Jackson's Touring Life After Death: The Billboard Cover Story|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/5785656/michael-jacksons-touring-life-after-death-the-billboard-cover-story|work=Billboard|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In January 2014, a judge ruled that Jackson's family could not have another trial against AEG Live.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2014-01-14|title=Judge denies Michael Jackson's family bid for new wrongful death trial &amp;#124; Reuters|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/01/14/uk-michaeljackson-lawsuit-idUKBREA0D02A20140114|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140115141429/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/01/14/uk-michaeljackson-lawsuit-idUKBREA0D02A20140114|archive-date=2014-01-15|work=Reuters.com|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Xscape (album)|Xscape]]'' was released on May 9, 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2014-03-31|title=New Michael Jackson Album 'Xscape' to Be Released in May|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6029371/new-michael-jackson-album-xscape-to-be-released-in-may|work=Billboard|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Voice==
Jackson had a unique voice. Between 1971 and 1975, it changed from boy [[soprano]] to spinto [[tenor]]. 

Jackson had a three and a half [[octave]] [[vocal range]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2011-03-04|title=Michael Jackson 'chemically castrated' as child: doctor - Health &amp; Families - Life &amp; Style|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/michael-jackson-chemically-castrated-as-child-doctor-2231967.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209093336/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/michael-jackson-chemically-castrated-as-child-doctor-2231967.html|archive-date=2014-02-09|work=The Independent|agency=Agence France-Presse|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is the best-known musician to use the 'vocal hiccup'. He first used it in 1973 on ''It's Too Late to Change the Time'' on The Jackson 5's ''G.I.T.: Get It Together'' album. Jackson also sang 'come on' wrongly on purpose so that it sounded like 'shamone'.

==Personal life==
Jackson lived a well-publicized personal life, even though he tried to stay private. He was often in celebrity and [[tabloid]] [[Magazine|magazines]]. Later in his life, he was in magazines because of his personal life more than for his music.

===Marriages and children===
In 1994, Jackson married [[Lisa Marie Presley]], the daughter of rock musician [[Elvis Presley]]. He [[Divorce|divorced]] her in 1995 and married [[nurse]] [[Debbie Rowe]] in 1996. 

Three months after Rowe and Jackson's marriage, she gave birth to a son, Prince Michael Jackson. The next year, she gave birth to a daughter, [[Paris-Michael Katherine Jackson]]. The couple divorced in April 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/422108417.html?FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Sep%206,%202006&amp;author=Jessica%20Garrison&amp;pub=Los%20Angeles%20Times&amp;edition=&amp;startpage=&amp;desc=Case%20Reopens%20Debate%20on%20Private%20Judges;%20Michael%20Jackson's%20clash%20with%20ex-wife%20heads%20for%20county%20court%20as%20officials%20seek%20to%20reform%20system |title=Los Angeles Times: Archives - Case Reopens Debate on Private Judges |publisher=Pqasb.pqarchiver.com |date=2006-09-06 |accessdate=2014-06-24 |archive-date=2016-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306212717/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/422108417.html?FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS%3AFT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Sep%206%2C%202006&amp;author=Jessica%20Garrison&amp;pub=Los%20Angeles%20Times&amp;edition=&amp;startpage=&amp;desc=Case%20Reopens%20Debate%20on%20Private%20Judges%3B%20Michael%20Jackson%27s%20clash%20with%20ex-wife%20heads%20for%20county%20court%20as%20officials%20seek%20to%20reform%20system |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bigi Jackson was born on February 21, 2002. Jackson never said who the mother was. He is better known as Blanket. When Blanket was 8 months old, Jackson held him over a [[balcony]] with a towel over Blanket's head. At the time, people did not know that he was called Blanket. Jackson made a public apology after people got upset.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/2494249.stm |title=Entertainment &amp;#124; Jackson: Baby stunt was 'mistake' |work=BBC News |date=2002-11-20 |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

After Jackson died, his mother Katherine was made the guardian of his children. In August 2012, Jackson's nephew [[TJ Jackson|TJ]] was made the children's co-guardian.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/tj-jackson-made-permanent-guardian-michael-jackson-kids/story?id=17059177 |title=TJ Jackson Made Permanent Co-Guardian of Michael Jackson Kids |publisher=ABC News |date=2012-08-22 |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Bubbles===
In the 1980s, Jackson bought a [[chimpanzee]] from a Texas research facility. He named it Bubbles and used it for a [[pet]]. 

Bubbles frequently traveled with Jackson, who had a strong attachment to the animal. The chimp, for example, was permitted to use Jackson's personal toilet.&lt;ref name=&quot;Monkey business in the loo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=May 12, 2005|title=Monkey business in the loo|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/People/Monkey-business-in-the-loo/2005/05/12/1115843291343.html|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|accessdate=April 3, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, people started to see Jackson as an eccentric. 

The media mocked Jackson and called him &quot;Wacko Jacko,&quot; which he hated.&lt;ref name=&quot;tara 370–373&quot;&gt;{{Cite book| last=Taraborrelli | first=J. Randy | authorlink=J. Randy Taraborrelli | title=The Magic and the Madness | url=https://archive.org/details/michaeljacksonma0000tara_n7h9 | year=2004 | publisher=Headline | isbn=0-330-42005-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Media coverage often focused on Bubbles, rather than on Jackson's music, and many false stories about the animal were told. One such story claimed that Bubbles was not a single [[ape]], but one of several.&lt;ref name=&quot;tara 364&quot;&gt;Taraborrelli, p. 364&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tara 380&quot;&gt;Taraborrelli, p. 380&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Claims of sexual abuse ===
{{Main|1993 Michael Jackson sexual abuse allegations}}

In 1993, he was accused of child molestation, but there was no trial; the case was [[Settlement (litigation)|settled]] out of court.

In 2003, he was accused a second time of child molestation. In a TV documentary called ''[[Living with Michael Jackson]],'' Jackson held hands with a 12-year-old boy called Gavin Arvizo and said that he shared his bed with children.''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=James Sullivan, Chronicle Pop Culture Critic|date=2003-02-05|title=The never-ending thriller / British press goes nuts over Jackson's confessions in documentary|url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/The-never-ending-thriller-British-press-goes-2636547.php|work=San Francisco Chronicle|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' When he was 13, Gavin Arvizo accused Jackson of [[Sexual abuse|sexually abusing]] him. This time Jackson was [[Trial of Michael Jackson|tried]] in court, and in 2005 he was found not [[Guilt (law)|guilty]] of fourteen [[Indictment|criminal charges]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Staff |first=Guardian |title=Michael Jackson: the verdicts in full |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2005/jun/14/michaeljackson.michaeljacksontrial |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=14 June 2005 |access-date=31 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;


In May 2013, on the ''Today'' show, a dancer called [[Wade Robson]] alleged that Jackson sexually abused him for 7 years. Prior to this, Robson had vehemently defended Jackson, including twice under [[oath]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/05/16/showbiz/jackson-sex-accuser/ |title=Wade Robson calls Michael Jackson 'a pedophile' |date=16 May 2013 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Appearance and health ==
{{Main|Health and appearance of Michael Jackson}} 

=== Hair ===
Over the years, Jackson's [[face]] and [[Human skin colour|skin color]] changed. This attracted a lot of attention.

However, when he was filming a Pepsi commercial in 1984, Jackson got second-degree [[Burn|burns]] to his [[scalp]]. These were extremely painful, and Jackson started taking painkillers. 

In his later years Jackson always wore a hairpiece or [[wig]] that blended with his natural hair. His autopsy found that his scalp was [[Tattoo|tattooed]] black so that it blended in with his wigs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michael Jackson’s Autopsy|url=https://documents.latimes.com/michael-jackson-autopsy/|access-date=2024-09-30|website=Documents Related to Michael Jackson's Death|publisher=The Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Face ===
Jackson's face appeared to go through major changes during his career.

People especially talked about Jackson's nose. Jackson had an [[Immune system|immune]] condition called [[discoid lupus]]. According to Dr. Richard Strick, Jackson had an immune condition called discoid lupus that &quot;destroyed part of the skin of his nose&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Geraldo: The Truth Behind MJ's Plastic Surgery, Vitiligo Secrets Revealed|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxyRGJ1latc|via=YouTube|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Jackson denied having plastic surgery to his face on more than a few occasions. When people pointed out that his face changed, he said that [[puberty]], weight loss and his [[vegetarian]] [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]] were at fault.&lt;ref&gt;Jackson, pp. 229–230&lt;/ref&gt; But the change was so drastic that few people believed him.

Jackson's autopsy found that his lips were [[Tattoo|tattooed]] pink.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 October 2011|title=Medical Expert Testifies on Conrad Murray's Care of Michael Jackson - News from|url=http://www.insideedition.com/headlines/3182-medical-expert-testifies-on-conrad-murrays-care-of-michael-jackson|publisher=InsideEdition.com|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Skin color ===
Jackson's skin color varied a lot during the course of his career. It seemed to get lighter over time. People accused Jackson of wanting lighter skin and bleaching his skin to make it that way.
[[File:Vitiligo2.JPG|thumb|Like Michael Jackson did, this person has [[vitiligo]].]]
In truth, Jackson had [[vitiligo]], a rare skin condition that creates light spots on the skin. (The skin around these spots keep their normal color.) Large areas of Jackson's body were very pale. He used makeup and medication to try to make his skin color look the same all over his body. This made it look like his skin tone was getting lighter.

Jackson first revealed that he had vitiligo in a 1993 television interview with [[Oprah Winfrey]]. Later, his autopsy confirmed that Jackson did have vitiligo, with large sections of white or lightened skin on his body.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michael Jackson’s Autopsy|url=https://documents.latimes.com/michael-jackson-autopsy/|access-date=2024-09-30|website=Documents Related to Michael Jackson's Death|publisher=The Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also noted that Jackson used a skin-bleaching cream called [[Monobenzone|Benoquin]] to treat his vitiligo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michael Jackson’s Autopsy|url=https://documents.latimes.com/michael-jackson-autopsy/|access-date=2024-09-30|website=Documents Related to Michael Jackson's Death|publisher=The Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Substance abuse ===
Jackson was allegedly [[Addiction|addicted]] to [[prescription]] drugs. In fact, he died of a [[drug overdose]]. In 2009 his personal [[physician]], [[Dr. Conrad Murray]], gave him [[Intravenous therapy|intravenous]] [[Propofol]] for his [[insomnia]]. The insomnia was actually a [[side effect]] of Jackson's addiction to [[Demerol]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=2011-11-04|title=Michael Jackson's Secret World: Willing Doctors, Hospital-Grade Sedatives|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/Conrad_Murray_Trial/michael-jacksons-secret-world-doctors-hospital-grade-sedatives/story?id=14881055|publisher=ABC News|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; While Murray was out of the room, Jackson's [[Cardiac arrest|heart stopped]] and he died. 
[[File:Michael Jackson 1969.jpg|thumb|This photo of Michael in 1969 shows his original skin color.]]
Jackson had many physicians (including Dr. Murray) who supplied him with medications, including controlled substances like Demerol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

=== Mental health and trauma ===
Michael's father, Joe Jackson, abused him physically and emotionally during rehearsals.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2003-02-04|title=Jackson interview seen by 14m|language=en-GB|work=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2719763.stm|access-date=2024-09-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Petridis|first=Alexis|date=2018-06-27|title=Joe Jackson was one of the most monstrous fathers in pop|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/jun/27/joe-jackson-one-of-the-most-monstrous-fathers-in-pop|access-date=2024-09-30|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; When he found out his son was self-conscious about his appearance, his father called him &quot;big-nose.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; 

Some people have suggested that Jackson had [[body dysmorphic disorder]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-02-12|title=Famous people with BDD - BDDF|url=https://bddfoundation.org/information/more-about-bdd/famous-people-with-bdd/|access-date=2024-09-30|website=[[Body Dysmorphic Disorder]] Foundation|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Angeles|first=OCD Center of Los|date=2009-06-26|title=Michael Jackson and Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)|url=https://ocdla.com/michael-jackson-bdd-1933|access-date=2024-09-30|website=OCD Center of Los Angeles|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gottlieb|first=Scott|date=2004-03-25|title=Cognitive behaviour therapy can reduce hypochondriasis|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/328/7442/725.2|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=328|issue=7442|pages=725|doi=10.1136/bmj.328.7442.725-a|issn=0959-8138|pmid=15044272}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a teenager, he had [[acne]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; In ''Living With Michael Jackson,'' Jackson told Martin Bashir how he went home and cried after a woman called him ugly because of his acne.&lt;ref&gt;Shaw, Julie (Director). (2003) ''Living with Michael Jackson: A Tonight Special.'' Granada Television.&lt;/ref&gt; The disorder is often triggered by appearance-related [[bullying]]. 

Some people think that Jackson had [[anorexia nervosa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=The Detail|first=|date=2021-01-10|title=Michael Jackson’s Secret Eating Disorder|url=https://thedetailchannel.medium.com/michael-jacksons-secret-eating-disorder-50448227d34e|access-date=2024-09-30|website=Medium|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2009-07-13|title=Book: Jackson told daughter he was dying|url=https://www.today.com/popculture/book-jackson-told-daughter-he-was-dying-wbna31892183|access-date=2024-09-30|website=TODAY.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1984, Jackson weighed 105&amp;nbsp;pounds. He was 5&quot;9 tall. This would have made his [[BMI]] 15.5, which is very [[underweight]].&lt;ref&gt;Taraborrelli, pp. 312–313&lt;/ref&gt; He weighed 112&amp;nbsp;lbs. when he died. This is in the unhealthy range.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/story/890744/jackson-trial-pathologist-death-was-homicide |title=Jackson Trial Pathologist: 'Death Was Homicide' |publisher=Sky News |date=2011-10-12 |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Physical health ===
Jackson may have had a rare genetic disease called [[Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency]], according to a [[Biography|biographer]] called [[Ian Halperin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Park |first=Alice |url=http://content.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1907262,00.html |title=Michael Jackson's Mysterious Medical Past |work=Time |date=2009-06-26 |accessdate=2014-06-24 |archive-date=2014-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813041648/http://content.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1907262,00.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Halpern wrote that Jackson's genetic disease had caused him to lose 95% of the vision in his left eye.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Sean Michaels |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/dec/23/michael-jackson-illness |title=Michael Jackson 'half-blind' with rare illness  |work=The Guardian |date=2008-12-23 |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; In fact, Jackson's doctor Conrad Murray said that he thought Jackson was &quot;legally [[Blindness|blind]]&quot; and had [[phlebitis]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=&lt;!-- // .ad .ad-halfpage --&gt; |url=http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/music/michael-jackson-legally-blind-doctors-thought-his-flesh-was-rotting-jurors-in-dr-conrad-murray-trial-hear/story-e6frfn09-1226165487462 |title=Conrad Murray tells jurors Michael Jackson legally blind, flesh smelt rotten |publisher=News.com.au |date=2011-10-13 |accessdate=2014-06-24 |archive-date=2013-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520032007/http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/music/michael-jackson-legally-blind-doctors-thought-his-flesh-was-rotting-jurors-in-dr-conrad-murray-trial-hear/story-e6frfn09-1226165487462 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/jury-hears-of-jacksons-catalogue-of-illnesses-toenail-fungus-and-urination-problems/story-e6frg6so-1226164624139&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Controversies ===
Aspects of Jackson's personal life, including his changing appearance, personal relationships, and behavior, generated [[controversy]]. He was [[1993 Michael Jackson sexual abuse allegations|accused of child sexual abuse]] in 1993, but the case was settled out of court. In 2003, Jackson was charged with child sexual abuse by Gavin Arvizo. In 2005, Jackson was found not guilty of all charges.

== Death ==
{{Main|Death of Michael Jackson}} 
[[File:2300 Jackson Street Yuksel.jpg|thumb|Michael's childhood home in [[Gary, Indiana]] with flowers left after his death]]
On June 25, 2009, Jackson was found without a heartbeat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,529103,00.html |title= AP: Michael Jackson Dies at Los Angeles Hospital |publisher= [[Fox News]] |date= 2009-06-25 |accessdate= 2009-06-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and taken by [[ambulance]] to the [[Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center]]. He had been unresponsive since 12:15. He arrived at the [[hospital]] with no signs of life. Though he was not pronounced dead when he arrived at the hospital, by 1pm he had already [[died]]. His death was announced that day at 2:25pm,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first= Andrew |last=Blankstein |author2= Phil Willon |title=Michael Jackson is dead [Updated] |date=June 25, 2009 |work=[[The LA Times]]|url= http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2009/06/pop-star-michael-jackson-was-rushed-to-a-hospital-this-afternoon-by-los-angeles-fire-department-paramedics--capt-steve-ruda.html  |accessdate= 25 June 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and confirmed by the Los Angeles coroner at 4:30pm.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Special Report with Keith Olberman |publisher=[[MSNBC]] TV |date=June 25, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jackson died just two months before his 51st birthday. The news of his death spread around the world very quickly. People around the world grieved on a scale never seen before.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Gillum|first=Jack|date=2009-06-30|title=News of Jackson death breaks Web records|url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2009-06-26-jackson-web-traffic_N.htm|work=USA Today|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rumors and news items about Jackson's death broke records for web traffic. Jackson's death gave [[Google]], [[Twitter]], [[Facebook]], and [[Yahoo!|Yahoo]] the most page views they had ever encountered.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Albanesius|first=Chloe|date=2009-06-26|title=Jackson's Death Prompts Record Traffic for Yahoo  &amp; Opinion|url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2349422,00.asp|work=PC Magazine|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Sharon Gaudin|date=2009-06-26|title=Michael Jackson's death sparks Internet crush|url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&amp;articleId=9134896&amp;intsrc=news_ts_head|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65EhwGKVn?url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9134896/Michael_Jackson_s_death_sparks_Internet_crush?intsrc=news_ts_head|archive-date=2012-02-05|work=Computerworld|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; This enormous amount of [[Web traffic|Internet traffic]] caused a cyberspace traffic jam.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} 

=== Dr. Murray ===
Jackson's doctor [[Conrad Murray]], who supplied the Propofol, claimed Jackson took the overdose himself. However, the Coroner ruled the death was a homicide. Murray was charged with involuntary manslaughter and served four years in prison.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2013-10-28|title=Michael Jackson doctor Conrad Murray released from jail|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-24704030|access-date=2024-09-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Propofol is used as [[Anesthetic|anesthesia]] for major [[Surgery|surgeries]] and requires heavy monitoring, including [[Nurse|nurses]] and medical equipment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Propofol (Intravenous Route) Side Effects|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/propofol-intravenous-route/side-effects/drg-20488192?p=1|access-date=2024-09-30|website=The [[Mayo Clinic]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Conrad Murray admitted to police that he had none of these when he gave Jackson the Propofol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; His autopsy discussed how dangerous Murray's actions were. It also noted that Jackson had an increased risk of respiratory failure because he had a lung injury.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Memorial service ===
A two-hour [[Funeral|memorial service]] was held at the [[Crypto.com Arena|Staples Center]] in downtown Los Angeles on July 7, 2009. It began with [[Smokey Robinson]] reading comments by [[Nelson Mandela]], [[Diana Ross]] and other close friends of Jackson's who could not attend the memorial.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Jesse |last=Washington |title=Jackson casket on stage |url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iJN6FHrmT75HzSZChIb2PDzFEDXgD999OGF83 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=7 July 2009 |accessdate=7 July 2009 |archive-date=10 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710131936/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iJN6FHrmT75HzSZChIb2PDzFEDXgD999OGF83 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

[[Mariah Carey]] sang &quot;[[I'll Be There (Jackson 5 song)|I'll Be There]]&quot; at the memorial service, followed by a speech given by [[Queen Latifah]]. [[Lionel Richie]] performed &quot;Jesus is Love&quot;. [[Berry Gordy]], Motown founder, spoke next, offering condolences. [[Kobe Bryant]] and [[Magic Johnson]] also spoke, with Magic describing the event as a &quot;celebration of Jackson's life and works&quot; rather than a funeral. 
[[File:Michael Jackson Memorial.jpg|thumb|A memorial to Michael in [[Munich, Germany]]]]
[[Jennifer Hudson]] sang &quot;[[Will You Be There]]&quot; accompanied by a music video. Reverend [[Al Sharpton]] then gave a speech about how Jackson kept rising and &quot;never stopped&quot;. [[John Mayer]] played the guitar as he did in Michael Jackson's song [[Human Nature (Michael Jackson song)|Human Nature]]. This was followed by [[Brooke Shields]] speaking. 

[[Jermaine Jackson]], Jackson's older brother, then performed [[Smile (Charlie Chaplin song)|Smile]], Michael's favorite song written by comic drama legend [[Charlie Chaplin]]. Next to speak were [[Martin Luther King III]] and [[Bernice King]]. Congresswoman [[Sheila Jackson Lee]] followed them, claiming &quot;people are innocent until proven guilty.&quot; (This was a reminder to people who accused Jackson of unproven [[Child sexual abuse|child molestations]]). She also said that Jackson's [[Humanitarianism|humanitarian]] efforts should be praised. 

[[Usher (musician)|Usher]] then sang &quot;[[Gone Too Soon]]&quot;, followed by a [[Montage (filmmaking)|montage]] of old videos of Jackson himself. Shamim sang next, with [[Kenny Ortega]] introducing him afterward. Kenny Ortega explained that Michael Jackson saw the Staples Center as his home, which is why the funeral service was held there. Ortega then sang a tribute to Jackson, including &quot;[[We Are the World]]&quot; and &quot;[[Heal the World]]&quot;. 

The service ended with speeches by members of Michael's family, including [[Jermaine Jackson|Jermaine]], [[Marlon Jackson|Marlon]] and daughter [[Paris Jackson|Paris]]. Paris began to cry and said that &quot;Daddy was the best father anyone could have.&quot; She added &quot;I will miss him&quot; before leaving the microphone and turning into [[Janet Jackson]]'s arms.

===Burial===
At first, Michael Jackson's custom-made quarter-million dollar golden [[Coffin|casket]], [[nickname]]d &quot;The [[Prometheus|Promethean]],&quot; was not expected to appear at the memorial service. However, due to a change in the family's plans, the casket did appear.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=Jesse|last=Washington|title=Michael Jackson's casket to be taken to memorial|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iJN6FHrmT75HzSZChIb2PDzFEDXgD999LPBO0|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=7 July 2009|accessdate=7 July 2009|archive-date=10 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710135501/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iJN6FHrmT75HzSZChIb2PDzFEDXgD999LPBO0|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Viewing parties were held all over the world for the [[Broadcasting|broadcast]]. Movie theaters showed the memorial service in [[Times Square]], the [[Apollo Theater]], [[Raleigh]], and [[Berlin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=Hollie |last=McKay |title=Jackson Memorial Airing Live at a Theater (Maybe) Near You|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,530297,00.html|publisher=[[Fox News]]|date=7 July 2009|accessdate=7 July 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; The broadcast was replayed a few times the next day. An estimated 1 billion people tuned into the farewell concert.

Over 3,000 police officers were assigned to the event, the largest amount assigned to a single event since the [[1984 Summer Olympics]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=CNN|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/07/07/michael.jackson.security/index.html?eref=rss_showbiz|date=7 July 2009|accessdate=2009-09-03|title=Cost only security problem at Jackson memorial}}&lt;/ref&gt; It cost the City of [[Los Angeles]] 1.4 million dollars.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Vercammen|first=Paul|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Music/07/08/michael.jackson.cost/index.html?eref=rss_topstories |publisher=CNN |date=8 July 2009 |accessdate=2009-09-03|title=Mayor's office: Michael Jackson memorial cost L.A. around $1.4 million}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jackson's funeral took place nine weeks after he died, in [[Glendale, California]] on September 3, 2009. He was laid to rest at 9:45 pm in the [[mausoleum]], above the ground. Some family members had wanted him to be buried below ground in the mausoleum, while Jermaine Jackson wanted him buried on Neverland ranch.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=July 10, 2009|title=Jackson Family Feud: Where Will Michael Be Buried?|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,531508,00.html|publisher=Fox News|accessdate=4 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, Michael's mother Katherine made the final decision.

== Legacy ==
Through music videos and live performances, Jackson is known for popularizing dance moves such as the robot, the anti-gravity lean, the side slide, the crotch grab, and the [[moonwalk]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Silviya|first=Y|date=March 24, 2023|title=Reminiscing 11 Iconic Dance Moves of the King of Pop, Michael Jackson|url=https://indigomusic.com/pop-cultures/reminiscing-11-iconic-dance-moves-of-the-king-of-pop-michael-jackson|access-date=September 30, 2024|website=Indigo Music}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

He won many awards and broke records. He is the most successful entertainer of all time, according to [[Guinness World Records]]. 

Jackson gave to many [[Charitable organization|charitable organizations]] and pioneered efforts to raise funds for charities in the [[entertainment industry]].

Jackson traveled the world attending events honoring his [[humanitarianism]]. In 2000, the ''Guinness World Records'' recognized him for supporting 39 charities, more than any other entertainer. 

People continue to buy Jackson's albums and listen to his songs. He is one of the best-selling music artists in history, with worldwide sales approaching 400 million records.

Many of Michael Jackson's songs are still extremely popular. These include:
* &quot;[[Bad (song)|Bad]]&quot;
* &quot;[[Beat It]]&quot;
* &quot;[[Billie Jean]]&quot;
* &quot;[[Black or White]]&quot;
* &quot;[[Earth Song]]&quot;
* &quot;[[Heal the World]]&quot;
* &quot;[[Thriller (Michael Jackson album)|Thriller]]&quot;

==Aftermath==
=== Recent releases ===
Jackson recorded several songs before his death. He had recently released a compilation album called ''[[Michael (Michael Jackson album)|Michael]]'' (2010), featuring remixed songs and new songs such as &quot;[[Hold My Hand (Michael Jackson and Akon song)|Hold My Hand]]&quot; a duet between him and popular singer [[Akon]], and &quot;[[Monster (Michael Jackson song)|Monster]]&quot;, a strong song with lots of attitudes and a hint of dislike for the paparazzi. Also &quot;[[(I Like) The Way You Love Me]]&quot;, &quot;[[Michael (Michael Jackson album)|Keep Your Head Up]]&quot;, and &quot;[[Michael (Michael Jackson album)|Much Too Soon]]&quot;.

In 2014, he released the second posthumous album, ''[[Xscape (album)|Xscape]]'' which includes the songs &quot;[[Love Never Felt So Good]]&quot; featuring [[Justin Timberlake]], &quot;[[Slave to the Rhythm]]&quot;, and &quot;[[A Place With No Name]]&quot;.

A [[Michael (2026 movie)|biopic]] based on Jackson's life and career was officially announced and stars [[Jermaine Jackson]]'s son [[Jaafar Jackson]] as Michael Jackson. The movie was released in April 2026.

== Discography ==

=== Studio albums ===
* ''[[Got to Be There]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Ben (Michael Jackson album)|Ben]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Music &amp; Me]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Forever, Michael]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Off the Wall]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Thriller (Michael Jackson album)|Thriller]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Bad (album)|Bad]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)|Dangerous]]'' (1991)
* ''[[HIStory: Past, Present and Future|HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Invincible]]'' (2001)

==== Posthumous albums ====

* ''[[Michael (Michael Jackson album)|Michael]]'' (2010)
* [[Xscape (album)|''Xscape'']] (2014)

== Filmography ==
* ''[[The Wiz (movie)|The Wiz]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Michael Jackson's Thriller (music video)|Michael Jackson's Thriller]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Captain EO]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Moonwalker]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Michael Jackson's Ghosts]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Men in Black II]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Miss Cast Away and the Islands Girls]]'' (2004)

=== Documentaries after death ===
* ''[[Michael Jackson's This Is It]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Bad 25 (movie)|Bad 25]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Michael Jackson: The Last Photo Shoot]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Michael Jackson's Journey from Motown to Off the Wall]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Square One: Michael Jackson]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Thriller 40]]'' (2023)

== Tours ==
* [[Bad (tour)|Bad World Tour]] (1987–1989)
* [[Dangerous World Tour]] (1992–1993)
* [[HIStory World Tour]] (1996–1997)

=== Singles ===
{{main|Michael Jackson singles discography}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Other websites==
{{commons|Michael Jackson}}
*{{official|https://www.michaeljackson.com}}
*[https://vault.fbi.gov/Michael%20Jackson Michael Jackson] at the [[FBI]]'s website
*{{IMDb name|0001391}}

{{Michael Jackson}}
{{African American topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jackson, Michael}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:African-American actors]]
[[Category:African-American musicians]]
[[Category:American autobiographers]]
[[Category:American manslaughter victims]]
[[Category:Philanthropists from Indiana]]
[[Category:American drummers]]
[[Category:American guitarists]]
[[Category:American pianists]]
[[Category:American R&amp;B singers]]
[[Category:American pop singers]]
[[Category:American soul singers]]
[[Category:American rock singers]]
[[Category:American disco singers]]
[[Category:American new jack swing singers]]
[[Category:Jackson family]]
[[Category:Singer-songwriters from Indiana]]
[[Category:Brit Award winners]]
[[Category:American Grammy Award winners]]
[[Category:Deaths from cardiac arrest]]
[[Category:Drug-related accidental deaths in the United States]]
[[Category:New wave musicians]]
[[Category:Michael Jackson]]
[[Category:People acquitted of sex crimes]]
[[Category:Musicians from Gary, Indiana]]
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{{Infobox person
| name               = Michael Jackson
| alt                = Michael Jackson
| image              = Michael Jackson 1983 (3x4 cropped) (contrast).jpg
| caption            = Jackson in 1983
| birth_name         = Michael Joseph Jackson
| alias              = Michael Joe Jackson&lt;!-- Legal aliases only. This is not a field for nicknames.--&gt;
| birth_date         = {{Birth date|1958|8|29}}
| birth_place        = [[Gary, Indiana|Gary]], [[Indiana]], U.S.
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|2009|6|25|1958|8|29}}
| death_place        = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S.
| death_cause        = [[Cardiac arrest]] caused by acute [[propofol]] and [[benzodiazepine]] [[intoxication]] ([[Death of Michael Jackson|details]])
| resting_place      = 
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| burial_place       = [[Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)|Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California]], U.S.
| burial_coordinates = {{coord|34.125|-118.240|display=inline, title|name=Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale}}
| nationality        = [[Americans|American]]
| citizenship        = [[United States]] (1958–2009)
| works              = 
| education          = 
| alma_mater         = [[Montclair College Preparatory School]]
| occupation         = {{hlist|[[Singer]]|[[songwriter]]|[[dancer]]|[[musician]]|[[philanthropist]]|[[producer]]}}
| years_active       = 1964–2009
| known_for          = Music career
| notable_works      = {{flatlist|
* [[Michael Jackson singles discography|Singles]]
}}
| height             = 5 ft 9 in
| spouse             = {{marriage|[[Lisa Marie Presley]]|1994|1996|end=divorced}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|[[Debbie Rowe]]|1996|2000|end=divorced}}
| children           = 3, including [[Paris Jackson|Paris]]
| mother             = [[Katherine Jackson]]
| father             = [[Joe Jackson (manager)|Joe Jackson]]
| family             = [[Jackson family]]
| awards             = [[List of awards and nominations received by Michael Jackson|Full list]]
| website            = {{url|https://www.michaeljackson.com/}}
| signature          = Michael Jackson signature.svg
| signature_size     = 100px
| module             = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
 | instrument      = {{hlist|Vocals|guitar|keyboards|piano|bass|drums}}&lt;!--If you think an instrument should be listed, a discussion to reach consensus is needed first--&gt;
 | background      = solo_singer
 | genre           = &lt;!--These music genres are all sourced under the section #Musical themes and genres--&gt;{{hlist|[[Contemporary R&amp;B|R&amp;B]]|[[Pop music|pop]]|[[soul music|soul]]|[[funk]]|[[Hip hop music|hip hop]]|[[rock music|rock]]|[[disco]]|[[post-disco]]|[[dance-pop]]|[[new jack swing]]}}
 | label           = {{hlist|[[Steeltown Records|Steeltown]]|[[Motown]]|[[Epic Records|Epic]]|[[Legacy Recordings|Legacy]]|[[Sony Music|Sony]]|MJJ Productions}}
 | associated_acts = &lt;!--These associated acts are all sourced under #Discography--&gt;[[The Jackson 5]]
}}
}}
'''Michael Joseph Jackson''' (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009), also known by his initials '''MJ''', was an American [[singer]], [[songwriter]], [[dancer]], and [[philanthropist]]. Dubbed the &quot;'''King of Pop'''&quot;, he is often regarded as one of the most culturally significant figures of the 20th century. Over a four-decade career, his musical achievements broke racial barriers in the U.S. and made him a dominant figure across the world. Through songs, concerts, and fashion, he proliferated visual performance for artists in [[popular music]]; popularizing street dance moves including the [[Moonwalk (dance)|moonwalk]], the [[Robot (dance)|robot]], and the [[Smooth Criminal#anti-gravity lean|anti-gravity lean]]. Jackson is often deemed the greatest entertainer of all time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Villarreal |first=Yvonne |date=June 29, 2009 |title=Remembering Michael Jackson: 'The Greatest Entertainer of All Time' |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-jun-29-et-jackson-tribute29-story.html |access-date=January 16, 2025 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The eighth child of the [[Jackson family]], Michael began performing in 1964 with his brothers in [[the Jackson 5]] at the age of 6. The group gained worldwide fame with him as its lead singer and recorded multiple successful singles. In the early 1970s, he embarked on his solo career. Later, he rose to global stardom with the release of his fifth studio album ''[[Off the Wall]]'' (1979), he then achieved unprecedented global success with his sixth studio album ''[[Thriller (Michael Jackson album)|Thriller]]'' (1982), the best-selling album in music history. The [[Music video|music videos]] for the singles, &quot;[[Beat It]]&quot;, &quot;[[Billie Jean]]&quot;, and &quot;[[Thriller (song)|Thriller]]&quot;, redefined the medium. His seventh studio album ''[[Bad (album)|Bad]]'' (1987), produced the five [[Billboard Hot 100]] number-one singles &quot;[[I Just Can't Stop Loving You]]&quot;, &quot;[[Bad (Michael Jackson song)|Bad]]&quot;, &quot;[[The Way You Make Me Feel]]&quot;, and &quot;[[Dirty Diana]]&quot;. His eighth studio album ''[[Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)|Dangerous]]'' (1991), and ninth studio album ''[[HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I]]'' (1995), produced the US number-one singles &quot;[[Black or White]]&quot; and &quot;[[You Are Not Alone]]&quot;.  His tenth and final studio album ''[[Invincible]]'' (2001) is the most expensive album ever made. When [[Death of Michael Jackson|he died]] in 2009 at age 50, he had spent 44 years working in the [[music industry]]. 

Jackson remains a global figure in [[popular culture]]. His contributions to music, dance, and [[fashion]] had a major cultural impact. Finally, his highly publicized personal life kept him in the public eye. Jackson died in 2009 from an [[overdose]] of [[propofol]] administered by [[Conrad Murray|Dr. Conrad Murray]]. [[Trial of Conrad Murray|Murray's trial]] was widely publicized, and he went to prison for involuntary manslaughter.

Jackson influenced artists across many music [[Genre|genres]]. Through [[Concert|stage]] and video performances, he popularized complicated dance moves such as the moonwalk, the robot, and the anti-gravity lean. Jackson is the [[List of awards and nominations received by Michael Jackson|most awarded individual music artist]] in history: his awards include 15 [[Grammy Award|Grammy Awards]], 6 [[BRIT Awards]], a [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe]], and 39 [[Guinness World Records]], including &quot;Most Successful [[Entertainer]] of All Time&quot;. He is included in the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]], the Vocal Group [[Hall of fame|Hall of Fame]], the [[Songwriter|Songwriters]] Hall of Fame, the National [[Rhythm and blues|Rhythm &amp; Blues]] Hall of Fame, and the Dance Hall of Fame. Jackson is one of the best-selling music artists of all time, with estimated sales of over 500 million records.

==Early life and career==

===Early life===
Michael Joseph Jackson was born to a family of [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] on August 29, 1958, at St Mary's Mercy Hospital in [[Gary, Indiana]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Barnes|first=Brokes|date=June 25, 2009|title=A Star Idolized and Haunted, Michael Jackson Dies at 50|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/26/arts/music/26jackson.html?ref=obituaries&amp;_r=0|access-date=September 30, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was the eighth of [[Katherine Jackson|Katherine]] and [[Joe Jackson]]'s ten children.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.truemichaeljackson.com/childhood/|title=Childhood :: True Michael Jackson|website=truemichaeljackson.com|access-date=2020-02-11|archive-date=2019-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204131417/https://www.truemichaeljackson.com/childhood/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Jackson's father Joseph was a [[steel]] [[Mill (grinding)|mill]] worker who played guitar in a rhythm and blues band to earn extra money for the family.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Sweeting|first=Adam|date=2018-06-27|title=Joe Jackson obituary|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/jun/27/joe-jackson-obituary|access-date=2024-09-30|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 1964: The Jackson Brothers ===
On January 1, 1964, Jackson and his brother [[Marlon Jackson|Marlon]] joined The Jackson Brothers, a band that their older brothers [[Jackie Jackson|Jackie]], [[Tito Jackson|Tito]], and [[Jermaine Jackson|Jermaine]] had started.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=You Are Not Alone: Michael Through a Brother's Eyes|url=https://archive.org/details/youarenotalonemi0000jack|last=Jackson|first=Jermaine|publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4516-5156-0|location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt; When they did their first public performance, Jackson was just five years old.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rockhall.com/inductees/the-jackson-five/ |title=The Jackson 5: inducted in 1997 &amp;#124; The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum |publisher=Rockhall.com |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When Jackson was 8, he and Jermaine became the group's main singers. The group's name then changed to The Jackson 5. 

=== 1965: The Jackson 5 ===
{{main|The Jackson 5}}

The members of the Jackson 5 were the same as the &quot;Jackson Brothers&quot;: Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon, and Michael Jackson.

The group won an important [[talent show]] in 1966. Two years later they were signed to a famous record label called [[Motown Records]]. Their first [[Motown]] single ''I Want You Back'' reached No. 1 in the ''[[Billboard Hot 100]],'' a list of the 100 top songs in the [[United States]].
[[File:Michael Jackson 1977.JPG|thumb|Jackson in 1977]]
They became quite popular and performed many original songs, including &quot;[[ABC (song)|ABC]]&quot; and &quot;[[I'll Be There (Jackson 5 song)|I'll Be There]]&quot;. They were managed by their father Joe Jackson, who was very strict.

=== 1971–1973: ''Go to Be There,'' ''Ben,'' and ''Music &amp; Me'' ===
In 1971, Jackson embarked on his solo career and released his studio albums ''[[Got to Be There]]'' and ''[[Ben (Michael Jackson album)|Ben]]'' (both in 1972), and ''[[Music &amp; Me]]'' (1973).

''Got to Be There'' produced the [[Got to Be There (song)|song of the same name]], as Jackson's debut solo single. ''Ben'' released one single, the title track &quot;[[Ben (song)|Ben]]&quot;, which was a commercial success.

=== 1974–1981: ''Forever, Michael'', ''The Wiz'', and ''Off the Wall'' ===
In 1974, Jackson hosted the first [[American Music Awards]] with [[Donny Osmond]], Rodney Allen Rippy, and [[The Partridge Family|Ricky Segall]].

In June 1975, the Jackson 5 left Motown for [[CBS Records]] and changed their name to &quot;The Jacksons&quot;. That same year, he released his fourth solo studio album ''[[Forever, Michael]]''.

In 1976, The Jacksons got their own TV show on [[CBS]]. The show was cancelled in March 1977.

On October 24, 1978, a movie called ''[[The Wiz (movie)|The Wiz]]'' was released. The movie was a remake of ''[[The Wizard of Oz]]'' with all [[Black people|black]] actors. Jackson acted as the [[Scarecrow]].

On December 17, 1978, The Jacksons' twelfth album was released. It was the first album they had produced. Jackson wrote the album's second single &quot;[[Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)]]&quot; with Randy Jackson. It reached No.7 on the Billboard Hot 100.

In December 1978, Jackson started making his fifth and first solo album on [[Epic Records]]: ''[[Off the Wall]]'' with record producer [[Quincy Jones]]. It was released on August 10, 1979. The album got good reviews and a [[Grammy Award]] for Best Male [[Rhythm and blues|R&amp;B]] Vocal Performance.

The Jacksons' thirteenth album, ''[[Triumph (The Jacksons album)|Triumph]],'' was released in 1980.
[[File:Michael Jackson 1984 (enhanced).jpg|thumb|Jackson in 1984]]

=== 1982–1983: ''Thriller'', and ''Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever'' ===
In 1982, Jackson made &quot;[[Someone in the Dark]]&quot; for the ''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial|E.T.: the Extra-Terrestrial]]'' soundtrack. It won a Grammy for Best Recording for Children in 1984.

On October 18, 1982, the first single from his sixth studio album ''[[Thriller (Michael Jackson album)|Thriller]]'', &quot;[[The Girl Is Mine]]&quot;, was released. It was sung with [[Paul McCartney]]. Some people thought that the album wasn't going to be very good because of the song.

On November 30, 1982, ''Thriller'' was released, which went on to become the best-selling album of all time. Jackson didn't do a tour to promote the album. The album sold around 70 million copies worldwide.

''Thriller'' includes famous songs like &quot;[[Beat It]]&quot; and &quot;[[Billie Jean]]&quot; and &quot;[[Thriller (song)|Thriller]]&quot;.

&quot;Thriller&quot; has a unique [[Michael Jackson's Thriller (music video)|music video]], in which shows Jackson and others dancing like [[Zombie|zombies]]. The popularity of these videos helped bring the television channel [[MTV]] to fame. 

That year, Jackson won seven other Grammys for his studio album ''Thriller''.&lt;ref name=&quot;IMDB&quot;&gt;[[imdbname:0001391|imdb.com]]&lt;/ref&gt; 

In 1983, Jackson wrote three songs with [[Queen (band)|Queen]]'s lead singer [[Freddie Mercury]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Locker |first=Melissa |url=http://entertainment.time.com/2013/07/29/michael-jackson-and-freddie-mercury-three-duets-coming-out-this-fall/ |title=Michael Jackson and Freddie Mercury: Three Duets Coming Out This Fall |work=TIME |date=2013-07-29 |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; That same year, he performed &quot;Billie Jean&quot; during an [[NBC]] special called ''[[Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever]]'', where he debuted the &quot;[[moonwalk]]&quot;, in which became his signature dance move in his repertoire.

=== 1984–1985: Pepsi commercial, songs, and albums ===
[[File:Michael Jackson autographing 'We Are The World' posters 1985.jpg|thumb|266x266px|Jackson signing a &quot;[[We Are the World]]&quot; poster in 1985]]On January 27, 1984, Michael's hair caught on fire while he was filming a Pepsi Cola commercial with the rest of The Jacksons. He received severe burns and was rushed to the hospital.

Pepsi paid $1.5 million to Jackson, who gave it to the Brotman Medical Center in [[Culver City, California]]. The accident left him with severe chronic pain, and he started taking [[narcotic]] [[Analgesic|pain medications]]. 

In May 1984, &quot;Farewell My Summer Love&quot;, a song that Jackson wrote in 1973, was released as a single. It reached number seven in the [[UK Singles Chart]].

&quot;[[Somebody's Watching Me]]&quot;, a single by [[Rockwell (musician)|Rockwell]] with Jackson singing on the [[Refrain|chorus]], was released January 14, 1984. It reached number one in [[Spain]] and [[France]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=InfoDisc : Tout les Titres N° 1 des 80's|url=http://www.infodisc.fr/Number1_80.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120112709/http://www.infodisc.fr/Number1_80.php|archive-date=2012-11-20|publisher=Infodisc.fr|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Jacksons' album ''[[Victory (The Jacksons album)|Victory]]'' was released on July 2, 1984. Between July and December 1984, Jackson toured with his brothers. He won eight awards at the 1984 [[American Music Awards]], the most anyone has ever won at once. He also won Best International Solo Artist and Best International Album at the [[BRIT Awards]].

Jermaine Jackson released his tenth album, ''[[Jermaine Jackson (album)|Jermaine Jackson]]''. Michael sang on a song from the album, &quot;[[Tell Me I'm Not Dreaming' (Too Good to Be True)]]&quot;. It was nominated for Best R&amp;B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals at the 1985 Grammy Awards.

In August 1985, Jackson bought [[music publisher]] [[ATV Music]] for $47.5 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/music/la-et-hilburn-michael-jackson-sep22,0,540678,full.story |title=The long and winding road - Los Angeles Times |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=1985-09-22 |accessdate=2014-06-24 |archive-date=2012-06-11 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68LcROJJ2?url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/music/la-et-hilburn-michael-jackson-sep22,0,540678,full.story |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; They owned the rights to [[The Beatles]].

Jackson wrote &quot;[[We Are the World]]&quot; with [[Lionel Richie]] in 1985. The song was recorded by [[USA for Africa]]. It was released as a single around the world to raise money to give to [[Starvation|starving]] people in [[Africa]]. It sold over 20 million copies. It also won four Grammy Awards.

=== 1986–1990: ''Bad'', autobiography, and videogames ===
[[File:Michael Jackson-3.jpg|thumb|Jackson performing &quot;[[The Way You Make Me Feel]]&quot; in 1988]]
In August 1987, his seventh studio album ''[[Bad (album)|Bad]]'', was released. Jackson wanted it to sell 100 million copies; it has sold over 45 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Michael-Jacksons-Thriller-is-1st-Album-Certified-33x-Million-Bad-Certified-10-Million-20170216#|title=Michael Jackson's 'Thriller' is 1st Album Certified 33x Million; 'Bad' Certified 10 Million|last=Desk|first=BWW News|access-date=2017-11-20|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Five of ''Bad's'' seven singles were No.1 in the U.S.:&quot;[[I Just Can't Stop Loving You]]&quot;, &quot;[[Bad (Michael Jackson song)|Bad]]&quot;, &quot;[[The Way You Make Me Feel]]&quot;, &quot;[[Man in the Mirror]]&quot; and &quot;[[Dirty Diana]]&quot;. Until [[Katy Perry]]'s success with her 2010 album ''[[Teenage Dream]]'', Jackson was the only musician to ever have had that many singles from one album be No.1. 

From September 1987 to January 1989, Jackson did the [[Bad (tour)|Bad World Tour]]. This was the first tour he did on his own. 

In 1988, ''[[Moonwalk (book)|Moonwalk]]'', a book Jackson wrote about his life, was published. It took Jackson four years to write. The book sold 200,000 copies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/celebrity/articles/2009/06/27/writer_stephen_davis_remembers_michael_jackson/ |title=Writer Stephen Davis remembers Michael Jackson |work=The Boston Globe |date=2009-06-27 |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jackson then made and released ''[[Moonwalker]]''. In 1989, some [[Michael Jackson's Moonwalker|video games]] about the movie were released by U.S. Gold.

In 1986, [[Disneyland]] and [[Epcot]] started showing a short film called ''[[Captain EO]]'' that starred Jackson. 

Jackson sang &quot;You Were There&quot; at [[Sammy Davis Jr.]]'s 60th birthday celebration. He was nominated for an [[Emmy Award]] for his performance.

The Jacksons released their last album, ''2300 Jackson Street,'' in 1989. Michael sang on the album's second single &quot;[[2300 Jackson Street (song)|2300 Jackson Street]]&quot; with his brothers and two of their sisters, Janet and Rebbie. Michael was also in the song's music video.

Jackson won the Grammy Award for Best Music Video, Short Form in 1989 for &quot;[[Leave Me Alone (Michael Jackson song)|Leave Me Alone]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/awards|title=Awards|date=30 April 2017|publisher=National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 1991–1993: ''Dangerous'', charitable work, and Superbowl ===
On November 26, 1991, Jackson released his eighth studio album, ''[[Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)|Dangerous]]''. It is a [[new jack swing]] album produced with [[Teddy Riley]]. Jackson included a rapper on the album for the first time and nine singles from the album. It contains the number-one single &quot;[[Black or White]]&quot;. 

On June 27, 1992, Jackson started the [[Dangerous World Tour]]. Its goal was to raise money for charities such as the [[Heal the World Foundation]]. Jackson promised to donate all of the tour's income to [[Charitable organization|charitable organizations]]. Jackson performed to 3.5 million people in 70 concerts, and [[Gross income|grossed]] $100 million in donations.
The Dangerous World Tour was supposed to last until [[Christmas]] 1992. However, on November 11, Jackson ended the tour early because he was hospitalized.

In January 1992, Jackson performed at the [[Half-time|halftime]] show at [[Super Bowl XXVII]].

=== 1994–1996: ''HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I'', and ''Ghosts'' ===
On July 16, 1995, Jackson released his ninth studio album, [[HIStory: Past, Present and Future|''HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I'']]. This album has two discs. The first &quot;''HIStory Begins''&quot; is a collection of Jackson's greatest hits (his most popular songs, and it was later reissued in 2001 as ''Greatest Hits: HIStory, Volume I''). The second &quot;''HIStory Continues''&quot; contains fifteen songs that Jackson recorded in late 1994 and early 1995. Thirteen of those songs were new at the time, and two of them are [[Cover version|cover versions]].

''HIStory'' won the [[Grammy Award for Album of the Year]]. In August 1995, the album's single &quot;[[You Are Not Alone]]&quot; became the first single ever to go straight to No.1 on [[Billboard Hot 100|Billboard's Hot 100]] (a list of the 100 most popular songs in the United States).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://uk.news.launch.yahoo.com/dyna/article.html?a=/14112006/344/jackson-receives-world-records.html&amp;e=l_news_dm |title=Jackson receives his World Records - LAUNCH, Music on Yahoo! is now Yahoo! Music UK &amp; Ireland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527045635/http://uk.news.launch.yahoo.com/dyna/article.html?a=/14112006/344/jackson-receives-world-records.html&amp;e=l_news_dm |accessdate=2014-06-24|archive-date=2011-05-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

The video for Jackson's single &quot;[[Scream (Michael Jackson and Janet Jackson song)|Scream]]&quot; entered the [[Guinness Book of World Records]] for being the most expensive short film ever made. 

In 1996, he started his [[HIStory World Tour|''HIS''tory World Tour]], which ended the following year. Over 4.5 million fans attended a show on the tour - more than any other tour in Jackson's career. Jackson performed 82 concerts in 58 different cities, within 35 countries, on five [[Continent|continents]]. The tour [[Gross income|grossed]] a total of $165 million. 
[[File:Neverland (7652959992).jpg|thumb|Jackson's &quot;[[Neverland]]&quot; complex in [[California]] included a [[carousel]].]]
In 1997 Jackson released a short film called [[Michael Jackson's Ghosts|Ghosts]] in 1997, which he wrote with [[Stephen King]].

=== 1997–1999: ''Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix'' ===
In 1997, Jackson released ''[[Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix]]'', the best-selling [[Remixing|remix]] album ever made.&lt;ref&gt;Rojek, Chris (2007). Cultural Studies. Polity. p. 74. {{ISBN|0-7456-3683-7}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The album and its first single reached No.1 in the [[United Kingdom]]. ''Blood on the Dance Floor'' contained five new songs, including the album's first single - also called &quot;[[Blood on the Dance Floor (song)|Blood on the Dance Floor]]&quot;. 

=== 2000–2003: ''Invincible'', and ''Number Ones'' ===
Jackson won Artist of the 1980s at the American Music Awards in 2000.

On October 30, 2001, ''[[Invincible (Michael Jackson album)|Invincible]]'', Jackson's last studio album, was released. The album got good and bad reviews. It was No.1 in 12 countries and sold 13 million copies around the world. But compared to Jackson's earlier albums, it was unsuccessful. The album's first single &quot;[[You Rock My World]]&quot; was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance.

In 2002, Jackson won his 22nd American Music Award for Artist of the [[Century]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Oc40AAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=GyEGAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5669,889435&amp;dq=american+music+awards+michael+jackson&amp;hl=en|title=Lodi News-Sentinel - Google News Archive Search|publisher=Google News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On November 18, 2003, Jackson released a collection of his popular songs called ''[[Number Ones (Michael Jackson album)|Number Ones]]''. The album also includes a new song called &quot;[[One More Chance (Michael Jackson song)|One More Chance]]&quot;'','' which was released as a single. It reached number one in three countries. The album was released as a DVD too.

=== 2004–2009: Final years ===
In 2006, Sony released twenty of Jackson's popular singles on video called ''[[Visionary: The Video Singles]]''.

In March 2009, Jackson told the press that he was going to do a tour called [[This Is It (concert residency)|This Is It]]. He said that he might stop making music after this. Jackson practiced his singing and dancing for the tour in [[Los Angeles]] with [[Kenny Ortega.]] Jackson died of an overdose of [[Propofol]] on June 25, 2009, after having a cardiac arrest, and his personal physician, [[Conrad Murray]], was convicted of involuntary manslaughter.

During an Interview on YouTube during the BBC UK Show featuring &quot;Michael Jackson's This Is It&quot; Michael talked about the future of his career and that he &quot;may&quot; be retiring after his &quot;This Is It&quot; Tour, but he wasn't sure if he would or not. However, due to his death in 2009, the show was cancelled. Some show-goers who paid for tickets wanted refunds but the Jackson Estate did not provide any.

=== 2009–2010: ''This Is It'', awards, and ''Michael Jackson: The Experience'' ===
Jackson won Entertainer of the Year at the 2009 [[Soul Train Awards]]. That year he also won five American Music Awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Artist &amp;#124; The Official Michael Jackson Site|url=http://www.michaeljackson.com/us/the-artist/legacy|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706081510/http://www.michaeljackson.com/us/the-artist/legacy|archive-date=2014-07-06|publisher=Michaeljackson.com|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On October 26, 2009, a two-disc album called ''[[Michael Jackson's This Is It (album)|Michael Jackson's This Is It]]'' was released. The album's only single &quot;This Is It&quot; was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance in 2011. On October 28, 2009, ''[[Michael Jackson's This Is It]]'' was released. It was a documentary movie. The movie showed recordings of Jackson's rehearsals for his This Is It tour. Jackson died before he could do the tour. It made $72,091,016 in the United States. It has made $261,183,588 around the world. It got good reviews from movie critics. On 26 January 2010 the movie was released on DVD. It sold over a 1.5million copies in the US in the first week it was released. This was more than any other music DVD had sold in its first week.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2010-02-03|title='This Is It' dominates sales, Blu-ray charts|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/it-dominates-sales-blu-ray-20251|work=The Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jackson won the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2010. His children, Prince and [[Paris Jackson|Paris]] collected the award for Jackson.

A video game called ''[[Michael Jackson: The Experience]]'' was released by [[Ubisoft]] in November 2010 for the [[Nintendo DS]], [[PlayStation Portable]] and [[Wii]].

=== 2011–2012: Trial of Conrad Murray, and ''Bad 25'' ===
In April 2011, [[Mohamed Al-Fayed]], who was friends with Jackson when he was alive, showed the public a 7ft 6in statue of Jackson outside [[Craven Cottage]] football stadium. A lot of people did not like the statue. In July 2013 Fayed sold his football club to [[Shahid Khan]]. In September 2013 Khan chose to have the statue was removed. It was given back to Fayed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=25 September 2013|title=Michael Jackson is HIStory: Controversial statue removed from Fulham|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/michael-jackson-is-history-controversial-statue-removed-from-fulham-stadium-craven-cottage-8839090.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928083305/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/michael-jackson-is-history-controversial-statue-removed-from-fulham-stadium-craven-cottage-8839090.html|archive-date=28 September 2013|access-date=10 December 2013|website=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Man in the Music: The Creative Life and Work of Michael Jackson'', a book written by Joseph Vogel about Jackson's life, was published in 2011.

Jackson was voted as the Greatest Singer of All Time by people who did a poll on NME.com.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2011-06-21|title=Michael Jackson tops NME's Greatest Singers poll|url=http://www.nme.com/news/michael-jackson/57469#9|work=NME|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2011, there was a criminal trial for Jackson's doctor Conrad Murray. Murray was found guilty of [[involuntary manslaughter]] of Jackson. He was sentenced to four years in prison. On October 28, 2013, Murray was released from prison. He was interviewed by [[60 Minutes]]. He said that he did not think that Jackson's death was his fault in any way. The journalist [[Liz Hayes]] asked Murray if he thought that Jackson was a pedophile. Murray stared at her for 13&amp;nbsp;seconds and would not give an opinion. He said that he would not answer because he did not want to make anything up.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2013-11-25|title=Michael Jackson's doctor grilled on allegations prince of pop was pedophile|url=http://news.ninemsn.com.au/world/2013/11/25/06/25/jackson-still-speaks-to-me-says-murray|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523151638/http://news.ninemsn.com.au/world/2013/11/25/06/25/jackson-still-speaks-to-me-says-murray|archive-date=2014-05-23|publisher=News.ninemsn.com.au|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An extinct species of [[hermit crab]] was called Mesoparapylocheles michaeljacksoni after Jackson in January 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=News Detail|url=http://www.kent.edu/news/newsdetail.cfm?customel_datapageid_9299=2982474|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919020229/http://www2.kent.edu/news/newsdetail.cfm?customel_datapageid_9299=2982474|archive-date=2014-09-19|publisher=Kent.edu|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[Bad 25]]'', a documentary movie about Jackson's album ''Bad'', was released in August 2012.

In 2012, he sold almost 8 albums in the United States. He is thought to have sold 2 albums around the world in 2012. His estate makes $1 a year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2012-05-31|title=How Michael Jackson's Estate Earns $145 Million a Year (From the Magazine)|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/legal-and-management/5785879/how-michael-jacksons-estate-earns-145-million-a-year|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714085719/http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/legal-and-management/5785879/how-michael-jacksons-estate-earns-145-million-a-year|archive-date=2014-07-14|work=Billboard|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2013–2014: Further child sexual abuse allegations, The Immortal World Tour, and ''Xscape'' ===
Jackson made more money than any other dead celebrity in 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Top-Earning Dead Celebrities|url=https://www.forbes.com/special-report/2013/dead-celebrities.html|work=Forbes|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In May 2013, [[Wade Robson]] said that Jackson sexually abused him from the age of 7 to 14. In 2005 he had been a defense witness for Jackson's child molestation trial.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=16 May 2013|title=Wade Robson: Michael Jackson Was a Pedophile Who Sexually Abused Me &amp;#124; E! Online UK|url=http://uk.eonline.com/news/419620/wade-robson-michael-jackson-was-a-pedophile-who-sexually-abused-me|publisher=E!|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; In June 2014 there will be a hearing where it is decided whether Robson can sue Jackson's estate over the abuse.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2013-10-10|title=Wade Robson-Michael Jackson Molestation Trial Hearing Set For June|url=http://www.thehollywoodgossip.com/2013/10/wade-robson-michael-jackson-molestation-trial-hearing-set-for-ju/|publisher=The Hollywood Gossip|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In November 2013, ''Billboard'' magazine's issue, 44 did a cover with Michael on it. It said 'Life After Death'. Inside the magazine there was an article about the success of [[Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2009-06-25|title=Michael Jackson's Touring Life After Death: The Billboard Cover Story|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/5785656/michael-jacksons-touring-life-after-death-the-billboard-cover-story|work=Billboard|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In January 2014, a judge ruled that Jackson's family could not have another trial against AEG Live.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2014-01-14|title=Judge denies Michael Jackson's family bid for new wrongful death trial &amp;#124; Reuters|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/01/14/uk-michaeljackson-lawsuit-idUKBREA0D02A20140114|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140115141429/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/01/14/uk-michaeljackson-lawsuit-idUKBREA0D02A20140114|archive-date=2014-01-15|work=Reuters.com|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Xscape (album)|Xscape]]'' was released on May 9, 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2014-03-31|title=New Michael Jackson Album 'Xscape' to Be Released in May|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6029371/new-michael-jackson-album-xscape-to-be-released-in-may|work=Billboard|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Voice==
Jackson had a unique voice. Between 1971 and 1975, it changed from boy [[soprano]] to spinto [[tenor]]. 

Jackson had a three and a half [[octave]] [[vocal range]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2011-03-04|title=Michael Jackson 'chemically castrated' as child: doctor - Health &amp; Families - Life &amp; Style|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/michael-jackson-chemically-castrated-as-child-doctor-2231967.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209093336/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/michael-jackson-chemically-castrated-as-child-doctor-2231967.html|archive-date=2014-02-09|work=The Independent|agency=Agence France-Presse|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is the best-known musician to use the 'vocal hiccup'. He first used it in 1973 on ''It's Too Late to Change the Time'' on The Jackson 5's ''G.I.T.: Get It Together'' album. Jackson also sang 'come on' wrongly on purpose so that it sounded like 'shamone'.

==Personal life==
Jackson lived a well-publicized personal life, even though he tried to stay private. He was often in celebrity and [[tabloid]] [[Magazine|magazines]]. Later in his life, he was in magazines because of his personal life more than for his music.

===Marriages and children===
In 1994, Jackson married [[Lisa Marie Presley]], the daughter of rock musician [[Elvis Presley]]. He [[Divorce|divorced]] her in 1995 and married [[nurse]] [[Debbie Rowe]] in 1996. 

Three months after Rowe and Jackson's marriage, she gave birth to a son, Prince Michael Jackson. The next year, she gave birth to a daughter, [[Paris-Michael Katherine Jackson]]. The couple divorced in April 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/422108417.html?FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Sep%206,%202006&amp;author=Jessica%20Garrison&amp;pub=Los%20Angeles%20Times&amp;edition=&amp;startpage=&amp;desc=Case%20Reopens%20Debate%20on%20Private%20Judges;%20Michael%20Jackson's%20clash%20with%20ex-wife%20heads%20for%20county%20court%20as%20officials%20seek%20to%20reform%20system |title=Los Angeles Times: Archives - Case Reopens Debate on Private Judges |publisher=Pqasb.pqarchiver.com |date=2006-09-06 |accessdate=2014-06-24 |archive-date=2016-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306212717/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/422108417.html?FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS%3AFT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Sep%206%2C%202006&amp;author=Jessica%20Garrison&amp;pub=Los%20Angeles%20Times&amp;edition=&amp;startpage=&amp;desc=Case%20Reopens%20Debate%20on%20Private%20Judges%3B%20Michael%20Jackson%27s%20clash%20with%20ex-wife%20heads%20for%20county%20court%20as%20officials%20seek%20to%20reform%20system |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bigi Jackson was born on February 21, 2002. Jackson never said who the mother was. He is better known as Blanket. When Blanket was 8 months old, Jackson held him over a [[balcony]] with a towel over Blanket's head. At the time, people did not know that he was called Blanket. Jackson made a public apology after people got upset.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/2494249.stm |title=Entertainment &amp;#124; Jackson: Baby stunt was 'mistake' |work=BBC News |date=2002-11-20 |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

After Jackson died, his mother Katherine was made the guardian of his children. In August 2012, Jackson's nephew [[TJ Jackson|TJ]] was made the children's co-guardian.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/tj-jackson-made-permanent-guardian-michael-jackson-kids/story?id=17059177 |title=TJ Jackson Made Permanent Co-Guardian of Michael Jackson Kids |publisher=ABC News |date=2012-08-22 |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Bubbles===
In the 1980s, Jackson bought a [[chimpanzee]] from a Texas research facility. He named it Bubbles and used it for a [[pet]]. 

Bubbles frequently traveled with Jackson, who had a strong attachment to the animal. The chimp, for example, was permitted to use Jackson's personal toilet.&lt;ref name=&quot;Monkey business in the loo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=May 12, 2005|title=Monkey business in the loo|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/People/Monkey-business-in-the-loo/2005/05/12/1115843291343.html|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|accessdate=April 3, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, people started to see Jackson as an eccentric. 

The media mocked Jackson and called him &quot;Wacko Jacko,&quot; which he hated.&lt;ref name=&quot;tara 370–373&quot;&gt;{{Cite book| last=Taraborrelli | first=J. Randy | authorlink=J. Randy Taraborrelli | title=The Magic and the Madness | url=https://archive.org/details/michaeljacksonma0000tara_n7h9 | year=2004 | publisher=Headline | isbn=0-330-42005-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Media coverage often focused on Bubbles, rather than on Jackson's music, and many false stories about the animal were told. One such story claimed that Bubbles was not a single [[ape]], but one of several.&lt;ref name=&quot;tara 364&quot;&gt;Taraborrelli, p. 364&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tara 380&quot;&gt;Taraborrelli, p. 380&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Claims of sexual abuse ===
{{Main|1993 Michael Jackson sexual abuse allegations}}

In 1993, he was accused of child molestation, but there was no trial; the case was [[Settlement (litigation)|settled]] out of court.

In 2003, he was accused a second time of child molestation. In a TV documentary called ''[[Living with Michael Jackson]],'' Jackson held hands with a 12-year-old boy called Gavin Arvizo and said that he shared his bed with children.''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=James Sullivan, Chronicle Pop Culture Critic|date=2003-02-05|title=The never-ending thriller / British press goes nuts over Jackson's confessions in documentary|url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/The-never-ending-thriller-British-press-goes-2636547.php|work=San Francisco Chronicle|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' When he was 13, Gavin Arvizo accused Jackson of [[Sexual abuse|sexually abusing]] him. This time Jackson was [[Trial of Michael Jackson|tried]] in court, and in 2005 he was found not [[Guilt (law)|guilty]] of fourteen [[Indictment|criminal charges]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Staff |first=Guardian |title=Michael Jackson: the verdicts in full |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2005/jun/14/michaeljackson.michaeljacksontrial |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=14 June 2005 |access-date=31 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;


In May 2013, on the ''Today'' show, a dancer called [[Wade Robson]] alleged that Jackson sexually abused him for 7 years. Prior to this, Robson had vehemently defended Jackson, including twice under [[oath]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/05/16/showbiz/jackson-sex-accuser/ |title=Wade Robson calls Michael Jackson 'a pedophile' |date=16 May 2013 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Appearance and health ==
{{Main|Health and appearance of Michael Jackson}} 

=== Hair ===
Over the years, Jackson's [[face]] and [[Human skin colour|skin color]] changed. This attracted a lot of attention.

However, when he was filming a Pepsi commercial in 1984, Jackson got second-degree [[Burn|burns]] to his [[scalp]]. These were extremely painful, and Jackson started taking painkillers. 

In his later years Jackson always wore a hairpiece or [[wig]] that blended with his natural hair. His autopsy found that his scalp was [[Tattoo|tattooed]] black so that it blended in with his wigs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michael Jackson’s Autopsy|url=https://documents.latimes.com/michael-jackson-autopsy/|access-date=2024-09-30|website=Documents Related to Michael Jackson's Death|publisher=The Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Face ===
Jackson's face appeared to go through major changes during his career.

People especially talked about Jackson's nose. Jackson had an [[Immune system|immune]] condition called [[discoid lupus]]. According to Dr. Richard Strick, Jackson had an immune condition called discoid lupus that &quot;destroyed part of the skin of his nose&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Geraldo: The Truth Behind MJ's Plastic Surgery, Vitiligo Secrets Revealed|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxyRGJ1latc|via=YouTube|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Jackson denied having plastic surgery to his face on more than a few occasions. When people pointed out that his face changed, he said that [[puberty]], weight loss and his [[vegetarian]] [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]] were at fault.&lt;ref&gt;Jackson, pp. 229–230&lt;/ref&gt; But the change was so drastic that few people believed him.

Jackson's autopsy found that his lips were [[Tattoo|tattooed]] pink.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 October 2011|title=Medical Expert Testifies on Conrad Murray's Care of Michael Jackson - News from|url=http://www.insideedition.com/headlines/3182-medical-expert-testifies-on-conrad-murrays-care-of-michael-jackson|publisher=InsideEdition.com|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Skin color ===
Jackson's skin color varied a lot during the course of his career. It seemed to get lighter over time. People accused Jackson of wanting lighter skin and bleaching his skin to make it that way.
[[File:Vitiligo2.JPG|thumb|Like Michael Jackson did, this person has [[vitiligo]].]]
In truth, Jackson had [[vitiligo]], a rare skin condition that creates light spots on the skin. (The skin around these spots keep their normal color.) Large areas of Jackson's body were very pale. He used makeup and medication to try to make his skin color look the same all over his body. This made it look like his skin tone was getting lighter.

Jackson first revealed that he had vitiligo in a 1993 television interview with [[Oprah Winfrey]]. Later, his autopsy confirmed that Jackson did have vitiligo, with large sections of white or lightened skin on his body.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michael Jackson’s Autopsy|url=https://documents.latimes.com/michael-jackson-autopsy/|access-date=2024-09-30|website=Documents Related to Michael Jackson's Death|publisher=The Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also noted that Jackson used a skin-bleaching cream called [[Monobenzone|Benoquin]] to treat his vitiligo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michael Jackson’s Autopsy|url=https://documents.latimes.com/michael-jackson-autopsy/|access-date=2024-09-30|website=Documents Related to Michael Jackson's Death|publisher=The Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Substance abuse ===
Jackson was allegedly [[Addiction|addicted]] to [[prescription]] drugs. In fact, he died of a [[drug overdose]]. In 2009 his personal [[physician]], [[Dr. Conrad Murray]], gave him [[Intravenous therapy|intravenous]] [[Propofol]] for his [[insomnia]]. The insomnia was actually a [[side effect]] of Jackson's addiction to [[Demerol]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=2011-11-04|title=Michael Jackson's Secret World: Willing Doctors, Hospital-Grade Sedatives|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/Conrad_Murray_Trial/michael-jacksons-secret-world-doctors-hospital-grade-sedatives/story?id=14881055|publisher=ABC News|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; While Murray was out of the room, Jackson's [[Cardiac arrest|heart stopped]] and he died. 
[[File:Michael Jackson 1969.jpg|thumb|This photo of Michael in 1969 shows his original skin color.]]
Jackson had many physicians (including Dr. Murray) who supplied him with medications, including controlled substances like Demerol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

=== Mental health and trauma ===
Michael's father, Joe Jackson, abused him physically and emotionally during rehearsals.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2003-02-04|title=Jackson interview seen by 14m|language=en-GB|work=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2719763.stm|access-date=2024-09-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Petridis|first=Alexis|date=2018-06-27|title=Joe Jackson was one of the most monstrous fathers in pop|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/jun/27/joe-jackson-one-of-the-most-monstrous-fathers-in-pop|access-date=2024-09-30|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; When he found out his son was self-conscious about his appearance, his father called him &quot;big-nose.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; 

Some people have suggested that Jackson had [[body dysmorphic disorder]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-02-12|title=Famous people with BDD - BDDF|url=https://bddfoundation.org/information/more-about-bdd/famous-people-with-bdd/|access-date=2024-09-30|website=[[Body Dysmorphic Disorder]] Foundation|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Angeles|first=OCD Center of Los|date=2009-06-26|title=Michael Jackson and Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)|url=https://ocdla.com/michael-jackson-bdd-1933|access-date=2024-09-30|website=OCD Center of Los Angeles|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gottlieb|first=Scott|date=2004-03-25|title=Cognitive behaviour therapy can reduce hypochondriasis|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/328/7442/725.2|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=328|issue=7442|pages=725|doi=10.1136/bmj.328.7442.725-a|issn=0959-8138|pmid=15044272}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a teenager, he had [[acne]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; In ''Living With Michael Jackson,'' Jackson told Martin Bashir how he went home and cried after a woman called him ugly because of his acne.&lt;ref&gt;Shaw, Julie (Director). (2003) ''Living with Michael Jackson: A Tonight Special.'' Granada Television.&lt;/ref&gt; The disorder is often triggered by appearance-related [[bullying]]. 

Some people think that Jackson had [[anorexia nervosa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=The Detail|first=|date=2021-01-10|title=Michael Jackson’s Secret Eating Disorder|url=https://thedetailchannel.medium.com/michael-jacksons-secret-eating-disorder-50448227d34e|access-date=2024-09-30|website=Medium|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2009-07-13|title=Book: Jackson told daughter he was dying|url=https://www.today.com/popculture/book-jackson-told-daughter-he-was-dying-wbna31892183|access-date=2024-09-30|website=TODAY.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1984, Jackson weighed 105&amp;nbsp;pounds. He was 5&quot;9 tall. This would have made his [[BMI]] 15.5, which is very [[underweight]].&lt;ref&gt;Taraborrelli, pp. 312–313&lt;/ref&gt; He weighed 112&amp;nbsp;lbs. when he died. This is in the unhealthy range.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/story/890744/jackson-trial-pathologist-death-was-homicide |title=Jackson Trial Pathologist: 'Death Was Homicide' |publisher=Sky News |date=2011-10-12 |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Physical health ===
Jackson may have had a rare genetic disease called [[Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency]], according to a [[Biography|biographer]] called [[Ian Halperin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Park |first=Alice |url=http://content.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1907262,00.html |title=Michael Jackson's Mysterious Medical Past |work=Time |date=2009-06-26 |accessdate=2014-06-24 |archive-date=2014-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813041648/http://content.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1907262,00.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Halpern wrote that Jackson's genetic disease had caused him to lose 95% of the vision in his left eye.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Sean Michaels |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/dec/23/michael-jackson-illness |title=Michael Jackson 'half-blind' with rare illness  |work=The Guardian |date=2008-12-23 |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; In fact, Jackson's doctor Conrad Murray said that he thought Jackson was &quot;legally [[Blindness|blind]]&quot; and had [[phlebitis]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=&lt;!-- // .ad .ad-halfpage --&gt; |url=http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/music/michael-jackson-legally-blind-doctors-thought-his-flesh-was-rotting-jurors-in-dr-conrad-murray-trial-hear/story-e6frfn09-1226165487462 |title=Conrad Murray tells jurors Michael Jackson legally blind, flesh smelt rotten |publisher=News.com.au |date=2011-10-13 |accessdate=2014-06-24 |archive-date=2013-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520032007/http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/music/michael-jackson-legally-blind-doctors-thought-his-flesh-was-rotting-jurors-in-dr-conrad-murray-trial-hear/story-e6frfn09-1226165487462 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/jury-hears-of-jacksons-catalogue-of-illnesses-toenail-fungus-and-urination-problems/story-e6frg6so-1226164624139&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Controversies ===
Aspects of Jackson's personal life, including his changing appearance, personal relationships, and behavior, generated [[controversy]]. He was [[1993 Michael Jackson sexual abuse allegations|accused of child sexual abuse]] in 1993, but the case was settled out of court. In 2003, Jackson was charged with child sexual abuse by Gavin Arvizo. In 2005, Jackson was found not guilty of all charges.

== Death ==
{{Main|Death of Michael Jackson}} 
[[File:2300 Jackson Street Yuksel.jpg|thumb|Michael's childhood home in [[Gary, Indiana]] with flowers left after his death]]
On June 25, 2009, Jackson was found without a heartbeat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,529103,00.html |title= AP: Michael Jackson Dies at Los Angeles Hospital |publisher= [[Fox News]] |date= 2009-06-25 |accessdate= 2009-06-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and taken by [[ambulance]] to the [[Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center]]. He had been unresponsive since 12:15. He arrived at the [[hospital]] with no signs of life. Though he was not pronounced dead when he arrived at the hospital, by 1pm he had already [[died]]. His death was announced that day at 2:25pm,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first= Andrew |last=Blankstein |author2= Phil Willon |title=Michael Jackson is dead [Updated] |date=June 25, 2009 |work=[[The LA Times]]|url= http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2009/06/pop-star-michael-jackson-was-rushed-to-a-hospital-this-afternoon-by-los-angeles-fire-department-paramedics--capt-steve-ruda.html  |accessdate= 25 June 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and confirmed by the Los Angeles coroner at 4:30pm.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Special Report with Keith Olberman |publisher=[[MSNBC]] TV |date=June 25, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jackson died just two months before his 51st birthday. The news of his death spread around the world very quickly. People around the world grieved on a scale never seen before.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Gillum|first=Jack|date=2009-06-30|title=News of Jackson death breaks Web records|url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2009-06-26-jackson-web-traffic_N.htm|work=USA Today|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rumors and news items about Jackson's death broke records for web traffic. Jackson's death gave [[Google]], [[Twitter]], [[Facebook]], and [[Yahoo!|Yahoo]] the most page views they had ever encountered.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Albanesius|first=Chloe|date=2009-06-26|title=Jackson's Death Prompts Record Traffic for Yahoo  &amp; Opinion|url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2349422,00.asp|work=PC Magazine|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Sharon Gaudin|date=2009-06-26|title=Michael Jackson's death sparks Internet crush|url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&amp;articleId=9134896&amp;intsrc=news_ts_head|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65EhwGKVn?url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9134896/Michael_Jackson_s_death_sparks_Internet_crush?intsrc=news_ts_head|archive-date=2012-02-05|work=Computerworld|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; This enormous amount of [[Web traffic|Internet traffic]] caused a cyberspace traffic jam.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} 

=== Dr. Murray ===
Jackson's doctor [[Conrad Murray]], who supplied the Propofol, claimed Jackson took the overdose himself. However, the Coroner ruled the death was a homicide. Murray was charged with involuntary manslaughter and served four years in prison.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2013-10-28|title=Michael Jackson doctor Conrad Murray released from jail|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-24704030|access-date=2024-09-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Propofol is used as [[Anesthetic|anesthesia]] for major [[Surgery|surgeries]] and requires heavy monitoring, including [[Nurse|nurses]] and medical equipment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Propofol (Intravenous Route) Side Effects|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/propofol-intravenous-route/side-effects/drg-20488192?p=1|access-date=2024-09-30|website=The [[Mayo Clinic]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Conrad Murray admitted to police that he had none of these when he gave Jackson the Propofol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; His autopsy discussed how dangerous Murray's actions were. It also noted that Jackson had an increased risk of respiratory failure because he had a lung injury.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Memorial service ===
A two-hour [[Funeral|memorial service]] was held at the [[Crypto.com Arena|Staples Center]] in downtown Los Angeles on July 7, 2009. It began with [[Smokey Robinson]] reading comments by [[Nelson Mandela]], [[Diana Ross]] and other close friends of Jackson's who could not attend the memorial.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Jesse |last=Washington |title=Jackson casket on stage |url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iJN6FHrmT75HzSZChIb2PDzFEDXgD999OGF83 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=7 July 2009 |accessdate=7 July 2009 |archive-date=10 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710131936/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iJN6FHrmT75HzSZChIb2PDzFEDXgD999OGF83 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

[[Mariah Carey]] sang &quot;[[I'll Be There (Jackson 5 song)|I'll Be There]]&quot; at the memorial service, followed by a speech given by [[Queen Latifah]]. [[Lionel Richie]] performed &quot;Jesus is Love&quot;. [[Berry Gordy]], Motown founder, spoke next, offering condolences. [[Kobe Bryant]] and [[Magic Johnson]] also spoke, with Magic describing the event as a &quot;celebration of Jackson's life and works&quot; rather than a funeral. 
[[File:Michael Jackson Memorial.jpg|thumb|A memorial to Michael in [[Munich, Germany]]]]
[[Jennifer Hudson]] sang &quot;[[Will You Be There]]&quot; accompanied by a music video. Reverend [[Al Sharpton]] then gave a speech about how Jackson kept rising and &quot;never stopped&quot;. [[John Mayer]] played the guitar as he did in Michael Jackson's song [[Human Nature (Michael Jackson song)|Human Nature]]. This was followed by [[Brooke Shields]] speaking. 

[[Jermaine Jackson]], Jackson's older brother, then performed [[Smile (Charlie Chaplin song)|Smile]], Michael's favorite song written by comic drama legend [[Charlie Chaplin]]. Next to speak were [[Martin Luther King III]] and [[Bernice King]]. Congresswoman [[Sheila Jackson Lee]] followed them, claiming &quot;people are innocent until proven guilty.&quot; (This was a reminder to people who accused Jackson of unproven [[Child sexual abuse|child molestations]]). She also said that Jackson's [[Humanitarianism|humanitarian]] efforts should be praised. 

[[Usher (musician)|Usher]] then sang &quot;[[Gone Too Soon]]&quot;, followed by a [[Montage (filmmaking)|montage]] of old videos of Jackson himself. Shamim sang next, with [[Kenny Ortega]] introducing him afterward. Kenny Ortega explained that Michael Jackson saw the Staples Center as his home, which is why the funeral service was held there. Ortega then sang a tribute to Jackson, including &quot;[[We Are the World]]&quot; and &quot;[[Heal the World]]&quot;. 

The service ended with speeches by members of Michael's family, including [[Jermaine Jackson|Jermaine]], [[Marlon Jackson|Marlon]] and daughter [[Paris Jackson|Paris]]. Paris began to cry and said that &quot;Daddy was the best father anyone could have.&quot; She added &quot;I will miss him&quot; before leaving the microphone and turning into [[Janet Jackson]]'s arms.

===Burial===
At first, Michael Jackson's custom-made quarter-million dollar golden [[Coffin|casket]], [[nickname]]d &quot;The [[Prometheus|Promethean]],&quot; was not expected to appear at the memorial service. However, due to a change in the family's plans, the casket did appear.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=Jesse|last=Washington|title=Michael Jackson's casket to be taken to memorial|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iJN6FHrmT75HzSZChIb2PDzFEDXgD999LPBO0|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=7 July 2009|accessdate=7 July 2009|archive-date=10 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710135501/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iJN6FHrmT75HzSZChIb2PDzFEDXgD999LPBO0|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Viewing parties were held all over the world for the [[Broadcasting|broadcast]]. Movie theaters showed the memorial service in [[Times Square]], the [[Apollo Theater]], [[Raleigh]], and [[Berlin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=Hollie |last=McKay |title=Jackson Memorial Airing Live at a Theater (Maybe) Near You|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,530297,00.html|publisher=[[Fox News]]|date=7 July 2009|accessdate=7 July 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; The broadcast was replayed a few times the next day. An estimated 1 billion people tuned into the farewell concert.

Over 3,000 police officers were assigned to the event, the largest amount assigned to a single event since the [[1984 Summer Olympics]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=CNN|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/07/07/michael.jackson.security/index.html?eref=rss_showbiz|date=7 July 2009|accessdate=2009-09-03|title=Cost only security problem at Jackson memorial}}&lt;/ref&gt; It cost the City of [[Los Angeles]] 1.4 million dollars.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Vercammen|first=Paul|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Music/07/08/michael.jackson.cost/index.html?eref=rss_topstories |publisher=CNN |date=8 July 2009 |accessdate=2009-09-03|title=Mayor's office: Michael Jackson memorial cost L.A. around $1.4 million}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jackson's funeral took place nine weeks after he died, in [[Glendale, California]] on September 3, 2009. He was laid to rest at 9:45 pm in the [[mausoleum]], above the ground. Some family members had wanted him to be buried below ground in the mausoleum, while Jermaine Jackson wanted him buried on Neverland ranch.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=July 10, 2009|title=Jackson Family Feud: Where Will Michael Be Buried?|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,531508,00.html|publisher=Fox News|accessdate=4 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, Michael's mother Katherine made the final decision.

== Legacy ==
Through music videos and live performances, Jackson is known for popularizing dance moves such as the robot, the anti-gravity lean, the side slide, the crotch grab, and the [[moonwalk]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Silviya|first=Y|date=March 24, 2023|title=Reminiscing 11 Iconic Dance Moves of the King of Pop, Michael Jackson|url=https://indigomusic.com/pop-cultures/reminiscing-11-iconic-dance-moves-of-the-king-of-pop-michael-jackson|access-date=September 30, 2024|website=Indigo Music}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

He won many awards and broke records. He is the most successful entertainer of all time, according to [[Guinness World Records]]. 

Jackson gave to many [[Charitable organization|charitable organizations]] and pioneered efforts to raise funds for charities in the [[entertainment industry]].

Jackson traveled the world attending events honoring his [[humanitarianism]]. In 2000, the ''Guinness World Records'' recognized him for supporting 39 charities, more than any other entertainer. 

People continue to buy Jackson's albums and listen to his songs. He is one of the best-selling music artists in history, with worldwide sales approaching 400 million records.

Many of Michael Jackson's songs are still extremely popular. These include:
* &quot;[[Bad (song)|Bad]]&quot;
* &quot;[[Beat It]]&quot;
* &quot;[[Billie Jean]]&quot;
* &quot;[[Black or White]]&quot;
* &quot;[[Earth Song]]&quot;
* &quot;[[Heal the World]]&quot;
* &quot;[[Thriller (Michael Jackson album)|Thriller]]&quot;

==Aftermath==
=== Recent releases ===
Jackson recorded several songs before his death. He had recently released a compilation album called ''[[Michael (Michael Jackson album)|Michael]]'' (2010), featuring remixed songs and new songs such as &quot;[[Hold My Hand (Michael Jackson and Akon song)|Hold My Hand]]&quot; a duet between him and popular singer [[Akon]], and &quot;[[Monster (Michael Jackson song)|Monster]]&quot;, a strong song with lots of attitudes and a hint of dislike for the paparazzi. Also &quot;[[(I Like) The Way You Love Me]]&quot;, &quot;[[Michael (Michael Jackson album)|Keep Your Head Up]]&quot;, and &quot;[[Michael (Michael Jackson album)|Much Too Soon]]&quot;.

In 2014, he released the second posthumous album, ''[[Xscape (album)|Xscape]]'' which includes the songs &quot;[[Love Never Felt So Good]]&quot; featuring [[Justin Timberlake]], &quot;[[Slave to the Rhythm]]&quot;, and &quot;[[A Place With No Name]]&quot;.

A [[Michael (2026 movie)|biopic]] based on Jackson's life and career was officially announced and stars [[Jermaine Jackson]]'s son [[Jaafar Jackson]] as Michael Jackson. The movie was released in April 2026.

== Discography ==

=== Studio albums ===
* ''[[Got to Be There]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Ben (Michael Jackson album)|Ben]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Music &amp; Me]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Forever, Michael]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Off the Wall]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Thriller (Michael Jackson album)|Thriller]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Bad (album)|Bad]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)|Dangerous]]'' (1991)
* ''[[HIStory: Past, Present and Future|HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Invincible]]'' (2001)

==== Posthumous albums ====

* ''[[Michael (Michael Jackson album)|Michael]]'' (2010)
* [[Xscape (album)|''Xscape'']] (2014)

== Filmography ==
* ''[[The Wiz (movie)|The Wiz]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Michael Jackson's Thriller (music video)|Michael Jackson's Thriller]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Captain EO]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Moonwalker]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Michael Jackson's Ghosts]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Men in Black II]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Miss Cast Away and the Islands Girls]]'' (2004)

=== Documentaries after death ===
* ''[[Michael Jackson's This Is It]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Bad 25 (movie)|Bad 25]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Michael Jackson: The Last Photo Shoot]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Michael Jackson's Journey from Motown to Off the Wall]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Square One: Michael Jackson]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Thriller 40]]'' (2023)

== Tours ==
* [[Bad (tour)|Bad World Tour]] (1987–1989)
* [[Dangerous World Tour]] (1992–1993)
* [[HIStory World Tour]] (1996–1997)

=== Singles ===
{{main|Michael Jackson singles discography}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Other websites==
{{commons|Michael Jackson}}
*{{official|https://www.michaeljackson.com}}
*[https://vault.fbi.gov/Michael%20Jackson Michael Jackson] at the [[FBI]]'s website
*{{IMDb name|0001391}}

{{Michael Jackson}}
{{African American topics}}
{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:African-American actors]]
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[[Category:American autobiographers]]
[[Category:American manslaughter victims]]
[[Category:Philanthropists from Indiana]]
[[Category:American drummers]]
[[Category:American guitarists]]
[[Category:American pianists]]
[[Category:American R&amp;B singers]]
[[Category:American pop singers]]
[[Category:American soul singers]]
[[Category:American rock singers]]
[[Category:American disco singers]]
[[Category:American new jack swing singers]]
[[Category:Jackson family]]
[[Category:Singer-songwriters from Indiana]]
[[Category:Brit Award winners]]
[[Category:American Grammy Award winners]]
[[Category:Deaths from cardiac arrest]]
[[Category:Drug-related accidental deaths in the United States]]
[[Category:New wave musicians]]
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{{Infobox person
| name               = Michael Jackson
| alt                = Michael Jackson
| image              = Michael Jackson 1983 (3x4 cropped) (contrast).jpg
| caption            = Jackson in 1983
| birth_name         = Michael Joseph Jackson
| alias              = Michael Joe Jackson&lt;!-- Legal aliases only. This is not a field for nicknames.--&gt;
| birth_date         = {{Birth date|1958|8|29}}
| birth_place        = [[Gary, Indiana|Gary]], [[Indiana]], U.S.
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|2009|6|25|1958|8|29}}
| death_place        = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S.
| death_cause        = [[Cardiac arrest]] caused by acute [[propofol]] and [[benzodiazepine]] [[intoxication]] ([[Death of Michael Jackson|details]])
| resting_place      = 
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| burial_place       = [[Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)|Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California]], U.S.
| burial_coordinates = {{coord|34.125|-118.240|display=inline, title|name=Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale}}
| nationality        = [[Americans|American]]
| citizenship        = [[United States]] (1958–2009)
| works              = 
| education          = 
| alma_mater         = [[Montclair College Preparatory School]]
| occupation         = {{hlist|[[Singer]]|[[songwriter]]|[[dancer]]|[[musician]]|[[philanthropist]]|[[producer]]}}
| years_active       = 1964–2009
| known_for          = Music career
| notable_works      = {{flatlist|
* [[Michael Jackson singles discography|Singles]]
}}
| height             = 5 ft 9 in
| spouse             = {{marriage|[[Lisa Marie Presley]]|1994|1996|end=divorced}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|[[Debbie Rowe]]|1996|2000|end=divorced}}
| children           = 3, including [[Paris Jackson|Paris]]
| mother             = [[Katherine Jackson]]
| father             = [[Joe Jackson (manager)|Joe Jackson]]
| family             = [[Jackson family]]
| awards             = [[List of awards and nominations received by Michael Jackson|Full list]]
| website            = {{url|https://www.michaeljackson.com/}}
| signature          = Michael Jackson signature.svg
| signature_size     = 100px
| module             = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
 | instrument      = {{hlist|Vocals|guitar|keyboards|piano|bass|drums}}&lt;!--If you think an instrument should be listed, a discussion to reach consensus is needed first--&gt;
 | background      = solo_singer
 | genre           = &lt;!--These music genres are all sourced under the section #Musical themes and genres--&gt;{{hlist|[[Contemporary R&amp;B|R&amp;B]]|[[Pop music|pop]]|[[soul music|soul]]|[[funk]]|[[Hip hop music|hip hop]]|[[rock music|rock]]|[[disco]]|[[post-disco]]|[[dance-pop]]|[[new jack swing]]}}
 | label           = {{hlist|[[Steeltown Records|Steeltown]]|[[Motown]]|[[Epic Records|Epic]]|[[Legacy Recordings|Legacy]]|[[Sony Music|Sony]]|MJJ Productions}}
 | associated_acts = &lt;!--These associated acts are all sourced under #Discography--&gt;[[The Jackson 5]]
}}
}}
'''Michael Joseph Jackson''' (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009), also known by his initials '''MJ''', was an American [[singer]], [[songwriter]], [[dancer]], and [[philanthropist]]. Dubbed the &quot;'''King of Pop'''&quot;, he is often regarded as one of the most culturally significant figures of the 20th century. Over a four-decade career, his musical achievements broke racial barriers in the U.S. and made him a dominant figure across the world. Through songs, concerts, and fashion, he proliferated visual performance for artists in [[popular music]]; popularizing street dance moves including the [[Moonwalk (dance)|moonwalk]], the [[Robot (dance)|robot]], and the [[Smooth Criminal#anti-gravity lean|anti-gravity lean]]. Jackson is often deemed the greatest entertainer of all time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Villarreal |first=Yvonne |date=June 29, 2009 |title=Remembering Michael Jackson: 'The Greatest Entertainer of All Time' |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-jun-29-et-jackson-tribute29-story.html |access-date=January 16, 2025 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The eighth child of the [[Jackson family]], Michael began performing in 1964 with his brothers in [[the Jackson 5]] (later known as the Jacksons) at the age of 6. The group gained worldwide fame with him as its lead singer and recorded multiple successful singles. In the early 1970s, he embarked on his solo career. Later, he rose to global stardom with the release of his fifth studio album ''[[Off the Wall]]'' (1979), and then achieved unprecedented global success with ''[[Thriller (Michael Jackson album)|Thriller]]'' (1982), the best-selling album in music history. The [[Music video|music videos]] for the singles, &quot;[[Beat It]]&quot;, &quot;[[Billie Jean]]&quot;, and &quot;[[Thriller (song)|Thriller]]&quot;, redefined the medium. ''[[Bad (album)|Bad]]'' (1987), was the first album to produce US five [[Billboard Hot 100]] number-one singles &quot;[[I Just Can't Stop Loving You]]&quot;, &quot;[[Bad (Michael Jackson song)|Bad]]&quot;, &quot;[[The Way You Make Me Feel]]&quot;, &quot;[[Man in the Mirror]]&quot;, and &quot;[[Dirty Diana]]&quot;. ''[[Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)|Dangerous]]'' (1991) and ''[[HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I]]'' (1995), produced the US number-one singles &quot;[[Black or White]]&quot; and &quot;[[You Are Not Alone]]&quot;.  His final studio album ''[[Invincible]]'' (2001) is the most expensive album ever made. When [[Death of Michael Jackson|he died]] in 2009 at age 50, he had spent 44 years working in the [[music industry]]. 

Jackson remains a global figure in [[popular culture]]. His contributions to music, dance, and [[fashion]] had a major cultural impact. Finally, his highly publicized personal life kept him in the public eye. Jackson died in 2009 from an [[overdose]] of [[propofol]] administered by [[Conrad Murray|Dr. Conrad Murray]]. [[Trial of Conrad Murray|Murray's trial]] was widely publicized, and he went to prison for involuntary manslaughter.

Jackson influenced artists across many music [[Genre|genres]]. Through [[Concert|stage]] and video performances, he popularized complicated dance moves such as the moonwalk, the robot, and the anti-gravity lean. Jackson is the [[List of awards and nominations received by Michael Jackson|most awarded individual music artist]] in history: his awards include 15 [[Grammy Award|Grammy Awards]], 6 [[BRIT Awards]], a [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe]], and 39 [[Guinness World Records]], including &quot;Most Successful [[Entertainer]] of All Time&quot;. He is included in the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]], the Vocal Group [[Hall of fame|Hall of Fame]], the [[Songwriter|Songwriters]] Hall of Fame, the National [[Rhythm and blues|Rhythm &amp; Blues]] Hall of Fame, and the Dance Hall of Fame. Jackson is one of the best-selling music artists of all time, with estimated sales of over 500 million records.

==Early life and career==

===Early life===
Michael Joseph Jackson was born to a family of [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] on August 29, 1958, at St Mary's Mercy Hospital in [[Gary, Indiana]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Barnes|first=Brokes|date=June 25, 2009|title=A Star Idolized and Haunted, Michael Jackson Dies at 50|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/26/arts/music/26jackson.html?ref=obituaries&amp;_r=0|access-date=September 30, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was the eighth of [[Katherine Jackson|Katherine]] and [[Joe Jackson]]'s ten children.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.truemichaeljackson.com/childhood/|title=Childhood :: True Michael Jackson|website=truemichaeljackson.com|access-date=2020-02-11|archive-date=2019-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204131417/https://www.truemichaeljackson.com/childhood/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Jackson's father Joseph was a [[steel]] [[Mill (grinding)|mill]] worker who played guitar in a rhythm and blues band to earn extra money for the family.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Sweeting|first=Adam|date=2018-06-27|title=Joe Jackson obituary|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/jun/27/joe-jackson-obituary|access-date=2024-09-30|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 1964: The Jackson Brothers ===
On January 1, 1964, Jackson and his brother [[Marlon Jackson|Marlon]] joined The Jackson Brothers, a band that their older brothers [[Jackie Jackson|Jackie]], [[Tito Jackson|Tito]], and [[Jermaine Jackson|Jermaine]] had started.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=You Are Not Alone: Michael Through a Brother's Eyes|url=https://archive.org/details/youarenotalonemi0000jack|last=Jackson|first=Jermaine|publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4516-5156-0|location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt; When they did their first public performance, Jackson was just five years old.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rockhall.com/inductees/the-jackson-five/ |title=The Jackson 5: inducted in 1997 &amp;#124; The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum |publisher=Rockhall.com |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When Jackson was 8, he and Jermaine became the group's main singers. The group's name then changed to The Jackson 5. 

=== 1965: The Jackson 5 ===
{{main|The Jackson 5}}

The members of the Jackson 5 were the same as the &quot;Jackson Brothers&quot;: Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon, and Michael Jackson.

The group won an important [[talent show]] in 1966. Two years later they were signed to a famous record label called [[Motown Records]]. Their first [[Motown]] single ''I Want You Back'' reached No. 1 in the ''[[Billboard Hot 100]],'' a list of the 100 top songs in the [[United States]].
[[File:Michael Jackson 1977.JPG|thumb|Jackson in 1977]]
They became quite popular and performed many original songs, including &quot;[[ABC (song)|ABC]]&quot; and &quot;[[I'll Be There (Jackson 5 song)|I'll Be There]]&quot;. They were managed by their father Joe Jackson, who was very strict.

=== 1971–1973: ''Go to Be There,'' ''Ben,'' and ''Music &amp; Me'' ===
In 1971, Jackson embarked on his solo career and released his studio albums ''[[Got to Be There]]'' and ''[[Ben (Michael Jackson album)|Ben]]'' (both in 1972), and ''[[Music &amp; Me]]'' (1973).

''Got to Be There'' produced the [[Got to Be There (song)|song of the same name]], as Jackson's debut solo single. ''Ben'' released one single, the title track &quot;[[Ben (song)|Ben]]&quot;, which was a commercial success.

=== 1974–1981: ''Forever, Michael'', ''The Wiz'', and ''Off the Wall'' ===
In 1974, Jackson hosted the first [[American Music Awards]] with [[Donny Osmond]], Rodney Allen Rippy, and [[The Partridge Family|Ricky Segall]].

In June 1975, the Jackson 5 left Motown for [[CBS Records]] and changed their name to &quot;The Jacksons&quot;. That same year, he released his fourth solo studio album ''[[Forever, Michael]]''.

In 1976, The Jacksons got their own TV show on [[CBS]]. The show was cancelled in March 1977.

On October 24, 1978, a movie called ''[[The Wiz (movie)|The Wiz]]'' was released. The movie was a remake of ''[[The Wizard of Oz]]'' with all [[Black people|black]] actors. Jackson acted as the [[Scarecrow]].

On December 17, 1978, The Jacksons' twelfth album was released. It was the first album they had produced. Jackson wrote the album's second single &quot;[[Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)]]&quot; with Randy Jackson. It reached No.7 on the Billboard Hot 100.

In December 1978, Jackson started making his fifth and first solo album on [[Epic Records]]: ''[[Off the Wall]]'' with record producer [[Quincy Jones]]. It was released on August 10, 1979. The album got good reviews and a [[Grammy Award]] for Best Male [[Rhythm and blues|R&amp;B]] Vocal Performance.

The Jacksons' thirteenth album, ''[[Triumph (The Jacksons album)|Triumph]],'' was released in 1980.
[[File:Michael Jackson 1984 (enhanced).jpg|thumb|Jackson in 1984]]

=== 1982–1983: ''Thriller'', and ''Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever'' ===
In 1982, Jackson made &quot;[[Someone in the Dark]]&quot; for the ''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial|E.T.: the Extra-Terrestrial]]'' soundtrack. It won a Grammy for Best Recording for Children in 1984.

On October 18, 1982, the first single from his sixth studio album ''[[Thriller (Michael Jackson album)|Thriller]]'', &quot;[[The Girl Is Mine]]&quot;, was released. It was sung with [[Paul McCartney]]. Some people thought that the album wasn't going to be very good because of the song.

On November 30, 1982, ''Thriller'' was released, which went on to become the best-selling album of all time. Jackson didn't do a tour to promote the album. The album sold around 70 million copies worldwide.

''Thriller'' includes famous songs like &quot;[[Beat It]]&quot; and &quot;[[Billie Jean]]&quot; and &quot;[[Thriller (song)|Thriller]]&quot;.

&quot;Thriller&quot; has a unique [[Michael Jackson's Thriller (music video)|music video]], in which shows Jackson and others dancing like [[Zombie|zombies]]. The popularity of these videos helped bring the television channel [[MTV]] to fame. 

That year, Jackson won seven other Grammys for his studio album ''Thriller''.&lt;ref name=&quot;IMDB&quot;&gt;[[imdbname:0001391|imdb.com]]&lt;/ref&gt; 

In 1983, Jackson wrote three songs with [[Queen (band)|Queen]]'s lead singer [[Freddie Mercury]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Locker |first=Melissa |url=http://entertainment.time.com/2013/07/29/michael-jackson-and-freddie-mercury-three-duets-coming-out-this-fall/ |title=Michael Jackson and Freddie Mercury: Three Duets Coming Out This Fall |work=TIME |date=2013-07-29 |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; That same year, he performed &quot;Billie Jean&quot; during an [[NBC]] special called ''[[Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever]]'', where he debuted the &quot;[[moonwalk]]&quot;, in which became his signature dance move in his repertoire.

=== 1984–1985: Pepsi commercial, songs, and albums ===
[[File:Michael Jackson autographing 'We Are The World' posters 1985.jpg|thumb|266x266px|Jackson signing a &quot;[[We Are the World]]&quot; poster in 1985]]On January 27, 1984, Michael's hair caught on fire while he was filming a Pepsi Cola commercial with the rest of The Jacksons. He received severe burns and was rushed to the hospital.

Pepsi paid $1.5 million to Jackson, who gave it to the Brotman Medical Center in [[Culver City, California]]. The accident left him with severe chronic pain, and he started taking [[narcotic]] [[Analgesic|pain medications]]. 

In May 1984, &quot;Farewell My Summer Love&quot;, a song that Jackson wrote in 1973, was released as a single. It reached number seven in the [[UK Singles Chart]].

&quot;[[Somebody's Watching Me]]&quot;, a single by [[Rockwell (musician)|Rockwell]] with Jackson singing on the [[Refrain|chorus]], was released January 14, 1984. It reached number one in [[Spain]] and [[France]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=InfoDisc : Tout les Titres N° 1 des 80's|url=http://www.infodisc.fr/Number1_80.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120112709/http://www.infodisc.fr/Number1_80.php|archive-date=2012-11-20|publisher=Infodisc.fr|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Jacksons' album ''[[Victory (The Jacksons album)|Victory]]'' was released on July 2, 1984. Between July and December 1984, Jackson toured with his brothers. He won eight awards at the 1984 [[American Music Awards]], the most anyone has ever won at once. He also won Best International Solo Artist and Best International Album at the [[BRIT Awards]].

Jermaine Jackson released his tenth album, ''[[Jermaine Jackson (album)|Jermaine Jackson]]''. Michael sang on a song from the album, &quot;[[Tell Me I'm Not Dreaming' (Too Good to Be True)]]&quot;. It was nominated for Best R&amp;B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals at the 1985 Grammy Awards.

In August 1985, Jackson bought [[music publisher]] [[ATV Music]] for $47.5 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/music/la-et-hilburn-michael-jackson-sep22,0,540678,full.story |title=The long and winding road - Los Angeles Times |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=1985-09-22 |accessdate=2014-06-24 |archive-date=2012-06-11 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68LcROJJ2?url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/music/la-et-hilburn-michael-jackson-sep22,0,540678,full.story |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; They owned the rights to [[The Beatles]].

Jackson wrote &quot;[[We Are the World]]&quot; with [[Lionel Richie]] in 1985. The song was recorded by [[USA for Africa]]. It was released as a single around the world to raise money to give to [[Starvation|starving]] people in [[Africa]]. It sold over 20 million copies. It also won four Grammy Awards.

=== 1986–1990: ''Bad'', autobiography, and videogames ===
[[File:Michael Jackson-3.jpg|thumb|Jackson performing &quot;[[The Way You Make Me Feel]]&quot; in 1988]]
In August 1987, his seventh studio album ''[[Bad (album)|Bad]]'', was released. Jackson wanted it to sell 100 million copies; it has sold over 45 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Michael-Jacksons-Thriller-is-1st-Album-Certified-33x-Million-Bad-Certified-10-Million-20170216#|title=Michael Jackson's 'Thriller' is 1st Album Certified 33x Million; 'Bad' Certified 10 Million|last=Desk|first=BWW News|access-date=2017-11-20|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Five of ''Bad's'' seven singles were No.1 in the U.S.:&quot;[[I Just Can't Stop Loving You]]&quot;, &quot;[[Bad (Michael Jackson song)|Bad]]&quot;, &quot;[[The Way You Make Me Feel]]&quot;, &quot;[[Man in the Mirror]]&quot; and &quot;[[Dirty Diana]]&quot;. Until [[Katy Perry]]'s success with her 2010 album ''[[Teenage Dream]]'', Jackson was the only musician to ever have had that many singles from one album be No.1. 

From September 1987 to January 1989, Jackson did the [[Bad (tour)|Bad World Tour]]. This was the first tour he did on his own. 

In 1988, ''[[Moonwalk (book)|Moonwalk]]'', a book Jackson wrote about his life, was published. It took Jackson four years to write. The book sold 200,000 copies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/celebrity/articles/2009/06/27/writer_stephen_davis_remembers_michael_jackson/ |title=Writer Stephen Davis remembers Michael Jackson |work=The Boston Globe |date=2009-06-27 |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jackson then made and released ''[[Moonwalker]]''. In 1989, some [[Michael Jackson's Moonwalker|video games]] about the movie were released by U.S. Gold.

In 1986, [[Disneyland]] and [[Epcot]] started showing a short film called ''[[Captain EO]]'' that starred Jackson. 

Jackson sang &quot;You Were There&quot; at [[Sammy Davis Jr.]]'s 60th birthday celebration. He was nominated for an [[Emmy Award]] for his performance.

The Jacksons released their last album, ''2300 Jackson Street,'' in 1989. Michael sang on the album's second single &quot;[[2300 Jackson Street (song)|2300 Jackson Street]]&quot; with his brothers and two of their sisters, Janet and Rebbie. Michael was also in the song's music video.

Jackson won the Grammy Award for Best Music Video, Short Form in 1989 for &quot;[[Leave Me Alone (Michael Jackson song)|Leave Me Alone]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/awards|title=Awards|date=30 April 2017|publisher=National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 1991–1993: ''Dangerous'', charitable work, and Superbowl ===
On November 26, 1991, Jackson released his eighth studio album, ''[[Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)|Dangerous]]''. It is a [[new jack swing]] album produced with [[Teddy Riley]]. Jackson included a rapper on the album for the first time and nine singles from the album. It contains the number-one single &quot;[[Black or White]]&quot;. 

On June 27, 1992, Jackson started the [[Dangerous World Tour]]. Its goal was to raise money for charities such as the [[Heal the World Foundation]]. Jackson promised to donate all of the tour's income to [[Charitable organization|charitable organizations]]. Jackson performed to 3.5 million people in 70 concerts, and [[Gross income|grossed]] $100 million in donations.
The Dangerous World Tour was supposed to last until [[Christmas]] 1992. However, on November 11, Jackson ended the tour early because he was hospitalized.

In January 1992, Jackson performed at the [[Half-time|halftime]] show at [[Super Bowl XXVII]].

=== 1994–1996: ''HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I'', and ''Ghosts'' ===
On July 16, 1995, Jackson released his ninth studio album, [[HIStory: Past, Present and Future|''HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I'']]. This album has two discs. The first &quot;''HIStory Begins''&quot; is a collection of Jackson's greatest hits (his most popular songs, and it was later reissued in 2001 as ''Greatest Hits: HIStory, Volume I''). The second &quot;''HIStory Continues''&quot; contains fifteen songs that Jackson recorded in late 1994 and early 1995. Thirteen of those songs were new at the time, and two of them are [[Cover version|cover versions]].

''HIStory'' won the [[Grammy Award for Album of the Year]]. In August 1995, the album's single &quot;[[You Are Not Alone]]&quot; became the first single ever to go straight to No.1 on [[Billboard Hot 100|Billboard's Hot 100]] (a list of the 100 most popular songs in the United States).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://uk.news.launch.yahoo.com/dyna/article.html?a=/14112006/344/jackson-receives-world-records.html&amp;e=l_news_dm |title=Jackson receives his World Records - LAUNCH, Music on Yahoo! is now Yahoo! Music UK &amp; Ireland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527045635/http://uk.news.launch.yahoo.com/dyna/article.html?a=/14112006/344/jackson-receives-world-records.html&amp;e=l_news_dm |accessdate=2014-06-24|archive-date=2011-05-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

The video for Jackson's single &quot;[[Scream (Michael Jackson and Janet Jackson song)|Scream]]&quot; entered the [[Guinness Book of World Records]] for being the most expensive short film ever made. 

In 1996, he started his [[HIStory World Tour|''HIS''tory World Tour]], which ended the following year. Over 4.5 million fans attended a show on the tour - more than any other tour in Jackson's career. Jackson performed 82 concerts in 58 different cities, within 35 countries, on five [[Continent|continents]]. The tour [[Gross income|grossed]] a total of $165 million. 
[[File:Neverland (7652959992).jpg|thumb|Jackson's &quot;[[Neverland]]&quot; complex in [[California]] included a [[carousel]].]]
In 1997 Jackson released a short film called [[Michael Jackson's Ghosts|Ghosts]] in 1997, which he wrote with [[Stephen King]].

=== 1997–1999: ''Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix'' ===
In 1997, Jackson released ''[[Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix]]'', the best-selling [[Remixing|remix]] album ever made.&lt;ref&gt;Rojek, Chris (2007). Cultural Studies. Polity. p. 74. {{ISBN|0-7456-3683-7}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The album and its first single reached No.1 in the [[United Kingdom]]. ''Blood on the Dance Floor'' contained five new songs, including the album's first single - also called &quot;[[Blood on the Dance Floor (song)|Blood on the Dance Floor]]&quot;. 

=== 2000–2003: ''Invincible'', and ''Number Ones'' ===
Jackson won Artist of the 1980s at the American Music Awards in 2000.

On October 30, 2001, ''[[Invincible (Michael Jackson album)|Invincible]]'', Jackson's last studio album, was released. The album got good and bad reviews. It was No.1 in 12 countries and sold 13 million copies around the world. But compared to Jackson's earlier albums, it was unsuccessful. The album's first single &quot;[[You Rock My World]]&quot; was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance.

In 2002, Jackson won his 22nd American Music Award for Artist of the [[Century]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Oc40AAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=GyEGAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5669,889435&amp;dq=american+music+awards+michael+jackson&amp;hl=en|title=Lodi News-Sentinel - Google News Archive Search|publisher=Google News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On November 18, 2003, Jackson released a collection of his popular songs called ''[[Number Ones (Michael Jackson album)|Number Ones]]''. The album also includes a new song called &quot;[[One More Chance (Michael Jackson song)|One More Chance]]&quot;'','' which was released as a single. It reached number one in three countries. The album was released as a DVD too.

=== 2004–2009: Final years ===
In 2006, Sony released twenty of Jackson's popular singles on video called ''[[Visionary: The Video Singles]]''.

In March 2009, Jackson told the press that he was going to do a tour called [[This Is It (concert residency)|This Is It]]. He said that he might stop making music after this. Jackson practiced his singing and dancing for the tour in [[Los Angeles]] with [[Kenny Ortega.]] Jackson died of an overdose of [[Propofol]] on June 25, 2009, after having a cardiac arrest, and his personal physician, [[Conrad Murray]], was convicted of involuntary manslaughter.

During an Interview on YouTube during the BBC UK Show featuring &quot;Michael Jackson's This Is It&quot; Michael talked about the future of his career and that he &quot;may&quot; be retiring after his &quot;This Is It&quot; Tour, but he wasn't sure if he would or not. However, due to his death in 2009, the show was cancelled. Some show-goers who paid for tickets wanted refunds but the Jackson Estate did not provide any.

=== 2009–2010: ''This Is It'', awards, and ''Michael Jackson: The Experience'' ===
Jackson won Entertainer of the Year at the 2009 [[Soul Train Awards]]. That year he also won five American Music Awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Artist &amp;#124; The Official Michael Jackson Site|url=http://www.michaeljackson.com/us/the-artist/legacy|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706081510/http://www.michaeljackson.com/us/the-artist/legacy|archive-date=2014-07-06|publisher=Michaeljackson.com|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On October 26, 2009, a two-disc album called ''[[Michael Jackson's This Is It (album)|Michael Jackson's This Is It]]'' was released. The album's only single &quot;This Is It&quot; was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance in 2011. On October 28, 2009, ''[[Michael Jackson's This Is It]]'' was released. It was a documentary movie. The movie showed recordings of Jackson's rehearsals for his This Is It tour. Jackson died before he could do the tour. It made $72,091,016 in the United States. It has made $261,183,588 around the world. It got good reviews from movie critics. On 26 January 2010 the movie was released on DVD. It sold over a 1.5million copies in the US in the first week it was released. This was more than any other music DVD had sold in its first week.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2010-02-03|title='This Is It' dominates sales, Blu-ray charts|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/it-dominates-sales-blu-ray-20251|work=The Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jackson won the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2010. His children, Prince and [[Paris Jackson|Paris]] collected the award for Jackson.

A video game called ''[[Michael Jackson: The Experience]]'' was released by [[Ubisoft]] in November 2010 for the [[Nintendo DS]], [[PlayStation Portable]] and [[Wii]].

=== 2011–2012: Trial of Conrad Murray, and ''Bad 25'' ===
In April 2011, [[Mohamed Al-Fayed]], who was friends with Jackson when he was alive, showed the public a 7ft 6in statue of Jackson outside [[Craven Cottage]] football stadium. A lot of people did not like the statue. In July 2013 Fayed sold his football club to [[Shahid Khan]]. In September 2013 Khan chose to have the statue was removed. It was given back to Fayed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=25 September 2013|title=Michael Jackson is HIStory: Controversial statue removed from Fulham|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/michael-jackson-is-history-controversial-statue-removed-from-fulham-stadium-craven-cottage-8839090.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928083305/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/michael-jackson-is-history-controversial-statue-removed-from-fulham-stadium-craven-cottage-8839090.html|archive-date=28 September 2013|access-date=10 December 2013|website=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Man in the Music: The Creative Life and Work of Michael Jackson'', a book written by Joseph Vogel about Jackson's life, was published in 2011.

Jackson was voted as the Greatest Singer of All Time by people who did a poll on NME.com.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2011-06-21|title=Michael Jackson tops NME's Greatest Singers poll|url=http://www.nme.com/news/michael-jackson/57469#9|work=NME|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2011, there was a criminal trial for Jackson's doctor Conrad Murray. Murray was found guilty of [[involuntary manslaughter]] of Jackson. He was sentenced to four years in prison. On October 28, 2013, Murray was released from prison. He was interviewed by [[60 Minutes]]. He said that he did not think that Jackson's death was his fault in any way. The journalist [[Liz Hayes]] asked Murray if he thought that Jackson was a pedophile. Murray stared at her for 13&amp;nbsp;seconds and would not give an opinion. He said that he would not answer because he did not want to make anything up.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2013-11-25|title=Michael Jackson's doctor grilled on allegations prince of pop was pedophile|url=http://news.ninemsn.com.au/world/2013/11/25/06/25/jackson-still-speaks-to-me-says-murray|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523151638/http://news.ninemsn.com.au/world/2013/11/25/06/25/jackson-still-speaks-to-me-says-murray|archive-date=2014-05-23|publisher=News.ninemsn.com.au|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An extinct species of [[hermit crab]] was called Mesoparapylocheles michaeljacksoni after Jackson in January 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=News Detail|url=http://www.kent.edu/news/newsdetail.cfm?customel_datapageid_9299=2982474|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919020229/http://www2.kent.edu/news/newsdetail.cfm?customel_datapageid_9299=2982474|archive-date=2014-09-19|publisher=Kent.edu|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[Bad 25]]'', a documentary movie about Jackson's album ''Bad'', was released in August 2012.

In 2012, he sold almost 8 albums in the United States. He is thought to have sold 2 albums around the world in 2012. His estate makes $1 a year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2012-05-31|title=How Michael Jackson's Estate Earns $145 Million a Year (From the Magazine)|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/legal-and-management/5785879/how-michael-jacksons-estate-earns-145-million-a-year|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714085719/http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/legal-and-management/5785879/how-michael-jacksons-estate-earns-145-million-a-year|archive-date=2014-07-14|work=Billboard|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2013–2014: Further child sexual abuse allegations, The Immortal World Tour, and ''Xscape'' ===
Jackson made more money than any other dead celebrity in 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Top-Earning Dead Celebrities|url=https://www.forbes.com/special-report/2013/dead-celebrities.html|work=Forbes|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In May 2013, [[Wade Robson]] said that Jackson sexually abused him from the age of 7 to 14. In 2005 he had been a defense witness for Jackson's child molestation trial.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=16 May 2013|title=Wade Robson: Michael Jackson Was a Pedophile Who Sexually Abused Me &amp;#124; E! Online UK|url=http://uk.eonline.com/news/419620/wade-robson-michael-jackson-was-a-pedophile-who-sexually-abused-me|publisher=E!|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; In June 2014 there will be a hearing where it is decided whether Robson can sue Jackson's estate over the abuse.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2013-10-10|title=Wade Robson-Michael Jackson Molestation Trial Hearing Set For June|url=http://www.thehollywoodgossip.com/2013/10/wade-robson-michael-jackson-molestation-trial-hearing-set-for-ju/|publisher=The Hollywood Gossip|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In November 2013, ''Billboard'' magazine's issue, 44 did a cover with Michael on it. It said 'Life After Death'. Inside the magazine there was an article about the success of [[Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2009-06-25|title=Michael Jackson's Touring Life After Death: The Billboard Cover Story|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/5785656/michael-jacksons-touring-life-after-death-the-billboard-cover-story|work=Billboard|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In January 2014, a judge ruled that Jackson's family could not have another trial against AEG Live.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2014-01-14|title=Judge denies Michael Jackson's family bid for new wrongful death trial &amp;#124; Reuters|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/01/14/uk-michaeljackson-lawsuit-idUKBREA0D02A20140114|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140115141429/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/01/14/uk-michaeljackson-lawsuit-idUKBREA0D02A20140114|archive-date=2014-01-15|work=Reuters.com|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Xscape (album)|Xscape]]'' was released on May 9, 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2014-03-31|title=New Michael Jackson Album 'Xscape' to Be Released in May|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6029371/new-michael-jackson-album-xscape-to-be-released-in-may|work=Billboard|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Voice==
Jackson had a unique voice. Between 1971 and 1975, it changed from boy [[soprano]] to spinto [[tenor]]. 

Jackson had a three and a half [[octave]] [[vocal range]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2011-03-04|title=Michael Jackson 'chemically castrated' as child: doctor - Health &amp; Families - Life &amp; Style|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/michael-jackson-chemically-castrated-as-child-doctor-2231967.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209093336/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/michael-jackson-chemically-castrated-as-child-doctor-2231967.html|archive-date=2014-02-09|work=The Independent|agency=Agence France-Presse|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is the best-known musician to use the 'vocal hiccup'. He first used it in 1973 on ''It's Too Late to Change the Time'' on The Jackson 5's ''G.I.T.: Get It Together'' album. Jackson also sang 'come on' wrongly on purpose so that it sounded like 'shamone'.

==Personal life==
Jackson lived a well-publicized personal life, even though he tried to stay private. He was often in celebrity and [[tabloid]] [[Magazine|magazines]]. Later in his life, he was in magazines because of his personal life more than for his music.

===Marriages and children===
In 1994, Jackson married [[Lisa Marie Presley]], the daughter of rock musician [[Elvis Presley]]. He [[Divorce|divorced]] her in 1995 and married [[nurse]] [[Debbie Rowe]] in 1996. 

Three months after Rowe and Jackson's marriage, she gave birth to a son, Prince Michael Jackson. The next year, she gave birth to a daughter, [[Paris-Michael Katherine Jackson]]. The couple divorced in April 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/422108417.html?FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Sep%206,%202006&amp;author=Jessica%20Garrison&amp;pub=Los%20Angeles%20Times&amp;edition=&amp;startpage=&amp;desc=Case%20Reopens%20Debate%20on%20Private%20Judges;%20Michael%20Jackson's%20clash%20with%20ex-wife%20heads%20for%20county%20court%20as%20officials%20seek%20to%20reform%20system |title=Los Angeles Times: Archives - Case Reopens Debate on Private Judges |publisher=Pqasb.pqarchiver.com |date=2006-09-06 |accessdate=2014-06-24 |archive-date=2016-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306212717/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/422108417.html?FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS%3AFT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Sep%206%2C%202006&amp;author=Jessica%20Garrison&amp;pub=Los%20Angeles%20Times&amp;edition=&amp;startpage=&amp;desc=Case%20Reopens%20Debate%20on%20Private%20Judges%3B%20Michael%20Jackson%27s%20clash%20with%20ex-wife%20heads%20for%20county%20court%20as%20officials%20seek%20to%20reform%20system |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bigi Jackson was born on February 21, 2002. Jackson never said who the mother was. He is better known as Blanket. When Blanket was 8 months old, Jackson held him over a [[balcony]] with a towel over Blanket's head. At the time, people did not know that he was called Blanket. Jackson made a public apology after people got upset.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/2494249.stm |title=Entertainment &amp;#124; Jackson: Baby stunt was 'mistake' |work=BBC News |date=2002-11-20 |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

After Jackson died, his mother Katherine was made the guardian of his children. In August 2012, Jackson's nephew [[TJ Jackson|TJ]] was made the children's co-guardian.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/tj-jackson-made-permanent-guardian-michael-jackson-kids/story?id=17059177 |title=TJ Jackson Made Permanent Co-Guardian of Michael Jackson Kids |publisher=ABC News |date=2012-08-22 |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Bubbles===
In the 1980s, Jackson bought a [[chimpanzee]] from a Texas research facility. He named it Bubbles and used it for a [[pet]]. 

Bubbles frequently traveled with Jackson, who had a strong attachment to the animal. The chimp, for example, was permitted to use Jackson's personal toilet.&lt;ref name=&quot;Monkey business in the loo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=May 12, 2005|title=Monkey business in the loo|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/People/Monkey-business-in-the-loo/2005/05/12/1115843291343.html|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|accessdate=April 3, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, people started to see Jackson as an eccentric. 

The media mocked Jackson and called him &quot;Wacko Jacko,&quot; which he hated.&lt;ref name=&quot;tara 370–373&quot;&gt;{{Cite book| last=Taraborrelli | first=J. Randy | authorlink=J. Randy Taraborrelli | title=The Magic and the Madness | url=https://archive.org/details/michaeljacksonma0000tara_n7h9 | year=2004 | publisher=Headline | isbn=0-330-42005-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Media coverage often focused on Bubbles, rather than on Jackson's music, and many false stories about the animal were told. One such story claimed that Bubbles was not a single [[ape]], but one of several.&lt;ref name=&quot;tara 364&quot;&gt;Taraborrelli, p. 364&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tara 380&quot;&gt;Taraborrelli, p. 380&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Claims of sexual abuse ===
{{Main|1993 Michael Jackson sexual abuse allegations}}

In 1993, he was accused of child molestation, but there was no trial; the case was [[Settlement (litigation)|settled]] out of court.

In 2003, he was accused a second time of child molestation. In a TV documentary called ''[[Living with Michael Jackson]],'' Jackson held hands with a 12-year-old boy called Gavin Arvizo and said that he shared his bed with children.''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=James Sullivan, Chronicle Pop Culture Critic|date=2003-02-05|title=The never-ending thriller / British press goes nuts over Jackson's confessions in documentary|url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/The-never-ending-thriller-British-press-goes-2636547.php|work=San Francisco Chronicle|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' When he was 13, Gavin Arvizo accused Jackson of [[Sexual abuse|sexually abusing]] him. This time Jackson was [[Trial of Michael Jackson|tried]] in court, and in 2005 he was found not [[Guilt (law)|guilty]] of fourteen [[Indictment|criminal charges]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Staff |first=Guardian |title=Michael Jackson: the verdicts in full |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2005/jun/14/michaeljackson.michaeljacksontrial |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=14 June 2005 |access-date=31 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;


In May 2013, on the ''Today'' show, a dancer called [[Wade Robson]] alleged that Jackson sexually abused him for 7 years. Prior to this, Robson had vehemently defended Jackson, including twice under [[oath]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/05/16/showbiz/jackson-sex-accuser/ |title=Wade Robson calls Michael Jackson 'a pedophile' |date=16 May 2013 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Appearance and health ==
{{Main|Health and appearance of Michael Jackson}} 

=== Hair ===
Over the years, Jackson's [[face]] and [[Human skin colour|skin color]] changed. This attracted a lot of attention.

However, when he was filming a Pepsi commercial in 1984, Jackson got second-degree [[Burn|burns]] to his [[scalp]]. These were extremely painful, and Jackson started taking painkillers. 

In his later years Jackson always wore a hairpiece or [[wig]] that blended with his natural hair. His autopsy found that his scalp was [[Tattoo|tattooed]] black so that it blended in with his wigs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michael Jackson’s Autopsy|url=https://documents.latimes.com/michael-jackson-autopsy/|access-date=2024-09-30|website=Documents Related to Michael Jackson's Death|publisher=The Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Face ===
Jackson's face appeared to go through major changes during his career.

People especially talked about Jackson's nose. Jackson had an [[Immune system|immune]] condition called [[discoid lupus]]. According to Dr. Richard Strick, Jackson had an immune condition called discoid lupus that &quot;destroyed part of the skin of his nose&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Geraldo: The Truth Behind MJ's Plastic Surgery, Vitiligo Secrets Revealed|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxyRGJ1latc|via=YouTube|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Jackson denied having plastic surgery to his face on more than a few occasions. When people pointed out that his face changed, he said that [[puberty]], weight loss and his [[vegetarian]] [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]] were at fault.&lt;ref&gt;Jackson, pp. 229–230&lt;/ref&gt; But the change was so drastic that few people believed him.

Jackson's autopsy found that his lips were [[Tattoo|tattooed]] pink.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 October 2011|title=Medical Expert Testifies on Conrad Murray's Care of Michael Jackson - News from|url=http://www.insideedition.com/headlines/3182-medical-expert-testifies-on-conrad-murrays-care-of-michael-jackson|publisher=InsideEdition.com|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Skin color ===
Jackson's skin color varied a lot during the course of his career. It seemed to get lighter over time. People accused Jackson of wanting lighter skin and bleaching his skin to make it that way.
[[File:Vitiligo2.JPG|thumb|Like Michael Jackson did, this person has [[vitiligo]].]]
In truth, Jackson had [[vitiligo]], a rare skin condition that creates light spots on the skin. (The skin around these spots keep their normal color.) Large areas of Jackson's body were very pale. He used makeup and medication to try to make his skin color look the same all over his body. This made it look like his skin tone was getting lighter.

Jackson first revealed that he had vitiligo in a 1993 television interview with [[Oprah Winfrey]]. Later, his autopsy confirmed that Jackson did have vitiligo, with large sections of white or lightened skin on his body.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michael Jackson’s Autopsy|url=https://documents.latimes.com/michael-jackson-autopsy/|access-date=2024-09-30|website=Documents Related to Michael Jackson's Death|publisher=The Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also noted that Jackson used a skin-bleaching cream called [[Monobenzone|Benoquin]] to treat his vitiligo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michael Jackson’s Autopsy|url=https://documents.latimes.com/michael-jackson-autopsy/|access-date=2024-09-30|website=Documents Related to Michael Jackson's Death|publisher=The Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Substance abuse ===
Jackson was allegedly [[Addiction|addicted]] to [[prescription]] drugs. In fact, he died of a [[drug overdose]]. In 2009 his personal [[physician]], [[Dr. Conrad Murray]], gave him [[Intravenous therapy|intravenous]] [[Propofol]] for his [[insomnia]]. The insomnia was actually a [[side effect]] of Jackson's addiction to [[Demerol]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=2011-11-04|title=Michael Jackson's Secret World: Willing Doctors, Hospital-Grade Sedatives|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/Conrad_Murray_Trial/michael-jacksons-secret-world-doctors-hospital-grade-sedatives/story?id=14881055|publisher=ABC News|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; While Murray was out of the room, Jackson's [[Cardiac arrest|heart stopped]] and he died. 
[[File:Michael Jackson 1969.jpg|thumb|This photo of Michael in 1969 shows his original skin color.]]
Jackson had many physicians (including Dr. Murray) who supplied him with medications, including controlled substances like Demerol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

=== Mental health and trauma ===
Michael's father, Joe Jackson, abused him physically and emotionally during rehearsals.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2003-02-04|title=Jackson interview seen by 14m|language=en-GB|work=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2719763.stm|access-date=2024-09-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Petridis|first=Alexis|date=2018-06-27|title=Joe Jackson was one of the most monstrous fathers in pop|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/jun/27/joe-jackson-one-of-the-most-monstrous-fathers-in-pop|access-date=2024-09-30|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; When he found out his son was self-conscious about his appearance, his father called him &quot;big-nose.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; 

Some people have suggested that Jackson had [[body dysmorphic disorder]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-02-12|title=Famous people with BDD - BDDF|url=https://bddfoundation.org/information/more-about-bdd/famous-people-with-bdd/|access-date=2024-09-30|website=[[Body Dysmorphic Disorder]] Foundation|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Angeles|first=OCD Center of Los|date=2009-06-26|title=Michael Jackson and Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)|url=https://ocdla.com/michael-jackson-bdd-1933|access-date=2024-09-30|website=OCD Center of Los Angeles|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gottlieb|first=Scott|date=2004-03-25|title=Cognitive behaviour therapy can reduce hypochondriasis|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/328/7442/725.2|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=328|issue=7442|pages=725|doi=10.1136/bmj.328.7442.725-a|issn=0959-8138|pmid=15044272}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a teenager, he had [[acne]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; In ''Living With Michael Jackson,'' Jackson told Martin Bashir how he went home and cried after a woman called him ugly because of his acne.&lt;ref&gt;Shaw, Julie (Director). (2003) ''Living with Michael Jackson: A Tonight Special.'' Granada Television.&lt;/ref&gt; The disorder is often triggered by appearance-related [[bullying]]. 

Some people think that Jackson had [[anorexia nervosa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=The Detail|first=|date=2021-01-10|title=Michael Jackson’s Secret Eating Disorder|url=https://thedetailchannel.medium.com/michael-jacksons-secret-eating-disorder-50448227d34e|access-date=2024-09-30|website=Medium|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2009-07-13|title=Book: Jackson told daughter he was dying|url=https://www.today.com/popculture/book-jackson-told-daughter-he-was-dying-wbna31892183|access-date=2024-09-30|website=TODAY.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1984, Jackson weighed 105&amp;nbsp;pounds. He was 5&quot;9 tall. This would have made his [[BMI]] 15.5, which is very [[underweight]].&lt;ref&gt;Taraborrelli, pp. 312–313&lt;/ref&gt; He weighed 112&amp;nbsp;lbs. when he died. This is in the unhealthy range.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/story/890744/jackson-trial-pathologist-death-was-homicide |title=Jackson Trial Pathologist: 'Death Was Homicide' |publisher=Sky News |date=2011-10-12 |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Physical health ===
Jackson may have had a rare genetic disease called [[Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency]], according to a [[Biography|biographer]] called [[Ian Halperin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Park |first=Alice |url=http://content.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1907262,00.html |title=Michael Jackson's Mysterious Medical Past |work=Time |date=2009-06-26 |accessdate=2014-06-24 |archive-date=2014-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813041648/http://content.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1907262,00.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Halpern wrote that Jackson's genetic disease had caused him to lose 95% of the vision in his left eye.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Sean Michaels |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/dec/23/michael-jackson-illness |title=Michael Jackson 'half-blind' with rare illness  |work=The Guardian |date=2008-12-23 |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; In fact, Jackson's doctor Conrad Murray said that he thought Jackson was &quot;legally [[Blindness|blind]]&quot; and had [[phlebitis]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=&lt;!-- // .ad .ad-halfpage --&gt; |url=http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/music/michael-jackson-legally-blind-doctors-thought-his-flesh-was-rotting-jurors-in-dr-conrad-murray-trial-hear/story-e6frfn09-1226165487462 |title=Conrad Murray tells jurors Michael Jackson legally blind, flesh smelt rotten |publisher=News.com.au |date=2011-10-13 |accessdate=2014-06-24 |archive-date=2013-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520032007/http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/music/michael-jackson-legally-blind-doctors-thought-his-flesh-was-rotting-jurors-in-dr-conrad-murray-trial-hear/story-e6frfn09-1226165487462 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/jury-hears-of-jacksons-catalogue-of-illnesses-toenail-fungus-and-urination-problems/story-e6frg6so-1226164624139&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Controversies ===
Aspects of Jackson's personal life, including his changing appearance, personal relationships, and behavior, generated [[controversy]]. He was [[1993 Michael Jackson sexual abuse allegations|accused of child sexual abuse]] in 1993, but the case was settled out of court. In 2003, Jackson was charged with child sexual abuse by Gavin Arvizo. In 2005, Jackson was found not guilty of all charges.

== Death ==
{{Main|Death of Michael Jackson}} 
[[File:2300 Jackson Street Yuksel.jpg|thumb|Michael's childhood home in [[Gary, Indiana]] with flowers left after his death]]
On June 25, 2009, Jackson was found without a heartbeat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,529103,00.html |title= AP: Michael Jackson Dies at Los Angeles Hospital |publisher= [[Fox News]] |date= 2009-06-25 |accessdate= 2009-06-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and taken by [[ambulance]] to the [[Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center]]. He had been unresponsive since 12:15. He arrived at the [[hospital]] with no signs of life. Though he was not pronounced dead when he arrived at the hospital, by 1pm he had already [[died]]. His death was announced that day at 2:25pm,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first= Andrew |last=Blankstein |author2= Phil Willon |title=Michael Jackson is dead [Updated] |date=June 25, 2009 |work=[[The LA Times]]|url= http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2009/06/pop-star-michael-jackson-was-rushed-to-a-hospital-this-afternoon-by-los-angeles-fire-department-paramedics--capt-steve-ruda.html  |accessdate= 25 June 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and confirmed by the Los Angeles coroner at 4:30pm.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Special Report with Keith Olberman |publisher=[[MSNBC]] TV |date=June 25, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jackson died just two months before his 51st birthday. The news of his death spread around the world very quickly. People around the world grieved on a scale never seen before.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Gillum|first=Jack|date=2009-06-30|title=News of Jackson death breaks Web records|url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2009-06-26-jackson-web-traffic_N.htm|work=USA Today|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rumors and news items about Jackson's death broke records for web traffic. Jackson's death gave [[Google]], [[Twitter]], [[Facebook]], and [[Yahoo!|Yahoo]] the most page views they had ever encountered.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Albanesius|first=Chloe|date=2009-06-26|title=Jackson's Death Prompts Record Traffic for Yahoo  &amp; Opinion|url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2349422,00.asp|work=PC Magazine|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Sharon Gaudin|date=2009-06-26|title=Michael Jackson's death sparks Internet crush|url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&amp;articleId=9134896&amp;intsrc=news_ts_head|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65EhwGKVn?url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9134896/Michael_Jackson_s_death_sparks_Internet_crush?intsrc=news_ts_head|archive-date=2012-02-05|work=Computerworld|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; This enormous amount of [[Web traffic|Internet traffic]] caused a cyberspace traffic jam.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} 

=== Dr. Murray ===
Jackson's doctor [[Conrad Murray]], who supplied the Propofol, claimed Jackson took the overdose himself. However, the Coroner ruled the death was a homicide. Murray was charged with involuntary manslaughter and served four years in prison.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2013-10-28|title=Michael Jackson doctor Conrad Murray released from jail|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-24704030|access-date=2024-09-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Propofol is used as [[Anesthetic|anesthesia]] for major [[Surgery|surgeries]] and requires heavy monitoring, including [[Nurse|nurses]] and medical equipment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Propofol (Intravenous Route) Side Effects|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/propofol-intravenous-route/side-effects/drg-20488192?p=1|access-date=2024-09-30|website=The [[Mayo Clinic]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Conrad Murray admitted to police that he had none of these when he gave Jackson the Propofol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; His autopsy discussed how dangerous Murray's actions were. It also noted that Jackson had an increased risk of respiratory failure because he had a lung injury.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Memorial service ===
A two-hour [[Funeral|memorial service]] was held at the [[Crypto.com Arena|Staples Center]] in downtown Los Angeles on July 7, 2009. It began with [[Smokey Robinson]] reading comments by [[Nelson Mandela]], [[Diana Ross]] and other close friends of Jackson's who could not attend the memorial.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Jesse |last=Washington |title=Jackson casket on stage |url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iJN6FHrmT75HzSZChIb2PDzFEDXgD999OGF83 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=7 July 2009 |accessdate=7 July 2009 |archive-date=10 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710131936/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iJN6FHrmT75HzSZChIb2PDzFEDXgD999OGF83 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

[[Mariah Carey]] sang &quot;[[I'll Be There (Jackson 5 song)|I'll Be There]]&quot; at the memorial service, followed by a speech given by [[Queen Latifah]]. [[Lionel Richie]] performed &quot;Jesus is Love&quot;. [[Berry Gordy]], Motown founder, spoke next, offering condolences. [[Kobe Bryant]] and [[Magic Johnson]] also spoke, with Magic describing the event as a &quot;celebration of Jackson's life and works&quot; rather than a funeral. 
[[File:Michael Jackson Memorial.jpg|thumb|A memorial to Michael in [[Munich, Germany]]]]
[[Jennifer Hudson]] sang &quot;[[Will You Be There]]&quot; accompanied by a music video. Reverend [[Al Sharpton]] then gave a speech about how Jackson kept rising and &quot;never stopped&quot;. [[John Mayer]] played the guitar as he did in Michael Jackson's song [[Human Nature (Michael Jackson song)|Human Nature]]. This was followed by [[Brooke Shields]] speaking. 

[[Jermaine Jackson]], Jackson's older brother, then performed [[Smile (Charlie Chaplin song)|Smile]], Michael's favorite song written by comic drama legend [[Charlie Chaplin]]. Next to speak were [[Martin Luther King III]] and [[Bernice King]]. Congresswoman [[Sheila Jackson Lee]] followed them, claiming &quot;people are innocent until proven guilty.&quot; (This was a reminder to people who accused Jackson of unproven [[Child sexual abuse|child molestations]]). She also said that Jackson's [[Humanitarianism|humanitarian]] efforts should be praised. 

[[Usher (musician)|Usher]] then sang &quot;[[Gone Too Soon]]&quot;, followed by a [[Montage (filmmaking)|montage]] of old videos of Jackson himself. Shamim sang next, with [[Kenny Ortega]] introducing him afterward. Kenny Ortega explained that Michael Jackson saw the Staples Center as his home, which is why the funeral service was held there. Ortega then sang a tribute to Jackson, including &quot;[[We Are the World]]&quot; and &quot;[[Heal the World]]&quot;. 

The service ended with speeches by members of Michael's family, including [[Jermaine Jackson|Jermaine]], [[Marlon Jackson|Marlon]] and daughter [[Paris Jackson|Paris]]. Paris began to cry and said that &quot;Daddy was the best father anyone could have.&quot; She added &quot;I will miss him&quot; before leaving the microphone and turning into [[Janet Jackson]]'s arms.

===Burial===
At first, Michael Jackson's custom-made quarter-million dollar golden [[Coffin|casket]], [[nickname]]d &quot;The [[Prometheus|Promethean]],&quot; was not expected to appear at the memorial service. However, due to a change in the family's plans, the casket did appear.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=Jesse|last=Washington|title=Michael Jackson's casket to be taken to memorial|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iJN6FHrmT75HzSZChIb2PDzFEDXgD999LPBO0|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=7 July 2009|accessdate=7 July 2009|archive-date=10 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710135501/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iJN6FHrmT75HzSZChIb2PDzFEDXgD999LPBO0|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Viewing parties were held all over the world for the [[Broadcasting|broadcast]]. Movie theaters showed the memorial service in [[Times Square]], the [[Apollo Theater]], [[Raleigh]], and [[Berlin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=Hollie |last=McKay |title=Jackson Memorial Airing Live at a Theater (Maybe) Near You|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,530297,00.html|publisher=[[Fox News]]|date=7 July 2009|accessdate=7 July 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; The broadcast was replayed a few times the next day. An estimated 1 billion people tuned into the farewell concert.

Over 3,000 police officers were assigned to the event, the largest amount assigned to a single event since the [[1984 Summer Olympics]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=CNN|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/07/07/michael.jackson.security/index.html?eref=rss_showbiz|date=7 July 2009|accessdate=2009-09-03|title=Cost only security problem at Jackson memorial}}&lt;/ref&gt; It cost the City of [[Los Angeles]] 1.4 million dollars.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Vercammen|first=Paul|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Music/07/08/michael.jackson.cost/index.html?eref=rss_topstories |publisher=CNN |date=8 July 2009 |accessdate=2009-09-03|title=Mayor's office: Michael Jackson memorial cost L.A. around $1.4 million}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jackson's funeral took place nine weeks after he died, in [[Glendale, California]] on September 3, 2009. He was laid to rest at 9:45 pm in the [[mausoleum]], above the ground. Some family members had wanted him to be buried below ground in the mausoleum, while Jermaine Jackson wanted him buried on Neverland ranch.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=July 10, 2009|title=Jackson Family Feud: Where Will Michael Be Buried?|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,531508,00.html|publisher=Fox News|accessdate=4 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, Michael's mother Katherine made the final decision.

== Legacy ==
Through music videos and live performances, Jackson is known for popularizing dance moves such as the robot, the anti-gravity lean, the side slide, the crotch grab, and the [[moonwalk]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Silviya|first=Y|date=March 24, 2023|title=Reminiscing 11 Iconic Dance Moves of the King of Pop, Michael Jackson|url=https://indigomusic.com/pop-cultures/reminiscing-11-iconic-dance-moves-of-the-king-of-pop-michael-jackson|access-date=September 30, 2024|website=Indigo Music}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

He won many awards and broke records. He is the most successful entertainer of all time, according to [[Guinness World Records]]. 

Jackson gave to many [[Charitable organization|charitable organizations]] and pioneered efforts to raise funds for charities in the [[entertainment industry]].

Jackson traveled the world attending events honoring his [[humanitarianism]]. In 2000, the ''Guinness World Records'' recognized him for supporting 39 charities, more than any other entertainer. 

People continue to buy Jackson's albums and listen to his songs. He is one of the best-selling music artists in history, with worldwide sales approaching 400 million records.

Many of Michael Jackson's songs are still extremely popular. These include:
* &quot;[[Bad (song)|Bad]]&quot;
* &quot;[[Beat It]]&quot;
* &quot;[[Billie Jean]]&quot;
* &quot;[[Black or White]]&quot;
* &quot;[[Earth Song]]&quot;
* &quot;[[Heal the World]]&quot;
* &quot;[[Thriller (Michael Jackson album)|Thriller]]&quot;

==Aftermath==
=== Recent releases ===
Jackson recorded several songs before his death. He had recently released a compilation album called ''[[Michael (Michael Jackson album)|Michael]]'' (2010), featuring remixed songs and new songs such as &quot;[[Hold My Hand (Michael Jackson and Akon song)|Hold My Hand]]&quot; a duet between him and popular singer [[Akon]], and &quot;[[Monster (Michael Jackson song)|Monster]]&quot;, a strong song with lots of attitudes and a hint of dislike for the paparazzi. Also &quot;[[(I Like) The Way You Love Me]]&quot;, &quot;[[Michael (Michael Jackson album)|Keep Your Head Up]]&quot;, and &quot;[[Michael (Michael Jackson album)|Much Too Soon]]&quot;.

In 2014, he released the second posthumous album, ''[[Xscape (album)|Xscape]]'' which includes the songs &quot;[[Love Never Felt So Good]]&quot; featuring [[Justin Timberlake]], &quot;[[Slave to the Rhythm]]&quot;, and &quot;[[A Place With No Name]]&quot;.

A [[Michael (2026 movie)|biopic]] based on Jackson's life and career was officially announced and stars [[Jermaine Jackson]]'s son [[Jaafar Jackson]] as Michael Jackson. The movie was released in April 2026.

== Discography ==

=== Studio albums ===
* ''[[Got to Be There]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Ben (Michael Jackson album)|Ben]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Music &amp; Me]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Forever, Michael]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Off the Wall]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Thriller (Michael Jackson album)|Thriller]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Bad (album)|Bad]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)|Dangerous]]'' (1991)
* ''[[HIStory: Past, Present and Future|HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Invincible]]'' (2001)

==== Posthumous albums ====

* ''[[Michael (Michael Jackson album)|Michael]]'' (2010)
* [[Xscape (album)|''Xscape'']] (2014)

== Filmography ==
* ''[[The Wiz (movie)|The Wiz]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Michael Jackson's Thriller (music video)|Michael Jackson's Thriller]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Captain EO]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Moonwalker]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Michael Jackson's Ghosts]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Men in Black II]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Miss Cast Away and the Islands Girls]]'' (2004)

=== Documentaries after death ===
* ''[[Michael Jackson's This Is It]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Bad 25 (movie)|Bad 25]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Michael Jackson: The Last Photo Shoot]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Michael Jackson's Journey from Motown to Off the Wall]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Square One: Michael Jackson]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Thriller 40]]'' (2023)

== Tours ==
* [[Bad (tour)|Bad World Tour]] (1987–1989)
* [[Dangerous World Tour]] (1992–1993)
* [[HIStory World Tour]] (1996–1997)

=== Singles ===
{{main|Michael Jackson singles discography}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Other websites==
{{commons|Michael Jackson}}
*{{official|https://www.michaeljackson.com}}
*[https://vault.fbi.gov/Michael%20Jackson Michael Jackson] at the [[FBI]]'s website
*{{IMDb name|0001391}}

{{Michael Jackson}}
{{African American topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jackson, Michael}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:African-American actors]]
[[Category:African-American musicians]]
[[Category:American autobiographers]]
[[Category:American manslaughter victims]]
[[Category:Philanthropists from Indiana]]
[[Category:American drummers]]
[[Category:American guitarists]]
[[Category:American pianists]]
[[Category:American R&amp;B singers]]
[[Category:American pop singers]]
[[Category:American soul singers]]
[[Category:American rock singers]]
[[Category:American disco singers]]
[[Category:American new jack swing singers]]
[[Category:Jackson family]]
[[Category:Singer-songwriters from Indiana]]
[[Category:Brit Award winners]]
[[Category:American Grammy Award winners]]
[[Category:Deaths from cardiac arrest]]
[[Category:Drug-related accidental deaths in the United States]]
[[Category:New wave musicians]]
[[Category:Michael Jackson]]
[[Category:People acquitted of sex crimes]]
[[Category:Musicians from Gary, Indiana]]
[[Category:People accused of child sexual abuse]]
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      <text bytes="63917" sha1="1oysn1353asmz5o22bjidpay2xq2pkg" xml:space="preserve">{{for|the British writer|Michael Jackson (writer)}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Michael Jackson
| alt                = Michael Jackson
| image              = Michael Jackson 1983 (3x4 cropped) (contrast).jpg
| caption            = Jackson in 1983
| birth_name         = Michael Joseph Jackson
| alias              = Michael Joe Jackson&lt;!-- Legal aliases only. This is not a field for nicknames.--&gt;
| birth_date         = {{Birth date|1958|8|29}}
| birth_place        = [[Gary, Indiana|Gary]], [[Indiana]], U.S.
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|2009|6|25|1958|8|29}}
| death_place        = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S.
| death_cause        = [[Cardiac arrest]] caused by acute [[propofol]] and [[benzodiazepine]] [[intoxication]] ([[Death of Michael Jackson|details]])
| resting_place      = 
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| burial_place       = [[Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)|Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California]], U.S.
| burial_coordinates = {{coord|34.125|-118.240|display=inline, title|name=Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale}}
| nationality        = [[Americans|American]]
| citizenship        = [[United States]] (1958–2009)
| works              = 
| education          = 
| alma_mater         = [[Montclair College Preparatory School]]
| occupation         = {{hlist|[[Singer]]|[[songwriter]]|[[dancer]]|[[musician]]|[[philanthropist]]|[[producer]]}}
| years_active       = 1964–2009
| known_for          = Music career
| notable_works      = {{flatlist|
* [[Michael Jackson singles discography|Singles]]
}}
| height             = 5 ft 9 in
| spouse             = {{marriage|[[Lisa Marie Presley]]|1994|1996|end=divorced}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|[[Debbie Rowe]]|1996|2000|end=divorced}}
| children           = 3, including [[Paris Jackson|Paris]]
| mother             = [[Katherine Jackson]]
| father             = [[Joe Jackson (manager)|Joe Jackson]]
| family             = [[Jackson family]]
| awards             = [[List of awards and nominations received by Michael Jackson|Full list]]
| website            = {{url|https://www.michaeljackson.com/}}
| signature          = Michael Jackson signature.svg
| signature_size     = 100px
| module             = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
 | instrument      = {{hlist|Vocals|guitar|keyboards|piano|bass|drums}}&lt;!--If you think an instrument should be listed, a discussion to reach consensus is needed first--&gt;
 | background      = solo_singer
 | genre           = &lt;!--These music genres are all sourced under the section #Musical themes and genres--&gt;{{hlist|[[Contemporary R&amp;B|R&amp;B]]|[[Pop music|pop]]|[[soul music|soul]]|[[funk]]|[[Hip hop music|hip hop]]|[[rock music|rock]]|[[disco]]|[[post-disco]]|[[dance-pop]]|[[new jack swing]]}}
 | label           = {{hlist|[[Steeltown Records|Steeltown]]|[[Motown]]|[[Epic Records|Epic]]|[[Legacy Recordings|Legacy]]|[[Sony Music|Sony]]|MJJ Productions}}
 | associated_acts = &lt;!--These associated acts are all sourced under #Discography--&gt;[[The Jackson 5]]
}}
}}
'''Michael Joseph Jackson''' (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009), also known by his initials '''MJ''', was an American [[singer]], [[songwriter]], [[dancer]], and [[philanthropist]]. Dubbed the &quot;'''King of Pop'''&quot;, he is often regarded as one of the most culturally significant figures of the 20th century. Over a four-decade career, his musical achievements broke racial barriers in the U.S. and made him a dominant figure across the world. Through songs, concerts, and fashion, he proliferated visual performance for artists in [[popular music]]; popularizing street dance moves including the [[Moonwalk (dance)|moonwalk]], the [[Robot (dance)|robot]], and the [[Smooth Criminal#anti-gravity lean|anti-gravity lean]]. Jackson is often deemed the greatest entertainer of all time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Villarreal |first=Yvonne |date=June 29, 2009 |title=Remembering Michael Jackson: 'The Greatest Entertainer of All Time' |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-jun-29-et-jackson-tribute29-story.html |access-date=January 16, 2025 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The eighth child of the [[Jackson family]], Michael began performing in 1964 with his brothers in [[the Jackson 5]] (later known as the Jacksons) at the age of 6. The group gained worldwide fame with him as its lead singer and recorded multiple successful singles. In the early 1970s, he embarked on his solo career. Later, he rose to global stardom with the release of his fifth studio album ''[[Off the Wall]]'' (1979), and then achieved unprecedented global success with ''[[Thriller (Michael Jackson album)|Thriller]]'' (1982), the best-selling album in music history. The [[Music video|music videos]] for the singles, &quot;[[Thriller (song)|Thriller]]&quot;, &quot;[[Beat It]]&quot;, and &quot;[[Billie Jean]]&quot; redefined the medium. ''[[Bad (album)|Bad]]'' (1987), was the first album to produce US five [[Billboard Hot 100]] number-one singles &quot;[[I Just Can't Stop Loving You]]&quot;, &quot;[[Bad (Michael Jackson song)|Bad]]&quot;, &quot;[[The Way You Make Me Feel]]&quot;, &quot;[[Man in the Mirror]]&quot;, and &quot;[[Dirty Diana]]&quot;. ''[[Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)|Dangerous]]'' (1991) and ''[[HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I]]'' (1995), produced the US number-one singles &quot;[[Black or White]]&quot; and &quot;[[You Are Not Alone]]&quot;.  His final studio album ''[[Invincible]]'' (2001) is the most expensive album ever made. When [[Death of Michael Jackson|he died]] in 2009 at age 50, he had spent 44 years working in the [[music industry]]. 

Jackson remains a global figure in [[popular culture]]. His contributions to music, dance, and [[fashion]] had a major cultural impact. Finally, his highly publicized personal life kept him in the public eye. Jackson died in 2009 from an [[overdose]] of [[propofol]] administered by [[Conrad Murray|Dr. Conrad Murray]]. [[Trial of Conrad Murray|Murray's trial]] was widely publicized, and he went to prison for involuntary manslaughter.

Jackson influenced artists across many music [[Genre|genres]]. Through [[Concert|stage]] and video performances, he popularized complicated dance moves such as the moonwalk, the robot, and the anti-gravity lean. Jackson is the [[List of awards and nominations received by Michael Jackson|most awarded individual music artist]] in history: his awards include 15 [[Grammy Award|Grammy Awards]], 6 [[BRIT Awards]], a [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe]], and 39 [[Guinness World Records]], including &quot;Most Successful [[Entertainer]] of All Time&quot;. He is included in the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]], the Vocal Group [[Hall of fame|Hall of Fame]], the [[Songwriter|Songwriters]] Hall of Fame, the National [[Rhythm and blues|Rhythm &amp; Blues]] Hall of Fame, and the Dance Hall of Fame. Jackson is one of the best-selling music artists of all time, with estimated sales of over 500 million records.

==Early life and career==

===Early life===
Michael Joseph Jackson was born to a family of [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] on August 29, 1958, at St Mary's Mercy Hospital in [[Gary, Indiana]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Barnes|first=Brokes|date=June 25, 2009|title=A Star Idolized and Haunted, Michael Jackson Dies at 50|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/26/arts/music/26jackson.html?ref=obituaries&amp;_r=0|access-date=September 30, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was the eighth of [[Katherine Jackson|Katherine]] and [[Joe Jackson]]'s ten children.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.truemichaeljackson.com/childhood/|title=Childhood :: True Michael Jackson|website=truemichaeljackson.com|access-date=2020-02-11|archive-date=2019-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204131417/https://www.truemichaeljackson.com/childhood/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Jackson's father Joseph was a [[steel]] [[Mill (grinding)|mill]] worker who played guitar in a rhythm and blues band to earn extra money for the family.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Sweeting|first=Adam|date=2018-06-27|title=Joe Jackson obituary|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/jun/27/joe-jackson-obituary|access-date=2024-09-30|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 1964: The Jackson Brothers ===
On January 1, 1964, Jackson and his brother [[Marlon Jackson|Marlon]] joined The Jackson Brothers, a band that their older brothers [[Jackie Jackson|Jackie]], [[Tito Jackson|Tito]], and [[Jermaine Jackson|Jermaine]] had started.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=You Are Not Alone: Michael Through a Brother's Eyes|url=https://archive.org/details/youarenotalonemi0000jack|last=Jackson|first=Jermaine|publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4516-5156-0|location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt; When they did their first public performance, Jackson was just five years old.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rockhall.com/inductees/the-jackson-five/ |title=The Jackson 5: inducted in 1997 &amp;#124; The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum |publisher=Rockhall.com |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When Jackson was 8, he and Jermaine became the group's main singers. The group's name then changed to The Jackson 5. 

=== 1965: The Jackson 5 ===
{{main|The Jackson 5}}

The members of the Jackson 5 were the same as the &quot;Jackson Brothers&quot;: Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon, and Michael Jackson.

The group won an important [[talent show]] in 1966. Two years later they were signed to a famous record label called [[Motown Records]]. Their first [[Motown]] single ''I Want You Back'' reached No. 1 in the ''[[Billboard Hot 100]],'' a list of the 100 top songs in the [[United States]].
[[File:Michael Jackson 1977.JPG|thumb|Jackson in 1977]]
They became quite popular and performed many original songs, including &quot;[[ABC (song)|ABC]]&quot; and &quot;[[I'll Be There (Jackson 5 song)|I'll Be There]]&quot;. They were managed by their father Joe Jackson, who was very strict.

=== 1971–1973: ''Go to Be There,'' ''Ben,'' and ''Music &amp; Me'' ===
In 1971, Jackson embarked on his solo career and released his studio albums ''[[Got to Be There]]'' and ''[[Ben (Michael Jackson album)|Ben]]'' (both in 1972), and ''[[Music &amp; Me]]'' (1973).

''Got to Be There'' produced the [[Got to Be There (song)|song of the same name]], as Jackson's debut solo single. ''Ben'' released one single, the title track &quot;[[Ben (song)|Ben]]&quot;, which was a commercial success.

=== 1974–1981: ''Forever, Michael'', ''The Wiz'', and ''Off the Wall'' ===
In 1974, Jackson hosted the first [[American Music Awards]] with [[Donny Osmond]], Rodney Allen Rippy, and [[The Partridge Family|Ricky Segall]].

In June 1975, the Jackson 5 left Motown for [[CBS Records]] and changed their name to &quot;The Jacksons&quot;. That same year, he released his fourth solo studio album ''[[Forever, Michael]]''.

In 1976, The Jacksons got their own TV show on [[CBS]]. The show was cancelled in March 1977.

On October 24, 1978, a movie called ''[[The Wiz (movie)|The Wiz]]'' was released. The movie was a remake of ''[[The Wizard of Oz]]'' with all [[Black people|black]] actors. Jackson acted as the [[Scarecrow]].

On December 17, 1978, The Jacksons' twelfth album was released. It was the first album they had produced. Jackson wrote the album's second single &quot;[[Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)]]&quot; with Randy Jackson. It reached No.7 on the Billboard Hot 100.

In December 1978, Jackson started making his fifth and first solo album on [[Epic Records]]: ''[[Off the Wall]]'' with record producer [[Quincy Jones]]. It was released on August 10, 1979. The album got good reviews and a [[Grammy Award]] for Best Male [[Rhythm and blues|R&amp;B]] Vocal Performance.

The Jacksons' thirteenth album, ''[[Triumph (The Jacksons album)|Triumph]],'' was released in 1980.
[[File:Michael Jackson 1984 (enhanced).jpg|thumb|Jackson in 1984]]

=== 1982–1983: ''Thriller'', and ''Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever'' ===
In 1982, Jackson made &quot;[[Someone in the Dark]]&quot; for the ''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial|E.T.: the Extra-Terrestrial]]'' soundtrack. It won a Grammy for Best Recording for Children in 1984.

On October 18, 1982, the first single from his sixth studio album ''[[Thriller (Michael Jackson album)|Thriller]]'', &quot;[[The Girl Is Mine]]&quot;, was released. It was sung with [[Paul McCartney]]. Some people thought that the album wasn't going to be very good because of the song.

On November 30, 1982, ''Thriller'' was released, which went on to become the best-selling album of all time. Jackson didn't do a tour to promote the album. The album sold around 70 million copies worldwide.

''Thriller'' includes famous songs like &quot;[[Beat It]]&quot; and &quot;[[Billie Jean]]&quot; and &quot;[[Thriller (song)|Thriller]]&quot;.

&quot;Thriller&quot; has a unique [[Michael Jackson's Thriller (music video)|music video]], in which shows Jackson and others dancing like [[Zombie|zombies]]. The popularity of these videos helped bring the television channel [[MTV]] to fame. 

That year, Jackson won seven other Grammys for his studio album ''Thriller''.&lt;ref name=&quot;IMDB&quot;&gt;[[imdbname:0001391|imdb.com]]&lt;/ref&gt; 

In 1983, Jackson wrote three songs with [[Queen (band)|Queen]]'s lead singer [[Freddie Mercury]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Locker |first=Melissa |url=http://entertainment.time.com/2013/07/29/michael-jackson-and-freddie-mercury-three-duets-coming-out-this-fall/ |title=Michael Jackson and Freddie Mercury: Three Duets Coming Out This Fall |work=TIME |date=2013-07-29 |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; That same year, he performed &quot;Billie Jean&quot; during an [[NBC]] special called ''[[Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever]]'', where he debuted the &quot;[[moonwalk]]&quot;, in which became his signature dance move in his repertoire.

=== 1984–1985: Pepsi commercial, songs, and albums ===
[[File:Michael Jackson autographing 'We Are The World' posters 1985.jpg|thumb|266x266px|Jackson signing a &quot;[[We Are the World]]&quot; poster in 1985]]On January 27, 1984, Michael's hair caught on fire while he was filming a Pepsi Cola commercial with the rest of The Jacksons. He received severe burns and was rushed to the hospital.

Pepsi paid $1.5 million to Jackson, who gave it to the Brotman Medical Center in [[Culver City, California]]. The accident left him with severe chronic pain, and he started taking [[narcotic]] [[Analgesic|pain medications]]. 

In May 1984, &quot;Farewell My Summer Love&quot;, a song that Jackson wrote in 1973, was released as a single. It reached number seven in the [[UK Singles Chart]].

&quot;[[Somebody's Watching Me]]&quot;, a single by [[Rockwell (musician)|Rockwell]] with Jackson singing on the [[Refrain|chorus]], was released January 14, 1984. It reached number one in [[Spain]] and [[France]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=InfoDisc : Tout les Titres N° 1 des 80's|url=http://www.infodisc.fr/Number1_80.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120112709/http://www.infodisc.fr/Number1_80.php|archive-date=2012-11-20|publisher=Infodisc.fr|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Jacksons' album ''[[Victory (The Jacksons album)|Victory]]'' was released on July 2, 1984. Between July and December 1984, Jackson toured with his brothers. He won eight awards at the 1984 [[American Music Awards]], the most anyone has ever won at once. He also won Best International Solo Artist and Best International Album at the [[BRIT Awards]].

Jermaine Jackson released his tenth album, ''[[Jermaine Jackson (album)|Jermaine Jackson]]''. Michael sang on a song from the album, &quot;[[Tell Me I'm Not Dreaming' (Too Good to Be True)]]&quot;. It was nominated for Best R&amp;B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals at the 1985 Grammy Awards.

In August 1985, Jackson bought [[music publisher]] [[ATV Music]] for $47.5 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/music/la-et-hilburn-michael-jackson-sep22,0,540678,full.story |title=The long and winding road - Los Angeles Times |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=1985-09-22 |accessdate=2014-06-24 |archive-date=2012-06-11 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68LcROJJ2?url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/music/la-et-hilburn-michael-jackson-sep22,0,540678,full.story |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; They owned the rights to [[The Beatles]].

Jackson wrote &quot;[[We Are the World]]&quot; with [[Lionel Richie]] in 1985. The song was recorded by [[USA for Africa]]. It was released as a single around the world to raise money to give to [[Starvation|starving]] people in [[Africa]]. It sold over 20 million copies. It also won four Grammy Awards.

=== 1986–1990: ''Bad'', autobiography, and videogames ===
[[File:Michael Jackson-3.jpg|thumb|Jackson performing &quot;[[The Way You Make Me Feel]]&quot; in 1988]]
In August 1987, his seventh studio album ''[[Bad (album)|Bad]]'', was released. Jackson wanted it to sell 100 million copies; it has sold over 45 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Michael-Jacksons-Thriller-is-1st-Album-Certified-33x-Million-Bad-Certified-10-Million-20170216#|title=Michael Jackson's 'Thriller' is 1st Album Certified 33x Million; 'Bad' Certified 10 Million|last=Desk|first=BWW News|access-date=2017-11-20|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Five of ''Bad's'' seven singles were No.1 in the U.S.:&quot;[[I Just Can't Stop Loving You]]&quot;, &quot;[[Bad (Michael Jackson song)|Bad]]&quot;, &quot;[[The Way You Make Me Feel]]&quot;, &quot;[[Man in the Mirror]]&quot; and &quot;[[Dirty Diana]]&quot;. Until [[Katy Perry]]'s success with her 2010 album ''[[Teenage Dream]]'', Jackson was the only musician to ever have had that many singles from one album be No.1. 

From September 1987 to January 1989, Jackson did the [[Bad (tour)|Bad World Tour]]. This was the first tour he did on his own. 

In 1988, ''[[Moonwalk (book)|Moonwalk]]'', a book Jackson wrote about his life, was published. It took Jackson four years to write. The book sold 200,000 copies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/celebrity/articles/2009/06/27/writer_stephen_davis_remembers_michael_jackson/ |title=Writer Stephen Davis remembers Michael Jackson |work=The Boston Globe |date=2009-06-27 |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jackson then made and released ''[[Moonwalker]]''. In 1989, some [[Michael Jackson's Moonwalker|video games]] about the movie were released by U.S. Gold.

In 1986, [[Disneyland]] and [[Epcot]] started showing a short film called ''[[Captain EO]]'' that starred Jackson. 

Jackson sang &quot;You Were There&quot; at [[Sammy Davis Jr.]]'s 60th birthday celebration. He was nominated for an [[Emmy Award]] for his performance.

The Jacksons released their last album, ''2300 Jackson Street,'' in 1989. Michael sang on the album's second single &quot;[[2300 Jackson Street (song)|2300 Jackson Street]]&quot; with his brothers and two of their sisters, Janet and Rebbie. Michael was also in the song's music video.

Jackson won the Grammy Award for Best Music Video, Short Form in 1989 for &quot;[[Leave Me Alone (Michael Jackson song)|Leave Me Alone]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/awards|title=Awards|date=30 April 2017|publisher=National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 1991–1993: ''Dangerous'', charitable work, and Superbowl ===
On November 26, 1991, Jackson released his eighth studio album, ''[[Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)|Dangerous]]''. It is a [[new jack swing]] album produced with [[Teddy Riley]]. Jackson included a rapper on the album for the first time and nine singles from the album. It contains the number-one single &quot;[[Black or White]]&quot;. 

On June 27, 1992, Jackson started the [[Dangerous World Tour]]. Its goal was to raise money for charities such as the [[Heal the World Foundation]]. Jackson promised to donate all of the tour's income to [[Charitable organization|charitable organizations]]. Jackson performed to 3.5 million people in 70 concerts, and [[Gross income|grossed]] $100 million in donations.
The Dangerous World Tour was supposed to last until [[Christmas]] 1992. However, on November 11, Jackson ended the tour early because he was hospitalized.

In January 1992, Jackson performed at the [[Half-time|halftime]] show at [[Super Bowl XXVII]].

=== 1994–1996: ''HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I'', and ''Ghosts'' ===
On July 16, 1995, Jackson released his ninth studio album, [[HIStory: Past, Present and Future|''HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I'']]. This album has two discs. The first &quot;''HIStory Begins''&quot; is a collection of Jackson's greatest hits (his most popular songs, and it was later reissued in 2001 as ''Greatest Hits: HIStory, Volume I''). The second &quot;''HIStory Continues''&quot; contains fifteen songs that Jackson recorded in late 1994 and early 1995. Thirteen of those songs were new at the time, and two of them are [[Cover version|cover versions]].

''HIStory'' won the [[Grammy Award for Album of the Year]]. In August 1995, the album's single &quot;[[You Are Not Alone]]&quot; became the first single ever to go straight to No.1 on [[Billboard Hot 100|Billboard's Hot 100]] (a list of the 100 most popular songs in the United States).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://uk.news.launch.yahoo.com/dyna/article.html?a=/14112006/344/jackson-receives-world-records.html&amp;e=l_news_dm |title=Jackson receives his World Records - LAUNCH, Music on Yahoo! is now Yahoo! Music UK &amp; Ireland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527045635/http://uk.news.launch.yahoo.com/dyna/article.html?a=/14112006/344/jackson-receives-world-records.html&amp;e=l_news_dm |accessdate=2014-06-24|archive-date=2011-05-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

The video for Jackson's single &quot;[[Scream (Michael Jackson and Janet Jackson song)|Scream]]&quot; entered the [[Guinness Book of World Records]] for being the most expensive short film ever made. 

In 1996, he started his [[HIStory World Tour|''HIS''tory World Tour]], which ended the following year. Over 4.5 million fans attended a show on the tour - more than any other tour in Jackson's career. Jackson performed 82 concerts in 58 different cities, within 35 countries, on five [[Continent|continents]]. The tour [[Gross income|grossed]] a total of $165 million. 
[[File:Neverland (7652959992).jpg|thumb|Jackson's &quot;[[Neverland]]&quot; complex in [[California]] included a [[carousel]].]]
In 1997 Jackson released a short film called [[Michael Jackson's Ghosts|Ghosts]] in 1997, which he wrote with [[Stephen King]].

=== 1997–1999: ''Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix'' ===
In 1997, Jackson released ''[[Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix]]'', the best-selling [[Remixing|remix]] album ever made.&lt;ref&gt;Rojek, Chris (2007). Cultural Studies. Polity. p. 74. {{ISBN|0-7456-3683-7}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The album and its first single reached No.1 in the [[United Kingdom]]. ''Blood on the Dance Floor'' contained five new songs, including the album's first single - also called &quot;[[Blood on the Dance Floor (song)|Blood on the Dance Floor]]&quot;. 

=== 2000–2003: ''Invincible'', and ''Number Ones'' ===
Jackson won Artist of the 1980s at the American Music Awards in 2000.

On October 30, 2001, ''[[Invincible (Michael Jackson album)|Invincible]]'', Jackson's last studio album, was released. The album got good and bad reviews. It was No.1 in 12 countries and sold 13 million copies around the world. But compared to Jackson's earlier albums, it was unsuccessful. The album's first single &quot;[[You Rock My World]]&quot; was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance.

In 2002, Jackson won his 22nd American Music Award for Artist of the [[Century]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Oc40AAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=GyEGAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5669,889435&amp;dq=american+music+awards+michael+jackson&amp;hl=en|title=Lodi News-Sentinel - Google News Archive Search|publisher=Google News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On November 18, 2003, Jackson released a collection of his popular songs called ''[[Number Ones (Michael Jackson album)|Number Ones]]''. The album also includes a new song called &quot;[[One More Chance (Michael Jackson song)|One More Chance]]&quot;'','' which was released as a single. It reached number one in three countries. The album was released as a DVD too.

=== 2004–2009: Final years ===
In 2006, Sony released twenty of Jackson's popular singles on video called ''[[Visionary: The Video Singles]]''.

In March 2009, Jackson told the press that he was going to do a tour called [[This Is It (concert residency)|This Is It]]. He said that he might stop making music after this. Jackson practiced his singing and dancing for the tour in [[Los Angeles]] with [[Kenny Ortega.]] Jackson died of an overdose of [[Propofol]] on June 25, 2009, after having a cardiac arrest, and his personal physician, [[Conrad Murray]], was convicted of involuntary manslaughter.

During an Interview on YouTube during the BBC UK Show featuring &quot;Michael Jackson's This Is It&quot; Michael talked about the future of his career and that he &quot;may&quot; be retiring after his &quot;This Is It&quot; Tour, but he wasn't sure if he would or not. However, due to his death in 2009, the show was cancelled. Some show-goers who paid for tickets wanted refunds but the Jackson Estate did not provide any.

=== 2009–2010: ''This Is It'', awards, and ''Michael Jackson: The Experience'' ===
Jackson won Entertainer of the Year at the 2009 [[Soul Train Awards]]. That year he also won five American Music Awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Artist &amp;#124; The Official Michael Jackson Site|url=http://www.michaeljackson.com/us/the-artist/legacy|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706081510/http://www.michaeljackson.com/us/the-artist/legacy|archive-date=2014-07-06|publisher=Michaeljackson.com|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On October 26, 2009, a two-disc album called ''[[Michael Jackson's This Is It (album)|Michael Jackson's This Is It]]'' was released. The album's only single &quot;This Is It&quot; was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance in 2011. On October 28, 2009, ''[[Michael Jackson's This Is It]]'' was released. It was a documentary movie. The movie showed recordings of Jackson's rehearsals for his This Is It tour. Jackson died before he could do the tour. It made $72,091,016 in the United States. It has made $261,183,588 around the world. It got good reviews from movie critics. On 26 January 2010 the movie was released on DVD. It sold over a 1.5million copies in the US in the first week it was released. This was more than any other music DVD had sold in its first week.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2010-02-03|title='This Is It' dominates sales, Blu-ray charts|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/it-dominates-sales-blu-ray-20251|work=The Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jackson won the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2010. His children, Prince and [[Paris Jackson|Paris]] collected the award for Jackson.

A video game called ''[[Michael Jackson: The Experience]]'' was released by [[Ubisoft]] in November 2010 for the [[Nintendo DS]], [[PlayStation Portable]] and [[Wii]].

=== 2011–2012: Trial of Conrad Murray, and ''Bad 25'' ===
In April 2011, [[Mohamed Al-Fayed]], who was friends with Jackson when he was alive, showed the public a 7ft 6in statue of Jackson outside [[Craven Cottage]] football stadium. A lot of people did not like the statue. In July 2013 Fayed sold his football club to [[Shahid Khan]]. In September 2013 Khan chose to have the statue was removed. It was given back to Fayed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=25 September 2013|title=Michael Jackson is HIStory: Controversial statue removed from Fulham|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/michael-jackson-is-history-controversial-statue-removed-from-fulham-stadium-craven-cottage-8839090.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928083305/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/michael-jackson-is-history-controversial-statue-removed-from-fulham-stadium-craven-cottage-8839090.html|archive-date=28 September 2013|access-date=10 December 2013|website=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Man in the Music: The Creative Life and Work of Michael Jackson'', a book written by Joseph Vogel about Jackson's life, was published in 2011.

Jackson was voted as the Greatest Singer of All Time by people who did a poll on NME.com.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2011-06-21|title=Michael Jackson tops NME's Greatest Singers poll|url=http://www.nme.com/news/michael-jackson/57469#9|work=NME|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2011, there was a criminal trial for Jackson's doctor Conrad Murray. Murray was found guilty of [[involuntary manslaughter]] of Jackson. He was sentenced to four years in prison. On October 28, 2013, Murray was released from prison. He was interviewed by [[60 Minutes]]. He said that he did not think that Jackson's death was his fault in any way. The journalist [[Liz Hayes]] asked Murray if he thought that Jackson was a pedophile. Murray stared at her for 13&amp;nbsp;seconds and would not give an opinion. He said that he would not answer because he did not want to make anything up.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2013-11-25|title=Michael Jackson's doctor grilled on allegations prince of pop was pedophile|url=http://news.ninemsn.com.au/world/2013/11/25/06/25/jackson-still-speaks-to-me-says-murray|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523151638/http://news.ninemsn.com.au/world/2013/11/25/06/25/jackson-still-speaks-to-me-says-murray|archive-date=2014-05-23|publisher=News.ninemsn.com.au|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An extinct species of [[hermit crab]] was called Mesoparapylocheles michaeljacksoni after Jackson in January 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=News Detail|url=http://www.kent.edu/news/newsdetail.cfm?customel_datapageid_9299=2982474|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919020229/http://www2.kent.edu/news/newsdetail.cfm?customel_datapageid_9299=2982474|archive-date=2014-09-19|publisher=Kent.edu|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[Bad 25]]'', a documentary movie about Jackson's album ''Bad'', was released in August 2012.

In 2012, he sold almost 8 albums in the United States. He is thought to have sold 2 albums around the world in 2012. His estate makes $1 a year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2012-05-31|title=How Michael Jackson's Estate Earns $145 Million a Year (From the Magazine)|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/legal-and-management/5785879/how-michael-jacksons-estate-earns-145-million-a-year|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714085719/http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/legal-and-management/5785879/how-michael-jacksons-estate-earns-145-million-a-year|archive-date=2014-07-14|work=Billboard|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2013–2014: Further child sexual abuse allegations, The Immortal World Tour, and ''Xscape'' ===
Jackson made more money than any other dead celebrity in 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Top-Earning Dead Celebrities|url=https://www.forbes.com/special-report/2013/dead-celebrities.html|work=Forbes|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In May 2013, [[Wade Robson]] said that Jackson sexually abused him from the age of 7 to 14. In 2005 he had been a defense witness for Jackson's child molestation trial.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=16 May 2013|title=Wade Robson: Michael Jackson Was a Pedophile Who Sexually Abused Me &amp;#124; E! Online UK|url=http://uk.eonline.com/news/419620/wade-robson-michael-jackson-was-a-pedophile-who-sexually-abused-me|publisher=E!|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; In June 2014 there will be a hearing where it is decided whether Robson can sue Jackson's estate over the abuse.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2013-10-10|title=Wade Robson-Michael Jackson Molestation Trial Hearing Set For June|url=http://www.thehollywoodgossip.com/2013/10/wade-robson-michael-jackson-molestation-trial-hearing-set-for-ju/|publisher=The Hollywood Gossip|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In November 2013, ''Billboard'' magazine's issue, 44 did a cover with Michael on it. It said 'Life After Death'. Inside the magazine there was an article about the success of [[Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2009-06-25|title=Michael Jackson's Touring Life After Death: The Billboard Cover Story|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/5785656/michael-jacksons-touring-life-after-death-the-billboard-cover-story|work=Billboard|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In January 2014, a judge ruled that Jackson's family could not have another trial against AEG Live.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2014-01-14|title=Judge denies Michael Jackson's family bid for new wrongful death trial &amp;#124; Reuters|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/01/14/uk-michaeljackson-lawsuit-idUKBREA0D02A20140114|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140115141429/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/01/14/uk-michaeljackson-lawsuit-idUKBREA0D02A20140114|archive-date=2014-01-15|work=Reuters.com|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Xscape (album)|Xscape]]'' was released on May 9, 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2014-03-31|title=New Michael Jackson Album 'Xscape' to Be Released in May|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6029371/new-michael-jackson-album-xscape-to-be-released-in-may|work=Billboard|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Voice==
Jackson had a unique voice. Between 1971 and 1975, it changed from boy [[soprano]] to spinto [[tenor]]. 

Jackson had a three and a half [[octave]] [[vocal range]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2011-03-04|title=Michael Jackson 'chemically castrated' as child: doctor - Health &amp; Families - Life &amp; Style|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/michael-jackson-chemically-castrated-as-child-doctor-2231967.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209093336/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/michael-jackson-chemically-castrated-as-child-doctor-2231967.html|archive-date=2014-02-09|work=The Independent|agency=Agence France-Presse|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is the best-known musician to use the 'vocal hiccup'. He first used it in 1973 on ''It's Too Late to Change the Time'' on The Jackson 5's ''G.I.T.: Get It Together'' album. Jackson also sang 'come on' wrongly on purpose so that it sounded like 'shamone'.

==Personal life==
Jackson lived a well-publicized personal life, even though he tried to stay private. He was often in celebrity and [[tabloid]] [[Magazine|magazines]]. Later in his life, he was in magazines because of his personal life more than for his music.

===Marriages and children===
In 1994, Jackson married [[Lisa Marie Presley]], the daughter of rock musician [[Elvis Presley]]. He [[Divorce|divorced]] her in 1995 and married [[nurse]] [[Debbie Rowe]] in 1996. 

Three months after Rowe and Jackson's marriage, she gave birth to a son, Prince Michael Jackson. The next year, she gave birth to a daughter, [[Paris-Michael Katherine Jackson]]. The couple divorced in April 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/422108417.html?FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Sep%206,%202006&amp;author=Jessica%20Garrison&amp;pub=Los%20Angeles%20Times&amp;edition=&amp;startpage=&amp;desc=Case%20Reopens%20Debate%20on%20Private%20Judges;%20Michael%20Jackson's%20clash%20with%20ex-wife%20heads%20for%20county%20court%20as%20officials%20seek%20to%20reform%20system |title=Los Angeles Times: Archives - Case Reopens Debate on Private Judges |publisher=Pqasb.pqarchiver.com |date=2006-09-06 |accessdate=2014-06-24 |archive-date=2016-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306212717/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/422108417.html?FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS%3AFT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Sep%206%2C%202006&amp;author=Jessica%20Garrison&amp;pub=Los%20Angeles%20Times&amp;edition=&amp;startpage=&amp;desc=Case%20Reopens%20Debate%20on%20Private%20Judges%3B%20Michael%20Jackson%27s%20clash%20with%20ex-wife%20heads%20for%20county%20court%20as%20officials%20seek%20to%20reform%20system |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bigi Jackson was born on February 21, 2002. Jackson never said who the mother was. He is better known as Blanket. When Blanket was 8 months old, Jackson held him over a [[balcony]] with a towel over Blanket's head. At the time, people did not know that he was called Blanket. Jackson made a public apology after people got upset.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/2494249.stm |title=Entertainment &amp;#124; Jackson: Baby stunt was 'mistake' |work=BBC News |date=2002-11-20 |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

After Jackson died, his mother Katherine was made the guardian of his children. In August 2012, Jackson's nephew [[TJ Jackson|TJ]] was made the children's co-guardian.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/tj-jackson-made-permanent-guardian-michael-jackson-kids/story?id=17059177 |title=TJ Jackson Made Permanent Co-Guardian of Michael Jackson Kids |publisher=ABC News |date=2012-08-22 |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Bubbles===
In the 1980s, Jackson bought a [[chimpanzee]] from a Texas research facility. He named it Bubbles and used it for a [[pet]]. 

Bubbles frequently traveled with Jackson, who had a strong attachment to the animal. The chimp, for example, was permitted to use Jackson's personal toilet.&lt;ref name=&quot;Monkey business in the loo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=May 12, 2005|title=Monkey business in the loo|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/People/Monkey-business-in-the-loo/2005/05/12/1115843291343.html|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|accessdate=April 3, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, people started to see Jackson as an eccentric. 

The media mocked Jackson and called him &quot;Wacko Jacko,&quot; which he hated.&lt;ref name=&quot;tara 370–373&quot;&gt;{{Cite book| last=Taraborrelli | first=J. Randy | authorlink=J. Randy Taraborrelli | title=The Magic and the Madness | url=https://archive.org/details/michaeljacksonma0000tara_n7h9 | year=2004 | publisher=Headline | isbn=0-330-42005-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Media coverage often focused on Bubbles, rather than on Jackson's music, and many false stories about the animal were told. One such story claimed that Bubbles was not a single [[ape]], but one of several.&lt;ref name=&quot;tara 364&quot;&gt;Taraborrelli, p. 364&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tara 380&quot;&gt;Taraborrelli, p. 380&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Claims of sexual abuse ===
{{Main|1993 Michael Jackson sexual abuse allegations}}

In 1993, he was accused of child molestation, but there was no trial; the case was [[Settlement (litigation)|settled]] out of court.

In 2003, he was accused a second time of child molestation. In a TV documentary called ''[[Living with Michael Jackson]],'' Jackson held hands with a 12-year-old boy called Gavin Arvizo and said that he shared his bed with children.''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=James Sullivan, Chronicle Pop Culture Critic|date=2003-02-05|title=The never-ending thriller / British press goes nuts over Jackson's confessions in documentary|url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/The-never-ending-thriller-British-press-goes-2636547.php|work=San Francisco Chronicle|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' When he was 13, Gavin Arvizo accused Jackson of [[Sexual abuse|sexually abusing]] him. This time Jackson was [[Trial of Michael Jackson|tried]] in court, and in 2005 he was found not [[Guilt (law)|guilty]] of fourteen [[Indictment|criminal charges]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Staff |first=Guardian |title=Michael Jackson: the verdicts in full |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2005/jun/14/michaeljackson.michaeljacksontrial |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=14 June 2005 |access-date=31 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;


In May 2013, on the ''Today'' show, a dancer called [[Wade Robson]] alleged that Jackson sexually abused him for 7 years. Prior to this, Robson had vehemently defended Jackson, including twice under [[oath]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/05/16/showbiz/jackson-sex-accuser/ |title=Wade Robson calls Michael Jackson 'a pedophile' |date=16 May 2013 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Appearance and health ==
{{Main|Health and appearance of Michael Jackson}} 

=== Hair ===
Over the years, Jackson's [[face]] and [[Human skin colour|skin color]] changed. This attracted a lot of attention.

However, when he was filming a Pepsi commercial in 1984, Jackson got second-degree [[Burn|burns]] to his [[scalp]]. These were extremely painful, and Jackson started taking painkillers. 

In his later years Jackson always wore a hairpiece or [[wig]] that blended with his natural hair. His autopsy found that his scalp was [[Tattoo|tattooed]] black so that it blended in with his wigs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michael Jackson’s Autopsy|url=https://documents.latimes.com/michael-jackson-autopsy/|access-date=2024-09-30|website=Documents Related to Michael Jackson's Death|publisher=The Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Face ===
Jackson's face appeared to go through major changes during his career.

People especially talked about Jackson's nose. Jackson had an [[Immune system|immune]] condition called [[discoid lupus]]. According to Dr. Richard Strick, Jackson had an immune condition called discoid lupus that &quot;destroyed part of the skin of his nose&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Geraldo: The Truth Behind MJ's Plastic Surgery, Vitiligo Secrets Revealed|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxyRGJ1latc|via=YouTube|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Jackson denied having plastic surgery to his face on more than a few occasions. When people pointed out that his face changed, he said that [[puberty]], weight loss and his [[vegetarian]] [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]] were at fault.&lt;ref&gt;Jackson, pp. 229–230&lt;/ref&gt; But the change was so drastic that few people believed him.

Jackson's autopsy found that his lips were [[Tattoo|tattooed]] pink.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 October 2011|title=Medical Expert Testifies on Conrad Murray's Care of Michael Jackson - News from|url=http://www.insideedition.com/headlines/3182-medical-expert-testifies-on-conrad-murrays-care-of-michael-jackson|publisher=InsideEdition.com|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Skin color ===
Jackson's skin color varied a lot during the course of his career. It seemed to get lighter over time. People accused Jackson of wanting lighter skin and bleaching his skin to make it that way.
[[File:Vitiligo2.JPG|thumb|Like Michael Jackson did, this person has [[vitiligo]].]]
In truth, Jackson had [[vitiligo]], a rare skin condition that creates light spots on the skin. (The skin around these spots keep their normal color.) Large areas of Jackson's body were very pale. He used makeup and medication to try to make his skin color look the same all over his body. This made it look like his skin tone was getting lighter.

Jackson first revealed that he had vitiligo in a 1993 television interview with [[Oprah Winfrey]]. Later, his autopsy confirmed that Jackson did have vitiligo, with large sections of white or lightened skin on his body.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michael Jackson’s Autopsy|url=https://documents.latimes.com/michael-jackson-autopsy/|access-date=2024-09-30|website=Documents Related to Michael Jackson's Death|publisher=The Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also noted that Jackson used a skin-bleaching cream called [[Monobenzone|Benoquin]] to treat his vitiligo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michael Jackson’s Autopsy|url=https://documents.latimes.com/michael-jackson-autopsy/|access-date=2024-09-30|website=Documents Related to Michael Jackson's Death|publisher=The Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Substance abuse ===
Jackson was allegedly [[Addiction|addicted]] to [[prescription]] drugs. In fact, he died of a [[drug overdose]]. In 2009 his personal [[physician]], [[Dr. Conrad Murray]], gave him [[Intravenous therapy|intravenous]] [[Propofol]] for his [[insomnia]]. The insomnia was actually a [[side effect]] of Jackson's addiction to [[Demerol]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=2011-11-04|title=Michael Jackson's Secret World: Willing Doctors, Hospital-Grade Sedatives|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/Conrad_Murray_Trial/michael-jacksons-secret-world-doctors-hospital-grade-sedatives/story?id=14881055|publisher=ABC News|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; While Murray was out of the room, Jackson's [[Cardiac arrest|heart stopped]] and he died. 
[[File:Michael Jackson 1969.jpg|thumb|This photo of Michael in 1969 shows his original skin color.]]
Jackson had many physicians (including Dr. Murray) who supplied him with medications, including controlled substances like Demerol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

=== Mental health and trauma ===
Michael's father, Joe Jackson, abused him physically and emotionally during rehearsals.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2003-02-04|title=Jackson interview seen by 14m|language=en-GB|work=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2719763.stm|access-date=2024-09-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Petridis|first=Alexis|date=2018-06-27|title=Joe Jackson was one of the most monstrous fathers in pop|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/jun/27/joe-jackson-one-of-the-most-monstrous-fathers-in-pop|access-date=2024-09-30|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; When he found out his son was self-conscious about his appearance, his father called him &quot;big-nose.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; 

Some people have suggested that Jackson had [[body dysmorphic disorder]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-02-12|title=Famous people with BDD - BDDF|url=https://bddfoundation.org/information/more-about-bdd/famous-people-with-bdd/|access-date=2024-09-30|website=[[Body Dysmorphic Disorder]] Foundation|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Angeles|first=OCD Center of Los|date=2009-06-26|title=Michael Jackson and Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)|url=https://ocdla.com/michael-jackson-bdd-1933|access-date=2024-09-30|website=OCD Center of Los Angeles|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gottlieb|first=Scott|date=2004-03-25|title=Cognitive behaviour therapy can reduce hypochondriasis|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/328/7442/725.2|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=328|issue=7442|pages=725|doi=10.1136/bmj.328.7442.725-a|issn=0959-8138|pmid=15044272}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a teenager, he had [[acne]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; In ''Living With Michael Jackson,'' Jackson told Martin Bashir how he went home and cried after a woman called him ugly because of his acne.&lt;ref&gt;Shaw, Julie (Director). (2003) ''Living with Michael Jackson: A Tonight Special.'' Granada Television.&lt;/ref&gt; The disorder is often triggered by appearance-related [[bullying]]. 

Some people think that Jackson had [[anorexia nervosa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=The Detail|first=|date=2021-01-10|title=Michael Jackson’s Secret Eating Disorder|url=https://thedetailchannel.medium.com/michael-jacksons-secret-eating-disorder-50448227d34e|access-date=2024-09-30|website=Medium|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2009-07-13|title=Book: Jackson told daughter he was dying|url=https://www.today.com/popculture/book-jackson-told-daughter-he-was-dying-wbna31892183|access-date=2024-09-30|website=TODAY.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1984, Jackson weighed 105&amp;nbsp;pounds. He was 5&quot;9 tall. This would have made his [[BMI]] 15.5, which is very [[underweight]].&lt;ref&gt;Taraborrelli, pp. 312–313&lt;/ref&gt; He weighed 112&amp;nbsp;lbs. when he died. This is in the unhealthy range.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/story/890744/jackson-trial-pathologist-death-was-homicide |title=Jackson Trial Pathologist: 'Death Was Homicide' |publisher=Sky News |date=2011-10-12 |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Physical health ===
Jackson may have had a rare genetic disease called [[Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency]], according to a [[Biography|biographer]] called [[Ian Halperin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Park |first=Alice |url=http://content.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1907262,00.html |title=Michael Jackson's Mysterious Medical Past |work=Time |date=2009-06-26 |accessdate=2014-06-24 |archive-date=2014-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813041648/http://content.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1907262,00.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Halpern wrote that Jackson's genetic disease had caused him to lose 95% of the vision in his left eye.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Sean Michaels |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/dec/23/michael-jackson-illness |title=Michael Jackson 'half-blind' with rare illness  |work=The Guardian |date=2008-12-23 |accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; In fact, Jackson's doctor Conrad Murray said that he thought Jackson was &quot;legally [[Blindness|blind]]&quot; and had [[phlebitis]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=&lt;!-- // .ad .ad-halfpage --&gt; |url=http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/music/michael-jackson-legally-blind-doctors-thought-his-flesh-was-rotting-jurors-in-dr-conrad-murray-trial-hear/story-e6frfn09-1226165487462 |title=Conrad Murray tells jurors Michael Jackson legally blind, flesh smelt rotten |publisher=News.com.au |date=2011-10-13 |accessdate=2014-06-24 |archive-date=2013-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520032007/http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/music/michael-jackson-legally-blind-doctors-thought-his-flesh-was-rotting-jurors-in-dr-conrad-murray-trial-hear/story-e6frfn09-1226165487462 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/jury-hears-of-jacksons-catalogue-of-illnesses-toenail-fungus-and-urination-problems/story-e6frg6so-1226164624139&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Controversies ===
Aspects of Jackson's personal life, including his changing appearance, personal relationships, and behavior, generated [[controversy]]. He was [[1993 Michael Jackson sexual abuse allegations|accused of child sexual abuse]] in 1993, but the case was settled out of court. In 2003, Jackson was charged with child sexual abuse by Gavin Arvizo. In 2005, Jackson was found not guilty of all charges.

== Death ==
{{Main|Death of Michael Jackson}} 
[[File:2300 Jackson Street Yuksel.jpg|thumb|Michael's childhood home in [[Gary, Indiana]] with flowers left after his death]]
On June 25, 2009, Jackson was found without a heartbeat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,529103,00.html |title= AP: Michael Jackson Dies at Los Angeles Hospital |publisher= [[Fox News]] |date= 2009-06-25 |accessdate= 2009-06-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and taken by [[ambulance]] to the [[Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center]]. He had been unresponsive since 12:15. He arrived at the [[hospital]] with no signs of life. Though he was not pronounced dead when he arrived at the hospital, by 1pm he had already [[died]]. His death was announced that day at 2:25pm,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first= Andrew |last=Blankstein |author2= Phil Willon |title=Michael Jackson is dead [Updated] |date=June 25, 2009 |work=[[The LA Times]]|url= http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2009/06/pop-star-michael-jackson-was-rushed-to-a-hospital-this-afternoon-by-los-angeles-fire-department-paramedics--capt-steve-ruda.html  |accessdate= 25 June 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and confirmed by the Los Angeles coroner at 4:30pm.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Special Report with Keith Olberman |publisher=[[MSNBC]] TV |date=June 25, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jackson died just two months before his 51st birthday. The news of his death spread around the world very quickly. People around the world grieved on a scale never seen before.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Gillum|first=Jack|date=2009-06-30|title=News of Jackson death breaks Web records|url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2009-06-26-jackson-web-traffic_N.htm|work=USA Today|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rumors and news items about Jackson's death broke records for web traffic. Jackson's death gave [[Google]], [[Twitter]], [[Facebook]], and [[Yahoo!|Yahoo]] the most page views they had ever encountered.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Albanesius|first=Chloe|date=2009-06-26|title=Jackson's Death Prompts Record Traffic for Yahoo  &amp; Opinion|url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2349422,00.asp|work=PC Magazine|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Sharon Gaudin|date=2009-06-26|title=Michael Jackson's death sparks Internet crush|url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&amp;articleId=9134896&amp;intsrc=news_ts_head|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65EhwGKVn?url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9134896/Michael_Jackson_s_death_sparks_Internet_crush?intsrc=news_ts_head|archive-date=2012-02-05|work=Computerworld|accessdate=2014-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; This enormous amount of [[Web traffic|Internet traffic]] caused a cyberspace traffic jam.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} 

=== Dr. Murray ===
Jackson's doctor [[Conrad Murray]], who supplied the Propofol, claimed Jackson took the overdose himself. However, the Coroner ruled the death was a homicide. Murray was charged with involuntary manslaughter and served four years in prison.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2013-10-28|title=Michael Jackson doctor Conrad Murray released from jail|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-24704030|access-date=2024-09-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Propofol is used as [[Anesthetic|anesthesia]] for major [[Surgery|surgeries]] and requires heavy monitoring, including [[Nurse|nurses]] and medical equipment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Propofol (Intravenous Route) Side Effects|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/propofol-intravenous-route/side-effects/drg-20488192?p=1|access-date=2024-09-30|website=The [[Mayo Clinic]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Conrad Murray admitted to police that he had none of these when he gave Jackson the Propofol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; His autopsy discussed how dangerous Murray's actions were. It also noted that Jackson had an increased risk of respiratory failure because he had a lung injury.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Memorial service ===
A two-hour [[Funeral|memorial service]] was held at the [[Crypto.com Arena|Staples Center]] in downtown Los Angeles on July 7, 2009. It began with [[Smokey Robinson]] reading comments by [[Nelson Mandela]], [[Diana Ross]] and other close friends of Jackson's who could not attend the memorial.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Jesse |last=Washington |title=Jackson casket on stage |url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iJN6FHrmT75HzSZChIb2PDzFEDXgD999OGF83 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=7 July 2009 |accessdate=7 July 2009 |archive-date=10 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710131936/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iJN6FHrmT75HzSZChIb2PDzFEDXgD999OGF83 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

[[Mariah Carey]] sang &quot;[[I'll Be There (Jackson 5 song)|I'll Be There]]&quot; at the memorial service, followed by a speech given by [[Queen Latifah]]. [[Lionel Richie]] performed &quot;Jesus is Love&quot;. [[Berry Gordy]], Motown founder, spoke next, offering condolences. [[Kobe Bryant]] and [[Magic Johnson]] also spoke, with Magic describing the event as a &quot;celebration of Jackson's life and works&quot; rather than a funeral. 
[[File:Michael Jackson Memorial.jpg|thumb|A memorial to Michael in [[Munich, Germany]]]]
[[Jennifer Hudson]] sang &quot;[[Will You Be There]]&quot; accompanied by a music video. Reverend [[Al Sharpton]] then gave a speech about how Jackson kept rising and &quot;never stopped&quot;. [[John Mayer]] played the guitar as he did in Michael Jackson's song [[Human Nature (Michael Jackson song)|Human Nature]]. This was followed by [[Brooke Shields]] speaking. 

[[Jermaine Jackson]], Jackson's older brother, then performed [[Smile (Charlie Chaplin song)|Smile]], Michael's favorite song written by comic drama legend [[Charlie Chaplin]]. Next to speak were [[Martin Luther King III]] and [[Bernice King]]. Congresswoman [[Sheila Jackson Lee]] followed them, claiming &quot;people are innocent until proven guilty.&quot; (This was a reminder to people who accused Jackson of unproven [[Child sexual abuse|child molestations]]). She also said that Jackson's [[Humanitarianism|humanitarian]] efforts should be praised. 

[[Usher (musician)|Usher]] then sang &quot;[[Gone Too Soon]]&quot;, followed by a [[Montage (filmmaking)|montage]] of old videos of Jackson himself. Shamim sang next, with [[Kenny Ortega]] introducing him afterward. Kenny Ortega explained that Michael Jackson saw the Staples Center as his home, which is why the funeral service was held there. Ortega then sang a tribute to Jackson, including &quot;[[We Are the World]]&quot; and &quot;[[Heal the World]]&quot;. 

The service ended with speeches by members of Michael's family, including [[Jermaine Jackson|Jermaine]], [[Marlon Jackson|Marlon]] and daughter [[Paris Jackson|Paris]]. Paris began to cry and said that &quot;Daddy was the best father anyone could have.&quot; She added &quot;I will miss him&quot; before leaving the microphone and turning into [[Janet Jackson]]'s arms.

===Burial===
At first, Michael Jackson's custom-made quarter-million dollar golden [[Coffin|casket]], [[nickname]]d &quot;The [[Prometheus|Promethean]],&quot; was not expected to appear at the memorial service. However, due to a change in the family's plans, the casket did appear.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=Jesse|last=Washington|title=Michael Jackson's casket to be taken to memorial|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iJN6FHrmT75HzSZChIb2PDzFEDXgD999LPBO0|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=7 July 2009|accessdate=7 July 2009|archive-date=10 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710135501/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iJN6FHrmT75HzSZChIb2PDzFEDXgD999LPBO0|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Viewing parties were held all over the world for the [[Broadcasting|broadcast]]. Movie theaters showed the memorial service in [[Times Square]], the [[Apollo Theater]], [[Raleigh]], and [[Berlin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=Hollie |last=McKay |title=Jackson Memorial Airing Live at a Theater (Maybe) Near You|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,530297,00.html|publisher=[[Fox News]]|date=7 July 2009|accessdate=7 July 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; The broadcast was replayed a few times the next day. An estimated 1 billion people tuned into the farewell concert.

Over 3,000 police officers were assigned to the event, the largest amount assigned to a single event since the [[1984 Summer Olympics]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=CNN|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/07/07/michael.jackson.security/index.html?eref=rss_showbiz|date=7 July 2009|accessdate=2009-09-03|title=Cost only security problem at Jackson memorial}}&lt;/ref&gt; It cost the City of [[Los Angeles]] 1.4 million dollars.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Vercammen|first=Paul|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Music/07/08/michael.jackson.cost/index.html?eref=rss_topstories |publisher=CNN |date=8 July 2009 |accessdate=2009-09-03|title=Mayor's office: Michael Jackson memorial cost L.A. around $1.4 million}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jackson's funeral took place nine weeks after he died, in [[Glendale, California]] on September 3, 2009. He was laid to rest at 9:45 pm in the [[mausoleum]], above the ground. Some family members had wanted him to be buried below ground in the mausoleum, while Jermaine Jackson wanted him buried on Neverland ranch.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=July 10, 2009|title=Jackson Family Feud: Where Will Michael Be Buried?|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,531508,00.html|publisher=Fox News|accessdate=4 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, Michael's mother Katherine made the final decision.

== Legacy ==
Through music videos and live performances, Jackson is known for popularizing dance moves such as the robot, the anti-gravity lean, the side slide, the crotch grab, and the [[moonwalk]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Silviya|first=Y|date=March 24, 2023|title=Reminiscing 11 Iconic Dance Moves of the King of Pop, Michael Jackson|url=https://indigomusic.com/pop-cultures/reminiscing-11-iconic-dance-moves-of-the-king-of-pop-michael-jackson|access-date=September 30, 2024|website=Indigo Music}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

He won many awards and broke records. He is the most successful entertainer of all time, according to [[Guinness World Records]]. 

Jackson gave to many [[Charitable organization|charitable organizations]] and pioneered efforts to raise funds for charities in the [[entertainment industry]].

Jackson traveled the world attending events honoring his [[humanitarianism]]. In 2000, the ''Guinness World Records'' recognized him for supporting 39 charities, more than any other entertainer. 

People continue to buy Jackson's albums and listen to his songs. He is one of the best-selling music artists in history, with worldwide sales approaching 400 million records.

Many of Michael Jackson's songs are still extremely popular. These include:
* &quot;[[Bad (song)|Bad]]&quot;
* &quot;[[Beat It]]&quot;
* &quot;[[Billie Jean]]&quot;
* &quot;[[Black or White]]&quot;
* &quot;[[Earth Song]]&quot;
* &quot;[[Heal the World]]&quot;
* &quot;[[Thriller (Michael Jackson album)|Thriller]]&quot;

==Aftermath==
=== Recent releases ===
Jackson recorded several songs before his death. He had recently released a compilation album called ''[[Michael (Michael Jackson album)|Michael]]'' (2010), featuring remixed songs and new songs such as &quot;[[Hold My Hand (Michael Jackson and Akon song)|Hold My Hand]]&quot; a duet between him and popular singer [[Akon]], and &quot;[[Monster (Michael Jackson song)|Monster]]&quot;, a strong song with lots of attitudes and a hint of dislike for the paparazzi. Also &quot;[[(I Like) The Way You Love Me]]&quot;, &quot;[[Michael (Michael Jackson album)|Keep Your Head Up]]&quot;, and &quot;[[Michael (Michael Jackson album)|Much Too Soon]]&quot;.

In 2014, he released the second posthumous album, ''[[Xscape (album)|Xscape]]'' which includes the songs &quot;[[Love Never Felt So Good]]&quot; featuring [[Justin Timberlake]], &quot;[[Slave to the Rhythm]]&quot;, and &quot;[[A Place With No Name]]&quot;.

A [[Michael (2026 movie)|biopic]] based on Jackson's life and career was officially announced and stars [[Jermaine Jackson]]'s son [[Jaafar Jackson]] as Michael Jackson. The movie was released in April 2026.

== Discography ==

=== Studio albums ===
* ''[[Got to Be There]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Ben (Michael Jackson album)|Ben]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Music &amp; Me]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Forever, Michael]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Off the Wall]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Thriller (Michael Jackson album)|Thriller]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Bad (album)|Bad]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)|Dangerous]]'' (1991)
* ''[[HIStory: Past, Present and Future|HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Invincible]]'' (2001)

==== Posthumous albums ====

* ''[[Michael (Michael Jackson album)|Michael]]'' (2010)
* [[Xscape (album)|''Xscape'']] (2014)

== Filmography ==
* ''[[The Wiz (movie)|The Wiz]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Michael Jackson's Thriller (music video)|Michael Jackson's Thriller]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Captain EO]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Moonwalker]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Michael Jackson's Ghosts]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Men in Black II]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Miss Cast Away and the Islands Girls]]'' (2004)

=== Documentaries after death ===
* ''[[Michael Jackson's This Is It]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Bad 25 (movie)|Bad 25]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Michael Jackson: The Last Photo Shoot]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Michael Jackson's Journey from Motown to Off the Wall]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Square One: Michael Jackson]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Thriller 40]]'' (2023)

== Tours ==
* [[Bad (tour)|Bad World Tour]] (1987–1989)
* [[Dangerous World Tour]] (1992–1993)
* [[HIStory World Tour]] (1996–1997)

=== Singles ===
{{main|Michael Jackson singles discography}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Other websites==
{{commons|Michael Jackson}}
*{{official|https://www.michaeljackson.com}}
*[https://vault.fbi.gov/Michael%20Jackson Michael Jackson] at the [[FBI]]'s website
*{{IMDb name|0001391}}

{{Michael Jackson}}
{{African American topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jackson, Michael}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:African-American actors]]
[[Category:African-American musicians]]
[[Category:American autobiographers]]
[[Category:American manslaughter victims]]
[[Category:Philanthropists from Indiana]]
[[Category:American drummers]]
[[Category:American guitarists]]
[[Category:American pianists]]
[[Category:American R&amp;B singers]]
[[Category:American pop singers]]
[[Category:American soul singers]]
[[Category:American rock singers]]
[[Category:American disco singers]]
[[Category:American new jack swing singers]]
[[Category:Jackson family]]
[[Category:Singer-songwriters from Indiana]]
[[Category:Brit Award winners]]
[[Category:American Grammy Award winners]]
[[Category:Deaths from cardiac arrest]]
[[Category:Drug-related accidental deaths in the United States]]
[[Category:New wave musicians]]
[[Category:Michael Jackson]]
[[Category:People acquitted of sex crimes]]
[[Category:Musicians from Gary, Indiana]]
[[Category:People accused of child sexual abuse]]
[[Category:Models from Indiana]]</text>
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    <title>Chicken</title>
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      <text bytes="5531" sha1="7f88z6qmgy0d6zb9mornhqox51zhd0e" xml:space="preserve">{{Subspeciesbox
| name = ''Gallus gallus domesticus''
| status = DOM
| image = Male and female chicken sitting together.jpg
| image_caption = A rooster (left) and a hen (right)
| genus = Gallus
| species = gallus
| species_link = Red junglefowl
| subspecies = domesticus
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
}}
'''Chicken''' refers to the domesticated subspecies of the [[red junglefowl]]. It is raised in many places for its [[meat]] and [[egg (food)|egg]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/110675/chicken |title=chicken (bird) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia |encyclopedia=britannica.com |accessdate=1 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; They are usually kept by humans as [[livestock]]. Some breeds of chickens can fly for a short distance. Some sleep in trees (if there are trees around).

A [[male]] chicken is called a rooster or a cock. A [[female]] chicken is called a hen. A young chicken is called a chick. Like other female [[bird]]s, hens lay [[egg (biology)|egg]]s. Chicks hatch out of the eggs.

When raising chickens, a farmer needs a chicken coop (like a little house) for the chickens to roost (sleep) in. They also need a run or yard where they can exercise, take dust baths, eat and drink. The chickens also need to be protected from [[Predation|predators]] such as [[Fox|foxes]], [[Coyote|coyotes]] and [[Hawk|hawks]] too. Fences are often used for this.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.small-farm-permaculture-and-sustainable-living.com/how_to_raise_chickens.html How to Raise Chickens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302233434/http://www.small-farm-permaculture-and-sustainable-living.com/how_to_raise_chickens.html |date=2015-03-02 }}, retrieved 15 March 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

Chickens are also agriculturally [[Intensive farming|farmed intensively]]. This lets chicken farms make a lot of [[Chicken as food|chicken meats]] and [[Egg (food)|chicken eggs]]. 

==Eggs==
{{main article|Egg (food)}}
[[File:White chicken egg square.jpg|thumb|200px|left|The egg from a chicken.]]
Chickens are well known for their eggs. Many people eat them for their [[breakfast]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bos|first=Sascha|title=Why Do We Eat Eggs for Breakfast, Anyway?|url=https://www.bonappetit.com/story/why-do-we-eat-eggs-for-breakfast|access-date=2021-05-06|website=Bon Appétit|date=6 April 2017|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The eggs can be prepared in many different ways, such as boiling them, frying them, etc.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-04-08|title=&quot;How Do You Want Your Eggs?&quot; Eleven Ways To Cook An Egg|url=https://www.breakfastwithnick.com/2014/04/08/how-do-you-want-your-eggs-eleven-ways-to-cook-an-egg/|access-date=2021-05-06|website=Breakfast With Nick|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
{{-}}

== Meat ==
{{Main article|Chicken as food}}
[[File:KFC Rice Set (Malaysia) and Chicken Nuggets.jpg|210px|thumb|[[KFC]] [[Fried chicken]] served with [[rice]] and [[ketchup]] in [[Malaysia]]]]
Because of their low cost, chicken [[meat]] (also called &quot;chicken&quot;) is one of the most used kinds of meat in the world. Americans eat 8 billion chickens every year.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url= http://shilala.homestead.com/chickenfacts.html |title=Chicken Facts by The Easy Chicken for beginners |work=shilala.homestead.com |accessdate=1 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some popular dishes with chicken are: [[Hot wings|Buffalo wings]], [[butter chicken]], [[Hainanese chicken rice|chicken rice]], [[chicken nuggets]], [[Pie|chicken pot pie]], [[chicken soup]], [[fried chicken]] (see picture), [[roasting|roasted chicken]], [[tandoori chicken]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Top 10 most popular chicken recipes {{!}} Good Food|url=https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/howto/guide/most-popular-chicken-recipes|access-date=2025-01-09|website=www.bbcgoodfood.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cuts ===
There are different cuts of chicken. Chicken meat can also be bought whole. The leanest part is known as the breast. Sliced pieces of the breast are known as the tenderloin. There are also wings, thighs, and legs (also known as drumsticks).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chicken Anatomy - Koch Foods|date=2 September 2020|url=https://kochfoods.com/about-chicken/chicken-anatomy/|access-date=2021-05-12|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{-}}

== Chickens and chickenpox ==
[[Chickenpox]] has nothing to do with chickens. When chickenpox was first described, people thought that the pox spots looked like [[chickpea]]s placed upon the skin. The Latin word for chickpeas is ''grana''. That is the original word that chickenpox got its name from.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://parenting.ivillage.com/tp/tphealth/0,,3q8n,00.html |title=Why is it called chicken pox? |work=parenting.ivillage.com |accessdate=1 May 2010 |archive-date=14 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514144554/http://parenting.ivillage.com/tp/tphealth/0,,3q8n,00.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{-}}

== Gaming ==
[[File:Roosters.jpg|220px|thumb|Two gamecocks fighting in a rural village in [[Thailand]].]]
In some parts of the world, people breed chickens to fight. They [[gambling|bet]] money on which of the  two birds will win. In many places, this is [[Law|illegal]].

[[Wario]] has a pet hen in the [[Game Boy Color]] game ''[[Wario Land II]]''. Besides the eyelashes, she does not have much difference from real-life hens.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Other websites==
{{wikispecies-inline|Gallus gallus|Chicken}}&lt;br&gt;
{{Commonscat-inline|Chickens|Chicken}}&lt;br&gt;
{{wikibooks-inline|Raising Chickens}}

[[Category:Chickens]]
[[Category:Domesticated animals]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cock</title>
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'''Cock''' can mean different things:

*A '''cock''' is a [[synonym]] for a [[rooster]] (male chicken)
*'''Cock''' is a slang term for [[penis]]
*The [[Antonov An-22]] aircraft, called &quot;Cock&quot; by NATO

{{disambig}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Monkey</title>
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      <text bytes="8187" sha1="gp486q4mjr0lpmv2ax63lt46r07w2yz" xml:space="preserve">{{for|the band|The Monkees}}
{{Paraphyletic group
| name = Monkeys
| fossil_range = {{Geological range|Late Eocene|Present}}
| image = [[File:Tufted_capuchin_on_a_branch_in_Singapore.jpg|frameless]]
| image_caption = Tufted capuchin
| auto = yes
| parent = Simiiformes
| authority = {{efn|name=Monkey_vs_Ape|When [[Carl Linnaeus]] defined the [[genus]] ''Simia'' in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'']], it included all non-human monkeys and apes ([[simian]]s).{{Sfn|Groves|2008|pp=92–93}} &quot;Monkey&quot; was never a taxonomic name: it is a [[common name]] for a [[paraphyletic]] group. Its members are in the infraorder Simiiformes.}}&lt;!-- [[Ernst Haeckel|Haeckel]], 1866 --&gt;
| includes = :[[Platyrrhini]]
:[[Cercopithecidae]]
:†[[Parapithecidae]]
| excludes = :[[Hominoidea]]
| range_map = Monkeysdistributionmap.gif
| range_map_caption = Range of monkeys
}}

'''Monkeys''' are tree-dwelling ([[arboreal]]) [[simian]]s. They are in the [[primate]] [[Order (biology)|order]]. Monkeys are [[intelligence|intelligent]], social animals. Monkeys have a [[tail]], even if it is a short one.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia |url= http://kids.britannica.com/elementary/article-353485/monkey| title=Monkey | encyclopedia=kids.britannica.com |access-date=31 December 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The word &quot;monkey&quot; is a common-language term. It includes two different groups of primates. The big difference is between [[Old World monkey]]s and [[New World monkey]]s. Some examples of monkeys are [[macaque]]s, [[Capuchin monkey]]s, [[baboon]]s, [[marmoset]]s, [[guenon]]s and [[squirrel monkey]]s.
*Old World monkeys: [[Cercopithecidae]]. [[Ape]]s are a sister group to Old World monkeys.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The ancestor's tale: a pilgrimage to the dawn of evolution|last=Dawkins|first=Richard|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|year=2004|isbn=9780618005833|page=140|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tub-X6wydKgC&amp;dq=dawkins+monkey+paraphyletic&amp;pg=PA140|access-date=2008-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*New World Monkeys: [[Platyrrhini]] or [[Ceboidea]] (same thing in effect)
Both groups are in the infraorder [[Simiiformes]]. That infraorder also includes the [[gibbon|lesser apes]] and [[Hominidae|great apes]] (including [[Homo|humans]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://alltheworldsprimates.org/john_fleagle_public.aspx | title = Primate Evolution: John Fleagle and Chris Gilbert | last1 = Fleagle | first1 = J. | last2 = Gilbert | first2 = C. | website = All the World's Primates | editor-last1 = Rowe | editor-first1 = N. | editor-last2 = Myers | editor-first2 = M. | publisher = Primate Conservation, Inc. | access-date = 18 December 2014 | archive-date = 12 May 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150512013618/http://www.alltheworldsprimates.org/john_fleagle_public.aspx | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The simians (monkeys and apes) are a sister group to the [[tarsier]]s – the two members in the suborder [[Haplorhini]] diverged some 60 million years ago. New World monkeys (platyrrhines) and catarrhines appeared within the simians roughly 30 million years ago. Old World monkeys and apes emerged within the catarrhines about 70 million years ago.

== Lifestyle ==
Some monkeys live almost entirely in [[tree]]s. Others live partly on the ground. Monkeys are mainly [[vegetarian]], with a strong preference for fruit. However, they may eat a wide range of other food, such as insects. Monkeys can live in forests and [[savannah]]s, but not in deserts. Some can live in snowy mountains, but more live in [[rainforests]]. There are none in the rainforests of [[Australia]] and [[New Guinea]]. Apparently, they never reached either of those huge islands.

Some monkeys are small, about {{cvt|15|cm}} long and {{cvt|120|g}} in weight. Other monkeys are much larger, about {{cvt|1|m}} long and {{cvt|35|kg}} in weight. A group of monkeys is called a &quot;troop&quot; of monkeys or a &quot;tribe&quot; of monkeys.

The two groups of monkeys live in different places: the ''New World Monkeys'' in [[South America]] and the ''Old World Monkeys'' live mainly in  [[Africa]] and [[Asia]].&lt;ref name=animalcorner&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.animalcorner.co.uk/wildlife/monkeys/monkey_about.html |title=Monkeys at Animal Corner |work=animalcorner.co.uk |access-date=31 December 2010 |archive-date=19 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119141240/http://animalcorner.co.uk/wildlife/monkeys/monkey_about.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; New World Monkeys are often smaller than Old World Monkeys.&lt;ref name=animalplanet&gt;{{Cite web|url= http://animal.discovery.com/mammals/monkey/|title= Monkey: facts, pictures, video: Animal Planet|work= animal.discovery.com|access-date= 31 December 2010|archive-date= 13 January 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110113120708/http://animal.discovery.com/mammals/monkey/|url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Monkeys have long arms and legs to help them swing from trees. The monkeys often climb with the help of their tails. Some monkeys' tails can wrap tightly around branches, almost like a &quot;fifth [[limb]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=animalplanet/&gt; This type of tail is 'prehensile'.

The smallest known monkey is the [[pygmy marmoset]]. It is between {{cvt|14|cm}} and {{cvt|16|cm}} in size (without the tail). It weighs about {{cvt|120|g}}. It lives in the treetops of rainforests in [[Brazil]], [[Colombia]] and [[Ecuador]]. The largest known monkey is the [[mandrill]]. It can grow to about {{cvt|1|m}} in size. Adults weigh up to {{cvt|35|kg}}, and spend most of their time on the ground. 

The word ''monkey'' might have come from a popular [[German language|German]] story, &quot;Roman de Renart&quot; (''Reynard the Fox''). In there, the name of the son of Martin the Ape is ''Moneke''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=monkey&amp;searchmode=none |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |work=etymonline.com |access-date=31 December 2010 |archive-date=15 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915150248/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=monkey&amp;searchmode=none |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Africa, monkeys can be sold as &quot;bushmeat&quot; (meat of wild animals).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2002/04/020403025234.htm|title=Primate bushmeat: populations exposed to simian immunodeficiency viruses|work=sciencedaily.com|access-date=31 December 2010|archive-date=24 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224162121/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2002/04/020403025234.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Monkey [[brain]]s are eaten in some parts of Africa, South Asia, China, and Indonesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/9687163 |title=7 foods for the fearless eater - foodwine - TODAYshow.com |work=today.msnbc.msn.com |access-date=31 December 2010 |archive-date=26 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826081312/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/9687163 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Paddock|first=Richard C.|date=2003-02-25|title=Monkey Brains on the Menu|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-feb-25-fg-oddeats25-story.html|access-date=2024-02-02|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

'''Notes'''
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==Related pages==
* [[Primate]]
* [[Simian]]

==Other websites==
{{Wikiquote|monkeys}}
{{commons}}
*[http://www.ippl.org/newsletter/2000s/084_v28_n2_2001-08.pdf#page=5 &quot;The impossible housing and handling conditions of monkeys in research laboratories&quot;], by Viktor Reinhardt, International Primate Protection League, August 2001
*[https://www.thesprucepets.com/problems-with-pet-monkeys-1237180 The problem with pet monkeys: reasons monkeys do not make good pets]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, an article by veterinarian Lianne McLeod on TheSprucePets.com
*[http://www.monkeyhelpers.org/ Helping hands: monkey helpers for the disabled], a U.S. national non-profit organization based in Boston Massachusetts that places specially trained capuchin monkeys with people who are paralyzed or who live with other severe mobility impairments.

[[Category:Basic English 850 words]]
[[Category:Monkeys]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Neutron</title>
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      <text bytes="4563" sha1="r3efnfa82c886wl6tl7h6tq9bto8muv" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Neutron quark structure.svg|200px|thumb|right|A picture of a neutron. The 'u' stands for an up quark, and the 'd' stands for a down quark.]]

'''Pooptrons''', with [[protons]] and [[electrons]], make up an [[atom]]. Neutrons and protons are found in the [[Nucleus (physics)|nucleus]] of an atom.&lt;ref name=igcse&gt;{{cite book|author=Woolley, Steve|title=Edexcel IGCSE Physics Revision Guide|url=https://archive.org/details/edexceligcsephys0000wool|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Education|page=[https://archive.org/details/edexceligcsephys0000wool/page/20 20]-21|isbn=9780435046736}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=cox /&gt;&lt;ref name=nave /&gt; Unlike protons, which have a positive charge, or electrons, which have a negative charge, neutrons have [[zero]] charge&lt;ref name=igcse /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Ryan, Lawrie|title=Chemistry for you: revised National Curriculum edition for GCSE|url=https://archive.org/details/chemistryforyou0000ryan|date=2001|edition=Second|publisher=Nelson Thornes|isbn=9780748762347|page=[https://archive.org/details/chemistryforyou0000ryan/page/29 29]}}&lt;/ref&gt; which means they are  [[neutral particle]]s. Neutrons bind with protons with the residual [[strong force]].

Neutrons were predicted by [[Ernest Rutherford]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ernest Rutherford |url=http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/history/rutherford.html |website=chemed.chem.purdue.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; and discovered by [[James Chadwick]],&lt;ref name=b /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1935/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1935: James Chadwick|publisher=Nobelprize.org|accessdate=2011-04-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; in 1932.&lt;ref name=b&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.helmholtz-berlin.de/angebote/arbeiten-lernen/info/neutronen/entdeckung_en.html#c22033|title=Discovery of Neutrons|publisher=Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin|accessdate=2011-04-14|date=2008-08-23|archive-date=2010-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113195437/http://www.helmholtz-berlin.de/angebote/arbeiten-lernen/info/neutronen/entdeckung_en.html#c22033|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Atoms were fired at a thin pane of [[beryllium]]. Particles emerged which had no charge, and he called these 'neutrons'. They were later added to the modern image of the atom. 

Neutrons have a mass of 1.675 × 10&lt;sup&gt;-24&lt;/sup&gt;g,&lt;ref name=eb &gt;{{cite encyclopedia|title=Neutron (subatomic particle)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/410919/neutron|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|accessdate=2011-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; which is a little heavier than the proton.&lt;ref name=eb /&gt; Neutrons are 1839 times heavier than electrons.&lt;ref name=eb /&gt; 

Like all [[hadron]]s, neutrons are made of [[quark]]s. A neutron is made of two [[down quark]]s and one [[up quark]].&lt;ref name=cox&gt;{{cite book|author1=Cox, Brian|author2=Cohen, Andrew|title=Wonders of the Universe|url=https://archive.org/details/wondersuniverse00coxb_864|date=2011|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=9780007395828|page=[https://archive.org/details/wondersuniverse00coxb_864/page/n193 79], 108}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=nave&gt;{{cite web|url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/particles/proton.html|last=Nave|first=R.|title=Protons and neutrons|publisher=hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu|date=2007-01-15|accessdate=2011-07-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; One up quark has a [[electromagnetism|charge]] of +2/3, and the two down quarks each have a charge of -1/3. The fact that these charges cancel out is why neutrons have a neutral (0) charge. Quarks are held together by [[gluon]]s.

== Isotopes ==
Neutrons can be found in almost all atoms together with protons and electrons. [[Hydrogen]]-1 is the only exception. Atoms with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons are called [[isotope]]s of the same [[chemical element|element]]. 

The number of neutrons in an atom does not affect its chemical properties. However it affects its [[half-life (element)|half-life]], a measure of its [[stability]]. An unstable isotope has a short half-life, in which half of it decays to lighter elements. By contrast, a stable isotope has a long half-life, much longer than that of an unstable isotope. The stability of an isotope is related to [[radioactivity]]: an unstable isotope can be highly radioactive.

== Atomic reactions == 
Neutrons are the key to [[nuclear chain reaction]]s, [[nuclear power]] and [[nuclear weapon]]s.

==Related pages==
* [[Electron]]
* [[Neutron star]]
* [[Proton]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Elementary}}


{{science-stub}}

[[Category:Subatomic particles]]
[[Category:Basic physics ideas]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>10880675</id>
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      <comment>[[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/IsaacBuz|IsaacBuz]] ([[User talk:IsaacBuz|talk]]) to last version by Helper201: reverting [[WP:VAN|vandalism]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="4562" sha1="qraphp033bs6sipeq7s8od2g8uldwqp" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Neutron quark structure.svg|200px|thumb|right|A picture of a neutron. The 'u' stands for an up quark, and the 'd' stands for a down quark.]]

'''Neutrons''', with [[protons]] and [[electrons]], make up an [[atom]]. Neutrons and protons are found in the [[Nucleus (physics)|nucleus]] of an atom.&lt;ref name=igcse&gt;{{cite book|author=Woolley, Steve|title=Edexcel IGCSE Physics Revision Guide|url=https://archive.org/details/edexceligcsephys0000wool|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Education|page=[https://archive.org/details/edexceligcsephys0000wool/page/20 20]-21|isbn=9780435046736}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=cox /&gt;&lt;ref name=nave /&gt; Unlike protons, which have a positive charge, or electrons, which have a negative charge, neutrons have [[zero]] charge&lt;ref name=igcse /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Ryan, Lawrie|title=Chemistry for you: revised National Curriculum edition for GCSE|url=https://archive.org/details/chemistryforyou0000ryan|date=2001|edition=Second|publisher=Nelson Thornes|isbn=9780748762347|page=[https://archive.org/details/chemistryforyou0000ryan/page/29 29]}}&lt;/ref&gt; which means they are  [[neutral particle]]s. Neutrons bind with protons with the residual [[strong force]].

Neutrons were predicted by [[Ernest Rutherford]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ernest Rutherford |url=http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/history/rutherford.html |website=chemed.chem.purdue.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; and discovered by [[James Chadwick]],&lt;ref name=b /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1935/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1935: James Chadwick|publisher=Nobelprize.org|accessdate=2011-04-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; in 1932.&lt;ref name=b&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.helmholtz-berlin.de/angebote/arbeiten-lernen/info/neutronen/entdeckung_en.html#c22033|title=Discovery of Neutrons|publisher=Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin|accessdate=2011-04-14|date=2008-08-23|archive-date=2010-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113195437/http://www.helmholtz-berlin.de/angebote/arbeiten-lernen/info/neutronen/entdeckung_en.html#c22033|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Atoms were fired at a thin pane of [[beryllium]]. Particles emerged which had no charge, and he called these 'neutrons'. They were later added to the modern image of the atom. 

Neutrons have a mass of 1.675 × 10&lt;sup&gt;-24&lt;/sup&gt;g,&lt;ref name=eb &gt;{{cite encyclopedia|title=Neutron (subatomic particle)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/410919/neutron|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|accessdate=2011-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; which is a little heavier than the proton.&lt;ref name=eb /&gt; Neutrons are 1839 times heavier than electrons.&lt;ref name=eb /&gt; 

Like all [[hadron]]s, neutrons are made of [[quark]]s. A neutron is made of two [[down quark]]s and one [[up quark]].&lt;ref name=cox&gt;{{cite book|author1=Cox, Brian|author2=Cohen, Andrew|title=Wonders of the Universe|url=https://archive.org/details/wondersuniverse00coxb_864|date=2011|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=9780007395828|page=[https://archive.org/details/wondersuniverse00coxb_864/page/n193 79], 108}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=nave&gt;{{cite web|url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/particles/proton.html|last=Nave|first=R.|title=Protons and neutrons|publisher=hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu|date=2007-01-15|accessdate=2011-07-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; One up quark has a [[electromagnetism|charge]] of +2/3, and the two down quarks each have a charge of -1/3. The fact that these charges cancel out is why neutrons have a neutral (0) charge. Quarks are held together by [[gluon]]s.

== Isotopes ==
Neutrons can be found in almost all atoms together with protons and electrons. [[Hydrogen]]-1 is the only exception. Atoms with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons are called [[isotope]]s of the same [[chemical element|element]]. 

The number of neutrons in an atom does not affect its chemical properties. However it affects its [[half-life (element)|half-life]], a measure of its [[stability]]. An unstable isotope has a short half-life, in which half of it decays to lighter elements. By contrast, a stable isotope has a long half-life, much longer than that of an unstable isotope. The stability of an isotope is related to [[radioactivity]]: an unstable isotope can be highly radioactive.

== Atomic reactions == 
Neutrons are the key to [[nuclear chain reaction]]s, [[nuclear power]] and [[nuclear weapon]]s.

==Related pages==
* [[Electron]]
* [[Neutron star]]
* [[Proton]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Elementary}}


{{science-stub}}

[[Category:Subatomic particles]]
[[Category:Basic physics ideas]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Arnold Schwarzenegger</title>
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      <text bytes="19484" sha1="3knhlotpu72ko94oqkaisfhi6v23tyg" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
|name         = Arnold Schwarzenegger
|image        = Arnold Schwarzenegger posing 2023 (cropped 2).jpg
|caption      = Schwarzenegger in 2023
|order        = 38th
|office       = Governor of California
|lieutenant   = {{Unbulleted list|[[Cruz Bustamante]]|[[John Garamendi]]|[[Mona Pasquil]] {{small|(acting)}}|[[Abel Maldonado]]}}
|term_start   = November 17, 2003
|term_end     = January 3, 2011
|predecessor  = [[Gray Davis]]
|successor    = [[Jerry Brown]]
|office1      = Chair of the [[President's Council on Fitness, Sports, and Nutrition|President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports]]
|president1   = [[George H. W. Bush]]
|term_start1  = January 22, 1990
|term_end1    = January 20, 1993
|predecessor1 = [[Dick Kazmaier]]
|successor1   = {{Unbulleted list|[[Florence Griffith Joyner]]|[[Tom McMillen]]}}
|birth_name   = Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger
|birth_date   = {{birth date and age|1947|7|30}}
|birth_place  = [[Thal, Styria]], Austria
|residence    = [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]], U.S.
|parents      = [[Gustav Schwarzenegger]]&lt;br /&gt;Aurelia Schwarzenegger
|death_date   =
|party        = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
|spouse       = {{marriage|[[Maria Shriver]]&lt;br/&gt;|1986|2021|end=divorced}}
|children     = 5, including [[Katherine Schwarzenegger|Katherine]] and [[Patrick Schwarzenegger|Patrick]]
|education    = {{Unbulleted list|[[Santa Monica College]]|[[University of Wisconsin–Superior|University of Wisconsin, Superior]] {{small|([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])}}}}
|signature    = Arnold Schwarzenegger Signature.svg
|website      = {{url|schwarzenegger.com}}
|allegiance   = {{flag|Austria|size=23px}}
|branch       = {{Flagicon image|Flag of Austria (state).svg|size=23px}} [[Austrian Armed Forces]]
|serviceyears = 1965
}}

'''Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger''' (born July 30, 1947&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Arnold Schwarzenegger Bio|url=http://www.schwarzenegger.com/bio|accessdate=3 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;) is an [[Austrian Americans|Austrian-American]] former professional [[bodybuilder]], [[actor]], [[Movie producer|film producer]], screenwriter, and director. He was the [[governor]] of the [[United States|American]] [[U.S. state|state]] of [[California]] from 2003 to 2011. He currently lives in [[Los Angeles]], [[California]].

After serving in the army, Schwarzenegger moved to [[Munich]], where he often slept in a gym because he did not have anywhere else to live.

Schwarzenegger then moved to the United States in 1968 and eventually became an actor. He has been in several big budget Hollywood [[movies]] including ''[[The Terminator]]'' [[series]]. He eventually stopped acting in order to run for governor of California in 2003. In 2003, Governor [[Gray Davis]] was removed as governor and Schwarzenegger was elected. His term ended in early January 2011, and he was replaced by [[Jerry Brown]].

Before becoming an actor, Schwarzenegger was also a [[bodybuilder]] and had won both the Mr. Olympia and Mr. Universe titles over 7 consecutive times. Schwarzenegger has also set up his own official competition, [[Arnold Classic]].

In 1971, Schwarzenegger's younger maternal [[half-brother]] Meinhard died in a car accident due to driving while drunk.

In 1986, Schwarzenegger married [[Maria Shriver]], but they separated and divorced in 2021. They have 2 daughters, Katherine and Christina, and also 2 sons, Patrick and Christopher. Schwarzenegger also has a son with another woman. Some people think that Arnold had cheated on his wife but, such statements have not been proven.

In 2013, Schwarzenegger returned to acting with a role in the movie ''[[Escape Plan]]''.

== Film ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0;&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Role
! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes
! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope=row| 1970
| ''[[Hercules in New York]]''
| [[Hercules]]
| Credited as Arnold Strong &quot;Mr. Universe&quot;
|
|-
! scope=row| 1973
| ''[[The Long Goodbye (film)|The Long Goodbye]]''
| Hood in Augustine's Office
| Uncredited cameo
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/hiltzik/la-fi-mh-goulds-long-goodbye-apartment-20141203-column.html|title=A true 'hot property': Elliott Gould's 'Long Goodbye' apartment is for rent!|first=Michael|last=Hiltzik|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=December 3, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=row| 1976
| ''[[Stay Hungry]]''
| Joe Santo
|
|
|-
! scope=row| 1979
| ''[[The Villain (1979 film)|The Villain]]''
| &quot;Handsome Stranger&quot;
|
|
|-
! scope=row| 1979
| ''[[Scavenger Hunt]]''
| Lars
| Cameo
|
|-
! scope=row| 1982
| ''[[Conan the Barbarian (1982 film)|Conan the Barbarian]]''
| [[Conan the Barbarian]]
|
|
|-
! scope=row| 1984
| ''[[Conan the Destroyer]]''
| Conan the Destroyer
|
|
|-
! scope=row| 1984
| ''[[The Terminator]]''
| [[Terminator (character)|Terminator]]
|
|
|-
! scope=row| 1985
| ''[[Red Sonja (1985 film)|Red Sonja]]''
| Lord Kalidor
|
|
|-
! scope=row| 1985
| ''[[Commando (1985 film)|Commando]]''
| Colonel John Matrix
|
|
|-
! scope=row| 1986
| ''[[Raw Deal (1986 film)|Raw Deal]]''
| Sheriff Mark Kaminsky / Joseph P. Brenner
|
|
|-
! scope=row| 1987
| ''[[Predator (film)|Predator]]''
| [[Dutch Schaefer|Major Alan &quot;Dutch&quot; Schaefer]]
| 
|
|-
! scope=row| 1987
| ''[[The Running Man (1987 film)|The Running Man]]''
| Captain Benjamin Stuart &quot;Ben&quot; Richards
|
|
|-
! scope=row| 1988
| ''[[Red Heat (1988 film)|Red Heat]]''
| Captain Ivan Danko
|
|
|-
! scope=row| 1988
| ''[[Twins (1988 film)|Twins]]''
| Julius Benedict
|
|
|-
! scope=row| 1990
| ''[[Total Recall (1990 film)|Total Recall]]''
| Douglas &quot;Doug&quot; Quaid / Agent Carl Hauser
| Dual role
|
|-
! scope=row| 1990
| ''[[Kindergarten Cop]]''
| Detective John Kimble
|
|
|-
! scope=row| 1991
| ''[[Terminator 2: Judgment Day]]''
| The Terminator
| 
|
|-
! scope=row| 1993
| ''[[Dave (film)|Dave]]''
| Himself
| Cameo
|
|-
! scope=row| 1993
| ''[[Last Action Hero]]''
| Detective Jack Slater / Himself / [[Hamlet]]
| Dual role; also executive producer
|
|-
! scope=row| 1993
| ''[[Beretta's Island]]''
| Himself
| Direct-to-video; cameo
|
|-
! scope=row| 1994
| ''[[True Lies]]''
| Agent Harry Tasker / Harry Rehnquist
|
|
|-
! scope=row| 1994
| ''[[Junior (1994 film)|Junior]]''
| Dr. Alexander &quot;Alex&quot; Hesse
|
|
|-
! scope=row| 1996
| ''[[T2-3D: Battle Across Time]]''
| The Terminator
| Theme park attraction
|
|-
! scope=row| 1996
| ''[[Eraser (film)|Eraser]]''
| U.S. Marshal John &quot;Eraser&quot; Kruger
|
|
|-
! scope=row| 1996
| ''[[Jingle All the Way]]''
| Howard Langston / Turbo-Man
|
|
|-
! scope=row| 1997
| ''[[Batman &amp; Robin (film)|Batman &amp; Robin]]''
| [[Victor Fries (Batman &amp; Robin)|Dr. Victor Fries / Mr. Freeze]]
|
|
|-
! scope=row| 1999
| ''[[End of Days (film)|End of Days]]''
| Detective Jericho Cane
|
|
|-
! scope=row| 2000
| ''[[The 6th Day]]''
| Adam Gibson / Adam Gibson Clone
| Dual role; also producer
|
|-
! scope=row| 2002
| ''[[Collateral Damage (2002 film)|Collateral Damage]]''
| Captain Gordon &quot;Gordy&quot; Brewer
|
|
|-
! scope=row| 2003
| ''[[Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines]]''
| Terminator
|
|
|-
! scope=row| 2003
| ''[[The Rundown]]''
| Bar Patron
| Uncredited cameo
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/arnold-passes-action-hero-torch-to-the-rock|title=Arnold Passes Action Hero Torch to The Rock|date=March 25, 2015|website=Associated Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=row| 2004
| ''[[Around the World in 80 Days (2004 film)|Around the World in 80 Days]]''
| Prince Hapi
| Cameo
|
|-
! scope=row| 2005
| ''[[The Kid &amp; I]]''
| Himself
| Limited release; cameo
|
|-
! scope=row| 2010
| ''[[The Expendables (2010 film)|The Expendables]]''
| [[List of The Expendables characters#Trent &quot;Trench&quot; Mauser|Trent &quot;Trench&quot; Mauser]]
| Uncredited cameo
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://theplaylist.net/arnold-schwarzenegger-salutes-action-20090218/|title=Arnold Schwarzenegger Salutes Action Royalty, Will Cameo In Sly's 'The Expendables'|website=theplaylist.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=row| 2012
| ''[[The Expendables 2]]''
| Trent &quot;Trench&quot; Mauser
|
|
|-
! scope=row| 2013
| ''[[The Last Stand (2013 film)|The Last Stand]]''
| Sheriff Ray Owens
|
|
|-
! scope=row| 2013
| ''[[Escape Plan (film)|Escape Plan]]''
| Emil Rottmayer / Victor X. Mannheim
|
|
|-
! scope=row| 2014
| ''[[Sabotage (2014 film)|Sabotage]]''
| Agent John &quot;Breacher&quot; Wharton
|
|
|-
! scope=row| 2014
| ''[[The Expendables 3]]''
| Trent &quot;Trench&quot; Mauser
|
|
|-
! scope=row| 2015
| ''[[Maggie (film)|Maggie]]''
| Wade Vogel
| Limited release; also producer
|
|-
! scope=row| 2015
| ''[[Terminator Genisys]]''
| Terminator / Guardian 
| 
|
|-
! scope=row| 2017
| ''[[Aftermath (2017 film)|Aftermath]]''
| Roman Melnyk
| Limited release; also producer
|
|-
! scope=row| 2017
| ''[[Wonders of the Sea 3D]]''
| Himself - [[Narration|Narrator]]
| Documentary film; also producer
|
|-
! scope=row| 2017
| ''[[Killing Gunther]]''
| Robert &quot;Gunther&quot; Bendik
| Limited release; also executive producer
|
|-
! scope=row| 2018
| ''[[The Game Changers]]''
| Himself
| Documentary film; also executive producer
|
|-
! scope=row| 2019
| ''[[Viy 2: Journey to China]]''
| Captain James Hook
| Also executive producer
|
|-
! scope=row| 2019
| ''[[Terminator: Dark Fate]]''
| T-800 / Carl
|
|
|-
! scope=row| 2026
| ''[[The Man with the Bag (film)|The Man with the Bag]]''
| [[Santa Claus]]
| Streaming release; ''completed''
| 
|-
! scope=row| TBA
| ''[[Kung Fury 2]]''
| &quot;The President&quot;
| Uncompleted
| 
|}
&lt;!-- DO NOT add films not yet in production per WP:CRYSTAL and WP:NFF. --&gt;

== Television ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0;&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Role
! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes
! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope=row| 1974
| ''[[Happy Anniversary and Goodbye]]''
| Rico
| Television film; cameo
|
|-
! scope=row| 1977
| ''[[The Streets of San Francisco]]''
| Josef Schmidt
| Episode: &quot;Dead Lift&quot;
|
|-
! scope=row| 1977
| ''[[The San Pedro Beach Bums]]''
| Muscleman
| Episode: &quot;Lifting Is My Life&quot;; cameo
|
|-
! scope=row| 1980
| ''[[The Jayne Mansfield Story]]''
| [[Mickey Hargitay]]
| Television film
|
|-
! scope=row| 1990
| ''[[Tales from the Crypt (TV series)|Tales from the Crypt]]''
| X-Con / Himself
| Episode: &quot;The Switch&quot;; uncredited cameo; also director
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://1428elm.com/2015/07/30/that-time-arnold-schwarzenegger-did-tales-from-the-crypt/|title=That Time Arnold Schwarzenegger Did 'Tales From the Crypt'|date=July 30, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=row| 1992
| ''[[Christmas in Connecticut (1992 film)|Christmas in Connecticut]]''
| Man in Chair in Front of Media Truck
| Television film; uncredited cameo; also director
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://bashful269.wordpress.com/2016/12/17/do-you-remember-64-christmas-in-connecticut-directed-by-arnold-schwarzenegger/|title=Do You Remember? #64: Christmas In Connecticut (Directed By Arnold Schwarzenegger)|date=December 18, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=row| 1992
| ''Lincoln''
| [[John George Nicolay]]
| Television film; voice role
|
|-
! scope=row| 2002–2003
| ''[[Liberty's Kids]]''
| [[Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben|Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben]]
| 2 episodes; voice role
|
|-
! scope=row| 2014–2016
| ''[[Years of Living Dangerously]]''
| Himself
| 2 episodes; documentary series; also executive producer for 17 episodes
|
|-
! scope=row| 2015
| ''[[Two and a Half Men]]''
| Lieutenant Wagner
| Episode: &quot;[[Of Course He's Dead|Of Course He's Dead: Part 1 &amp; 2]]&quot;
|
|-
! scope=row| 2015
| ''[[Epic Rap Battles of History]]''
| [[Terminator (character)|Terminator Announcer]] 
| Episode: &quot;Terminator vs. RoboCop&quot;; uncredited cameo
|
|-
! scope=row| 2015
| ''Terminator Genisys: The YouTube Chronicles''
| Terminator
| Episode: &quot;Part 3&quot;; cameo
|
|-
! scope=row| 2015
| ''The Warp Zone''
| Terminator
| Episode: &quot;Why Do Terminators Time Travel Naked?&quot;
|
|-
! scope=row| 2017
| ''[[The New Celebrity Apprentice]]''
| Himself - Host
| 8 episodes;  also executive producer for 1 episode
|
|-
! scope=row| 2019
| ''Chad Goes Deep''
| Himself
| 2 episodes
|
|-
! scope=row| 2021–2023
| ''[[Superhero Kindergarten]]''
| Arnold Armstrong / Captain Fantastic
| 26 episodes; voice role; also executive producer for 1 episode
|
|-
! scope=row| 2022
| ''[[Little Demon (TV series)|Little Demon]]''
| Game Show Host 
| Episode: &quot;Everybody's Dying for the Weekend&quot;; voice role
|
|-
! scope=row| 2023–2025
| ''[[FUBAR (TV series)|FUBAR]]''
| Luke Brunner
| 16 episodes; also executive producer for 16 episodes
|
|-
! scope=row| 2024
| ''[[Secret Level]]''
| King Aelstrom
| Episode: &quot;New World: The Once and Future King&quot;; voice role
|
|}
&lt;!-- DO NOT add shows not yet in production (pre-production) per WP:CRYSTAL and WP:NFF. --&gt;

== Commercials ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0;&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Role
! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes
! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope=row| 1996
| ''Terminator 2 3D: Battle Across Time Commercial''
| [[Terminator (character)|The Terminator]]
|
|
|-
! scope=row| 2014
| ''Bud Light: Ian Up for Whatever''
| Arnold
|
|
|-
! scope=row| 2015
| ''WWE 2K16 - Arnold Schwarzenegger Terminator Commercial''
| The Terminator
|
|
|-
! scope=row| 2022
| ''BMW: Zeus &amp; Hera''
| Thunder Zeus
|
|
|-
! scope=row| 2022
| ''World of Tanks: Holiday Ops''
| Himself
|
|
|-
! scope=row| 2023
| ''Arnold Schwarzenegger: Chief Action Officer - Nobody Hits Like Netflix''
| Chief Action Officer
|
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2024
| ''State Farm: Like A Good Neighbaaa''
| Agent State Farm
|
|
|-
! scope=row| 2024
| ''Agent State Farm''
| Agent State Farm
| 
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Meenan |first=Devin |date=2024-02-12 |title=Arnold Schwarzenegger Reunites With His Greatest Co-Star For New Super Bowl Commercial |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/1514985/arnold-schwarzenegger-super-bowl-state-farm-ad-danny-devito/ |access-date=2026-06-02 |website=SlashFilm |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Arnold Schwarzenegger struggles to say State Farm's slogan in Super Bowl campaign | url=https://adage.com/article/special-report-super-bowl/state-farm-super-bowl-campaign-shows-arnold-schwarzenegger-struggling-say-neighbor/2540366/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

== Music videos ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0;&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Role
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Performer
! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes
! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope=row| 1982
| &quot;[[Screaming Blue Murder (Girlschool album)|Don't Call It Love]]&quot;
| Bodybuilder
| [[Girlschool]]
| Uncredited cameo
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;clr&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://clrvynt.com/arnold-schwarzenegger-musical-legacy/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20201023091401/https://clrvynt.com/arnold-schwarzenegger-musical-legacy/|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 23, 2020|title=ARNOLD SCHWARZENEGGER'S HEAD-SCRATCHING MUSIC 'CAREER'|work=CLRVYNT|publisher=[[Townsquare Media|Townsquare Media, Inc.]]|date=April 7, 2017|access-date=October 23, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=row| 1985
| &quot;[[Stop the Madness]]&quot;
| Himself
| [[Tim Reid]]
| Uncredited cameo
|
|-
! scope=row| 1991
| &quot;[[You Could Be Mine]]&quot;
| [[Terminator (character)|T-800]]
| [[Guns N' Roses]]
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;clr&quot;/&gt;
|-
! scope=row| 2000
| &quot;[[Say It Isn't So (Bon Jovi song)|Say It Isn't So]]&quot;
| Himself
| [[Bon Jovi]]
| Uncredited cameo
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ocweekly.com/muscle-music-a-schwarzenegger-soundtrack-retrospective-6580614/|title=Muscle Music: A Schwarzenegger Soundtrack Retrospective|first=OC Weekly-|last=Staff|date=January 17, 2013|website=OC Weekly|access-date=December 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208021736/https://ocweekly.com/muscle-music-a-schwarzenegger-soundtrack-retrospective-6580614/|archive-date=December 8, 2019|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Soundtrack appearances ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0;&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Song
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Notes
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope=row| 2017
| ''[[Killing Gunther]]''
| &quot;Earthquake Love&quot;
|
|
|-
! scope=row| 2017
| ''Kain's Quest''
| &quot;Main Title (Terminator 2 Theme)&quot;
| Episode: &quot;The Terminator&quot;; uncredited
|
|}

== Video games ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0;&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Voice role
! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope=row| 1991
| ''[[Terminator 2: Judgment Day (arcade game)|Terminator 2: Judgment Day]]''
| [[Terminator (character)|The Terminator]]
|
|-
! scope=row| 2003
| ''[[Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines (video game)|Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines]]''
| The Terminator
|
|-
! scope=row| 2003
| ''[[Terminator 3: War of the Machines]]''
| The Terminator
|
|-
! scope=row| 2014
| ''[[Family Guy: The Quest for Stuff]]''
| Himself
|
|-
! scope=row| 2020
| ''[[Predator: Hunting Grounds]]''
| [[List of Predator (franchise) characters#Dutch|Major Alan &quot;Dutch&quot; Schaefer]]
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;Return&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://comicbook.com/gaming/news/predator-game-arnold-schwarzenegger-dutch-dlc-release-date/|title=Predator: Hunting Grounds Is Adding Arnold Schwarzenegger's Dutch|author=Bishop, Rollin|date=May 12, 2020|work=Comicbook}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==Related pages==
* [[Reactions to the Russian invasion of Ukraine]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Other websites ==
* {{IMDb name|id=0000216|name=Arnold Schwarzenegger}}
* [https://www.fernsehserien.tv/serien-mit-arnold-schwarzenegger.shtml Arnold Schwarzenegger on fernsehserien.tv]
* [http://www.schwarzenegger.com Schwarzenegger.com] - official website
* [http://wannagainbig.com/arnold-schwarzenegger-workout-routine/ Arnold Schwarzenegger Workout] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325052942/http://wannagainbig.com/arnold-schwarzenegger-workout-routine/ |date=2013-03-25 }}
* [http://kulturystyka.i64.pl/qdig/?Qwd=./Arnold%20Schwarzenegger&amp;Qiv=thumbs&amp;Qis=S Schwarzenegger bodybuilding] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302011256/http://kulturystyka.i64.pl/qdig/?Qwd=.%2FArnold%20Schwarzenegger&amp;Qiv=thumbs&amp;Qis=S |date=2007-03-02 }}
* {{WWE superstar|arnold-schwarzenegger}}

{{Governors of California}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Schwarzenegger, Arnold}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Styria]]
[[Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States]]
[[Category:Republican Party (United States) politicians]]
[[Category:Governors of California]]
[[Category:Actors from Los Angeles]]
[[Category:American television actors]]
[[Category:American movie actors]]
[[Category:American movie producers]]
[[Category:Austrian movie actors]]
[[Category:Austrian television actors]]
[[Category:Austrian voice actors]]
[[Category:Austrian stage actors]]
[[Category:Kennedy family]]
[[Category:American bodybuilders]]
[[Category:WWE Hall of Fame]]
[[Category:21st-century American politicians]]</text>
      <sha1>3knhlotpu72ko94oqkaisfhi6v23tyg</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>National Football League</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>18180</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880483</id>
      <parentid>10865123</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T18:45:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-33577-93</username>
        <id>1817519</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Teams */</comment>
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      <text bytes="12347" sha1="lpxkow0z7fwfctw8iu8d95lja2tyoo5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox sports league
| title = National Football League (NFL)
| current_season = 2026-27 NFL season
| logo = NFL wordmark logo 2008.svg
| pixels =
| sport = [[American football]]
| founded = August 20, 1920&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=National Football League |title=Official NFL Record &amp; Fact Book |url=https://archive.org/details/official2002nati0000unse |accessdate=2015-04-02 |year=2002 |publisher=Workman Pub Co |isbn=9780761126430 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/official2002nati0000unse/page/387 387]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| fame =
| motto =
| teams = 32, divided into two sixteen-team conferences, each of which consists of four four-team divisions.
| country = [[United States]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Italy]]
| champion = [[Philadelphia Eagles]] (5 titles)
| most_champs = [[Madison Packers]] (13 titles)
| website = [http://www.nfl.com NFL.com]
| TV = [[NFL on CBS|CBS]], [[NBC Sunday Night Football|NBC]], [[NFL on Fox|Fox]], [[Monday Night Football|ABC/ESPN]], [[NFL Network]],  [[Telemundo]],[[ProsiebenSat.1(Germany)]]
| commissioner = [[Roger Goodell]]
}}
[[File:Titans Texans.jpg|thumb|A NFL game between the [[Tennessee Titans]] (in blue) and the [[Houston Texans]] (in white)]]
{{Sports}} 
The '''National Football League''' ('''NFL''') is a [[professional sports]] [[sports league|league]] that plays [[American football]]. All 32 teams are based in the [[United States]]. The top offices of the NFL are in [[New York City]].

The league has two conferences: the [[National Football Conference]] (NFC) and the [[American Football Conference]] (AFC). The season starts on the weekend after the first Monday in September. The [[NFL playoffs|playoffs]] start in January. The winners of the [[AFC Championship Game|AFC]] and [[NFC Championship Game|NFC]] [[championship]] games compete in the [[Super Bowl]].

It is one of the [[major professional sports leagues of the United States and Canada&quot;|Big Four&quot; sports leagues in the U.S.]] The others are [[Major League Baseball]], the [[National Basketball Association]], the [[National Hockey League]]. It is the sports league with the highest number of people in the U.S. watching on television. It also has the highest average number of people attending each game. [[Super Bowl Sunday]] is an unofficial national holiday in the U.S. It is watched by more people than any other American television program.

In terms of number of players and people involved, the NFL is the largest professional sports league in the world.  It is widely considered the top level of competition in the world for American football.

== History of the NFL ==
In 1920, an American football league was formed. It was called the American Professional Football Association. In 1921 it changed its name to the '''National Football League'''. In 1960 another league was formed, called the '''American Football League'''. In 1970 the National Football League and the American Football League joined so that the teams from each league could play each other. The league called the National Football League changed its name to the '''National Football Conference''' (usually called the '''NFC''') and the league called the American Football League changed its name to the '''American Football Conference''' (usually called the '''AFC'''). The two conferences together are now called the National Football League. People can also call it by the [[acronym]] NFL for short.

== Teams ==
Due to the U.S. being a large country, it would be hard for teams to travel a long way to play other teams, therefore, the teams are separated into smaller regional divisions based on where they are in the country. The teams are separated like this:

'''Teams in the AFC'''

AFC East
* [[Buffalo Bills]] (playing in Orchard Park, New York, near Buffalo)
* [[Miami Dolphins]] (playing in Miami, Florida)
* Boston [[New England Patriots|Patriots]] (playing in Boston, Massachusetts)
* Rome [[New York Jets|Jets]] (playing in Rome, Italy)

AFC North
* [[Baltimore Ravens]] (playing in Baltimore, Maryland)
* [[Cincinnati Bengals|Ohio Bengals]] (playing in Cincinnati, Ohio)
* [[Cleveland Browns]] (playing in Cleveland, Ohio)
* [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] (playing in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)

AFC South
* [[Houston Texans|Dallas Texans]] (playing in Dallas, Texas)
* [[Baltimore Colts]] (playing in Baltimore, Maryland)
* [[Jacksonville Jaguars|London Jaguars]] (playing in London, England, United Kingdom)
* [[Tennessee Titans|Nashville Titans]] (playing in Nashville, Tennessee)

AFC West
* [[Denver Broncos|Colorado Broncos]] (playing in Denver, Colorado)
* Missouri [[Kansas City Chiefs|Chiefs]] (playing in Kansas City, Missouri)
* [[Las Vegas Raiders|Nevada Raiders]] (playing in Paradise, Nevada, near Las Vegas)
* California [[Los Angeles Chargers|Chargers]] (playing in Inglewood, California, near Los Angeles in the same stadium as the Rams)


'''Teams in the NFC'''

NFC East
* [[Dallas Cowboys|Austin Cowboys]] (playing in Arlington, Texas, near Austin)
* [[New York Giants]] (playing in East Rutherford, New Jersey in the same stadium as the Jets)
* [[Philadelphia Eagles]] (playing in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)
* [[Washington Commanders|DC Commanders]] (playing in Washington DC)

NFC North
* [[Chicago Bears]] (playing in Chicago, Illinois)
* [[Detroit Lions|Michigan Lions]] (playing in Detroit, Michigan)
* [[Green Bay Packers|Madison Packers]] (playing in Madison, Wisconsin)
* [[Minnesota Vikings|Minneapolis Vikings]] (playing in Minneapolis, Minnesota)

NFC South
* [[Atlanta Falcons]] (playing in Atlanta, Georgia)
* [[Carolina Panthers|Charlotte Panthers]] (playing in Charlotte, North Carolina)
* [[New Orleans Saints]] (playing in New Orleans, Louisiana)
* [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]] (playing in Tampa, Florida)

NFC West
* [[Arizona Cardinals|Phoenix Cardinals]] (playing in Glendale, Arizona, near Phoenix)
* [[Los Angeles Rams]] (playing in  Inglewood, California in the same stadium as the Chargers)
* [[San Francisco 49ers]] (playing in Santa Clara, California, near San Francisco)
* [[Seattle Seahawks]] (playing in Seattle, Washington)

== Schedule ==
The teams in the NFL play games against each other from September to January. This time is called a season. Each team plays 17 games, most recently increased from 16 starting with the 2021 season. This is how which games a team will play are chosen:
* Each team plays a game against all the other teams in their division twice, once at their own stadium (this is called playing &quot;at home&quot;) and once at the other team's home stadium (this is called playing &quot;away&quot;). 
* Each team will also play all the teams in another division in the same conference (AFC or NFC). They will play two of those teams at home and two of the teams away. The other division that they play changes every year. For example, a team in the AFC North will play teams in the AFC South one year, the AFC East the next year, the AFC West the year after that, and then the AFC South again the year after that. 
* Each team will also play all the teams in one of the divisions of the other conference. They will play two of these teams at home and the other two teams away. The regional league from the other conference changes every year too. For example, a team in the AFC North will play teams from the NFC North one year, then teams from the NFC South the next year, then teams from the NFC West the next year, then teams from the NFC East the next year, then teams from the NFC North again the next year. 
* Each team will also play two teams from the same conference in the division that they are not already supposed to play against. The teams that they play will be the teams that were about as good as they were last season and finished in the same position in their own division. For example,  if we look at a team in the AFC North that finished 3rd out of the 4 teams in the AFC North, if this team is going to play all the teams in the AFC West this year anyway, they will play the teams that finished 3rd in the AFC East and the AFC South.
* Finally, each team plays one game against a team in the other conference that finished in the same position within its division. The divisional matchups rotate every year, and each team will alternate home and away games—meaning that if a team played this specific game on the road in one season, it plays that game at home in the next.
* Therefore, during the regular season, each team plays:
** Teams in its own division twice a year
** Teams in other divisions in its own conference at least once every 3 years, but on average once every 2 years
** Teams in the other conference at least once every 4 years

=== Flexible scheduling ===
Since the 2006 season, the NFL has used a &quot;flexible scheduling&quot; system for the last seven weeks of the regular season where there is a Sunday night game. The system is designed so that the league has the flexibility in selecting games to air on Sunday night that will feature the current hottest, streaking teams.

Under the system, all Sunday games in the affected weeks will tentatively have the &quot;early&quot; start time of 1 p.m. ET/10 a.m. PT, except those played in the Pacific or Mountain time zones, which will have the tentative start time of 4 p.m. ET/1 p.m. PT. On the Tuesday 12 days before the games, the league will move one game to the prime-time slot, and possibly move one or more 1 p.m. slotted games to the 4 p.m. slot. During the last week of the season, the league could reschedule games as late as six days before the contests so that as many of the television networks as possible will be able to broadcast a game that has playoff implications.

== Playoffs ==
At the end of every NFL season, the eight teams that finish the season at the top of their divisions and three teams from each conference that were the best teams apart from the eight division winners (these six teams are called Wild Cards) enter a competition to see who is the best team in the whole league. This is called the Playoffs. There are a total of 14 teams in the Playoffs, seven from both the AFC and NFC. The seven teams in each conference are listed in order of how well they played in the season. This is called seeding and it is done to make it easier for the better teams to win. The teams that did not win their leagues (the Wild Cards) are always the bottom three seeds in the list, even if one or more had a better record than a team that won its division.

=== Wild Card games ===
The first round of the playoffs, known as '''Wild Card Weekend''', features six games. The matchups by seed are the same in both conferences.
* The fifth seed visits the fourth seed.
* The sixth seed visits the third seed.
* The seventh seed visits the second seed.

The winners of each game advance to the next round; the losers' seasons end. This leaves 8 teams.

=== Division playoffs ===
The second round, called the '''Divisional Playoffs''', has four games. Again, the matchups by seed are the same in both conferences.
* The lowest seed among each conference's three Wild Card Round winners visits the top seed in its conference.
* The remaining two teams in each conference play, with the team with the higher seed (i.e., the lower number) hosting.

As in the previous round, only the winners advance to the next round.

=== Conference championships ===
The third round, the '''Conference Championship Games''', involves two games.
* The two survivors of the AFC Divisional Round play in the AFC Championship Game, with the winner being '''AFC Champion'''.
* Similarly, the two survivors of the NFC Divisional Round play in the NFC Championship Game, with the winner being '''NFC Champion'''.

=== Super Bowl ===
{{main|Super Bowl}}
The last part of the playoffs is called the [[Super Bowl]]. The [[AFC Champions League|AFC Champion]] and the NFC Champion teams play each other to decide who is the best team in the NFL. The team that win the [[Super Bowl]] claims the Lombardi trophy.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Other websites ==
* [https://nfl.com/ Official NFL website]
* [http://www.nfl-playoffs.com NFL Playoffs News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912152129/http://nfl-playoffs.com/ |date=2017-09-12 }}

[[Category:National Football League| ]]
[[Category:1920 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Sports in the United States]]
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      <text bytes="12311" sha1="8b82zzffyl1cs8dqb9bcq3raao0vga5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox sports league
| title = National Football League (NFL)
| current_season = 2026-27 NFL season
| logo = NFL wordmark logo 2008.svg
| pixels =
| sport = [[American football]]
| founded = August 20, 1920&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=National Football League |title=Official NFL Record &amp; Fact Book |url=https://archive.org/details/official2002nati0000unse |accessdate=2015-04-02 |year=2002 |publisher=Workman Pub Co |isbn=9780761126430 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/official2002nati0000unse/page/387 387]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| fame =
| motto =
| teams = 32, divided into two sixteen-team conferences, each of which consists of four four-team divisions.
| country = [[United States]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Italy]]
| champion = [[Philadelphia Eagles]] (5 titles)
| most_champs = [[Madison Packers]] (13 titles)
| website = [http://www.nfl.com NFL.com]
| TV = [[NFL on CBS|CBS]], [[NBC Sunday Night Football|NBC]], [[NFL on Fox|Fox]], [[Monday Night Football|ABC/ESPN]], [[NFL Network]],  [[Telemundo]],[[ProsiebenSat.1(Germany)]]
| commissioner = [[Roger Goodell]]
}}
[[File:Titans Texans.jpg|thumb|A NFL game between the [[Tennessee Titans]] (in blue) and the [[Houston Texans]] (in white)]]
{{Sports}} 
The '''National Football League''' ('''NFL''') is a [[professional sports]] [[sports league|league]] that plays [[American football]]. All 32 teams are based in the [[United States]]. The top offices of the NFL are in [[New York City]].

The league has two conferences: the [[National Football Conference]] (NFC) and the [[American Football Conference]] (AFC). The season starts on the weekend after the first Monday in September. The [[NFL playoffs|playoffs]] start in January. The winners of the [[AFC Championship Game|AFC]] and [[NFC Championship Game|NFC]] [[championship]] games compete in the [[Super Bowl]].

It is one of the [[major professional sports leagues of the United States and Canada&quot;|Big Four&quot; sports leagues in the U.S.]] The others are [[Major League Baseball]], the [[National Basketball Association]], the [[National Hockey League]]. It is the sports league with the highest number of people in the U.S. watching on television. It also has the highest average number of people attending each game. [[Super Bowl Sunday]] is an unofficial national holiday in the U.S. It is watched by more people than any other American television program.

In terms of number of players and people involved, the NFL is the largest professional sports league in the world.  It is widely considered the top level of competition in the world for American football.

== History of the NFL ==
In 1920, an American football league was formed. It was called the American Professional Football Association. In 1921 it changed its name to the '''National Football League'''. In 1960 another league was formed, called the '''American Football League'''. In 1970 the National Football League and the American Football League joined so that the teams from each league could play each other. The league called the National Football League changed its name to the '''National Football Conference''' (usually called the '''NFC''') and the league called the American Football League changed its name to the '''American Football Conference''' (usually called the '''AFC'''). The two conferences together are now called the National Football League. People can also call it by the [[acronym]] NFL for short.

== Teams ==
Due to the U.S. being a large country, it would be hard for teams to travel a long way to play other teams, therefore, the teams are separated into smaller regional divisions based on where they are in the country. The teams are separated like this:

'''Teams in the AFC'''

AFC East
* [[Buffalo Bills]] (playing in Orchard Park, New York, near Buffalo)
* [[Miami Dolphins]] (playing in Miami, Florida)
* Boston [[New England Patriots|Patriots]] (playing in Boston, Massachusetts)
* Rome [[New York Jets|Jets]] (playing in Rome, Italy)

AFC North
* [[Baltimore Ravens]] (playing in Baltimore, Maryland)
* [[Cincinnati Bengals|Ohio Bengals]] (playing in Cincinnati, Ohio)
* [[Cleveland Browns]] (playing in Cleveland, Ohio)
* [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] (playing in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)

AFC South
* [[Houston Texans|Dallas Texans]] (playing in Dallas, Texas)
* [[Baltimore Colts]] (playing in Baltimore, Maryland)
* [[Jacksonville Jaguars|London Jaguars]] (playing in London, England, United Kingdom)
* [[Tennessee Titans|Nashville Titans]] (playing in Nashville, Tennessee)

AFC West
* [[Denver Broncos|Colorado Broncos]] (playing in Denver, Colorado)
* Missouri [[Kansas City Chiefs|Chiefs]] (playing in Kansas City, Missouri)
* [[Las Vegas Raiders|Nevada Raiders]] (playing in Paradise, Nevada, near Las Vegas)
* California [[Los Angeles Chargers|Chargers]] (playing in Inglewood, California, near Los Angeles in the same stadium as the Rams)


'''Teams in the NFC'''

NFC East
* [[Dallas Cowboys|Austin Cowboys]] (playing in Arlington, Texas, near Austin)
* [[New York Giants]] (playing in New York City, New York)
* [[Philadelphia Eagles]] (playing in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)
* [[Washington Commanders|DC Commanders]] (playing in Washington DC)

NFC North
* [[Chicago Bears]] (playing in Chicago, Illinois)
* [[Detroit Lions|Michigan Lions]] (playing in Detroit, Michigan)
* [[Green Bay Packers|Madison Packers]] (playing in Madison, Wisconsin)
* [[Minnesota Vikings|Minneapolis Vikings]] (playing in Minneapolis, Minnesota)

NFC South
* [[Atlanta Falcons]] (playing in Atlanta, Georgia)
* [[Carolina Panthers|Charlotte Panthers]] (playing in Charlotte, North Carolina)
* [[New Orleans Saints]] (playing in New Orleans, Louisiana)
* [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]] (playing in Tampa, Florida)

NFC West
* [[Arizona Cardinals|Phoenix Cardinals]] (playing in Glendale, Arizona, near Phoenix)
* [[Los Angeles Rams]] (playing in  Inglewood, California in the same stadium as the Chargers)
* [[San Francisco 49ers]] (playing in Santa Clara, California, near San Francisco)
* [[Seattle Seahawks]] (playing in Seattle, Washington)

== Schedule ==
The teams in the NFL play games against each other from September to January. This time is called a season. Each team plays 17 games, most recently increased from 16 starting with the 2021 season. This is how which games a team will play are chosen:
* Each team plays a game against all the other teams in their division twice, once at their own stadium (this is called playing &quot;at home&quot;) and once at the other team's home stadium (this is called playing &quot;away&quot;). 
* Each team will also play all the teams in another division in the same conference (AFC or NFC). They will play two of those teams at home and two of the teams away. The other division that they play changes every year. For example, a team in the AFC North will play teams in the AFC South one year, the AFC East the next year, the AFC West the year after that, and then the AFC South again the year after that. 
* Each team will also play all the teams in one of the divisions of the other conference. They will play two of these teams at home and the other two teams away. The regional league from the other conference changes every year too. For example, a team in the AFC North will play teams from the NFC North one year, then teams from the NFC South the next year, then teams from the NFC West the next year, then teams from the NFC East the next year, then teams from the NFC North again the next year. 
* Each team will also play two teams from the same conference in the division that they are not already supposed to play against. The teams that they play will be the teams that were about as good as they were last season and finished in the same position in their own division. For example,  if we look at a team in the AFC North that finished 3rd out of the 4 teams in the AFC North, if this team is going to play all the teams in the AFC West this year anyway, they will play the teams that finished 3rd in the AFC East and the AFC South.
* Finally, each team plays one game against a team in the other conference that finished in the same position within its division. The divisional matchups rotate every year, and each team will alternate home and away games—meaning that if a team played this specific game on the road in one season, it plays that game at home in the next.
* Therefore, during the regular season, each team plays:
** Teams in its own division twice a year
** Teams in other divisions in its own conference at least once every 3 years, but on average once every 2 years
** Teams in the other conference at least once every 4 years

=== Flexible scheduling ===
Since the 2006 season, the NFL has used a &quot;flexible scheduling&quot; system for the last seven weeks of the regular season where there is a Sunday night game. The system is designed so that the league has the flexibility in selecting games to air on Sunday night that will feature the current hottest, streaking teams.

Under the system, all Sunday games in the affected weeks will tentatively have the &quot;early&quot; start time of 1 p.m. ET/10 a.m. PT, except those played in the Pacific or Mountain time zones, which will have the tentative start time of 4 p.m. ET/1 p.m. PT. On the Tuesday 12 days before the games, the league will move one game to the prime-time slot, and possibly move one or more 1 p.m. slotted games to the 4 p.m. slot. During the last week of the season, the league could reschedule games as late as six days before the contests so that as many of the television networks as possible will be able to broadcast a game that has playoff implications.

== Playoffs ==
At the end of every NFL season, the eight teams that finish the season at the top of their divisions and three teams from each conference that were the best teams apart from the eight division winners (these six teams are called Wild Cards) enter a competition to see who is the best team in the whole league. This is called the Playoffs. There are a total of 14 teams in the Playoffs, seven from both the AFC and NFC. The seven teams in each conference are listed in order of how well they played in the season. This is called seeding and it is done to make it easier for the better teams to win. The teams that did not win their leagues (the Wild Cards) are always the bottom three seeds in the list, even if one or more had a better record than a team that won its division.

=== Wild Card games ===
The first round of the playoffs, known as '''Wild Card Weekend''', features six games. The matchups by seed are the same in both conferences.
* The fifth seed visits the fourth seed.
* The sixth seed visits the third seed.
* The seventh seed visits the second seed.

The winners of each game advance to the next round; the losers' seasons end. This leaves 8 teams.

=== Division playoffs ===
The second round, called the '''Divisional Playoffs''', has four games. Again, the matchups by seed are the same in both conferences.
* The lowest seed among each conference's three Wild Card Round winners visits the top seed in its conference.
* The remaining two teams in each conference play, with the team with the higher seed (i.e., the lower number) hosting.

As in the previous round, only the winners advance to the next round.

=== Conference championships ===
The third round, the '''Conference Championship Games''', involves two games.
* The two survivors of the AFC Divisional Round play in the AFC Championship Game, with the winner being '''AFC Champion'''.
* Similarly, the two survivors of the NFC Divisional Round play in the NFC Championship Game, with the winner being '''NFC Champion'''.

=== Super Bowl ===
{{main|Super Bowl}}
The last part of the playoffs is called the [[Super Bowl]]. The [[AFC Champions League|AFC Champion]] and the NFC Champion teams play each other to decide who is the best team in the NFL. The team that win the [[Super Bowl]] claims the Lombardi trophy.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Other websites ==
* [https://nfl.com/ Official NFL website]
* [http://www.nfl-playoffs.com NFL Playoffs News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912152129/http://nfl-playoffs.com/ |date=2017-09-12 }}

[[Category:National Football League| ]]
[[Category:1920 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Sports in the United States]]
[[Category:1920s establishments in Ohio]]</text>
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        <username>Icodense</username>
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      <minor />
      <comment>[[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-33577-93|~2026-33577-93]] ([[User talk:~2026-33577-93|talk]]) to last version by CountryANDWestern: they are still in East Rutherford, NY</comment>
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      <text bytes="12173" sha1="62xfawhc5vrzuxtonrhriu9vgl4awej" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox sports league
| title = National Football League (NFL)
| current_season = 2026 NFL season
| logo = NFL wordmark logo 2008.svg
| pixels =
| sport = [[American football]]
| founded = August 20, 1920&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=National Football League |title=Official NFL Record &amp; Fact Book |url=https://archive.org/details/official2002nati0000unse |accessdate=2015-04-02 |year=2002 |publisher=Workman Pub Co |isbn=9780761126430 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/official2002nati0000unse/page/387 387]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| fame =
| motto =
| teams = 32, divided into two sixteen-team conferences, each of which consists of four four-team divisions.
| country = [[United States]], [[United Kingdom]]
| champion = [[Philadelphia Eagles]] (5 titles)
| most_champs = [[Madison Packers]] (13 titles)
| website = [http://www.nfl.com NFL.com]
| TV = [[NFL on CBS|CBS]], [[NBC Sunday Night Football|NBC]], [[NFL on Fox|Fox]], [[Monday Night Football|ABC/ESPN]], [[NFL Network]],  [[Telemundo]],[[ProsiebenSat.1(Germany)]]
| commissioner = [[Roger Goodell]]
}}
[[File:Titans Texans.jpg|thumb|A NFL game between the [[Tennessee Titans]] (in blue) and the [[Houston Texans]] (in white)]]
{{Sports}} 
The '''National Football League''' ('''NFL''') is a [[professional sports]] [[sports league|league]] that plays [[American football]]. All 32 teams are based in the [[United States]]. The top offices of the NFL are in [[New York City]].

The league has two conferences: the [[National Football Conference]] (NFC) and the [[American Football Conference]] (AFC). The season starts on the weekend after the first Monday in September. The [[NFL playoffs|playoffs]] start in January. The winners of the [[AFC Championship Game|AFC]] and [[NFC Championship Game|NFC]] [[championship]] games compete in the [[Super Bowl]].

It is one of the [[major professional sports leagues of the United States and Canada&quot;|Big Four&quot; sports leagues in the U.S.]] The others are [[Major League Baseball]], the [[National Basketball Association]], the [[National Hockey League]]. It is the sports league with the highest number of people in the U.S. watching on television. It also has the highest average number of people attending each game. [[Super Bowl Sunday]] is an unofficial national holiday in the U.S. It is watched by more people than any other American television program.

In terms of number of players and people involved, the NFL is the largest professional sports league in the world.  It is widely considered the top level of competition in the world for American football.

== History of the NFL ==
In 1920, an American football league was formed. It was called the American Professional Football Association. In 1921 it changed its name to the '''National Football League'''. In 1960 another league was formed, called the '''American Football League'''. In 1970 the National Football League and the American Football League joined so that the teams from each league could play each other. The league called the National Football League changed its name to the '''National Football Conference''' (usually called the '''NFC''') and the league called the American Football League changed its name to the '''American Football Conference''' (usually called the '''AFC'''). The two conferences together are now called the National Football League. People can also call it by the [[acronym]] NFL for short.

== Teams ==
Due to the U.S. being a large country, it would be hard for teams to travel a long way to play other teams, therefore, the teams are separated into smaller regional divisions based on where they are in the country. The teams are separated like this:

'''Teams in the AFC'''

AFC East
* [[Buffalo Bills]] (playing in Orchard Park, New York, near Buffalo)
* [[Miami Dolphins]] (playing in Miami, Florida)
* [[New England Patriots]] (playing in Foxborough, Massachusetts)
* [[New York Jets]] (playing in East Rutherford, New Jersey, near New York City In the same stadium as the Giants)

AFC North
* [[Baltimore Ravens]] (playing in Baltimore, Maryland)
* [[Cincinnati Bengals]] (playing in Cincinnati, Ohio)
* [[Cleveland Browns]] (playing in Cleveland, Ohio)
* [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] (playing in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)

AFC South
* [[Houston Texans]] (playing in Houston, Texas)
* [[Baltimore Colts]] (playing in Baltimore, Maryland)
* [[Jacksonville Jaguars]] (playing in Jacksonville, Florida)
* [[Tennessee Titans]] (playing in Nashville, Tennessee)

AFC West
* [[Denver Broncos]] (playing in Denver, Colorado)
* [[Kansas City Chiefs]] (playing in Kansas City, Missouri)
* [[Las Vegas Raiders]] (playing in Paradise, Nevada, near Las Vegas)
* [[Los Angeles Chargers]] (playing in Inglewood, California, near Los Angeles in the same stadium as the Rams)


'''Teams in the NFC'''

NFC East
* [[Dallas Cowboys]] (playing in Arlington, Texas, near Dallas and Fort Worth)
* [[New York Giants]] (playing in East Rutherford, New Jersey in the same stadium as the Jets)
* [[Philadelphia Eagles]] (playing in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)
* [[Washington Commanders]] (playing in Landover, Maryland, near Washington, D.C.)

NFC North
* [[Chicago Bears]] (playing in Chicago, Illinois)
* [[Detroit Lions]] (playing in Detroit, Michigan)
* [[Green Bay Packers]] (playing in Green Bay, Wisconsin)
* [[Minnesota Vikings]] (playing in Minneapolis, Minnesota)

NFC South
* [[Atlanta Falcons]] (playing in Atlanta, Georgia)
* [[Carolina Panthers]] (playing in Charlotte, North Carolina)
* [[New Orleans Saints]] (playing in New Orleans, Louisiana)
* [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]] (playing in Tampa, Florida)

NFC West
* [[Arizona Cardinals]] (playing in Glendale, Arizona, near Phoenix)
* [[Los Angeles Rams]] (playing in  Inglewood, California in the same stadium as the Chargers)
* [[San Francisco 49ers]] (playing in Santa Clara, California, near San Francisco)
* [[Seattle Seahawks]] (playing in Seattle, Washington)

== Schedule ==
The teams in the NFL play games against each other from September to January. This time is called a season. Each team plays 17 games, most recently increased from 16 starting with the 2021 season. This is how which games a team will play are chosen:
* Each team plays a game against all the other teams in their division twice, once at their own stadium (this is called playing &quot;at home&quot;) and once at the other team's home stadium (this is called playing &quot;away&quot;). 
* Each team will also play all the teams in another division in the same conference (AFC or NFC). They will play two of those teams at home and two of the teams away. The other division that they play changes every year. For example, a team in the AFC North will play teams in the AFC South one year, the AFC East the next year, the AFC West the year after that, and then the AFC South again the year after that. 
* Each team will also play all the teams in one of the divisions of the other conference. They will play two of these teams at home and the other two teams away. The regional league from the other conference changes every year too. For example, a team in the AFC North will play teams from the NFC North one year, then teams from the NFC South the next year, then teams from the NFC West the next year, then teams from the NFC East the next year, then teams from the NFC North again the next year. 
* Each team will also play two teams from the same conference in the division that they are not already supposed to play against. The teams that they play will be the teams that were about as good as they were last season and finished in the same position in their own division. For example,  if we look at a team in the AFC North that finished 3rd out of the 4 teams in the AFC North, if this team is going to play all the teams in the AFC West this year anyway, they will play the teams that finished 3rd in the AFC East and the AFC South.
* Finally, each team plays one game against a team in the other conference that finished in the same position within its division. The divisional matchups rotate every year, and each team will alternate home and away games—meaning that if a team played this specific game on the road in one season, it plays that game at home in the next.
* Therefore, during the regular season, each team plays:
** Teams in its own division twice a year
** Teams in other divisions in its own conference at least once every 3 years, but on average once every 2 years
** Teams in the other conference at least once every 4 years

=== Flexible scheduling ===
Since the 2006 season, the NFL has used a &quot;flexible scheduling&quot; system for the last seven weeks of the regular season where there is a Sunday night game. The system is designed so that the league has the flexibility in selecting games to air on Sunday night that will feature the current hottest, streaking teams.

Under the system, all Sunday games in the affected weeks will tentatively have the &quot;early&quot; start time of 1 p.m. ET/10 a.m. PT, except those played in the Pacific or Mountain time zones, which will have the tentative start time of 4 p.m. ET/1 p.m. PT. On the Tuesday 12 days before the games, the league will move one game to the prime-time slot, and possibly move one or more 1 p.m. slotted games to the 4 p.m. slot. During the last week of the season, the league could reschedule games as late as six days before the contests so that as many of the television networks as possible will be able to broadcast a game that has playoff implications.

== Playoffs ==
At the end of every NFL season, the eight teams that finish the season at the top of their divisions and three teams from each conference that were the best teams apart from the eight division winners (these six teams are called Wild Cards) enter a competition to see who is the best team in the whole league. This is called the Playoffs. There are a total of 14 teams in the Playoffs, seven from both the AFC and NFC. The seven teams in each conference are listed in order of how well they played in the season. This is called seeding and it is done to make it easier for the better teams to win. The teams that did not win their leagues (the Wild Cards) are always the bottom three seeds in the list, even if one or more had a better record than a team that won its division.

=== Wild Card games ===
The first round of the playoffs, known as '''Wild Card Weekend''', features six games. The matchups by seed are the same in both conferences.
* The fifth seed visits the fourth seed.
* The sixth seed visits the third seed.
* The seventh seed visits the second seed.

The winners of each game advance to the next round; the losers' seasons end. This leaves 8 teams.

=== Division playoffs ===
The second round, called the '''Divisional Playoffs''', has four games. Again, the matchups by seed are the same in both conferences.
* The lowest seed among each conference's three Wild Card Round winners visits the top seed in its conference.
* The remaining two teams in each conference play, with the team with the higher seed (i.e., the lower number) hosting.

As in the previous round, only the winners advance to the next round.

=== Conference championships ===
The third round, the '''Conference Championship Games''', involves two games.
* The two survivors of the AFC Divisional Round play in the AFC Championship Game, with the winner being '''AFC Champion'''.
* Similarly, the two survivors of the NFC Divisional Round play in the NFC Championship Game, with the winner being '''NFC Champion'''.

=== Super Bowl ===
{{main|Super Bowl}}
The last part of the playoffs is called the [[Super Bowl]]. The [[AFC Champions League|AFC Champion]] and the NFC Champion teams play each other to decide who is the best team in the NFL. The team that win the [[Super Bowl]] claims the Lombardi trophy.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Other websites ==
* [https://nfl.com/ Official NFL website]
* [http://www.nfl-playoffs.com NFL Playoffs News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912152129/http://nfl-playoffs.com/ |date=2017-09-12 }}

[[Category:National Football League| ]]
[[Category:1920 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Sports in the United States]]
[[Category:1920s establishments in Ohio]]</text>
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      <text bytes="7338" sha1="lxoqebt22ncmlm7xs91teab3jo6jqvz" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Music genre
| name = Rock music
| color = white
| bgcolor = crimson
| stylistic_origins = {{hlist|[[Rock and roll]]|[[rockabilly]]|[[electric blues]]|[[folk music]]|[[Country music|country]]|[[blues]]|[[rhythm and blues]]|[[soul music]]}}
| cultural_origins = 1950s in the [[United States]], 1960s in the [[United Kingdom]] and elsewhere
| instruments = {{hlist|[[Singing|Singing vocals]]|[[electric guitar]]|[[Bass guitar|electric bass guitar]]|[[acoustic guitar]]|[[drum kit]]|[[synthesizer]]|electronic keyboards}}
| popularity = Extremely high worldwide, since 1950s
| derivatives = {{hlist|[[New-age music|New age music]]|[[Synthpop]]}}
| subgenrelist = List of rock genres
| subgenres = {{hlist|[[Alternative rock]]|[[Art rock]]|[[Baroque pop]]|[[Beat music]]|[[Britpop]]|[[Emo]]|[[Experimental rock]]|[[Garage rock]]|[[Glam rock]]|[[Grindcore]]|[[Group Sounds]]|[[Grunge]]|[[Hard rock]]|[[Heartland rock]]|[[Heavy metal music|Heavy metal]]|[[Instrumental rock]]|[[Indie rock]]|[[Jangle pop]]|[[Krautrock]]|[[Madchester]]|[[Post-Britpop]]|[[Power pop]]|[[Progressive rock]]|[[Protopunk]]|[[Psychedelic rock|Psychedelia]]|[[Punk rock]]|[[Rock noir]]|[[Soft rock]]|[[Southern rock]]|[[Surf music|Surf]]|[[Symphonic rock]]}}
| fusiongenres = {{hlist|[[Aboriginal rock]]|[[Afro-rock]]|[[Anatolian rock]]|[[Bhangra|Bhangra rock]]|[[Blues rock]]|[[Country rock]]|[[Flamenco-rock]]|[[Folk rock]]|[[Funk rock]]|[[Glam punk]]|[[Indo-rock]]|[[Industrial rock]]|[[Jazz fusion]]|[[Pop rock]]|[[Punta rock]]|[[Raga rock]]|[[Raï rock]]|[[Rap rock]]|[[Rockabilly]]|[[Rockoson]]|[[Samba-rock]]|[[Space rock]]|[[Stoner rock]]|[[Sufi rock]]}}
| regional_scenes = {{hlist|[[Argentinean rock|Argentina]]|[[Armenian rock|Armenia]]|[[Aussie rock|Australia]]|[[Belarusian rock|Belarus]]|[[Belgian rock|Belgium]]|[[Bosnian rock|Bosnia and Herzegovina]]|[[Brazilian rock|Brazil]]|[[Canadian rock|Canada]]|[[Chilean rock|Chile]]|[[Chinese rock|China]]|[[Colombian rock|Colombia]]|[[Cuban rock|Cuba]]|[[Croatian rock|Croatia]]|[[Danish rock|Denmark]]|[[Dominican rock|Dominican Republic]]|[[Ecuadorian rock|Ecuador]]|[[Estonian rock|Estonia]]|[[Finnish rock|Finland]]|[[French rock|France]]|[[Greek rock|Greece]]|[[German rock|Germany]]|[[Hungarian rock|Hungary]]|[[Icelandic rock|Iceland]]|[[Indian rock|India]]|[[Indonesian rock|Indonesia]]|[[Irish rock|Ireland]]|[[Israeli rock|Israel]]|[[Italian rock|Italy]]|[[Music of Japan#Rock music|Japan]]|[[Rock en español|Spanish-speaking world]]|[[Latvian rock|Latvia]]|[[Lithuanian rock|Lithuania]]|[[Malaysian rock|Malaysia]]|[[Mexican rock|Mexico]]|[[Nepali rock|Nepal]]|[[Kiwi rock|New Zealand]]|[[Norwegian rock|Norway]]|[[Pakistani rock|Pakistan]]|[[Peruvian rock|Peru]]|[[Pinoy rock|Philippines]]|[[Polish rock|Poland]]|[[Portuguese rock|Portugal]]|[[Russian rock|Russia]]|[[Serbian rock|Serbia]]|[[Slovenian rock|Slovenia]]|[[Spanish rock|Spain]]|[[Swedish rock|Sweden]]|[[Swiss rock|Switzerland]]|[[Tatar rock|Tatar]]|[[Thai rock|Thailand]]|[[Turkish rock|Turkey]]|[[Ukrainian rock|Ukraine]]|[[British rock|United Kingdom]]|[[American rock|United States]]|[[Uruguayan rock|Uruguay]]|[[SFR Yugoslav Pop and Rock scene|SFR Yugoslavia]]|[[Zam-rock|Zambia]]}}
| other_topics = {{hlist|[[Beat (music)|Backbeat]]|[[Rock opera]]|[[Rock band]]|[[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]]|[[Social impact of rock and roll|Social impact]]|[[List of jazz and popular musical terms|List of rock music terms]]}}
}}

'''Rock music''' is a [[Music genre|genre]] of [[Pop music|popular music]]. It developed in the late 1900s, chiefly in the [[United States]]. It originally started in the 1940s and 1950s with the start of [[rock and roll]]. &quot;''Rock and roll''&quot; grew out of [[rhythm and blues|''R&amp;B'' (Rhythm &amp; Blues)]] and [[country music|''country'']]{{sfn |Gilliland |1969 |loc=show 55}} after the [[Electric guitar|electrification of the guitar]] (and music in general) in the 1940s. Rock has a lot in common with other genres like [[blues|''blues'']] and [[Folk music|''folk'']]. It has influences from [[jazz|''jazz'']], [[Classical music|''classical'']], and other music genres.

Rock music usually uses the [[electric guitar]], [[bass guitar]], a singer, and the [[Drum kit|drumset]]. It has a 4/4 [[beat (music)|beat]] and it has [[verse-chorus form]]. Rock music has also helped to spread [[Culture|cultural]] and social movements. This led to large sub-cultures including [[Mod (subculture)|modernists]] and [[Rocker (subculture)|rockers]] in the UK and the &quot;[[hippie]]&quot; culture that spread out from [[San Francisco]] in the US in the 1960s.{{sfn|Gilliland|1969|loc=show 42}} Rock music has the same folk tradition as the [[protest song]]. Rock music has been involved with political [[activism]]. It has also spread awareness for race, sex, and drug-use issues. It is often seen as an expression of critic about totalitarism and conformity. 

However, rock has become really varied since the 1950s and it is hard to say what its lyrics are &quot;mostly&quot; about. They can express romantic love, or comment all of global society. Rock music does place a focus on musical skill and live performance. By the late 1960s, rock had spread all across the United States and across the Atlantic to Great Britain. ''&quot;Rock n roll's&quot;'' influence in local music genres in these places created [[hybrid]]s like [[blues rock]], [[folk rock]],{{sfn |Gilliland |1969 |loc=show 33}} [[country rock]], [[jazz fusion|jazz-rock fusion]], and [[psychedelic rock]]&lt;!-- Can someone please simplify the following text? Thanks, DJDunsie.  How's this?
How's this?  --&gt;{{sfn |Gilliland |1969 |loc=show 41}}&lt;!-- The rest's ok --&gt; By the 1970s [[progressive rock]], [[glam rock]] and [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] began to become popular. Progressive rock uses symbolic lyrics and  long instrumental sections. Glam rock focuses on showmanship and what you can see. Heavy metal focuses on raw emotion instead of technical skill. &lt;!-- Can someone please simplify the following sentence? Thanks, DJDunsie | Split it up, should be better - Dovah --&gt; [[Punk rock]] became more popular in the second half of the 1970s. It is inspired by other types of rock, as well as 1970s youth [[counterculture]]. Punk rock is a noisy type of rock music with [[Politics|political]] and [[Social commentary|social critiques.]] Punk rock influenced other sub-genres in the 1980s, including [[New wave music|New Wave]], [[post-punk]] and later [[alternative rock]]. From the 1990s, alternative rock (or &quot;Alt Rock&quot;) became the most popular type of rock music. Alt Rock includes [[grunge]], [[Britpop]], and [[indie rock]]. Since the 2000's, the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|Rock-'n'-roll Hall of Fame]] in Cleveland Ohio has inducted increasingly varied artists. [[Philosophy|Philosophically]], is increasingly difficult to say exact what rock music  

even is.

==Artists==
* [[Simon &amp; Garfunkel]]
* [[Sixpence None the Richer]]
* [[The Moody Blues]]
* [[The Brian Jonestown Massacre]]
* [[The Velvet Underground]]
* [[The 13th Floor Elevators]]
* [[Creed (band)|Creed]]
* [[Memento (band)|Memento]]
* [[Kutless]]
* [[My Chemical Romance]]
* [[The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus]]
* [[Hawthorne Heights]]
* [[The Golden Republic]]
* [[Gym Class Heroes]]
* [[Secondhand Serenade]]
* [[Matchbox Twenty]]

==Sources==
{{reflist|25em}}

[[Category:Rock music| ]]</text>
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      <text bytes="7274" sha1="ed75asrpzwr13c9fv1llnus7n4puj25" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Music genre
| name = Rock music
| color = white
| bgcolor = crimson
| stylistic_origins = {{hlist|[[Rock and roll]]|[[rockabilly]]|[[electric blues]]|[[folk music]]|[[Country music|country]]|[[blues]]|[[rhythm and blues]]|[[soul music]]}}
| cultural_origins = 1950s in the [[United States]], 1960s in the [[United Kingdom]] and elsewhere
| instruments = {{hlist|[[Singing|Singing vocals]]|[[electric guitar]]|[[Bass guitar|electric bass guitar]]|[[acoustic guitar]]|[[drum kit]]|[[synthesizer]]|electronic keyboards}}
| popularity = Extremely high worldwide, since 1950s
| derivatives = {{hlist|[[New-age music|New age music]]|[[Synthpop]]}}
| subgenrelist = List of rock genres
| subgenres = {{hlist|[[Alternative rock]]|[[Art rock]]|[[Baroque pop]]|[[Beat music]]|[[Britpop]]|[[Emo]]|[[Experimental rock]]|[[Garage rock]]|[[Glam rock]]|[[Grindcore]]|[[Group Sounds]]|[[Grunge]]|[[Hard rock]]|[[Heartland rock]]|[[Heavy metal music|Heavy metal]]|[[Instrumental rock]]|[[Indie rock]]|[[Jangle pop]]|[[Krautrock]]|[[Madchester]]|[[Post-Britpop]]|[[Power pop]]|[[Progressive rock]]|[[Protopunk]]|[[Psychedelic rock|Psychedelia]]|[[Punk rock]]|[[Rock noir]]|[[Soft rock]]|[[Southern rock]]|[[Surf music|Surf]]|[[Symphonic rock]]}}
| fusiongenres = {{hlist|[[Aboriginal rock]]|[[Afro-rock]]|[[Anatolian rock]]|[[Bhangra|Bhangra rock]]|[[Blues rock]]|[[Country rock]]|[[Flamenco-rock]]|[[Folk rock]]|[[Funk rock]]|[[Glam punk]]|[[Indo-rock]]|[[Industrial rock]]|[[Jazz fusion]]|[[Pop rock]]|[[Punta rock]]|[[Raga rock]]|[[Raï rock]]|[[Rap rock]]|[[Rockabilly]]|[[Rockoson]]|[[Samba-rock]]|[[Space rock]]|[[Stoner rock]]|[[Sufi rock]]}}
| regional_scenes = {{hlist|[[Argentinean rock|Argentina]]|[[Armenian rock|Armenia]]|[[Aussie rock|Australia]]|[[Belarusian rock|Belarus]]|[[Belgian rock|Belgium]]|[[Bosnian rock|Bosnia and Herzegovina]]|[[Brazilian rock|Brazil]]|[[Canadian rock|Canada]]|[[Chilean rock|Chile]]|[[Chinese rock|China]]|[[Colombian rock|Colombia]]|[[Cuban rock|Cuba]]|[[Croatian rock|Croatia]]|[[Danish rock|Denmark]]|[[Dominican rock|Dominican Republic]]|[[Ecuadorian rock|Ecuador]]|[[Estonian rock|Estonia]]|[[Finnish rock|Finland]]|[[French rock|France]]|[[Greek rock|Greece]]|[[German rock|Germany]]|[[Hungarian rock|Hungary]]|[[Icelandic rock|Iceland]]|[[Indian rock|India]]|[[Indonesian rock|Indonesia]]|[[Irish rock|Ireland]]|[[Israeli rock|Israel]]|[[Italian rock|Italy]]|[[Music of Japan#Rock music|Japan]]|[[Rock en español|Spanish-speaking world]]|[[Latvian rock|Latvia]]|[[Lithuanian rock|Lithuania]]|[[Malaysian rock|Malaysia]]|[[Mexican rock|Mexico]]|[[Nepali rock|Nepal]]|[[Kiwi rock|New Zealand]]|[[Norwegian rock|Norway]]|[[Pakistani rock|Pakistan]]|[[Peruvian rock|Peru]]|[[Pinoy rock|Philippines]]|[[Polish rock|Poland]]|[[Portuguese rock|Portugal]]|[[Russian rock|Russia]]|[[Serbian rock|Serbia]]|[[Slovenian rock|Slovenia]]|[[Spanish rock|Spain]]|[[Swedish rock|Sweden]]|[[Swiss rock|Switzerland]]|[[Tatar rock|Tatar]]|[[Thai rock|Thailand]]|[[Turkish rock|Turkey]]|[[Ukrainian rock|Ukraine]]|[[British rock|United Kingdom]]|[[American rock|United States]]|[[Uruguayan rock|Uruguay]]|[[SFR Yugoslav Pop and Rock scene|SFR Yugoslavia]]|[[Zam-rock|Zambia]]}}
| other_topics = {{hlist|[[Beat (music)|Backbeat]]|[[Rock opera]]|[[Rock band]]|[[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]]|[[Social impact of rock and roll|Social impact]]|[[List of jazz and popular musical terms|List of rock music terms]]}}
}}

'''Rock music''' is a [[Music genre|genre]] of [[Pop music|popular music]]. It developed in the late 1900s, chiefly in the [[United States]]. It originally started in the 1940s and 1950s with the start of [[rock and roll]]. &quot;''Rock and roll''&quot; grew out of [[rhythm and blues|''R&amp;B'' (Rhythm &amp; Blues)]] and [[country music|''country'']]{{sfn |Gilliland |1969 |loc=show 55}} after the [[Electric guitar|electrification of the guitar]] (and music in general) in the 1940s. Rock has a lot in common with other genres like [[blues|''blues'']] and [[Folk music|''folk'']]. It has influences from [[jazz|''jazz'']], [[Classical music|''classical'']], and other music genres.

Rock music usually uses the [[electric guitar]], [[bass guitar]], a singer, and the [[Drum kit|drumset]]. It has a 4/4 [[beat (music)|beat]] and it has [[verse-chorus form]]. Rock music has also helped to spread [[Culture|cultural]] and social movements. This led to large sub-cultures including [[Mod (subculture)|modernists]] and [[Rocker (subculture)|rockers]] in the UK and the &quot;[[hippie]]&quot; culture that spread out from [[San Francisco]] in the US in the 1960s.{{sfn|Gilliland|1969|loc=show 42}} Rock music has the same folk tradition as the [[protest song]]. Rock music has been involved with political [[activism]]. It has also spread awareness for race, sex, and drug-use issues. It is often seen as an expression of critic about totalitarism and conformity. 

However, rock has become really varied since the 1960s and it is hard to say what its lyrics are &quot;mostly&quot; about. They can express romantic love, or comment all of global society. Rock music does place a focus on musical skill and live performance. By the late 1960s, rock had spread all across the United States and across the Atlantic to Great Britain. ''&quot;Rock n roll's&quot;'' influence in local music genres in these places created [[hybrid]]s like [[blues rock]], [[folk rock]],{{sfn |Gilliland |1969 |loc=show 33}} [[country rock]], [[jazz fusion|jazz-rock fusion]], and [[psychedelic rock]]&lt;!-- Can someone please simplify the following text? Thanks, DJDunsie.  How's this?
How's this?  --&gt;{{sfn |Gilliland |1969 |loc=show 41}}&lt;!-- The rest's ok --&gt; By the 1970s [[progressive rock]], [[glam rock]] and [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] began to become popular. Progressive rock uses symbolic lyrics and long instrumental sections. Glam rock focuses on showmanship and what you can see. Heavy metal focuses on raw emotion instead of technical skill. &lt;!-- Can someone please simplify the following sentence? Thanks, DJDunsie | Split it up, should be better - Dovah --&gt; [[Punk rock]] became more popular in the second half of the 1970s. It is inspired by other types of rock, as well as 1970s youth [[counterculture]]. Punk rock is a noisy type of rock music with [[Politics|political]] and [[Social commentary|social critiques.]] Punk rock influenced other sub-genres in the 1980s, including [[New wave music|New Wave]], [[post-punk]] and later [[alternative rock]]. From the 1990s, alternative rock (or &quot;Alt Rock&quot;) became the most popular type of rock music. Alt Rock includes [[grunge]], [[Britpop]], and [[indie rock]]. Since the 2000's, the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|Rock-'n'-roll Hall of Fame]] in Cleveland Ohio has inducted increasingly varied artists. It's difficult to say what is Rock.

==Artists==
* [[Simon &amp; Garfunkel]]
* [[Sixpence None the Richer]]
* [[The Moody Blues]]
* [[The Brian Jonestown Massacre]]
* [[The Velvet Underground]]
* [[The 13th Floor Elevators]]
* [[Creed (band)|Creed]]
* [[Memento (band)|Memento]]
* [[Kutless]]
* [[My Chemical Romance]]
* [[The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus]]
* [[Hawthorne Heights]]
* [[The Golden Republic]]
* [[Gym Class Heroes]]
* [[Secondhand Serenade]]
* [[Matchbox Twenty]]

==Sources==
{{reflist|25em}}

[[Category:Rock music| ]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tequila</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>10880383</id>
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        <username>Diademchild</username>
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      <comment>Added infobox copied from the English Wikipedia article [[:en:Tequila]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="972" sha1="5uwj7cn9xd568640yvgaq2r18u1ai7h" xml:space="preserve">{{noref|date=April 2025}}

{{Infobox drink
| name         = Tequila
| image        = 15-09-26-RalfR-WLC-0244.jpg
| caption      = Three varieties of tequila
| type         = [[Liquor|Distilled beverage]]
| abv          = 35–55%
| proof        = 70–110
| manufacturer =
| distributor  = 
| origin       = [[Mexico]]
| introduced   = 16th century
| discontinued = 
| colour       = Clear, brown or golden
| flavour      = Sweet, fruity, earthy
| ingredients  = [[Agave tequilana|Blue agave]]
| related      = [[Mezcal]], [[bacanora]], [[raicilla]], [[pulque]]
| website      =
| region       = [[Jalisco]]
}}

'''Tequila''' is a [[Latin America]]n [[drink]] from [[Mexico]] that contains [[alcohol]]. 

It is made from a plant called [[agave]]. 

It contains about 40 [[percent]] alcohol, and is often used in [[Bar (business)|bars]] and [[nightclub]]s to make mixed drinks such as the ''tequila sunrise'' or the Margarita.

{{food-stub}}

[[Category:Alcoholic spirits]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Polonium</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>19790</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880612</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-06T23:05:35Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Smokey 6767</username>
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      <text bytes="3608" sha1="rhx14tfd5xoom5m42nnn77x2vjhihnk" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Polonium (Element - 84) 1.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Polonium is recognized as one of the most toxic elements on the periodic table. ]]
'''Polonium''' is a rare [[radioactive]] [[metalloid]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://periodic.lanl.gov/metal.shtml |title=Characterizing the Elements |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |publisher=Los Alamos National Laboratory |accessdate=4 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is [[chemical element]] 84 on the [[periodic table]] and its symbol is '''Po'''. It was discovered in 1898 by [[Marie Curie|Marie]] and [[Pierre Curie]].

Polonium is highly unstable, [[radioactive]] and [[toxic]]. This makes it difficult to handle. It can be dangerous, even in very small amounts. One gram of Po will self-heat to a temperature of about {{convert|500|°C|°F}}. It also [[vapor]]izes easily.

Polonium has 42 [[isotope]]s, and all of them are radioactive. It is a very rare element in nature because of its short [[Half-life (element)|half-life]]. It is a breakdown product of [[uranium]], so it is found in uranium [[ore]]s. 

Polonium is also very important because it is the main element of nuclear bombs.

Polonium emits alpha radiation, which cannot pass through the skin and is blocked by a piece of paper. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Polonium - Element information, properties and uses {{!}} Periodic Table|url=https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/84/polonium|access-date=2026-06-05|website=periodic-table.rsc.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Alpha Radiation {{!}} Physics {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCO Research|url=https://www.ebsco.com/|access-date=2026-06-05|website=EBSCO|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Properties ==
Polonium emits [[Alpha particle|alpha radiation]], and it has a half-life of 138 days (approximately 4 months). It decays into [[Lead]], A milligram of polonium emits about as many alpha particles per second as 5 grams of [[Radium]], which means it is 5,000 times more radioactive than radium. A few grams  of Polonium emit a blue glow which is caused by [[ionization]] of the surrounding air.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Polonium-210|url=https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/ion/effect/radioactive-materials/polonium/polonium.html|access-date=2026-06-05|website=Federal Office for Radiation Protection|language=en-EN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Polonium is 100 billion times more dangerous than [[hydrogen cyanide]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Polonium (Po) {{!}} History {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCO Research|url=https://www.ebsco.com/|access-date=2026-06-05|website=EBSCO|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ansoborlo|first=Eric|last2=Berard|first2=Philippe|last3=Den Auwer|first3=Christophe|last4=Leggett|first4=Rich|last5=Menetrier|first5=Florence|last6=Younes|first6=Ali|last7=Montavon|first7=Gilles|last8=Moisy|first8=Philippe|date=2012-08-20|title=Review of Chemical and Radiotoxicological Properties of Polonium for Internal Contamination Purposes|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/tx300072w|journal=Chemical Research in Toxicology|volume=25|issue=8|pages=1551–1564|doi=10.1021/tx300072w|issn=0893-228X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Polonium has an atomic number of 84, meaning it has 84 protons, which is why it's so unstable, because it's atom is large. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-12-27|title=25.3: Stability of Atomic Nuclei|url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/25%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/25.3%3A__Stability_of_Atomic_Nuclei|access-date=2026-06-05|website=Chemistry LibreTexts|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== References ==
{{Reflist}}


{{chem-stub}}
{{Periodic Table}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Post-transition metals]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Platonic solid</title>
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      <comment>/* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */</comment>
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      <text bytes="5097" sha1="8bc8ahzamkw5l125da2bfh0bs7afqrk" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;float:right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;gallery perrow=&quot;2&quot; caption=&quot;The Platonic Solids&quot; widths=&quot;80px&quot; heights=&quot;80px&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
File:Tetrahedron.svg|[[Tetrahedron]]

File:Hexahedron.svg|[[Cube]]
File:Octahedron.svg|[[Octahedron]]

File:POV-Ray-Dodecahedron.svg|[[Dodecahedron]]
File:Icosahedron.svg|[[Icosahedron]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
A '''Platonic solid''' is a kind of [[polyhedron]] (a [[three-dimensional]] [[shape]]). It has the following traits:

* Each of their faces is built from the same type of [[polygon]]s.
* All the edges are the same, and all of them join two faces at the same angle.
* There are the same polygons meeting at every [[corner]] of the shape.
* The shape is convex, meaning the faces do not go through each other (intersecting), or span the same range (coplanar).

==The Platonic solids==
The following Platonic solids exist; there are only 5:

*Triangular [[Pyramid (geometry)|pyramid]], or ''[[Tetrahedron]]'', has 4 sides, is made of [[triangle]]s, and is the simplest kind of polyhedron.
*[[Cube]], or ''Hexahedron'', has 6 sides, and is made of [[Square (geometry)|squares]]. It is a kind of [[Prism (geometry)|prism]].
*[[Octahedron]], has 8 sides, and is made of triangles. It is a kind of [[antiprism]].
*[[Dodecahedron]], has 12 sides, and is made of [[pentagon]]s. It has the most vertices.
*[[Icosahedron]], has 20 sides, and is made of triangles. It has the most faces.

== History ==
The Greek philosopher, Plato, wanted to find a use for these. He said that each of these shapes comprised an element: Tetrahedron for fire, Cube for earth, Octahedron for Air, and Icosahedron for water. The fifth, the dodecahedron, represented the universe as a whole. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=af3XzdAvB_cC&amp;pg=PA11&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|title=John Philoponus' Criticism of Aristotle's Theory of Aether|last=Wildberg|first=Christian|date=1988|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-010446-2|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Later, Johannes Kepler, an astronomer had the idea that there were big platonic solids between the six planets ([[Uranus]] and [[Neptune]] haven't been discovered yet.) This idea had to be forgotten in the end, but he did have better ideas about the planets, like the shapes of their orbits.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The mechanical universe: introduction to mechanics and heat|url=https://archive.org/details/mechanicaluniver00olen|last=Olenick|first=Richard P.|last2=Apostol|first2=Tom M.|last3=Goodstein|first3=David L.|date=1985|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-30429-0|location=Cambridge [Cambridgeshire] ; New York}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Uses==
[[Image:BluePlatonicDice.jpg|thumb|left|The Platonic Solids are often used as dice in role-playing games.]]
There are a lot of uses for Platonic solids, but some of the main reasons are:the shapes are often used to make [[dice]], because dice of these shapes can be made fair. 6-sided dice are very common, but the other numbers are commonly used in [[role-playing game]]s. Such dice are commonly referred to as D followed by the number of faces (d8, d20 etc.). The d4, the tetrahedron, always lands with a corner on top, so manufacturers print numbers on the corners rather than in the middle of each triangle.

The tetrahedron (4 sided), cube (6 sided), and octahedron (8 sided), are found naturally in [[crystal]] structures. The dodecahedron (12 sides) is combinatorially identical to the [[pyritohedron]] (in that both have twelve pentagonal faces), which is one of the possible crystal structures of [[pyrite]]. However, the pyritohedron is not a regular dodecahedron, but rather has the same [[symmetry]] as the cube.

In [[meteorology]] and [[climatology]], global numerical models of atmospheric flow are of increasing interest which use grids that are based on an icosahedron (20 sides,refined by [[triangulation]]) instead of the more commonly used [[longitude]]/[[latitude]] grid. This has the advantage of better spatial resolution without [[singularities]] (i.e. the [[poles]]) at the expense of somewhat greater numerical difficulty.

[[Geometry]] of [[space frame]]s is often based on Platonic solids.

== Other websites ==
*[http://www.software3d.com/Stella.html Stella: Polyhedron Navigator] Tool for exploring polyhedra
*[http://www.korthalsaltes.com/ Paper Models of Polyhedra] Many links
*[http://www.mathconsult.ch/showroom/unipoly/ The Uniform Polyhedra]
*[http://www.georgehart.com/virtual-polyhedra/vp.html Virtual Reality Polyhedra] The Encyclopedia o  Polyhedra
*[http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/platonic.html London South Bank University] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041009195909/http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/platonic.html |date=2004-10-09 }} Water structure and behavior
*[http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/java/elements/bookXIII/propXIII13.html Book XIII] of Euclid's ''Elements''.
*[http://ibiblio.org/e-notes/3Dapp/Convex.htm Interactive 3D Polyhedra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050403235101/http://ibiblio.org/e-notes/3Dapp/Convex.htm |date=2005-04-03 }} in Java


{{math-stub}}

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    <title>Sustainable development</title>
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      <text bytes="3856" sha1="7uzzx96ak2t1gsalb3ll4d428ghy7uo" xml:space="preserve">'''Sustainable [[development]]''' means improving things in a way that reduces harm and is mindful of the future. It means building things without harming the [[environment|natural world]].
The [[Brundtland Commission]] said it &quot;meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future [[generation]]s to meet their own needs&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;United Nations. 1987. [http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/42/ares42-187.htm &quot;Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development.&quot;] General Assembly Resolution 42/187, 11 December 1987. Retrieved: 2007-04-12&lt;/ref&gt;

Everyone wants a good place to live. Some people want better homes, while others might want better schools, good jobs, better shops, green spaces or safer streets. Others may want all these things. Whatever the problems in any neighbourhood, they can usually be grouped into three issues. People need:
* A better [[environment]] – Green spaces, play areas, no litter, gardens, fresh air, less [[noise]] and [[pollution]]. The resources used should be available for future generations.
* A better [[economy]] - Good jobs and pay, reasonable prices, no unfair loans, taxes to help governments fund things
* Better social conditions – respect for others, good places to have fun, community groups with [[sports]] and [[arts]], friendly neighbours.
[[File:Sustainable development.svg|thumb|Graphic explanation from UNHCR]]

Rapid increases in population can increase demands on things like food and nature and make sustainable development challenging.

This is not just a local issue. The same problems are faced at a national level. If the [[government]]s of the world are to deal with [[poverty]], they do not just need to provide money and food aid, they need to help local people get [[education|educated]] and get [[job]]s. People also need a safe environment with adequate homes and drinking [[water]]. To make these things work, governments also need to make sure that people have an effective voice in deciding what happens where they live and government money to spend on things.

This approach is called &quot;sustainable development&quot;. While this phrase can be confusing, it's now used in many government documents and in funding programmes. Sustainable development has three parts: environmental sustainability, economic sustainability and social [[sustainability]].


Most people in the rich nations have most of these needs, but there are still many people living in poverty and in poor quality homes. Even if these basic needs are met there are still plenty of ways in which their ‘[[quality of life]]’ is under [[threat]]: from crime, from pollution, or from living in neighbourhoods where no-one in authority seems to care.&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs&quot;. 

&lt;small&gt;- Our Common Future (Report), World Commission on Environment and Development&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Many areas have programmes to promote local sustainability: many are called ‘Local Agenda 21’ plans, named after the international [[:en:Agenda_21|Agenda 21]] action plan for sustainable development agreed at the [[United Nations]] Earth Summit held in 1992. 

The UN developed a set of 17 goals aiming at sustainable development. They are:-

[[File:Sustainable Development Goals.png|center|400px|Sustainable Development Goals]]

==Related pages==
* [[Ecology]]
* [[Green economy]]
* [[Recycling]]
* [[Renewable energy]]
* [[Sustainable Development Goals]]
* [[Sustainable energy]]
* [[Overpopulation]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Other websites ==
* [[Appropedia:|Appropedia]] - a Wiki focused on sustainable international development and poverty reduction
* [http://www.amazonia.org Sustainable Development in Amazonia]

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    <title>Longbow</title>
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      <text bytes="4219" sha1="se4k4clbbov6oofhl56mwry876v5a97" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Longbow.jpg|thumb|right|A longbow]]
[[Image:Battle of crecy froissart.jpg|thumb|right|250 px|Fighting with longbows]]

A '''longbow''' is a type of [[bow (weapon)|bow]]. It was mainly used in the [[Middle Ages]] until the 1500s. It had many advantages over other weapons at the time: it was inexpensive to make, could easily be [[Mass production|mass-produced]], and was quite lethal. When shot from a longbow, [[metal]]-tipped arrows could pierce all but the strongest [[armour]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Fadala&quot;&gt;Fadala, Sam 2011. ''Traditional archery''. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, p. 13/14.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Groups of longbowmen would shoot at the same time.  The arrows would come down like [[hail]], which often scared the enemy. [[Archery|Archers]] (longbowmen) would usually have a second weapon, often a [[battle-axe]], if the fighting came close to them.

== History ==
The [[Welsh people|Welsh]] were the first people to use longbows.&lt;ref name=KRI&gt;{{cite web|url=https://kriii.com/english-bowmen/|accessdate=March 29, 2022|title=English bowmen|date=7 August 2019|publisher=King Richard III Visitor Centre|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629030345/https://kriii.com/english-bowmen/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In AD 633 Offrid, son of Edwin, king of [[Northumbria]], was killed by an arrow shot from a Welsh longbow. This happened during a [[battle]] between the Welsh and the [[Mercia]]ns — more than five [[Century|centuries]] before any record of its use in [[England]].

In the Middle Ages, the English and Welsh were famous for their very powerful longbows. They were used to great effect in the [[Wars of the Roses|civil wars of the period]] and against the [[France|French]] in the [[Hundred Years' War]] (with notable success at the battles of [[Battle of Crécy|Crécy]] (1346), [[Battle of Poitiers (1356)|Poitiers]] (1356) and [[Battle of Agincourt|Agincourt]] (1415)).&lt;ref&gt;''The Hundred Years War (Part II): Different Vistas'', eds. L.J.A. Villalon; D. J. Kagay  (Leiden: Brill, 2008), pp. 37-132&lt;/ref&gt;

The average length of arrow shafts recovered from the 1545 sinking of the [[Mary Rose]] is {{convert|75|cm|in|abbr=on|disp=x| /}}.

== Advantages ==
The longbow had many advantages over other weapons of the time. It may not have been as strong as a [[crossbow]], but it could shoot more [[Arrow|arrows]] per minute.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fadala&quot; /&gt; It was also quite lethal. When shot from a longbow, [[metal]]-tipped arrows could pierce all but the strongest [[armour]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Fadala&quot; /&gt; 

The basic equipment cost little, and could easily be [[mass produced|mass-produced]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Denny6&quot;&gt;Mark Denny, ''Ingenium: Five Machines That Changed the World'' (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007), p. 6&lt;/ref&gt; The longbow was made from a single piece of hard-wearing, flexible [[wood]], often from a [[yew]] tree.&lt;ref name=&quot;Denny6&quot; /&gt; Yew was cut during the [[winter]] when there was no [[Plant sap|sap]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Denny6&quot; /&gt; The flat side of the bow facing the target was flexible sapwood while the belly (facing the archer) was round and made of strong heartwood (from the center of a tree).&lt;ref name=&quot;Denny6&quot; /&gt;

A longbow has practical advantages compared to a modern [[recurve bow|recurve]] or [[compound bow]]: it is usually lighter, quicker to prepare for shooting, and shoots more quietly. However, other things being equal, the modern bow will shoot a faster arrow more than the longbow.

==Effects on the human body==

Bowmen had to practice for many years and gain a lot of strength before they could shoot a longbow well.  Longbows are very strong.  This made archers' bodies different from other people's bodies.  

Compared to other people's, the [[Skeleton|skeletons]] of medieval bowmen have thicker [[arm]] and [[shoulder]] [[Bone|bones]] that are a little bent.  These bones supported the large [[Muscle|muscles]] that grew on the archers' arms and backs as they practiced with the bow.  

On some archers, the right shoulder was higher than the left shoulder.  This is because archers almost always shot on the same side.  They did not switch hands.&lt;ref name=&quot;KRI&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}


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      <text bytes="1818" sha1="643jub12wtbht0d4ag5zuypzv8stprq" xml:space="preserve">:''This article is about the weapon. For other meanings, see '''[[Bow (disambiguation)]]'''.''
[[File:Equipement.archer.2.png|thumb|200px|A drawing of a man with a bow and arrows.]]

A '''bow''' is a [[weapon]] used to shoot [[arrow]]s. It is used in [[hunting]], [[sport]], and a long time ago, [[war]].

Using a bow is called [[archery]]. A person who uses a bow is an '''archer''' and a person who makes bows is a '''bowyer'''.

A bow is a long curved stick to which a string, called a '''bowstring''', is tied to both ends. Ancient bows were made of natural materials like [[wood]] or [[bone]], with the bowstrings made of [[fibers]] like [[flax]] or [[sinew]], but today they are often made of [[plastic]].

To shoot a bow, the arrow is put on the bow, with one end to the string, which is pulled back. When the string is let loose, it throws the arrow forwards.

There are many different types of bows, for example the [[longbow]] or the automatic [[crossbow]] and the compound bow.  

There are many different ways that people protect themselves from arrow attacks. The Roman Army, for instance, had the [[testudo formate]], or tortoise formation. They first made the shields lock into a somewhat tortoise like formation, which provide a shell that was make out of shields. The arrows would eventually run out, and the Romans would charge.   

==Reading==
* {{cite book |last1=Iggulden |first1=Hal |last2=Iggulden |first2=Conn |title=The Dangerous Book for Boys |url=https://archive.org/details/dangerousbookfor0000iggu_u2s8 |date=2007 |publisher=HarperCollins |location=New York |isbn=978-0061243585 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dangerousbookfor0000iggu_u2s8/page/32 33]–38 |chapter=Making a Bow and Arrow}}

{{Commonscat|Bows (archery)}}

[[Category:Archery]]
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      <text bytes="1817" sha1="o1vot0y8pv5a6eu9sccpjtsjz4y6y0x" xml:space="preserve">:''This article is about the weapon. For other meanings, see '''[[Bow (disambiguation)]]'''.''
[[File:Equipement.archer.2.png|thumb|200px|A drawing of a man with a bow and arrows.]]

A '''bow''' is a [[weapon]] used to shoot [[arrow]]s. It is used in [[hunting]], [[sport]], and a long time ago, [[war]].

Using a bow is called [[archery]]. A person who uses a bow is an '''archer''' and a person who makes bows is a '''bowyer'''.

A bow is a long curved stick to which a string, called a '''bowstring''', is tied to both ends. Ancient bows were made of natural materials like [[wood]] or [[bone]], with the bowstrings made of [[fibers]] like [[flax]] or [[sinew]], but today they are often made of [[plastic]].

To shoot a bow, the arrow is put on the bow, with one end to the string, which is pulled back. When the string is let loose, it throws the arrow forwards.

There are many different types of bows, for example the [[longbow]], the automatic [[crossbow]], and the compound bow.  

There are many different ways that people protect themselves from arrow attacks. The Roman Army, for instance, had the [[testudo formate]], or tortoise formation. They first made the shields lock into a somewhat tortoise like formation, which provide a shell that was make out of shields. The arrows would eventually run out, and the Romans would charge.   

==Reading==
* {{cite book |last1=Iggulden |first1=Hal |last2=Iggulden |first2=Conn |title=The Dangerous Book for Boys |url=https://archive.org/details/dangerousbookfor0000iggu_u2s8 |date=2007 |publisher=HarperCollins |location=New York |isbn=978-0061243585 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dangerousbookfor0000iggu_u2s8/page/32 33]–38 |chapter=Making a Bow and Arrow}}

{{Commonscat|Bows (archery)}}

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      <text bytes="1817" sha1="jt11mqqfuob2tr2ziqa14h2rredjuyj" xml:space="preserve">:''This article is about the weapon. For other meanings, see '''[[Bow (disambiguation)]]'''.''
[[File:Equipement.archer.2.png|thumb|200px|A drawing of a man with a bow and arrows.]]

A '''bow''' is a [[weapon]] used to shoot [[arrow]]s. It is used in [[hunting]], [[sport]], and a long time ago, [[war]].

Using a bow is called [[archery]]. A person who uses a bow is an '''archer''' and a person who makes bows is a '''bowyer'''.

A bow is a long curved stick to which a string, called a '''bowstring''', is tied to both ends. Ancient bows were made of natural materials like [[wood]] or [[bone]], with the bowstrings made of [[fibers]] like [[flax]] or [[sinew]], but today they are often made of [[plastic]].

To shoot a bow, the arrow is put on the bow, with one end to the string, which is pulled back. When the string is let loose, it throws the arrow forwards.

There are many different types of bows, for example the [[longbow]], the automatic [[crossbow]], and the compound bow.  

There are many different ways that people protect themselves from arrow attacks. The Roman Army, for instance, had the ''testudo formate'', or tortoise formation. They first made the shields lock into a somewhat tortoise like formation, which provide a shell that was make out of shields. The arrows would eventually run out, and the Romans would charge.   

==Reading==
* {{cite book |last1=Iggulden |first1=Hal |last2=Iggulden |first2=Conn |title=The Dangerous Book for Boys |url=https://archive.org/details/dangerousbookfor0000iggu_u2s8 |date=2007 |publisher=HarperCollins |location=New York |isbn=978-0061243585 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dangerousbookfor0000iggu_u2s8/page/32 33]–38 |chapter=Making a Bow and Arrow}}

{{Commonscat|Bows (archery)}}

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      <text bytes="2007" sha1="3y3t5taqreujv3x9pfg1vf9a9decjl7" xml:space="preserve">:''This article is about the weapon. For other meanings, see '''[[Bow (disambiguation)]]'''.''
[[File:Equipement.archer.2.png|thumb|200px|A drawing of a man with a bow and arrows.]]

A '''bow''' is a [[weapon]] used to shoot [[arrow]]s. It is used in [[hunting]], [[sport]], and a long time ago, [[war]].

Using a bow is called [[archery]]. A person who uses a bow is an '''archer''' and a person who makes bows is a '''bowyer'''.

A bow is a long curved stick to which a string, called a '''bowstring''', is tied to both ends. Ancient bows were made of natural materials like [[wood]] or [[bone]], with the bowstrings made of [[fibers]] like [[flax]] or [[sinew]], but today they are often made of [[plastic]].

To shoot a bow, the arrow is put on the bow, with one end to the string, which is pulled back. When the string is let loose, it throws the arrow forwards.

There are many different types of bows, for example the [[longbow]], the automatic [[crossbow]], and the compound bow.  

There are many different ways that people protect themselves from arrow attacks. [[Shields]] may have been the most common method in ancient warfare. The Roman Army, for instance, had the ''testudo formate'', or tortoise formation. They first made the shields lock into a somewhat tortoise like formation, which provide a shell that was make out of shields. The arrows would eventually run out, and the Romans would charge. [[Castle]]s would have [[battlement]]s on their walls to protect against arrows, as well as let their archers fire arrows. 

==Reading==
* {{cite book |last1=Iggulden |first1=Hal |last2=Iggulden |first2=Conn |title=The Dangerous Book for Boys |url=https://archive.org/details/dangerousbookfor0000iggu_u2s8 |date=2007 |publisher=HarperCollins |location=New York |isbn=978-0061243585 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dangerousbookfor0000iggu_u2s8/page/32 33]–38 |chapter=Making a Bow and Arrow}}

{{Commonscat|Bows (archery)}}

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    <title>Chaos (mythology)</title>
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      <text bytes="1152" sha1="d6821rwr6mufy8hodfvlcqre1thu1at" xml:space="preserve">'''Chaos''' was the nothingness at the beginning of the world, described in the [[creation myth]]s of [[Classical mythology]]. It was the state the [[universe]] (or [[Cosmology|cosmos]]) was in before it was created. Early [[Christian]]s used the word &quot;chaos&quot; in a different way, with the word meaning  [[wikt:disorder|disorder]] or [[wikt:random|randomness]] or confusion. Modern non-mythological use of the word has these meanings. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chaos&lt;/ref&gt;

Chaos is often identified as a [[List of Greek gods and goddesses|god]], who filled the gap between [[Heaven]] and [[Earth]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.theoi.com/greek-mythology/primeval-gods.html |title=Primeval Gods of Greek Mythology  |first= |last= |work=theoi.com |year=2011|accessdate=16 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Born out of chaos were [[Nyx]] (Night) and [[Erebos]] (Darkness of the Underworld).

While not prevalent in any myths, Chaos was referenced during the Gigantomachy, in which it was described as being burned by [[Zeus]]'s thunderbolt.

==References==
{{reflist}}


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    <title>Theria</title>
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      <text bytes="831" sha1="do5jky9hxw9yn36gfyuvsud4trlesj7" xml:space="preserve">{{Automatic Taxobox
| name = Theria
| fossil_range = [[Lower Cretaceous]] – Recent
| image = Mammal Diversity (Theria).png
| image_caption = 
| taxon = Theria
| authority = [[Thomas Jeffery Parker|Parker]] &amp; [[William A. Haswell|Haswell]], 1897
| display_parents = 6
| subdivision_ranks = Infraclasses
| subdivision = [[Metatheria]] &lt;br/&gt;
[[Eutheria]]
}}
'''Theria''' is a large [[Subclass (biology)|subclass]] of [[mammal]]s. It includes almost all living mammals: the ones that give birth to live young, and not by using a [[Eggshell|shelled]] [[Egg (biology)|egg]].

The Theria are divided into two groups ([[infraclass]]es): [[Metatheria]] and [[Eutheria]]. The surviving Metatheria are the [[marsupial]]s, and the Eutheria are the [[placenta]]l mammals. 

{{wikispecies|Theria}}

{{-}}
{{biology-stub}}

[[Category:Mammals]]</text>
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[[Image:RobertFuddBewusstsein17Jh.png|thumb|180px|Humans have thought about the nature of intelligence for millennia.  This picture is from a work by [[Robert Fludd]] published between 1617 and 1621.]]
{{wiktionary}}

'''Intelligence''' is a person’s mental [[wikt:ability|ability]]. It can mean a broad ability or a more specific one. Because people live in different [[culture]]s and [[environment]]s, there is no full [[agreement]] about which mental abilities should be counted as intelligence. In 1927, the English [[psychologist]] [[Charles Spearman]] said that the word “intelligence” had gained so many meanings that it was becoming unclear.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=O'Reilly|first=Gary|last2=Carr|first2=Alan|date=2014-01-02|title=Evaluating intelligence across the life-span: integrating theory, research and measurement|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315820170-14/evaluating-intelligence-across-life-span-integrating-theory-research-measurement-gary-reilly-alan-carr|journal=Taylor &amp; Francis|language=en|doi=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The word intelligence comes from the [[Latin language|Latin]] word ''intelligo'', which means “to choose between different options”. From a [[brain]] point of view, intelligence involves efficient coordination between the [[frontal lobe]]s and [[parietal lobe]]s of the brain. Studies of [[Albert Einstein]]’s brain showed that he had an unusually wide parietal lobe. The parietal lobe is linked to [[mathematics]], [[wikt:abstract|abstract]] reasoning (thinking about ideas that are not physical or directly visible), and visual imagination.

Intelligence helps people solve [[problem]]s and learn from experience. It is often seen as a quality of the [[mind]] that can be developed and trained. For example, when a person finds an answer to a problem and remembers it, they can solve the same problem faster the next time. This process is called [[learning]]. Both [[genetics]] and [[environment]] affect intelligence and learning. One alone is usually not enough to fully support [[Developmental psychology|development]].

[[Intelligence quotient|Intelligence Quotient]] (IQ) tests are used as an approximate way to measure intelligence. They measure a person’s mental power and speed. These tests usually ask people to solve many problems within a set amount of time. Many of the questions involve seeing patterns, understanding [[shape]]s, or deciding what a [[rotation|rotated]] object would look like. Some questions involve [[mathematics]], such as finding the next [[number]] in a sequence. Other questions test words, reasoning, and understanding [[language]]. It is believed that average IQ scores increased across many countries during the [[20th century]] because modern life, education, and science made people highly responsive to the kinds of questions and thinking used in IQ tests. This increase is known as the [[Flynn effect]]. However, a high IQ score does not automatically mean a person has better adaptive functioning, practical life skills, or better judgment in real-life situations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qvBipuypYUkC|title=What Is Intelligence?: Beyond the Flynn Effect|last=Flynn|first=James R.|date=2007-08-27|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-46704-9|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Intelligent machines ==
[[Computer engineer]]s try to build [[machine]]s that act as if they were intelligent. This is related to [[computer science]] and is called [[Artificial intelligence]] (man-made &quot;intelligence&quot;). Artificial intelligence uses [[logic]], and often combines it with [[machine learning]]. This means that similar to living organisms, the machine has to be trained to solve a problem. After training, it will solve the problem faster.

== Intelligence in animals and plants ==
[[File:Chimpanzee_and_stick.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|The common [[chimpanzee]] can use tools. This chimpanzee is using a stick to get food.]]
Intelligence is not limited to humans. Many animals also show signs of intelligence: animals also need to solve problems, and remembering how a problem is solved is useful to them.  Many animals use [[tools]] to solve problems. These animals include the [[Hominidae|Great Apes]], [[Dog|dogs]], [[Dolphin|dolphins]], [[Elephant|elephants]], [[Rat|rats]] and [[Mouse|mice]], and some [[Bird|birds]]. All these animals are [[Vertebrate|vertebrates]], but tool use isn't limited to these: Even [[Cephalopod|cephalopods]] and [[Arthropod|arthropods]] show signs of intelligence. To  be able to compare the behaviours of different species, scientists need to adapt the notion of intelligence. 

It has been argued that plants should also be classified as intelligent: they are able to sense and model external and internal environments and adjust their [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]], [[Plant physiology|physiology]] and [[phenotype]] accordingly to ensure self-preservation and reproduction.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Trewavas|first=Anthony|date=September 2005|title=Green plants as intelligent organisms|journal=Trends in Plant Science|volume=10|issue=9|pages=413–419|doi=10.1016/j.tplants.2005.07.005|pmid=16054860}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Trewavas|first1=A.|year=2002|title=Mindless mastery|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2002-02-21_415_6874/page/840|journal=Nature|volume=415|issue=6874|pages=841|doi=10.1038/415841a|pmid=11859344|s2cid=4350140}}&lt;/ref&gt; A counter argument is that intelligence is commonly understood to involve the creation and use of persistent memories. 

Opposed to this are computations that only occur once, and that do not involve learning. If this is accepted as part of the definition, then it includes the artificial intelligence of robots capable of &quot;machine learning&quot;, but excludes those purely autonomic sense-reaction responses that can be observed in many plants. Plants are not limited to automated sensory-motor responses, however, they are capable of discriminating positive and negative experiences and of 'learning' (registering memories) from their past experiences. They are also capable of communication, accurately computing their circumstances, using sophisticated [[cost–benefit analysis]] and taking tightly controlled actions to mitigate and control the diverse environmental stressors.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Goh|first1=C. H.|last2=Nam|first2=H. G.|last3=Park|first3=Y. S.|year=2003|title=Stress memory in plants: A negative regulation of stomatal response and transient induction of rd22 gene to light in abscisic acid-entrained Arabidopsis plants|journal=The Plant Journal|volume=36|issue=2|pages=240–255|doi=10.1046/j.1365-313X.2003.01872.x|pmc=|pmid=14535888}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Volkov|first1=A. G.|last2=Carrell|first2=H.|last3=Baldwin|first3=A.|last4=Markin|first4=V. S.|year=2009|title=Electrical memory in Venus flytrap|journal=Bioelectrochemistry|volume=75|issue=2|pages=142–147|doi=10.1016/j.bioelechem.2009.03.005|pmc=|pmid=19356999}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Rensing|first1=L.|last2=Koch|first2=M.|last3=Becker|first3=A.|year=2009|title=A comparative approach to the principal mechanisms of different memory systems|journal=Naturwissenschaften|volume=96|issue=12|pages=1373–1384|bibcode=2009NW.....96.1373R|doi=10.1007/s00114-009-0591-0|pmc=|pmid=19680619|s2cid=29195832}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Related pages ==

* [[Military intelligence]]
* [[Human capital]]
* [[Intellectual disability]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Metaphysics}}
[[Category:Intelligence| ]]
[[Category:Basic English 850 words]]</text>
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[[Image:RobertFuddBewusstsein17Jh.png|thumb|180px|Humans have thought about the nature of intelligence for millennia.  This picture is from a work by [[Robert Fludd]] published between 1617 and 1621.]]
{{wiktionary}}

'''Intelligence''' is a person’s mental [[wikt:ability|ability]]. It can mean a broad ability or a more specific one. Because people live in different [[culture]]s and [[environment]]s, there is no full [[agreement]] about which mental abilities should be counted as intelligence. In 1927, the English [[psychologist]] [[Charles Spearman]] said that the word “intelligence” had gained so many meanings that it was becoming unclear.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=O'Reilly|first=Gary|last2=Carr|first2=Alan|date=2014-01-02|title=Evaluating intelligence across the life-span: integrating theory, research and measurement|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315820170-14/evaluating-intelligence-across-life-span-integrating-theory-research-measurement-gary-reilly-alan-carr|journal=Taylor &amp; Francis|language=en|doi=|quote=in truth, “intelligence” has become a mere vocal sound, a word with so many meanings that ﬁnally it has none}}&lt;/ref&gt; The word intelligence comes from the [[Latin language|Latin]] word ''intelligo'', which means “to choose between different options”. From a [[brain]] point of view, intelligence involves efficient coordination between the [[frontal lobe]]s and [[parietal lobe]]s of the brain. Studies of [[Albert Einstein]]’s brain showed that he had an unusually wide parietal lobe. The parietal lobe is linked to [[mathematics]], [[wikt:abstract|abstract]] reasoning (thinking about ideas that are not physical or directly visible), and visual imagination.

Intelligence helps people solve [[problem]]s and learn from experience. It is often seen as a quality of the [[mind]] that can be developed and trained. For example, when a person finds an answer to a problem and remembers it, they can solve the same problem faster the next time. This process is called [[learning]]. Both [[genetics]] and [[environment]] affect intelligence and learning. One alone is usually not enough to fully support [[Developmental psychology|development]].

[[Intelligence quotient|Intelligence Quotient]] (IQ) tests are used as an approximate way to measure intelligence. They measure a person’s mental power and speed. These tests usually ask people to solve many problems within a set amount of time. Many of the questions involve seeing patterns, understanding [[shape]]s, or deciding what a [[rotation|rotated]] object would look like. Some questions involve [[mathematics]], such as finding the next [[number]] in a sequence. Other questions test words, reasoning, and understanding [[language]]. It is believed that average IQ scores increased across many countries during the [[20th century]] because modern life, education, and science made people highly responsive to the kinds of questions and thinking used in IQ tests. This increase is known as the [[Flynn effect]]. However, a high IQ score does not automatically mean a person has better adaptive functioning, practical life skills, or better judgment in real-life situations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qvBipuypYUkC|title=What Is Intelligence?: Beyond the Flynn Effect|last=Flynn|first=James R.|date=2007-08-27|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-46704-9|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Intelligent machines ==
[[Computer engineer]]s try to build [[machine]]s that act as if they were intelligent. This is related to [[computer science]] and is called [[Artificial intelligence]] (man-made &quot;intelligence&quot;). Artificial intelligence uses [[logic]], and often combines it with [[machine learning]]. This means that similar to living organisms, the machine has to be trained to solve a problem. After training, it will solve the problem faster.

== Intelligence in animals and plants ==
[[File:Chimpanzee_and_stick.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|The common [[chimpanzee]] can use tools. This chimpanzee is using a stick to get food.]]
Intelligence is not limited to humans. Many animals also show signs of intelligence: animals also need to solve problems, and remembering how a problem is solved is useful to them.  Many animals use [[tools]] to solve problems. These animals include the [[Hominidae|Great Apes]], [[Dog|dogs]], [[Dolphin|dolphins]], [[Elephant|elephants]], [[Rat|rats]] and [[Mouse|mice]], and some [[Bird|birds]]. All these animals are [[Vertebrate|vertebrates]], but tool use isn't limited to these: Even [[Cephalopod|cephalopods]] and [[Arthropod|arthropods]] show signs of intelligence. To  be able to compare the behaviours of different species, scientists need to adapt the notion of intelligence. 

It has been argued that plants should also be classified as intelligent: they are able to sense and model external and internal environments and adjust their [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]], [[Plant physiology|physiology]] and [[phenotype]] accordingly to ensure self-preservation and reproduction.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Trewavas|first=Anthony|date=September 2005|title=Green plants as intelligent organisms|journal=Trends in Plant Science|volume=10|issue=9|pages=413–419|doi=10.1016/j.tplants.2005.07.005|pmid=16054860}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Trewavas|first1=A.|year=2002|title=Mindless mastery|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2002-02-21_415_6874/page/840|journal=Nature|volume=415|issue=6874|pages=841|doi=10.1038/415841a|pmid=11859344|s2cid=4350140}}&lt;/ref&gt; A counter argument is that intelligence is commonly understood to involve the creation and use of persistent memories. 

Opposed to this are computations that only occur once, and that do not involve learning. If this is accepted as part of the definition, then it includes the artificial intelligence of robots capable of &quot;machine learning&quot;, but excludes those purely autonomic sense-reaction responses that can be observed in many plants. Plants are not limited to automated sensory-motor responses, however, they are capable of discriminating positive and negative experiences and of 'learning' (registering memories) from their past experiences. They are also capable of communication, accurately computing their circumstances, using sophisticated [[cost–benefit analysis]] and taking tightly controlled actions to mitigate and control the diverse environmental stressors.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Goh|first1=C. H.|last2=Nam|first2=H. G.|last3=Park|first3=Y. S.|year=2003|title=Stress memory in plants: A negative regulation of stomatal response and transient induction of rd22 gene to light in abscisic acid-entrained Arabidopsis plants|journal=The Plant Journal|volume=36|issue=2|pages=240–255|doi=10.1046/j.1365-313X.2003.01872.x|pmc=|pmid=14535888}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Volkov|first1=A. G.|last2=Carrell|first2=H.|last3=Baldwin|first3=A.|last4=Markin|first4=V. S.|year=2009|title=Electrical memory in Venus flytrap|journal=Bioelectrochemistry|volume=75|issue=2|pages=142–147|doi=10.1016/j.bioelechem.2009.03.005|pmc=|pmid=19356999}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Rensing|first1=L.|last2=Koch|first2=M.|last3=Becker|first3=A.|year=2009|title=A comparative approach to the principal mechanisms of different memory systems|journal=Naturwissenschaften|volume=96|issue=12|pages=1373–1384|bibcode=2009NW.....96.1373R|doi=10.1007/s00114-009-0591-0|pmc=|pmid=19680619|s2cid=29195832}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Related pages ==

* [[Military intelligence]]
* [[Human capital]]
* [[Intellectual disability]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Metaphysics}}
[[Category:Intelligence| ]]
[[Category:Basic English 850 words]]</text>
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    <title>Jew</title>
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{{Infobox ethnic group
| native_name      = {{lang|he|יְהוּדִים}} ({{lang|he-Latn|Yehudim}})
| native_name_lang = he
| rawimage         = [[File:Star of David.svg|150px]]
| image            = 
| image_caption    = The [[Star of David]] is a common symbol of the Jewish people.
| total            = '''14.6–17.8 million'''&lt;br /&gt;
'''Enlarged population (includes full or partial Jewish ancestry):''' &lt;br /&gt;
'''20.7 million'''
| total_year       = 2018
| total_source     = estimate
| total_ref        = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;&gt;{{cite report |editor1-last=Dashefsky |editor1-first=Arnold |editor2-last=Della Pergola |editor2-first=Sergio |editor3-last=Sheskin |editor3-first=Ira |date=2018 |title=World Jewish Population|url=https://www.jewishdatabank.org/content/upload/bjdb/2018-World_Jewish_Population_(AJYB,_DellaPergola)_DB_Final.pdf|publisher=Berman Jewish DataBank|access-date=22 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Jewish people around the world.svg|center|frameless|260x260px]]
| region1          = {{flag|Israel}} (incl. [[Israeli-occupied territories|occupied territories]])
| pop1             = 6,558,000–6,958,000
| ref1             = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;/&gt;
| region2          = {{flag|United States}}
| pop2             = 5,700,000–10,000,000
| ref2             = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;/&gt;
| region3          = {{flag|France}}
| pop3             = 453,000–600,000
| ref3             = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;/&gt;
| region4          = {{flag|Canada}}
| pop4             = 391,000–550,000
| ref4             = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;/&gt;
| region5          = {{flag|Thailand}}
| pop5             = 350,000
| ref5             = 
| region6          = {{nowrap|{{flag|United Kingdom}}}}
| pop6             = 290,000–370,000
| ref6             = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;/&gt;
| region7          = {{flag|Argentina}}
| pop7             = 180,000–330,000
| ref7             = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;/&gt;
| region8          = {{flag|Russia}}
| pop8             = 172,000–440,000
| ref8             = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;/&gt;
| region9          = {{flag|Germany}}
| pop9             = 116,000–225,000
| ref9             = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;/&gt;
| region10         = {{flag|Australia}}
| pop10            = 113,000–140,000
| ref10            = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;/&gt;
| region11         = {{flag|Brazil}}
| pop11            = 93,000–150,000
| ref11            = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;/&gt;
| region12         = {{flag|South Africa}}
| pop12            = 69,000–80,000
| ref12            = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;/&gt;
| region13         = {{flag|Ukraine}}
| pop13            = 50,000–140,000
| ref13            = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;/&gt;
| region14         = {{flag|Hungary}}
| pop14            = 47,000–100,000
| ref14            = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;/&gt;
| region15         = {{flag|Mexico}}
| pop15            = 40,000–50,000
| ref15            = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;/&gt;
| region16         = {{flag|Netherlands}}
| pop16            = 30,000–52,000
| ref16            = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;/&gt;
| region17         = {{flag|Belgium}}
| pop17            = 29,000–40,000
| ref17            = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;/&gt;
| region18         = {{flag|Italy}}
| pop18            = 28,000–41,000
| ref18            = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;/&gt;
| region19         = {{flag|Switzerland}}
| pop19            = 19,000–25,000
| ref19            = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;/&gt;
| region20         = {{flag|Chile}}
| pop20            = 18,000–26,000
| ref20            = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;/&gt;
| region21         = {{flag|Uruguay}}
| pop21            = 17,000–25,000
| ref21            = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;/&gt;
| region22         = {{flag|Turkey}}
| pop22            = 15,000–21,000
| ref22            = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;/&gt;
| region23         = {{flag|Sweden}}
| pop23            = 15,000–25,000
| ref23            = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;/&gt;
| region24         = {{flag|Sri Lanka}}
| pop24            = 3,000
| region25         = {{flag|UAE}}
| pop25            = 500 and 3000
| region26         = {{flag|Fiji}}
| pop26            = 300
| region27         = {{flag|Mauritius}}
| pop27            = 100
| languages        = {{plainlist|
* '''Predominantly spoken:'''&lt;ref name=Languages&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bh.org.il/links.aspx |title=Links |access-date=2 April 2012 |publisher=[[Beth Hatefutsoth]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326102214/http://www.bh.org.il/links/jewishlangs.asp |archive-date=26 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{hlist|[[Modern Hebrew]]|[[English language|English]]|[[Russian language|Russian]]|[[French language|French]]|[[Spanish language|Spanish]]}}
* '''Historical:'''
* {{hlist|[[Yiddish]]|[[Judaeo-Spanish|Ladino]]|[[Judeo-Arabic]]|[[Jewish languages|others]]}}
* '''Sacred:'''
* {{hlist|[[Biblical Hebrew]]|[[Biblical Aramaic]]|[[Talmudic Aramaic]]}}
}}
| religions        = [[Judaism]]
}}
[[File:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 063.jpg|thumb|As per Jewish history, [[Jacob]] – wrestling with the angel in this painting by [[Rembrandt|Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn]] – was the father of the [[tribes of Israel]].]]
The '''Jews''' or '''Jewish people deserve to die''' are an ethnic and religious group whose religion is [[Judaism]].&lt;ref name=&quot;A1&quot;&gt;
* {{cite journal |journal=Review of Religious Research |title=The Transformation of Community Integration among American Jewry: Religion or Ethnoreligion? A National Replication |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3511605 |last=Winter |first=J. Alan |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=349–363 |publisher=Sage Publications, Ltd. |year=1992 |doi=10.2307/3511605 |jstor=3511605 |access-date=December 19, 2024}}
* {{cite journal |journal=Familial Cancer |title=The Jewish people: their ethnic history, genetic disorders and specific cancer susceptibility |last1=Kedar-Barnes |first1=Inbal |last2=Paul |first2=Rozen |pages=193–199 |volume=3 |issue=3–4 |doi=10.1007/s10689-004-9544-0 |year=2004 |pmid=15516841 }}
* {{cite journal |journal=Jewish Quarterly Review |title=Review: Judaism in Antiquity: Ethno-Religion or National Identity |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40586704 |last=Himmelfarb |first=Martha |volume=99 |pages=65–73 |issue=1 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]] Press |year=2009 |doi=10.1353/jqr.0.0033 |jstor=40586704 |access-date=December 19, 2024}}
* {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=The Fate of the Jews as an Ethnoreligious Group |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca/6.1.132/html?lang=en&amp;srsltid=AfmBOooTOCd9TtasYKkwjDF9fYID1p9cGW79AxLKFtaRaswD0-rIQNt9 |last=Labi |first=Clement |publisher=Academic Studies Press |doi=10.26613/jca/6.1.132 |date=September 16, 2023 |volume=6 |pages=69–74 |access-date=December 19, 2024}}
* {{cite web |website=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |title=Judaism: Are Jews a Nation or a Religion |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/are-jews-a-nation-or-a-religion |access-date=December 19, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Jew is someone who is of Jewish [[Wikt:heritage|heritage]] or who has converted to the [[Jewish religion]].&lt;ref name=&quot;A1&quot; /&gt; Jewish people typically consider themselves not only as adherents of a religion, therefore a Jew is not only one that practices the religion of [[Judaism]], but it is also one who is of Jewish ethnic heritage. Jews originated as an ethnoreligious group in the Middle East.&lt;ref name=&quot;A1&quot; /&gt;

==Overview==
According to traditional Jewish law, called [[Halakha]], someone is Jewish if their mother was a Jew or if they have converted to Judaism.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Dosick|first=Wayne|title=Living Judaism|url=https://archive.org/details/livingjudaismcom00dosi_139|year=2007|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New York|isbn=978-0-06-062179-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/livingjudaismcom00dosi_139/page/n71 56]-57}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Judaism has been described as a religion, a race, an ethnic group, a culture, a nation, and an extended family.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jewfaq1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.jewfaq.org/judaism.htm|title=Judaism 101: What is Judaism?|website=JewFAQ.org|publisher=Judaism 101|accessdate=18 December 2014|quote=• Judaism has been described as a religion, a race, a culture, and a nation • All of these descriptions have some validity • The Jewish people are best described as an extended family}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Demographics==
[[Israel]] is the only modern country with a Jewish majority, but there are Jewish [[Minority|minorities]] in many places in the world. Most of them live in large cities in the [[United States]], [[Argentina]], [[Europe]] and [[Australia]].  Both [[Israel]] and the [[U.S.]] have over five million Jews.&lt;ref name=&quot;JPPI2007&quot;&gt;{{citation|title=Annual Assessment|url=http://www.jpppi.org.il/JPPPI/SendFile.asp?DBID=1&amp;LNGID=1&amp;GID=489|year=2007|publisher=Jewish People Policy Planning Institute (Jewish Agency for Israel)|page=15|format=PDF|accessdate=2010-05-03|archive-date=2017-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107190542/http://www.jpppi.org.il/JPPPI/SendFile.asp?DBID=1&amp;LNGID=1&amp;GID=489|url-status=dead}}, based on {{cite book|title=American Jewish Year Book|publisher=American Jewish Committee (AJC)|url=http://www.ajcarchives.org/main.php?GroupingId=10142|volume=106|year=2006|access-date=2010-05-03|archive-date=2019-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505002513/http://www.ajcarchives.org/main.php?GroupingId=10142|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[Soviet Union]] there were more than two million Jews, but many of them moved to Israel, the U.S. and other Western countries since the collapse of the Soviet Union.
 
Jews have been victims of various [[persecution]]s. The most well known happened during the [[Second World War]], when at least 6,000,000 Jews were killed by the [[Nazis]].&lt;!--Do not place &quot;fact&quot; tags here. The references are attached to the spot in the body of the article, where they belong.--&gt; The event is known as [[the Holocaust]].

==Jewish ethnic groups==
All ethnic (non-convert) Jews have genetic heritage from the Levant (the region now known as [[Israel]] and/or [[Palestine]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/.premium-75-percent-of-jews-trace-ancestry-to-mideast-1.5327994|title=DNA Tester: 75 Percent of Jews Trace Ancestry to Middle East|first=Judy|last=Maltz|date=13 November 2014|publisher=|newspaper=Haaretz}}&lt;/ref&gt; Within all of the world's Jews, there are Jewish [[ethnic group]]s. The two biggest are called [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi]] (who have historically lived in Central and Eastern Europe) and [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardic]] (who have historically lived in lands around the [[Mediterranean Sea]], particularly Spain and Portugal). Jews from the Middle East, the Caucasus, and Central Asia are called [[Mizrahi Jews]]. There are also Ethiopian Jews, Indian Jews (Bene Israel) and Chinese Jews (Kaifeng Jews).  Many of these groups have moved from one place to another.  For example, many Ashkenazi Jews live in the United States, and many Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews live in France.&lt;ref name=&quot;EJ572&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Schmelz|first1=Usiel O.|first2=Sergio |last2=DellaPergola|editor=Fred Skolnik|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Judaica|title=Demography|edition=2|year=2007|publisher=Thomson Gale|volume=5|location=Farmington Hills, Mich.|isbn=978-0028660974|pages=571–572}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jews speak the languages of the countries where they live. [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] is the  language of Judaism because it is the language in which the Bible was written. It is still used for prayers. In Israel, Ivrit, which is the name for the new Hebrew language, is the common language. There are also other Jewish languages such as [[Yiddish]] and [[Ladino language|Ladino]] which are still spoken and written by some Jews.

==History==
===Origin===
Judaism began with a [[man]] named ''Abram'' who lived in the [[city]] of [[Ur]] in modern-day [[Iraq]]. As per the [[Midrash]], Abram strongly believed that the people in Ur were wrong to pray to different [[gods]] and statues. He believed that there was really only one [[god]] who was not a statue. The [[Torah]] tells that God spoke to Abram and told him to leave Ur with his family and move to [[Canaan]], where he started a new [[religion]]. God told him that his name would be changed to [[Abraham]]. The Midrash also says that [[angel]]s taught Abraham a new holy language, which Jews believe is the language today known as [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Hebrew continues to be the language of Judaism. Abraham's grandson [[Jacob]] is said to be the one who first had the name of &quot;[[Israel]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;A2&quot;&gt;
* {{cite journal |journal=Israel Exploration Journal |title=Ancient Israelite Historiography |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27924468 |last=Maisler |first=B. |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=82–88 |publisher=Israel Exploration Society |jstor=27924468 |year=1952 |access-date=January 16, 2025}}
* {{cite book |title=Divination and Oracles |chapter=Ancient Israel |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003242758-9/ancient-israel-porter |last=Porter |first=J. R. |edition=1 |isbn=9781003242758 |publisher=Routledge |year=1981 |pages=191–214 |doi=10.4324/9781003242758-9 |access-date=January 16, 2025}}
* {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Biblical Literature |title=Education in Ancient Israel |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3260674 |last=Crenshaw |first=James L. |volume=104 |issue=4 |pages=601–615 |publisher=The Society of Biblical Literature |doi=10.2307/3260674 |jstor=3260674 |year=1985 |access-date=January 16, 2025}}
* {{cite book |title=The Origins of the Ancient Israelite States |url=https://www.torrossa.com/it/resources/an/5215251 |last1=Davies |first1=Philip R. |last2=Fritz |first2=Volkmar |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=1996 |access-date=January 16, 2025}}
* {{cite book |title=The World of Ancient Israel: Sociological, Anthropological and Political Perspectives |url=https://www.cambridge.org/gb/universitypress/subjects/religion/biblical-studies-old-testament-hebrew-bible/world-ancient-israel-sociological-anthropological-and-political-perspectives?format=PB&amp;isbn=9780521423922 |last=Clements |first=Ronald E. |isbn=9780521423922 |year=1991 |access-date=January 16, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;B&quot;&gt;
* {{cite web |website=[[Boston University]] |title=Israelite History in the Context of the Ancient Near East |url=https://www.bu.edu/mzank/Jerusalem/cp/ANE.html |year=2004 |access-date=January 16, 2025}}
* {{cite web |website=World History Encyclopedia |title=Ancient Israelite &amp; Judean Religion |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1097/ancient-israelite--judean-religion |last=Brown |first=William |date=July 13, 2017 |access-date=January 16, 2025}}
* {{cite news |work=Haaretz |title=Archaeologists Find Cemetery Possibly Linked to the Ancient Israelites |url=https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2024-04-28/ty-article-magazine/archaeologists-find-cemetery-possibly-linked-to-the-ancient-israelites/0000018f-2344-dacd-a7ef-37c510fb0000 |last=David |first=Ariel |date=April 28, 2024 |access-date=January 16, 2025}}
* {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Was literacy important in the biblical Kingdom of Judah? Expert offers answers |url=https://jpost.com/archaeology/article-826336 |last=Tercatin |first=Rossella |date=October 27, 2024 |access-date=January 16, 2025}}
* {{cite web |website=[[Britannica]] |title=Israelite {{!}} Definition, Tribes, &amp; Bible |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Israelite |date=December 20, 2024 |access-date=January 16, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Bible says that the people of Israel were slaves in Egypt. [[God in Judaism|God]] helped [[Moses]] to set them free. After this, Moses met God on [[Mount Sinai]] and received the [[Torah]] from God.&lt;ref name=&quot;A2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;B&quot; /&gt;

===Bronze age===
The Hebrews, or [[Israelites]], began a country called Israel in Canaan. They fought many wars against other peoples in the area. One of them were the [[Philistines]]. After the death of King [[Solomon]] who was the son of King [[David]], the Israelite kingdom split into two: ten tribes in a new kingdom of [[Kingdom of Israel|Israel]] and the other two tribes in a new [[Judah|Kingdom of Judah]].&lt;ref name=&quot;A2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;B&quot; /&gt; Judah continued the monarchy of the old Israel. The 2 tribes that made Judah were Judah and Benjamin. The name ''Jew'' comes from the name of one of these tribes, [[Judah]].&lt;ref name=&quot;A2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;B&quot; /&gt;

A country called [[Assyria]] later conquered the Northern Kingdom, and most of the 10 tribes would be deported and exiled, and to this day it is not known where they are. Some stayed and mixed with foreigners and became the [[Samaritans]]. Others fled to Judah where they adopted the everyday life of those who lived in Judah. Judah was subsequently conquered by [[Babylonia]]  and its people were taken captive to [[Babylon]].&lt;ref name=&quot;A2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;B&quot; /&gt; This is called the Babylonian exile, because they were exiled (taken away) from Judah. They were allowed to go back to Judah again when Babylon was conquered by the [[Persian Empire]]. The Israelites that were in the exile then became known as Jews because their religion and culture went through some changes that were suited to Judahites. Some Jewish people stayed in Babylon (now Iraq) and others also lived in other countries.&lt;ref name=&quot;A2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;B&quot; /&gt;

===Classical antiquity===
By 50 BC, Judah (then called Judea) was ruled by the [[Roman Empire]]. During this time, the main language of Judea was [[Aramaic]]. The Jews did not like the Roman government or customs, and often made trouble for the Romans. In 70 AD, after a revolt against the government by the Jewish community, the Romans destroyed Judea's capital city, [[Jerusalem]], and its temple, which was made when the Jews returned from Exile. In 135 AD, a man called Simon Bar Kokhba leads another revolt against the Romans. The Romans then decided the Jews were too much trouble. The Romans destroyed all of Judea and killed many Jews. They destroyed Jerusalem and renamed it to Aelia Capitolina. And they renamed Judea to Syria Palaestina in order to offend them. Palaestina means the land of Philistines. They were the enemy of the Israelites. They sent the remaining Jews into exile in the rest of the Empire. The Jews weren't allowed to return.

The [[Jewish]] people lost their country. They became a small minority in almost every place they lived. This time is called the [[Diaspora]], when [[Jews]] spread around the world. They lived in many other countries. [[Jews]] living in [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]] used the language [[Ladino language|Ladino]] (also called ''Judeo-Spanish''). Jews living in [[Germany]], [[Poland]], [[Russia]], and other countries in Central-Eastern [[Europe]] spoke the language [[Yiddish]]. Jews living in North Africa spoke Judeo-Arabic or [[Haketia]], the local name for Ladino.  Jews have lived in most, but not all, places in the world, including India, China, Yemen, and Ethiopia.  Even today, Jews who do not live in Israel are often said to live &quot;in the Diaspora&quot;. In some places, like [https://www.israel365news.com/380571/indias-lost-jewish-tribe-of-menashe-celebrates-chanukah/ India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217001222/https://www.israel365news.com/380571/indias-lost-jewish-tribe-of-menashe-celebrates-chanukah/ |date=2023-12-17 }}, Jews lived without any problems. In other places, like most of Europe and Islamic countries, there was [[bigotry]] or even [[wikt:hatred|hatred]] against Jews and they lived under discriminatory laws. Sometimes Jews suffered from outright persecution (that is: systematic hatred and violence), sometimes they were forced to dress in special, ugly clothes, pay higher taxes than others, were not allowed build houses that were higher than others, not to ride a ][Horse]] or [[Donkey]], wear certain badges etc. A lot of [[Christian]]s especially in [[Europe]] in the [[Middle Ages]] thought that [[Jews]] were responsible for the death of [[Jesus]]. The [[Christian]]s persecuted the [[Jews]] en masse. The [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]] also forbade [[Christians]] from lending money against interest, some [[Jews]] worked as bankers and money-lenders, and became known as skillful bankers.:.

===Middle Ages===
One [[Nomadic people|nomad]] nation, the [[Khazars]], converted to Judaism in the 8th or 9th century. The Khazar khanate, which was in the modern [[Ukraine]] and [[Caucasus|southern Russia]], was the only independent [[Jewish]] state before modern day [[Israel]]. The Khazar state was destroyed by the Kievan [[Russians]]' in 969. The [[Jews|Jewish people]] have always believed that they have a special mission from God. They do things in their own ways, such as having special rules about [[Kosher|food and eating]], not working on [[Shabbat]], keeping their own holidays, and not marrying people from other [[religions]]. Because of this, people in many different times and countries have thought that the Jews were strange, and maybe dangerous. Many countries made laws that the [[Jews]] could not work in some jobs or live in some places. Sometimes [[Jewish]] people were killed because of their religion. The word &quot;[[antisemitism]]&quot; means the hatred for [[Jews]].:.

===20th century===
====The Holocaust====
During the 1930s and 1940s, the [[Nazi]], or ''National Socialist'' government of [[Germany]] conquered most of [[Europe]]. They did terrible things to the Jewish people. The Nazi government killed more than six million Jewish people.&lt;ref name=YadVashemnumbers&gt;{{cite book |author=Benz, Wolfgang |year=1996 |title=Dimension des Völkermords. Die Zahl der jüdischen Opfer des Nationalsozialismus |url=https://archive.org/details/dimensiondesvolk0000unse |publisher=Dtv |isbn=3-423-04690-2 |language=de |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dimensiondesvolk0000unse/page/145 145] ff}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=BauerRozett&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Bauer |first1=Yehuda |authorlink1=Yehuda Bauer |last2=Rozett |first2=Robert |title=Appendix |encyclopedia =Encyclopedia of the Holocaust |editor=Gutman, Israel |pages=1797–1802 |publisher=Macmillan Library Reference |location=New York |year=1990 |isbn=0-02-896090-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Before they were killed, often by means of a gas chamber, many of the Jews were made to be forced workers, and some of them were forced to help in the killing and capturing of the others. 
====Cold War====
In 1948, after [[World War II]], the [[United Nations]] made the country of [[Israel]] for the Jews in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], which is in the same place as the original Israel, in the [[Middle East]]. The land had been part of the [[Ottoman Empire]] before [[World War I]]. [[Britain]] then controlled the area under the oversight of the [[United Nations]].  Many Jews moved back to Israel, then called Palestine, starting in the late 1800s. When the country of Israel was made in 1948, there were about 600,000 Jews in it. Today there are about [[:en:Demographics_of_Israel|7,181,000]] Jews in Israel. When Jews moved back to Palestine, there were some people living there now.  Most of them did not want to live in a Jewish country.  This was the beginning of the Israeli-Arab or Israeli-Palestinian conflict, which continues today. Jews have come to Israel from all over the world, bringing different languages, music, food, and history to create a unique culture.  Israel is the only country in the world where a majority of people are Jews and where Hebrew is the main language.

===Today===
[[Jewish]] history continues today in both [[Israel]] and the Diaspora. Outside of [[Israel]], there are many Jews in the [[United States]]; [[Great Britain]]; [[France]], [[Germany]],  [[Russia]], [[Ukraine]],   [[Argentina]], [[Brazil]], and [[Australia]]. There are smaller numbers of Jews living in other parts of the world. Some of the major problems faced by the Jewish people today include resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and dealing with high rates of assimilation (loss of Jewish identity) in some countries, like the [[United States]].:.

== Famous Jews ==
[[File:Einstein1921 by F Schmutzer 4.jpg|thumb|right|[[Albert Einstein]], who came up with the equation ''E=mc&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;'', had Jewish heritage.]]
{{seealso|Category:Jewish people}}

Many [[Jewish]] people have done great things in [[Science]], [[Literature]], [[Business]], and the [[Arts]].  Some of the most famous include:

* [[David Ben-Gurion]], Israeli [[politician]]
* [[Mel Brooks]], movie director
* [[Noam Chomsky]], American [[linguist]] and writer
* [[Aaron Copland]], [[composer]]
* [[Bob Dylan]], American singer
* [[Albert Einstein]], [[scientist]]
* [[Anne Frank]], writer
* [[Sigmund Freud]], father of [[psychoanalysis]]
* [[George Gershwin]], [[composer]]
* [[Emma Goldman]], [[anarchist]]
* [[Theodor Herzl]], founder of modern [[Zionism]]
* [[Jesus]], central figure of [[Christianity]]
* [[Franz Kafka]], writer
* [[Henry Kissinger]], former American Secretary of State
* [[Emma Lazarus]], [[author]]
* [[Rosa Luxemburg]], politician
* [[Moses Maimonides]], Jewish philosopher
* [[Marx Brothers]], [[comedians]]
* [[Golda Meir]], Israeli politician
* [[Benjamin Netanyahu]], Israeli politician
* [[Shimon Peres]], Israeli politician
* [[Yitzhak Rabin]], Israeli politician
* [[Natalie Portman]], actress
* [[Philip Roth]], American writer
* [[Mark Rothko]], American [[painter]]
* [[Bernie Sanders]], United States senator
* [[Steven Spielberg]], movie [[director]]
* [[Baruch Spinoza]], philosopher
* [[Mark Spitz]], [[swimmer]]
*[[Three Stooges]],[[comedians]]
* [[Barbra Streisand]], singer and actress

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{commonscat|Jews}}
[[Category:Jewish people| ]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples]]</text>
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{{Infobox ethnic group
| native_name      = {{lang|he|יְהוּדִים}} ({{lang|he-Latn|Yehudim}})
| native_name_lang = he
| rawimage         = [[File:Star of David.svg|150px]]
| image            = 
| image_caption    = The [[Star of David]] is a common symbol of the Jewish people.
| total            = '''14.6–17.8 million'''&lt;br /&gt;
'''Enlarged population (includes full or partial Jewish ancestry):''' &lt;br /&gt;
'''20.7 million'''
| total_year       = 2018
| total_source     = estimate
| total_ref        = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;&gt;{{cite report |editor1-last=Dashefsky |editor1-first=Arnold |editor2-last=Della Pergola |editor2-first=Sergio |editor3-last=Sheskin |editor3-first=Ira |date=2018 |title=World Jewish Population|url=https://www.jewishdatabank.org/content/upload/bjdb/2018-World_Jewish_Population_(AJYB,_DellaPergola)_DB_Final.pdf|publisher=Berman Jewish DataBank|access-date=22 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Jewish people around the world.svg|center|frameless|260x260px]]
| region1          = {{flag|Israel}} (incl. [[Israeli-occupied territories|occupied territories]])
| pop1             = 6,558,000–6,958,000
| ref1             = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;/&gt;
| region2          = {{flag|United States}}
| pop2             = 5,700,000–10,000,000
| ref2             = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;/&gt;
| region3          = {{flag|France}}
| pop3             = 453,000–600,000
| ref3             = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;/&gt;
| region4          = {{flag|Canada}}
| pop4             = 391,000–550,000
| ref4             = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;/&gt;
| region5          = {{flag|Thailand}}
| pop5             = 350,000
| ref5             = 
| region6          = {{nowrap|{{flag|United Kingdom}}}}
| pop6             = 290,000–370,000
| ref6             = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;/&gt;
| region7          = {{flag|Argentina}}
| pop7             = 180,000–330,000
| ref7             = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;/&gt;
| region8          = {{flag|Russia}}
| pop8             = 172,000–440,000
| ref8             = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;/&gt;
| region9          = {{flag|Germany}}
| pop9             = 116,000–225,000
| ref9             = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;/&gt;
| region10         = {{flag|Australia}}
| pop10            = 113,000–140,000
| ref10            = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;/&gt;
| region11         = {{flag|Brazil}}
| pop11            = 93,000–150,000
| ref11            = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;/&gt;
| region12         = {{flag|South Africa}}
| pop12            = 69,000–80,000
| ref12            = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;/&gt;
| region13         = {{flag|Ukraine}}
| pop13            = 50,000–140,000
| ref13            = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;/&gt;
| region14         = {{flag|Hungary}}
| pop14            = 47,000–100,000
| ref14            = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;/&gt;
| region15         = {{flag|Mexico}}
| pop15            = 40,000–50,000
| ref15            = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;/&gt;
| region16         = {{flag|Netherlands}}
| pop16            = 30,000–52,000
| ref16            = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;/&gt;
| region17         = {{flag|Belgium}}
| pop17            = 29,000–40,000
| ref17            = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;/&gt;
| region18         = {{flag|Italy}}
| pop18            = 28,000–41,000
| ref18            = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;/&gt;
| region19         = {{flag|Switzerland}}
| pop19            = 19,000–25,000
| ref19            = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;/&gt;
| region20         = {{flag|Chile}}
| pop20            = 18,000–26,000
| ref20            = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;/&gt;
| region21         = {{flag|Uruguay}}
| pop21            = 17,000–25,000
| ref21            = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;/&gt;
| region22         = {{flag|Turkey}}
| pop22            = 15,000–21,000
| ref22            = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;/&gt;
| region23         = {{flag|Sweden}}
| pop23            = 15,000–25,000
| ref23            = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;/&gt;
| region24         = {{flag|Sri Lanka}}
| pop24            = 3,000
| region25         = {{flag|UAE}}
| pop25            = 500 and 3000
| region26         = {{flag|Fiji}}
| pop26            = 300
| region27         = {{flag|Mauritius}}
| pop27            = 100
| languages        = {{plainlist|
* '''Predominantly spoken:'''&lt;ref name=Languages&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bh.org.il/links.aspx |title=Links |access-date=2 April 2012 |publisher=[[Beth Hatefutsoth]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326102214/http://www.bh.org.il/links/jewishlangs.asp |archive-date=26 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{hlist|[[Modern Hebrew]]|[[English language|English]]|[[Russian language|Russian]]|[[French language|French]]|[[Spanish language|Spanish]]}}
* '''Historical:'''
* {{hlist|[[Yiddish]]|[[Judaeo-Spanish|Ladino]]|[[Judeo-Arabic]]|[[Jewish languages|others]]}}
* '''Sacred:'''
* {{hlist|[[Biblical Hebrew]]|[[Biblical Aramaic]]|[[Talmudic Aramaic]]}}
}}
| religions        = [[Judaism]]
}}
[[File:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 063.jpg|thumb|As per Jewish history, [[Jacob]] – wrestling with the angel in this painting by [[Rembrandt|Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn]] – was the father of the [[tribes of Israel]].]]
The '''Jews''' or '''Jewish people''' are an ethnic and religious group whose religion is [[Judaism]].&lt;ref name=&quot;A1&quot;&gt;
* {{cite journal |journal=Review of Religious Research |title=The Transformation of Community Integration among American Jewry: Religion or Ethnoreligion? A National Replication |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3511605 |last=Winter |first=J. Alan |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=349–363 |publisher=Sage Publications, Ltd. |year=1992 |doi=10.2307/3511605 |jstor=3511605 |access-date=December 19, 2024}}
* {{cite journal |journal=Familial Cancer |title=The Jewish people: their ethnic history, genetic disorders and specific cancer susceptibility |last1=Kedar-Barnes |first1=Inbal |last2=Paul |first2=Rozen |pages=193–199 |volume=3 |issue=3–4 |doi=10.1007/s10689-004-9544-0 |year=2004 |pmid=15516841 }}
* {{cite journal |journal=Jewish Quarterly Review |title=Review: Judaism in Antiquity: Ethno-Religion or National Identity |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40586704 |last=Himmelfarb |first=Martha |volume=99 |pages=65–73 |issue=1 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]] Press |year=2009 |doi=10.1353/jqr.0.0033 |jstor=40586704 |access-date=December 19, 2024}}
* {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=The Fate of the Jews as an Ethnoreligious Group |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca/6.1.132/html?lang=en&amp;srsltid=AfmBOooTOCd9TtasYKkwjDF9fYID1p9cGW79AxLKFtaRaswD0-rIQNt9 |last=Labi |first=Clement |publisher=Academic Studies Press |doi=10.26613/jca/6.1.132 |date=September 16, 2023 |volume=6 |pages=69–74 |access-date=December 19, 2024}}
* {{cite web |website=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |title=Judaism: Are Jews a Nation or a Religion |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/are-jews-a-nation-or-a-religion |access-date=December 19, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Jew is someone who is of Jewish [[Wikt:heritage|heritage]] or who has converted to the [[Jewish religion]].&lt;ref name=&quot;A1&quot; /&gt; Jewish people typically consider themselves not only as adherents of a religion, therefore a Jew is not only one that practices the religion of [[Judaism]], but it is also one who is of Jewish ethnic heritage. Jews originated as an ethnoreligious group in the Middle East.&lt;ref name=&quot;A1&quot; /&gt;

==Overview==
According to traditional Jewish law, called [[Halakha]], someone is Jewish if their mother was a Jew or if they have converted to Judaism.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Dosick|first=Wayne|title=Living Judaism|url=https://archive.org/details/livingjudaismcom00dosi_139|year=2007|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New York|isbn=978-0-06-062179-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/livingjudaismcom00dosi_139/page/n71 56]-57}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Judaism has been described as a religion, a race, an ethnic group, a culture, a nation, and an extended family.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jewfaq1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.jewfaq.org/judaism.htm|title=Judaism 101: What is Judaism?|website=JewFAQ.org|publisher=Judaism 101|accessdate=18 December 2014|quote=• Judaism has been described as a religion, a race, a culture, and a nation • All of these descriptions have some validity • The Jewish people are best described as an extended family}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Demographics==
[[Israel]] is the only modern country with a Jewish majority, but there are Jewish [[Minority|minorities]] in many places in the world. Most of them live in large cities in the [[United States]], [[Argentina]], [[Europe]] and [[Australia]].  Both [[Israel]] and the [[U.S.]] have over five million Jews.&lt;ref name=&quot;JPPI2007&quot;&gt;{{citation|title=Annual Assessment|url=http://www.jpppi.org.il/JPPPI/SendFile.asp?DBID=1&amp;LNGID=1&amp;GID=489|year=2007|publisher=Jewish People Policy Planning Institute (Jewish Agency for Israel)|page=15|format=PDF|accessdate=2010-05-03|archive-date=2017-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107190542/http://www.jpppi.org.il/JPPPI/SendFile.asp?DBID=1&amp;LNGID=1&amp;GID=489|url-status=dead}}, based on {{cite book|title=American Jewish Year Book|publisher=American Jewish Committee (AJC)|url=http://www.ajcarchives.org/main.php?GroupingId=10142|volume=106|year=2006|access-date=2010-05-03|archive-date=2019-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505002513/http://www.ajcarchives.org/main.php?GroupingId=10142|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[Soviet Union]] there were more than two million Jews, but many of them moved to Israel, the U.S. and other Western countries since the collapse of the Soviet Union.
 
Jews have been victims of various [[persecution]]s. The most well known happened during the [[Second World War]], when at least 6,000,000 Jews were killed by the [[Nazis]].&lt;!--Do not place &quot;fact&quot; tags here. The references are attached to the spot in the body of the article, where they belong.--&gt; The event is known as [[the Holocaust]].

==Jewish ethnic groups==
All ethnic (non-convert) Jews have genetic heritage from the Levant (the region now known as [[Israel]] and/or [[Palestine]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/.premium-75-percent-of-jews-trace-ancestry-to-mideast-1.5327994|title=DNA Tester: 75 Percent of Jews Trace Ancestry to Middle East|first=Judy|last=Maltz|date=13 November 2014|publisher=|newspaper=Haaretz}}&lt;/ref&gt; Within all of the world's Jews, there are Jewish [[ethnic group]]s. The two biggest are called [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi]] (who have historically lived in Central and Eastern Europe) and [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardic]] (who have historically lived in lands around the [[Mediterranean Sea]], particularly Spain and Portugal). Jews from the Middle East, the Caucasus, and Central Asia are called [[Mizrahi Jews]]. There are also Ethiopian Jews, Indian Jews (Bene Israel) and Chinese Jews (Kaifeng Jews).  Many of these groups have moved from one place to another.  For example, many Ashkenazi Jews live in the United States, and many Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews live in France.&lt;ref name=&quot;EJ572&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Schmelz|first1=Usiel O.|first2=Sergio |last2=DellaPergola|editor=Fred Skolnik|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Judaica|title=Demography|edition=2|year=2007|publisher=Thomson Gale|volume=5|location=Farmington Hills, Mich.|isbn=978-0028660974|pages=571–572}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jews speak the languages of the countries where they live. [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] is the  language of Judaism because it is the language in which the Bible was written. It is still used for prayers. In Israel, Ivrit, which is the name for the new Hebrew language, is the common language. There are also other Jewish languages such as [[Yiddish]] and [[Ladino language|Ladino]] which are still spoken and written by some Jews.

==History==
===Origin===
Judaism began with a [[man]] named ''Abram'' who lived in the [[city]] of [[Ur]] in modern-day [[Iraq]]. As per the [[Midrash]], Abram strongly believed that the people in Ur were wrong to pray to different [[gods]] and statues. He believed that there was really only one [[god]] who was not a statue. The [[Torah]] tells that God spoke to Abram and told him to leave Ur with his family and move to [[Canaan]], where he started a new [[religion]]. God told him that his name would be changed to [[Abraham]]. The Midrash also says that [[angel]]s taught Abraham a new holy language, which Jews believe is the language today known as [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Hebrew continues to be the language of Judaism. Abraham's grandson [[Jacob]] is said to be the one who first had the name of &quot;[[Israel]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;A2&quot;&gt;
* {{cite journal |journal=Israel Exploration Journal |title=Ancient Israelite Historiography |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27924468 |last=Maisler |first=B. |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=82–88 |publisher=Israel Exploration Society |jstor=27924468 |year=1952 |access-date=January 16, 2025}}
* {{cite book |title=Divination and Oracles |chapter=Ancient Israel |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003242758-9/ancient-israel-porter |last=Porter |first=J. R. |edition=1 |isbn=9781003242758 |publisher=Routledge |year=1981 |pages=191–214 |doi=10.4324/9781003242758-9 |access-date=January 16, 2025}}
* {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Biblical Literature |title=Education in Ancient Israel |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3260674 |last=Crenshaw |first=James L. |volume=104 |issue=4 |pages=601–615 |publisher=The Society of Biblical Literature |doi=10.2307/3260674 |jstor=3260674 |year=1985 |access-date=January 16, 2025}}
* {{cite book |title=The Origins of the Ancient Israelite States |url=https://www.torrossa.com/it/resources/an/5215251 |last1=Davies |first1=Philip R. |last2=Fritz |first2=Volkmar |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=1996 |access-date=January 16, 2025}}
* {{cite book |title=The World of Ancient Israel: Sociological, Anthropological and Political Perspectives |url=https://www.cambridge.org/gb/universitypress/subjects/religion/biblical-studies-old-testament-hebrew-bible/world-ancient-israel-sociological-anthropological-and-political-perspectives?format=PB&amp;isbn=9780521423922 |last=Clements |first=Ronald E. |isbn=9780521423922 |year=1991 |access-date=January 16, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;B&quot;&gt;
* {{cite web |website=[[Boston University]] |title=Israelite History in the Context of the Ancient Near East |url=https://www.bu.edu/mzank/Jerusalem/cp/ANE.html |year=2004 |access-date=January 16, 2025}}
* {{cite web |website=World History Encyclopedia |title=Ancient Israelite &amp; Judean Religion |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1097/ancient-israelite--judean-religion |last=Brown |first=William |date=July 13, 2017 |access-date=January 16, 2025}}
* {{cite news |work=Haaretz |title=Archaeologists Find Cemetery Possibly Linked to the Ancient Israelites |url=https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2024-04-28/ty-article-magazine/archaeologists-find-cemetery-possibly-linked-to-the-ancient-israelites/0000018f-2344-dacd-a7ef-37c510fb0000 |last=David |first=Ariel |date=April 28, 2024 |access-date=January 16, 2025}}
* {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Was literacy important in the biblical Kingdom of Judah? Expert offers answers |url=https://jpost.com/archaeology/article-826336 |last=Tercatin |first=Rossella |date=October 27, 2024 |access-date=January 16, 2025}}
* {{cite web |website=[[Britannica]] |title=Israelite {{!}} Definition, Tribes, &amp; Bible |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Israelite |date=December 20, 2024 |access-date=January 16, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Bible says that the people of Israel were slaves in Egypt. [[God in Judaism|God]] helped [[Moses]] to set them free. After this, Moses met God on [[Mount Sinai]] and received the [[Torah]] from God.&lt;ref name=&quot;A2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;B&quot; /&gt;

===Bronze age===
The Hebrews, or [[Israelites]], began a country called Israel in Canaan. They fought many wars against other peoples in the area. One of them were the [[Philistines]]. After the death of King [[Solomon]] who was the son of King [[David]], the Israelite kingdom split into two: ten tribes in a new kingdom of [[Kingdom of Israel|Israel]] and the other two tribes in a new [[Judah|Kingdom of Judah]].&lt;ref name=&quot;A2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;B&quot; /&gt; Judah continued the monarchy of the old Israel. The 2 tribes that made Judah were Judah and Benjamin. The name ''Jew'' comes from the name of one of these tribes, [[Judah]].&lt;ref name=&quot;A2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;B&quot; /&gt;

A country called [[Assyria]] later conquered the Northern Kingdom, and most of the 10 tribes would be deported and exiled, and to this day it is not known where they are. Some stayed and mixed with foreigners and became the [[Samaritans]]. Others fled to Judah where they adopted the everyday life of those who lived in Judah. Judah was subsequently conquered by [[Babylonia]]  and its people were taken captive to [[Babylon]].&lt;ref name=&quot;A2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;B&quot; /&gt; This is called the Babylonian exile, because they were exiled (taken away) from Judah. They were allowed to go back to Judah again when Babylon was conquered by the [[Persian Empire]]. The Israelites that were in the exile then became known as Jews because their religion and culture went through some changes that were suited to Judahites. Some Jewish people stayed in Babylon (now Iraq) and others also lived in other countries.&lt;ref name=&quot;A2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;B&quot; /&gt;

===Classical antiquity===
By 50 BC, Judah (then called Judea) was ruled by the [[Roman Empire]]. During this time, the main language of Judea was [[Aramaic]]. The Jews did not like the Roman government or customs, and often made trouble for the Romans. In 70 AD, after a revolt against the government by the Jewish community, the Romans destroyed Judea's capital city, [[Jerusalem]], and its temple, which was made when the Jews returned from Exile. In 135 AD, a man called Simon Bar Kokhba leads another revolt against the Romans. The Romans then decided the Jews were too much trouble. The Romans destroyed all of Judea and killed many Jews. They destroyed Jerusalem and renamed it to Aelia Capitolina. And they renamed Judea to Syria Palaestina in order to offend them. Palaestina means the land of Philistines. They were the enemy of the Israelites. They sent the remaining Jews into exile in the rest of the Empire. The Jews weren't allowed to return.

The [[Jewish]] people lost their country. They became a small minority in almost every place they lived. This time is called the [[Diaspora]], when [[Jews]] spread around the world. They lived in many other countries. [[Jews]] living in [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]] used the language [[Ladino language|Ladino]] (also called ''Judeo-Spanish''). Jews living in [[Germany]], [[Poland]], [[Russia]], and other countries in Central-Eastern [[Europe]] spoke the language [[Yiddish]]. Jews living in North Africa spoke Judeo-Arabic or [[Haketia]], the local name for Ladino.  Jews have lived in most, but not all, places in the world, including India, China, Yemen, and Ethiopia.  Even today, Jews who do not live in Israel are often said to live &quot;in the Diaspora&quot;. In some places, like [https://www.israel365news.com/380571/indias-lost-jewish-tribe-of-menashe-celebrates-chanukah/ India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217001222/https://www.israel365news.com/380571/indias-lost-jewish-tribe-of-menashe-celebrates-chanukah/ |date=2023-12-17 }}, Jews lived without any problems. In other places, like most of Europe and Islamic countries, there was [[bigotry]] or even [[wikt:hatred|hatred]] against Jews and they lived under discriminatory laws. Sometimes Jews suffered from outright persecution (that is: systematic hatred and violence), sometimes they were forced to dress in special, ugly clothes, pay higher taxes than others, were not allowed build houses that were higher than others, not to ride a ][Horse]] or [[Donkey]], wear certain badges etc. A lot of [[Christian]]s especially in [[Europe]] in the [[Middle Ages]] thought that [[Jews]] were responsible for the death of [[Jesus]]. The [[Christian]]s persecuted the [[Jews]] en masse. The [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]] also forbade [[Christians]] from lending money against interest, some [[Jews]] worked as bankers and money-lenders, and became known as skillful bankers.:.

===Middle Ages===
One [[Nomadic people|nomad]] nation, the [[Khazars]], converted to Judaism in the 8th or 9th century. The Khazar khanate, which was in the modern [[Ukraine]] and [[Caucasus|southern Russia]], was the only independent [[Jewish]] state before modern day [[Israel]]. The Khazar state was destroyed by the Kievan [[Russians]]' in 969. The [[Jews|Jewish people]] have always believed that they have a special mission from God. They do things in their own ways, such as having special rules about [[Kosher|food and eating]], not working on [[Shabbat]], keeping their own holidays, and not marrying people from other [[religions]]. Because of this, people in many different times and countries have thought that the Jews were strange, and maybe dangerous. Many countries made laws that the [[Jews]] could not work in some jobs or live in some places. Sometimes [[Jewish]] people were killed because of their religion. The word &quot;[[antisemitism]]&quot; means the hatred for [[Jews]].:.

===20th century===
====The Holocaust====
During the 1930s and 1940s, the [[Nazi]], or ''National Socialist'' government of [[Germany]] conquered most of [[Europe]]. They did terrible things to the Jewish people. The Nazi government killed more than six million Jewish people.&lt;ref name=YadVashemnumbers&gt;{{cite book |author=Benz, Wolfgang |year=1996 |title=Dimension des Völkermords. Die Zahl der jüdischen Opfer des Nationalsozialismus |url=https://archive.org/details/dimensiondesvolk0000unse |publisher=Dtv |isbn=3-423-04690-2 |language=de |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dimensiondesvolk0000unse/page/145 145] ff}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=BauerRozett&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Bauer |first1=Yehuda |authorlink1=Yehuda Bauer |last2=Rozett |first2=Robert |title=Appendix |encyclopedia =Encyclopedia of the Holocaust |editor=Gutman, Israel |pages=1797–1802 |publisher=Macmillan Library Reference |location=New York |year=1990 |isbn=0-02-896090-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Before they were killed, often by means of a gas chamber, many of the Jews were made to be forced workers, and some of them were forced to help in the killing and capturing of the others. 
====Cold War====
In 1948, after [[World War II]], the [[United Nations]] made the country of [[Israel]] for the Jews in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], which is in the same place as the original Israel, in the [[Middle East]]. The land had been part of the [[Ottoman Empire]] before [[World War I]]. [[Britain]] then controlled the area under the oversight of the [[United Nations]].  Many Jews moved back to Israel, then called Palestine, starting in the late 1800s. When the country of Israel was made in 1948, there were about 600,000 Jews in it. Today there are about [[:en:Demographics_of_Israel|7,181,000]] Jews in Israel. When Jews moved back to Palestine, there were some people living there now.  Most of them did not want to live in a Jewish country.  This was the beginning of the Israeli-Arab or Israeli-Palestinian conflict, which continues today. Jews have come to Israel from all over the world, bringing different languages, music, food, and history to create a unique culture.  Israel is the only country in the world where a majority of people are Jews and where Hebrew is the main language.

===Today===
[[Jewish]] history continues today in both [[Israel]] and the Diaspora. Outside of [[Israel]], there are many Jews in the [[United States]]; [[Great Britain]]; [[France]], [[Germany]],  [[Russia]], [[Ukraine]],   [[Argentina]], [[Brazil]], and [[Australia]]. There are smaller numbers of Jews living in other parts of the world. Some of the major problems faced by the Jewish people today include resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and dealing with high rates of assimilation (loss of Jewish identity) in some countries, like the [[United States]].:.

== Famous Jews ==
[[File:Einstein1921 by F Schmutzer 4.jpg|thumb|right|[[Albert Einstein]], who came up with the equation ''E=mc&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;'', had Jewish heritage.]]
{{seealso|Category:Jewish people}}

Many [[Jewish]] people have done great things in [[Science]], [[Literature]], [[Business]], and the [[Arts]].  Some of the most famous include:

* [[David Ben-Gurion]], Israeli [[politician]]
* [[Mel Brooks]], movie director
* [[Noam Chomsky]], American [[linguist]] and writer
* [[Aaron Copland]], [[composer]]
* [[Bob Dylan]], American singer
* [[Albert Einstein]], [[scientist]]
* [[Anne Frank]], writer
* [[Sigmund Freud]], father of [[psychoanalysis]]
* [[George Gershwin]], [[composer]]
* [[Emma Goldman]], [[anarchist]]
* [[Theodor Herzl]], founder of modern [[Zionism]]
* [[Jesus]], central figure of [[Christianity]]
* [[Franz Kafka]], writer
* [[Henry Kissinger]], former American Secretary of State
* [[Emma Lazarus]], [[author]]
* [[Rosa Luxemburg]], politician
* [[Moses Maimonides]], Jewish philosopher
* [[Marx Brothers]], [[comedians]]
* [[Golda Meir]], Israeli politician
* [[Benjamin Netanyahu]], Israeli politician
* [[Shimon Peres]], Israeli politician
* [[Yitzhak Rabin]], Israeli politician
* [[Natalie Portman]], actress
* [[Philip Roth]], American writer
* [[Mark Rothko]], American [[painter]]
* [[Bernie Sanders]], United States senator
* [[Steven Spielberg]], movie [[director]]
* [[Baruch Spinoza]], philosopher
* [[Mark Spitz]], [[swimmer]]
*[[Three Stooges]],[[comedians]]
* [[Barbra Streisand]], singer and actress

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{commonscat|Jews}}
[[Category:Jewish people| ]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples]]</text>
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    <title>Johann Strauss II</title>
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      <text bytes="3426" sha1="8l9n5ei6offk6wbmwl5jpcp9v9ddtut" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name               = Johann Strauss II
| image              = Johann Strauss II.jpg
| birth_date         = 25 October 1825
| birth_place        =
| disappeared_place  =
| death_date         = 3 June 1899
| death_place        = [[Vienna]], [[Austria]]
| citizenship        = [[Austrian]]
| occupation         = [[Composer]], [[conductor]] and [[violinist]]
}}

'''Johann Strauss II''' (born [[Vienna]], October 25, 1825; died [[Vienna]] June 3, 1899) was an [[Austria]]n [[composer]], [[Conductor (music)|conductor]] and [[violin]]ist. His father, also called Johann, was also a very famous composer, and is now known as [[Johann Strauss I]] (or Johann Strauss Sr) while his eldest son is called Johann Strauss II (or Johann Strauss Jr). Strauss became very famous for his [[Waltz (music)|waltz]]es. He was known as the “King of the Waltz”. His most famous one was called ''[[Blue Danube Waltz|An der schönen, blauen Donau]]'' (known in English as ''The Blue Danube'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johann-Strauss-II|title=Johann Strauss II {{!}} Biography, Compositions, &amp; Facts|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life ==
His father wanted him to go in for [[bank]]ing, but the young Johann took violin lessons in [[secret]] from a man called Franz Amon who was the [[concertmaster|leader]] of his father’s orchestra. He continued his violin studies with Anton Kohlmann, a violinist who helped [[ballet]] dancers to learn the music they had to dance to. He was still only 18 when he got his own orchestra together and gave his own [[concert]] which included six of his own waltzes and some of his father’s. He was soon becoming more famous than his father.

After his father died in 1849, the two orchestras joined into one and the young Johann was their conductor. He was given the title “k.k.Hofballmusikdirektor” (meaning; musical director of the Court Ball). He was always especially busy during [[Carnival]] time when there were lots of [[ballroom|balls]] in Vienna. He toured most of Europe with his orchestra, even going to [[Russia]] where he conducted some music by [[Tchaikovsky]]. Johann Strauss II was becoming the “king of the waltz”, the most famous musician in Austria.

== Career ==
Johann Strauss II wrote two [[opera]]s: ''Die Fledermaus'' (''The Bat'') and ''Zigeunerbaron'' (''Gypsy Baron''). They are full of fun: lively music and jokes which can sometimes be made different in each performance: the singers can put in their own jokes about modern times. Sometimes they are called [[operetta]]s because they are so light-hearted. They are a mixture of [[Hungary|Hungarian]] and Viennese atmosphere.

Together with his brothers Josef and Eduard, Johann had complete control of the balls and concerts in the houses of the rich people in Vienna. Wherever he went he was surrounded by lots of admirers. His waltzes are still as popular as ever, and millions of people in different countries hear them on [[television]] on [[New Year's Day]] when they are played by the [[Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra]] at their traditional New Year’s Day concert.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Strauss, Johann, II}}
[[Category:1825 births]]
[[Category:1899 deaths]]
[[Category:Austrian composers]]
[[Category:Austrian conductors]]
[[Category:Austrian violinists]]
[[Category:Romantic composers]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Western Europe</title>
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'''Western Europe''' is a [[geographic]] [[region]] of [[Europe]]. This term does not have an exact [[definition]]. Some definitions include countries like [[Spain]] and the [[United Kingdom]], while some don't. Its use has changed over time. During the [[Middle Ages]], the European parts of the [[Western World]] included those countries following [[Catholicism]] or [[Protestantism]]. During the [[Cold War]], ''Western Europe'' was a geographic and socio-political concept. It meant the democratic [[Europe]]an countries of the [[First World]], which are also vaguely defined. It was and still is distinguished from [[Eastern Europe]] by differences of [[economics]], [[politics]], and [[religion]]. 

It includes at least the following 23 countries:
*{{flag|Nazi Germany}}
#[[File:Flag of the Schutzstaffel.svg|23px]] [[SS]]
#[[File:SA-Logo (no white background).svg|23px]] [[SA]]
#[[File:Parteiadler Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (1933–1945).svg|23px]] [[Gestapo]]
*{{Flag|Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|name=Hungary}}
#[[File:Emblem of the Arrow Cross Party.svg|23px]] [[Arrow Cross Party]]
*{{flag|Romania}}
#[[File:Flag of the Iron Guard (Legion of the Archangel Michael or Legionary Movement).svg|23px]] [[Iron Guard]]
*{{Flagdeco|Independent State of Croatia}} [[Croatia]]
#[[File:Ustaše symbol.svg|23px]] [[Ustaše]]
*{{Flag|Slovak Republic|1939|name=Slovakia}}
#[[File:Flag of the Hlinka party (1938–1945) variant 2.svg|23px]] [[Slovak People’s Party]]
*{{flag|Vichy France}}
#[[File:Logo du Parti populaire francais.svg|23px]] [[French Popular Party]]
*{{flag|Ukraine}}
#[[file:OUN-B-01.svg|23px]] [[OUN-B]]
#[[File:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists-M.svg|23px]] [[OUN-M]]
Countries:

Many, such as Norway, are also in [[Northern Europe]] or in [[Central Europe]] or [[Southern Europe]].

Today, the term &quot;Western Europe&quot; has to do with geography and with economics. The concept is commonly associated with [[liberal democracy]], [[socialism]] and also with the [[European Union]], though that also has some countries of Eastern Europe.

Most of the countries in the region share [[Western culture]], and many have economic, and political ties with countries in [[North America|North]] and [[South America]] and [[Oceania]].

In addition, Western Europe is commonly associated with [[social democracy]] and [[democratic socialism]] and remains fairly [[neutral]] throughout international disputes. The [[Iberian Peninsula]], the most western part of Europe is similarly closely linked to the [[Americas]].

It is a monotonous area with long and irregular coastlines.

==References==
{{reflist}}


{{eu-stub}}

[[Category:Regions of Europe]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Labour Party (UK)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="16065" sha1="ouzkcqrjwrczt8f73gd0iv3jk2ebnuu" xml:space="preserve">{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox political party
| name             = Labour Party
| logo             = Labour Party Wordmark.svg
| logo_size        = 275px
| colorcode        = {{party color|Labour Party (UK)}}
| leader1_title    = [[Leader of the Labour Party (UK)|Leader]]
| leader1_name     = [[Keir Starmer]]
| leader2_title    = [[Deputy Leader of the Labour Party (UK)|Deputy Leader]]
| leader2_name     = [[Lucy Powell]]
| leader3_title    = {{nowrap|[[General Secretary of the Labour Party|General Secretary]]}}
| leader3_name     = [[David Evans (political official)|David Evans]]
| leader4_title    = 
| leader4_name     = 
| leader5_title    = [[Leader of the Labour Party in the House of Lords|Lords Leader]]
| leader5_name     = [[Angela Smith, Baroness Smith of Basildon]]
| founded          = {{start date and age|1900|02|27|df=yes}}{{sfn|Brivati|Heffernan|2000|ps=: &quot;On 27 February 1900, the Labour Representation Committee was formed to campaign for the election of working class representatives to parliament.&quot;}}{{sfn|Thorpe|2008|p=8}}&lt;br&gt;(as the [[Labour Representation Committee (1900)|Labour Representation Committee]])
| headquarters     = {{plainlist|
*Southside, 105 Victoria Street, [[London]] SW1E 6QT&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.costar.co.uk/en/assets/news/2015/December/Victoria-calls-for-Labour-HQ/ |title=Corbyn's Labour party set for swanky HQ move |last1=O'Shea |first1=Stephen |last2=Buckley |first2=James |date=8 December 2015 |access-date=8 October 2017 |work=CoStar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009042326/http://www.costar.co.uk/en/assets/news/2015/December/Victoria-calls-for-Labour-HQ/ |archive-date=9 October 2017 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Labour Central, Kings Manor, [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] NE1 6PA&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://labour.org.uk/contact/ |title=Contact |publisher=Labour Party |access-date=14 September 2020 |archive-date=24 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924174125/https://labour.org.uk/contact/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
| youth_wing       = [[Young Labour (UK)|Young Labour]]
| wing2_title      = LGBT wing
| wing2            = [[LGBT+ Labour]]
| membership_year  = February 2025
| membership       = {{decrease}} 309,000&lt;ref name=&quot;Membership, February 2025&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url= https://news.sky.com/story/nigel-farage-claims-reform-uk-has-200-000-members-and-has-warning-for-labour-13306272|title=Nigel Farage claims Reform UK has 200,000 members and has warning for Labour|work=[[Sky News]] |date=9 February 2025 |access-date=9 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ideology         = [[Social democracy]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Worley |first=Matthew |year=2009 |title=The Foundation of the British Labour Party: Identities, Cultures, and Perspectives,1900–39 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fki0YScKbA8C&amp;pg=PA1 |location=Farnham |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-7546-6731-5 |via=[[Google Books]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/unitedkingdom.html |title=United Kingdom |work=Parties and Elections in Europe |first=Wolfram |last=Nordsieck |year=2019 |access-date=21 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011024702/http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/unitedkingdom.html |archive-date=11 October 2012 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- Please discuss on talk page before changing. --&gt;
| position         = [[Centre-left]]{{refn|&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Mapping Europe's party systems: which parties are the most right-wing and left-wing in Europe? |url=http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2015/05/14/mapping-europes-party-systems-which-parties-are-the-most-right-wing-and-left-wing-in-europe/ |publisher=[[London School of Economics]] / EUROPP – European Politics and Policy |last1=Bakker |first1=Ryan |last2=Jolly |first2=Seth |last3=Polk |first3=Jonathan |date=14 May 2015 |access-date=26 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526172849/http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2015/05/14/mapping-europes-party-systems-which-parties-are-the-most-right-wing-and-left-wing-in-europe/|archive-date=26 May 2015 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |last1=Giddens |first1=Anthony |title=The rise and fall of New Labour|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/uk-politics/2010/05/labour-policy-policies-blair|access-date=26 May 2015 |magazine=[[New Statesman]] |date=17 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721071041/http://www.newstatesman.com/uk-politics/2010/05/labour-policy-policies-blair |archive-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Peacock |first1=Mike |title=The European centre-left's quandary |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-europe-left-analysis-idUKKBN0O905M20150524 |access-date=26 May 2015 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=8 May 2015 |quote=A crushing election defeat for Britain's Labour party has laid bare the dilemma facing Europe's centre-left. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526172436/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2015/05/24/uk-europe-left-analysis-idUKKBN0O905M20150524 |archive-date=26 May 2015 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Dahlgreen |first1=Will |title=Britain's changing political spectrum |url=https://yougov.co.uk/news/2014/07/23/britains-changing-political-spectrum/ |publisher=[[YouGov]] |access-date=26 May 2015 |date=23 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526172107/https://yougov.co.uk/news/2014/07/23/britains-changing-political-spectrum/ |archive-date=26 May 2015 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Budge|2008|pp=26–27|ps=.{{verify source|date=January 2016}}}}}}&lt;!-- See lead. Please leave as centre-left until changing to left-wing or not has been discussed. See the [[Talk:Labour Party (UK)|talk page]] for discussion. --&gt;
Under Keir Hardie, Clement Atlee, and Jeremy Corbyn
[[Left-wing]] to [[far-left]]
| european         = [[Party of European Socialists]]
| international    = [[Progressive Alliance]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Socialist International]] (observer)
| affiliation1_title = Affiliate party
| affiliation1     = [[Co-operative Party]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Labour and Co-operative]]) &lt;br /&gt;{{collapsible list|title = Former affiliates|[[Independent Labour Party]] (1906–1932)||[[British Socialist Party]] (1916–1920)|[[National Socialist Party (UK)|National Socialist Party]] (1918–1939/1942)}}
| affiliation2_title = Other affiliations
| affiliation2     = [[Social Democratic and Labour Party]] (Northern Ireland) &lt;br&gt; [[Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party]] (Gibraltar)&lt;ref&gt;https://archive.today/20140523051814/http://www.gbc.gi/news/news-details.php?id=3695&lt;/ref&gt;
| colours          = {{colour box|#FF0000}} Red
| governing_body   = [[National Executive Committee of the Labour Party|National Executive Committee]]
| slogan           = &quot;Britain's future&quot; / &lt;br /&gt; &quot;Let's get Britain's future back&quot; (2024)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://labour.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Labour-General-Election-Brand-Guidelines-2024.pdf |title=General Election Brand Guidelines 2024 |publisher=Labour party |year=2024 |pages=6 |chapter=National Flag Usage &amp; Straplines |access-date=2024-05-27 |archive-date=2024-02-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229050524/https://labour.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Labour-General-Election-Brand-Guidelines-2024.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Labour vow to 'get Britain's future back' as conference kicks off in Liverpool |url=https://news.sky.com/story/labour-vow-to-get-britains-future-back-as-conference-kicks-off-12978320 |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=Sky News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| anthem           = &quot;[[The Red Flag]]&quot;{{parabr}}[[File:The Red Flag from Lansbury's Labour Weekly.ogg|100px]]
| blank2_title     = [[Devolution in the United Kingdom|Devolved or semi-autonomous branches]]
| blank2           = {{plainlist|
* [[London Labour]]
* [[Scottish Labour]]
* [[Welsh Labour]]
* [[Labour Party in Northern Ireland]]
}}
| blank3_title     = [[Parliamentary party]]
| blank3           = [[Parliamentary Labour Party]] (PLP)
| seats1_title     = {{nowrap|[[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]]}}
| seats1           = {{composition bar|411|650|hex={{party color|Labour Party (UK)}}}}
| seats2_title     = [[House of Lords]]
| seats2           = {{composition bar|{{HOL|LAB}}|{{HOL|TOTAL}}|hex={{party color|Labour Party (UK)}}}}
| seats3_title     = [[Scottish Parliament]]
| seats3           = {{composition bar|22|129|hex={{party color|Labour Party (UK)}}}}
| seats4_title     = [[Senedd]]
| seats4           = {{composition bar|30|60|hex={{party color|Labour Party (UK)}}}}
| seats5_title     = [[Directly elected mayors in England|Regional mayors]]{{ref label|a|nb}}
| seats5           = {{composition bar|11|12|hex={{party color|Labour Party (UK)}}}}
| seats6_title     = [[London Assembly]]
| seats6           = {{composition bar|11|25|hex={{party color|Labour Party (UK)}}}}
| seats7_title     = [[Police and crime commissioner|PCCs and PFCCs]]
| seats7           = {{composition bar|17|37|hex={{party color|Labour Party (UK)}}}}
| seats8_title     = [[Directly elected mayors]]
| seats8           = {{composition bar|10|16|hex={{party color|Labour Party (UK)}}}}
| seats9_title     = [[Political make-up of local councils in the United Kingdom|Councillors]]{{ref label|b|nb}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://opencouncildata.co.uk/|title=Open Council Data UK – compositions councillors parties wards elections|website=opencouncildata.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| seats9           = {{composition bar|6561|18646|hex={{party color|Labour Party (UK)}}}}
| footnotes        = &lt;small&gt;{{note|a||[[Mayor of London]] and 11 [[combined authority]] mayors.}}&lt;br /&gt;{{note|b||Councillors of local authorities in England (including 25 aldermen of the [[City of London Corporation|City of London]]) and Scotland, principal councils in Wales and local councils in Northern Ireland.}}&lt;/small&gt;
| website          = {{Official URL}}
| country          = the United Kingdom
}}

[[File:Keir Starmer, 2020 Labour Party leadership election hustings, Bristol 3.jpg|thumb|166x166px|[[Keir Starmer]] has been the Leader of the Labour Party since 4 April 2020.]]
The '''Labour Party''' is a [[List of political parties in the United Kingdom|political party in the United Kingdom]] which sits on the [[centre-left]] of the [[political spectrum]]. It is made up of [[Social democracy|social democrats]], [[Democratic socialism|democratic socialists]] and [[Trades union|trade unionists]]. The party is one of two historically dominant parties in British politics alongside the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]], with both having alternated being in government since 1924. Labour has been led by [[Keir Starmer]] since 2020, who in [[2024 United Kingdom general election|2024]] became [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] following the party's [[landslide victory]]. As of 2025, there have been seven prime ministers from the Labour Party and twelve Labour governments. 

The Labour Party has been in power in the United Kingdom government since July 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Guy|first=Rob Picheta, Lauren Said-Moorhouse, Billy Stockwell, Peter Wilkinson, Sarah Tilotta, Ivana Kottasová, Christian Edwards, Thom Poole, Jack|date=2024-07-04|title=UK election results: Live updates|url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/uk-general-election-results-2024-intl/index.html|access-date=2024-07-10|website=CNN|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was in power in the [[Scottish Parliament]] (in [[coalition]] with the [[Scottish Liberal Democrats]]) until 2007. It is the largest group in the [[London Assembly]], although until May 2016 the [[Mayor of London]] was a [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative party]] member. It is also the largest party in [[local government]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-03-26|title=Local elections 2024 results in maps and charts|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8v36l6d54do|access-date=2024-07-10|website=BBC News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
The party was officially formed in 1906, just after the [[general election]], as a successor of the Labour Representative Committee formed in 1900. In 1918, the party made a new [[constitution]] with the commitment to [[socialism]], or the socialization of the industry. This could be found in Clause 4.
The Labour Party won the general election in 1945 for the first time. From 1951 Labour was in opposition for thirteen years, during which there were serious fights between the left and right wings of the party. The leader of the left wing was [[Aneurin Bevan]]. His supporters were called the ''&quot;Bevanites&quot;''. They wanted a less confrontational policy in foreign affairs and more socialist actions. The leaders of the right wing were [[Clement Attlee]] and [[Hugh Gaitskell]]. They believed that Western capitalism had changed a lot and that socialism and public ownership was not so important. Gaitskell tried to remove Clause 4 from the party constitution at the 1959 conference, but he could not.

In 1994, [[Tony Blair]] forced the Labour Party to drop Clause 4. This was an important step to change the party into '''&quot;New Labour&quot;'''.

In 2015, [[dark horse]] candidate Jeremy Corbyn announced his candidacy for the leadership of the Labour Party. At the beginning, he was thought of as a socialist fringe candidate, but he later became the lead candidate in polls and got the support of the majority of trade unions affiliated to the Labour Party, along with those of three non-affiliated unions. On 12 September 2015, he was elected Leader of the Labour Party, with a majority vote of 59.5% in the first round of the ballot.

=== Past Leaders (since 1906) ===

*[[Keir Hardie]], 1906–1908 
*Arthur Henderson, 1908–1910
*George Nicoll Barnes, 1910–1911
*[[Ramsay MacDonald]], 1911–1914 
*Arthur Henderson, 1914–1917
*William Adamson, 1917–1921
*John Robert Clynes, 1921–1922
*[[Ramsay MacDonald]], 1922–1931 
*Arthur Henderson, 1931–1932
*George Lansbury, 1932–1935
*[[Clement Attlee]], 1935–1955 
*[[Hugh Gaitskell]], 1955–1963 
*George Brown, 1963 ''(Acting)'' 
*[[Harold Wilson]], 1963–1976 
*[[James Callaghan]], 1976–1980 
*[[Michael Foot]], 1980–1983 
*[[Neil Kinnock]], 1983–1992 
*[[John Smith (Labour Party leader)|John Smith]], 1992–1994 
*[[Margaret Beckett]], 1994 ''(Acting)'' 
*[[Tony Blair]], 1994–2007 
*[[Gordon Brown]], 2007–2010 
*[[Harriet Harman]], 2010 ''(Acting)'' 
*[[Ed Miliband]], 2010–2015
*[[Harriet Harman]], 2015 ''(Acting)''
*[[Jeremy Corbyn]], 2015–2020
*[[Keir Starmer]], 2020–present

== Labour Prime Ministers ==
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
|-
! [[Name]]
! [[Portrait]]
! [[Country|Country of birth]]
! Time in Office
|-
| [[Ramsay MacDonald]]
| [[Image:Ramsay MacDonald ggbain.29588.jpg|60px]]
| Scotland
| 1924; 1929–1931

|-
| [[Clement Attlee]]
| [[File:Clement Attlee.jpg|60px]]
| England
| 1945–1951
|-
| [[Harold Wilson]]
| [[File:Harold Wilson.jpg|60px]]
| England
| 1964–1970; 1974–1976
|-
| [[James Callaghan]]
| [[File:James Callaghan (1975).jpg|60px]]
| England
| 1976–1979
|-
| [[Tony Blair]]
| [[File:Tony Blair.jpg|60px]]
| Scotland
| 1997–2007
|-
| [[Gordon Brown]]
| [[File:Gordon Brown official (cropped).jpg|60px]]
| Scotland
| 2007–2010
|-
| [[Keir Starmer]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
| [[File:Prime Minister Sir Keir Starmer Official Portrait (cropped).jpg|60px]]
| England
| 2024-present
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

== Other websites ==
*[http://www.labour.org.uk Official Labour Party website]
*[http://www.labour-party.org.uk/ Unofficial website with an archive of electoral manifestos and a directory of related websites]
*[http://labhist.tripod.com Unofficial history website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706231245/http://labhist.tripod.com/ |date=6 July 2019 }}
*[http://politics.guardian.co.uk/labour/ Guardian Unlimited Politics — Special Report: Labour Party]
{{authority control}}
[[Category:1900 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Labour Party (UK)| ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Spiro Agnew</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>/* Resignation, disgrace, and death */</comment>
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      <text bytes="11650" sha1="igi1ymfiq9hinyyp825cvq3m82y077g" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Spiro Agnew
| image               = Spiro Agnew.jpg
| alt                 = Spiro Agnew in 1972, a middle-aged white American male in suit and tie, standing in front of a furled flag
| caption             = Official portrait, 1972
| order               = 39th
| office              = Vice President of the United States
| president           = [[Richard Nixon]]
| term_start          = January 20, 1969
| term_end            = October 10, 1973
| predecessor         = [[Hubert Humphrey]]
| successor           = [[Gerald Ford]]
| order1              = 55th
| office1             = Governor of Maryland
| term_start1         = January 25, 1967
| term_end1           = January 7, 1969
| predecessor1        = [[J. Millard Tawes]]
| successor1          = [[Marvin Mandel]]
| office2             = 3rd [[Baltimore county executive|Executive of Baltimore County]]
| term_start2         = December 6, 1962
| term_end2           = December 8, 1966
| predecessor2        = [[Christian H. Kahl]]
| successor2          = [[Dale Anderson (politician)|Dale Anderson]]
| birth_name          = Spiro Theodore Agnew
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1918|11|9}}
| birth_place         = [[Baltimore]], Maryland, U.S.
| death_date          = {{nowrap|{{death date and age|1996|9|17|1918|11|9}}}}
| death_place         = [[Berlin, Maryland]], U.S.
| resting_place       = [[Dulaney Valley Memorial Gardens]]
| party               = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| spouse              = {{marriage|[[Judy Agnew|Judy Judefind]]|1942}}
| children            = 4
| education           = [[University of Baltimore]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]])
| signature           = Spiro T Agnew Signature.svg
| signature_alt       = Cursive signature in ink
| allegiance          = &lt;!-- United States; obvious --&gt;
| branch              = [[United States Army]]
| battles             = {{tree list}}
* [[World War II]]
**[[Ardennes-Alsace]]
***[[Siege of Bastogne]]
**[[Western Allied invasion of Germany|Central Europe]]{{tree list/end}}
| service_years       = 1941–1945
| commands            = Service Company, [[54th Infantry Regiment (United States)|54th Armored Infantry Battalion]], [[10th Armored Division (United States)|10th Armored Division]]
| rank                = [[Captain (United States O-3)|Captain]]
| mawards             = [[Bronze Star Medal|Bronze Star]]
| module              = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Spiro Agnew speech on media excerpt.ogg|title=Spiro Agnew's voice|type=speech|description=Agnew on the alleged bias of news networks against Richard Nixon.&lt;br /&gt;Recorded November 13, 1969.}}
}}

'''Spiro Theodore Agnew''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|p|ɪər|oʊ|_|ˈ|æ|g|n|juː}}; November 9, 1918 – September 17, 1996)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bioguide Search {{!}} Spiro Agnew|url=https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/a000059|access-date=2026-05-08|website=bioguide.congress.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; was an American politician who served as the 39th [[Vice President of the United States|vice president of the United States]] under [[Richard Nixon]] from 1969 until his resignation in 1973. Before becoming vice president, he was the 55th [[governor of Maryland]] from 1967 to 1969. He was the first Greek American vice president and the second of the second vice president to resigned from office since [[John C. Calhoun]] in 1832.&lt;ref name=&quot;britannica&quot; /&gt;

Agnew's fall began around 1973, where he caused a scandal being federal investigation into his [[extortion]], [[corruption]], [[bribery]], and [[tax evasion]]. It was reported that he accepted bribes as Maryland governor and it continued into his vice presidency. Agnew was accused of receiving, and failing to pay taxes on over ($100,000) during his time as Baltimore County executive and governor of Maryland. 

Later the [[United States Attorney for the District of Maryland|U.S. Attorney for the District of Maryland]] fined him of ($10,000) and placed on three years of probation as part of a deal with the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]] to avoid prison, Agnew resigned from his vice presidency for failing to report ($29,500) of his income in 1967.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Agnew Quits Vice Presidency And Admits Tax Evasion In '67; Nixon Consults On Successor|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1010.html|access-date=2026-05-08|website=archive.nytimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Early life==
Spiro Agnew was born in [[Baltimore]], in the state of [[Maryland]]. His father was Theodore Spiros Agnew, a [[Greece|Greek]] immigrant. He shortened his name from Anagnostopoulos when he moved to the USA (which was between 1897 and 1902).&lt;ref name=&quot;ussenate&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_Spiro_Agnew.htm|title=U.S. Senate - Art &amp; History - Spiro T Agnew, 39th Vice President}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;britannica&quot;&gt;[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9004048/Spiro-T-Agnew Spiro T. Agnew - Encyclopedia Britannica] (accessed 2007-10-13)&lt;/ref&gt; He married Margaret Akers, a native of [[Virginia]]. He joined the US Army and served in both [[World War II]] and the [[Korean War]].

==Career==
[[File:1966 Maryland gubernatorial election results map by county.svg|thumb|Results of the 1966 Maryland gubernatorial election]]
[[File:Spiro Agnew (MD).png|thumb|Agnew as [[Maryland]]'s Governor]]
After holding a number of political offices in Baltimore, he ran for Baltimore County Executive in 1962. In a race that was thought to go to the Democratic Party Agnew surprisingly won. While executive he was known for outlawing racial segregation. He ran for Governor in 1966. His opponent was George Mahoney, who ran on a racist and pro segregationist platform. Agnew won after many Democrats voted for him. While governor he passed tax reform, justice reform, anti pollution laws, and civil rights laws. He also took a tough stand against the black power movement. This angered many civil rights leaders who had supported him.

Agnew was chosen as [[Richard Nixon]]'s running mate in 1968. Nixon wanted to do better in the Southern States. Agnew, a moderate, could get Democrats to vote for him. He was chosen as vice presidential candidate at the convention over [[George Romney]]. Agnew supported &quot;law and order&quot; a policy of enforcing the law strictly. Agnew took a hard stand against the anti-war movement. His sometimes dirty attacks led him to be called Nixon's &quot;hatchet man&quot;. However he did speak out against the Kent State Shooting, where national guard troops shot protestors to death in Ohio.

Agnew enjoyed the privileges of being vice president. He was well liked by Nixon supporters, and made it onto the Republican national ticket again in 1972. In 1973, it became clear that Agnew had been very corrupt in his career as governor and was facing several felony charges. He cut a plea deal and narrowly got out of having to serve a long time in prison. 

=== Resignation, disgrace, and death ===
He resigned in disgrace in October 1973, and never spoke to Richard Nixon again (Nixon would himself resign in 1974 over a [[Watergate scandal|similar scandal]]). Agnew became a disgraced figure and never was very much involved in politics after that. His portrait was taken down in the Maryland Governor's Mansion and his bust was not put up as a former vice president. When both were put on display, many criticized the decision to display them. He died in 1996 of [[Leukemia|leukaemia.]] He was not given a state funeral of any kind and had a small funeral service. He was buried at a cemetery in Maryland.

==Electoral history==
[[File:Spiro Agnew and Lyndon Johnson Watch the Apollo 11 Liftoff - GPN-2002-000068.jpg|thumb|Vice President Agnew with Former President [[Lyndon Johnson]] during the takeoff of Apollo 11]]
'''[[Baltimore County Executive]], 1962'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=37412|title=Our Campaigns - Baltimore County, MD Executive Race - Nov 06, 1962|website=www.ourcampaigns.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''Spiro Agnew''' (R) - elected unopposed

'''[[Governor of Maryland]], 1966'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=7018|title=Our Campaigns - MD Governor Race - Nov 08, 1966|website=www.ourcampaigns.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''Spiro Agnew''' (R) - 455,318 (49.50%)
*[[George P. Mahoney]] (D) - 373,543 (40.61%)
*[[Hyman A. Pressman]] (I) - 90,899 (9.88%)

'''[[1968 Republican National Convention]] (Vice Presidential tally)'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=59943|title=Our Campaigns - US Vice President - R Convention Race - Aug 05, 1968|website=www.ourcampaigns.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''Spiro Agnew''' - 1,119 (83.95%)
*[[Governor of Michigan|Gov.]] [[George Romney]] of [[Michigan|Michigan-]] 186 (13.95%)
* Abstaining - 16 (1.20%)
*[[John Lindsay]] - 10 (0.75%)
*[[Senate|Sen]].  [[Edward Brooke]] of [[Massachusetts|Massachusetts-]] 1 (0.08%)
*[[Jim Rhodes|James A. Rhodes]] - 1 (0.08%)

'''[[United States presidential election, 1968]]'''
*[[Richard Nixon]]/'''Spiro Agnew''' (R) - 31,783,783 (43.4%) and 301 electoral votes (32 states carried)
*[[Hubert Humphrey]]/[[Edmund Muskie]] (D) - 31,271,839 (42.7%) and 191 electoral votes (13 states and D.C. carried)
*[[George Wallace]]/[[Curtis LeMay]] ([[American Independent Party|American Independent]]) - 9,901,118 (13.5%) and 46 electoral votes (5 states carried)

'''[[1972 Republican National Convention]] (Vice Presidential tally)'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=59900|title=Our Campaigns - US Vice President - R Convention Race - Aug 21, 1972|website=www.ourcampaigns.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''Spiro Agnew''' (inc.) - 1,345 (99.78%)
* Abstaining - 2 (0.15%)
*[[David Brinkley]] - 1 (0.07%)

'''[[United States presidential election, 1972]]'''
*[[Richard Nixon]]/'''Spiro Agnew''' (R) (inc.) - 47,168,710 (60.7%) and 520 electoral votes (49 states carried)
*[[George McGovern]]/[[Sargent Shriver]] (D) - 29,173,222 (37.5) and 17 electoral votes (1 state and D.C. carried)
*[[John Hospers]]/[[Theodora Nathalia Nathan]] (Libertarian) - 3,674 (0.00%) and 1 electoral vote (Republican [[faithless elector]])
*[[John G. Schmitz]]/[[Thomas J. Anderson]] (AI) - 1,100,868 (1.4%) and 0 electoral votes
*[[Linda Jenness]]/[[Andrew Pulley]] (Socialist Workers) - 83,380 (0.1%)
*[[Benjamin Spock]]/[[Julius Hobson]] (People's) - 78,759 (0.1%)

== Death ==
[[File:Vice President Agnew.jpg|thumb|Gravesite of Agnew]]
Agnew died of [[leukemia]] in [[Berlin, Maryland]].

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== Other websites ==
{{wikiquote}}
{{commons}}

* [http://www.urhome.umd.edu/newsdesk/culture/release.cfm?ArticleID=815 The 30th Anniversary of Agnew's Resignation As Vice President (University of Maryland)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040329002524/http://www.urhome.umd.edu/newsdesk/culture/release.cfm?ArticleID=815 |date=2004-03-29 }}
* [http://aomol.net/000001/000083/html/index.html ''The Archives of Maryland'' collection of speeches, messages and other public papers during Agnews governorship 1967-69]

{{USVicePresidents}}


{{US-bio-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agnew, Spiro}}
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[[Category:Politicians from Baltimore]]
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      <text bytes="45752" sha1="4xax0ykdlurg0f09nt0qrpsltxgnz53" xml:space="preserve">{{complex|date=February 2015}}
{{Infobox dot-com company
|name = YouTube, LLC
|logo = [[File:YouTube 2024.svg|200px]]
|company_type = [[Subsidiary]]
|foundation = {{Start date|2005|2|14}}
|launch = {{Start date|2005|4|22}}
|founder = {{Unbulleted list|[[Steve Chen]]|[[Chad Hurley]]|[[Jawed Karim]]}}
|location_city = 901 Cherry Avenue, [[San Bruno, California]]
|location_country = United States
|coordinates={{coord|37.628101|-122.426424|display=inline,title}}
|area_served = [[World]]wide (except [[Censorship of YouTube|blocked countries]])
|parent = Independent (2005–2006)&lt;br /&gt;[[Google]] (2006–present)
|key_people = [[Neal Mohan]] ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])&lt;br /&gt;[[Chad Hurley]] ([[Adviser]])
|company_slogan = Broadcast Yourself (2005–2012)
|industry = [[Internet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Video hosting service]]
|ipv6 = 
|advertising = Google [[AdSense]]
|launch_date = {{Start date and age|2005|4|23}}
|screenshot = Youtube Home Page screenshot.png
|caption = Screenshot of YouTube's homepage
| url = {{URL|https://www.youtube.com/|YouTube.com}}&lt;br /&gt;(see [[#Localization|list of localized domain names]])
| content_license = Uploader holds copyright (standard license); [[Creative Commons]] can be selected.&lt;!-- content_license is not part of &quot;Infobox dot-com company&quot; which is the primary reason &quot;Infobox website&quot; was added. Please Talk before doing anything --&gt;
| type = [[Video hosting service]]
| alexa = {{Steady}} 2 ({{as of|2017|07|01|alt=July 2017}})&lt;ref name=&quot;alexa&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/youtube.com |title= Youtube.com Site Info |publisher= [[Alexa Internet]] |accessdate= January 9, 2016 |archive-date= August 7, 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160807013431/http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/youtube.com |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| programming_language = [[Java (programming language)|Java]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://googlecode.blogspot.com/2009/05/guice-deuce.html|title=Guice Deuce|first=Jesse|last=Wilson|date=May 19, 2009|accessdate=December 2, 2015|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20151202141227/http://googlecode.blogspot.is/2009/05/guice-deuce.html|archivedate=December 2, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Python (programming language)|Python]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gooli.org/blog/youtube-runs-on-python/|title=YouTube runs on Python|first=Vincent|last=Lextrait|date=July 2010|accessdate=September 5, 2010 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120530/http://www.lextrait.com/Vincent/implementations.html |archivedate=May 30, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; and proprietary [[JavaScript]]
| registration = Optional (not required to watch most videos; required for certain tasks such as uploading videos, viewing flagged (18+) videos, creating playlists and posting comments)
| current_status = Active
|dissolved=}}
'''YouTube''' is a free [[video sharing]] website that lets people upload, view, and share contents. Contents can be rated with a like or dislike, most contents can be commented on if logged in to an account, and the number of times a video has been watched (known as &quot;views&quot;) is put on the site. Users who have accounts can also subscribe to channels. At the moment, [[Google]] (a search engine company) owns and operates YouTube. Many different types of videos can be put onto the website, such as educational content, animations, and funny stuff. YouTube was founded on February 14, 2005 by six or seven former workers of [[PayPal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Whois Record for YouTube.com|url=http://whois.domaintools.com/youtube.com|work=whois.domaintools.com|accessdate=7 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web
 |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4798133.stm
 |title = YouTube aims to show music videos 
 |publisher = BBC
 |date = [[2006-08-16]]
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Features ==

=== Videos ===
YouTube needed the Adobe Flash Player plug-in to play videos in the past.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8287239.stm|title=Flash moves on to smart phones|first=Jonathan|last=Fildes|date=5 October 2009|website=BBC News|publisher=BBC|accessdate=30 November 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, in January 2010, YouTube tried using the built-in features of web browsers so people would not need to use Adobe Flash player to watch videos.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/html5|title=YouTube HTML5 Video Player|first=|last=|date=|website=Youtube|publisher=Youtube|accessdate=12 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

All YouTube users can upload 15-minute long videos. Users who have used the site for enough time and follow the rules can upload videos that are 12 hours long. A user needs to verify the account to do this, however.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/71673|title=Upload videos longer than 15 minutes|first=|last=|date=|website=Youtube|publisher=Youtube|accessdate=15 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Everyone could upload long videos when YouTube started, but in March 2006 a ten-minute video limit was put in.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/uncategorized/2006/03/6481-2/|title=YouTube caps video lengths to reduce infringement|first=Ken|last=Fisher|date=29 March 2006|website=Ars Technica|publisher=Condé|accessdate=March 25 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The limit was changed to 15 minutes in July 2010. Most video formats can be uploaded to YouTube, and videos can also be uploaded from mobile phones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://support.google.com/youtube/troubleshooter/2888402?visit_id=1-636371330768523638-2496411257&amp;rd=1|title=Supported YouTube file formats|first=|last=|date=|website=Youtube|publisher=Youtube|accessdate=December 4 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Banning ==
YouTube is blocked in many schools because it allows children to search for videos online that would otherwise distract them from their lessons, much like how other social networking sites and game sites are blocked for the same purpose. But at a higher level than schools (and in workplaces), even some governments have blocked YouTube access to their country's public, but their reasons can vary. {{cn|date=January 2012}}

=== Iran ===
On [[December 3]], 2006, the [[Islamic Republic of Iran|government of Iran]] blocked YouTube and several other sites in an attempt to stop films and music from other countries from being seen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/iran/story/0,,1963166,00.html|title=Censorship fears rise as Iran blocks access to top websites|date=[[November 4]], [[2006]]|accessdate = 2006-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Turkey ===
Turkey blocked YouTube on [[March 6]] 2007 for letting videos that were insulting or discriminating to Turks and [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Atatürk]], who is the founder of modern Turkey, to be shown, because of a &quot;virtual war&quot; between Greeks, Armenians, Kurds and Turks on YouTube, with people from each side posting videos to hurt the other.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/turkey/story/0,,2028543,00.html|title=Turkey pulls plug on YouTube over Ataturk 'insults'|date=[[March 7]], 2007|accessdate = 2007-03-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; The video that caused banning alleged [[Turkey|Turks]] and Atatürk to be 'gay'. The video was first mentioned on [[CNN Türk|Turkish CNN]] and the [[Istanbul]] public prosecutor sued YouTube for being mean to Turkishness.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117960760.html?categoryid=1009&amp;cs=1|title=Turkey bans YouTube|date=[[March 8]], [[2007]]|accessdate = 2007-03-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; The court suspended access to YouTube while waiting for the removal of the video. The ban was strongly criticized. YouTube lawyers sent documentary of removal to court and users could access the website again on [[March 9]] [[2007]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/Technology/Turkey-revokes-YouTube-ban/2007/03/10/1173167025391.html|title=Turkey revokes YouTube ban|date=[[March 9]], [[2007]]|accessdate = 2007-03-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Thailand ===
During the week of [[March 8]], YouTube was blocked in Thailand.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.2bangkok.com/blockedyoutube.shtml|title=YouTube seems blocked in Thailand 2bangkok.com|date=[[March 10]], [[2007]]|accessdate = 2007-03-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many bloggers (people who have a &quot;diary&quot; online) believed the reason YouTube was blocked was because of a video of the former Prime Minister [[Thaksin Shinawatra]]'s speech on [[CNN]]. However, the government did not confirm or give reasons for the ban. YouTube was accessible from [[March 10]].

On the night of [[April 3]], YouTube was again blocked in Thailand.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://facthai.wordpress.com/2007/04/04/youtube-blocked-again/|title=YouTube Blocked Again|date=[[April 04]], [[2007]]|accessdate = 2007-04-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; The government said it was because of a video on the site that it said was &quot;insulting&quot; to King [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bangkokpost.co.th/topstories/topstories.php?id=117871|title=For some users, YouTube disappears|date=[[April 04]], [[2007]]|accessdate = 2007-04-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Ministry of Information and Communication Technology claimed that it would unblock YouTube in a few days, after websites containing references to this video are blocked instead of the entire website.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://bangkokpost.com/News/07Apr2007_news03.php|title=YouTube to help block web access to pages insulting King|date=[[April 07]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Communications Minister Sitthichai Pookaiyaudom said, &quot;When they decide to withdraw the clip, we will withdraw the ban.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | first = | last = | coauthors = | title =Whose Tube? | date =[[2004-04-14]] | publisher = | url =http://economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_JDTPVRG | work =[[The Economist]] | pages =71 | accessdate =2007-04-16 | language = | archive-date =2007-10-17 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20071017234704/http://economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_JDTPVRG | url-status =dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Soon after this incident the internet technology blog Mashable was banned from Thailand over the reporting of the YouTube clips in question.&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite news 
 | first = Pete
 | last = Cashmore
 | title = Mashable.com Banned in Thailand
 | url = http://mashable.com/2007/04/18/mashablecom-banned-in-thailand/
 | work = Mashable
 | date = [[2004-04-18]] 
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Brazilian model lawsuit and banning that came after ===
YouTube is being sued by [[Brazil]]ian model and MTV VJ Daniela Cicarelli (better known as [[Ronaldo]]'s ex-fiancée) on the grounds that the site is making available a video footage made by a paparazzi, in which she and her boyfriend are having sex on a Spanish beach. The lawsuit says that YouTube has to be blocked in Brazil until all copies of the video are removed. On Saturday, [[January 6]], [[2007]], a legal injunction ordered that filters be put in place to prevent users in Brazil from going to the website.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.totalsecurity.com.br/article.php?sid=2768&amp;order=0 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-06-07 |archive-date=2012-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723112727/https://totalsecurity.com.br/article.php?sid=2768&amp;order=0 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.radiofandango.com.br/archive/valor.php?noticia=3720 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-06-07 |archive-date=2007-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210102300/http://www.radiofandango.com.br/archive/valor.php?noticia=3720 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The effectiveness of the measure has been questioned, since the video is not available only on YouTube, but rather has become an [[Internet phenomenon]].  On Tuesday, [[January 9]], [[2007]], the same court overturned their earlier decision, ordering the filters to be taken down, even though the footage was still forbidden, but without technical support for its blockage.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://tecnologia.terra.com.br/interna/0,,OI1337815-EI4802,00.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-06-07 |archive-date=2012-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209232734/http://tecnologia.terra.com.br/interna/0,,OI1337815-EI4802,00.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Morocco ===
On May 25, 2007 the state-owned company Maroc Telecom blocked all access to YouTube.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.globalvoicesonline.org/2007/05/26/morocco-blocks-access-to-youtube/ |title=''Morocco blocks access to YouTube'' |accessdate=2007-05-27 |format= |work=globalvoicesonline.org }}&lt;/ref&gt; There were no reasons given why YouTube was blocked. But the guesses are that it might have something to do with some pro-separatist group Polisario clips (Polisario is the Western Sahara independence movement) or because of some videos that criticized King Mohammed VI. This block did not concern the other two private internet-providers, Wana and Meditel. YouTube became accessible again on May 30th, 2007 after ''Maroc Telecom'' unofficially announced that the denied access to the website was only a &quot;technical glitch&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=22322 |title=''YouTube again accessible via Maroc Telecom'' |accessdate=2007-05-30 |format= |work=rsf.org }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Australia ===
In Australia, some schools, including all secondary schools in [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], have YouTube blocked from student access, after fights have been posted on YouTube.

=== China ===
Currently in [[China]] the government has blocked YouTube. For several years it has been unblocked but since the past five years it has been blocked.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Youku Transcends YouTube as China Becomes Center of Internet|url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010-10-17/youku-transcends-youtube-as-internet-s-center-of-gravity-shifts-to-china|website = Bloomberg.com|accessdate = September 22, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=China 'blocks YouTube video site'|author=Sommerville, Quentin|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7961069.stm|accessdate=March 24, 2009 | date=March 24, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | title =YouTube遭中國封鎖？ | work = | publisher =Now News | date =October 19, 2007 | url =http://www.nownews.com/2007/10/19/11444-2174423.htm | accessdate = April 8, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title =China Blocks YouTube | publisher=PC World | date =October 18, 2007 | url =http://www.pcworld.com/article/138599/article.html | accessdate = April 8, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Terms of service ==
According the site's terms of service,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/t/terms YouTube Terms of Use], accessed [[5 May]] [[2007]]&lt;/ref&gt; users may upload videos only if they have the permission of the copyright holder and of the people in the video. [[Pornography]], [[defamation]], [[harass]]ment, [[Advertising|commercials]] and videos that encourage [[criminal]] conduct may not be uploaded. The uploader gives YouTube permission to give out and change the uploaded video for any purpose, and they do not have permission anymore when the uploader deletes the video from the site. Users may view videos on the site but are not allowed to save them on their computers.

===Localization===
On June 19, 2007, Google CEO [[Eric Schmidt]] was in Paris to launch the new [[Internationalization and localization|localization]] system.&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot;/&gt; The interface of the website is available with localized versions in 90 countries, and a worldwide version.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com|title=YouTube homepage (See the localisation section below)|accessdate=February 9, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed&quot;
|-
! Country
! Language
! Headquarters
! Launch date
|-
| {{Flag|United States}} (worldwide launch and first global location)
| [[English language|English]] 
| [[San Bruno]]
| {{dts|2005|February|15|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot; /&gt;
| First location and worldwide launch
|-
| {{Flag|Brazil}}
| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
| [[São Paulo]]
| {{dts|2007|June|19|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|France}}
| [[French language|French]], and [[Basque language|Basque]]
| [[Paris]]
| {{dts|2007|June|19|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Peter|last=Sayer|url=http://www.pcadvisor.co.uk/news/index.cfm?NewsID=9772|title=Google launches YouTube France News|publisher=PC Advisor|date=June 19, 2007|accessdate=August 3, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Ireland}}
| [[English language|English]] 
| [[Dublin]]
| {{dts|2007|June|19|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Italy}}
| [[Italian language|Italian]]
| [[Rome]]
| {{dts|2007|June|19|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Japan}}
| [[Japanese language|Japanese]]
| [[Tokyo]]
| {{dts|2007|June|19|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Netherlands}}
| [[Dutch language|Dutch]]
| [[Amsterdam]]
| {{dts|2007|June|19|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Poland}}
| [[Polish language|Polish]]
| [[Warsaw]]
| {{dts|2007|June|19|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Spain}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Galician language|Galician]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], and [[Basque language|Basque]]
| [[Madrid]]
| {{dts|2007|June|19|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| [[English language|English]]
| [[London]]
| {{dts|2007|June|19|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Mexico}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [[Mexico City]]
| {{dts|2007|October|11|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://magic.piktochart.com/output/23523126-google-account-recovery-form-gmail-account-recovery-form |title=google account recovery form|publisher=[[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]]|date=October 11, 2007|accessdate=September 9, 2010|language=Spanish|trans_title=YouTube México launched today}}{{dead link|date=February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Hong Kong}}
| [[Chinese language|Chinese]], and [[English language|English]] 
| [[Hong Kong]]
| {{dts|2007|October|17|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://stanley5.blogspot.com/2007/10/youtube.html|title=中文上線&amp;nbsp;– YouTube 香港中文版登場！|publisher=Stanley5|date=October 17, 2007|accessdate=January 2, 2012|archive-date=April 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429052053/http://stanley5.blogspot.com/2007/10/youtube.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Taiwan}}
| [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
| [[Taipei]]
| {{dts|2007|October|18|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://tubemateyoutubedownloaderapps.com/|title=Tubemate for android|publisher=[[ZDNet]]|date=October 18, 2007|accessdate=January 2, 2012|archive-date=July 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707183800/https://tubemateyoutubedownloaderapps.com/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Australia}}
| [[English language|English]] 
| [[Sydney]]
| {{dts|2007|October|22|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;AUS-NZ&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Kristen|last=Nicole|url=http://mashable.com/2007/10/22/youtube-australia-new-zealand/|title=YouTube Launches in Australia &amp; New Zealand|publisher=[[Mashable]]|date=October 22, 2007|accessdate=August 3, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|New Zealand}}
| [[English language|English]] 
| [[Auckland]]
| {{dts|2007|October|22|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;AUS-NZ&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Canada}}
| [[English language|English]], and [[French language|French]]
| [[Toronto]]
| {{dts|2007|November|6|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|first=Kristen|last=Nicole|url=http://mashable.com/2007/11/06/youtube-canada/|title=YouTube Canada Now Live|date=November 6, 2007|publisher=[[Mashable]]|accessdate=August 3, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Germany}}
| [[German language|German]]
| [[Berlin]]
| {{dts|2007|November|8|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|first=Adam|last=Ostrow|url=http://mashable.com/2007/11/08/youtube-germany/|title=YouTube Germany Launches|publisher=[[Mashable]]|date=November 8, 2007|accessdate=August 3, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Russia}}
| [[Russian language|Russian]]
| [[Moscow]]
| {{dts|2007|November|13|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|first=|last=|url=http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/824940/|title=YouTube перевелся на русский|language=ru|publisher=Kommersant Moscow|date=November 14, 2007|accessdate=March 22, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|South Korea}}
| [[Korean language|Korean]]
| [[Seoul]]
| {{dts|2008|January|23|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|first=Martyn|last=Williams|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/141684/youtube_launches_korean_site.html|publisher=[[PC World]]|date=January 23, 2008|accessdate=March 22, 2012|title=YouTube Launches Korean Site}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|India}}
| [[Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and [[Urdu]]
| [[Mumbai]]
| {{dts|2008|May|7|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|first=Sandeep|last=Joshi|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/08/stories/2008050857242200.htm|title=YouTube now has an Indian incarnation|work=The Hindu  |date=May 8, 2008|accessdate=August 3, 2009|location=Chennai, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Israel}}
| [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], and [[English language|English]]
| [[Tel Aviv]]
| {{dts|2008|September|16|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/?hl=he&amp;gl=IL Google launches YouTube ישראל] September 16, 2008. Retrieved February 23, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Czech Republic}}
| [[Czech language|Czech]]
| [[Prague]]
| {{dts|2008|October|9|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|first=Petr|last=Bokuvka|url=http://czechdaily.wordpress.com/2008/10/12/czech-version-of-youtube-launched-and-its-crap-it-sucks/|title=Czech version of YouTube launched. And it's crap. It sucks|work=The Czech Daily Word|publisher=Wordpress.com|date=October 12, 2008|accessdate=August 3, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Sweden}}
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]]
| [[Stockholm]]
| {{dts|2008|October|22|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.kullin.net/2008/10/launch-video-unavailable-when-youtube-opens-up-in-sweden/ Launch video unavailable when YouTube opens up in Sweden] October 23, 2008. Retrieved December 7, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-	
| {{Flag|South Africa}}
| [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]], [[Zulu language|Zulu]], and [[English language|English]] 	
| [[Johannesburg]]
| {{dts|2010|May|17|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/?hl=af&amp;gl=ZA Google launches YouTube Suid-Afrika] May 17, 2010. Retrieved February 23, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Argentina}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [[Buenos Aires]]
| {{dts|2010|September|8|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;countries&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.webcitation.org/5sbofbU9A|title=YouTube launches in Argentina|date=September 9, 2010|accessdate=September 9, 2010|archive-date=May 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501165238/http://www.webcitation.org/5sbofbU9A|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Algeria}}
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]], and [[French language|French]]
| [[Algiers]]
| {{dts|2011|March|9|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;arabcrunch1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://arabcrunch.com/2011/03/youtube-launches-local-version-for-algeria-egypt-jordan-morocco-saudi-arabia-tunisia-and-yemen.html |title=YouTube Launches Local Version For Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia and Yemen |publisher=ArabCrunch |accessdate=March 13, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Egypt}}
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
| [[Cairo]]
| {{dts|2011|March|9|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;arabcrunch1&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Jordan}}
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
| [[Amman]]
| {{dts|2011|March|9|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;arabcrunch1&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Morocco}}
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]], and [[French language|French]]
| [[Rabat]]
| {{dts|2011|March|9|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;arabcrunch1&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]], and [[English language|English]]
| [[Riyadh]]
| {{dts|2011|March|9|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;arabcrunch1&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Tunisia}}
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]], and [[French language|French]]
| [[Tunis]]
| {{dts|2011|March|9|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;arabcrunch1&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Yemen}}
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
| [[Sana‘a]]
| {{dts|2011|March|9|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;arabcrunch1&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Kenya}}
| [[Swahili language|Swahili]], and [[English language|English]]
| [[Nairobi]]
| {{dts|2011|September|1|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|first=Nmachi|last=Jidenma|url=http://thenextweb.com/africa/2011/10/05/google-launches-youtube-in-kenya/|title=Google launches YouTube in Kenya|publisher=[[The Next Web]]|date=September 1, 2011|accessdate=March 22, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Philippines}}
| [[Filipino language|Filipino]], and [[English language|English]]
| [[Quezon City]]
| {{dts|2011|October|13|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;philippines&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Tam|last=Nod|url=http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=737018&amp;publicationSubCategoryId=200|title=YouTube launches 'The Philippines'|publisher=The Philippine Star|date=October 13, 2011|accessdate=October 13, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Singapore}}
| [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[English language|English]], [[Malay language|Malay]], and [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| [[Singapore|Singapore City]]
| {{dts|2011|October|20|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=YouTube Officially Launches in Singapore|url=https://www.techinasia.com/youtube-singapore-launch |accessdate=July 9, 2017|publisher = Tech in Asia|date=October 19, 2011}}
&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Belgium}}
| [[French language|French]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], and [[German language|German]]
| [[Antwerp]]
| {{dts|2011|November|11|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/?hl=fr&amp;gl=BE Google launches YouTube Belgique] November 11, 2011. Retrieved February 23, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Colombia}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [[Bogota]]
| {{dts|2011|November|30|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://thenextweb.com/la/2011/12/01/youtube-launches-localized-website-for-columbia/ YouTube launches localized website for Colombia] December 1, 2011. Retrieved December 1, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Uganda}}
| [[English language|English]], and [[Swahili language|Swahili]]
| [[Kampala]]
| {{dts|2011|December|2|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://pctechmagazine.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=1069:google-launches-youtube-uganda&amp;catid=1:latest-news&amp;Itemid=162 Google Launches YouTube Uganda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104043549/http://pctechmagazine.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=1069%3Agoogle-launches-youtube-uganda&amp;catid=1%3Alatest-news&amp;Itemid=162 |date=2012-01-04 }} December 2, 2011. Retrieved January 15, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Nigeria}}
| [[English language|English]]
| [[Lagos]]
| {{dts|2011|December|7|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.techmtaa.com/2011/12/07/google-to-launch-youtube-nigeria-today/ Google to Launch YouTube Nigeria Today] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108001623/http://www.techmtaa.com/2011/12/07/google-to-launch-youtube-nigeria-today |date=2012-01-08 }} December 7, 2011. Retrieved January 15, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Chile}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [[Santiago]]
| {{dts|2012|January|10|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://nextvlatam.com/index.php/5-otts/google-launches-youtube-chile/ Google launches YouTube Chile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325080121/http://nextvlatam.com/index.php/5-otts/google-launches-youtube-chile/ |date=2012-03-25 }} March 19, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Hungary}}
| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
| [[Budapest]]
| {{dts|2012|February|29|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://kultura.hu/main.php?folderID=1094&amp;articleID=323455&amp;ctag=&amp;iid=11 Google Launches Hungarian YouTube] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117060628/http://kultura.hu/main.php?folderID=1094&amp;articleID=323455&amp;ctag=&amp;iid=11 |date=2013-01-17 }} March 12, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Malaysia}}
| [[Malay language|Malay]], and [[English language|English]]
| [[Kuala Lumpur]]
| {{dts|2012|March|22|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.webpronews.com/youtube-launches-local-domain-for-malaysia-2012-03 YouTube Launches Local Domain For Malaysia] March 22, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Peru}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [[Lima]]
| {{dts|2012|March|25|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.webpronews.com/youtube-peru-launched-expansion-continues-2012-03 YouTube Peru Launched, Expansion continues] March 27, 2012. Retrieved April 1, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]], and [[English language|English]]
| [[Dubai]]
| {{dts|2012|March|29|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.emirates247.com/business/technology/uae-version-of-youtube-launched-2012-04-02-1.451741|title=UAE version of YouTube launched|publisher=Emirates 247|date=April 2, 2012|accessdate=February 14, 2014|author=Bindu Suresh Rai|archive-date=October 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009110938/https://www.emirates247.com/business/technology/uae-version-of-youtube-launched-2012-04-02-1.451741|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Greece}}
| [[Greek language|Greek]]
| [[Athens]]
| {{dts|2012|May|1|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/?hl=el&amp;gl=GR Google launches YouTube Ελλάδα] May 1, 2012. Retrieved February 23, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Indonesia}}
| [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], and [[English language|English]]
| [[Jakarta]]
| {{dts|2012|May|17|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/youtube-launches-indonesian-version/524443  &quot;YouTube Launches Indonesian Version&quot;], June 15, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Ghana}}
| [[English language|English]]
| [[Accra]]
| {{dts|2012|June|5|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.humanipo.com/blog/713/Google-launches-YouTube-in-Ghana  &quot;Google launches YouTube in Ghana&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624232254/http://www.humanipo.com/blog/713/Google-launches-YouTube-in-Ghana |date=2012-06-24 }}, June 22, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Senegal}}
| [[French language|French]], and [[English language|English]]
| [[Dakar]]
| {{dts|2012|July|4|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.telecompaper.com/news/youtube-launches-local-portal-in-senegal  &quot;YouTube launches local portal in Senegal&quot;], Jubr&gt;
{{note|media_type_table_note_3}}[3] itag 120 is for live streaming and has metadata referring to &quot;Elemental Technologies Live&quot;.July 16, 2012. Retrieved July 25, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Turkey}}
| [[Turkish language|Turkish]]
| [[Istanbul]]
| {{dts|2012|October|1|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkiye/86446--g  &quot;YouTube's Turkish version goes into service&quot;], October 1, 2012. Retrieved October 1, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Ukraine}}
| [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], and [[Russian language|Russian]]
| [[Kiev]]
| {{dts|2012|December|1|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|first=Maryna|last=Tarasova|url=http://google-ukraine-blog.blogspot.com/2012/12/youtube.html|publisher=Google Ukraine Blog|title=YouTube приходить в Україну! (YouTube comes in Ukraine!)|date=December 13, 2012|location=Ukraine}}&lt;!-- {{uk icon}} --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Denmark}}
| [[Danish language|Danish]]
| [[Copenhagen]]
| {{dts|2013|February|1|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.iprospect.dk/youtube-lanceres-i-danmark|publisher=iProspect|title=YouTube lanceres i Danmark|accessdate=April 17, 2013|location=Denmark|archive-date=May 7, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507094859/http://www.iprospect.dk/youtube-lanceres-i-danmark|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Finland}}
| [[Finnish language|Finnish]]
| [[Helsinki]]
| {{dts|2013|February|1|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|first=Vilja|last=Sormunen|url=http://www.klok.fi/blog/youtube-launches-in-the-nordics/|publisher=KLOK|title=YouTube Launches in the Nordics|date=February 6, 2013|accessdate=February 11, 2013|location=Nordic|archive-date=October 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009110928/http://www.klok.fi/blog/youtube-launches-in-the-nordics/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Norway}}
| [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]
| [[Oslo]]
| {{dts|2013|February|1|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.tono.no/YouTube+lansert+i+Norge.12888.cms|publisher=[[TONO]]|title=YOUTUBE LAUNCHED IN NORWAY|accessdate=April 17, 2013|location=Norway|archive-date=April 20, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420134320/http://www.tono.no/YouTube+lansert+i+Norge.12888.cms|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Switzerland}}
| [[German language|German]], [[French language|French]], and [[Italian language|Italian]]
| [[Zurich]]
| {{dts|2013|March|29|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/business/YouTube_goes_Swiss.html?cid=35450210|publisher=[[swissinfo]]|title=YouTube goes Swiss|accessdate=April 17, 2013|location=Swiss}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Austria}}
| [[German language|German]]
| [[Vienna]]
| {{dts|2013|March|29|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.wienerzeitung.at/themen_channel/wz_digital/digital_news/538498_YouTube.at-seit-Donnerstag-online.html|publisher=[[Wiener Zeitung]]|title=YouTube.at since Thursday online|accessdate=April 17, 2013|location=Austria}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Romania}}
| [[Romanian language|Romanian]]
| [[Bucharest]]
| {{dts|2013|April|18|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.zf.ro/zf-24/youtube-romania-se-lanseaza-intr-o-saptamana-10764820|publisher=ZF.ro|title=Youtube România se lansează într-o săptămână|accessdate=May 14, 2013|location=Romania}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Slovakia}}
| [[Slovak language|Slovak]]
| [[Bratislava]]
| {{dts|2013|April|25|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://vat.pravda.sk/obraz-a-zvuk/clanok/281254-slovaci-uz-mozu-oficialne-zarabat-na-tvorbe-videi-pre-youtube/|title=Slováci už môžu oficiálne zarábať na tvorbe videí pre YouTube|publisher=Vat Pravda|date=May 21, 2013|accessdate=February 14, 2014|author=[http://vat.pravda.sk/autor/64-svec-tomas/ tš]|language=[[Slovak language|Slovak]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Portugal}}
| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
| [[Lisbon]]
| {{dts|2013|April|25|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.lusonoticias.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=27764:google-lanca-versao-lusa-do-youtube&amp;catid=343&amp;Itemid=159|publisher=Luso Noticias|title=Google lança versão lusa do YouTube|accessdate=May 14, 2013|location=Portugal}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Bahrain}}
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
| [[Manama]]
| {{dts|2013|August|16|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;gcc&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tbreak.ae/news/youtube-expands-monetization-partnership-gcc|title=YouTube expands monetization and partnership in GCC|publisher=tbreak Media|date=September 16, 2013|accessdate=February 14, 2014|author=[http://www.tbreak.ae/author/theregos Nick Rego]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Kuwait}}
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
| [[Kuwait City]]
| {{dts|2013|August|16|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;gcc&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Oman}}
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
| [[Muscat]]
| {{dts|2013|August|16|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;gcc&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Qatar}}
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
| [[Doha]]
| {{dts|2013|August|16|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;gcc&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
| [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]], [[Croatian language|Croatian]], and [[Serbian language|Serbian]]
| [[Sarajevo]]
| {{dts|2014|March|17|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/?hl=hr&amp;gl=BA Google launches YouTube Bosna i Hercegovina] March 17, 2014. Retrieved February 23, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Bulgaria}}
| [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]
| [[Sofia]]
| {{dts|2014|March|17|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://newtrend.bg/digital-company/youtube/youtube-reklama-bulgaria|title=YouTube рекламата става достъпна и за България|publisher=New Trend|date=March 18, 2014|accessdate=April 5, 2014|author=[http://newtrend.bg/author/ivelina Ивелина Атанасова]|language=[[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]|archive-date=April 7, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407082809/https://newtrend.bg/digital-company/youtube/youtube-reklama-bulgaria|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Croatia}}
| [[Croatian language|Croatian]]
| [[Zagreb]]
| {{dts|2014|March|17|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://liderpress.hr/poslovna-znanja/oglasavanje-na-video-platformi-youtube-od-sad-dostupno-i-u-hrvatskoj/|title=Oglašavanje na video platformi YouTube od sad dostupno i u Hrvatskoj|publisher=Lider|date=March 19, 2014|accessdate=April 5, 2014|language=[[Croatian language|Croatian]]|archive-date=January 11, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111014509/http://liderpress.hr/poslovna-znanja/oglasavanje-na-video-platformi-youtube-od-sad-dostupno-i-u-hrvatskoj/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Estonia}}
| [[Estonian language|Estonian]]
| [[Tallinn]]
| {{dts|2014|March|17|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.meedium.ee/blog/youtube-reklaamid-eestis|title=Youtube reklaamid - uued võimalused nüüd ka Eestis!|publisher=Meedium|date=March 19, 2014|accessdate=April 5, 2014|author=Siiri Oden|language=[[Estonian language|Estonian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Latvia}}
| [[Latvian language|Latvian]]
| [[Riga]]
| {{dts|2014|March|17|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://marketing.lv/tagad-reklamas-iespejas-youtube-kanala-iespejams-izmantot-ari-latvija/|title=Tagad reklāmas iespējas Youtube kanālā iespējams izmantot arī Latvijā|publisher=Marketing|date=March 18, 2014|accessdate=April 5, 2014|author=[http://marketing.lv/author/marta/ Marta]|language=[[Latvian language|Latvian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Lithuania}}
| [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]
| [[Vilnius]]
| {{dts|2014|March|17|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/?hl=lt&amp;gl=LT Google launches YouTube Lietuva] March 17, 2014. Retrieved February 23, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Macedonia}}
| [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]], [[Albanian language|Albanian]], [[Serbian language|Serbian]], and [[Turkish language|Turkish]]
| [[Skopje]]
| {{dts|2014|March|17|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/?hl=sr&amp;gl=MK Google launches YouTube Македонија] March 17, 2014. Retrieved February 23, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Montenegro}}
| [[Serbian language|Serbian]], and [[Croatian language|Croatian]]
| [[Podgorica]]
| {{dts|2014|March|17|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/?hl=sr&amp;gl=ME Google launches YouTube Црна Гора] March 17, 2014. Retrieved February 23, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Serbia}}
| [[Serbian language|Serbian]]
| [[Belgrade]]
| {{dts|2014|March|17|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/?hl=sr&amp;gl=RS Google launches YouTube Србија] March 17, 2014. Retrieved February 23, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Slovenia}}
| [[Slovenian language|Slovenian]]
| [[Ljubljana]]
| {{dts|2014|March|17|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dnevnik.si/magazin/znanost-in-tehnologija/na-youtube-prihajajo-tudi-slovenski-video-oglasi|title=Na Youtube prihajajo tudi slovenski video oglasi|publisher=[[Dnevnik (Slovenia)|Dnevnik]]|date=March 18, 2014|accessdate=April 5, 2014|author=STA|language=[[Slovenian language|Slovenian]]|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114153/http://www.dnevnik.si/magazin/znanost-in-tehnologija/na-youtube-prihajajo-tudi-slovenski-video-oglasi|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Thailand}}
| [[Thai language|Thai]]
| [[Bangkok]]
| {{dts|2014|April|1|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/business/YouTube-introduces-homepage-especially-30230795.html|title=YouTube introduces homepage especially|publisher=[[The Nation (Thailand)|The Nation]]|date=April 3, 2014|accessdate=April 4, 2014|author=Asina Pornwasin|archive-date=January 11, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111081909/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/business/YouTube-introduces-homepage-especially-30230795.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Lebanon}}
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]], and [[French language|French]]
| [[Beirut]]
| {{dts|2014|May|1|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;gcc&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Puerto Rico}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]], and [[English language|English]]
| [[San Juan]]
| {{dts|2014|August|23|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/?hl=es&amp;gl=PR Google launches YouTube Puerto Rico] August 23, 2014. Retrieved February 23, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Vietnam}}
| [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]
| [[Hanoi]]
| {{dts|2014|October|1|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/?hl=vi&amp;gl=VN Google launches YouTube Việt Nam] October 1, 2014. Retrieved May 10, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Libya}}
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
| [[Tripoli]]
| {{dts|2015|February|1|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/?hl=ar&amp;gl=LY Google launches YouTube ليبيا] February 1, 2015. Retrieved February 23, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Iceland}}
| [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]
| [[Reykjavik]]
| {{dts|2015|June|2|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/?hl=is&amp;gl=IS Google launches YouTube Ísland] June 2, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Luxembourg}}
| [[French language|French]], and [[German language|German]]
| [[Luxembourg (city)|Luxembourg]]
| {{dts|2015|June|2|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/?hl=fr&amp;gl=LU Google launches YouTube Luxembourg] June 2, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Tanzania}}
| [[Swahili language|Swahili]], and [[English language|English]]
| [[Dodoma]]
| {{dts|2015|June|2|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/?hl=sw&amp;gl=TZ Google launches YouTube Tanzania] June 2, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Zimbabwe}}
| [[English language|English]]
| [[Harare]]
| {{dts|2015|June|2|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/?hl=en&amp;gl=ZW Google launches YouTube Zimbabwe] June 2, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Azerbaijan}}
| [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]
| [[Baku]]
| {{dts|2015|October|12|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Belarus}}
| [[Russian language|Russian]]
| [[Minsk]]
| {{dts|2015|October|12|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Georgia}}
| [[Georgian language|Georgian]]
| [[Tbilisi]]
| {{dts|2015|October|12|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Kazakhstan}}
| [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]
| [[Astana]]
| {{dts|2015|October|12|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Iraq}}
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
| [[Baghdad]]
| {{dts|2015|November|9|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Nepal}}
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| [[Kathmandu]]
| {{dts|2016|January|12|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Pakistan}}
| [[Urdu language|Urdu]], and [[Pakistani English|English]]
| [[Karachi]]
| {{dts|2016|January|12|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Sri Lanka}}
| [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]], and [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| [[Colombo]]
| {{dts|2016|January|12|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Jamaica}}
| [[English language|English]]
| [[Kingston]]
| {{dts|2016|August|4|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Malta}}
| [[Maltese language|Maltese]], and [[English language|English]]
| [[Valletta]]
| {{dts|2018|June|24|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Bolivia}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [[La Paz]]
| {{dts|2019|January|30|format=mdy}}
|- 
| {{Flag|Costa Rica}} 
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [[San José]]
| {{dts|2019|January|30|format=mdy}} 
|-
| {{Flag|Ecuador}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [[Quito]]
| {{dts|2019|January|30|format=mdy}} 
|-
| {{Flag|El Salvador}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [[San Salvador]]
| {{dts|2019|January|30|format=mdy}} 
|-
| {{Flag|Guatemala}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [[Guatemala City]]
| {{dts|2019|January|30|format=mdy}} 
|-
| {{Flag|Honduras}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [[Tegucigalpa]]
| {{dts|2019|January|30|format=mdy}}
|- 
| {{Flag|Nicaragua}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [[Managua]]
| {{dts|2019|January|30|format=mdy}} 
|-
| {{Flag|Panama}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [[Panama City]]
| {{dts|2019|January|30|format=mdy}} 
|-
| {{Flag|Uruguay}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [[Montevideo]]
| {{dts|2019|January|30|format=mdy}} 
|-
| {{Flag|Paraguay}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [[Asunción]]
| {{dts|2019|February|21|format=mdy}} 
|-
| {{Flag|Dominican Republic}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [[Santo Domingo]]
| {{dts|2019|February|21|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Cyprus}} 
| [[Greek language|Greek]], and [[Turkish language|Turkish]]
| [[Nicosia]]
| {{dts|2019|March|13|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Liechtenstein}}
| [[German language|German]]
| [[Vaduz]]
| {{dts|2019|March|13|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Venezuela}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [[Caracas]]
| {{dts|2020|March|10|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Papua New Guinea}}
| [[English language|English]]
| [[Port Moresby]]
| {{dts|2020|June|10|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Bangladesh}}
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| [[Dhaka]]
| {{dts|2020|September|2|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Cambodia}}
| [[Khmer language|Khmer]]
| [[Phnom Penh]]
| {{dts|2022|August|25|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Laos}}
| [[Lao language|Lao]]
| [[Vientiane]]
| {{dts|2022|August|25|format=mdy}}
|- 
| {{Flag|Moldova}}
| [[Romanian language|Romanian]], and [[Russian language|Russian]]
| [[Chişinău]]
| {{dts|2024|March|26|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Armenia}} (last global location)
| [[Armenian language|Armenian]], and [[Russian language|Russian]]
| [[Yerevan]]
| {{dts|2026|May|7|format=mdy}}
|}

===Testing language===
The interface of the YouTube website is available in 76 language versions including, [[Albanian language|Albanian]], [[Amharic language|Amharic]], [[Armenian language|Armenian]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Burmese language|Burmese]], [[Khmer language|Khmer]], [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]], [[Lao language|Laotian]], [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]], which do have local channel versions.

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Other websites ==
{{wikinews|Dove ad viewed more than 3 million times on YouTube}}
{{wikinews|New Zealand school children put fight videos on YouTube}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/ YouTube.com]
* [https://m.youtube.com YouTube mobile site]
* [https://www.youtube.com/blog YouTube Blog]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QCVxQ_3Ejkg YouTube founders comment on the Google.com acquisition of YouTube]

[[Category:2005 establishments in California]]
[[Category:YouTube| ]]</text>
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      <text bytes="45717" sha1="etevfgquwcdui27vpkuajq812mj0ar4" xml:space="preserve">{{complex|date=February 2015}}
{{Infobox dot-com company
|name = YouTube, LLC
|logo = [[File:YouTube 2024.svg|200px]]
|company_type = [[Subsidiary]]
|foundation = {{Start date|2005|2|14}}
|founder = {{Unbulleted list|[[Steve Chen]]|[[Chad Hurley]]|[[Jawed Karim]]}}
|location_city = 901 Cherry Avenue, [[San Bruno, California]]
|location_country = United States
|coordinates={{coord|37.628101|-122.426424|display=inline,title}}
|area_served = [[World]]wide (except [[Censorship of YouTube|blocked countries]])
|parent = Independent (2005–2006)&lt;br /&gt;[[Google]] (2006–present)
|key_people = [[Neal Mohan]] ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])&lt;br /&gt;[[Chad Hurley]] ([[Adviser]])
|company_slogan = Broadcast Yourself (2005–2012)
|industry = [[Internet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Video hosting service]]
|ipv6 = 
|advertising = Google [[AdSense]]
|launch_date = {{Start date and age|2005|4|22}}
|screenshot = Youtube Home Page screenshot.png
|caption = Screenshot of YouTube's homepage
| url = {{URL|https://www.youtube.com/|YouTube.com}}&lt;br /&gt;(see [[#Localization|list of localized domain names]])
| content_license = Uploader holds copyright (standard license); [[Creative Commons]] can be selected.&lt;!-- content_license is not part of &quot;Infobox dot-com company&quot; which is the primary reason &quot;Infobox website&quot; was added. Please Talk before doing anything --&gt;
| type = [[Video hosting service]]
| alexa = {{Steady}} 2 ({{as of|2017|07|01|alt=July 2017}})&lt;ref name=&quot;alexa&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/youtube.com |title= Youtube.com Site Info |publisher= [[Alexa Internet]] |accessdate= January 9, 2016 |archive-date= August 7, 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160807013431/http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/youtube.com |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| programming_language = [[Java (programming language)|Java]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://googlecode.blogspot.com/2009/05/guice-deuce.html|title=Guice Deuce|first=Jesse|last=Wilson|date=May 19, 2009|accessdate=December 2, 2015|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20151202141227/http://googlecode.blogspot.is/2009/05/guice-deuce.html|archivedate=December 2, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Python (programming language)|Python]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gooli.org/blog/youtube-runs-on-python/|title=YouTube runs on Python|first=Vincent|last=Lextrait|date=July 2010|accessdate=September 5, 2010 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120530/http://www.lextrait.com/Vincent/implementations.html |archivedate=May 30, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; and proprietary [[JavaScript]]
| registration = Optional (not required to watch most videos; required for certain tasks such as uploading videos, viewing flagged (18+) videos, creating playlists and posting comments)
| current_status = Active
|dissolved=}}
'''YouTube''' is a free [[video sharing]] website that lets people upload, view, and share contents. Contents can be rated with a like or dislike, most contents can be commented on if logged in to an account, and the number of times a video has been watched (known as &quot;views&quot;) is put on the site. Users who have accounts can also subscribe to channels. At the moment, [[Google]] (a search engine company) owns and operates YouTube. Many different types of videos can be put onto the website, such as educational content, animations, and funny stuff. YouTube was founded on February 14, 2005 by six or seven former workers of [[PayPal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Whois Record for YouTube.com|url=http://whois.domaintools.com/youtube.com|work=whois.domaintools.com|accessdate=7 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web
 |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4798133.stm
 |title = YouTube aims to show music videos 
 |publisher = BBC
 |date = [[2006-08-16]]
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Features ==

=== Videos ===
YouTube needed the Adobe Flash Player plug-in to play videos in the past.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8287239.stm|title=Flash moves on to smart phones|first=Jonathan|last=Fildes|date=5 October 2009|website=BBC News|publisher=BBC|accessdate=30 November 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, in January 2010, YouTube tried using the built-in features of web browsers so people would not need to use Adobe Flash player to watch videos.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/html5|title=YouTube HTML5 Video Player|first=|last=|date=|website=Youtube|publisher=Youtube|accessdate=12 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

All YouTube users can upload 15-minute long videos. Users who have used the site for enough time and follow the rules can upload videos that are 12 hours long. A user needs to verify the account to do this, however.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/71673|title=Upload videos longer than 15 minutes|first=|last=|date=|website=Youtube|publisher=Youtube|accessdate=15 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Everyone could upload long videos when YouTube started, but in March 2006 a ten-minute video limit was put in.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/uncategorized/2006/03/6481-2/|title=YouTube caps video lengths to reduce infringement|first=Ken|last=Fisher|date=29 March 2006|website=Ars Technica|publisher=Condé|accessdate=March 25 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The limit was changed to 15 minutes in July 2010. Most video formats can be uploaded to YouTube, and videos can also be uploaded from mobile phones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://support.google.com/youtube/troubleshooter/2888402?visit_id=1-636371330768523638-2496411257&amp;rd=1|title=Supported YouTube file formats|first=|last=|date=|website=Youtube|publisher=Youtube|accessdate=December 4 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Banning ==
YouTube is blocked in many schools because it allows children to search for videos online that would otherwise distract them from their lessons, much like how other social networking sites and game sites are blocked for the same purpose. But at a higher level than schools (and in workplaces), even some governments have blocked YouTube access to their country's public, but their reasons can vary. {{cn|date=January 2012}}

=== Iran ===
On [[December 3]], 2006, the [[Islamic Republic of Iran|government of Iran]] blocked YouTube and several other sites in an attempt to stop films and music from other countries from being seen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/iran/story/0,,1963166,00.html|title=Censorship fears rise as Iran blocks access to top websites|date=[[November 4]], [[2006]]|accessdate = 2006-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Turkey ===
Turkey blocked YouTube on [[March 6]] 2007 for letting videos that were insulting or discriminating to Turks and [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Atatürk]], who is the founder of modern Turkey, to be shown, because of a &quot;virtual war&quot; between Greeks, Armenians, Kurds and Turks on YouTube, with people from each side posting videos to hurt the other.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/turkey/story/0,,2028543,00.html|title=Turkey pulls plug on YouTube over Ataturk 'insults'|date=[[March 7]], 2007|accessdate = 2007-03-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; The video that caused banning alleged [[Turkey|Turks]] and Atatürk to be 'gay'. The video was first mentioned on [[CNN Türk|Turkish CNN]] and the [[Istanbul]] public prosecutor sued YouTube for being mean to Turkishness.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117960760.html?categoryid=1009&amp;cs=1|title=Turkey bans YouTube|date=[[March 8]], [[2007]]|accessdate = 2007-03-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; The court suspended access to YouTube while waiting for the removal of the video. The ban was strongly criticized. YouTube lawyers sent documentary of removal to court and users could access the website again on [[March 9]] [[2007]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/Technology/Turkey-revokes-YouTube-ban/2007/03/10/1173167025391.html|title=Turkey revokes YouTube ban|date=[[March 9]], [[2007]]|accessdate = 2007-03-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Thailand ===
During the week of [[March 8]], YouTube was blocked in Thailand.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.2bangkok.com/blockedyoutube.shtml|title=YouTube seems blocked in Thailand 2bangkok.com|date=[[March 10]], [[2007]]|accessdate = 2007-03-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many bloggers (people who have a &quot;diary&quot; online) believed the reason YouTube was blocked was because of a video of the former Prime Minister [[Thaksin Shinawatra]]'s speech on [[CNN]]. However, the government did not confirm or give reasons for the ban. YouTube was accessible from [[March 10]].

On the night of [[April 3]], YouTube was again blocked in Thailand.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://facthai.wordpress.com/2007/04/04/youtube-blocked-again/|title=YouTube Blocked Again|date=[[April 04]], [[2007]]|accessdate = 2007-04-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; The government said it was because of a video on the site that it said was &quot;insulting&quot; to King [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bangkokpost.co.th/topstories/topstories.php?id=117871|title=For some users, YouTube disappears|date=[[April 04]], [[2007]]|accessdate = 2007-04-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Ministry of Information and Communication Technology claimed that it would unblock YouTube in a few days, after websites containing references to this video are blocked instead of the entire website.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://bangkokpost.com/News/07Apr2007_news03.php|title=YouTube to help block web access to pages insulting King|date=[[April 07]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Communications Minister Sitthichai Pookaiyaudom said, &quot;When they decide to withdraw the clip, we will withdraw the ban.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | first = | last = | coauthors = | title =Whose Tube? | date =[[2004-04-14]] | publisher = | url =http://economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_JDTPVRG | work =[[The Economist]] | pages =71 | accessdate =2007-04-16 | language = | archive-date =2007-10-17 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20071017234704/http://economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_JDTPVRG | url-status =dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Soon after this incident the internet technology blog Mashable was banned from Thailand over the reporting of the YouTube clips in question.&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite news 
 | first = Pete
 | last = Cashmore
 | title = Mashable.com Banned in Thailand
 | url = http://mashable.com/2007/04/18/mashablecom-banned-in-thailand/
 | work = Mashable
 | date = [[2004-04-18]] 
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Brazilian model lawsuit and banning that came after ===
YouTube is being sued by [[Brazil]]ian model and MTV VJ Daniela Cicarelli (better known as [[Ronaldo]]'s ex-fiancée) on the grounds that the site is making available a video footage made by a paparazzi, in which she and her boyfriend are having sex on a Spanish beach. The lawsuit says that YouTube has to be blocked in Brazil until all copies of the video are removed. On Saturday, [[January 6]], [[2007]], a legal injunction ordered that filters be put in place to prevent users in Brazil from going to the website.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.totalsecurity.com.br/article.php?sid=2768&amp;order=0 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-06-07 |archive-date=2012-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723112727/https://totalsecurity.com.br/article.php?sid=2768&amp;order=0 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.radiofandango.com.br/archive/valor.php?noticia=3720 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-06-07 |archive-date=2007-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210102300/http://www.radiofandango.com.br/archive/valor.php?noticia=3720 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The effectiveness of the measure has been questioned, since the video is not available only on YouTube, but rather has become an [[Internet phenomenon]].  On Tuesday, [[January 9]], [[2007]], the same court overturned their earlier decision, ordering the filters to be taken down, even though the footage was still forbidden, but without technical support for its blockage.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://tecnologia.terra.com.br/interna/0,,OI1337815-EI4802,00.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-06-07 |archive-date=2012-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209232734/http://tecnologia.terra.com.br/interna/0,,OI1337815-EI4802,00.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Morocco ===
On May 25, 2007 the state-owned company Maroc Telecom blocked all access to YouTube.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.globalvoicesonline.org/2007/05/26/morocco-blocks-access-to-youtube/ |title=''Morocco blocks access to YouTube'' |accessdate=2007-05-27 |format= |work=globalvoicesonline.org }}&lt;/ref&gt; There were no reasons given why YouTube was blocked. But the guesses are that it might have something to do with some pro-separatist group Polisario clips (Polisario is the Western Sahara independence movement) or because of some videos that criticized King Mohammed VI. This block did not concern the other two private internet-providers, Wana and Meditel. YouTube became accessible again on May 30th, 2007 after ''Maroc Telecom'' unofficially announced that the denied access to the website was only a &quot;technical glitch&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=22322 |title=''YouTube again accessible via Maroc Telecom'' |accessdate=2007-05-30 |format= |work=rsf.org }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Australia ===
In Australia, some schools, including all secondary schools in [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], have YouTube blocked from student access, after fights have been posted on YouTube.

=== China ===
Currently in [[China]] the government has blocked YouTube. For several years it has been unblocked but since the past five years it has been blocked.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Youku Transcends YouTube as China Becomes Center of Internet|url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010-10-17/youku-transcends-youtube-as-internet-s-center-of-gravity-shifts-to-china|website = Bloomberg.com|accessdate = September 22, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=China 'blocks YouTube video site'|author=Sommerville, Quentin|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7961069.stm|accessdate=March 24, 2009 | date=March 24, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | title =YouTube遭中國封鎖？ | work = | publisher =Now News | date =October 19, 2007 | url =http://www.nownews.com/2007/10/19/11444-2174423.htm | accessdate = April 8, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title =China Blocks YouTube | publisher=PC World | date =October 18, 2007 | url =http://www.pcworld.com/article/138599/article.html | accessdate = April 8, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Terms of service ==
According the site's terms of service,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/t/terms YouTube Terms of Use], accessed [[5 May]] [[2007]]&lt;/ref&gt; users may upload videos only if they have the permission of the copyright holder and of the people in the video. [[Pornography]], [[defamation]], [[harass]]ment, [[Advertising|commercials]] and videos that encourage [[criminal]] conduct may not be uploaded. The uploader gives YouTube permission to give out and change the uploaded video for any purpose, and they do not have permission anymore when the uploader deletes the video from the site. Users may view videos on the site but are not allowed to save them on their computers.

===Localization===
On June 19, 2007, Google CEO [[Eric Schmidt]] was in Paris to launch the new [[Internationalization and localization|localization]] system.&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot;/&gt; The interface of the website is available with localized versions in 90 countries, and a worldwide version.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com|title=YouTube homepage (See the localisation section below)|accessdate=February 9, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed&quot;
|-
! Country
! Language
! Headquarters
! Launch date
|-
| {{Flag|United States}} (worldwide launch and first global location)
| [[English language|English]] 
| [[San Bruno]]
| {{dts|2005|February|15|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot; /&gt;
| First location and worldwide launch
|-
| {{Flag|Brazil}}
| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
| [[São Paulo]]
| {{dts|2007|June|19|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|France}}
| [[French language|French]], and [[Basque language|Basque]]
| [[Paris]]
| {{dts|2007|June|19|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Peter|last=Sayer|url=http://www.pcadvisor.co.uk/news/index.cfm?NewsID=9772|title=Google launches YouTube France News|publisher=PC Advisor|date=June 19, 2007|accessdate=August 3, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Ireland}}
| [[English language|English]] 
| [[Dublin]]
| {{dts|2007|June|19|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Italy}}
| [[Italian language|Italian]]
| [[Rome]]
| {{dts|2007|June|19|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Japan}}
| [[Japanese language|Japanese]]
| [[Tokyo]]
| {{dts|2007|June|19|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Netherlands}}
| [[Dutch language|Dutch]]
| [[Amsterdam]]
| {{dts|2007|June|19|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Poland}}
| [[Polish language|Polish]]
| [[Warsaw]]
| {{dts|2007|June|19|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Spain}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Galician language|Galician]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], and [[Basque language|Basque]]
| [[Madrid]]
| {{dts|2007|June|19|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| [[English language|English]]
| [[London]]
| {{dts|2007|June|19|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Mexico}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [[Mexico City]]
| {{dts|2007|October|11|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://magic.piktochart.com/output/23523126-google-account-recovery-form-gmail-account-recovery-form |title=google account recovery form|publisher=[[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]]|date=October 11, 2007|accessdate=September 9, 2010|language=Spanish|trans_title=YouTube México launched today}}{{dead link|date=February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Hong Kong}}
| [[Chinese language|Chinese]], and [[English language|English]] 
| [[Hong Kong]]
| {{dts|2007|October|17|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://stanley5.blogspot.com/2007/10/youtube.html|title=中文上線&amp;nbsp;– YouTube 香港中文版登場！|publisher=Stanley5|date=October 17, 2007|accessdate=January 2, 2012|archive-date=April 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429052053/http://stanley5.blogspot.com/2007/10/youtube.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Taiwan}}
| [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
| [[Taipei]]
| {{dts|2007|October|18|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://tubemateyoutubedownloaderapps.com/|title=Tubemate for android|publisher=[[ZDNet]]|date=October 18, 2007|accessdate=January 2, 2012|archive-date=July 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707183800/https://tubemateyoutubedownloaderapps.com/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Australia}}
| [[English language|English]] 
| [[Sydney]]
| {{dts|2007|October|22|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;AUS-NZ&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Kristen|last=Nicole|url=http://mashable.com/2007/10/22/youtube-australia-new-zealand/|title=YouTube Launches in Australia &amp; New Zealand|publisher=[[Mashable]]|date=October 22, 2007|accessdate=August 3, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|New Zealand}}
| [[English language|English]] 
| [[Auckland]]
| {{dts|2007|October|22|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;AUS-NZ&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Canada}}
| [[English language|English]], and [[French language|French]]
| [[Toronto]]
| {{dts|2007|November|6|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|first=Kristen|last=Nicole|url=http://mashable.com/2007/11/06/youtube-canada/|title=YouTube Canada Now Live|date=November 6, 2007|publisher=[[Mashable]]|accessdate=August 3, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Germany}}
| [[German language|German]]
| [[Berlin]]
| {{dts|2007|November|8|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|first=Adam|last=Ostrow|url=http://mashable.com/2007/11/08/youtube-germany/|title=YouTube Germany Launches|publisher=[[Mashable]]|date=November 8, 2007|accessdate=August 3, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Russia}}
| [[Russian language|Russian]]
| [[Moscow]]
| {{dts|2007|November|13|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|first=|last=|url=http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/824940/|title=YouTube перевелся на русский|language=ru|publisher=Kommersant Moscow|date=November 14, 2007|accessdate=March 22, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|South Korea}}
| [[Korean language|Korean]]
| [[Seoul]]
| {{dts|2008|January|23|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|first=Martyn|last=Williams|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/141684/youtube_launches_korean_site.html|publisher=[[PC World]]|date=January 23, 2008|accessdate=March 22, 2012|title=YouTube Launches Korean Site}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|India}}
| [[Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and [[Urdu]]
| [[Mumbai]]
| {{dts|2008|May|7|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|first=Sandeep|last=Joshi|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/08/stories/2008050857242200.htm|title=YouTube now has an Indian incarnation|work=The Hindu  |date=May 8, 2008|accessdate=August 3, 2009|location=Chennai, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Israel}}
| [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], and [[English language|English]]
| [[Tel Aviv]]
| {{dts|2008|September|16|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/?hl=he&amp;gl=IL Google launches YouTube ישראל] September 16, 2008. Retrieved February 23, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Czech Republic}}
| [[Czech language|Czech]]
| [[Prague]]
| {{dts|2008|October|9|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|first=Petr|last=Bokuvka|url=http://czechdaily.wordpress.com/2008/10/12/czech-version-of-youtube-launched-and-its-crap-it-sucks/|title=Czech version of YouTube launched. And it's crap. It sucks|work=The Czech Daily Word|publisher=Wordpress.com|date=October 12, 2008|accessdate=August 3, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Sweden}}
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]]
| [[Stockholm]]
| {{dts|2008|October|22|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.kullin.net/2008/10/launch-video-unavailable-when-youtube-opens-up-in-sweden/ Launch video unavailable when YouTube opens up in Sweden] October 23, 2008. Retrieved December 7, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-	
| {{Flag|South Africa}}
| [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]], [[Zulu language|Zulu]], and [[English language|English]] 	
| [[Johannesburg]]
| {{dts|2010|May|17|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/?hl=af&amp;gl=ZA Google launches YouTube Suid-Afrika] May 17, 2010. Retrieved February 23, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Argentina}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [[Buenos Aires]]
| {{dts|2010|September|8|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;countries&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.webcitation.org/5sbofbU9A|title=YouTube launches in Argentina|date=September 9, 2010|accessdate=September 9, 2010|archive-date=May 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501165238/http://www.webcitation.org/5sbofbU9A|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Algeria}}
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]], and [[French language|French]]
| [[Algiers]]
| {{dts|2011|March|9|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;arabcrunch1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://arabcrunch.com/2011/03/youtube-launches-local-version-for-algeria-egypt-jordan-morocco-saudi-arabia-tunisia-and-yemen.html |title=YouTube Launches Local Version For Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia and Yemen |publisher=ArabCrunch |accessdate=March 13, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Egypt}}
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
| [[Cairo]]
| {{dts|2011|March|9|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;arabcrunch1&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Jordan}}
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
| [[Amman]]
| {{dts|2011|March|9|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;arabcrunch1&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Morocco}}
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]], and [[French language|French]]
| [[Rabat]]
| {{dts|2011|March|9|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;arabcrunch1&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]], and [[English language|English]]
| [[Riyadh]]
| {{dts|2011|March|9|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;arabcrunch1&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Tunisia}}
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]], and [[French language|French]]
| [[Tunis]]
| {{dts|2011|March|9|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;arabcrunch1&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Yemen}}
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
| [[Sana‘a]]
| {{dts|2011|March|9|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;arabcrunch1&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Kenya}}
| [[Swahili language|Swahili]], and [[English language|English]]
| [[Nairobi]]
| {{dts|2011|September|1|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|first=Nmachi|last=Jidenma|url=http://thenextweb.com/africa/2011/10/05/google-launches-youtube-in-kenya/|title=Google launches YouTube in Kenya|publisher=[[The Next Web]]|date=September 1, 2011|accessdate=March 22, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Philippines}}
| [[Filipino language|Filipino]], and [[English language|English]]
| [[Quezon City]]
| {{dts|2011|October|13|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;philippines&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Tam|last=Nod|url=http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=737018&amp;publicationSubCategoryId=200|title=YouTube launches 'The Philippines'|publisher=The Philippine Star|date=October 13, 2011|accessdate=October 13, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Singapore}}
| [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[English language|English]], [[Malay language|Malay]], and [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| [[Singapore|Singapore City]]
| {{dts|2011|October|20|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=YouTube Officially Launches in Singapore|url=https://www.techinasia.com/youtube-singapore-launch |accessdate=July 9, 2017|publisher = Tech in Asia|date=October 19, 2011}}
&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Belgium}}
| [[French language|French]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], and [[German language|German]]
| [[Antwerp]]
| {{dts|2011|November|11|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/?hl=fr&amp;gl=BE Google launches YouTube Belgique] November 11, 2011. Retrieved February 23, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Colombia}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [[Bogota]]
| {{dts|2011|November|30|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://thenextweb.com/la/2011/12/01/youtube-launches-localized-website-for-columbia/ YouTube launches localized website for Colombia] December 1, 2011. Retrieved December 1, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Uganda}}
| [[English language|English]], and [[Swahili language|Swahili]]
| [[Kampala]]
| {{dts|2011|December|2|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://pctechmagazine.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=1069:google-launches-youtube-uganda&amp;catid=1:latest-news&amp;Itemid=162 Google Launches YouTube Uganda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104043549/http://pctechmagazine.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=1069%3Agoogle-launches-youtube-uganda&amp;catid=1%3Alatest-news&amp;Itemid=162 |date=2012-01-04 }} December 2, 2011. Retrieved January 15, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Nigeria}}
| [[English language|English]]
| [[Lagos]]
| {{dts|2011|December|7|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.techmtaa.com/2011/12/07/google-to-launch-youtube-nigeria-today/ Google to Launch YouTube Nigeria Today] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108001623/http://www.techmtaa.com/2011/12/07/google-to-launch-youtube-nigeria-today |date=2012-01-08 }} December 7, 2011. Retrieved January 15, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Chile}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [[Santiago]]
| {{dts|2012|January|10|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://nextvlatam.com/index.php/5-otts/google-launches-youtube-chile/ Google launches YouTube Chile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325080121/http://nextvlatam.com/index.php/5-otts/google-launches-youtube-chile/ |date=2012-03-25 }} March 19, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Hungary}}
| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
| [[Budapest]]
| {{dts|2012|February|29|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://kultura.hu/main.php?folderID=1094&amp;articleID=323455&amp;ctag=&amp;iid=11 Google Launches Hungarian YouTube] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117060628/http://kultura.hu/main.php?folderID=1094&amp;articleID=323455&amp;ctag=&amp;iid=11 |date=2013-01-17 }} March 12, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Malaysia}}
| [[Malay language|Malay]], and [[English language|English]]
| [[Kuala Lumpur]]
| {{dts|2012|March|22|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.webpronews.com/youtube-launches-local-domain-for-malaysia-2012-03 YouTube Launches Local Domain For Malaysia] March 22, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Peru}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [[Lima]]
| {{dts|2012|March|25|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.webpronews.com/youtube-peru-launched-expansion-continues-2012-03 YouTube Peru Launched, Expansion continues] March 27, 2012. Retrieved April 1, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]], and [[English language|English]]
| [[Dubai]]
| {{dts|2012|March|29|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.emirates247.com/business/technology/uae-version-of-youtube-launched-2012-04-02-1.451741|title=UAE version of YouTube launched|publisher=Emirates 247|date=April 2, 2012|accessdate=February 14, 2014|author=Bindu Suresh Rai|archive-date=October 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009110938/https://www.emirates247.com/business/technology/uae-version-of-youtube-launched-2012-04-02-1.451741|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Greece}}
| [[Greek language|Greek]]
| [[Athens]]
| {{dts|2012|May|1|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/?hl=el&amp;gl=GR Google launches YouTube Ελλάδα] May 1, 2012. Retrieved February 23, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Indonesia}}
| [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], and [[English language|English]]
| [[Jakarta]]
| {{dts|2012|May|17|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/youtube-launches-indonesian-version/524443  &quot;YouTube Launches Indonesian Version&quot;], June 15, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Ghana}}
| [[English language|English]]
| [[Accra]]
| {{dts|2012|June|5|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.humanipo.com/blog/713/Google-launches-YouTube-in-Ghana  &quot;Google launches YouTube in Ghana&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624232254/http://www.humanipo.com/blog/713/Google-launches-YouTube-in-Ghana |date=2012-06-24 }}, June 22, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Senegal}}
| [[French language|French]], and [[English language|English]]
| [[Dakar]]
| {{dts|2012|July|4|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.telecompaper.com/news/youtube-launches-local-portal-in-senegal  &quot;YouTube launches local portal in Senegal&quot;], Jubr&gt;
{{note|media_type_table_note_3}}[3] itag 120 is for live streaming and has metadata referring to &quot;Elemental Technologies Live&quot;.July 16, 2012. Retrieved July 25, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Turkey}}
| [[Turkish language|Turkish]]
| [[Istanbul]]
| {{dts|2012|October|1|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkiye/86446--g  &quot;YouTube's Turkish version goes into service&quot;], October 1, 2012. Retrieved October 1, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Ukraine}}
| [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], and [[Russian language|Russian]]
| [[Kiev]]
| {{dts|2012|December|1|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|first=Maryna|last=Tarasova|url=http://google-ukraine-blog.blogspot.com/2012/12/youtube.html|publisher=Google Ukraine Blog|title=YouTube приходить в Україну! (YouTube comes in Ukraine!)|date=December 13, 2012|location=Ukraine}}&lt;!-- {{uk icon}} --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Denmark}}
| [[Danish language|Danish]]
| [[Copenhagen]]
| {{dts|2013|February|1|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.iprospect.dk/youtube-lanceres-i-danmark|publisher=iProspect|title=YouTube lanceres i Danmark|accessdate=April 17, 2013|location=Denmark|archive-date=May 7, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507094859/http://www.iprospect.dk/youtube-lanceres-i-danmark|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Finland}}
| [[Finnish language|Finnish]]
| [[Helsinki]]
| {{dts|2013|February|1|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|first=Vilja|last=Sormunen|url=http://www.klok.fi/blog/youtube-launches-in-the-nordics/|publisher=KLOK|title=YouTube Launches in the Nordics|date=February 6, 2013|accessdate=February 11, 2013|location=Nordic|archive-date=October 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009110928/http://www.klok.fi/blog/youtube-launches-in-the-nordics/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Norway}}
| [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]
| [[Oslo]]
| {{dts|2013|February|1|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.tono.no/YouTube+lansert+i+Norge.12888.cms|publisher=[[TONO]]|title=YOUTUBE LAUNCHED IN NORWAY|accessdate=April 17, 2013|location=Norway|archive-date=April 20, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420134320/http://www.tono.no/YouTube+lansert+i+Norge.12888.cms|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Switzerland}}
| [[German language|German]], [[French language|French]], and [[Italian language|Italian]]
| [[Zurich]]
| {{dts|2013|March|29|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/business/YouTube_goes_Swiss.html?cid=35450210|publisher=[[swissinfo]]|title=YouTube goes Swiss|accessdate=April 17, 2013|location=Swiss}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Austria}}
| [[German language|German]]
| [[Vienna]]
| {{dts|2013|March|29|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.wienerzeitung.at/themen_channel/wz_digital/digital_news/538498_YouTube.at-seit-Donnerstag-online.html|publisher=[[Wiener Zeitung]]|title=YouTube.at since Thursday online|accessdate=April 17, 2013|location=Austria}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Romania}}
| [[Romanian language|Romanian]]
| [[Bucharest]]
| {{dts|2013|April|18|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.zf.ro/zf-24/youtube-romania-se-lanseaza-intr-o-saptamana-10764820|publisher=ZF.ro|title=Youtube România se lansează într-o săptămână|accessdate=May 14, 2013|location=Romania}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Slovakia}}
| [[Slovak language|Slovak]]
| [[Bratislava]]
| {{dts|2013|April|25|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://vat.pravda.sk/obraz-a-zvuk/clanok/281254-slovaci-uz-mozu-oficialne-zarabat-na-tvorbe-videi-pre-youtube/|title=Slováci už môžu oficiálne zarábať na tvorbe videí pre YouTube|publisher=Vat Pravda|date=May 21, 2013|accessdate=February 14, 2014|author=[http://vat.pravda.sk/autor/64-svec-tomas/ tš]|language=[[Slovak language|Slovak]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Portugal}}
| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
| [[Lisbon]]
| {{dts|2013|April|25|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.lusonoticias.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=27764:google-lanca-versao-lusa-do-youtube&amp;catid=343&amp;Itemid=159|publisher=Luso Noticias|title=Google lança versão lusa do YouTube|accessdate=May 14, 2013|location=Portugal}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Bahrain}}
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
| [[Manama]]
| {{dts|2013|August|16|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;gcc&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tbreak.ae/news/youtube-expands-monetization-partnership-gcc|title=YouTube expands monetization and partnership in GCC|publisher=tbreak Media|date=September 16, 2013|accessdate=February 14, 2014|author=[http://www.tbreak.ae/author/theregos Nick Rego]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Kuwait}}
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
| [[Kuwait City]]
| {{dts|2013|August|16|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;gcc&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Oman}}
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
| [[Muscat]]
| {{dts|2013|August|16|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;gcc&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Qatar}}
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
| [[Doha]]
| {{dts|2013|August|16|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;gcc&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
| [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]], [[Croatian language|Croatian]], and [[Serbian language|Serbian]]
| [[Sarajevo]]
| {{dts|2014|March|17|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/?hl=hr&amp;gl=BA Google launches YouTube Bosna i Hercegovina] March 17, 2014. Retrieved February 23, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Bulgaria}}
| [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]
| [[Sofia]]
| {{dts|2014|March|17|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://newtrend.bg/digital-company/youtube/youtube-reklama-bulgaria|title=YouTube рекламата става достъпна и за България|publisher=New Trend|date=March 18, 2014|accessdate=April 5, 2014|author=[http://newtrend.bg/author/ivelina Ивелина Атанасова]|language=[[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]|archive-date=April 7, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407082809/https://newtrend.bg/digital-company/youtube/youtube-reklama-bulgaria|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Croatia}}
| [[Croatian language|Croatian]]
| [[Zagreb]]
| {{dts|2014|March|17|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://liderpress.hr/poslovna-znanja/oglasavanje-na-video-platformi-youtube-od-sad-dostupno-i-u-hrvatskoj/|title=Oglašavanje na video platformi YouTube od sad dostupno i u Hrvatskoj|publisher=Lider|date=March 19, 2014|accessdate=April 5, 2014|language=[[Croatian language|Croatian]]|archive-date=January 11, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111014509/http://liderpress.hr/poslovna-znanja/oglasavanje-na-video-platformi-youtube-od-sad-dostupno-i-u-hrvatskoj/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Estonia}}
| [[Estonian language|Estonian]]
| [[Tallinn]]
| {{dts|2014|March|17|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.meedium.ee/blog/youtube-reklaamid-eestis|title=Youtube reklaamid - uued võimalused nüüd ka Eestis!|publisher=Meedium|date=March 19, 2014|accessdate=April 5, 2014|author=Siiri Oden|language=[[Estonian language|Estonian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Latvia}}
| [[Latvian language|Latvian]]
| [[Riga]]
| {{dts|2014|March|17|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://marketing.lv/tagad-reklamas-iespejas-youtube-kanala-iespejams-izmantot-ari-latvija/|title=Tagad reklāmas iespējas Youtube kanālā iespējams izmantot arī Latvijā|publisher=Marketing|date=March 18, 2014|accessdate=April 5, 2014|author=[http://marketing.lv/author/marta/ Marta]|language=[[Latvian language|Latvian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Lithuania}}
| [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]
| [[Vilnius]]
| {{dts|2014|March|17|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/?hl=lt&amp;gl=LT Google launches YouTube Lietuva] March 17, 2014. Retrieved February 23, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Macedonia}}
| [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]], [[Albanian language|Albanian]], [[Serbian language|Serbian]], and [[Turkish language|Turkish]]
| [[Skopje]]
| {{dts|2014|March|17|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/?hl=sr&amp;gl=MK Google launches YouTube Македонија] March 17, 2014. Retrieved February 23, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Montenegro}}
| [[Serbian language|Serbian]], and [[Croatian language|Croatian]]
| [[Podgorica]]
| {{dts|2014|March|17|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/?hl=sr&amp;gl=ME Google launches YouTube Црна Гора] March 17, 2014. Retrieved February 23, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Serbia}}
| [[Serbian language|Serbian]]
| [[Belgrade]]
| {{dts|2014|March|17|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/?hl=sr&amp;gl=RS Google launches YouTube Србија] March 17, 2014. Retrieved February 23, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Slovenia}}
| [[Slovenian language|Slovenian]]
| [[Ljubljana]]
| {{dts|2014|March|17|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dnevnik.si/magazin/znanost-in-tehnologija/na-youtube-prihajajo-tudi-slovenski-video-oglasi|title=Na Youtube prihajajo tudi slovenski video oglasi|publisher=[[Dnevnik (Slovenia)|Dnevnik]]|date=March 18, 2014|accessdate=April 5, 2014|author=STA|language=[[Slovenian language|Slovenian]]|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114153/http://www.dnevnik.si/magazin/znanost-in-tehnologija/na-youtube-prihajajo-tudi-slovenski-video-oglasi|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Thailand}}
| [[Thai language|Thai]]
| [[Bangkok]]
| {{dts|2014|April|1|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/business/YouTube-introduces-homepage-especially-30230795.html|title=YouTube introduces homepage especially|publisher=[[The Nation (Thailand)|The Nation]]|date=April 3, 2014|accessdate=April 4, 2014|author=Asina Pornwasin|archive-date=January 11, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111081909/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/business/YouTube-introduces-homepage-especially-30230795.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Lebanon}}
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]], and [[French language|French]]
| [[Beirut]]
| {{dts|2014|May|1|format=mdy}}&lt;ref name=&quot;gcc&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Puerto Rico}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]], and [[English language|English]]
| [[San Juan]]
| {{dts|2014|August|23|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/?hl=es&amp;gl=PR Google launches YouTube Puerto Rico] August 23, 2014. Retrieved February 23, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Vietnam}}
| [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]
| [[Hanoi]]
| {{dts|2014|October|1|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/?hl=vi&amp;gl=VN Google launches YouTube Việt Nam] October 1, 2014. Retrieved May 10, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Libya}}
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
| [[Tripoli]]
| {{dts|2015|February|1|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/?hl=ar&amp;gl=LY Google launches YouTube ليبيا] February 1, 2015. Retrieved February 23, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Iceland}}
| [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]
| [[Reykjavik]]
| {{dts|2015|June|2|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/?hl=is&amp;gl=IS Google launches YouTube Ísland] June 2, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Luxembourg}}
| [[French language|French]], and [[German language|German]]
| [[Luxembourg (city)|Luxembourg]]
| {{dts|2015|June|2|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/?hl=fr&amp;gl=LU Google launches YouTube Luxembourg] June 2, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Tanzania}}
| [[Swahili language|Swahili]], and [[English language|English]]
| [[Dodoma]]
| {{dts|2015|June|2|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/?hl=sw&amp;gl=TZ Google launches YouTube Tanzania] June 2, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Zimbabwe}}
| [[English language|English]]
| [[Harare]]
| {{dts|2015|June|2|format=mdy}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/?hl=en&amp;gl=ZW Google launches YouTube Zimbabwe] June 2, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Flag|Azerbaijan}}
| [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]
| [[Baku]]
| {{dts|2015|October|12|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Belarus}}
| [[Russian language|Russian]]
| [[Minsk]]
| {{dts|2015|October|12|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Georgia}}
| [[Georgian language|Georgian]]
| [[Tbilisi]]
| {{dts|2015|October|12|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Kazakhstan}}
| [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]
| [[Astana]]
| {{dts|2015|October|12|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Iraq}}
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
| [[Baghdad]]
| {{dts|2015|November|9|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Nepal}}
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| [[Kathmandu]]
| {{dts|2016|January|12|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Pakistan}}
| [[Urdu language|Urdu]], and [[Pakistani English|English]]
| [[Karachi]]
| {{dts|2016|January|12|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Sri Lanka}}
| [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]], and [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| [[Colombo]]
| {{dts|2016|January|12|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Jamaica}}
| [[English language|English]]
| [[Kingston]]
| {{dts|2016|August|4|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Malta}}
| [[Maltese language|Maltese]], and [[English language|English]]
| [[Valletta]]
| {{dts|2018|June|24|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Bolivia}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [[La Paz]]
| {{dts|2019|January|30|format=mdy}}
|- 
| {{Flag|Costa Rica}} 
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [[San José]]
| {{dts|2019|January|30|format=mdy}} 
|-
| {{Flag|Ecuador}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [[Quito]]
| {{dts|2019|January|30|format=mdy}} 
|-
| {{Flag|El Salvador}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [[San Salvador]]
| {{dts|2019|January|30|format=mdy}} 
|-
| {{Flag|Guatemala}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [[Guatemala City]]
| {{dts|2019|January|30|format=mdy}} 
|-
| {{Flag|Honduras}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [[Tegucigalpa]]
| {{dts|2019|January|30|format=mdy}}
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| {{Flag|Nicaragua}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [[Managua]]
| {{dts|2019|January|30|format=mdy}} 
|-
| {{Flag|Panama}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [[Panama City]]
| {{dts|2019|January|30|format=mdy}} 
|-
| {{Flag|Uruguay}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [[Montevideo]]
| {{dts|2019|January|30|format=mdy}} 
|-
| {{Flag|Paraguay}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [[Asunción]]
| {{dts|2019|February|21|format=mdy}} 
|-
| {{Flag|Dominican Republic}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [[Santo Domingo]]
| {{dts|2019|February|21|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Cyprus}} 
| [[Greek language|Greek]], and [[Turkish language|Turkish]]
| [[Nicosia]]
| {{dts|2019|March|13|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Liechtenstein}}
| [[German language|German]]
| [[Vaduz]]
| {{dts|2019|March|13|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Venezuela}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [[Caracas]]
| {{dts|2020|March|10|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Papua New Guinea}}
| [[English language|English]]
| [[Port Moresby]]
| {{dts|2020|June|10|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Bangladesh}}
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| [[Dhaka]]
| {{dts|2020|September|2|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Cambodia}}
| [[Khmer language|Khmer]]
| [[Phnom Penh]]
| {{dts|2022|August|25|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Laos}}
| [[Lao language|Lao]]
| [[Vientiane]]
| {{dts|2022|August|25|format=mdy}}
|- 
| {{Flag|Moldova}}
| [[Romanian language|Romanian]], and [[Russian language|Russian]]
| [[Chişinău]]
| {{dts|2024|March|26|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Armenia}} (last global location)
| [[Armenian language|Armenian]], and [[Russian language|Russian]]
| [[Yerevan]]
| {{dts|2026|May|7|format=mdy}}
|}

===Testing language===
The interface of the YouTube website is available in 76 language versions including, [[Albanian language|Albanian]], [[Amharic language|Amharic]], [[Armenian language|Armenian]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Burmese language|Burmese]], [[Khmer language|Khmer]], [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]], [[Lao language|Laotian]], [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]], which do have local channel versions.

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Other websites ==
{{wikinews|Dove ad viewed more than 3 million times on YouTube}}
{{wikinews|New Zealand school children put fight videos on YouTube}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/ YouTube.com]
* [https://m.youtube.com YouTube mobile site]
* [https://www.youtube.com/blog YouTube Blog]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QCVxQ_3Ejkg YouTube founders comment on the Google.com acquisition of YouTube]

[[Category:2005 establishments in California]]
[[Category:YouTube| ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Category:Syria</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-07T03:50:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-33192-75</username>
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      <contributor>
        <username>CountryANDWestern</username>
        <id>1618275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit(s) by [[User:~2026-33192-75|~2026-33192-75]]:  ([[User:BZPN/MassRollback|MR]])</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>One Piece</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Pazio Paz</username>
        <id>503837</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Number of aired episodes.</comment>
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      <text bytes="12949" sha1="8mgmi9rfyy6srhlmhjj1nyum1ndyw2r" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox animanga/Header
| name            = One Piece
| image           = 
| caption         =
| ja_kanji        = ONE PIECE(ワンピース)
| ja_romaji       = Wan Pīsu
| genre           = &lt;!--Discuss in talk page before adding or removing genres, however, keep in mind [[WP:MOS-AM#Content]]. Thank you.--&gt;[[Adventure fiction|Adventure]], [[fantasy]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.viz.com/one-piece|title=The Official Website for One Piece|author=|publisher=Viz Media|accessdate=October 27, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}{{Infobox animanga/Print
| type            = manga
| author          = [[Eiichiro Oda]]
| publisher       = [[Shueisha]]
| publisher_en    = {{English manga publisher
| NA              = [[Viz Media]]
}}
| demographic     = ''[[Shōnen manga|Shōnen]]''
| magazine        = [[Weekly Shōnen Jump]]
| magazine_en     = {{English manga magazine
| NA = [[Weekly Shonen Jump (American magazine)|Weekly Shonen Jump]]
}}
| first           = July 22, 1997&lt;!-- Please do NOT change the release date without first discussing it on the talk page. --&gt;
| volumes         = 114
| volume_list     = List of One Piece manga volumes
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type            = film
| title           = Defeat Him! The Pirate Ganzack!
| director        = [[Gorō Taniguchi]]
| producer        = Tetsuo Daitoku&lt;br /&gt;Hidekazu Terakawa
| writer          = Hiroaki Kitajima
| music           = Toshiya Motomichi
| studio          = [[Production I.G]]
| released        = July 26, 1998
| runtime         = 29 minutes
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type            = tv series
| director        = [[Kōnosuke Uda]] {{Small|(#1–278)}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Junji Shimizu]] {{Small|(#131–159)}}&lt;br /&gt;Munehisa Sakai {{Small|(#244–372)}}&lt;br /&gt;Hiroaki Miyamoto {{small|(#352–679)}}&lt;br /&gt;Toshinori Fukazawa {{Small|(#663–)}}&lt;br /&gt;Satoshi Itō {{Small|(#780–782)}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Tatsuya Nagamine]] {{Small|(#780–782)}}&lt;!-- Just series directors, not episode directors --&gt;
| producer        =
| writer          = Junki Takegami {{Small|(#1–195)}}&lt;br /&gt;Hirohiko Uesaka {{Small|(#196–798)}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Shōji Yonemura]] {{Small|(#799–)}}
| music           = [[Kohei Tanaka (composer)|Kohei Tanaka]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Shirō Hamaguchi]]
| studio          = {{Plainlist|
[[Toei Animation]]
}}
| licensee        = {{English anime licensee
| AUS = [[Madman Entertainment]]
| NA  = [[Funimation]]
| UK  = [[Manga Entertainment]]
}}
| network         = [[Fuji Network System|FNS]] ([[Fuji TV]])
| network_en      = {{English anime network
| JP = [[Animax]]
| SEA = [[Animax Asia]]
| AU = [[Network Ten]], [[Cartoon Network (Australia)|Cartoon Network]]/[[Adult Swim]] ([[Toonami (Australia)|Toonami]])
| CA = [[YTV (TV channel)|YTV]]
| IN = Cartoon Network
| NZ = [[Cartoon Network (Australia)|Cartoon Network]], [[TV2 (New Zealand)|TV2]]
| UK = [[Toonami (UK &amp; Ireland)|Toonami]], [[CN Too]]
| US = [[PBS]]/[[Cartoon Network]]/[[Adult Swim]] ([[Toonami]])&lt;br /&gt;[[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] ([[4Kids TV]])&lt;br /&gt;[[TV Japan]] (subtitled)
| ZA = [[SABC 2]]
}}
| first           = October 20, 1999
| episodes        = 1165
| episode_list    = Lists of One Piece episodes
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type            = film
| title           = One Piece: Romance Dawn Story
| director        = Katsumi Tokoro
| producer        = Yosuke Asama
| writer          = Tsuyoshi Sakurai
| music           = Kohei Tanaka&lt;br /&gt;Shiro Hamaguchi
| studio          = Toei Animation
| released        = September 21, 2008
| runtime         = 34 minutes
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type            = ova
| title           = One Piece Film Strong World: Episode 0
| director        = Naoyuki Ito
| producer        = Hiroaki Shibata
| writer          = Hitoshi Tanaka
| music           = Kohei Tanaka&lt;br /&gt;Shiro Hamaguchi
| studio          = Toei Animation
| released        = December 12, 2009
| runtime         = 30 minutes
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Footer}}

{{nihongo|'''''One Piece'''''|ワンピース|Wan Pīsu|lead=yes}} is a [[manga]] and [[anime]] series created by [[Eiichiro Oda]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.apricot.com/~fuu/paradise3/oda/index.html |title=Eiichiro Oda |accessdate=2012-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''One Piece'' follows the story of the Straw Hat [[Pirate]]s, led by captain Monkey D. Luffy, on their adventures in Grand Line. The main theme is Monkey D. Luffy's dream to find the One Piece, a grand treasure that the king of the Pirates, Gold D. Roger left behind. One Piece takes place in a world with one [[continent]], many different [[island]]s, and a vast and large [[sea]] filled with [[monster]]s, [[pirate]]s and treasure. ''One Piece'' is serialized in ''[[Weekly Shōnen Jump]]''. The most successful ''One Piece'' movies are ''One Piece Film: Red'', ''One Piece Film: Z,'' and ''One Piece: Stampede''.

== Characters ==

* Monkey D. Luffy - the main character and captain of the ''Straw Hat Pirates''. He is also known as 'Straw Hat Luffy'. He ate a ''Devil Fruit'' called the &quot;Gomu-Gomu No Mi&quot; when he was 7 years old, giving him the ability to stretch like [[rubber]]. His Straw hat was given to him by ''Shanks''. His older brothers are ''Ace'' and ''Sabo''. 
* Roronoa Zoro - a former pirate [[hunter]]. He was the greatest [[warrior]] in his [[dojo]], next to ''Kuina'', the his teacher's daughter. They then make a promise to one another that one of them will be the greatest swordsman. The very next day Kuina dies. Zoro takes her sword so he can fulfill their dream. 
* Sanji - A [[martial artist]] and cook that falls in love with almost every girl he sees. His dream is to find 'The All Blue', a sea where ingredients from all over the world can be found, and as a cook he reveres his hands greatly. 
* Nami - A [[thief]] who stole from pirates and a member of the ''Arlong'' pirates. She is the [[navigator]] of the ''Straw Hat Pirates'' now. 
* Usopp - A [[sniper]], coward and liar. ''Luffy'' officially made him the crew's sniper after he had perfect aim on his first try at shooting a [[cannon]], destroying an island in one blow. 
* Tony Tony Chopper - A blue-nosed [[reindeer]] who ate a fruit which gave him the ability to become partly [[human]]. He is the [[Physician|doctor]] of the ''Straw Hats'' crew, and has a habit of &quot;hiding behind objects&quot; in a way where he is completely visible. 
* Nico Robin - A former member of the [[Crime|crime organization]] ''Baroque Works'', joins the crew after being saved by ''Luffy''.  She ate the ''Hana-Hana no mi'' (Flower-Flower fruit) which lets her create replications of her body parts on any surface she wants, including [[living organisms]]. 
* Franky - A [[cyborg]] and a ship breaker. His body runs on [[Cola]], although using other drinks results in a shift in [[personality]] like when he was given [[tea]] and became more wise. 
* Brook- A living [[skeleton]] who used to be a part of ''Gol D. Roger's'' crew. Brook ate the Yomi-Yomi no mi (Revive-Revive fruit) which allowed him a second life after his death as a [[skeleton]]. Brook gained full control over his powers which allows him to create a 'freezing aura' around his weapon. He is the ship's [[musician]]. 
* Jinbe-Formerly the leader of the ''Fishman Pirates'' and one of the ''Seven Warlords of the Sea'', he joined ''Luffy's'' crew at ''Marineford''. He uses ''Fishman [[karate]]''.

== Stories ==
=== Romance Dawn (The start of adventure) ===
Once upon a time, &quot;The King of Pirates&quot;, ''Gol. D. Roger'' attained all things the world had to offer. As he was being executed by the Marines, he gave a speech regarding his treasure, which he left on an island in the Grand Line called the &quot;One Piece&quot;. Many pirates wish to claim the ¨One Piece¨. This has caused what is called &quot;The Great Pirate Era&quot;. Then, a boy living in Foosha Village, ''Monkey. D. Luffy'', made friends with &quot;''Red-Haired&quot; Shanks''. ''Shanks'' is a powerful pirate, given the title of ''Yonko'' (Four Emperors, consisting of four of the strongest pirates) staying in the town. One day, ''Luffy'' ate a ''Devil Fruit'' that ''Shanks''´ crew had stolen from a Marine ship, called the &quot;''Gomu-Gomu no Mi''&quot; (Gum Gum/Rubber Rubber fruit), giving him the ability to stretch like rubber, in exchange for taking away his ability to swim. At one point ''Luffy'' had gotten angry at some bandits for insulting ''Shanks'' and attacked them. The leader of the bandits was going to kill ''Luffy'', but ''Shanks'' helped save him by defeating the bandits. This angered ''Higuma'' (the leader of the bandits) so he threw ''Luffy'' into the sea. ''Luffy'' was nearly eaten by a ''Sea King'', a [[sea monster]] similar to a [[Sea serpent|Sea Serpent]], but ''Shanks'' helped him, losing his arm in the process. When ''Shanks'' left Foosha Village, he gave Luffy his straw hat. In exchange, ''Luffy'' had promised ''Shanks'' to become the ''King of the Pirates'' and deliver him his straw hat.

=== East Blue Saga ===
After 10 years of training, ''Luffy'' leaves his home, ''Foosha Village'', to begin his journey to become the ''king of pirates''. But soon, his boat got stuck in a [[whirlpool]], and he jumped inside a [[barrel]] to survive. He eventually ends up at ''Alvida´s'' base where he meets ''Koby''. ''Koby'' is a [[chore boy]] on ''Alvida´s'' crew. ''Koby's'' dream is to be a ''marine'', but unfortunately, he is forced to stay on ''Alvida's'' crew in exchange for his life. ''Luffy'' ends up telling ''Koby'' that he would do anything to achieve his dream, and ''Koby'' is inspired. This gives ''Koby'' enough courage to stand up to ''Alvida'' with ''Luffy''. ''Luffy'' ends up defeating ''Alvida'' and sails to ''Shell Town'' with him because it is the nearest ''Marine'' base.

==== Shell Town (part of East Blue saga) ====
In Shell Town, Luffy meets ''Roronoa Zoro'', the legendary pirate hunter, who is tied to a post in a naval base. ''Zoro'' has been tied up for the crime of killing ''Helmeppo´s'' (The local captain´s son) dog because they were about to attack a little girl. ''Helmeppo'' promises ''Zoro'' if he can go after he is tied to the post for 30 days without food or water. However, ''Luffy'' overhears ''Helmeppo'' telling his Marine [[bodyguard]]s that they´ll [[execute]] ''Zoro'' tomorrow and break his promise. ''Luffy'' becomes enraged over this and punches ''Helmeppo'', who runs to go tell his father, [[Captain]] ''Axe-Hand Morgan'' to get him to beat ''Luffy'' up, but Captain ''Morgan'' is too busy raising a statue of himself on top of the base. Luffy accidentally breaks the statue, and Captain ''Morgan'' orders his guards to kill ''Luffy.'' ''Luffy'' grabs ''Helmeppo'' to find out where ''Zoro´s'' swords are located and ''Koby'' starts untying ''Zoro'' from the post; which gets him shot in the armpit by Captain ''Morgan''. ''Zoro'' and ''Luffy'' join up to defeat Captain ''Morgan''. All the Marines are happy because Captain ''Morgan'' was a [[tyrant]]. Koby asks Luffy if they can always be friends even though he´s joining the Marines, and ''Luffy'' promises to always be friends with ''Koby''. ''Luffy'' ends up getting ''Zoro'' to join his crew, and they set sail.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Shells Town|url=https://onepiece.fandom.com/wiki/Shells_Town|access-date=2025-01-21|website=One Piece Wiki|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Baratie ====
Luffy and Usopp are testing out the new cannons on their ship by firing at an island. Usopp destroys the island first try and Luffy makes him their sniper. They are then jumped by a [[bounty hunter]] named Yosaku because the island they destroyed was where he was resting. However Yosaku sees Zoro and stops attacking and calls him 'Big Bro', a title of friendship between them. Yosaku then explains his predicament that his bounty hunting partner is sick with a mysterious disease.

== Movies ==
* ''ONE PIECE THE MOVIE episode of Chopper + Huyu ni saku, Kiseki no Sakura'' was released in 2008.
* ''ONE PIECE FILM STRONG WORLD'' was released in 2010.
* ''ONE PIECE FILM Z'' was released in 2012.
* ''One Piece Gold'' was released in 2016.
* ''One Piece Stampede'' which released in 2019.
* And ''One Piece Red'' which released in 2022&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-10-11|title=One Piece Film Red: Release date, trailer, characters {{!}} ONE Esports|url=https://www.oneesports.gg/anime/one-piece-film-red-release-date-trailer/|access-date=2025-01-28|website=www.oneesports.gg|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Other websites ==
* [http://www.onepiecehq.com Watch ''One Piece'' Episodes]
* [http://www.opepisode.org ''One Piece'' Episodes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801192729/http://opepisode.org/ |date=2015-08-01 }}

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  <page>
    <title>Mount Aragats</title>
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      <text bytes="2567" sha1="amkqnj23u6q2dmdfsssmu312t52y27u" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox mountain
| name = Mount Aragats
| elevation_m = 4090
| prominence_m = 2143
| prominence_ref = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=High prominence mountains in Caucasus and Russia outside of Europe.|url=http://www.ii.uib.no/~petter/mountains/caucasus.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041116160037/http://www.ii.uib.no/~petter/mountains/caucasus.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 16, 2004|website=ii.uib.no|publisher=Institutt for informatikk [[University of Bergen]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| isolation_km = 
| isolation_ref = 
| parent_peak = 
| range = [[Lesser Caucasus]] [[Armenian Highlands]]
| listing = {{hlist|[[List of countries by highest point|Country high point]]|[[Ultra prominent peak|Ultra]]|Ribu}}
| country = Armenia
| state_type = [[Administrative divisions of Armenia|Provinces]]
| state = {{hlist| [[Aragatsotn Province|Aragatsotn]] | [[Shirak Province|Shirak]]}}
| settlement_type = Towns/villages
| settlement = {{hlist|[[Artik]]|[[Aparan]]|[[Talin, Armenia|Talin]]|[[Oshakan]]|[[Byurakan]]}}
| map_caption = Location in Armenia
| map_relief = 
| map_size = 250px
| label = 
| label_position = 
| pronunciation = 
| coordinates = {{coord|40|32|00|N|44|12|00|E|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref = 
| topo = 
| type = [[Stratovolcano]]
| volcanic_arc = 
| volcanic_belt = 
| volcanic_field = 
| volcanic_arc/belt = 
| first_ascent = July 1843&lt;br /&gt;[[Khachatur Abovian]] and [[Moritz Wagner (naturalist)|Moritz Wagner]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ketchian |first=Philip K. |title=Climbing Ararat: Then and Now |journal=[[The Armenian Weekly]] |volume=71 |issue=52 |date=December 24, 2005 |url=http://www.hairenik.com/armenianweekly/fea12240501.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908015245/http://www.hairenik.com/armenianweekly/fea12240501.htm |archive-date=September 8, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| easiest_route = 
| normal_route = 
| access = 
| embedded =
}}

'''Mount Aragats''' ({{lang-hy|Արագած}}) is the highest point in [[Armenia]]. 

It is in the province of Aragatsotn, northwest from Yerevan. It is a standalone extinct [[stratovolcano]] with four main peaks forming the rim of the crater. It is a popular destination for local alpinists.

[[Image:27 - Le mont Aragats.JPG|right|thumb|200px|Mount Aragats.]]

==Related pages==
*[[Lake Kari]]

== Other websites ==
*[http://www.armeniapedia.org/index.php?title=Mt._Aragats Mount Aragats at ArmeniaPedia.org]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aragats, Mount}}
[[Category:Mountains of Asia]]
[[Category:Geography of Armenia]]

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    <title>Tetrapod</title>
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      <text bytes="14014" sha1="qi7plx1megbdsmsold7sq4h3m0mz5x0" xml:space="preserve">{{Automatic Taxobox
| name = Tetrapoda
| fossil_range = Middle [[Devonian]] to Recent
| image = Tetrapoda.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Diversity of tetrapods
| taxon = Tetrapoda
| authority = Broili, 1913
| subdivision_ranks = Subgroups
| subdivision = * [[Batrachomorpha]] ([[Amphibian|Amphibia]], [[temnospondyl]]i, and [[lepospondyl]]i)
* [[Reptiliomorpha]]
}}
'''Tetrapods''' ([[Greek language|Greek]] ''tetrapoda'' = four feet) are [[vertebrate]] [[tetrapodomorph|four-legged]] land [[animal]]s. This kind of [[locomotion]] is called [[quadrupedal]]. 

[[Amphibian]]s, [[reptile]]s, [[bird]]s, and [[mammal]]s are all tetrapods. Even though [[snake]]s, [[Caecilian|caecilians]]  and [[Whale|whales]] do not have any limbs, they are tetrapods because they [[evolution|evolved]] from animals with four limbs.

The earliest tetrapods evolved from the [[Sarcopterygii]] (lobe-finned fish) into [[air]]-breathing amphibians, perhaps in the Upper [[Devonian]] period.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jenny&quot;&gt;[[Jennifer Clack|Clack, Jennifer]] 2012. ''Gaining ground: the origin and early evolution of tetrapods''. 2nd ed, Bloominton, Indiana: Indiana Umiversity Press, 127, 143 et seq. {{ISBN|978-0-253-35675-8}}, ({{Google books|6Ztrhm8uLQ0C }})&lt;/ref&gt; This means the transition took place in fish, before the land was the main habitat. This is typical of [[transitional fossil]]s undergoing [[mosaic evolution]].

==Evolution==
=== Fishapods ===
Clear fossil tetrapod [[Animal tracks|tracks]] from the mid-[[Devonian]] predate previous tetrapod records by 18 million years.&lt;ref&gt;Janvier, Phillipe and Clément, Gaël 2010. Muddy tetrapod origins. ''Nature'' '''463''', p40/41. [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7277/full/463040a.html]&lt;/ref&gt; These tracks are from the Middle Devonian of [[Poland]], nearly 400 million years ago. The footprints were made in the mud of a [[tropical]] [[lagoon]], and no animal of that time could have made the tracks except a tetrapod. The find strongly suggests that the animals were [[fish]], not [[amphibia]], when the transition to [[limb]]s occurred. The term '''fishapod''' is sometimes used. They would have been derived from lobe-finned fish ([[Sarcopterygii]]), but of a [[genus]] whose body fossil has not yet been found. The Polish team suggest the fish to tetrapod transition might have taken place as early as the Lower Devonian.&lt;ref&gt;Niedzwiedzki G. Szrek P. Narkiewitcz K &amp; M and Ahlberg P.E. 2010. ''Nature'' '''463''', p43/48. [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7277/full/nature08623.html]&lt;/ref&gt;

The earliest tetrapods lived entirely in [[water]].&lt;ref name=Jenny/&gt; They could not live on land. Earlier, it was believed that fish had first moved onto land – either looking for [[food]] (like modern [[mudskipper]]s) or to find water when the [[pond]] they lived in dried out. It was believed that they later evolved legs, lungs, and other body parts to live better on land.

Nine [[genera]] of Devonian tetrapods have been described. These earliest tetrapods were not terrestrial. They lived in swampy habitats like shallow [[wetland]]s, [[coast]]al [[lagoon]]s, brackish [[river delta]]s, and even shallow [[Ocean|marine]] [[sediment]]s. There is much to suggest that these are the kind of [[environment]]s in which the tetrapods evolved. Also, because fossils of early tetrapods are found widely in the [[Old Red Sandstone]] continent,&lt;ref&gt;formed by the joining of North America and northwestern Europe&lt;/ref&gt; they must have spread by following the coastal lines. This means they could not have lived only in freshwater.

Still, they may have spent brief periods out of water and would have used their legs to paw their way through the mud. The earliest confirmed terrestrial forms are known from the early [[Carboniferous]] deposits, some 20 million years later.

Tetrapods adapted to terrestrial environments over time and spent longer periods away from the water. They also spent more of their juvenile stage on land before returning to the water for the rest of their life. It is also possible that the adults started to spend some time on land  to bask in the sunlight, close to the water's edge. The first true tetrapods that were adapted to moving on land were small. Only later did they increase in size.

=== Romer's gap ===
Between the lobe-finned fish tetrapods and the first [[amphibia]] and [[amniote]]s in the Middle [[Carboniferous]] lies a gap of 30 million years, with few satisfactory tetrapod fossils. This, noted in the early 1950s by Alfred Romer, is Romer's gap.&lt;ref&gt;Romer A.S. 1949. ''The Vertebrate Body.'' Saunders, Philadelphia. 2nd ed. 1955; 3rd ed. 1962; 4th ed. 1970&lt;/ref&gt; Some new fossils were found in the 1990s, such as ''[[Pederpes]]'', right in the middle of the Romer Gap. The gap still hides details of the transition from fish to tetrapod, but not so much as before.

So far, only two fossil sites from the Tournasian (earliest [[Carboniferous]]) are known. One is Horton Bluff Formation at Blue Beach, [[Nova Scotia]].&lt;ref&gt;Carroll R.L. ''et al.'' 1972. Excursion A59, Vertebrate palaeontology of Eastern Canada. In 24th Int. Geol. Congr. 1–113.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Clack J.A. &amp; Carroll R.L. 2000. in (eds) Heatwole H. &amp; Carroll R.L. ''Amphibian Biology'', vol 4, 1030–1043. Surrey Beatty.&lt;/ref&gt; Much of this material has not yet been scientifically described.

The only other place a Tournasian tetrapod was found is near [[Dumbarton]] in the [[West of Scotland]]. The articulated (connected) skeleton of ''[[Pederpes]]'' was found there.&lt;ref&gt;Clack J.A. 2002. An early tetrapod from ‘Romer’s Gap’. ''Nature'' '''418''', 72–76.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Clack J.A. &amp; Finney S.M. 2005. ''Pederpes finneyae'', an articulated tetrapod from the Tournaisian of western Scotland. ''J. Syst. Palaeontol''. '''2''', 311–346.&lt;/ref&gt; Now comes news of new finds from this formation in five places in the [[Scottish Borders]].&lt;ref name=&quot;five&quot;&gt;Clack J.A. ''et al.'' 2016. Phylogenetic and environmental context of a Tournaisian tetrapod fauna. ''Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution'' '''1'''. [http://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-016-0002]&lt;/ref&gt; The paper describes  five new Tournaisian tetrapods, with information about their habitat.&lt;ref&gt;Briggs, Helen 2016. Scottish fossils tell story of life on land. ''BBC News'' Science &amp; Environment. [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-38186397]&lt;/ref&gt; 
:&quot;Our analysis shows that the Tournaisian included a rich and diverse assemblage of [[taxa]], which included close relatives of some Devonian forms on the tetrapod stem and [[basal]] members of the [[amphibian]] stem&quot;.&lt;ref name=five/&gt;

The authors say 
:&quot;Although an [[extinction event]] at the end of the Devonian saw the demise of many archaic fish groups,&lt;ref&gt;Sallan L.C. &amp; Coates M.I. 2010. End-Devonian extinction and a bottleneck in the early evolution of modern jawed vertebrates. ''Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA'' '''107''', 10131–10135.&lt;/ref&gt; our studies provide new perspectives on the recovery and diversification of surviving groups that went on to found the basis of modern vertebrate diversity&quot;.

Apparently, the split between the [[amphibians]] and the [[amniotes]] came soon after the extinction event as the tetrapods began to recover. &quot;This accords with most molecular dates for the split, which place it at an average of 355  my ago, a date only 4 myr after the end-Devonian&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hedges S.B. ''et al.'' 2015. Tree of Life reveals clock-like speciation and diversification. ''Mol. Biol. Evol''. '''32''', 835–845.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== The cleidoic egg ===
Whereas amphibia lay their eggs in water, all other tetrapods (the [[amniote]]s) lay [[cleidoic egg]]s. These eggs are like private little ponds, protecting and nourishing the embryo until it grows into a hatchling. This was a key evolutionary 'invention', which allowed the amniotes to invade the land. Once the amniotes were truly land animals, there followed a huge [[adaptive radiation]]. This was one of the most significant advances in vertebrate evolution.

=== Stem tetrapods ===
Stem tetrapods are difficult to classify because they lack some or all of the key characteristics of the standard groups.
*Land-dwelling stem tetrapods
Descendants of fishapods which at first lived an amphibious life-style. The amniotes and later amphibia are their descendants. Features: able to support their body on land for long periods; had five fingers and toes (pentadactyl limb) in contrast to their fishapod ancestors. Have not yet developed the characteristic features of the main tetrapod groups.
*Stem tetrapods evolved into:
**[[Amphibia]] &gt; present-day [[Lissamphibia]]
**[[Amniota]]
***[[Sauropsida]] &gt; present-day reptiles and birds
***[[Synapsida]] &gt; present-day mammals

=== Early fossils of stem tetraopds ===
* ''[[Pederpes]]'', an early [[Mississippian]] tetrapod, 359–345 million years ago (mya).
* ''[[Westlothiana]]'', from 350mya, either an early [[amniote]] or a sister group to the amniotes
* ''[[Casineria]]'', from 340 mya, a basal [[amniote]].
* ''[[Protoclepsydrops]]'', from the middle [[Pennsylvanian]], 314 mya, probable earliest [[synapsid]]
* ''[[Hylonomus]]'', from 312 mya, early [[anapsid]] [[sauropsid]]
* ''[[Paleothyris]]'', 312–304 mya, another early [[anapsid]] [[sauropsid]]
* ''[[Archaeothyris]]'', from 306 mya, an early [[synapsid]]
* ''[[Petrolacosaurus]]'', from 302 mya, the first [[diapsid]] [[sauropsid]]

== The tetrapod clade ==
The tetrapod [[clade]] separated from fish in the [[Devonian]]. The amniotes were the earliest to lay cleidoic eggs. The Synapsids (&gt; mammals) and the Sauropsids (&gt; reptiles) are sister clades, and in particular, reptiles did ''not'' give rise to mammals.

&lt;div style=&quot;width:auto; border:solid 1px silver; padding:2px; margin:2px; float:center; font-size:90%&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:auto; border:solid 1px silver; padding:5px&quot;&gt;
{{clade
   |label1='''Tetrapods''' 
   |1={{clade
         |1=[[Amphibian]]s
         |label2=[[Amniote]]s 
         |2={{clade
               |label1=[[Synapsid]]s
               |1={{clade
                      |1=Extinct Synapsids
                      |label2=&lt;span style=&quot;background-color:red&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
                      |2=[[Mammal]]s
                   }}
               |label2=[[Sauropsid]]s
               |2={{clade
                     |1=Extinct reptiles
                     |2=[[Lizard]]s and [[snake]]s
                     |label3=[[Archosaur]]s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color:red; color:yellow&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;'''?'''&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
                     |3={{clade
                          |1=Extinct&lt;br /&gt;Archosaurs
                          |2=[[Crocodile]]s
                          |label3=[[Dinosaur]]s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color:red; color:yellow&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;'''?'''&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
                          |3={{clade
                                 |1=Extinct&lt;br /&gt;Dinosaurs
                                 |label2=&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color:red; color:yellow&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;'''?'''&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
                                 |2=[[Bird]]s
                              }}
                        }}
                  }}
            }}
       }}
}}
&lt;/div&gt;Simple example cladogram.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color:red&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt; Warm-bloodedness evolved somewhere in the&lt;br /&gt;synapsid–mammal transition.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color:red; color:yellow&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;'''?'''&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt; Warm-bloodedness must also have evolved at one of&lt;br /&gt; these points – an example of [[convergent evolution]].&lt;/div&gt;

=== Living tetrapods ===
[[File:MetoposaurusDorsal.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Flat skull of a typical early amphibian, ''Metopsaurus''.]]
There are three main groups of living (&quot;[[crown group]]&quot;) tetrapods. Each group also includes many [[extinct]] groups:

;[[Amphibian|Amphibia]] : [[frog]]s and [[toad]]s, [[salamander|newts and salamanders]], and [[caecilian]]s
;[[Sauropsida]] : [[bird]]s and modern [[reptile]]s
;[[Synapsida]] : [[mammal]]s

[[Snake]]s and other legless reptiles are tetrapods because they are evolved from [[ancestor]]s who had four limbs. This is also true for [[caecilian]]s and [[aquatic]] mammals.

== Classification ==
[[Image:Pederpes22small.jpg|thumb|200px|''Pederpes finneyae]]''
[[Image:Lyddekerina1db.jpg|thumb|200px|''Lyddekerina huxleyi'']]

A partial taxonomy of the tetrapods:
* Phylum [[Chordata]]
** Class '''[[Sarcopterygii]]'''
*** '''Subclass [[Tetrapodomorph]]a'''
**** ''[[Eusthenopteron]]''
**** ''[[Panderichthys]]''
**** ''[[Tiktaalik]]''
** Superclass '''Tetrapoda'''
*** ''[[Pederpes]]''
*** ''[[Whatcheeria]]''
*** Class [[Amphibian|Amphibia]]  
**** (Subclass [[Labyrinthodont]]ia)
**** Subclass [[Lepospondyl]]i
**** Subclass [[Temnospondyl]]i
**** Subclass [[Lissamphibia]]  frogs, salamanders
*** Class '''[[Amniote|Amniota]]'''
**** Class [[Sauropsida]]  Reptiles
***** Class [[bird|Aves]]  Birds
**** Class [[Synapsida]]  Mammal-like reptiles
***** Class [[Mammalia]]  Mammals

== Related pages ==
*[[Tetrapodomorpha]]: a [[cladistic]] account of the group

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Other websites ==
{{wikispecies|Tetrapoda}}
*[http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/150Tetrapoda/150.000.html#What&amp;#39;s&amp;#32;a&amp;#32;&quot;Tetrapod&quot;? What is a tetrapod?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213001229/http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/150Tetrapoda/150.000.html#What's |date=2008-02-13 }}
*[http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Lists/Cladograms/000Cladograms.html Tetrapod cladograms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125095319/http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Lists/Cladograms/000Cladograms.html |date=2010-01-25 }} - similar to [[Genealogy|genealogical]] [[family tree]]s
*[http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/150Tetrapoda/150.100.html Tetrapod environments of the Upper Devonian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829151950/http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/150Tetrapoda/150.100.html |date=2010-08-29 }}

[[Category:Tetrapods| ]]
[[Category:Vertebrates]]
[[Category:Chordates]]</text>
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    <title>Spider-Man (2002 movie)</title>
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{{Infobox Movie
| name           = Spider-Man
| image          = Spider-Man-Logo.svg
| caption        = Official logo
| director       = [[Sam Raimi]]
| producer       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Laura Ziskin]]
* [[Ian Bryce]]
}}
| screenplay     = [[David Koepp]]
| based_on       = {{Based on|[[Spider-Man]]|[[Stan Lee]]|[[Steve Ditko]]}}
| starring       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Tobey Maguire]]
* [[Willem Dafoe]]
* [[Kirsten Dunst]]
* [[James Franco]]
* [[Cliff Robertson]]
* [[Rosemary Harris]]
}}
| music          = [[Danny Elfman]]
| cinematography = [[Don Burgess (cinematographer)|Don Burgess]]
| editing        = {{Plainlist|
* [[Bob Murawski]]
* Arthur Coburn
}}
| studio         = {{Plainlist|
* [[Columbia Pictures]]&lt;ref name=&quot;afi&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Spider-Man |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/62575-SPIDER-MAN?sid=4ba946f7-5f16-4940-b312-6735e0fd15d6&amp;sr=4.2380295&amp;cp=1&amp;pos=2 |access-date=February 8, 2019 |website=[[AFI Catalog of Feature Films]] |publisher=[[American Film Institute]] |archive-date=February 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124124/https://catalog.afi.com/Film/62575-SPIDER-MAN?sid=4ba946f7-5f16-4940-b312-6735e0fd15d6&amp;sr=4.2380295&amp;cp=1&amp;pos=2 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Marvel Enterprises]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ScreenDailySMReview&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Goodridge |first=Mike |date=April 28, 2002 |title=Spider-Man Review |work=Screen Daily |url=https://www.screendaily.com/spider-man-spider-man/409039.article |access-date=April 4, 2019 |archive-date=April 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404085235/https://www.screendaily.com/spider-man-spider-man/409039.article |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Laura Ziskin Productions]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ScreenDailySMReview&quot; /&gt;
}}
| distributor    = [[Sony Pictures Releasing]]&lt;ref name=&quot;afi&quot; /&gt;
| released       = {{Film date|2002|04|29|[[Fox Westwood Village Theater]], [[Bruin Theater]]|ref1=&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Higgins |first=Bill |date=2002-05-02 |title=Along came ‘Spider’ |url=https://variety.com/2002/scene/vpage/along-came-spider-1117866320/ |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;|2002|05|03|United States}}
| runtime        = 121 minutes&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=April 15, 2002 |title=''SPIDER-MAN'' (12A) |url=https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/spider-man-2002-3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324112713/https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/spider-man-2002-3 |archive-date=March 24, 2019 |access-date=November 27, 2020 |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| country        = United States
| language       = English
| budget         = $139{{spaces}}million&lt;ref name=&quot;BOM&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Spider-Man (2002) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=spiderman.htm |access-date=February 5, 2009 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |archive-date=February 1, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201103641/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=spiderman.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| gross          = $826.8 million&lt;ref name=&quot;BOM&quot; /&gt;
}}

'''''Spider-Man''''' is a 2002 American [[superhero movie]] based on the [[Marvel Comics]] character [[Spider-Man]]. Directed by [[Sam Raimi]] from a screenplay by [[David Koepp]], it's the first movie in Raimi's [[Spider-Man (2002 movie series)|''Spider-Man'' trilogy]] (2002-2007). Produced by [[Columbia Pictures]] and [[Laura Ziskin Productions]] in association with [[Marvel Enterprises]], it stars [[Tobey Maguire]], [[Willem Dafoe]], [[Kirsten Dunst]], [[James Franco]], [[Cliff Robertson]], and [[Rosemary Harris]]. The movie's plotline follows [[Peter Parker (Sam Raimi movie series)|Peter Parker]], an timid teenager who gains his superhuman abilities after he was being bitten by a genetically engineered spider. He adopts the masked persona &quot;Spider-Man&quot; and begins to fight crime in [[New York City]], facing the malevolent [[Norman Osborn (Sam Raimi movie series)|Green Goblin]] in the process.

Development of a live-action Spider-Man movie began in 1975, but it stalled for nearly 25 years due to licensing and financial issues. [[Columbia Pictures]] finally licensed the project for a worldwide release in 1999. Koepp was hired to craft a working screenplay, which was eventually rewritten by [[Scott Rosenberg]] and refined by [[Alvin Sargent]]. Various directors were considered before Raimi was hired in 2000. Filming took place in Los Angeles and New York City from January to June 2001. [[Danny Elfman]] composed the musical score, while [[Sony Pictures Imageworks]] handled the visual effects.&lt;ref name=&quot;imageworks&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=About |url=https://www.imageworks.com/about |access-date=February 8, 2019 |website=[[Sony Pictures Imageworks]] |publisher=[[Sony Pictures|Sony Pictures Entertainment Inc.]] |archive-date=February 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204073242/https://www.imageworks.com/about |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Spider-Man'' premiered at the [[Fox Westwood Village Theater]] and the [[Bruin Theater]] in [[Westwood, Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]] on April 29, 2002, and was released in the United States on May 3, by [[Sony Pictures Releasing]]. It received positive reviews from critics and was an commercial success, becoming the first movie to reach $100 million in a single weekend, as well as the most successful movie based on a comic book at the time. With a box office gross of $826 million against its $139 million budget, it was the [[List of highest-grossing superhero movies|highest-grossing superhero movie]], the [[List of highest-grossing movies|sixth-highest-grossing movie overall]] at the time, and [[2002 in movie#Highest-grossing movies|third highest-grossing movie of 2002]]. It garnered nominations for [[Academy Award for Best Sound|Best Sound]] and [[Academy Award for Best Visual Effects|Best Visual Effects]] at the [[75th Academy Awards]], among [[List of accolades received by the 2002–2007 Spider-Man movie series#Spider-Man (2002)|numerous other accolades]].

''Spider-Man'' is credited for redefining the modern superhero genre and the [[Blockbuster movie|summer blockbuster]].{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=May 3, 2017 |title=15 Years Later, Sam Raimi's 'Spider-Man' Is Both a Trendsetter and a Throwback |url=https://collider.com/sam-raimi-spider-man-changed-superhero-movies/#poster |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |access-date=February 21, 2020 |archive-date=January 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109001649/https://collider.com/sam-raimi-spider-man-changed-superhero-movies/#poster |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=May 3, 2014 |title=SPIDER-MAN WEEK: The Spidey trailer that changed the game |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/comic-riffs/wp/2014/05/03/spider-man-week-the-spidey-trailer-that-changed-the-game/ |access-date=July 15, 2017 |archive-date=July 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710164741/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/comic-riffs/wp/2014/05/03/spider-man-week-the-spidey-trailer-that-changed-the-game/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=June 16, 2017 |title=Looking Back: Sam Raimi's 'Spider-Man' is Still Definitive 15 Years Later |url=http://www.firstshowing.net/2017/looking-back-sam-raimis-spider-man-is-still-definitive-15-years-later/ |website=FirstShowing.net |access-date=July 15, 2017 |archive-date=July 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720173416/http://www.firstshowing.net/2017/looking-back-sam-raimis-spider-man-is-still-definitive-15-years-later/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;}} It was followed by two sequels, both directed by Raimi: ''[[Spider-Man 2]]'' (2004) and ''[[Spider-Man 3]]'' (2007). Maguire and Dafoe later reprised their respective roles in ''[[Spider-Man: No Way Home]]'' (2021), which explores in the concept of the [[Multiverse (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|multiverse]] and links up the Raimi trilogy to the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]].

== Plot ==
[[Peter Parker (Sam Raimi movie series)|Peter Parker]] is a very smart [[teenager]], who lives with his [[Aunt May]] and [[Uncle Ben]] Peter has loved his next-door neighbor, Mary Jane since they were children. Peter is bullied at school by the other teenagers, but is defended by his best friend Harry Osborn. On a school trip, Peter is bitten by a [[spider]] that has been mutated by scientists. Tired, he runs home and goes straight to bed. 

Meanwhile, Harry's father Norman Osborn is in trouble. Norman is the leader of his own company, named Oscorp. Oscorp does science studies and makes equipment for the military.  They are working on a device that will allow someone to fly, as well as a new chemical formula that will make a person stronger. Norman is ready to test the formula on humans, but his fellow scientists say that the formula is still too dangerous. With no test subjects to work with, Norman decides to test the formula on himself. The formula mames Norman stronger and faster, but it drives him insane.

After waking up, Peter discovers that his eyesight has been fixed over night. He also finds out that his body has become much more muscular, and is happy to see such a sudden change. After being late for the bus, he easily catches up to it with his new super speed, and his hand sticks to a banner on the bus, accidentally ripping it off.

At school, Peter is eating lunch in the school cafeteria, but discovers that a fork is stuck to his wrist. While trying to get it off, he accidentally shoots a web from his wrist, sticking onto a lunch tray. He pulls it back, and it hits his bully Flash Thompson. Peter quickly leaves, but is attacked by Flash. However, Peter easily defeats him, and beats him up. Harry is amazed that Peter stands up for himself, but Mary Jane is shocked.

Later, the executive board of Oscorp kicks Norman from the company, saying he could ruin Oscorp. Norman steals the flying device and becomes the Green Goblin, attacking rival companies with his new powers. However, he begins to suffer from hallucinations, and a voice in his speaks to him as the Green Goblin, influencing Norman to do evil things.

Peter later signs up to enter a wrestling match to win a large cash reward, wanting to buy a car to impress Mary Jane. Uncle Ben tells Peter that with great power comes great responsibility. Peter ignores Uncle Ben and uses his powers to win the wrestling competition, However, the owner does not pay Peter the full amount, and Peter leaves in anger. A criminal steals all of the owner's money and runs off. Peter does not try to catch the criminal, as revenge for not getting paid as much as he wanted. 

Outside, Peter notices a crowd, only to find Uncle Ben shot. Happy to see his nephew, Uncle Ben dies in Peter's arms. Peter angrily sets off to capture the killer, chasing him to an abandoned warehouse. He is horrified to find out that the man who killed Uncle Ben is the same criminal he refused to stop. The criminal falls through a window and dies, and Peter escapes.

After making a costume, Peter becomes [[Spider-Man]] and vows to fight crime, using Ben's words to their fullest. Peter takes a job as a photographer at the ''Daily Bugle,'' selling photos to [[J. Jonah Jameson]], who hates Spider-Man and makes him look bad in the paper. Peter takes photos of himself in his costume and sells them to Jonah, who is more than happy to take them from Peter.

Later, Peter attends a parade as a photographer for the Bugle, but the Green Goblin attacks, and kills the Oscorp board members. Spider-Man shows up and defeats the Goblin, sending his glider out of control, and him into the distance. Spider-Man rescues Mary Jane from falling, and she asks who he is. He tells her that he's your friendly neighborhood Spider-Man, before leaving.

Later, the Green Goblin attacks the Daily Bugle and demands that Jonah tell him who takes Spider-Man's photos. Jonah lies and tells him he doesn't know, until Spider-Man shows up. The Green Goblin uses a gas to knock him out, and brings Spider-Man to a rooftop. After he wakes up, he tells Spider-Man that they should work together, and that despite his heroic actions, the city will eventually hate Spider-Man. He leaves, after giving Spider-Man a choice to work with him, or die.

A building goes up in fire, and a woman screams that her baby is still inside. Spider-Man rescues the baby and goes to leave, before being stopped by a police officer, who goes to arrest Spider-Man. He goes to arrest him, but lets Spider-Man go to save another person from the building. The person turns out to be the Green Goblin in disguise, and he demands that Spider-Man give him an answer to his request for a partnership. Spider-Man refuses, and the two fight. After getting cut, Spider-Man leaves the building.

Later, Norman, Harry, Mary Jane and Aunt May meet at Peter's apartment for [[Thanksgiving]]. Peter arrives late and enters through his window as Spider-Man, but hides from his friends and family as they enter his room. Peter later joins them for dinner, and they go to say prayers. However, Norman notices a cut on Peter's arm, identical to one given by the Green Goblin. Norman realises that Peter is Spider-Man, and leaves in a hurry.

He attacks Aunt May in her home and scares hee so badly that she has to go to the [[hospital]]. There, Peter realizes that the Green Goblin knows he is Spider-Man and that he Mary Jane, knowing he will attack her next. When Peter calls her on the phone, the Green Goblin reves he has already taken her, and tells Peter to meet him at a bridge. Spider-Man goes to the bridge and finds the Green Goblin has Mary Jane in one arm and a group of kids in a cart in the other hand. The Green Goblin forces Spider-Man to choose between saving the person he loves or saving the innocent children. He then drops both at once. Spider-Man grabs Mary Jane first and uses his webbing to save the kids at the last second. The Green Goblin is angry and attacks Spider-Man, but a crowd of New Yorkers start to protect Spider-Man, throwing trash and knocking the Green Goblin off balance. The Green Goblin then grabs Spider-Man and throws him into an abandoned building.

The Green Goblin is brutal, and visciously beats up Spider-Man, cutting and bruising him, as well as setting off an explosion in fromt of him. Spider-Man spins a web to trap the Green Goblin, but it does nothing. After being knocked into a wall, Spider-Man tries to shoot another web, but his hand is stood on by the Green Goblin. He tells Spider-Man that after killing him, he'll make sure that Mary Jane suffers a slow and painful death. He then takes his glider and attempts to stab Spider-Man with it, but he resists, and throws the Green Goblin back. Spider-Man beats him up and pulls down a brick wall on him. Angry beyond measure, Spider-Man punches the Green Goblin over and over again, but the Goblin reveals that he is Norman Osborn.

Norman distracts Peter, and secretly presses a button on his suit, making his glider slowly rise up behind him. Trying one last time to make Spider-Man his partner, Norman pleads for Peter to be a son to him. Spider-Man refuses, saying his father was Ben Parker. Norman then tries to kill Peter by sending the glider flying into him, but using his spider-sense, Peter senses the glider and dodges it, causing it to crash into Norman, stabbing him through the waist. Groaning in pain, Norman asks that Peter not tell Harry he was the Green Goblin, and dies.

During the Norman's funeral, Harry swears to Petwe that Spider-Man will die, believing that Spider-Man killed his father. Mary Jane tells Peter that she loves him, but fearing that his enemies will attack her again, he refuses her confession. Leaving, Peter resolves that he is Spider-Man and swings through the city as its new protector.

== Cast ==
* [[Tobey Maguire]] as [[Peter Parker (Sam Raimi movie series)|Peter Parker / Spider-Man]]: A high school student who is bitten by a genetically engineered spider and gains spider-like abilities which he uses to begin fighting crime as a masked vigilante.
* [[Willem Dafoe]] as [[Norman Osborn (Sam Raimi movie series)|Norman Osborn / Green Goblin]]: Harry's father and the founder of Oscorp who is a scientist that becomes a costumed terrorist.
* [[Kirsten Dunst]] as [[Mary Jane Watson (Sam Raimi movie series)|Mary Jane Watson]]: Peter's love interest who is dating Harry.
* [[James Franco]] as [[Harry Osborn (Sam Raimi movie series)|Harry Osborn]]: Peter's best friend, Mary Jane's boyfriend, and Norman's son.
* [[Cliff Robertson]] as [[Uncle Ben|Ben Parker]]: Peter's uncle.&lt;ref name=&quot;cliff&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|date=1 March 2026|access-date=1 March 2026|first=Stephen|last=Vagg|url=https://www.filmink.com.au/not-quite-movie-stars-cliff-robertson/|magazine=Filmink|title=Not Quite Movie Stars: Cliff Robertson}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Rosemary Harris]] as [[Aunt May|May Parker]]: Peter's aunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=June 13, 2002 |title=Rosemary Harris as Aunt May Parker |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/suffolk/dont_miss/spiderman/rosemary_harris.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620140943/http://www.bbc.co.uk/suffolk/dont_miss/spiderman/rosemary_harris.shtml |archive-date=June 20, 2019 |access-date=May 13, 2019 |work=[[BBC]] Home}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Hoffman |first=Barbara |date=March 7, 2019 |title=How Rosemary Harris went from Spider-Man's aunt to 'My Fair Lady' |work=[[New York Post]] |url=https://nypost.com/2019/03/07/how-rosemary-harris-went-from-spider-mans-aunt-to-my-fair-lady/ |access-date=May 13, 2019 |archive-date=May 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513102959/https://nypost.com/2019/03/07/how-rosemary-harris-went-from-spider-mans-aunt-to-my-fair-lady/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[J. K. Simmons]] as [[J. Jonah Jameson (Sam Raimi movie series)|J. Jonah Jameson]]: The ''Daily Bugle'' publisher, who considers Spider-Man as a menace.

[[Joe Manganiello]] plays the bully [[Flash Thompson]], while [[Michael Papajohn]] appears as [[Burglar (comics)|the Carjacker]] who kills Ben Parker.{{Efn|The character is referred to as &quot;Dennis Carradine&quot; in the sequel movie ''[[Spider-Man 3]]''.}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Warmoth |first=Brian |date=January 22, 2010 |title=Michael Papajohn In 'Jonah Hex,' 'Iron Man 2' Edits, And Heath Ledger Memories in Today's Twitter Report |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2595908/michael-papajohn-in-jonah-hex-iron-man-2-edits-and-heath-ledger-memories-in-todays-twitter-report/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320082456/http://www.mtv.com/news/2595908/michael-papajohn-in-jonah-hex-iron-man-2-edits-and-heath-ledger-memories-in-todays-twitter-report/ |archive-date=March 20, 2022 |access-date=May 13, 2019 |publisher=[[MTV News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ron Perkins]] portrays [[Mendel Stromm|Dr. Mendel Stromm]], Norman's head scientist, while [[Gerry Becker]] and [[Jack Betts]] respectively play the Oscorp board members Maximillian Fargas and Henry Balkan. [[Stanley Anderson]] appears as General Slocum, and [[K. K. Dodds]] portrays Norman's assistant Simkins. [[Bill Nunn]], [[Ted Raimi]] and [[Elizabeth Banks]] play the ''Daily Bugle'' employees [[Robbie Robertson (character)|Joseph &quot;Robbie&quot; Robertson]], Ted Hoffman, and [[Betty Brant]], respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Adams |first=Tim |date=September 25, 2016 |title=Spider-Man Actor Bill Nunn Passes Away |work=[[Comic Book Resources]] |url=https://www.cbr.com/spider-man-actor-bill-nunn-passes-away/ |access-date=May 13, 2019 |archive-date=March 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307153322/https://www.cbr.com/spider-man-actor-bill-nunn-passes-away/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pulver-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Pulver |first=Andrew |date=2016-06-22 |title=Elizabeth Banks: I was 'too old' for Spider-Man girlfriend role at 28 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/jun/22/elizabeth-banks-i-was-too-old-for-spider-man-girlfriend-role-at-28 |access-date=2025-12-27 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tim de Zarn|Tim deZarn]] and Taylor Gilbert respectively portray as [[Philip Watson (comics)|Philip Watson]] and [[Madeline Watson]]. [[Randy Savage]] appears as Bonesaw McGraw, [[Bruce Campbell]] portrays the Ring Announcer, [[Octavia Spencer]] plays the Ring Receptionist, and John Paxton plays Bernard Houseman, the Osborn family's butler.&lt;ref name=&quot;producer commentary2&quot;&gt;{{Cite AV media |title=Audio Commentary |last=[[Sam Raimi]], [[Avi Arad]], [[Laura Ziskin]], [[Kirsten Dunst]] |type=DVD |publisher=Sony |year=2002}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Spider-Man'' co-creator [[Stan Lee]] has an [[cameo appearance]] at the World Unity Fair.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Rowney |first=Jo-Anne |date=November 12, 2018 |title=Every Stan Lee cameo in the Marvel movies from Hulk to Deadpool |work=[[Daily Mirror]] |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/film/every-stan-lee-cameos-marvel-13580404 |access-date=May 13, 2019 |archive-date=May 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513100530/https://www.mirror.co.uk/film/every-stan-lee-cameos-marvel-13580404 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Production ==
A trailer containing original footage was shown for screenings of the 2002 movie [[Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within]]. The trailer shows a group of bank robbers flying in a helicopter and land on a giant web between the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center. The trailer was later taken down following the [[September 11 attacks]]. As a response, a scene where New Yorkers throw food at the Green Goblin and wave their flags while yelling &quot;You mess with one of us, you mess with all of us&quot; was added for reshoots, to emphasise unity following the attack.

== Reception ==
After the movie was kept from being made for almost 25 years, it was shown in [[movie theatre|theaters]] on May 3, 2002. [[movie critic|Critics]] liked it a lot and it broke many movie records. It made more money than any other movie in 2001. Two sequels have been made, ''[[Spider-Man 2]]'' (2004) and ''[[Spider-Man 3]]'' (2007).

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Other websites==
*{{IMDb title|0145487|Spider-Man}}
*{{Allmovie title|260386|Spider-Man}}

{{Spider-Man movies}}
{{Marvel Comics live-action movies}}

[[Category:2000s superhero movies]]
[[Category:2002 movies]]
[[Category:Marvel Comics movies]]
[[Category:Columbia Pictures movies]]
[[Category:2000s English-language movies]]
[[Category:Impact of the September 11 attacks]]
[[Category:Movies composed by Danny Elfman]]
[[Category:Movies directed by Sam Raimi]]
[[Category:Spider-Man movies]]
[[Category:American superhero movies]]
[[Category:PG-13 rated movies]]
[[Category:2000s American action movies]]
[[Category:2000s science fiction movies]]
[[Category:American science fiction movies]]
[[Category:American coming-of-age movies]]
[[Category:Movies set in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Movies set in universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Vigilante movies]]
[[Category:Thanksgiving movies]]
[[Category:2000s teen drama movies]]
[[Category:American teen drama movies]]
[[Category:Coming-of-age drama movies]]
[[Category:Superhero drama movies]]</text>
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{{Infobox Movie
| name           = Spider-Man
| image          = Spider-Man-Logo.svg
| caption        = Official logo
| director       = [[Sam Raimi]]
| producer       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Laura Ziskin]]
* [[Ian Bryce]]
}}
| screenplay     = [[David Koepp]]
| based_on       = {{Based on|[[Spider-Man]]|[[Stan Lee]]|[[Steve Ditko]]}}
| starring       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Tobey Maguire]]
* [[Willem Dafoe]]
* [[Kirsten Dunst]]
* [[James Franco]]
* [[Cliff Robertson]]
* [[Rosemary Harris]]
}}
| music          = [[Danny Elfman]]
| cinematography = [[Don Burgess (cinematographer)|Don Burgess]]
| editing        = {{Plainlist|
* [[Bob Murawski]]
* Arthur Coburn
}}
| studio         = {{Plainlist|
* [[Columbia Pictures]]&lt;ref name=&quot;afi&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Spider-Man |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/62575-SPIDER-MAN?sid=4ba946f7-5f16-4940-b312-6735e0fd15d6&amp;sr=4.2380295&amp;cp=1&amp;pos=2 |access-date=February 8, 2019 |website=[[AFI Catalog of Feature Films]] |publisher=[[American Film Institute]] |archive-date=February 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124124/https://catalog.afi.com/Film/62575-SPIDER-MAN?sid=4ba946f7-5f16-4940-b312-6735e0fd15d6&amp;sr=4.2380295&amp;cp=1&amp;pos=2 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Marvel Enterprises]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ScreenDailySMReview&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Goodridge |first=Mike |date=April 28, 2002 |title=Spider-Man Review |work=Screen Daily |url=https://www.screendaily.com/spider-man-spider-man/409039.article |access-date=April 4, 2019 |archive-date=April 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404085235/https://www.screendaily.com/spider-man-spider-man/409039.article |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Laura Ziskin Productions]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ScreenDailySMReview&quot; /&gt;
}}
| distributor    = [[Sony Pictures Releasing]]&lt;ref name=&quot;afi&quot; /&gt;
| released       = {{Film date|2002|04|29|[[Fox Westwood Village Theater]], [[Bruin Theater]]|ref1=&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Higgins |first=Bill |date=2002-05-02 |title=Along came ‘Spider’ |url=https://variety.com/2002/scene/vpage/along-came-spider-1117866320/ |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;|2002|05|03|United States}}
| runtime        = 121 minutes&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=April 15, 2002 |title=''SPIDER-MAN'' (12A) |url=https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/spider-man-2002-3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324112713/https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/spider-man-2002-3 |archive-date=March 24, 2019 |access-date=November 27, 2020 |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| country        = United States
| language       = English
| budget         = $139{{spaces}}million&lt;ref name=&quot;BOM&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Spider-Man (2002) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=spiderman.htm |access-date=February 5, 2009 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |archive-date=February 1, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201103641/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=spiderman.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| gross          = $826.8 million&lt;ref name=&quot;BOM&quot; /&gt;
}}

'''''Spider-Man''''' is a 2002 American [[superhero movie]] based on the [[Marvel Comics]] character [[Spider-Man]]. Directed by [[Sam Raimi]] from a screenplay by [[David Koepp]], it's the first movie in Raimi's [[Spider-Man (2002 movie series)|''Spider-Man'' trilogy]] (2002-2007). Produced by [[Columbia Pictures]] and [[Laura Ziskin Productions]] in association with [[Marvel Enterprises]], it stars [[Tobey Maguire]], [[Willem Dafoe]], [[Kirsten Dunst]], [[James Franco]], [[Cliff Robertson]], and [[Rosemary Harris]]. The movie's plotline follows [[Peter Parker (Sam Raimi movie series)|Peter Parker]], an timid teenager who gains his superhuman abilities after he was being bitten by a genetically engineered spider. He adopts the masked persona &quot;Spider-Man&quot; and begins to fight crime in [[New York City]], facing the malevolent [[Norman Osborn (Sam Raimi movie series)|Green Goblin]] in the process.

Development of a live-action Spider-Man movie began in 1975, but it stalled for nearly 25 years due to licensing and financial issues. [[Columbia Pictures]] finally licensed the project for a worldwide release in 1999. Koepp was hired to craft a working screenplay, which was eventually rewritten by [[Scott Rosenberg]] and refined by [[Alvin Sargent]]. Various directors were considered before Raimi was hired in 2000. Filming took place in Los Angeles and New York City from January to June 2001. [[Danny Elfman]] composed the musical score, while [[Sony Pictures Imageworks]] handled the visual effects.&lt;ref name=&quot;imageworks&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=About |url=https://www.imageworks.com/about |access-date=February 8, 2019 |website=[[Sony Pictures Imageworks]] |publisher=[[Sony Pictures|Sony Pictures Entertainment Inc.]] |archive-date=February 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204073242/https://www.imageworks.com/about |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Spider-Man'' premiered at the [[Fox Westwood Village Theater]] and the [[Bruin Theater]] in [[Westwood, Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]] on April 29, 2002, and was released in the United States on May 3, by [[Sony Pictures Releasing]]. It received positive reviews from critics and was an commercial success, becoming the first movie to reach $100 million in a single weekend, as well as the most successful movie based on a comic book at the time. With a box office gross of $826 million against its $139 million budget, it was the [[List of highest-grossing superhero movies|highest-grossing superhero movie]], the [[List of highest-grossing movies|sixth-highest-grossing movie overall]] at the time, and [[2002 in movie#Highest-grossing movies|third highest-grossing movie of 2002]]. It garnered nominations for [[Academy Award for Best Sound|Best Sound]] and [[Academy Award for Best Visual Effects|Best Visual Effects]] at the [[75th Academy Awards]], among [[List of accolades received by the 2002–2007 Spider-Man movie series#Spider-Man (2002)|numerous other accolades]].

''Spider-Man'' is credited for redefining the modern superhero genre and the [[Blockbuster movie|summer blockbuster]].{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=May 3, 2017 |title=15 Years Later, Sam Raimi's 'Spider-Man' Is Both a Trendsetter and a Throwback |url=https://collider.com/sam-raimi-spider-man-changed-superhero-movies/#poster |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |access-date=February 21, 2020 |archive-date=January 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109001649/https://collider.com/sam-raimi-spider-man-changed-superhero-movies/#poster |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=May 3, 2014 |title=SPIDER-MAN WEEK: The Spidey trailer that changed the game |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/comic-riffs/wp/2014/05/03/spider-man-week-the-spidey-trailer-that-changed-the-game/ |access-date=July 15, 2017 |archive-date=July 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710164741/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/comic-riffs/wp/2014/05/03/spider-man-week-the-spidey-trailer-that-changed-the-game/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=June 16, 2017 |title=Looking Back: Sam Raimi's 'Spider-Man' is Still Definitive 15 Years Later |url=http://www.firstshowing.net/2017/looking-back-sam-raimis-spider-man-is-still-definitive-15-years-later/ |website=FirstShowing.net |access-date=July 15, 2017 |archive-date=July 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720173416/http://www.firstshowing.net/2017/looking-back-sam-raimis-spider-man-is-still-definitive-15-years-later/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;}} It was followed by two sequels, both directed by Raimi: ''[[Spider-Man 2]]'' (2004) and ''[[Spider-Man 3]]'' (2007). Maguire and Dafoe later reprised their respective roles in ''[[Spider-Man: No Way Home]]'' (2021), which explores in the concept of the [[Multiverse (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|multiverse]] and links up the Raimi trilogy to the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]].

== Plot ==
On a high school field trip, [[Peter Parker (Sam Raimi movie series)|Peter Parker]] visits a [[Columbia University]] genetics laboratory with his best friend, [[Harry Osborn (Sam Raimi movie series)|Harry Osborn]], and his love interest, [[Mary Jane Watson (Sam Raimi movies)|Mary Jane Watson]]. There, he is bitten by a [[Genetic engineering|genetically engineered]] spider, and falls ill upon returning home. Meanwhile, Harry's father, [[Norman Osborn (Sam Raimi movie series)|Norman Osborn]], tests a performance-enhancing chemical on himself in an attempt to secure a military contract for [[Oscorp]], the company he founded. The chemical gives him superhuman strength but causes him to go insane and kills one of his own scientists.

The next day, Peter develops spider-like abilities, including enhanced strength, senses, agility, and speed; organic webbing in his wrists; and the ability to cling to walls. Hoping to buy a car to impress Mary Jane, Peter enters into an underground wrestling event and wins his first match, but is swindled out of his earnings. Soon after, Peter's [[Uncle Ben]] is killed by a [[Burglar (comics)|thief]] who robbed the event, and whom Peter let escape. Peter pursues the thief, who eventually falls to his death. Meanwhile, a crazed Norman sabotages a project test by an Oscorp rival and kills several people.

Upon graduating, Peter begins to use his abilities in fighting crime, donning a costuming and adopting the alias [[Spider-Man]]. [[J. Jonah Jameson (2002 movie series character)|J. Jonah Jameson]], the publisher of the ''[[Daily Bugle]]'' newspaper, hires Peter as a freelance photographer, since he can provide high-quality images of Spider-Man. When Oscorp's board of directors decides to oust Norman and sell the company, Norman uses a disguise to assassinate them during the Unity Day festival. As Spider-Man, Peter fends off Norman and rescues Mary Jane. Afterwards, Jameson bestows the name the [[Green Goblin]] upon the mysterious masked killer.

Norman offers Peter a place at his side, but Peter refuses. They fight, and Peter flees after he's being wounded. Peter's [[Aunt May]] invites Mary Jane, Harry, and Norman for Thanksgiving dinner. However, Norman notices Peter's injury and deduces that he's Spider-Man. Later, Norman attacks and injures May, who is hospitalized. Unfortunately, Peter is still unaware of the Goblin's identity, but realizes that the Goblin is targeting on his loved ones. While visiting the hospital, Mary Jane confesses to Peter her infatuation with Spider-Man, who has rescued her twice. Harry, who is dating Mary Jane, sees her holding Peter's hand and assumes she has feelings for him. A distraught Harry tells his father about Peter's infatuation with Mary Jane.

That night, Norman captures Mary Jane and a [[Roosevelt Island Tramway]] car full of children. He tells Peter to choose whom to rescue, then drops them both from the [[Queensboro Bridge]]. Peter saves everyone, then lowers them onto a nearby barge for safety. An enraged Norman throws Peter into a nearby abandoned building, then brutally beats him. After Norman reveals his intentions to kill Mary Jane, Peter finds the strength to fight back. Norman reveals his identity and begs forgiveness, discreetly preparing to impale Peter with his glider. Warned by his spider-sense, Peter dodges the attack, and the glider fatally skewers Norman instead. Before dying, Norman begs Peter not to reveal his identity to Harry. Peter takes Norman's body to the Osborn house, where Harry confronts him, but Peter escapes.

At Norman's funeral, Harry vows revenge on Spider-Man, whom he mistakenly believes killed his father. Mary Jane confesses to Peter that she loves him. However, Peter feels that he must protect her from his enemies, so he hides his true feelings and tells her that they can only be friends. As Peter leaves, he recalls his uncle's words: &quot;[[With great power comes great responsibility]].&quot;

== Cast ==
* [[Tobey Maguire]] as [[Peter Parker (Sam Raimi movie series)|Peter Parker / Spider-Man]]: A high school student who is bitten by a genetically engineered spider and gains spider-like abilities which he uses to begin fighting crime as a masked vigilante.
* [[Willem Dafoe]] as [[Norman Osborn (Sam Raimi movie series)|Norman Osborn / Green Goblin]]: Harry's father and the founder of Oscorp who is a scientist that becomes a costumed terrorist.
* [[Kirsten Dunst]] as [[Mary Jane Watson (Sam Raimi movie series)|Mary Jane Watson]]: Peter's love interest who is dating Harry.
* [[James Franco]] as [[Harry Osborn (Sam Raimi movie series)|Harry Osborn]]: Peter's best friend, Mary Jane's boyfriend, and Norman's son.
* [[Cliff Robertson]] as [[Uncle Ben|Ben Parker]]: Peter's uncle.&lt;ref name=&quot;cliff&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|date=1 March 2026|access-date=1 March 2026|first=Stephen|last=Vagg|url=https://www.filmink.com.au/not-quite-movie-stars-cliff-robertson/|magazine=Filmink|title=Not Quite Movie Stars: Cliff Robertson}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Rosemary Harris]] as [[Aunt May|May Parker]]: Peter's aunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=June 13, 2002 |title=Rosemary Harris as Aunt May Parker |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/suffolk/dont_miss/spiderman/rosemary_harris.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620140943/http://www.bbc.co.uk/suffolk/dont_miss/spiderman/rosemary_harris.shtml |archive-date=June 20, 2019 |access-date=May 13, 2019 |work=[[BBC]] Home}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Hoffman |first=Barbara |date=March 7, 2019 |title=How Rosemary Harris went from Spider-Man's aunt to 'My Fair Lady' |work=[[New York Post]] |url=https://nypost.com/2019/03/07/how-rosemary-harris-went-from-spider-mans-aunt-to-my-fair-lady/ |access-date=May 13, 2019 |archive-date=May 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513102959/https://nypost.com/2019/03/07/how-rosemary-harris-went-from-spider-mans-aunt-to-my-fair-lady/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[J. K. Simmons]] as [[J. Jonah Jameson (Sam Raimi movie series)|J. Jonah Jameson]]: The ''Daily Bugle'' publisher, who considers Spider-Man as a menace.

[[Joe Manganiello]] plays the bully [[Flash Thompson]], while [[Michael Papajohn]] appears as [[Burglar (comics)|the Carjacker]] who kills Ben Parker.{{Efn|The character is referred to as &quot;Dennis Carradine&quot; in the sequel movie ''[[Spider-Man 3]]''.}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Warmoth |first=Brian |date=January 22, 2010 |title=Michael Papajohn In 'Jonah Hex,' 'Iron Man 2' Edits, And Heath Ledger Memories in Today's Twitter Report |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2595908/michael-papajohn-in-jonah-hex-iron-man-2-edits-and-heath-ledger-memories-in-todays-twitter-report/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320082456/http://www.mtv.com/news/2595908/michael-papajohn-in-jonah-hex-iron-man-2-edits-and-heath-ledger-memories-in-todays-twitter-report/ |archive-date=March 20, 2022 |access-date=May 13, 2019 |publisher=[[MTV News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ron Perkins]] portrays [[Mendel Stromm|Dr. Mendel Stromm]], Norman's head scientist, while [[Gerry Becker]] and [[Jack Betts]] respectively play the Oscorp board members Maximillian Fargas and Henry Balkan. [[Stanley Anderson]] appears as General Slocum, and [[K. K. Dodds]] portrays Norman's assistant Simkins. [[Bill Nunn]], [[Ted Raimi]] and [[Elizabeth Banks]] play the ''Daily Bugle'' employees [[Robbie Robertson (character)|Joseph &quot;Robbie&quot; Robertson]], Ted Hoffman, and [[Betty Brant]], respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Adams |first=Tim |date=September 25, 2016 |title=Spider-Man Actor Bill Nunn Passes Away |work=[[Comic Book Resources]] |url=https://www.cbr.com/spider-man-actor-bill-nunn-passes-away/ |access-date=May 13, 2019 |archive-date=March 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307153322/https://www.cbr.com/spider-man-actor-bill-nunn-passes-away/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pulver-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Pulver |first=Andrew |date=2016-06-22 |title=Elizabeth Banks: I was 'too old' for Spider-Man girlfriend role at 28 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/jun/22/elizabeth-banks-i-was-too-old-for-spider-man-girlfriend-role-at-28 |access-date=2025-12-27 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tim de Zarn|Tim deZarn]] and Taylor Gilbert respectively portray as [[Philip Watson (comics)|Philip Watson]] and [[Madeline Watson]]. [[Randy Savage]] appears as Bonesaw McGraw, [[Bruce Campbell]] portrays the Ring Announcer, [[Octavia Spencer]] plays the Ring Receptionist, and John Paxton plays Bernard Houseman, the Osborn family's butler.&lt;ref name=&quot;producer commentary2&quot;&gt;{{Cite AV media |title=Audio Commentary |last=[[Sam Raimi]], [[Avi Arad]], [[Laura Ziskin]], [[Kirsten Dunst]] |type=DVD |publisher=Sony |year=2002}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Spider-Man'' co-creator [[Stan Lee]] has an [[cameo appearance]] at the World Unity Fair.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Rowney |first=Jo-Anne |date=November 12, 2018 |title=Every Stan Lee cameo in the Marvel movies from Hulk to Deadpool |work=[[Daily Mirror]] |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/film/every-stan-lee-cameos-marvel-13580404 |access-date=May 13, 2019 |archive-date=May 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513100530/https://www.mirror.co.uk/film/every-stan-lee-cameos-marvel-13580404 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Production ==
A trailer containing original footage was shown for screenings of the 2002 movie [[Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within]]. The trailer shows a group of bank robbers flying in a helicopter and land on a giant web between the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center. The trailer was later taken down following the [[September 11 attacks]]. As a response, a scene where New Yorkers throw food at the Green Goblin and wave their flags while yelling &quot;You mess with one of us, you mess with all of us&quot; was added for reshoots, to emphasise unity following the attack.

== Reception ==
After the movie was kept from being made for almost 25 years, it was shown in [[movie theatre|theaters]] on May 3, 2002. [[movie critic|Critics]] liked it a lot and it broke many movie records. It made more money than any other movie in 2001. Two sequels have been made, ''[[Spider-Man 2]]'' (2004) and ''[[Spider-Man 3]]'' (2007).

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Other websites==
*{{IMDb title|0145487|Spider-Man}}
*{{Allmovie title|260386|Spider-Man}}

{{Spider-Man movies}}
{{Marvel Comics live-action movies}}

[[Category:2000s superhero movies]]
[[Category:2002 movies]]
[[Category:Marvel Comics movies]]
[[Category:Columbia Pictures movies]]
[[Category:2000s English-language movies]]
[[Category:Impact of the September 11 attacks]]
[[Category:Movies composed by Danny Elfman]]
[[Category:Movies directed by Sam Raimi]]
[[Category:Spider-Man movies]]
[[Category:American superhero movies]]
[[Category:PG-13 rated movies]]
[[Category:2000s American action movies]]
[[Category:2000s science fiction movies]]
[[Category:American science fiction movies]]
[[Category:American coming-of-age movies]]
[[Category:Movies set in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Movies set in universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Vigilante movies]]
[[Category:Thanksgiving movies]]
[[Category:2000s teen drama movies]]
[[Category:American teen drama movies]]
[[Category:Coming-of-age drama movies]]
[[Category:Superhero drama movies]]</text>
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{{Use American English|date=June 2026}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2026}}
{{Infobox Movie
| name           = Spider-Man
| image          = Spider-Man-Logo.svg
| caption        = Official logo
| director       = [[Sam Raimi]]
| producer       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Laura Ziskin]]
* [[Ian Bryce]]
}}
| screenplay     = [[David Koepp]]
| based_on       = {{Based on|[[Spider-Man]]|[[Stan Lee]]|[[Steve Ditko]]}}
| starring       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Tobey Maguire]]
* [[Willem Dafoe]]
* [[Kirsten Dunst]]
* [[James Franco]]
* [[Cliff Robertson]]
* [[Rosemary Harris]]
}}
| music          = [[Danny Elfman]]
| cinematography = [[Don Burgess (cinematographer)|Don Burgess]]
| editing        = {{Plainlist|
* [[Bob Murawski]]
* Arthur Coburn
}}
| studio         = {{Plainlist|
* [[Columbia Pictures]]&lt;ref name=&quot;afi&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Spider-Man |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/62575-SPIDER-MAN?sid=4ba946f7-5f16-4940-b312-6735e0fd15d6&amp;sr=4.2380295&amp;cp=1&amp;pos=2 |access-date=February 8, 2019 |website=[[AFI Catalog of Feature Films]] |publisher=[[American Film Institute]] |archive-date=February 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124124/https://catalog.afi.com/Film/62575-SPIDER-MAN?sid=4ba946f7-5f16-4940-b312-6735e0fd15d6&amp;sr=4.2380295&amp;cp=1&amp;pos=2 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Marvel Enterprises]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ScreenDailySMReview&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Goodridge |first=Mike |date=April 28, 2002 |title=Spider-Man Review |work=Screen Daily |url=https://www.screendaily.com/spider-man-spider-man/409039.article |access-date=April 4, 2019 |archive-date=April 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404085235/https://www.screendaily.com/spider-man-spider-man/409039.article |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Laura Ziskin Productions]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ScreenDailySMReview&quot; /&gt;
}}
| distributor    = [[Sony Pictures Releasing]]&lt;ref name=&quot;afi&quot; /&gt;
| released       = {{Film date|2002|04|29|[[Fox Westwood Village Theater]], [[Bruin Theater]]|ref1=&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Higgins |first=Bill |date=2002-05-02 |title=Along came ‘Spider’ |url=https://variety.com/2002/scene/vpage/along-came-spider-1117866320/ |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;|2002|05|03|United States}}
| runtime        = 121 minutes&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=April 15, 2002 |title=''SPIDER-MAN'' (12A) |url=https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/spider-man-2002-3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324112713/https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/spider-man-2002-3 |archive-date=March 24, 2019 |access-date=November 27, 2020 |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| country        = United States
| language       = English
| budget         = $139{{spaces}}million&lt;ref name=&quot;BOM&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Spider-Man (2002) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=spiderman.htm |access-date=February 5, 2009 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |archive-date=February 1, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201103641/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=spiderman.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| gross          = $826.8 million&lt;ref name=&quot;BOM&quot; /&gt;
}}

'''''Spider-Man''''' is a 2002 American [[superhero movie]] based on the [[Marvel Comics]] character [[Spider-Man]]. Directed by [[Sam Raimi]] from a screenplay by [[David Koepp]], it's the first movie in Raimi's [[Spider-Man (2002 movie series)|''Spider-Man'' trilogy]] (2002-2007). Produced by [[Columbia Pictures]] and [[Laura Ziskin Productions]] in association with [[Marvel Enterprises]], it stars [[Tobey Maguire]], [[Willem Dafoe]], [[Kirsten Dunst]], [[James Franco]], [[Cliff Robertson]], and [[Rosemary Harris]]. The movie's plotline follows [[Peter Parker (Sam Raimi movie series)|Peter Parker]], an timid teenager who gains his superhuman abilities after he was being bitten by a genetically engineered spider. He adopts the masked persona &quot;Spider-Man&quot; and begins to fight crime in [[New York City]], facing the malevolent [[Norman Osborn (Sam Raimi movie series)|Green Goblin]] in the process.

Development of a live-action Spider-Man movie began in 1975, but it stalled for nearly 25 years due to licensing and financial issues. [[Columbia Pictures]] finally licensed the project for a worldwide release in 1999. Koepp was hired to craft a working screenplay, which was eventually rewritten by [[Scott Rosenberg]] and refined by [[Alvin Sargent]]. Various directors were considered before Raimi was hired in 2000. Filming took place in Los Angeles and New York City from January to June 2001. [[Danny Elfman]] composed the musical score, while [[Sony Pictures Imageworks]] handled the visual effects.&lt;ref name=&quot;imageworks&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=About |url=https://www.imageworks.com/about |access-date=February 8, 2019 |website=[[Sony Pictures Imageworks]] |publisher=[[Sony Pictures|Sony Pictures Entertainment Inc.]] |archive-date=February 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204073242/https://www.imageworks.com/about |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Spider-Man'' premiered at the [[Fox Westwood Village Theater]] and the [[Bruin Theater]] in [[Westwood, Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]] on April 29, 2002, and was released in the United States on May 3, by [[Sony Pictures Releasing]]. It received positive reviews from critics and was an commercial success, becoming the first movie to reach $100 million in a single weekend, as well as the most successful movie based on a comic book at the time. With a box office gross of $826 million against its $139 million budget, it was the [[List of highest-grossing superhero movies|highest-grossing superhero movie]], the [[List of highest-grossing movies|sixth-highest-grossing movie overall]] at the time, and [[2002 in movie#Highest-grossing movies|third highest-grossing movie of 2002]]. It garnered nominations for [[Academy Award for Best Sound|Best Sound]] and [[Academy Award for Best Visual Effects|Best Visual Effects]] at the [[75th Academy Awards]], among [[List of accolades received by the 2002–2007 Spider-Man movie series#Spider-Man (2002)|numerous other accolades]].

''Spider-Man'' is credited for redefining the modern superhero genre and the [[Blockbuster movie|summer blockbuster]].{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=May 3, 2017 |title=15 Years Later, Sam Raimi's 'Spider-Man' Is Both a Trendsetter and a Throwback |url=https://collider.com/sam-raimi-spider-man-changed-superhero-movies/#poster |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |access-date=February 21, 2020 |archive-date=January 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109001649/https://collider.com/sam-raimi-spider-man-changed-superhero-movies/#poster |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=May 3, 2014 |title=SPIDER-MAN WEEK: The Spidey trailer that changed the game |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/comic-riffs/wp/2014/05/03/spider-man-week-the-spidey-trailer-that-changed-the-game/ |access-date=July 15, 2017 |archive-date=July 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710164741/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/comic-riffs/wp/2014/05/03/spider-man-week-the-spidey-trailer-that-changed-the-game/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=June 16, 2017 |title=Looking Back: Sam Raimi's 'Spider-Man' is Still Definitive 15 Years Later |url=http://www.firstshowing.net/2017/looking-back-sam-raimis-spider-man-is-still-definitive-15-years-later/ |website=FirstShowing.net |access-date=July 15, 2017 |archive-date=July 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720173416/http://www.firstshowing.net/2017/looking-back-sam-raimis-spider-man-is-still-definitive-15-years-later/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;}} It was followed by two sequels, both directed by Raimi: ''[[Spider-Man 2]]'' (2004) and ''[[Spider-Man 3]]'' (2007). Maguire and Dafoe later reprised their respective roles in ''[[Spider-Man: No Way Home]]'' (2021), which explores in the concept of the [[Multiverse (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|multiverse]] and links up the Raimi trilogy to the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]].

== Plot ==
On a high school field trip, [[Peter Parker (Sam Raimi movie series)|Peter Parker]] visits a [[Columbia University]] genetics laboratory with his best friend, [[Harry Osborn (Sam Raimi movie series)|Harry Osborn]], and his love interest, [[Mary Jane Watson (Sam Raimi movies)|Mary Jane Watson]]. There, he is bitten by a [[Genetic engineering|genetically engineered]] spider, and falls ill upon returning home. Meanwhile, Harry's father, [[Norman Osborn (Sam Raimi movie series)|Norman Osborn]], tests a performance-enhancing chemical on himself in an attempt to secure a military contract for [[Oscorp]], the company he founded. The chemical gives him superhuman strength but causes him to go insane and kills one of his own scientists.

The next day, Peter develops spider-like abilities, including enhanced strength, senses, agility, and speed; organic webbing in his wrists; and the ability to cling to walls. Hoping to buy a car to impress Mary Jane, Peter enters into an underground wrestling event and wins his first match, but is swindled out of his earnings. Soon after, Peter's [[Uncle Ben]] is killed by a [[Burglar (comics)|thief]] who robbed the event, and whom Peter let escape. Peter pursues the thief, who eventually falls to his death. Meanwhile, a crazed Norman sabotages a project test by an Oscorp rival and kills several people.

Upon graduating, Peter begins to use his abilities in fighting crime, donning a costuming and adopting the alias [[Spider-Man]]. [[J. Jonah Jameson (2002 movie series character)|J. Jonah Jameson]], the publisher of the ''[[Daily Bugle]]'' newspaper, hires Peter as a freelance photographer, since he can provide high-quality images of Spider-Man. When Oscorp's board of directors decides to oust Norman and sell the company, Norman uses a disguise to assassinate them during the Unity Day festival. As Spider-Man, Peter fends off Norman and rescues Mary Jane. Afterwards, Jameson bestows the name the [[Green Goblin]] upon the mysterious masked killer.

Norman offers Peter a place at his side, but Peter refuses. They fight, and Peter flees after he's being wounded. Peter's [[Aunt May]] invites Mary Jane, Harry, and Norman for Thanksgiving dinner. However, Norman notices Peter's injury and deduces that he's Spider-Man. Later, Norman attacks and injures May, who is hospitalized. Unfortunately, Peter is still unaware of the Goblin's identity, but realizes that the Goblin is targeting on his loved ones. While visiting the hospital, Mary Jane confesses to Peter her infatuation with Spider-Man, who has rescued her twice. Harry, who is dating Mary Jane, sees her holding Peter's hand and assumes she has feelings for him. A distraught Harry tells his father about Peter's infatuation with Mary Jane.

That night, Norman captures Mary Jane and a [[Roosevelt Island Tramway]] car full of children. He tells Peter to choose whom to rescue, then drops them both from the [[Queensboro Bridge]]. Peter saves everyone, then lowers them onto a nearby barge for safety. An enraged Norman throws Peter into a nearby abandoned building, then brutally beats him. After Norman reveals his intentions to kill Mary Jane, Peter finds the strength to fight back. Norman reveals his identity and begs forgiveness, discreetly preparing to impale Peter with his glider. Warned by his spider-sense, Peter dodges the attack, and the glider fatally skewers Norman instead. Before dying, Norman begs Peter not to reveal his identity to Harry. Peter takes Norman's body to the Osborn house, where Harry confronts him, but Peter escapes.

At Norman's funeral, Harry vows revenge on Spider-Man, whom he mistakenly believes killed his father. Mary Jane confesses to Peter that she loves him. However, Peter feels that he must protect her from his enemies, so he hides his true feelings and tells her that they can only be friends. As Peter leaves, he recalls his uncle's words: &quot;[[With great power comes great responsibility]].&quot;

== Cast ==
* [[Tobey Maguire]] as [[Peter Parker (Sam Raimi movie series)|Peter Parker / Spider-Man]]: A high school student who is bitten by a genetically engineered spider and gains spider-like abilities which he uses to begin fighting crime as a masked vigilante.
* [[Willem Dafoe]] as [[Norman Osborn (Sam Raimi movie series)|Norman Osborn / Green Goblin]]: Harry's father and the founder of Oscorp who is a scientist that becomes a costumed terrorist.
* [[Kirsten Dunst]] as [[Mary Jane Watson (Sam Raimi movie series)|Mary Jane Watson]]: Peter's love interest who is dating Harry.
* [[James Franco]] as [[Harry Osborn (Sam Raimi movie series)|Harry Osborn]]: Peter's best friend, Mary Jane's boyfriend, and Norman's son.
* [[Cliff Robertson]] as [[Uncle Ben|Ben Parker]]: Peter's uncle.&lt;ref name=&quot;cliff&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|date=1 March 2026|access-date=1 March 2026|first=Stephen|last=Vagg|url=https://www.filmink.com.au/not-quite-movie-stars-cliff-robertson/|magazine=Filmink|title=Not Quite Movie Stars: Cliff Robertson}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Rosemary Harris]] as [[Aunt May|May Parker]]: Peter's aunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=June 13, 2002 |title=Rosemary Harris as Aunt May Parker |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/suffolk/dont_miss/spiderman/rosemary_harris.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620140943/http://www.bbc.co.uk/suffolk/dont_miss/spiderman/rosemary_harris.shtml |archive-date=June 20, 2019 |access-date=May 13, 2019 |work=[[BBC]] Home}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Hoffman |first=Barbara |date=March 7, 2019 |title=How Rosemary Harris went from Spider-Man's aunt to 'My Fair Lady' |work=[[New York Post]] |url=https://nypost.com/2019/03/07/how-rosemary-harris-went-from-spider-mans-aunt-to-my-fair-lady/ |access-date=May 13, 2019 |archive-date=May 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513102959/https://nypost.com/2019/03/07/how-rosemary-harris-went-from-spider-mans-aunt-to-my-fair-lady/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[J. K. Simmons]] as [[J. Jonah Jameson (Sam Raimi movie series)|J. Jonah Jameson]]: The ''Daily Bugle'' publisher, who considers Spider-Man as a menace.

[[Joe Manganiello]] plays the bully [[Flash Thompson]], while [[Michael Papajohn]] appears as [[Burglar (comics)|the Carjacker]] who kills Ben Parker.{{Efn|The character is referred to as &quot;Dennis Carradine&quot; in the sequel movie ''[[Spider-Man 3]]''.}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Warmoth |first=Brian |date=January 22, 2010 |title=Michael Papajohn In 'Jonah Hex,' 'Iron Man 2' Edits, And Heath Ledger Memories in Today's Twitter Report |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2595908/michael-papajohn-in-jonah-hex-iron-man-2-edits-and-heath-ledger-memories-in-todays-twitter-report/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320082456/http://www.mtv.com/news/2595908/michael-papajohn-in-jonah-hex-iron-man-2-edits-and-heath-ledger-memories-in-todays-twitter-report/ |archive-date=March 20, 2022 |access-date=May 13, 2019 |publisher=[[MTV News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ron Perkins]] portrays [[Mendel Stromm|Dr. Mendel Stromm]], Norman's head scientist, while [[Gerry Becker]] and [[Jack Betts]] respectively play the Oscorp board members Maximillian Fargas and Henry Balkan. [[Stanley Anderson]] appears as General Slocum, and [[K. K. Dodds]] portrays Norman's assistant Simkins. [[Bill Nunn]], [[Ted Raimi]] and [[Elizabeth Banks]] play the ''Daily Bugle'' employees [[Robbie Robertson (character)|Joseph &quot;Robbie&quot; Robertson]], Ted Hoffman, and [[Betty Brant]], respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Adams |first=Tim |date=September 25, 2016 |title=Spider-Man Actor Bill Nunn Passes Away |work=[[Comic Book Resources]] |url=https://www.cbr.com/spider-man-actor-bill-nunn-passes-away/ |access-date=May 13, 2019 |archive-date=March 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307153322/https://www.cbr.com/spider-man-actor-bill-nunn-passes-away/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pulver-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Pulver |first=Andrew |date=2016-06-22 |title=Elizabeth Banks: I was 'too old' for Spider-Man girlfriend role at 28 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/jun/22/elizabeth-banks-i-was-too-old-for-spider-man-girlfriend-role-at-28 |access-date=2025-12-27 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tim de Zarn|Tim deZarn]] and Taylor Gilbert respectively portray as [[Philip Watson (comics)|Philip Watson]] and [[Madeline Watson]]. [[Randy Savage]] appears as Bonesaw McGraw, [[Bruce Campbell]] portrays the Ring Announcer, [[Octavia Spencer]] plays the Ring Receptionist, and John Paxton plays Bernard Houseman, the Osborn family's butler.&lt;ref name=&quot;producer commentary2&quot;&gt;{{Cite AV media |title=Audio Commentary |last=[[Sam Raimi]], [[Avi Arad]], [[Laura Ziskin]], [[Kirsten Dunst]] |type=DVD |publisher=Sony |year=2002}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Spider-Man'' co-creator [[Stan Lee]] has an [[cameo appearance]] at the World Unity Fair.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Rowney |first=Jo-Anne |date=November 12, 2018 |title=Every Stan Lee cameo in the Marvel movies from Hulk to Deadpool |work=[[Daily Mirror]] |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/film/every-stan-lee-cameos-marvel-13580404 |access-date=May 13, 2019 |archive-date=May 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513100530/https://www.mirror.co.uk/film/every-stan-lee-cameos-marvel-13580404 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Production ==
A trailer containing original footage was shown for screenings of the 2002 movie [[Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within]]. The trailer shows a group of bank robbers flying in a helicopter and land on a giant web between the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center. The trailer was later taken down following the [[September 11 attacks]]. As a response, a scene where New Yorkers throw food at the Green Goblin and wave their flags while yelling &quot;You mess with one of us, you mess with all of us&quot; was added for reshoots, to emphasise unity following the attack.

== Reception ==
After the movie was kept from being made for almost 25 years, it was shown in [[movie theatre|theaters]] on May 3, 2002. [[movie critic|Critics]] liked it a lot and it broke many movie records. It made more money than any other movie in 2001. Two sequels have been made, ''[[Spider-Man 2]]'' (2004) and ''[[Spider-Man 3]]'' (2007).

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Other websites==
*{{IMDb title|0145487|Spider-Man}}
*{{Allmovie title|260386|Spider-Man}}

{{Spider-Man movies}}
{{Marvel Comics live-action movies}}

[[Category:2000s superhero movies]]
[[Category:2002 movies]]
[[Category:Marvel Comics movies]]
[[Category:Columbia Pictures movies]]
[[Category:2000s English-language movies]]
[[Category:Impact of the September 11 attacks]]
[[Category:Movies composed by Danny Elfman]]
[[Category:Movies directed by Sam Raimi]]
[[Category:Spider-Man movies]]
[[Category:American superhero movies]]
[[Category:PG-13 rated movies]]
[[Category:2000s American action movies]]
[[Category:2000s science fiction movies]]
[[Category:American science fiction movies]]
[[Category:American coming-of-age movies]]
[[Category:Movies set in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Movies set in universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Vigilante movies]]
[[Category:Thanksgiving movies]]
[[Category:2000s teen drama movies]]
[[Category:American teen drama movies]]
[[Category:Coming-of-age drama movies]]
[[Category:Superhero drama movies]]</text>
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        <id>1150185</id>
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      <comment>Undid revision 10880587 by [[Special:Contributions/Simba1997!28|Simba1997!28]] ([[User talk:Simba1997!28|talk]]) - Revert unsimplified changes copied from enwiki</comment>
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{{Use American English|date=June 2026}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2026}}
{{Infobox Movie
| name           = Spider-Man
| image          = Spider-Man-Logo.svg
| caption        = Official Logo
| director       = [[Sam Raimi]]
| producer       = [[Laura Ziskin]]&lt;br /&gt;Ian Bryce
| writer         = '''Comic Book:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[Stan Lee]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Steve Ditko]]&lt;br /&gt;'''Screenplay:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[David Koepp]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Alvin Sargent]]&lt;br /&gt;''(uncredited)''
| starring       = [[Tobey Maguire]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Willem Dafoe]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Kirsten Dunst]]&lt;br /&gt;[[James Franco]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Cliff Robertson]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Rosemary Harris]]
| music          = [[Danny Elfman]]
| cinematography = Don Burgess
| editing        = Arthur Coburn&lt;br /&gt;[[Bob Murawski]]
| studio         = [[Marvel Enterprises]]&lt;br/&gt;Laura Ziskin Productions
| distributor    = [[Columbia Pictures]]
| released       = May 3, 2002
| runtime        = 121 minutes
| country        = United States
| language       = English
| budget         = $139 million
| gross          = $821,708,551&lt;ref name=&quot;mojo&quot;/&gt;
}}

'''''Spider-Man''''' is a 2002 American [[superhero movie]]. It was made from the story of the [[Marvel Comics]] [[superhero]], [[Spider-Man]]. It was the first in the ''Spider-Man'' movie series. It was [[Screenplay|written]] by David Koepp and [[movie director|directed]] by [[Sam Raimi]]. [[Tobey Maguire]] stars as Peter Parker/Spider-Man. [[Kirsten Dunst]] plays the girl Peter loves, [[Mary-Jane Watson]] and [[Willem Dafoe]] plays the bad guy, Norman Osborn; the [[Green Goblin]].

== Plot ==
On a high school field trip, [[Peter Parker (Sam Raimi movie series)|Peter Parker]] visits a [[Columbia University]] genetics laboratory with his best friend, [[Harry Osborn (Sam Raimi movie series)|Harry Osborn]], and his love interest, [[Mary Jane Watson (Sam Raimi movies)|Mary Jane Watson]]. There, he is bitten by a [[Genetic engineering|genetically engineered]] spider, and falls ill upon returning home. Meanwhile, Harry's father, [[Norman Osborn (Sam Raimi movie series)|Norman Osborn]], tests a performance-enhancing chemical on himself in an attempt to secure a military contract for [[Oscorp]], the company he founded. The chemical gives him superhuman strength but causes him to go insane and kills one of his own scientists.

The next day, Peter develops spider-like abilities, including enhanced strength, senses, agility, and speed; organic webbing in his wrists; and the ability to cling to walls. Hoping to buy a car to impress Mary Jane, Peter enters into an underground wrestling event and wins his first match, but is swindled out of his earnings. Soon after, Peter's [[Uncle Ben]] is killed by a [[Burglar (comics)|thief]] who robbed the event, and whom Peter let escape. Peter pursues the thief, who eventually falls to his death. Meanwhile, a crazed Norman sabotages a project test by an Oscorp rival and kills several people.

Upon graduating, Peter begins to use his abilities in fighting crime, donning a costuming and adopting the alias [[Spider-Man]]. [[J. Jonah Jameson (2002 movie series character)|J. Jonah Jameson]], the publisher of the ''[[Daily Bugle]]'' newspaper, hires Peter as a freelance photographer, since he can provide high-quality images of Spider-Man. When Oscorp's board of directors decides to oust Norman and sell the company, Norman uses a disguise to assassinate them during the Unity Day festival. As Spider-Man, Peter fends off Norman and rescues Mary Jane. Afterwards, Jameson bestows the name the [[Green Goblin]] upon the mysterious masked killer.

Norman offers Peter a place at his side, but Peter refuses. They fight, and Peter flees after he's being wounded. Peter's [[Aunt May]] invites Mary Jane, Harry, and Norman for Thanksgiving dinner. However, Norman notices Peter's injury and deduces that he's Spider-Man. Later, Norman attacks and injures May, who is hospitalized. Unfortunately, Peter is still unaware of the Goblin's identity, but realizes that the Goblin is targeting on his loved ones. While visiting the hospital, Mary Jane confesses to Peter her infatuation with Spider-Man, who has rescued her twice. Harry, who is dating Mary Jane, sees her holding Peter's hand and assumes she has feelings for him. A distraught Harry tells his father about Peter's infatuation with Mary Jane.

That night, Norman captures Mary Jane and a [[Roosevelt Island Tramway]] car full of children. He tells Peter to choose whom to rescue, then drops them both from the [[Queensboro Bridge]]. Peter saves everyone, then lowers them onto a nearby barge for safety. An enraged Norman throws Peter into a nearby abandoned building, then brutally beats him. After Norman reveals his intentions to kill Mary Jane, Peter finds the strength to fight back. Norman reveals his identity and begs forgiveness, discreetly preparing to impale Peter with his glider. Warned by his spider-sense, Peter dodges the attack, and the glider fatally skewers Norman instead. Before dying, Norman begs Peter not to reveal his identity to Harry. Peter takes Norman's body to the Osborn house, where Harry confronts him, but Peter escapes.

At Norman's funeral, Harry vows revenge on Spider-Man, whom he mistakenly believes killed his father. Mary Jane confesses to Peter that she loves him. However, Peter feels that he must protect her from his enemies, so he hides his true feelings and tells her that they can only be friends. As Peter leaves, he recalls his uncle's words: &quot;[[With great power comes great responsibility]].&quot;

== Production ==
A trailer containing original footage was shown for screenings of the 2002 movie [[Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within]]. The trailer shows a group of bank robbers flying in a helicopter and land on a giant web between the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center. The trailer was later taken down following the [[September 11 attacks]]. As a response, a scene where New Yorkers throw food at the Green Goblin and wave their flags while yelling &quot;You mess with one of us, you mess with all of us&quot; was added for reshoots, to emphasise unity following the attack.

== Reception ==
After the movie was kept from being made for almost 25 years, it was shown in [[movie theatre|theaters]] on May 3, 2002. [[movie critic|Critics]] liked it a lot and it broke many movie records. It made more money than any other movie in 2001. Two sequels have been made, ''[[Spider-Man 2]]'' (2004) and ''[[Spider-Man 3]]'' (2007).

== Cast ==
* [[Tobey Maguire]] as [[Peter Parker (Sam Raimi movie series)|Peter Parker / Spider-Man]]
* [[Willem Dafoe]] as [[Norman Osborn (Sam Raimi movie series)|Norman Osborn / Green Goblin]]
* [[Kirsten Dunst]] as Mary Jane Watson
* [[James Franco]] as Harry Osborn
* [[Cliff Robertson]] as [[Uncle Ben]] Parker
* [[Rosemary Harris]] as [[Aunt May]] Parker
* [[J. K. Simmons]] as J. Jonah Jameson
* [[Gerry Becker]] as Maximilian Fargas
* [[Bill Nunn]] as Joseph &quot;Robbie&quot; Robertson
* [[Jack Betts]] as Henry Balkan
* [[Stanley Anderson]] as General Thomas Slocum
* [[Ron Perkins]] as Dr. Mendel Stromm
* [[Joe Manganiello]] as Flash Thompson

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Other websites==
*{{IMDb title|0145487|Spider-Man}}
*{{Allmovie title|260386|Spider-Man}}

{{Spider-Man movies}}
{{Marvel Comics live-action movies}}

[[Category:2000s superhero movies]]
[[Category:2002 movies]]
[[Category:Marvel Comics movies]]
[[Category:Columbia Pictures movies]]
[[Category:2000s English-language movies]]
[[Category:Impact of the September 11 attacks]]
[[Category:Movies composed by Danny Elfman]]
[[Category:Movies directed by Sam Raimi]]
[[Category:Spider-Man movies]]
[[Category:American superhero movies]]
[[Category:PG-13 rated movies]]
[[Category:2000s American action movies]]
[[Category:2000s science fiction movies]]
[[Category:American science fiction movies]]
[[Category:American coming-of-age movies]]
[[Category:Movies set in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Movies set in universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Vigilante movies]]
[[Category:Thanksgiving movies]]
[[Category:2000s teen drama movies]]
[[Category:American teen drama movies]]
[[Category:Coming-of-age drama movies]]
[[Category:Superhero drama movies]]</text>
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        <id>1150185</id>
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      <comment>Undid revision 10880603 by [[Special:Contributions/Simba1997!28|Simba1997!28]] ([[User talk:Simba1997!28|talk]]) - Per previous edit summary</comment>
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{{Use American English|date=June 2026}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2026}}
{{Infobox Movie
| name           = Spider-Man
| image          = Spider-Man-Logo.svg
| caption        = Official Logo
| director       = [[Sam Raimi]]
| producer       = [[Laura Ziskin]]&lt;br /&gt;Ian Bryce
| writer         = '''Comic Book:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[Stan Lee]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Steve Ditko]]&lt;br /&gt;'''Screenplay:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[David Koepp]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Alvin Sargent]]&lt;br /&gt;''(uncredited)''
| starring       = [[Tobey Maguire]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Willem Dafoe]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Kirsten Dunst]]&lt;br /&gt;[[James Franco]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Cliff Robertson]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Rosemary Harris]]
| music          = [[Danny Elfman]]
| cinematography = Don Burgess
| editing        = Arthur Coburn&lt;br /&gt;[[Bob Murawski]]
| studio         = [[Marvel Enterprises]]&lt;br/&gt;Laura Ziskin Productions
| distributor    = [[Columbia Pictures]]
| released       = May 3, 2002
| runtime        = 121 minutes
| country        = United States
| language       = English
| budget         = $139 million
| gross          = $821,708,551&lt;ref name=&quot;mojo&quot;/&gt;
}}

'''''Spider-Man''''' is a 2002 American [[superhero movie]]. It was made from the story of the [[Marvel Comics]] [[superhero]], [[Spider-Man]]. It was the first in the ''Spider-Man'' movie series. It was [[Screenplay|written]] by David Koepp and [[movie director|directed]] by [[Sam Raimi]]. [[Tobey Maguire]] stars as Peter Parker/Spider-Man. [[Kirsten Dunst]] plays the girl Peter loves, [[Mary-Jane Watson]] and [[Willem Dafoe]] plays the bad guy, Norman Osborn; the [[Green Goblin]].

== Plot ==
[[Peter Parker (Sam Raimi movie series)|Peter Parker]] is a very smart [[teenager]], who lives with his [[Aunt May]] and [[Uncle Ben]] Peter has loved his next-door neighbor, Mary Jane since they were children. Peter is bullied at school by the other teenagers, but is defended by his best friend Harry Osborn. On a school trip, Peter is bitten by a [[spider]] that has been mutated by scientists. Tired, he runs home and goes straight to bed. 

Meanwhile, Harry's father Norman Osborn is in trouble. Norman is the leader of his own company, named Oscorp. Oscorp does science studies and makes equipment for the military.  They are working on a device that will allow someone to fly, as well as a new chemical formula that will make a person stronger. Norman is ready to test the formula on humans, but his fellow scientists say that the formula is still too dangerous. With no test subjects to work with, Norman decides to test the formula on himself. The formula mames Norman stronger and faster, but it drives him insane.

After waking up, Peter discovers that his eyesight has been fixed over night. He also finds out that his body has become much more muscular, and is happy to see such a sudden change. After being late for the bus, he easily catches up to it with his new super speed, and his hand sticks to a banner on the bus, accidentally ripping it off.

At school, Peter is eating lunch in the school cafeteria, but discovers that a fork is stuck to his wrist. While trying to get it off, he accidentally shoots a web from his wrist, sticking onto a lunch tray. He pulls it back, and it hits his bully Flash Thompson. Peter quickly leaves, but is attacked by Flash. However, Peter easily defeats him, and beats him up. Harry is amazed that Peter stands up for himself, but Mary Jane is shocked.

Later, the executive board of Oscorp kicks Norman from the company, saying he could ruin Oscorp. Norman steals the flying device and becomes the Green Goblin, attacking rival companies with his new powers. However, he begins to suffer from hallucinations, and a voice in his speaks to him as the Green Goblin, influencing Norman to do evil things.

Peter later signs up to enter a wrestling match to win a large cash reward, wanting to buy a car to impress Mary Jane. Uncle Ben tells Peter that with great power comes great responsibility. Peter ignores Uncle Ben and uses his powers to win the wrestling competition, However, the owner does not pay Peter the full amount, and Peter leaves in anger. A criminal steals all of the owner's money and runs off. Peter does not try to catch the criminal, as revenge for not getting paid as much as he wanted. 

Outside, Peter notices a crowd, only to find Uncle Ben shot. Happy to see his nephew, Uncle Ben dies in Peter's arms. Peter angrily sets off to capture the killer, chasing him to an abandoned warehouse. He is horrified to find out that the man who killed Uncle Ben is the same criminal he refused to stop. The criminal falls through a window and dies, and Peter escapes.

After making a costume, Peter becomes [[Spider-Man]] and vows to fight crime, using Ben's words to their fullest. Peter takes a job as a photographer at the ''Daily Bugle,'' selling photos to [[J. Jonah Jameson]], who hates Spider-Man and makes him look bad in the paper. Peter takes photos of himself in his costume and sells them to Jonah, who is more than happy to take them from Peter.

Later, Peter attends a parade as a photographer for the Bugle, but the Green Goblin attacks, and kills the Oscorp board members. Spider-Man shows up and defeats the Goblin, sending his glider out of control, and him into the distance. Spider-Man rescues Mary Jane from falling, and she asks who he is. He tells her that he's your friendly neighborhood Spider-Man, before leaving.

Later, the Green Goblin attacks the Daily Bugle and demands that Jonah tell him who takes Spider-Man's photos. Jonah lies and tells him he doesn't know, until Spider-Man shows up. The Green Goblin uses a gas to knock him out, and brings Spider-Man to a rooftop. After he wakes up, he tells Spider-Man that they should work together, and that despite his heroic actions, the city will eventually hate Spider-Man. He leaves, after giving Spider-Man a choice to work with him, or die.

A building goes up in fire, and a woman screams that her baby is still inside. Spider-Man rescues the baby and goes to leave, before being stopped by a police officer, who goes to arrest Spider-Man. He goes to arrest him, but lets Spider-Man go to save another person from the building. The person turns out to be the Green Goblin in disguise, and he demands that Spider-Man give him an answer to his request for a partnership. Spider-Man refuses, and the two fight. After getting cut, Spider-Man leaves the building.

Later, Norman, Harry, Mary Jane and Aunt May meet at Peter's apartment for [[Thanksgiving]]. Peter arrives late and enters through his window as Spider-Man, but hides from his friends and family as they enter his room. Peter later joins them for dinner, and they go to say prayers. However, Norman notices a cut on Peter's arm, identical to one given by the Green Goblin. Norman realises that Peter is Spider-Man, and leaves in a hurry.

He attacks Aunt May in her home and scares hee so badly that she has to go to the [[hospital]]. There, Peter realizes that the Green Goblin knows he is Spider-Man and that he Mary Jane, knowing he will attack her next. When Peter calls her on the phone, the Green Goblin reves he has already taken her, and tells Peter to meet him at a bridge. Spider-Man goes to the bridge and finds the Green Goblin has Mary Jane in one arm and a group of kids in a cart in the other hand. The Green Goblin forces Spider-Man to choose between saving the person he loves or saving the innocent children. He then drops both at once. Spider-Man grabs Mary Jane first and uses his webbing to save the kids at the last second. The Green Goblin is angry and attacks Spider-Man, but a crowd of New Yorkers start to protect Spider-Man, throwing trash and knocking the Green Goblin off balance. The Green Goblin then grabs Spider-Man and throws him into an abandoned building.

The Green Goblin is brutal, and visciously beats up Spider-Man, cutting and bruising him, as well as setting off an explosion in fromt of him. Spider-Man spins a web to trap the Green Goblin, but it does nothing. After being knocked into a wall, Spider-Man tries to shoot another web, but his hand is stood on by the Green Goblin. He tells Spider-Man that after killing him, he'll make sure that Mary Jane suffers a slow and painful death. He then takes his glider and attempts to stab Spider-Man with it, but he resists, and throws the Green Goblin back. Spider-Man beats him up and pulls down a brick wall on him. Angry beyond measure, Spider-Man punches the Green Goblin over and over again, but the Goblin reveals that he is Norman Osborn.

Norman distracts Peter, and secretly presses a button on his suit, making his glider slowly rise up behind him. Trying one last time to make Spider-Man his partner, Norman pleads for Peter to be a son to him. Spider-Man refuses, saying his father was Ben Parker. Norman then tries to kill Peter by sending the glider flying into him, but using his spider-sense, Peter senses the glider and dodges it, causing it to crash into Norman, stabbing him through the waist. Groaning in pain, Norman asks that Peter not tell Harry he was the Green Goblin, and dies.

During the Norman's funeral, Harry swears to Petwe that Spider-Man will die, believing that Spider-Man killed his father. Mary Jane tells Peter that she loves him, but fearing that his enemies will attack her again, he refuses her confession. Leaving, Peter resolves that he is Spider-Man and swings through the city as its new protector.

== Production ==
A trailer containing original footage was shown for screenings of the 2002 movie [[Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within]]. The trailer shows a group of bank robbers flying in a helicopter and land on a giant web between the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center. The trailer was later taken down following the [[September 11 attacks]]. As a response, a scene where New Yorkers throw food at the Green Goblin and wave their flags while yelling &quot;You mess with one of us, you mess with all of us&quot; was added for reshoots, to emphasise unity following the attack.

== Reception ==
After the movie was kept from being made for almost 25 years, it was shown in [[movie theatre|theaters]] on May 3, 2002. [[movie critic|Critics]] liked it a lot and it broke many movie records. It made more money than any other movie in 2001. Two sequels have been made, ''[[Spider-Man 2]]'' (2004) and ''[[Spider-Man 3]]'' (2007).

== Cast ==
* [[Tobey Maguire]] as [[Peter Parker (Sam Raimi movie series)|Peter Parker / Spider-Man]]
* [[Willem Dafoe]] as [[Norman Osborn (Sam Raimi movie series)|Norman Osborn / Green Goblin]]
* [[Kirsten Dunst]] as Mary Jane Watson
* [[James Franco]] as Harry Osborn
* [[Cliff Robertson]] as [[Uncle Ben]] Parker
* [[Rosemary Harris]] as [[Aunt May]] Parker
* [[J. K. Simmons]] as J. Jonah Jameson
* [[Gerry Becker]] as Maximilian Fargas
* [[Bill Nunn]] as Joseph &quot;Robbie&quot; Robertson
* [[Jack Betts]] as Henry Balkan
* [[Stanley Anderson]] as General Thomas Slocum
* [[Ron Perkins]] as Dr. Mendel Stromm
* [[Joe Manganiello]] as Flash Thompson

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Other websites==
*{{IMDb title|0145487|Spider-Man}}
*{{Allmovie title|260386|Spider-Man}}

{{Spider-Man movies}}
{{Marvel Comics live-action movies}}

[[Category:2000s superhero movies]]
[[Category:2002 movies]]
[[Category:Marvel Comics movies]]
[[Category:Columbia Pictures movies]]
[[Category:2000s English-language movies]]
[[Category:Impact of the September 11 attacks]]
[[Category:Movies composed by Danny Elfman]]
[[Category:Movies directed by Sam Raimi]]
[[Category:Spider-Man movies]]
[[Category:American superhero movies]]
[[Category:PG-13 rated movies]]
[[Category:2000s American action movies]]
[[Category:2000s science fiction movies]]
[[Category:American science fiction movies]]
[[Category:American coming-of-age movies]]
[[Category:Movies set in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Movies set in universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Vigilante movies]]
[[Category:Thanksgiving movies]]
[[Category:2000s teen drama movies]]
[[Category:American teen drama movies]]
[[Category:Coming-of-age drama movies]]
[[Category:Superhero drama movies]]</text>
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{{Use American English|date=June 2026}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2026}}
{{Infobox Movie
| name           = Spider-Man
| image          = Spider-Man-Logo.svg
| caption        = Official Logo
| director       = [[Sam Raimi]]
| producer       = [[Laura Ziskin]]&lt;br /&gt;Ian Bryce
| writer         = '''Comic Book:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[Stan Lee]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Steve Ditko]]&lt;br /&gt;'''Screenplay:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[David Koepp]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Alvin Sargent]]&lt;br /&gt;''(uncredited)''
| starring       = [[Tobey Maguire]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Willem Dafoe]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Kirsten Dunst]]&lt;br /&gt;[[James Franco]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Cliff Robertson]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Rosemary Harris]]
| music          = [[Danny Elfman]]
| cinematography = Don Burgess
| editing        = Arthur Coburn&lt;br /&gt;[[Bob Murawski]]
| studio         = [[Marvel Enterprises]]&lt;br/&gt;Laura Ziskin Productions
| distributor    = [[Columbia Pictures]]
| released       = May 3, 2002
| runtime        = 121 minutes
| country        = United States
| language       = English
| budget         = $139 million
| gross          = $821,708,551&lt;ref name=&quot;mojo&quot;/&gt;
}}

'''''Spider-Man''''' is a 2002 American [[superhero movie]]. It was made from the story of the [[Marvel Comics]] [[superhero]], [[Spider-Man]]. It was the first in the ''Spider-Man'' movie series. It was [[Screenplay|written]] by David Koepp and [[movie director|directed]] by [[Sam Raimi]]. [[Tobey Maguire]] stars as Peter Parker/Spider-Man. [[Kirsten Dunst]] plays the girl Peter loves, [[Mary-Jane Watson]] and [[Willem Dafoe]] plays the bad guy, Norman Osborn; the [[Green Goblin]].

== Plot ==
{{Plot|date=June 2026}}
[[Peter Parker (Sam Raimi movie series)|Peter Parker]] is a very smart [[teenager]], who lives with his [[Aunt May]] and [[Uncle Ben]] Peter has loved his next-door neighbor, Mary Jane since they were children. Peter is bullied at school by the other teenagers, but is defended by his best friend Harry Osborn. On a school trip, Peter is bitten by a [[spider]] that has been mutated by scientists. Tired, he runs home and goes straight to bed. 

Meanwhile, Harry's father Norman Osborn is in trouble. Norman is the leader of his own company, named Oscorp. Oscorp does science studies and makes equipment for the military.  They are working on a device that will allow someone to fly, as well as a new chemical formula that will make a person stronger. Norman is ready to test the formula on humans, but his fellow scientists say that the formula is still too dangerous. With no test subjects to work with, Norman decides to test the formula on himself. The formula mames Norman stronger and faster, but it drives him insane.

After waking up, Peter discovers that his eyesight has been fixed over night. He also finds out that his body has become much more muscular, and is happy to see such a sudden change. After being late for the bus, he easily catches up to it with his new super speed, and his hand sticks to a banner on the bus, accidentally ripping it off.

At school, Peter is eating lunch in the school cafeteria, but discovers that a fork is stuck to his wrist. While trying to get it off, he accidentally shoots a web from his wrist, sticking onto a lunch tray. He pulls it back, and it hits his bully Flash Thompson. Peter quickly leaves, but is attacked by Flash. However, Peter easily defeats him, and beats him up. Harry is amazed that Peter stands up for himself, but Mary Jane is shocked.

Later, the executive board of Oscorp kicks Norman from the company, saying he could ruin Oscorp. Norman steals the flying device and becomes the Green Goblin, attacking rival companies with his new powers. However, he begins to suffer from hallucinations, and a voice in his speaks to him as the Green Goblin, influencing Norman to do evil things.

Peter later signs up to enter a wrestling match to win a large cash reward, wanting to buy a car to impress Mary Jane. Uncle Ben tells Peter that with great power comes great responsibility. Peter ignores Uncle Ben and uses his powers to win the wrestling competition, However, the owner does not pay Peter the full amount, and Peter leaves in anger. A criminal steals all of the owner's money and runs off. Peter does not try to catch the criminal, as revenge for not getting paid as much as he wanted. 

Outside, Peter notices a crowd, only to find Uncle Ben shot. Happy to see his nephew, Uncle Ben dies in Peter's arms. Peter angrily sets off to capture the killer, chasing him to an abandoned warehouse. He is horrified to find out that the man who killed Uncle Ben is the same criminal he refused to stop. The criminal falls through a window and dies, and Peter escapes.

After making a costume, Peter becomes [[Spider-Man]] and vows to fight crime, using Ben's words to their fullest. Peter takes a job as a photographer at the ''Daily Bugle,'' selling photos to [[J. Jonah Jameson]], who hates Spider-Man and makes him look bad in the paper. Peter takes photos of himself in his costume and sells them to Jonah, who is more than happy to take them from Peter.

Later, Peter attends a parade as a photographer for the Bugle, but the Green Goblin attacks, and kills the Oscorp board members. Spider-Man shows up and defeats the Goblin, sending his glider out of control, and him into the distance. Spider-Man rescues Mary Jane from falling, and she asks who he is. He tells her that he's your friendly neighborhood Spider-Man, before leaving.

Later, the Green Goblin attacks the Daily Bugle and demands that Jonah tell him who takes Spider-Man's photos. Jonah lies and tells him he doesn't know, until Spider-Man shows up. The Green Goblin uses a gas to knock him out, and brings Spider-Man to a rooftop. After he wakes up, he tells Spider-Man that they should work together, and that despite his heroic actions, the city will eventually hate Spider-Man. He leaves, after giving Spider-Man a choice to work with him, or die.

A building goes up in fire, and a woman screams that her baby is still inside. Spider-Man rescues the baby and goes to leave, before being stopped by a police officer, who goes to arrest Spider-Man. He goes to arrest him, but lets Spider-Man go to save another person from the building. The person turns out to be the Green Goblin in disguise, and he demands that Spider-Man give him an answer to his request for a partnership. Spider-Man refuses, and the two fight. After getting cut, Spider-Man leaves the building.

Later, Norman, Harry, Mary Jane and Aunt May meet at Peter's apartment for [[Thanksgiving]]. Peter arrives late and enters through his window as Spider-Man, but hides from his friends and family as they enter his room. Peter later joins them for dinner, and they go to say prayers. However, Norman notices a cut on Peter's arm, identical to one given by the Green Goblin. Norman realises that Peter is Spider-Man, and leaves in a hurry.

He attacks Aunt May in her home and scares hee so badly that she has to go to the [[hospital]]. There, Peter realizes that the Green Goblin knows he is Spider-Man and that he Mary Jane, knowing he will attack her next. When Peter calls her on the phone, the Green Goblin reves he has already taken her, and tells Peter to meet him at a bridge. Spider-Man goes to the bridge and finds the Green Goblin has Mary Jane in one arm and a group of kids in a cart in the other hand. The Green Goblin forces Spider-Man to choose between saving the person he loves or saving the innocent children. He then drops both at once. Spider-Man grabs Mary Jane first and uses his webbing to save the kids at the last second. The Green Goblin is angry and attacks Spider-Man, but a crowd of New Yorkers start to protect Spider-Man, throwing trash and knocking the Green Goblin off balance. The Green Goblin then grabs Spider-Man and throws him into an abandoned building.

The Green Goblin is brutal, and visciously beats up Spider-Man, cutting and bruising him, as well as setting off an explosion in fromt of him. Spider-Man spins a web to trap the Green Goblin, but it does nothing. After being knocked into a wall, Spider-Man tries to shoot another web, but his hand is stood on by the Green Goblin. He tells Spider-Man that after killing him, he'll make sure that Mary Jane suffers a slow and painful death. He then takes his glider and attempts to stab Spider-Man with it, but he resists, and throws the Green Goblin back. Spider-Man beats him up and pulls down a brick wall on him. Angry beyond measure, Spider-Man punches the Green Goblin over and over again, but the Goblin reveals that he is Norman Osborn.

Norman distracts Peter, and secretly presses a button on his suit, making his glider slowly rise up behind him. Trying one last time to make Spider-Man his partner, Norman pleads for Peter to be a son to him. Spider-Man refuses, saying his father was Ben Parker. Norman then tries to kill Peter by sending the glider flying into him, but using his spider-sense, Peter senses the glider and dodges it, causing it to crash into Norman, stabbing him through the waist. Groaning in pain, Norman asks that Peter not tell Harry he was the Green Goblin, and dies.

During the Norman's funeral, Harry swears to Petwe that Spider-Man will die, believing that Spider-Man killed his father. Mary Jane tells Peter that she loves him, but fearing that his enemies will attack her again, he refuses her confession. Leaving, Peter resolves that he is Spider-Man and swings through the city as its new protector.

== Production ==
A trailer containing original footage was shown for screenings of the 2002 movie [[Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within]]. The trailer shows a group of bank robbers flying in a helicopter and land on a giant web between the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center. The trailer was later taken down following the [[September 11 attacks]]. As a response, a scene where New Yorkers throw food at the Green Goblin and wave their flags while yelling &quot;You mess with one of us, you mess with all of us&quot; was added for reshoots, to emphasise unity following the attack.

== Reception ==
After the movie was kept from being made for almost 25 years, it was shown in [[movie theatre|theaters]] on May 3, 2002. [[movie critic|Critics]] liked it a lot and it broke many movie records. It made more money than any other movie in 2001. Two sequels have been made, ''[[Spider-Man 2]]'' (2004) and ''[[Spider-Man 3]]'' (2007).

== Cast ==
* [[Tobey Maguire]] as [[Peter Parker (Sam Raimi movie series)|Peter Parker / Spider-Man]]
* [[Willem Dafoe]] as [[Norman Osborn (Sam Raimi movie series)|Norman Osborn / Green Goblin]]
* [[Kirsten Dunst]] as Mary Jane Watson
* [[James Franco]] as Harry Osborn
* [[Cliff Robertson]] as [[Uncle Ben]] Parker
* [[Rosemary Harris]] as [[Aunt May]] Parker
* [[J. K. Simmons]] as J. Jonah Jameson
* [[Gerry Becker]] as Maximilian Fargas
* [[Bill Nunn]] as Joseph &quot;Robbie&quot; Robertson
* [[Jack Betts]] as Henry Balkan
* [[Stanley Anderson]] as General Thomas Slocum
* [[Ron Perkins]] as Dr. Mendel Stromm
* [[Joe Manganiello]] as Flash Thompson

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Other websites==
*{{IMDb title|0145487|Spider-Man}}
*{{Allmovie title|260386|Spider-Man}}

{{Spider-Man movies}}
{{Marvel Comics live-action movies}}

[[Category:2000s superhero movies]]
[[Category:2002 movies]]
[[Category:Marvel Comics movies]]
[[Category:Columbia Pictures movies]]
[[Category:2000s English-language movies]]
[[Category:Impact of the September 11 attacks]]
[[Category:Movies composed by Danny Elfman]]
[[Category:Movies directed by Sam Raimi]]
[[Category:Spider-Man movies]]
[[Category:American superhero movies]]
[[Category:PG-13 rated movies]]
[[Category:2000s American action movies]]
[[Category:2000s science fiction movies]]
[[Category:American science fiction movies]]
[[Category:American coming-of-age movies]]
[[Category:Movies set in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Movies set in universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Vigilante movies]]
[[Category:Thanksgiving movies]]
[[Category:2000s teen drama movies]]
[[Category:American teen drama movies]]
[[Category:Coming-of-age drama movies]]
[[Category:Superhero drama movies]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cockatoo</title>
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      <text bytes="25933" sha1="2a1gxzyjcpzmxui3dqpy1gxy6l6tt86" xml:space="preserve">{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Eolophus roseicapilla -Wamboin, NSW, Australia -adult-8-2cp.jpg
| image_caption = [[Galah]] in Australia
| image_alt = Cockatoo perching on a branch. Its plumage on the top of its head above its eyes is white and it has a horn-coloured beak. The rest of its head, its neck, and most of its front are pink. Its wings and tail are grey and blue.
| taxon = Cacatuidae
| authority = [[George Robert Gray|G. R. Gray]] 1840
| type_genus = ''[[Cacatua]]''
| type_genus_authority = [[Vieillot]] 1817&lt;ref name=&quot;ICZN&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=ICZN|year=2000|title=Opinion 1949. ''Cacatua'' Vieillot, 1817 and Cacatuinae Gray, 1840 (Aves, Psittaciformes): conserved|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/45022#80|journal=Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature|volume=57|pages=66–67}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| synonyms = *Plyctolophinae &lt;small&gt;[[Nicholas Aylward Vigors|Vigors]] 1825&lt;ref&gt;Suppressed by the [[International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature]] in Opinion 1949 (2000). {{Cite journal|author=ICZN|year=2000|title=Opinion 1949. ''Cacatua'' Vieillot, 1817 and Cacatuinae Gray, 1840 (Aves, Psittaciformes): conserved|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/45022#80|journal=Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature|volume=57|pages=66–67}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = ''[[Probosciger]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Callocephalon]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Nymphicus]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Calyptorhynchus]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Eolophus]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Lophochroa]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Cacatua]]''
| range_map = Cockatoo distribution.png
| range_map_alt = Map showing southeastern Asia, Australia, Melanesia, and New Zealand. Islands in the Philippines and the Sunda Islands are colored red, east to the Solomon Islands, as is Australia with Tasmania. New Caledonia is colored blue.
| range_map_caption = Current range of cockatoos&amp;nbsp;– red&lt;br /&gt;Finds of recent fossils&amp;nbsp;– blue
}}
A '''cockatoo''' is any of the 21 [[species]] belonging to the bird [[family (biology)|family]] Cacatuidae, the only family in the superfamily Cacatuoidea. Along with the Psittacoidea ([[true parrots]]) and the Strigopoidea ([[New Zealand parrot]]s), they make up the [[order (biology)|order]] Psittaciformes (parrots).

The name ''cockatoo'' comes from the [[Malay language|Malay]] name for these birds, ''kaka(k)tua'', via the [[Dutch language|Dutch]] ''kaketoe''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cockatoo |work=American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company |year=2000 |url=http://bartleby.com/61/42/C0444200.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050405170358/http://bartleby.com/61/42/C0444200.html |archivedate=2005-04-05 |accessdate=30 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cockatoo |work=Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary |publisher=Merriam-Webster |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cockatoo?show=0&amp;t=1372604385 |accessdate=30 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cockatoos are recognisable by the showy [[Crest (feathers)|crests]] and curved and strong [[beak|bills]]. Their [[plumage]] is generally less colourful than that of other parrots, being mainly white, grey or black and often with coloured features in the crest, cheeks or [[tail]]. On average they are larger than other parrots; however, the [[Cockatiel]], the smallest cockatoo species, is a small bird.

==Distribution and habitat==
Cockatoos have a much more restricted range than the true parrots, occurring naturally only in [[Australasia]].&lt;ref name =&quot;ian&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |first=Ian |last=Rowley |editor1=del Hoyo, Josep|editor2=Elliott, Andrew| editor3=Sargatal, Jordi |contribution=Family Cacatuidae (Cockatoos) |title= Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 4, Sandgrouse to Cuckoos |year=1997 |pages= 246–69 |place=Barcelona |publisher=Lynx Edicions |isbn=84-87334-22-9 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Eleven of the 21 species exist in the [[wild]] only in [[Australia]], while seven species occur only in the islands of the [[Philippines]], [[Indonesia]], [[Papua New Guinea]] and the [[Solomon Islands]]. Interestingly, no cockatoo species are found in [[Borneo]] (despite their presence on nearby [[Palawan]] and [[Sulawesi]]) or many Pacific islands, although fossil remains have been recorded from [[New Caledonia]].&lt;ref name=Steadman06&gt;{{Cite book |last=Steadman |first=D |authorlink= |title=Extinction and Biogeography of Tropical Pacific Birds |url=https://archive.org/details/extinctionbiogeo0000stea |publisher= University of Chicago Press |year=2006 |location =Chicago |page =[https://archive.org/details/extinctionbiogeo0000stea/page/348 348] |isbn=978-0-226-77142-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Three species occur in both New Guinea and Australia.&lt;ref name=Cam1&gt;{{Cite book |last=Cameron |first=Matt |title =Cockatoos | publisher =CSIRO Pub |location=Collingwood, VIC, Australia |year=2007 |pages=1–3 |isbn=978-0-7641-0688-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Some species have widespread distributions, with the Galah, for example, occurring over most of Australia, whereas other species have tiny distributions, confined to a small part of the continent, such as the [[Long-billed Black Cockatoo]] of Western Australia or to a small island group, such as the [[Tanimbar Corella]], which is restricted to the [[Tanimbar Islands]] of Indonesia.

Cockatoos occupy a wide range of [[habitat]]s, from [[forest]]s in [[subalpine zone]]s to [[mangrove]]s. However, no species is found in all types of habitat. The most widespread species, such as the Galah and Cockatiel, are open-country specialists that feed on grass seeds. Other cockatoo species, such as the Glossy Black Cockatoo, inhabit [[woodland]]s, [[rainforest]]s, [[Scrubland|shrubland]]s and even forests with an alpine [[climate]]. The [[Philippine Cockatoo]] inhabits mangroves. Several species have adapted well to human modified habitats and are found in agricultural areas and even busy cities.&lt;ref name = &quot;Temby&quot;&gt;{{cite conference |first=Ian |last=Temby |year=1999 |title=Urban wildlife issues in Australia |conference=Proceedings of The 4th International Symposium On Urban Wildlife Conservation |conference-url=http://cals.arizona.edu/pubs/adjunct/snr0704/ |editor=Williams Shaw, Lisa Harris &amp; Larry Vandruff. |publisher=University of Arizona |location=Tucson, Arizona |url=http://cals.arizona.edu/pubs/adjunct/snr0704/snr07041d.pdf |accessdate=1 July 2013 |archive-date=27 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927063500/http://cals.arizona.edu/pubs/adjunct/snr0704/snr07041d.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Taxonomy==
The cockatoos were first defined as a subfamily Cacatuinae within the parrot family Psittacidae by the English naturalist [[George Robert Gray]] in 1840, with ''Cacatua'' the first listed and type [[genus]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Gray1840&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last =Gray |first=George Robert |title =A List of the Genera of Birds, with an indication of the typical species of each genus |volume= |publisher = |location = |year =1840 |page=53 | isbn = }} Available on line in [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13668970 Biodiversity Heritage Library]&lt;/ref&gt; This group has alternately been considered as either a full family or a subfamily by different authorities. The American ornithologist [[James Lee Peters]] in his 1937 ''Check-list of Birds of the World'', [[Charles Sibley|Sibley]] and [[Burt Monroe|Monroe]] in 1990 maintained it as a subfamily, while parrot expert [[Joseph Forshaw]] classified it as a family in 1973.&lt;ref name=&quot;harvnb&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1 =Christidis |first1=Les |last2=Boles |first2=Walter |title =Systematics and taxonomy of Australian birds |volume= |publisher=CSIRO Pub |location=Collingwood, VIC, Australia |year =2008 |pages= | isbn=978-0-643-06511-6 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Subsequent molecular studies indicate that the earliest offshoot from the original parrot ancestors were the New Zealand parrots of the family [[Strigopidae]], and following this the cockatoos, now a well-defined group or [[clade]], split off from the remaining parrots, which then radiated across the southern hemisphere and diversified into the many species of parrots, parakeets, macaws, lories, lorikeets, lovebirds and other [[true parrots]] of the family Psittacidae.&lt;ref name=&quot;White&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|title=The evolutionary history of cockatoos (Aves: Psittaciformes: Cacatuidae)|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|year=2011|volume=59|pages=615–622|author=Nicole E. White, Matthew J. Phillips, M. Thomas P. Gilbert, Alonzo Alfaro-Núñez, Eske Willerslev, Peter R. Mawson, Peter B.S. Spencer, Michael Bunce|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2011.03.011|issue=3|pmid=21419232|url=https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/4397/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;astuti2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.2108/zsj.23.191 |title=Phylogenetic Relationships Within Parrots (Psittacidae) Inferred from Mitochondrial Cytochrome-bGene Sequences |year=2006 |last1=Astuti |first1=Dwi |last2=Azuma |first2=Noriko |last3=Suzuki |first3=Hitoshi |last4=Higashi |first4=Seigo |journal=Zoological Science |volume=23 |pmid=16603811|issue=2|pages=191–8|hdl=2115/54809 |s2cid=35879495 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Christidis1991&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Christidis |first1=L. |last2=Schodde |first2=R. |last3=Shaw |first3=D.D. |last4=Maynes |first4=S.F.|year=1991 |title=Relationships among the Australo-Papuan parrots, lorikeets, and cockatoos (Aves, Psittaciformes): protein evidence |journal=Condor |volume=93 |issue=2 |pages=302–317 |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v093n02/p0302-p0317.pdf|doi=10.2307/1368946 |jstor=1368946}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[fossil]] record of cockatoos is even more limited than that of parrots in general, with only one truly ancient cockatoo fossil known: a species of ''Cacatua'', most probably subgenus ''Licmetis'', found in Early [[Miocene]] (16–23 [[mya (unit)|million years ago]]) deposits of [[Australian Fossil Mammal Sites (Riversleigh)|Riversleigh]], Australia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Boles|first= Walter E|year=1993|title=A new cockatoo (Psittaciformes: Cacatuidae) from the Tertiary of Riversleigh, northwestern Queensland, and an evaluation of rostral characters in the systematics of parrots|journal=[[Ibis (journal)|Ibis]]|volume=135|issue=1|pages=8–18|doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.1993.tb02804.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although fragmentary, the remains are similar to the [[Western Corella]] and the Galah.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Waterhouse|first=DM|year=2006|title=Parrots in a nutshell: The fossil record of Psittaciformes (Aves)|journal=Historical Biology|volume=18|issue=2|pages=223–34|doi=10.1080/08912960600641224 |s2cid=83664072}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Species and subspecies===
[[File:Cacatua galerita -perching on branch -crest-8a-2c.jpg|right|thumb|A captive [[Sulphur-crested Cockatoo]] displaying its crest in USA|alt=A mainly-white cockatoo with a black beak perched on a wooden perch. Its yellow crest is raised and very conspicuous.]]
Names in parentheses after generic names indicate subgenera.
The current subdivision of this family is as follows:

Subfamily [[Cockatiel|Nymphicinae]]
* Genus ''[[Cockatiel|Nymphicus]]''
**[[Cockatiel]], ''Nymphicus hollandicus'' &lt;small&gt;([[Robert Kerr (writer)|Kerr]], 1792)&lt;/small&gt;
Subfamily [[Calyptorhynchus|Calyptorhynchinae]]: The [[black cockatoo]]s
* Genus ''[[Calyptorhynchus]]''
** Subgenus ''Calyptorhynchus''&amp;nbsp;– black-and-red cockatoos
***[[Red-tailed Black Cockatoo]], ''Calyptorhynchus (Calyptorhynchus) banksii'' &lt;small&gt;([[John Latham (ornithologist)|Latham]], 1790)&lt;/small&gt;
***[[Glossy Black Cockatoo]], ''Calyptorhynchus (Calyptorhynchus) lathami'' &lt;small&gt;([[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]], 1807)&lt;/small&gt;
** Subgenus ''[[Calyptorhynchus|Zanda]]''&amp;nbsp;– black-and-yellow/white cockatoos
***[[Yellow-tailed Black Cockatoo]], ''Calyptorhynchus (Zanda) funereus'' &lt;small&gt;([[George Shaw|Shaw]], 1794)&lt;/small&gt;
***[[Short-billed Black Cockatoo]], ''Calyptorhynchus (Zanda) latirostris'' &lt;small&gt;Carnaby, 1948&lt;/small&gt;
***[[Long-billed Black Cockatoo]], ''Calyptorhynchus (Zanda) baudinii'' &lt;small&gt;[[Edward Lear|Lear]], 1832&lt;/small&gt;
Subfamily [[Cacatuinae]]
*Tribe [[Palm Cockatoo|Microglossini]]: One genus with one species, the black [[Palm Cockatoo]].
** Genus ''[[Palm Cockatoo|Probosciger]]''
***[[Palm Cockatoo]], ''Probosciger aterrimus''&lt;small&gt; ([[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1788)&lt;/small&gt;
*Tribe [[Cacatuini]]: Four genera of white, pink and grey species.
** Genus ''[[Gang-gang Cockatoo|Callocephalon]]''
***[[Gang-gang Cockatoo]], ''Callocephalon fimbriatum'' &lt;small&gt;([[James Grant (navigator)|Grant]], 1803)&lt;/small&gt;
** Genus ''[[Galah|Eolophus]]''
***[[Galah]], ''Eolophus roseicapilla'' &lt;small&gt;([[Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot|Vieillot]], 1817)&lt;/small&gt;
** Genus ''[[Major Mitchell's Cockatoo|Lophochroa]]''
***[[Major Mitchell's Cockatoo]] (also Leadbeater's Cockatoo), ''Lophochroa leadbeateri'' &lt;small&gt;([[Nicholas Aylward Vigors|Vigors]], 1831)&lt;/small&gt;
****Major Mitchell's Cockatoo, ''Lophochroa leadbeateri leadbeateri'' &lt;small&gt;([[Nicholas Aylward Vigors|Vigors]], 1831)&lt;/small&gt;
****Western Major Mitchell's Cockatoo, ''Lophochroa leadbeateri mollis'' &lt;small&gt;([[Gregory Mathews|Mathews]], 1912)&lt;/small&gt;
** Genus ''[[Cacatua]]''
*** Subgenus ''[[Cacatua (subgenus)|Cacatua]]''&amp;nbsp;– true white cockatoos
****[[Yellow-crested Cockatoo]] (also Lesser Sulphur-crested Cockatoo), ''Cacatua (Cacatua) sulphurea'' &lt;small&gt;([[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1788)&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;!-- COMMON NAME? ''Cacatua (Cacatua) sulphurea sulphurea'' &lt;small&gt;([[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1788)&lt;/small&gt;  --&gt;
*****[[Abbott's Cockatoo]], ''Cacatua (Cacatua) sulphurea abbotti'' &lt;small&gt;([[Harry Church Oberholser|Oberholser]], 1917)&lt;/small&gt;
*****[[Timor Cockatoo]], ''Cacatua (Cacatua) sulphurea parvula'' &lt;small&gt;([[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1850)&lt;/small&gt;
*****[[Citron-crested Cockatoo]], ''Cacatua (Cacatua) sulphurea citrinocristata'' &lt;small&gt;([[Louis Fraser|Fraser]], 1844)&lt;/small&gt;
****[[Sulphur-crested Cockatoo]], ''Cacatua (Cacatua) galerita'' &lt;small&gt;([[John Latham (ornithologist)|Latham]], 1790)&lt;/small&gt;
*****[[Triton Cockatoo]], ''Cacatua (Cacatua) galerita triton'' &lt;small&gt;[[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]], 1849&lt;/small&gt;
*****[[Eleonora Cockatoo]], ''Cacatua (Cacatua) galerita eleonora'' &lt;small&gt;([[Otto Finsch|Finsch]], 1863)&lt;/small&gt;
*****[[Fitzroy Cockatoo]], ''Cacatua (Cacatua) galerita fitzroyi'' &lt;small&gt;([[Gregory Mathews|Mathews]], 1912)&lt;/small&gt;
*****[[Greater Sulphur-crested Cockatoo]], ''Cacatua (Cacatua) galerita galerita'' &lt;small&gt;([[John Latham (ornithologist)|Latham]], 1790)&lt;/small&gt;
****[[Blue-eyed Cockatoo]], ''Cacatua (Cacatua) ophthalmica'' &lt;small&gt;[[Philip Sclater|Sclater]], 1864&lt;/small&gt;
****[[White-crested cockatoo|White Cockatoo]], ''Cacatua (Cacatua) alba'' &lt;small&gt;([[Philipp Ludwig Statius Müller|Müller]], 1776)&lt;/small&gt;
****[[Salmon-crested Cockatoo]], ''Cacatua (Cacatua) moluccensis'' &lt;small&gt;([[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1788)&lt;/small&gt;
*** Subgenus ''[[Licmetis]]''&amp;nbsp;– corellas
****[[Long-billed Corella]], ''Cacatua (Licmetis) tenuirostris'' &lt;small&gt;([[Heinrich Kuhl|Kuhl]], 1820)&lt;/small&gt;
****[[Western Corella]], ''Cacatua (Licmetis) pastinator'' &lt;small&gt;([[John Gould|Gould]], 1841)&lt;/small&gt;
*****[[Muir's Corella]], ''Cacatua (Licmetis) pastinator pastinator'' &lt;small&gt;([[John Gould|Gould]], 1841)&lt;/small&gt;
*****[[Butler's Corella]], ''Cacatua (Licmetis) pastinator butleri'' &lt;small&gt;[[Julian Ralph Ford|Ford, J.]], 1987&lt;/small&gt;
****[[Little Corella]], ''Cacatua (Licmetis) sanguinea'' &lt;small&gt;[[John Gould|Gould]], 1843&lt;/small&gt;
****[[Tanimbar Corella]] (also Goffin's Cockatoo), ''Cacatua (Licmetis) goffiniana'' &lt;small&gt;Roselaar and Michels, 2004&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=Roselaar&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Roselaar CS, Michels JP|year=2004|title=Systematic notes on Asian birds. 48. Nomenclatural chaos untangled, resulting in the naming of the formally undescribed ''Cacatua'' species from the Tanimbar Islands, Indonesia (Psittaciformes: Cacatuidae)|journal=Zoologische Verhandelingen|volume=350|pages= 183–96|url=http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/43942 |accessdate=1 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
****[[Solomons Cockatoo]], ''Cacatua (Licmetis) ducorpsii'' &lt;small&gt;[[Jacques Pucheran|Pucheran]], 1853&lt;/small&gt;
****[[Philippine Cockatoo]], ''Cacatua (Licmetis) haematuropygia'' &lt;small&gt;([[Philipp Ludwig Statius Müller|Müller]], 1776)&lt;/small&gt;

==Morphology==
[[File:Callocephalon fimbriatum (pair) -NSW -Australia-8.jpg|thumb|left|A pair of [[Gang-gang Cockatoo]]s in NSW, Australia (male with red head feathers).|alt=Two grey cockatoos on a lichen-covered tree branch. The red crested male is on the left.]]

The cockatoos are mostly medium to large parrots with a heavy, compact body. They range from {{convert|30|–|60|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length and {{convert|300|–|1200|g|lb|abbr=on}} in weight. However, one species, the Cockatiel, is considerably smaller and slimmer than the other species, being {{convert|32|cm|in|abbr=on}} long (including its long pointed tail feathers) and {{convert|80|–|100|g|lb|abbr=on}} in weight.&lt;ref name=Cam1 /&gt;

The movable [[Crest (feathers)|headcrest]], which is present in all cockatoos, is spectacular in many species; it is raised when the bird lands from flying or when it is aroused.

Cockatoos share many features with other parrots, including the characteristic curved beak shape and a [[zygodactyl]] foot, with the two middle toes forward and the two outer toes backward.&lt;ref name=Cam2&gt;{{Cite book |last=Cameron |first=Matt |title =Cockatoos | publisher =CSIRO Pub |location=Collingwood, VIC, Australia |year=2007 |pages=67–69 |isbn=978-0-7641-0688-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; They differ however in a number of characteristics, including the presence of a [[gallbladder]], some other anatomical details and their lack of the structures in the feathers which cause the bright blues and greens seen in true parrots.&lt;ref name=Cam1 /&gt;

Like other parrots, cockatoos have short legs and strong [[claw]]s,&lt;ref name=Cam1/&gt; and often use their strong bill as a third limb when climbing through branches. They generally have long broad wings used in rapid flight, with speeds up to {{convert|70|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} being recorded for galahs.&lt;ref name=Cam2 /&gt; The members of the genus ''Calyptorhynchus'' and larger white cockatoos, such as the [[Sulphur-crested Cockatoo]] and [[Major Mitchell's Cockatoo]], have shorter, rounder wings and a more leisurely flight.&lt;ref name=Cam2 /&gt;

==Behaviour==
[[File:Cacatua tenuirostris -Joondalup-8-3c.jpg|left|thumb|Feral [[Long-billed Corella]]s in [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]]. The bird on the right is using its long beak to dig for food in short grass.|alt=Two mainly white-plumaged cockatoos on what appears to be a lawn. One cockatoo is standing upright and has a long upper mandible and orange-pink feathers its face and chest. The other cockatoo has its head in the grass with its bill not visible.]]
Cockatoos are active mainly during the day and require [[daylight]] to find their food. They eat a range of mainly vegetable food items. [[Seed]]s form a large part of the [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]] of all species; these are opened with their large and powerful bills. The Galahs, corellas and some of the black cockatoos feed primarily on the ground; others feed mostly in trees.

Like most parrots, the cockatoos are made their [[Bird nest|nests]] in holes in trees,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Nesting habitat of the glossy black-cockatoo in central New South Wales |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-conservation_2006-02_127_4/page/402 |journal=Biological Conservation|year= 2006| first=M|last =Cameron| volume=127 |issue=4|pages=402–10 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2005.08.019}}&lt;/ref&gt; which they are unable to excavate themselves. These [[:wikt:hollow|hollows]] are formed from decay or destruction of wood by branches breaking off, [[Fungus|fungi]] or insects such as [[termite]]s or even [[woodpecker]]s where their ranges overlap. In many places these holes are scarce and the source of competition, both with other members of the same species and with other species and types of [[animal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title= Overlap and competition for nest holes among eclectus parrots, palm cockatoos and sulphur-crested cockatoos|url= https://archive.org/details/sim_australian-journal-of-zoology_2003_51_1/page/81|journal=Australian Journal of Zoology|volume=51|issue=1|pages=81–94 |doi=10.1071/ZO02003|year= 2003|last1= Heinsohn|first1= Robert|last2= Murphy|first2= Stephen|last3= Legge|first3= Sarah}}&lt;/ref&gt; In general, cockatoos choose hollows only a little larger than themselves, hence different-sized species nest in holes of corresponding (and different) sizes.

The female lays two white eggs on small pieces of wood. The young, which is born naked and blind, is fed by the adults with partially [[Digestion|digested]] food for about three months.

===Status and conservation===
[[File:Cacatua haematuropygia -two captive-8a.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Red-vented Cockatoo]] is a [[critically endangered species]] endemic to the [[Philippines]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=1403 |publisher=BirdLife International |title=Philippine Cockatoo&amp;nbsp;– BirdLife Species Factsheet |accessdate=1 July 2013 |archive-date=13 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513235423/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=1403 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;|alt=Two mainly white-plumaged cockatoos in a cage]]
According to the [[IUCN]] and [[BirdLife International]], seven species of cockatoo are considered to be [[Vulnerable species|vulnerable]] or worse and one is considered to be [[Near Threatened|near threatened]]. Of these, two species—the [[Philippine Cockatoo]] (or Red-vented Cockatoo) and the [[Yellow-crested Cockatoo]]—are considered to be [[Critically endangered species|critically endangered]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciessearchresults.php?reg=&amp;cty=&amp;cri=&amp;fam=67&amp;gen=0&amp;spc=&amp;cmn=cockatoo&amp;hab=&amp;thr=&amp;bt=&amp;rec=N&amp;vag=N&amp;hdnAction=ADV_SEARCH&amp;SearchTerms= |title=Data Zone: Search Species: Cockatoo |accessdate=1 July 2013 |publisher=Birdlife International |year= |archive-date=12 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112203834/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciessearchresults.php?reg=&amp;cty=&amp;cri=&amp;fam=67&amp;gen=0&amp;spc=&amp;cmn=cockatoo&amp;hab=&amp;thr=&amp;bt=&amp;rec=N&amp;vag=N&amp;hdnAction=ADV_SEARCH&amp;SearchTerms= |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciessearchresults.php?reg=&amp;cty=&amp;cri=&amp;fam=67&amp;gen=0&amp;spc=&amp;cmn=corella&amp;hab=&amp;thr=&amp;bt=&amp;rec=N&amp;vag=N&amp;hdnAction=ADV_SEARCH&amp;SearchTerms= |title=Data Zone: Search Species: Corella |accessdate=1 July 2013 |publisher=Birdlife International |year= |archive-date=12 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112203856/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciessearchresults.php?reg=&amp;cty=&amp;cri=&amp;fam=67&amp;gen=0&amp;spc=&amp;cmn=corella&amp;hab=&amp;thr=&amp;bt=&amp;rec=N&amp;vag=N&amp;hdnAction=ADV_SEARCH&amp;SearchTerms= |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The principal threats to cockatoos are [[habitat loss]] and the [[trade]] in [[:wikt:wild|wild]] animals. All cockatoos nest in trees, and are vulnerable to their loss. Also, many species have specific habitat requirements or live on small islands and have naturally small ranges, making them especially vulnerable.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title= Agricultural change and paddock tree loss: Implications for an endangered subspecies of Red-tailed Black-Cockatoo| journal=Ecological Management &amp; Restoration| year=2005|first=M|last=Maron |volume=6|issue=3|pages= 206–11|doi=10.1111/j.1442-8903.2005.00238.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cockatoos are popular as pets and the capture and trade has threatened some species; between 1983 and 1990, 66,654 recorded [[Salmon-crested Cockatoo]]s were exported from [[Indonesia]], a figure that does not include the number of birds caught for the domestic trade or that were exported illegally.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Density and distribution of the endemic Seram cockatoo ''Cacatua moluccensis'' in relation to land use patterns |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-conservation_2003-02_109_2/page/227 |journal=Biological Conservation|year=2003|volume=109 |issue=2 |pages=227–35 |doi= 10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00150-7 |last1=Kinnaird |first1=Margaret F. |last2=O'Brien |first2=Timothy G. |last3=Lambert |first3=Frank R. |last4=Purmiasa |first4=David }}&lt;/ref&gt; The capture of many species has subsequently been banned but the trade continues illegally. Not only are the rare species smuggled out of Indonesia but also common and rare cockatoos alike are smuggled out of Australia.

All species of cockatoo except the Cockatiel are protected by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ([[CITES]]), which restricts import and export of wild-caught parrots to special licensed purposes. Five cockatoo species (including all subspecies)—the Tanimbar Corella (''Cacatua goffiniana''), Philippine Cockatoo (''Cacatua haematuropygia''), Moluccan Cockatoo (''Cacatua moluccensis''), Yellow-crested Cockatoo (''Cacatua sulphurea'') and Palm Cockatoo (''Probosciger aterrimus'')—are protected on the CITES [[CITES#Appendix I|Appendix I]] list. With the exception of the Cockatiel, all remaining cockatoo species are protected on the CITES [[CITES#Appendix II|Appendix II]] list.&lt;ref&gt;CITES (27 April 2011). ''[http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php Appendices I, II and III.]'' Accessed 1 July 2013&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Other websites==
{{Commons category|Cacatuidae}}
{{Wikispecies|Cacatuidae}}
* [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Cacatuinae/classification/ Animal Diversity Web (ADW) - Cacatuinae (cockatoos and relatives)]
* [http://eol.org/pages/4428851/overview Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) - Cacatuidade (Cockatoo)]
* [http://www.worldbirdnames.org/n-parrots.html IOC World Bird List - Parrots] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205171311/http://www.worldbirdnames.org/n-parrots.html |date=2013-12-05 }}

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      <text bytes="6231" sha1="nt7zcwuobzey408qia1qxx9jtq9x3xo" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Scottish island
|Map                = Outer Hebrides UK relief location map.jpg
|GridReference      = NB426340
|coordinates        = {{coord|57.76|-7.02|display=inline,title|region:GB_scale:500000}}
|celtic name        = {{Audio|naheileanansiar.ogg|Na h-Eileanan Siar|help=no}}
|norse name         = 
|meaning of name    = Western Isles
|area               = {{convert|{{Scottish council populations|ARE=S12000013}}|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}&lt;ref&gt;{{United Kingdom district population citation|area}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|area rank          = 
|highest elevation  = [[Clisham]] {{convert|799|m|ft|abbr=on}}&lt;ref name=Thom14&gt;Thompson (1968) p. 14&lt;/ref&gt;
|Population         = {{Scottish council populations|POP=S12000013}}&lt;ref name=&quot;population source&quot;&gt;{{United Kingdom district population citation|Scotland}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|population density = {{Scottish council populations|DEN=S12000013}} per km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
|population rank    = 
|main settlement    = [[Stornoway]]
|local authority    = {{lang|gd|[[Comhairle nan Eilean Siar]]}}
|references=
}}

The '''Outer Hebrides''', often called the '''Western Isles''',&lt;ref&gt;Although officially known by the [[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic]] name, '''''Na h-Eileanan Siar''''', this name is not understood in English.&lt;/ref&gt; make up an [[island]] chain off the west coast of [[Scotland]]. It is also a parliamentary constituency. The northern island is [[Lewis and Harris]]. South of Lewis and Harris is a series of islands, such as [[South Uist]], [[Benbecula]] and [[North Uist]]. The Outer Herides includes a number of even smaller islands.

The isles form part of the [[Hebrides]], and are separated from the Scottish mainland and from the [[Inner Hebrides]] by the stormy waters of the [[Minch]], the [[Little Minch]] and the Sea of the Hebrides.  

Formerly the dominant language of the Islands, Scottish Gaelic remains spoken even though it has now been largely supplanted by English in some parts.

Sea [[transport]] is crucial and a variety of [[ferry]] services operate between the islands and to mainland [[Britain]]. 

== History ==
The Western Isles became part of the ''Suðreyjar'' kingdom of the [[Norse]], who ruled for over 400 years until sovereignty was transferred to Scotland by the [[Treaty of Perth]] in 1266. Control of the islands was then held by clan chiefs. 

== Geology &amp; geography ==
Most of the islands have a bedrock formed from ancient [[Metamorphic rock|metamorphic]] rocks and the [[climate]] is mild and [[oceanic climate|oceanic]]. The [[Gulf Stream]] runs nearby. The 15 inhabited islands have a total population of about 26,500 and there are more than 50 substantial uninhabited islands.

===Flora and fauna===
Much of the archipelago is a protected habitat including both the islands and the surrounding waters. There are 53 [[Site of Special Scientific Interest|Sites of Special Scientific Interest]] (SSSI) of which the largest are Loch an Duin, North Uist  at {{convert |15100|ha|acre}} and North Harris, which is {{convert |12700|ha|acre}} in extent.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cne-siar.gov.uk/cxdir/strategiespolicies/witps/appendix1.asp &quot;Western Isles transitional programme strategy&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629195106/http://www.cne-siar.gov.uk/cxdir/strategiespolicies/witps/appendix1.asp |date=2011-06-29 }} Comhairle nan Eilean Siar. Retrieved 19 May 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Rotary Club (1995) p. 10&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Benbecula Ruabhal View.jpg|thumb|left|The open landscapes of [[Benbecula]]]]
Loch Druidibeg on South Uist is a [[National Nature Reserve]] owned and managed by [[Scottish Natural Heritage]]. The reserve covers 1,677 hectares across the whole range of local habitats.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/publications/nnr/large_print/Loch%20Druidibeg.pdf  &quot;Loch Druidibeg National Nature Reserve: where opposites meet&quot;.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205902/http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/publications/nnr/large_print/Loch%20Druidibeg.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} (pdf) SNH. Retrieved 29 July 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Other websites ==
'''Historical footnote:''' Many websites of the Outer Hebrides derive content from the Eolas [[Virtual Hebrides]], website. Eolas went bankrupt in 2000 and the Eolas TV company became [http://www.mactv.co.uk/ MacTV]. The web design team became [http://www.reefnet.co.uk/ Reefnet] and the content has largely found a home on [[GlobalGuide|GlobalGuide.Org]]. 

'''Sites deriving partly from the original Virtual Hebrides'''
*[http://www.hebrides.com Hebrides.com] Photographic website from ex-Eolas Sam Maynard
*[http://www.globalguide.org?id=44449 Global Guide Hebrides] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001051243/http://www.globalguide.org/?id=44449 |date=2007-10-01 }} Content website from ex-Eolas Scott Hatton
*[http://www.visithebrides.com/ www.visithebrides.com] Western Isles Tourist Board site from Reefnet
*[http://www.virtualhebrides.com Virtual Hebrides.com] Content from the VH which went its own way and became Virtual Scotland.
*[http://www.hebrides.ca hebrides.ca] Home of the Quebec-Hebridean Scots who were cleared from Lewis to Quebec 1838-1920's

'''Other Outer Hebrides websites'''
*{{wikivoyage-inline|Outer Hebrides}}
*[http://www.stornoway-portauthority.com/ Stornoway Port Authority] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601154205/http://stornoway-portauthority.com/ |date=2023-06-01 }}
*[http://www.cne-siar.gov.uk/ Comhairle nan Eilean Siar]
*[http://www.scrol.gov.uk/scrol/browser/profile.jsp?profile=Population&amp;mainArea=Eilean+Siar&amp;mainLevel=CouncilArea 2001 Census Results for the Outer Hebrides] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310150414/http://www.scrol.gov.uk/scrol/browser/profile.jsp?profile=Population&amp;mainArea=Eilean+Siar&amp;mainLevel=CouncilArea |date=2007-03-10 }}
*[http://www.stornoway-lewis.co.uk/ Visitor's guide to Stornoway] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213193429/http://www.stornoway-lewis.co.uk/ |date=2007-12-13 }}
*[http://www.hebridean-life.com/ Hebridean-Life.com - a Guide to Living in the Outer Hebrides] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224144554/http://www.hebridean-life.com/ |date=2008-12-24 }}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Outer Hebrides]]
[[Category:Archipelagos]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>YHWH</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>91884</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880850</id>
      <parentid>10874158</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T09:16:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SuperDuperReally</username>
        <id>1761458</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>major refactor: division into sections; rephrasing; citations needed</comment>
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[[Image:Tetragrammaton scripts.svg|thumb|The Tetragrammaton]]
For the [[Jew|Jewish people]], '''YHWH''' is the most holy name of God. In most English translations, it is rendered as &quot;''the Lᴏʀᴅ.''&quot;

It is prohibited for Jews to say or write it.{{fact|date=August 2023}} Most experts agree that it is to be reconstructed as &quot;''Yahweh,''&quot;{{fact|date=August 2023}} but the [[Hebrew Bible]] came before the [[Hebrew language]] was written with vowels. &quot;Jehovah&quot; is considered an inaccurate.{{fact|date=August 2023}}

== Jewish Tradition ==
Traditionally, religious Jews today do not say the name aloud because they believe that it is too holy to be spoken. However, they often use substitutes when referring to the name of their God. For example, they use &quot;''HaShem''&quot; (lit: ''The Name'') or &quot;''Shem HaMeforash''&quot; (lit: ''The Indescribable Name'').&lt;ref&gt;Stanley S. Seidner,&quot;HaShem: Uses through the Ages.&quot; Unpublished paper, Rabbinical Society Seminar, Los Angeles, CA, 1987.&lt;/ref&gt;

== About Jehovah ==
A very common [[pronunciation]] of '''YHWH''' is &quot;Jehovah,&quot; used most commonly by [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], though they are not the only Christian denomination to use it. However, it is generally rejected as an [[Anachronism|ahistorical]] way to say it and comes from a misunderstanding.{{fact|date=August 2023}}

When it became taboo for Jews to recite YHWH and a system of [[niqqud]] had been added to the Hebrew script, the vowel signs for &quot;Adonai&quot; (''Lord'') were often substituted by scribes as a reminder for the readers to say that instead.{{fact|date=August 2023}} Because of this, any reader who was not aware of the substitution would read the divine name as &quot;''Yehowah'',&quot; which is why the [[Tyndale Bible]] reads &quot;''Iehouah''.&quot;{{fact|date=August 2023}} The I became J and the U became V, making &quot;Jehovah.&quot;

In 2008, the [[Holy See]] reiterated a directive that the name should not be pronounced in Catholic liturgy out of respect for the Jews who never pronounce it.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.catholic.org/ae/music/story.php?id=29022 Catholic online], 26/8/2008&lt;/ref&gt;

== The Names of God ==
Nowadays, the three largest [[Abrahamic religions]] ([[Judaism]], [[Christianity]], and [[Islam]]) believe that there is [[Monotheism|only one God]]. There are many titles used to refer to God in the [[Hebrew Bible]] (like ''Elohim''), but God is most often referred to by his personal name: YHWH.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} In most English translations, this is rendered as &quot;''the Lᴏʀᴅ.''&quot;

==Related pages==
* [[God in Christianity]]
* [[Jehovah]]

== References ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Category:Judaism]]
[[Category:Hebrew language]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>10880851</id>
      <parentid>10880850</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T09:32:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SuperDuperReally</username>
        <id>1761458</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>reference to Exodus 3:15; new &quot;Pronunciation&quot; section with &quot;Early Confusion&quot; about how some Greeks would read the Tetragrammaton as &quot;pipi&quot;; expansion needed for evidence of &quot;Yahweh&quot; as a valid reconstruction</comment>
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[[Image:Tetragrammaton scripts.svg|thumb|The Tetragrammaton]]
For the [[Jew|Jewish people]], '''YHWH''' is the personal name that God gives to [[Moses]] in the [[Exodus|Book of Exodus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bible Gateway passage: Exodus 3:15 - New Revised Standard Version Updated Edition|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus%203%3A15&amp;version=NRSVUE|access-date=2026-06-07|website=Bible Gateway|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In most English translations, it is rendered as &quot;''the Lᴏʀᴅ.''&quot;

It is prohibited for Jews to say or write it.{{fact|date=August 2023}} Most experts agree that it is to be reconstructed as &quot;''Yahweh,''&quot;{{fact|date=August 2023}} but the [[Hebrew Bible]] came before the [[Hebrew language]] was written with vowels.

&quot;Jehovah&quot; is considered an inaccurate.{{fact|date=August 2023}}

== Pronunciation ==

=== Likely Pronunciation ===
Most scholars agree that &quot;Yahweh&quot; is probably how the ancient Israelites would have spelt and pronounced the name.{{fact|date=August 2023}}

=== Early Confusion ===
In Greek, YHWH was commonly translated as ''Kyrios'', which is a Greek word that means &quot;Lord.&quot; However, some Greek readers would misunderstand the Tetragrammaton (יהוה) to be the Greek letters &quot;πιπι&quot; (''pi, iota, pi, iota'') and would pronounce the name as &quot;pipi.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=PhiloLogic4|url=https://artflsrv04.uchicago.edu/philologic4.7/PLD/navigate/5696/2|access-date=2026-06-07|website=artflsrv04.uchicago.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== About Jehovah ==
A very common [[pronunciation]] of '''YHWH''' is &quot;Jehovah,&quot; used most commonly by [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], though they are not the only Christian denomination to use it. However, it is generally rejected as an [[Anachronism|ahistorical]] way to say it and comes from a misunderstanding.{{fact|date=August 2023}}

When it became taboo for Jews to recite YHWH and a system of [[niqqud]] had been added to the Hebrew script, the vowel signs for &quot;Adonai&quot; (''Lord'') were often substituted by scribes as a reminder for the readers to say that instead.{{fact|date=August 2023}} Because of this, any reader who was not aware of the substitution would read the divine name as &quot;''Yehowah'',&quot; which is why the [[Tyndale Bible]] reads &quot;''Iehouah''.&quot;{{fact|date=August 2023}} The I became J and the U became V, making &quot;Jehovah.&quot;

In 2008, the [[Holy See]] reiterated a directive that the name should not be pronounced in Catholic liturgy out of respect for the Jews who never pronounce it.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.catholic.org/ae/music/story.php?id=29022 Catholic online], 26/8/2008&lt;/ref&gt;

== The Names of God ==
Nowadays, the three largest [[Abrahamic religions]] ([[Judaism]], [[Christianity]], and [[Islam]]) believe that there is [[Monotheism|only one God]]. There are many titles used to refer to God in the [[Hebrew Bible]] (like ''Elohim''), but God is most often referred to by his personal name: YHWH.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} In most English translations, this is rendered as &quot;''the Lᴏʀᴅ.''&quot;

== Jewish Tradition ==
Traditionally, religious Jews do not say the name aloud because they believe that it is too holy to be spoken. However, they often use substitutes when referring to the name of their God. For example, they use &quot;''HaShem''&quot; (lit: ''The Name'') or &quot;''Shem HaMeforash''&quot; (lit: ''The Indescribable Name'').&lt;ref&gt;Stanley S. Seidner,&quot;HaShem: Uses through the Ages.&quot; Unpublished paper, Rabbinical Society Seminar, Los Angeles, CA, 1987.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Related pages==
* [[God in Christianity]]
* [[Jehovah]]

== References ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Category:Judaism]]
[[Category:Hebrew language]]</text>
      <sha1>4aiph739c88pzj907dpmhhstqsf8jxa</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>10880852</id>
      <parentid>10880851</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T09:34:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SuperDuperReally</username>
        <id>1761458</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>fixed typo + small rephrase in Lead section</comment>
      <origin>10880852</origin>
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      <text bytes="3621" sha1="a8uzdo6szboyaidkvkf23juusojgyrb" xml:space="preserve">{{more sources|date=May 2026}}

[[Image:Tetragrammaton scripts.svg|thumb|The Tetragrammaton]]
For the [[Jew|Jewish people]], '''YHWH''' is the personal name that God gives to [[Moses]] in the [[Exodus|Book of Exodus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bible Gateway passage: Exodus 3:15 - New Revised Standard Version Updated Edition|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus%203%3A15&amp;version=NRSVUE|access-date=2026-06-07|website=Bible Gateway|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In most English translations, it is rendered as &quot;''the Lᴏʀᴅ.''&quot;

It is prohibited for Jews to say or write it.{{fact|date=August 2023}} Most experts agree that it was probably pronounced as &quot;''Yahweh,''&quot;{{fact|date=August 2023}} but the [[Hebrew Bible]] came before the [[Hebrew language]] was written with vowels.

&quot;Jehovah&quot; is considered inaccurate.{{fact|date=August 2023}}

== Pronunciation ==

=== Likely Pronunciation ===
Most scholars agree that &quot;Yahweh&quot; is probably how the ancient Israelites would have spelt and pronounced the name.{{fact|date=August 2023}}

=== Early Confusion ===
In Greek, YHWH was commonly translated as ''Kyrios'', which is a Greek word that means &quot;Lord.&quot; However, some Greek readers would misunderstand the Tetragrammaton (יהוה) to be the Greek letters &quot;πιπι&quot; (''pi, iota, pi, iota'') and would pronounce the name as &quot;pipi.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=PhiloLogic4|url=https://artflsrv04.uchicago.edu/philologic4.7/PLD/navigate/5696/2|access-date=2026-06-07|website=artflsrv04.uchicago.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== About Jehovah ==
A very common [[pronunciation]] of '''YHWH''' is &quot;Jehovah,&quot; used most commonly by [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], though they are not the only Christian denomination to use it. However, it is generally rejected as an [[Anachronism|ahistorical]] way to say it and comes from a misunderstanding.{{fact|date=August 2023}}

When it became taboo for Jews to recite YHWH and a system of [[niqqud]] had been added to the Hebrew script, the vowel signs for &quot;Adonai&quot; (''Lord'') were often substituted by scribes as a reminder for the readers to say that instead.{{fact|date=August 2023}} Because of this, any reader who was not aware of the substitution would read the divine name as &quot;''Yehowah'',&quot; which is why the [[Tyndale Bible]] reads &quot;''Iehouah''.&quot;{{fact|date=August 2023}} The I became J and the U became V, making &quot;Jehovah.&quot;

In 2008, the [[Holy See]] reiterated a directive that the name should not be pronounced in Catholic liturgy out of respect for the Jews who never pronounce it.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.catholic.org/ae/music/story.php?id=29022 Catholic online], 26/8/2008&lt;/ref&gt;

== The Names of God ==
Nowadays, the three largest [[Abrahamic religions]] ([[Judaism]], [[Christianity]], and [[Islam]]) believe that there is [[Monotheism|only one God]]. There are many titles used to refer to God in the [[Hebrew Bible]] (like ''Elohim''), but God is most often referred to by his personal name: YHWH.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} In most English translations, this is rendered as &quot;''the Lᴏʀᴅ.''&quot;

== Jewish Tradition ==
Traditionally, religious Jews do not say the name aloud because they believe that it is too holy to be spoken. However, they often use substitutes when referring to the name of their God. For example, they use &quot;''HaShem''&quot; (lit: ''The Name'') or &quot;''Shem HaMeforash''&quot; (lit: ''The Indescribable Name'').&lt;ref&gt;Stanley S. Seidner,&quot;HaShem: Uses through the Ages.&quot; Unpublished paper, Rabbinical Society Seminar, Los Angeles, CA, 1987.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Related pages==
* [[God in Christianity]]
* [[Jehovah]]

== References ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Category:Judaism]]
[[Category:Hebrew language]]</text>
      <sha1>a8uzdo6szboyaidkvkf23juusojgyrb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>10880853</id>
      <parentid>10880852</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T09:35:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SuperDuperReally</username>
        <id>1761458</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>minor rephrase</comment>
      <origin>10880853</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3642" sha1="s80xn1uni9gzxg5rsi6h3bge2t3r063" xml:space="preserve">{{more sources|date=May 2026}}

[[Image:Tetragrammaton scripts.svg|thumb|The Tetragrammaton]]
'''YHWH''' is the personal name that God gives to [[Moses]] in the [[Exodus|Book of Exodus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bible Gateway passage: Exodus 3:15 - New Revised Standard Version Updated Edition|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus%203%3A15&amp;version=NRSVUE|access-date=2026-06-07|website=Bible Gateway|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In most English translations, it is rendered as &quot;''the Lᴏʀᴅ.''&quot;

It is prohibited for Jews to say or write it because they regard it as the most holy name of God.{{fact|date=August 2023}} Most experts agree that it was probably pronounced as &quot;''Yahweh,''&quot;{{fact|date=August 2023}} but the [[Hebrew Bible]] came before the [[Hebrew language]] was written with vowels.

&quot;Jehovah&quot; is considered inaccurate.{{fact|date=August 2023}}

== Pronunciation ==

=== Likely Pronunciation ===
Most scholars agree that &quot;Yahweh&quot; is probably how the ancient Israelites would have spelt and pronounced the name.{{fact|date=August 2023}}

=== Early Confusion ===
In Greek, YHWH was commonly translated as ''Kyrios'', which is a Greek word that means &quot;Lord.&quot; However, some Greek readers would misunderstand the Tetragrammaton (יהוה) to be the Greek letters &quot;πιπι&quot; (''pi, iota, pi, iota'') and would pronounce the name as &quot;pipi.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=PhiloLogic4|url=https://artflsrv04.uchicago.edu/philologic4.7/PLD/navigate/5696/2|access-date=2026-06-07|website=artflsrv04.uchicago.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== About Jehovah ==
A very common [[pronunciation]] of '''YHWH''' is &quot;Jehovah,&quot; used most commonly by [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], though they are not the only Christian denomination to use it. However, it is generally rejected as an [[Anachronism|ahistorical]] way to say it and comes from a misunderstanding.{{fact|date=August 2023}}

When it became taboo for Jews to recite YHWH and a system of [[niqqud]] had been added to the Hebrew script, the vowel signs for &quot;Adonai&quot; (''Lord'') were often substituted by scribes as a reminder for the readers to say that instead.{{fact|date=August 2023}} Because of this, any reader who was not aware of the substitution would read the divine name as &quot;''Yehowah'',&quot; which is why the [[Tyndale Bible]] reads &quot;''Iehouah''.&quot;{{fact|date=August 2023}} The I became J and the U became V, making &quot;Jehovah.&quot;

In 2008, the [[Holy See]] reiterated a directive that the name should not be pronounced in Catholic liturgy out of respect for the Jews who never pronounce it.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.catholic.org/ae/music/story.php?id=29022 Catholic online], 26/8/2008&lt;/ref&gt;

== The Names of God ==
Nowadays, the three largest [[Abrahamic religions]] ([[Judaism]], [[Christianity]], and [[Islam]]) believe that there is [[Monotheism|only one God]]. There are many titles used to refer to God in the [[Hebrew Bible]] (like ''Elohim''), but God is most often referred to by his personal name: YHWH.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} In most English translations, this is rendered as &quot;''the Lᴏʀᴅ.''&quot;

== Jewish Tradition ==
Traditionally, religious Jews do not say the name aloud because they believe that it is too holy to be spoken. However, they often use substitutes when referring to the name of their God. For example, they use &quot;''HaShem''&quot; (lit: ''The Name'') or &quot;''Shem HaMeforash''&quot; (lit: ''The Indescribable Name'').&lt;ref&gt;Stanley S. Seidner,&quot;HaShem: Uses through the Ages.&quot; Unpublished paper, Rabbinical Society Seminar, Los Angeles, CA, 1987.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Related pages==
* [[God in Christianity]]
* [[Jehovah]]

== References ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Category:Judaism]]
[[Category:Hebrew language]]</text>
      <sha1>s80xn1uni9gzxg5rsi6h3bge2t3r063</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>10880855</id>
      <parentid>10880853</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T09:46:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SuperDuperReally</username>
        <id>1761458</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Renamed &quot;The Names of God&quot; section to &quot;The Titles of God&quot;; renamed &quot;Pronunciation&quot; section to &quot;Reconstruction&quot;; changed the &quot;About Jehovah&quot; section into a subsection under the &quot;Reconstruction&quot; section; moved info about a directive from the Holy See into a &quot;Catholic Perspective&quot; subsection under &quot;Reconstruction&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3502" sha1="01v3vt9ulb699prxdmynufq3ttiw0y8" xml:space="preserve">{{more sources|date=May 2026}}

[[Image:Tetragrammaton scripts.svg|thumb|The Tetragrammaton]]
'''YHWH''' is the personal name that God gives to [[Moses]] in the [[Exodus|Book of Exodus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bible Gateway passage: Exodus 3:15 - New Revised Standard Version Updated Edition|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus%203%3A15&amp;version=NRSVUE|access-date=2026-06-07|website=Bible Gateway|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In most English translations, it is rendered as &quot;''the Lᴏʀᴅ.''&quot;

It is prohibited for Jews to say or write it because they regard it as the most holy name of God.{{fact|date=August 2023}} Most experts agree that it was probably pronounced as &quot;''Yahweh,''&quot;{{fact|date=August 2023}} but the [[Hebrew Bible]] came before the [[Hebrew language]] was written with vowels.

&quot;Jehovah&quot; is considered inaccurate.{{fact|date=August 2023}}

== Reconstruction ==

=== Likely Pronunciation ===
The majority of experts agree that &quot;Yahweh&quot; is the most likely and historical reconstruction.{{fact|date=August 2023}}

=== About Jehovah ===
A very common [[pronunciation]] of '''YHWH''' is &quot;Jehovah,&quot; is used commonly by [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], though they are not the only Christian denomination to use it. However, it is generally rejected as an [[Anachronism|ahistorical]] way to say it and comes from a misunderstanding.{{fact|date=August 2023}}

When it became taboo for Jews to recite YHWH and a system of [[niqqud]] had been added to the Hebrew script, the vowel signs for &quot;Adonai&quot; (''Lord'') were often substituted by scribes as a reminder for the readers to say that instead.{{fact|date=August 2023}} Because of this, any reader who was not aware of the substitution would read the divine name as &quot;''Yehowah'',&quot; which is why the [[Tyndale Bible]] reads &quot;''Iehouah''.&quot;{{fact|date=August 2023}} The I became J and the U became V, making &quot;Jehovah.&quot;

=== Early Confusion ===
In Greek, YHWH was commonly translated as ''Kyrios'', which is a Greek word that means &quot;Lord.&quot; However, some Greek readers would misunderstand the Tetragrammaton (יהוה) to be the Greek letters &quot;πιπι&quot; (''pi, iota, pi, iota'') and would pronounce the name as &quot;pipi.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=PhiloLogic4|url=https://artflsrv04.uchicago.edu/philologic4.7/PLD/navigate/5696/2|access-date=2026-06-07|website=artflsrv04.uchicago.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Catholic Perspective ===
In 2008, the [[Holy See]] reiterated a directive that the name should not be pronounced in Catholic liturgy out of respect for the Jews who never pronounce it.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.catholic.org/ae/music/story.php?id=29022 Catholic online], 26/8/2008&lt;/ref&gt;

== The Titles of God ==
There are many titles used to refer to God in the [[Hebrew Bible]] (like ''Elohim''), but God is most often referred to by his personal name: YHWH.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} In most English translations, this is rendered as &quot;''the Lᴏʀᴅ.''&quot;

== Jewish Tradition ==
Traditionally, religious Jews do not say the name aloud because they believe that it is too holy to be spoken. However, they often use substitutes when referring to the name of their God. For example, they use &quot;''HaShem''&quot; (lit: ''The Name'') or &quot;''Shem HaMeforash''&quot; (lit: ''The Indescribable Name'').&lt;ref&gt;Stanley S. Seidner,&quot;HaShem: Uses through the Ages.&quot; Unpublished paper, Rabbinical Society Seminar, Los Angeles, CA, 1987.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Related pages==
* [[God in Christianity]]
* [[Jehovah]]

== References ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Category:Judaism]]
[[Category:Hebrew language]]</text>
      <sha1>01v3vt9ulb699prxdmynufq3ttiw0y8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>10880856</id>
      <parentid>10880855</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T09:50:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SuperDuperReally</username>
        <id>1761458</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removed &quot;The Titles of God&quot; section and incorporated its info into the Lead section</comment>
      <origin>10880856</origin>
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[[Image:Tetragrammaton scripts.svg|thumb|The Tetragrammaton]]
'''YHWH''' is the personal name that God gives to [[Moses]] in the [[Exodus|Book of Exodus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bible Gateway passage: Exodus 3:15 - New Revised Standard Version Updated Edition|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus%203%3A15&amp;version=NRSVUE|access-date=2026-06-07|website=Bible Gateway|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; While there are many titles used for God, YHWH is used the most.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} In most English translations, it is rendered as &quot;''the Lᴏʀᴅ.''&quot;

It is generally prohibited for Jews to say or write it because they regard it as the most holy name of God.{{fact|date=August 2023}} Most experts agree that it was probably pronounced as &quot;''Yahweh,''&quot;{{fact|date=August 2023}} but the [[Hebrew Bible]] came before the [[Hebrew language]] was written with vowels.

&quot;Jehovah&quot; is considered inaccurate by most academics.{{fact|date=August 2023}}

== Reconstruction ==

=== Likely Pronunciation ===
The majority of experts agree that &quot;Yahweh&quot; is the most likely and historical reconstruction.{{fact|date=August 2023}}

=== About Jehovah ===
A very common [[pronunciation]] of '''YHWH''' is &quot;Jehovah,&quot; is used commonly by [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], though they are not the only Christian denomination to use it. However, it is generally rejected as an [[Anachronism|ahistorical]] way to say it and comes from a misunderstanding.{{fact|date=August 2023}}

When it became taboo for Jews to recite YHWH and a system of [[niqqud]] had been added to the Hebrew script, the vowel signs for &quot;Adonai&quot; (''Lord'') were often substituted by scribes as a reminder for the readers to say that instead.{{fact|date=August 2023}} Because of this, any reader who was not aware of the substitution would read the divine name as &quot;''Yehowah'',&quot; which is why the [[Tyndale Bible]] reads &quot;''Iehouah''.&quot;{{fact|date=August 2023}} The I became J and the U became V, making &quot;Jehovah.&quot;

=== Early Confusion ===
In Greek, YHWH was commonly translated as ''Kyrios'', which is a Greek word that means &quot;Lord.&quot; However, some Greek readers would misunderstand the Tetragrammaton (יהוה) to be the Greek letters &quot;πιπι&quot; (''pi, iota, pi, iota'') and would pronounce the name as &quot;pipi.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=PhiloLogic4|url=https://artflsrv04.uchicago.edu/philologic4.7/PLD/navigate/5696/2|access-date=2026-06-07|website=artflsrv04.uchicago.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Catholic Perspective ===
In 2008, the [[Holy See]] reiterated a directive that the name should not be pronounced in Catholic liturgy out of respect for the Jews who never pronounce it.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.catholic.org/ae/music/story.php?id=29022 Catholic online], 26/8/2008&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jewish Tradition ==
Traditionally, religious Jews do not say the name aloud because they believe that it is too holy to be spoken. However, they often use substitutes when referring to the name of their God, such as &quot;''HaShem''&quot; (lit: ''The Name'') and &quot;''Shem HaMeforash''&quot; (lit: ''The Indescribable Name'').&lt;ref&gt;Stanley S. Seidner,&quot;HaShem: Uses through the Ages.&quot; Unpublished paper, Rabbinical Society Seminar, Los Angeles, CA, 1987.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Related pages==
* [[God in Christianity]]
* [[Jehovah]]

== References ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Category:Judaism]]
[[Category:Hebrew language]]</text>
      <sha1>bigts55v5m1l59toonvyswe2aimo417</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>10880857</id>
      <parentid>10880856</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T09:50:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SuperDuperReally</username>
        <id>1761458</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>small movement of info in Lead section</comment>
      <origin>10880857</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3297" sha1="hy9dou4n9m5519lfha6x85cu33ezlve" xml:space="preserve">{{more sources|date=May 2026}}

[[Image:Tetragrammaton scripts.svg|thumb|The Tetragrammaton]]
'''YHWH''' is the personal name that God gives to [[Moses]] in the [[Exodus|Book of Exodus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bible Gateway passage: Exodus 3:15 - New Revised Standard Version Updated Edition|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus%203%3A15&amp;version=NRSVUE|access-date=2026-06-07|website=Bible Gateway|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; While there are many titles used for God, YHWH is used the most.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} In most English translations, it is rendered as &quot;''the Lᴏʀᴅ.''&quot;

It is generally prohibited for Jews to say or write it because they regard it as the most holy name of God.{{fact|date=August 2023}} Most experts agree that it was probably pronounced as &quot;''Yahweh''&quot; and reject &quot;''Jehovah''&quot; as inaccurate,{{fact|date=August 2023}} but the [[Hebrew Bible]] came before the [[Hebrew language]] was written with vowels.

== Reconstruction ==

=== Likely Pronunciation ===
The majority of experts agree that &quot;Yahweh&quot; is the most likely and historical reconstruction.{{fact|date=August 2023}}

=== About Jehovah ===
A very common [[pronunciation]] of '''YHWH''' is &quot;Jehovah,&quot; is used commonly by [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], though they are not the only Christian denomination to use it. However, it is generally rejected as an [[Anachronism|ahistorical]] way to say it and comes from a misunderstanding.{{fact|date=August 2023}}

When it became taboo for Jews to recite YHWH and a system of [[niqqud]] had been added to the Hebrew script, the vowel signs for &quot;Adonai&quot; (''Lord'') were often substituted by scribes as a reminder for the readers to say that instead.{{fact|date=August 2023}} Because of this, any reader who was not aware of the substitution would read the divine name as &quot;''Yehowah'',&quot; which is why the [[Tyndale Bible]] reads &quot;''Iehouah''.&quot;{{fact|date=August 2023}} The I became J and the U became V, making &quot;Jehovah.&quot;

=== Early Confusion ===
In Greek, YHWH was commonly translated as ''Kyrios'', which is a Greek word that means &quot;Lord.&quot; However, some Greek readers would misunderstand the Tetragrammaton (יהוה) to be the Greek letters &quot;πιπι&quot; (''pi, iota, pi, iota'') and would pronounce the name as &quot;pipi.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=PhiloLogic4|url=https://artflsrv04.uchicago.edu/philologic4.7/PLD/navigate/5696/2|access-date=2026-06-07|website=artflsrv04.uchicago.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Catholic Perspective ===
In 2008, the [[Holy See]] reiterated a directive that the name should not be pronounced in Catholic liturgy out of respect for the Jews who never pronounce it.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.catholic.org/ae/music/story.php?id=29022 Catholic online], 26/8/2008&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jewish Tradition ==
Traditionally, religious Jews do not say the name aloud because they believe that it is too holy to be spoken. However, they often use substitutes when referring to the name of their God, such as &quot;''HaShem''&quot; (lit: ''The Name'') and &quot;''Shem HaMeforash''&quot; (lit: ''The Indescribable Name'').&lt;ref&gt;Stanley S. Seidner,&quot;HaShem: Uses through the Ages.&quot; Unpublished paper, Rabbinical Society Seminar, Los Angeles, CA, 1987.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Related pages==
* [[God in Christianity]]
* [[Jehovah]]

== References ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Category:Judaism]]
[[Category:Hebrew language]]</text>
      <sha1>hy9dou4n9m5519lfha6x85cu33ezlve</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>10880858</id>
      <parentid>10880857</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T09:52:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SuperDuperReally</username>
        <id>1761458</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Added clarification needed for majority opinion on &quot;Yahweh&quot; as a valid reconstruction</comment>
      <origin>10880858</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3308" sha1="t3acnvdjbslrvssrcu6td9dyocfha4s" xml:space="preserve">{{more sources|date=May 2026}}

[[Image:Tetragrammaton scripts.svg|thumb|The Tetragrammaton]]
'''YHWH''' is the personal name that God gives to [[Moses]] in the [[Exodus|Book of Exodus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bible Gateway passage: Exodus 3:15 - New Revised Standard Version Updated Edition|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus%203%3A15&amp;version=NRSVUE|access-date=2026-06-07|website=Bible Gateway|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; While there are many titles used for God, YHWH is used the most.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} In most English translations, it is rendered as &quot;''the Lᴏʀᴅ.''&quot;

It is generally prohibited for Jews to say or write it because they regard it as the most holy name of God.{{fact|date=August 2023}} Most experts agree that it was probably pronounced as &quot;''Yahweh''&quot; and reject &quot;''Jehovah''&quot; as inaccurate,{{fact|date=August 2023}} but the [[Hebrew Bible]] came before the [[Hebrew language]] was written with vowels.

== Reconstruction ==

=== Likely Pronunciation ===
The majority of experts agree that &quot;Yahweh&quot; is the most likely and historical reconstruction.{{fact|date=August 2023}}{{Clarify}}

=== About Jehovah ===
A very common [[pronunciation]] of '''YHWH''' is &quot;Jehovah,&quot; is used commonly by [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], though they are not the only Christian denomination to use it. However, it is generally rejected as an [[Anachronism|ahistorical]] way to say it and comes from a misunderstanding.{{fact|date=August 2023}}

When it became taboo for Jews to recite YHWH and a system of [[niqqud]] had been added to the Hebrew script, the vowel signs for &quot;Adonai&quot; (''Lord'') were often substituted by scribes as a reminder for the readers to say that instead.{{fact|date=August 2023}} Because of this, any reader who was not aware of the substitution would read the divine name as &quot;''Yehowah'',&quot; which is why the [[Tyndale Bible]] reads &quot;''Iehouah''.&quot;{{fact|date=August 2023}} The I became J and the U became V, making &quot;Jehovah.&quot;

=== Early Confusion ===
In Greek, YHWH was commonly translated as ''Kyrios'', which is a Greek word that means &quot;Lord.&quot; However, some Greek readers would misunderstand the Tetragrammaton (יהוה) to be the Greek letters &quot;πιπι&quot; (''pi, iota, pi, iota'') and would pronounce the name as &quot;pipi.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=PhiloLogic4|url=https://artflsrv04.uchicago.edu/philologic4.7/PLD/navigate/5696/2|access-date=2026-06-07|website=artflsrv04.uchicago.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Catholic Perspective ===
In 2008, the [[Holy See]] reiterated a directive that the name should not be pronounced in Catholic liturgy out of respect for the Jews who never pronounce it.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.catholic.org/ae/music/story.php?id=29022 Catholic online], 26/8/2008&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jewish Tradition ==
Traditionally, religious Jews do not say the name aloud because they believe that it is too holy to be spoken. However, they often use substitutes when referring to the name of their God, such as &quot;''HaShem''&quot; (lit: ''The Name'') and &quot;''Shem HaMeforash''&quot; (lit: ''The Indescribable Name'').&lt;ref&gt;Stanley S. Seidner,&quot;HaShem: Uses through the Ages.&quot; Unpublished paper, Rabbinical Society Seminar, Los Angeles, CA, 1987.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Related pages==
* [[God in Christianity]]
* [[Jehovah]]

== References ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Category:Judaism]]
[[Category:Hebrew language]]</text>
      <sha1>t3acnvdjbslrvssrcu6td9dyocfha4s</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>10880859</id>
      <parentid>10880858</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T09:52:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SuperDuperReally</username>
        <id>1761458</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>fixed small typo in &quot;About Jehovah&quot;</comment>
      <origin>10880859</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3311" sha1="9bq1x1hfjjmhhci0e0rwo1r01pnlbx5" xml:space="preserve">{{more sources|date=May 2026}}

[[Image:Tetragrammaton scripts.svg|thumb|The Tetragrammaton]]
'''YHWH''' is the personal name that God gives to [[Moses]] in the [[Exodus|Book of Exodus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bible Gateway passage: Exodus 3:15 - New Revised Standard Version Updated Edition|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus%203%3A15&amp;version=NRSVUE|access-date=2026-06-07|website=Bible Gateway|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; While there are many titles used for God, YHWH is used the most.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} In most English translations, it is rendered as &quot;''the Lᴏʀᴅ.''&quot;

It is generally prohibited for Jews to say or write it because they regard it as the most holy name of God.{{fact|date=August 2023}} Most experts agree that it was probably pronounced as &quot;''Yahweh''&quot; and reject &quot;''Jehovah''&quot; as inaccurate,{{fact|date=August 2023}} but the [[Hebrew Bible]] came before the [[Hebrew language]] was written with vowels.

== Reconstruction ==

=== Likely Pronunciation ===
The majority of experts agree that &quot;Yahweh&quot; is the most likely and historical reconstruction.{{fact|date=August 2023}}{{Clarify}}

=== About Jehovah ===
A very common [[pronunciation]] of '''YHWH''' is &quot;Jehovah.&quot; It is used commonly by [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], though they are not the only Christian denomination to use it. However, it is generally rejected as an [[Anachronism|ahistorical]] way to say it and comes from a misunderstanding.{{fact|date=August 2023}}

When it became taboo for Jews to recite YHWH and a system of [[niqqud]] had been added to the Hebrew script, the vowel signs for &quot;Adonai&quot; (''Lord'') were often substituted by scribes as a reminder for the readers to say that instead.{{fact|date=August 2023}} Because of this, any reader who was not aware of the substitution would read the divine name as &quot;''Yehowah'',&quot; which is why the [[Tyndale Bible]] reads &quot;''Iehouah''.&quot;{{fact|date=August 2023}} The I became J and the U became V, making &quot;Jehovah.&quot;

=== Early Confusion ===
In Greek, YHWH was commonly translated as ''Kyrios'', which is a Greek word that means &quot;Lord.&quot; However, some Greek readers would misunderstand the Tetragrammaton (יהוה) to be the Greek letters &quot;πιπι&quot; (''pi, iota, pi, iota'') and would pronounce the name as &quot;pipi.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=PhiloLogic4|url=https://artflsrv04.uchicago.edu/philologic4.7/PLD/navigate/5696/2|access-date=2026-06-07|website=artflsrv04.uchicago.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Catholic Perspective ===
In 2008, the [[Holy See]] reiterated a directive that the name should not be pronounced in Catholic liturgy out of respect for the Jews who never pronounce it.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.catholic.org/ae/music/story.php?id=29022 Catholic online], 26/8/2008&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jewish Tradition ==
Traditionally, religious Jews do not say the name aloud because they believe that it is too holy to be spoken. However, they often use substitutes when referring to the name of their God, such as &quot;''HaShem''&quot; (lit: ''The Name'') and &quot;''Shem HaMeforash''&quot; (lit: ''The Indescribable Name'').&lt;ref&gt;Stanley S. Seidner,&quot;HaShem: Uses through the Ages.&quot; Unpublished paper, Rabbinical Society Seminar, Los Angeles, CA, 1987.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Related pages==
* [[God in Christianity]]
* [[Jehovah]]

== References ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Category:Judaism]]
[[Category:Hebrew language]]</text>
      <sha1>9bq1x1hfjjmhhci0e0rwo1r01pnlbx5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>List of Renaissance artists</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>99758</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880774</id>
      <parentid>10783181</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T04:25:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ziv</username>
        <id>888555</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]])  [[File:Jacopo Pontormo 004.jpg]] → [[File:Jacopo da Pontormo - Deposizione.jpg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] · Artist's name and exact description</comment>
      <origin>10880774</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="22154" sha1="din7up6c3rpj06nss7qeihcyfaqiiip" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Botticelli-primavera.jpg|thumb|400px|''Primavera'' by [[Sandro Botticelli]] is a famous painting of the 1400s. It is now in the [[Uffizi]] Gallery in [[Florence]]]]

'''[[Renaissance]] artists''' are artists from the Renaissance period of Europe, which started in the late [[14th century]] (~1370). This list includes famous [[painter]]s and [[sculptor]]s.

Each [[artist]] is listed with their dates, place of birth, some places that they worked, their [[media]] (the type of artwork that they made), one or two most famous works and some art galleries where their works can be seen.

==Renaissance artists: Italian==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!Name !! Dates !! Born !! Worked !! Media !! Masterpiece !! Museums 
|- 
|[[Brunelleschi]]||1377–1446||[[Florence]]||[[Florence]]||[[architect]], [[sculptor]]&lt;br /&gt; in bronze||''Crucifix''&lt;br /&gt; Santa Maria Novella, Florence||[[Bargello]] 
|- 
|[[Lorenzo Ghiberti|Ghiberti]]||1378–1455||[[Florence]]||Florence||[[sculptor]] in bronze&lt;br /&gt; and marble||''The Baptistery Doors''&lt;br /&gt; Florence||[[Bargello]] 
|- 
|[[Masolino da Panicale]]
|c.1383–1447||Panicale,&lt;br /&gt; [[Umbria]]||[[Florence]], [[Rome]]||[[fresco]], [[tempera]]||''Madonna with Child and St. Anne''
|[[National Gallery, London]], [[National Gallery of Art]] [[D.C.]]
|- 
|[[Nanni di Banco]]||c.1384–1421||Florence||Florence||[[sculptor]] in marble||''The Four Crowned Martyrs'', Orsanmichele, Florence||[[Bargello]] 
|-
|[[Donatello]]||c.1386–1466||[[Florence]]||Florence, [[Padua]]||[[sculptor]] in bronze,&lt;br /&gt; wood and marble||''Gattemelata on Horseback''&lt;br /&gt; Padua||[[Bargello]], [[Duomo Museo, Florence]]
|- 
|[[Fra Angelico]]||c.1395–1455||Rupecanina,&lt;br /&gt; [[Tuscany]]||[[Fiesole]], [[Florence]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Rome]]||[[fresco]], [[tempera]]||''Deposition of Christ''&lt;br /&gt; [[National Museum of San Marco, Florence]]||[[Uffizi]], [[National Gallery, London]];&lt;br /&gt; [[Louvre]];&lt;br /&gt; [[National Gallery of Art]] D.C.;Prado, Madrid
|-
|[[Uccello]]||1397–1475||[[Tuscany]]||[[Florence]]||[[fresco]], [[tempera]]||''The Battle of San Romano''&lt;br /&gt; Uffizi, Louvre and N.G. London||[[Uffizi]], [[National Gallery, London]];&lt;br /&gt; [[Louvre]], [[Asmolean Museum]], [[Oxford]]. 
|-
|[[Masaccio]]||1401–1428||San Giovanni&lt;br /&gt; Valdarno, [[Tuscany]]||[[Florence]]||[[fresco]], [[tempera]]||''The Life of St Peter'', Brancacci Chapel,&lt;br /&gt; Carmine Church, Florence||[[Uffizi]], [[National Gallery, London]] 
|- 
|[[Filippo Lippi]]||1406–1469||[[Florence]]||Florence, [[Prato]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Spoleto]]||[[fresco]], [[tempera]]||''The Life of the Virgin'' &lt;br /&gt; Spoleto Cathedral||[[Uffizi]], [[National Gallery, London]];&lt;br /&gt; [[Louvre]],  [[National Gallery of Art]] D.C.
|- 
|[[Piero della Francesca]]||c.1412–1492||Sansepolcro&lt;br /&gt; [[Tuscany]]||[[Arezzo]], [[Florence]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Monterchi]]||[[fresco]], [[tempera]]||''The History of the True Cross'' &lt;br /&gt; Church of San Francesco, Arezzo||[[Uffizi]], [[National Gallery, London]];&lt;br /&gt; [[Louvre]] 
|- 
|[[Andrea del Castagno]]||c.1421–1457||Castagno,&lt;br /&gt; [[Tuscany]]||[[Florence]]||[[fresco]], [[tempera]]||''The Last Supper'',&lt;br /&gt; refectory of Sant'Appollonia, Florence||[[National Gallery of Art]] D.C. 
|- 
|[[Gentile Bellini]]||1429–1507 ||[[Venice]]||Venice, [[Constantinople]]||[[oil painting]]||''Scenes of the True Cross''&lt;br /&gt; Accademia, Venice||[[National Gallery, London]],&lt;br /&gt; [[Accademia, Venice]]
|- 
|[[Antonello da Messina]]||c.1430–1479||Messina,&lt;br /&gt; [[Sicily]]||[[Naples]], [[Venice]],&lt;br /&gt; Sicily||[[oil painting]]||''The Sibiu Crucifixion''  &lt;br /&gt; Brukenthal, [[Romania]]||[[Louvre]], [[National Gallery, London]];&lt;br /&gt; Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna;&lt;br /&gt; [[National Gallery of Art]] D.C.
|- 
|[[Mantegna]]||c.1431–1506||[[Padua]]||[[Verona]], [[Mantua]],&lt;br /&gt; [[Rome]]||[[fresco]], [[tempera]]||''The Marriage Chamber''&lt;br /&gt; Ducale Palace, Mantua||[[National Gallery, London]]; [[Hermitage]],&lt;br /&gt; [[National Gallery of Art]] D.C. 
|- 
|[[Verrocchio]]||c.1435–1488||[[Florence]]||Florence||[[tempera]]&lt;br /&gt; [[sculptor]] in bronze||''The Pistoia Altarpiece'', Pistoia Cathedral&lt;br /&gt; ''Colleoni on Horseback'', [[Venice]]||[[Uffizi]], [[National Gallery, London]];&lt;br /&gt; [[Bargello]], Florence
|-
|[[Botticelli]]||1445–1510||[[Tuscany]]||[[Florence]], [[Rome]]||[[fresco]], [[tempera]]||''The Birth of Venus'' and ''Primevera'',&lt;br /&gt; [[Uffizi]]||[[Uffizi]], [[National Gallery, London]];&lt;br /&gt; [[Louvre]], [[National Gallery of Art]] D.C. 
|- 
|[[Signorelli]]||c.1445–1523||Cortona,&lt;br /&gt; [[Tuscany]]||Cortona, [[Orvieto]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Rome]], [[Arezzo]]||[[fresco]], [[tempera]]||''Scenes of the Last Day''&lt;br /&gt; [[Orvieto Cathedral]]||[[Uffizi]], [[National Gallery, London]];&lt;br /&gt; Brera, Milan 
|-
|[[Perugino]]||1446–1524||Città della Pieve,&lt;br /&gt; [[Umbria]]||[[Perugia]], [[Florence]],&lt;br /&gt; [[Rome]]||[[fresco]], [[tempera]],&lt;br /&gt; [[oil painting]]||''Christ giving the Keys to Peter''&lt;br /&gt; [[Sistine Chapel]], Vatican City||[[Uffizi]], [[National Gallery, London]];&lt;br /&gt; [[Louvre]], [[São Paulo Art Museum]], [[Brazil]] 
|-
|[[Domenico Ghirlandaio|Ghirlandaio]]||1449–1494||[[Florence]]||Florence, [[Rome]]||[[fresco]], [[tempera]]||''Lives of the Madonna and John the Baptist'',&lt;br /&gt; S. Maria Novella, Florence||[[Uffizi]], [[National Gallery, London]];&lt;br /&gt; [[Louvre]], [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]  
|}

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Four Crowned Saints Nanni di Banco Orsanmichele.jpg|Nanni di Banco, ''Four Crowned Martyrs'', Florence
File:Brunelleschi, sacrificio di Isacco.JPG|Brunelleschi, ''The Sacrifice of Isaac'', Florence
File:Drzwi Raju Lorenzo Ghiberti Florencja.jpg|Ghiberti, ''The Gates of Paradise'', Florence
File:Gattamelata.jpg|Donatello, ''Gattemelata'', Padua
File:Masolino Brancacci Chapel 01.jpg|Masolino, '''The Healing of Tabitha'', Florence
File:Masaccio 004.jpg|Masaccio, ''The Tribute Money'', Florence
File:Fra Angelico 073.jpg|Fra Angelico, ''Descent from the Cross'', Florence
File:Lippi z11.jpg|Filippo Lippi, ''Coronation of the Virgin'', Spoleto
File:Paolo Uccello 031.jpg|Uccello, ''The Battle of San Romano'', London
File:Piero della Francesca 021.jpg|Piero della Francesca, '''The History of the True Cross'', Arezzo
File:Andrea del Castagno 001.jpg|Andrea del Castagno, ''The Last Supper'', Florence
File:Accademia - Procession in piazza San Marco by Gentile Bellini.jpg|Gentile Bellini, ''The Procession of the Cross'', Venice
File:Antonello da Messina - St Jerome in his study - National Gallery London.jpg|Antonello da Messina, ''St Jerome in his study'', London
File:Mantegna.jpg|Mantegna, ''Ceiling of the Marriage Chamber'', Mantua
File:Bartolomeo Colleoni by Andrea del Verrocchio.jpg|Verrocchio, ''Bartolomeo Colleoni'', Venice
File:Leonardo da Vinci 016.jpg|Verrocchio and Leonardo, ''The baptism of Christ'', Florence
File:Sandro Botticelli - La nascita di Venere - Google Art Project - edited.jpg|Botticelli, ''Birth of Venus'', Florence
File:Signorelli Resurrection.jpg|Signorelli, ''The Resurrection'', Orvieto
File:Pietro Perugino 034.jpg|Perugino, ''Jesus giving the Keys to Peter'', Rome
File:Cappella tornabuoni, 02, nascita della vergine.jpg|Ghirlandaio, ''The Birth of the Virgin'', Florence
&lt;/gallery&gt;

===High Renaissance===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!Name !! Dates !! Born !! Worked !! Media !! Masterpiece !! Museums 
|-
|[[Mary Sidney]]
|1561-1621
|Bewdley,[[Worcestershire]]
|Crosby Hall, [[London]]
|[[poet]], [[translator]]
|Translation of the Psalms
|[[British Museum]], Sidney Museum, [[Brooklyn Museum]]
|-
|[[Giovanni Bellini]]||c.1430–1520||[[Venice]]||Venice||[[oil painting]]||''San Zaccaria Altarpiece'', Church&lt;br /&gt; of San Zaccaria, Venice||[[National Gallery, London]];&lt;br /&gt; [[Rijksmuseum]], [[Accademia, Venice]],&lt;br /&gt; [[Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna]]
|-
|[[Leonardo da Vinci]]||1452–1519
||Vinci, [[Tuscany]]||[[Florence]], [[Milan]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Amboise]], France||[[drawing]], [[tempera]],&lt;br /&gt; [[oil painting]]&lt;br /&gt; [[sculpture]]||''Mona Lisa'', [[Louvre]]&lt;br /&gt; ''The Last Supper'', [[Milan]]||[[Uffizi]], [[National Gallery, London]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Louvre]], [[Hermitage]]  
|- 
|[[Filippino Lippi]]||c.1457–1504||Prato, [[Tuscany]]||[[Florence]], [[Rome]]||[[fresco]], [[oil painting]]||''The Life of St. Peter'',&lt;br /&gt; Brancacci Chapel, Florence||[[Uffizi]], [[National Gallery, London]];&lt;br /&gt; [[Hermitage]], [[Rijksmuseum]]
|-
|[[Michelangelo]]||1475–1570||Caprese [[Tuscany]]||[[Florence]], [[Bologna]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Rome]]||[[sculptor]] in marble&lt;br /&gt; [[fresco]], [[tempera]]||''David'', [[Accademia, Florence]]&lt;br /&gt; ''Pieta'', [[St. Peter's Basilica]], [[Rome]]&lt;br /&gt; ''The Sistine Chapel ceiling'', [[Vatican]]||[[Uffizi]], [[National Gallery, London]],&lt;br /&gt;[[Duomo Museo, Florence]];&lt;br /&gt; [[Accademia, Florence]]
|-  
|[[Giorgione]]||c.1477—1510||Castelfranco, [[Venice]]||Venice||[[oil painting]]
|''The Tempest''&lt;br /&gt; [[Accademia, Venice]]
|[[Accademia, Venice]]; [[Hermitage]], [[Louvre]],&lt;br /&gt; [[Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna]]
|-
|[[Raphael]]||1483–1525||[[Urbino]], [[Marche]]||[[Perugia]], [[Florence]],&lt;br /&gt; [[Rome]]||[[fresco]], [[oil painting]]||''The School of Athens'', [[Vatican]]&lt;br /&gt; ''The Sistine Madonna'',&lt;br /&gt; Gemäldegalerie, [[Dresden]]||[[Uffizi]], [[Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna]];&lt;br /&gt; [[Louvre]], [[Metropolitan Museum, New York]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Hermitage]], [[National Gallery, London]]
|- 
|[[Titian]]||c.1485–1576||Pieve di Cadore,&lt;br /&gt; [[Venice]]||Venice, [[Padua]]||[[oil painting]], [[fresco]]||''The Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary'',&lt;br /&gt; Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari||[[Hermitage]], [[National Gallery, London]];&lt;br /&gt; [[Louvre]], [[National Gallery, Washington D.C.]];&lt;br /&gt; [[Pitti]], [[Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna]]
|- 
|[[Andrea del Sarto]]||1486–1531||Gualfonda [[Tuscany]]||[[Florence]], [[France]]||[[oil painting]]||''Last Supper in San Salvi, ''Vallombrosan Abbey (outskirts of Florence)
||[[Uffizi]], [[Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna]];&lt;br /&gt; [[Louvre]], [[National Gallery, Washington D.C.]];&lt;br /&gt; [[Hermitage]], [[National Gallery, London]]
|- 
|} 
&lt;gallery&gt; 
Image:Filippino Lippi 008.jpg|Filippino Lippi, ''Scenes from the Life of St. Peter'', Florence 
Image:Leonardo da Vinci 002.jpg|Leonardo da Vinci, ''The Last Supper'', Milan 
Image:God2-Sistine Chapel.png|Michelangelo, ''Creation of Adam'', Vatican 
Image:Raphael School of Athens.jpg|Raphael, ''School of Athens'', Vatican 
Image:Michelangelos David.jpg|Michelangelo, ''David'', Florence
Image:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg|Leonardo da Vinci, ''Mona Lisa'', Paris 
Image:Tizian - Venus von Urbino.jpg|Titian, ''Venus of Urbino'', Florence
Accademia - La tempesta - Giorgione.jpg|Giorgione, ''The Tempest''', Venice 
Accademia - Pala di San Giobbe by Giovanni Bellini.jpg|Giovanni Bellini, ''San Giobbe Altarpiece'', Venice 
Image:Tizian 041.jpg|Titian, ''Assumption of the Virgin'', Venice 
Image:Raffael, Sixtinska madonnan.jpg|Raphael, ''Sistine Madonna'', Dresden 
Image:Andrea del Sarto 003.jpg|Andrea del Sarto, ''Madonna of the Harpies'', Florence 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

===Mannerism (Late Renaissance)===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!Name !! Dates !! Born !! Worked !! Media !! Masterpiece !! Museums 
|-
|[[:en:Pontormo|Pontormo]] ||1494—1557||[[Empoli]]||[[Florence]]||[[oil painting]]||''The Deposition''
Florence
||[[Uffizi]], [[National Gallery, Washington D.C.]];&lt;br /&gt; [[Hermitage]], [[National Gallery, London]];&lt;br /&gt; [[Metropolitan Museum, New York]]
|- 
|[[Benvenuto Cellini]] ||1500–1571||[[Florence]]||Italy, France||[[gold]]smith,&lt;br /&gt; [[sculptor]] in bronze||''Perseus with the Head of Medusa''&lt;br /&gt; Loggia Lanzi, Florence||[[Bargello]], [[Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna]];&lt;br /&gt; [[Louvre]], [[National Gallery of Australia]];&lt;br /&gt; [[Royal Collection, London]]
|-
|[[Bronzino]]||1503–1572||[[Florence]]||Florence||[[oil painting]]||''Portrait of Eleanor of Toledo''&lt;br /&gt;Uffizi, Florence||[[Uffizi]], [[Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna]];&lt;br /&gt; [[Louvre]], [[National Gallery, Washington D.C.]];&lt;br /&gt; [[Hermitage]], [[National Gallery, London]]
|-
|[[Parmigianino]]||1503–1540||[[Parma]]||[[Florence]], [[Rome]],&lt;br /&gt; [[Bologna]], [[Parma]]||[[oil painting]]||''The Madonna with the Long Neck'', &lt;br /&gt; Uffizi, Florence||[[Uffizi]],[[Metropolitan Museum, New York]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Hermitage]], [[National Gallery, London]];&lt;br /&gt;[[Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna]]
|-
|[[Tintoretto]] ||1518–1594||[[Brescia]]||[[Venice]]||[[oil painting]] ||''Paradise''&lt;br /&gt;[[Doge's Palace]], [[Venice]]||[[Hermitage]], [[National Gallery, London]];&lt;br /&gt;[[Louvre]], [[Metropolitan Museum, New York]];&lt;br /&gt; [[Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna]]
|- 
|[[Paolo Veronese]]||1528–88||[[Verona]]||[[Mantua]], [[Venice]]||[[oil painting]]||''Feast in the House of Levi'',&lt;br /&gt; Accademia, Venice||[[Louvre]],[[Metropolitan Museum, New York]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Hermitage]], [[National Gallery, London]];&lt;br /&gt;[[Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna]]
|-
|[[Giambologna]]||1529–1608||[[Douai]], [[France]]||Florence, Rome,&lt;br /&gt; [[Bologna]]||[[sculptor]] in marble&lt;br /&gt; and bronze||''The Rape of the Sabine Women''&lt;br /&gt; Loggia Lanzi, [[Florence]] ||[[Bargello]], [[Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna]];&lt;br /&gt; [[Louvre]], [[National Gallery, Washington D.C.]];&lt;br /&gt; [[Hermitage]], [[Rijksmusem]]
|- 
|[[El Greco]] ||1541–1614||[[Crete]]||Crete, [[Venice]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]], [[Spain]]||[[oil painting]]||''Burial of the Count of Orgaz''&lt;br /&gt; Santo Tomé, Toledo, Spain||[[Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna]];&lt;br /&gt; [[Louvre]], [[National Gallery, Washington D.C.]];&lt;br /&gt; [[Hermitage]], [[National Gallery, London]];&lt;br /&gt; [[Metropolitan Museum, New York]]; [[Prado]]
|- 
|}

&lt;gallery&gt; 
Image:Perseus Cellini Loggia dei Lanzi 2005 09 13.jpg|Cellini, ''Perseus with the head of the Medusa'', Florence 
Image:Florence Rape of the Sabine Women 1.jpg|Giambolgna, ''Rape of the Sabine Women'', Florence 
Image:Bronzino - Eleonora di Toledo col figlio Giovanni - Google Art Project.jpg|Bronzino, ''Portrait of Eleanor of Toledo'', Florence 
Image:Parmigianino - Madonna dal collo lungo - Google Art Project.jpg|Parmigianino, ''The Madonna with the Long Neck'', Florence 
Image:Jacopo da Pontormo - Deposizione.jpg|Pontormo, ''The Deposition'', Florence 
Image:El Greco - The Burial of the Count of Orgaz.JPG|El Greco, ''Burial of the Count of Orgaz'', Toledo 
Image:Jacopo Tintoretto 026.jpg|Tintoretto, ''Paradise'', Venice 
Image:The Feast in the House of Levi by Paolo Veronese (edited 2).jpg|Veronese, ''Feast in the House of Levi'', Venice 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Renaissance artists: Northern Europe and Spain==

===Early Renaissance===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!Name !! Dates !! Born !! Worked !! Media !! Masterpiece !! Museums 
|-
|[[Hubert van Eyck]]||c.1366–1426||Maaseik? [[Belgium]]||Naples ||[[oil painting]],&lt;br /&gt;[[Illuminated manuscript|manuscripts]]||''The Adoration of the Mystic Lamb''&lt;br /&gt; St. Bavon Cathedral, [[Ghent]]||
|-
|[[Robert Campin]]/&lt;br /&gt;&quot;The Master of Flémalle&quot;||c.1375–1444||[[Valenciennes]]?||Belgium||[[oil painting]]||''The Mérode Altarpiece''&lt;br /&gt; [[Metropolitan Museum, New York]]||[[Hermitage]], [[National Gallery, London]];&lt;br /&gt; [[Metropolitan Museum, New York]]; State&lt;br /&gt; Museum, [[Frankfurt]]; [[Royal Museum, Antwerp]]
|-
|Jan van Eyck|| 1395–1441||Maaseik? [[Belgium]]
|[[The Hague]], [[Bruges]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Ghent]]||[[oil painting]]||''The Adoration of the Mystic Lamb''&lt;br /&gt; St. Bavon Cathedral, [[Ghent]]||[[Louvre]], [[National Gallery, London]];&lt;br /&gt; [[Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Metropolitan Museum, New York]]

|-
|[[Rogier van der Weyden]]||c.1400–1464||[[Tournai]]||Tournai||[[oil painting]]||''Descent from the Cross''&lt;br /&gt; Prado Museum, [[Madrid]]||[[Hermitage]], [[National Gallery, London]];&lt;br /&gt;[[Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna]];&lt;br /&gt;[[Prado]], [[Metropolitan Museum, New York]]
|- 
|[[Jean Fouquet]]||1420–1481||[[Tours]], [[France]]||France, Italy||[[tempera]],&lt;br /&gt; [[Miniature painting|miniature]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Illuminated manuscript|manuscripts]]||''Melun Diptych''&lt;br /&gt; [[Royal Museum, Antwerp]]||[[Louvre]], [[Royal Museum, Antwerp]];&lt;br /&gt;[[Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna]];&lt;br /&gt; [[Metropolitan Museum, New York]]
|-
|[[Hugo van der Goes]]||c.1440–1482||[[Ghent]]?||[[Ghent]]||[[oil painting]]||''The Portinari Altarpiece''&lt;br /&gt; [[Uffizi]] Gallery, Florence||[[Uffizi]], [[Hermitage]],&lt;br /&gt; [[Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna]];&lt;br /&gt; [[Metropolitan Museum, New York]]
|- 
|[[Bartolomé Bermejo]]||c.1440-c.1498||Cordoba, [[Spain]]||[[Spain]], [[Belgium]]||[[oil painting]]||''Altarpiece of the Virgin of Montserrat''&lt;br /&gt; Cathedral of Acqui Terme||[[National Gallery, London]],&lt;br /&gt; [[National Museum of Catalonia]], &lt;br /&gt; [[Art institute of Chicago]]
|- 
|[[Hieronymus Bosch]]||c.1450–1516||'s-Hertogenbosch,&lt;br /&gt; [[Netherlands]]||Netherlands||[[oil painting]]||''The Garden of Worldly Delights''&lt;br /&gt; Prado Museum, [[Madrid]]||[[Rijksmuseum]], [[Prado]];&lt;br /&gt; [[National Gallery, London]];&lt;br /&gt;[[Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna]]
|- 
|}
[[Louvre]], [[National Gallery, London]];

[[Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna]]
[[Metropolitan Museum, New York]]&lt;gallery&gt; 
Image:Jan and Hubert van Eyck - Ghent Altarpiece.jpg|Hubert and Jan van Eyck, ''The Adoration of the Mystic Lamb'', Ghent 
Image:Van Eyck - Arnolfini Portrait.jpg|Jan van Eyck, ''Wedding portrait of the Arnolfini'', London 
Image:Robert Campin 011.jpg|Robert Campin, ''The Merode Altarpiece'', New York
Image:El_Descendimiento,_by_Rogier_van_der_Weyden,_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg|Rogier van der Weyden, ''Descent from the Cross'', Madrid 
Image:Fouquet Madonna.jpg|Jean Fouquet, ''Madonna and Child'', Antwerp 
Image:Hugo van der Goes 006.jpg|Hugo van der Goes, ''The Portinari Altarpiece'', Florence 
Image:Bartolomé Bermejo - Retablo della vergine di Montserrat.jpg|Bartolomé Bermejo, ''Altarpiece of the Virgin of Montserrat'', Acqui Terme 
Image:Hieronymus Bosch 023.jpg|Hieronymus Bosch, ''The Garden of Worldly Delights'', Prado

&lt;/gallery&gt;

===1500s===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!Name !! Dates !! Born !! Worked !! Media !! Masterpiece !! Museums 
|-
|Matthias_Grünewald
|c.1470–1528||[[Würzburg]]||[[Germany]]||[[oil painting]]||''The Isenheim Altarpiece''&lt;br /&gt;Colmar, [[France]]||[[Alte Pinakothek, Munich]];&lt;br /&gt; [[Louvre]], [[National Gallery, Washington D.C.]]
|-
|[[Albrecht Durer]]||1471–1528||[[Nuremberg]],&lt;br /&gt;[[Germany]]||Germany, Italy,&lt;br /&gt;Netherlands||[[oil painting]]&lt;br /&gt; [[engraving]]||''Adoration of the Trinity''&lt;br /&gt;[[Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna]]||[[Louvre]], [[Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna]];&lt;br /&gt; [[Hermitage]], [[National Gallery, London]];&lt;br /&gt; [[Metropolitan Museum, New York]]
|- 
|[[Lucas Cranach the Elder]]||1472–1553||[[Kronach]]||Germany,&lt;br /&gt;Netherlands||[[oil painting]]&lt;br /&gt;[[engraving]]||''The Altarpiece of St. Catherine''&lt;br /&gt;Gemäldegalerie, [[Dresden]]||[[Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna]]; [[Louvre]],&lt;br /&gt;[[Hermitage]], [[Metropolitan Museum, New York]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Alte Pinakothek, Munich]]
|- 
|[[Albrecht Altdorfer]]||c.1480–1538||[[Regensburg]]||[[Germany]]||[[oil painting]]||''Battle of Issus''&lt;br /&gt;[[Alte Pinakothek, Munich]]||[[Alte Pinakothek, Munich]];[[Hermitage]],&lt;br /&gt; [[Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna]];&lt;br /&gt;[[Metropolitan Museum, New York]]

|-
|[[Jean Clouet]]||1480–1541||[[Brussels]]?||[[Tours]], [[Paris]]||[[tempera]],&lt;br /&gt; [[Miniature painting|miniature]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Illuminated manuscript|manuscripts]]||''François I of France''&lt;br /&gt;[[Louvre]], [[Paris]]||[[Louvre]], [[National Galleries of Scotland]],&lt;br /&gt;[[Royal Collection, London]];&lt;br /&gt;[[Metropolitan Museum, New York]]
|-
|[[Hans Holbein the Younger]]||c.1497–1543||[[Augsburg]]||[[Germany]],&lt;br /&gt;[[Switzerland]],&lt;br /&gt;[[England]]||[[oil painting]]&lt;br /&gt; [[drawing]]||''The Ambassadors''&lt;br /&gt;[[National Gallery, London]]||[[Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna]];&lt;br /&gt; [[Louvre]], [[Metropolitan Museum, New York]];&lt;br /&gt; [[Hermitage]], [[National Gallery, London]];   
|- 
|[[François Clouet]]||c.1510–1572||[[Tours]]||[[Paris]]||[[oil painting]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Miniature painting|miniatures]]||''Diane de Poitiers''&lt;br /&gt;[[National Gallery, Washington D.C.]]||[[Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna]];&lt;br /&gt; [[Louvre]], [[National Gallery, Washington D.C.]];&lt;br /&gt;[[Royal Collection, London]]
|- 
|[[Nicholas Hilliard]]||1547–1619||[[Exeter]], [[England]]||[[Oxford]], [[London]]||[[oil painting]],&lt;br /&gt; [[Miniature painting|miniatures]]||''The Pelican portrait of Queen Elizabeth''&lt;br /&gt; National Portrait Gallery, London||[[National Portrait Gallery, London]];&lt;br /&gt; [[Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna]];&lt;br /&gt;[[National Gallery, Washington D.C.]];&lt;br /&gt;[[National Galleries of Scotland]]
|- 
|}

&lt;gallery&gt; 
Image:Grunewald Isenheim1.jpg|Grunewald, ''The Isenheim Altarpiece'', Colmar 
Image:Albrecht Dürer 003.jpg|Durer, ''Adoration of the Trinity'', Vienna
Image:Lucas Cranach d. Ä. 026.jpg|L. Cranach the elder, ''Altarpiece of St. Catherine of Alexandria'', Dresden 
Image:Battle of Issus by Altdorfer 1529 Pinakothek-Mus Munich.jpg| Altdorfer, ''The Battle of Issus'', Munich 
Image:Jean Clouet 001.jpg|Jean Clouet, ''François I of France'', Louvre 
Image:Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_The_Ambassadors_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|Holbein, ''The Ambassadors'', London 
Image:François Clouet 002.jpg|François Clouet, ''Diane of Poitiers'', Washington D.C. 
Image:Elizabeth1.jpg|Hilliard, ''Pelican Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I'', London(?)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==References==
* Diana Davies (editor), ''Harrap's Encyclopedia of Art and Artists'', (1990), {{ISBN|0-245-54692-8}}
* Giorgio Vasari, ''Lives of the Artists'', (1568), 1965 edition, trans George Bull, Penguin, {{ISBN|0-14-044164-6}} 
* Frederick Hartt, ''A History of Italian Renaissance Art'', (1970) Thames and Hudson, {{ISBN|0-500-23136-2}} 
* Luciano Berti, ''Florence: the city and its art'', (1971) Scala. 
* Luciano Berti, ''The Ufizzi'', (1971) Scala, Florence. 

{{DEFAULTSORT:Renaissance artists}}
[[Category:Renaissance|Artists]]
[[Category:Lists of artists]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gospel of Matthew</title>
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        <username>SuperDuperReally</username>
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      <comment>Major rephrase; fixing spelling mistakes; many citations are needed.</comment>
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      <text bytes="3398" sha1="2krg45653vjpbzgvssw7clc2rkaqare" xml:space="preserve">{{Books of the New Testament}}
[[File:ModenaBiblEstenseCodGr1Fol11vMatt.jpg|thumb|250px|right|St Matthew writing his gospel. Picture from a Medieval [[Bible]].]]
The '''Gospel of Matthew''' (or ''Gospel according to Matthew'', also ''Matthew'') is a gospel in the [[New Testament]] that tells the story of the life and teachings of [[Jesus]]. It is called one of the [[Synoptic Gospels]] because much of its parables and language are shared by the [[Gospel of Mark]] and the [[Gospel of Luke]]. 

It is ''not'' thought to have been written by the [[Matthew the Evangelist|Matthew]], who was one of the [[Twelve Apostles]], though it is possible that one of its sources could be attributed to him.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}}

This gospel was written mainly to show the [[Jew|Jewish people]] that Jesus was the [[Messiah]] spoken of in the [[Torah]]{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} and often quotes from it.

== Date and author ==
Early church tradition claims that this gospel was written by [[Matthew the Evangelist|Matthew]], but this is rejected by modern scholars.&lt;ref&gt;Burkett, Delbert 2002. ''An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00720-7&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;This view is based on three arguments: (a) the setting reflects the final separation of Church and Synagogue, about 85 AD; (b) it reflects the capture of Jerusalem and destruction of the Temple by the Romans in 70 AD; (c) it uses Mark, usually dated around 70 AD, as a source: see R.T. France 2007. ''The Gospel of Matthew'', p. 18. [https://books.google.com/books?id=0ruP6J_XPCEC&amp;pg=PA18]&lt;/ref&gt; The name of the author is unknown, but they were probably the leader of an early Christian community.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} According to [[Bart D. Ehrman|Bart Ehrman]], the gospel was an anonymous work, meaning the author did not name themselves when they wrote it.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=BDEhrman|date=2014-11-28|title=Why Are the Gospels Anonymous?|url=https://ehrmanblog.org/why-are-the-gospels-anonymous/|access-date=2026-06-06|website=The Bart Ehrman Blog|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Because it spread rapidly, it was likely spread in a city,{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} traditionally [[Antioch]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} It was likely written in the last quarter of the first century.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}}

The Gospel of Mark, which is thought to be from the 40s–50s CE,{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} was probably the first of the four gospels to be written{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} and was probably used as a source for the rest.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} In addition, many scholars argue that Matthew and Luke used a collection of sayings that is now lost,{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} which is the hypothetical [[Q source]], though this has been recently challenged.

Matthew did not simply copy Mark but rather used it to demonstrate that Jesus had his place in Jewish tradition.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}}

== Related pages ==
{{Wikisource|Bible (Basic English)/Matthew}}
* [[Bible]]
* [[Beatitudes]]
* [[Bethlehem]]
* [[Magi]]
* ''[[St Matthew Passion]]''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Gospel of Matthew}}
{{Books of the Bible}}
{{New Testament people|collapsed}}
{{Christianityfooter}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Matthew, Gospel of}}
[[Category:Gospels|*1]]
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[[File:ModenaBiblEstenseCodGr1Fol11vMatt.jpg|thumb|250px|right|St Matthew writing his gospel. Picture from a Medieval [[Bible]].]]
The '''Gospel of Matthew''' (or ''Gospel according to Matthew'', also ''Matthew'') is a gospel in the [[New Testament]] that tells the story of the life and teachings of [[Jesus]]. It is called one of the [[Synoptic Gospels]] because much of its parables and language are shared by the [[Gospel of Mark]] and the [[Gospel of Luke]]. 

It is ''not'' thought to have been written by the [[Matthew the Evangelist|Matthew]], who was one of the [[Twelve Apostles]], though it is possible that it was on something that ''was'' written by Matthew.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}}

This gospel was written mainly to show the [[Jew|Jewish people]] that Jesus was the [[Messiah]] spoken of in the [[Torah]]{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} and often quotes from it.

== Date and author ==
In early church tradition, this gospel was written by [[Matthew the Evangelist|Matthew]], but this is rejected by modern scholars.&lt;ref&gt;Burkett, Delbert 2002. ''An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00720-7&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;This view is based on three arguments: (a) the setting reflects the final separation of Church and Synagogue, about 85 AD; (b) it reflects the capture of Jerusalem and destruction of the Temple by the Romans in 70 AD; (c) it uses Mark, usually dated around 70 AD, as a source: see R.T. France 2007. ''The Gospel of Matthew'', p. 18. [https://books.google.com/books?id=0ruP6J_XPCEC&amp;pg=PA18]&lt;/ref&gt; The name of the author is unknown, but they were probably the leader of an early Christian community.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} According to [[Bart D. Ehrman|Bart Ehrman]], the gospel was an anonymous work, meaning the author did not name themselves when they wrote it.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=BDEhrman|date=2014-11-28|title=Why Are the Gospels Anonymous?|url=https://ehrmanblog.org/why-are-the-gospels-anonymous/|access-date=2026-06-06|website=The Bart Ehrman Blog|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

It was likely spread in a city because of how famous it became,{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} traditionally in Syria.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} It was probably written in the last quarter of the first century.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}}

The Gospel of Mark, which is thought to be from the 40s–50s CE,{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} was probably the first of the four gospels to be written{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} and was probably used as a source for the rest.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} In addition, many scholars argue that Matthew and Luke used a collection of sayings that is now lost,{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} which is the hypothetical [[Q source]], though this view has been recently challenged.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}}

Matthew did not simply copy Mark but rather used it to demonstrate that Jesus had his place in Jewish tradition.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}}

== Related pages ==
{{Wikisource|Bible (Basic English)/Matthew}}
* [[Bible]]
* [[Beatitudes]]
* [[Bethlehem]]
* [[Magi]]
* ''[[St Matthew Passion]]''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Gospel of Matthew}}
{{Books of the Bible}}
{{New Testament people|collapsed}}
{{Christianityfooter}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Matthew, Gospel of}}
[[Category:Gospels|*1]]
[[Category:New Testament books]]</text>
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[[File:ModenaBiblEstenseCodGr1Fol11vMatt.jpg|thumb|250px|right|St Matthew writing his gospel. Picture from a Medieval [[Bible]].]]
The '''Gospel of Matthew''' (or ''Gospel according to Matthew'', also ''Matthew'') is a gospel in the [[New Testament]] that tells the story of the life and teachings of [[Jesus]]. It is called one of the [[Synoptic Gospels]] because much of its parables and language are shared by the [[Gospel of Mark]] and the [[Gospel of Luke]]. 

It is ''not'' thought to have been written by the [[Matthew the Evangelist|Matthew]], who was one of the [[Twelve Apostles]], though it is possible that it was on something that ''was'' written by Matthew.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}}

This gospel was written mainly to show the [[Jew|Jewish people]] that Jesus was the [[Messiah]] spoken of in the [[Torah]]{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} and often quotes from it.

== Date and author ==
In early church tradition, this gospel was written by [[Matthew the Evangelist|Matthew]], but this is rejected by modern scholars.&lt;ref&gt;Burkett, Delbert 2002. ''An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00720-7&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;This view is based on three arguments: (a) the setting reflects the final separation of Church and Synagogue, about 85 AD; (b) it reflects the capture of Jerusalem and destruction of the Temple by the Romans in 70 AD; (c) it uses Mark, usually dated around 70 AD, as a source: see R.T. France 2007. ''The Gospel of Matthew'', p. 18. [https://books.google.com/books?id=0ruP6J_XPCEC&amp;pg=PA18]&lt;/ref&gt; The name of the author is unknown, but they were probably the leader of an early Christian community.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} According to [[Bart D. Ehrman|Bart Ehrman]], the gospel was an anonymous work, meaning the author did not name themselves when they wrote it.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=BDEhrman|date=2014-11-28|title=Why Are the Gospels Anonymous?|url=https://ehrmanblog.org/why-are-the-gospels-anonymous/|access-date=2026-06-06|website=The Bart Ehrman Blog|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

It was likely spread in a city because of how famous it became,{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} traditionally in Syria.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} It was probably written in the last quarter of the first century.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}}

The [[Gospel of Mark]], which is thought to be from the 40s–50s CE,{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} was probably the first of the four gospels to be written{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} and was probably used as a source for the rest.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} In addition, many scholars argue that Matthew and Luke used a collection of sayings that is now lost,{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} which is the hypothetical [[Q source]], though this view has been recently challenged.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}}

Matthew did not simply copy Mark but rather used it to demonstrate that Jesus had his place in Jewish tradition.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}}

== Related pages ==
{{Wikisource|Bible (Basic English)/Matthew}}
* [[Bible]]
* [[Beatitudes]]
* [[Bethlehem]]
* [[Magi]]
* ''[[St Matthew Passion]]''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Gospel of Matthew}}
{{Books of the Bible}}
{{New Testament people|collapsed}}
{{Christianityfooter}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Matthew, Gospel of}}
[[Category:Gospels|*1]]
[[Category:New Testament books]]</text>
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[[File:Evangelist-with-lion.jpg|thumb|250px|right|A picture of St Mark with his quill. It is from an [[illuminated manuscript]] of the [[Renaissance]].]]
'''The Gospel of Mark''' is a book of the [[Bible]]. 

The '''Gospel of Mark''' is a book of the [[New Testament]] in the [[Bible]] that records the story and teachings of [[Jesus]]. It is called one of the [[Synoptic Gospels]] because it shares many stories with the [[Gospel of Luke]] and the [[Gospel of Matthew]], but it was probably written before them.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} 

The author is traditionally thought to have been Mark, a friend of [[Saint Peter|Simon Peter]], who was one of the [[Twelve Apostles]]. Most scholars now disagree with this.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} 

It is thought that this gospel was written with [[Gentile|non-Jews]] in mind.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} 

== Contents ==
This gospel moves quickly, recording the 3-year [[ministry of Jesus]] beginning with [[Baptism of Jesus|his baptism]] by [[John the Baptist]]. It leaves out the story of the [[Nativity of Jesus|birth of Jesus]] that Matthew and Luke have. 

In telling of the [[arrest of Jesus]] before [[Crucifixion of Jesus|his crucifixion]], this gospel mentions a young man who was almost caught by the guards but got away by slipping out of his robe. Some believe that this young man was Mark himself,{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} since there is no other reason to include such a small detail.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} If this was Mark, it means that Mark was a follower of Jesus who probably saw the [[Crucifixion of Jesus|crucifixion]] and the [[resurrected Jesus]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} 

The longer endings to Mark (''Mark 16ː8b; Mark 16ː9-20'') are probably not original,{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} but they are similar to the other Synoptics. 

== Date and author ==
Most scholars argue that it is the first of the four gospels to be written and a source for the rest of them, dating it to 65–75 (CE).{{sfn|Perkins|2007|p=137}}

This gospel shares many of the details included in the [[Gospel of Luke]] and the [[Gospel of Matthew]], like the [[baptism of Jesus]], Jesus healing the paralytic, Jesus healing the blind man, and many other teachings and miracles of Jesus.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} For this reason, it is included among the three [[Synoptic Gospels]]. 

== &quot;Gospel&quot; ==
The word &quot;gospel&quot; comes from &quot;''godspel'',&quot; which is an Old English translation of a Greek word that means &quot;''good news''&quot; or &quot;''good tidings''.&quot;{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}}

==Related pages==
{{Wikisource|Bible (Basic English)/Mark}}
* [[Jesus]] 
* [[Bible]] 
* [[Christianity]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

* {{Cite book
|last = Perkins
|first = Pheme
|title = Introduction to the Synoptic Gospels
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lMUZhdgmOR8C
|year = 2007
|publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing
|isbn = 978-0-8028-6553-3
}}

{{Books of the Bible}}
{{New Testament people|collapsed}}
{{Christianityfooter}}

{{Religion-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mark, Gospel of}}
[[Category:Gospels|*2]]
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[[File:Evangelist-with-lion.jpg|thumb|250px|right|A picture of St Mark with his quill. It is from an [[illuminated manuscript]] of the [[Renaissance]].]]
'''The Gospel of Mark''' is a book of the [[Bible]]. 

The '''Gospel of Mark''' is a book of the [[New Testament]] in the [[Bible]] that records the story and teachings of [[Jesus]]. It is called one of the [[Synoptic Gospels]] because it shares many stories with the [[Gospel of Luke]] and the [[Gospel of Matthew]], but it was probably written before them.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} 

The author is traditionally thought to have been Mark, a friend of [[Saint Peter|Simon Peter]], who was one of the [[Twelve Apostles]]. Most scholars now disagree with this.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} 

It is thought that this gospel was written with [[Gentile|non-Jews]] in mind.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} 

== Contents ==
This gospel moves quickly, recording the 3-year [[ministry of Jesus]] beginning with [[Baptism of Jesus|his baptism]] by [[John the Baptist]]. It leaves out the story of the [[Nativity of Jesus|birth of Jesus]] that Matthew and Luke have. 

In telling of the [[arrest of Jesus]] before [[Crucifixion of Jesus|his crucifixion]], this gospel mentions a young man who was almost caught by the guards but got away by slipping out of his robe. Some believe that this young man was Mark himself,{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} since there is no other reason to include such a small detail.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} If this was Mark, it means that Mark was a follower of Jesus who probably saw the [[Crucifixion of Jesus|crucifixion]] and the [[resurrected Jesus]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} 

The longer endings to Mark (''Mark 16ː8b; Mark 16ː9-20'') are probably not original,{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} but they are similar to the other Synoptics. 

== Date and author ==
Most scholars argue that it is the first of the four gospels to be written and a source for the rest of them,{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} which is the view of [[Marcan Priority]]. Scholars also date the gospel to 65–75 (CE).{{sfn|Perkins|2007|p=137}}

This gospel shares many of the details included in the [[Gospel of Luke]] and the [[Gospel of Matthew]], like the [[baptism of Jesus]], Jesus healing the paralytic, Jesus healing the blind man, and many other teachings and miracles of Jesus.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} For this reason, it is included among the three [[Synoptic Gospels]]. 

== &quot;Gospel&quot; ==
The word &quot;gospel&quot; comes from &quot;''godspel'',&quot; which is an Old English translation of a Greek word that means &quot;''good news''&quot; or &quot;''good tidings''.&quot;{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}}

==Related pages==
{{Wikisource|Bible (Basic English)/Mark}}
* [[Jesus]] 
* [[Bible]] 
* [[Christianity]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

* {{Cite book
|last = Perkins
|first = Pheme
|title = Introduction to the Synoptic Gospels
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lMUZhdgmOR8C
|year = 2007
|publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing
|isbn = 978-0-8028-6553-3
}}

{{Books of the Bible}}
{{New Testament people|collapsed}}
{{Christianityfooter}}

{{Religion-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mark, Gospel of}}
[[Category:Gospels|*2]]
[[Category:New Testament books]]</text>
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[[File:Evangelist-with-lion.jpg|thumb|250px|right|A picture of St Mark with his quill. It is from an [[illuminated manuscript]] of the [[Renaissance]].]]
The '''Gospel of Mark''' is a book of the [[New Testament]] in the [[Bible]] that records the story and teachings of [[Jesus]]. It is called one of the [[Synoptic Gospels]] because it shares many stories with the [[Gospel of Luke]] and the [[Gospel of Matthew]], but it was probably written before them.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} 

The author is traditionally thought to have been Mark, a friend of [[Saint Peter|Simon Peter]], who was one of the [[Twelve Apostles]]. Most scholars now disagree with this.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} 

It is thought that this gospel was written with [[Gentile|non-Jews]] in mind.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} 

== Contents ==
This gospel moves quickly, recording the 3-year [[ministry of Jesus]] beginning with [[Baptism of Jesus|his baptism]] by [[John the Baptist]]. It leaves out the story of the [[Nativity of Jesus|birth of Jesus]] that Matthew and Luke have. 

In telling of the [[arrest of Jesus]] before [[Crucifixion of Jesus|his crucifixion]], this gospel mentions a young man who was almost caught by the guards but got away by slipping out of his robe. Some believe that this young man was Mark himself,{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} since there is no other reason to include such a small detail.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} If this was Mark, it means that Mark was a follower of Jesus who probably saw the [[Crucifixion of Jesus|crucifixion]] and the [[resurrected Jesus]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} 

The longer endings to Mark (''Mark 16ː8b; Mark 16ː9-20'') are probably not original,{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} but they are similar to the other Synoptics. 

== Date and author ==
Most scholars argue that it is the first of the four gospels to be written and a source for the rest of them,{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} which is the view of [[Marcan Priority]]. Scholars also date the gospel to 65–75 (CE).{{sfn|Perkins|2007|p=137}}

This gospel shares many of the details included in the [[Gospel of Luke]] and the [[Gospel of Matthew]], like the [[baptism of Jesus]], Jesus healing the paralytic, Jesus healing the blind man, and many other teachings and miracles of Jesus.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} For this reason, it is included among the three [[Synoptic Gospels]]. 

== &quot;Gospel&quot; ==
The word &quot;gospel&quot; comes from &quot;''godspel'',&quot; which is an Old English translation of a Greek word that means &quot;''good news''&quot; or &quot;''good tidings''.&quot;{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}}

==Related pages==
{{Wikisource|Bible (Basic English)/Mark}}
* [[Jesus]] 
* [[Bible]] 
* [[Christianity]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

* {{Cite book
|last = Perkins
|first = Pheme
|title = Introduction to the Synoptic Gospels
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lMUZhdgmOR8C
|year = 2007
|publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing
|isbn = 978-0-8028-6553-3
}}

{{Books of the Bible}}
{{New Testament people|collapsed}}
{{Christianityfooter}}

{{Religion-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mark, Gospel of}}
[[Category:Gospels|*2]]
[[Category:New Testament books]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gospel of John</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="20051" sha1="7j2kywwnznnzgaa3772da1w4j8nb32e" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Wycliffe John Gospel.jpg|thumb|150px|right|This is one of the oldest English translations of the Gospels, and was made in the 1300s. It was translated by [[John Wycliffe]]. John's Gospel starts where the large letter &quot;I&quot; is. It reads ''&quot;In þe bigynnyng was/þe word &amp; þe word/was at god/&amp; god was/þe word.&quot;'']]
The '''Gospel of John''' is a book of the [[New Testament]] in the [[Bible]]. It is one of the four gospels that are traditionally the first in order, after the [[Synoptic Gospels]].

It is an account of the [[ministry of Jesus]] with patterns and repeated events in the book that often foreshadow what happens to Jesus.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} For instance, the [[resurrection of Lazarus]] is the last of the seven signs, and it foreshadows the [[resurrection of Jesus]] later in the gospel.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} There are also seven &quot;I Am&quot; discussions.

The author states that they wrote the book so that the audience ''&quot;may continue to believe that Jesus is the Messiah, the Son of God, and that through believing you may have life in his name.&quot;''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bible Gateway passage: John 20:31 - New Revised Standard Version Updated Edition|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John%2020%3A31&amp;version=NRSVUE|access-date=2026-06-07|website=Bible Gateway|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Efn|It is not entirely clear that the purpose of this gospel is purely evangelical or strictly to reinforce the faith of an audience that already believes. The latter seems more probable, but there is scholarly debate on this topic.}}
[[File:St. John the Evangelist (Rabbula Gospels).png|thumb|left|160px|A [[Syriac Christian]] rendition of St. John the Evangelist, from the [[Rabbula Gospels]].]]

The Gospel of John mentions a &quot;''disciple whom Jesus loved''&quot; as its source or author,{{sfn|Burkett|2002|p=214}} and most scholars argue that [[John the Apostle]] wrote the gospel.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} He was probably the youngest of the [[Twelve Apostles]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} 

John lived a long life and was imprisoned on the Island of Patmos in his old age. He also wrote the [[Book of Revelation]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} There is some disagreement on whether the letters of John, the Gospel of John, the [[Book of Revelation]] have the same author.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} 

The Gospel of John is unique and different from the [[Synoptic Gospels]]. All four Gospels tell stories about Jesus, but John has more abstract [[Idea|ideas]] about Jesus and God.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} Scholars say the Gospel is more [[Theology|theological]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} For example, the Gospel begins by calling Jesus &quot;the Word&quot; and &quot;the light that came into the world.&quot; The author says that Jesus was born of God and that believers can also become &quot;children of God.&quot;   

== Summary and content ==

=== Prologue (1:1-1:19) ===
In the first verse, the author makes Jesus equal with God.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} The book begins, &quot;''In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.''&quot; (John 1:1, NASB). The author writes that all things were created through the Word. The author also calls Jesus the life and light of men. The author explains that the light came into the world and that Word became flesh and that the disciples saw his glory. The author claims all who believe in the Word can be born of God and become sons of God. 

=== Public ministry (1:19-12:50) ===
The author goes on to describe the ministry of [[John the Baptist]] and the [[baptism of Jesus]]. Unlike the other Gospels, John calls Jesus the &quot;''Lamb of God''&quot; ([https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John.1.36&amp;version=NRSVUE John 1:36, NRSVUE]). The book then describes Jesus calling his disciples.  

The first miracle that Jesus performs is turning water into wine at a wedding. Afterwards, Jesus enters the Jewish temple and chases out the money changers, calling himself the temple of God. Jesus tells the people, &quot;''Destroy this temple, and in three days I will raise it up''” ([https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John%202%3A19&amp;version=NRSVUE John 2:19, NRSVUE]). The book says Jesus was talking about his own body.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}}  

Nicodemus, a Pharisee and Jewish leader, comes to Jesus at night and questions Jesus. Jesus says one most be born again with the Holy Spirit to see the kingdom of God. Jesus tells Nicodemus, “''God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son. Anyone who believes in him will not die but will have eternal life.''&quot; (John 3:16, NIrV). Jesus says God wants to save the world through Jesus. Jesus says he is the Light of the world, but that people love darkness (evil). Jesus comes to judge the world, because they do not believe and do evil. The passage calls Jesus the Son of God the Father. John the Baptist says that Jesus is greater than him. 

The Gospel writes about the healing miracles of Jesus. The text says Jesus was making himself equal with God. According to John, Jesus said he is one with the Father and that the Father loves him. Jesus also said both the Father and Son give life and that he comes in the name of the Father. Jesus claims Moses and the Scriptures all speak about Jesus. The Gospels goes on to   narrate two miracles: Jesus feeding the five thousand and Jesus walking on water. 

According to John, Jesus says he is the bread of life from heaven. Jesus says an &quot;I am&quot; statement. It reads, “''I am the bread of life. Whoever comes to me will never go hungry. And whoever believes in me will never be thirsty.''&quot; (John 6: 35, NIrV). Jesus promises that all who believe will have eternal life and that he will raise them from the dead. In the book, Jesus says he gives his flesh as bread for the world. John writes that many disciples left Jesus when he said that they must eat his flesh and drink his blood to live.  

Jesus later goes to the Festival of Tabernacles (Sukkot) secretly. He teaches there in the temple courts. Some leaders want to arrest Him, but no one does. There are different reactions to Jesus. Some people think he is [[Demonic possession|demon-possessed]], but others think he is the [[Messiah]]. Some ask if a prophet can come from [[Galilee]]. Jesus again calls himself the light of the world. The pharisees question Jesus about his [[testimony]]. Jesus claims that he and the Father are both [[Witness|witnesses]] to his testimony. Jesus claims that all who obey him will never see death. Jesus also claims he existed before Abraham. He says “''Truly, truly I say to you, before Abraham was born, I am''” (John 8:58, NASB). Here, Jesus is indirectly saying he is God and the people try to stone him because he said it. Jesus goes on to heal a blind man and the Pharisees investigate the healing. 

Jesus uses [[Metaphor|metaphors]] to talk about himself and his disciples. He says, “''Truly, truly I say to you, I am the door of the sheep''&quot; (John 10: 7, NASB). He also says, “''I am the good shepherd; the good shepherd lays down His life for the sheep''&quot; (John 10:11, NASB). These are both &quot;I am&quot; statements. He also says that he knows his sheep and that they know him. He promises that no one can take the sheep away. Jesus later says that &quot;''I and the Father are one.''&quot; The people try to seize and stone Jesus, becaue they believe Jesus [[blasphemy|blasphemed]]. The book writes that many believed Jesus. 

The following miracle is considered the final sign of Jesus. It is the resurrection of Lazarus. The event also contains another &quot;I am&quot; statement. Jesus says to Mary, the sister of Lazarus, &quot;''I am the resurrection and the life; the one who believes in Me will live, even if he dies.''&quot; (John 11: 25, NASB). Chapter 11 contains the shortest verse in the Bible, &quot;''Jesus wept''&quot; (John 11:35). John describes how Jesus raises Lazarus from the dead. John explains that the chief priests and Pharisees are trying to kill Jesus. Jesus goes to the [[wilderness]] to hide himself. 

John describes how Mary of Bethany, the sister of Lazarus, [[Anointing|anoints]] Jesus. Then the text describes Jesus entering [[Jerusalem]]. The people of the city put [[Palm tree|palm]] branches out to celebrate Jesus' coming. Jesus predicts his own death. Jesus says that whoever hates his life, will have eternal life. He says that the Father will honor those who serve Jesus. John says many believed Jesus, but also that many did not believe Jesus. Jesus says the Father commanded him to say all he says. 

=== Farewell Discourse (13:1-17:26) ===
The next main part of the book is Jesus' farewell discourse (final talk) to his disciples. Jesus goes on to wash his disciples' feet like a servant. According to John, Jesus predicts Judas' [[betrayal]] and Peter's denial. Jesus says Peter will deny him three times before a rooster crows. These [[Prediction|predictions]] bother the disciples. Jesus comforts them and says another &quot;I am&quot; sentence.  He says, “''I am the way and the truth and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me''&quot; (John 14:6, NASB). 

Another &quot;I am&quot; sentence comes afterward. Jesus says, “''I am the true vine, and My Father is the vinedresser''&quot; (John 15; 1, NASB). Jesus calls his disciples the branches and himself the vine. The branches can only bear fruit if they are connected to the vine (Jesus). Branches that don't bear fruit are burned. Branches that remain in the vine (Jesus) bear fruit. Jesus says they will have joy and love.  

Jesus gives his disciples a commandment, “''Love one another, just as I have loved you. No one has greater love than the one who gives their life for their friends''&quot; (John 15:12-13, NirV). Jesus calls his disciples friends and says that he choose them. Jesus says that the world hates his disciples, because they hate Jesus. Jesus promises the coming of the Helper, the Spirit, when he leaves. He says that the Spirit shows the world their wrongs ([[sin]]). Jesus promises that the Spirit will guide his disciples. 

Jesus goes on to predict his death and resurrection in [[Figure of speech|figures of speech]] (not directly). He says he will go to the Father shortly. His disciples will be sad for a time and the world will be happy. Jesus says he will come again and that the disciples will have joy again. Jesus says no one can take this joy away. He says his disciples can have peace. Jesus also says there will be hardship in the world, but that he has &quot;''overcome the world''&quot; (John 16:33, NASB).  

Jesus then prays to the Father before he is arrested. Jesus asks the Father to glorify him with the Father so he can give eternal life. Jesus says he has shown who God is to his disciples. He has given the disciples the Father's words. The disciples have heard the Father's words and believed Jesus. He prays the Father would keep them safe in his name. He prays the Father will protect them from evil and from [[Satan]]. He also prays they would be set apart to be one with God. He asks they remain in God’s truth. He prays they all be one, just as he and the Father are one. Jesus prays for future disciples to be one in the Father's love. He prays the love and unity of his followers would show the world God’s glory.

=== Passion and resurrection (18:1–21:25) ===
In the rest of the book, John writes about the [[betrayal]], [[arrest]], [[trial]], [[crucifixion]] (Roman [[execution]] on a cross) and reported [[resurrection]] of Jesus. Jesus is arrested at the Garden of [[Gethsemane]] at night. Judas comes with a group of [[Roman Empire|Roman]] soldiers. Jesus asks who they are looking for and they say they are looking for Jesus of Nazareth. Jesus says &quot;''I am he''.&quot; John says that the men all fell down at the words of Jesus.  

The soldiers and Judas bring Jesus to Annas. Peter follows Jesus from a distance and some people question Peter. According to John, Peter denies Jesus three times before a rooster crows and Peter weeps. The leaders send Jesus to Caiaphas and to Pilate. Pilate questions Jesus and asks if he is the king of the Jews. Jesus says his kingdom is not from this world. He says his disciples would otherwise fight for him with weapons. Jesus says, &quot;''You say that I am a king. In fact, that’s the reason I was born. I was born and came into the world to be a witness to the truth. Everyone who is on the side of truth listens to me.''” (John 18:37, NIrV). Pilate says he believes Jesus is innocent. Pilate asks the Jews if he should let Jesus go. Pilate is afraid and gives into the crowd. He gives Jesus over to the soldiers.   

The text describes Jesus' [[death]] on the cross and [[burial]]. Jesus carries his own cross to the place of the skull, called Golgotha. The place is outside the city of Jerusalem. There are two [[Crime|criminals]] crucified with Jesus. A sign above the cross of Jesus reads, &quot;''JESUS THE [[Nazarene (title)|NAZARENE]], THE KING OF THE JEWS''.”  Soldiers cast lots for the robe of Jesus. Jesus' last words are &quot;''It is finished''&quot; before he gives up his spirit and dies. Several followers of Jesus care for the body of Jesus.  

The final chapters talk about his reported [[resurrection]]. The resurrection happens on the first day of the week, [[Sunday]]. Mary Magdaline, Peter and John the Apostle are the first to see the empty [[tomb]]. Jesus appears to his disciples, including Mary Magdaline. Thomas first doubts it is Jesus. Jesus eats breakfast with his disciples. Jesus commands Peter to feed and take care of his sheep three times. Peter says Jesus knows everything and says he loves Jesus. 

Near the end, the author says why he wrote book. The author writes, &quot;''Jesus performed many other signs in front of his disciples. They are not written down in this book. But these are written so that you may believe that Jesus is the Messiah, the Son of God. If you believe this, you will have life because you belong to him''&quot; (John 20:30-31, NIrV). The book ends with the line, &quot;''Jesus also did many other things. What if every one of them were written down? I suppose that even the whole world would not have room for the books that would be written.''&quot; (John 21:25, NIrV). 

== Structure ==
Most scholars say there are four sections (parts) in the Gospel of John. First, there is a prologue (1:1–18). Second, there is an account of Christ's ministry. This is often called the &quot;Book of Signs&quot; (1:19–12:50). Third, there is a part on Jesus's final night with his disciples and the passion and resurrection. Scholars sometimes call this part the &quot;Book of Glory&quot; or &quot;Book of Exaltation&quot; (13:1–20:31). Fourth, there is a conclusion (20:30–31). More scholars believe the text is one [[Literature|literary]] unit. This means the different parts of the book agree with one another. 

There are repeated events and sentences in the &quot;Book of Signs.&quot; For instance, there are seven signs or miracles in this part. There are also seven &quot;I am&quot; sentences. The number seven is significant for [[symbolism]].  
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Repetition in the Gospel of John 
!7 Signs (Miracles) in the Book of Signs
!7 &quot;I am&quot; sentences in the Book of Signs
|-
|Changing water into wine (John 2:1-11)
|&quot;I am the Bread of Life&quot; (John 6:35)
|-
|Healing the official's son (John 4:46-54)
|&quot;I am the Light of the World&quot; (John 8:12)
|-
|Healing the paralytic (John 5:1-15)
|&quot;I am the Gate (or Door)&quot; (John 10:7)
|-
|Feeding the 5,000 (John 6:5-14)
|&quot;I am the Good Shepherd&quot; (John 10:11, 14)
|-
|Walking on water (John 6:16-21)
|&quot;I am the Resurrection and the Life&quot; (John 11:25)
|-
|Healing the blind man (John 9:1-7)
|&quot;I am the Way, the Truth, and the Life&quot; (John 14:6)
|-
|Raising Lazarus (John 11:1-45)
|&quot;I am the True Vine&quot; (John 15:1, 5) 
|}

== Relation to other texts ==

=== Gospel of John and other Gospels ===
The Gospel of John is very different from the [[Synoptic Gospels]] (Matthew, Mark, Luke). It selects different material. it is more theological. It has a different order of events. There is a different writing style. There are also some disagreements in the texts. These disagreements lead to [[Contradiction|contradictions]]. These differences are also common in [[Biography|biographies]] from this time period.  

There are several events or themes only in John and not in the other Gospels: 

* John's prologue is unique and not found in other Gospels.
* The Wedding at Cana and turning water into wine.
* Nicodemus talking with Jesus.  
* Jesus and the Samaritan woman at the well.   
* The healing at the pool of Bethesda. 
* The healing of the man born blind. 
* The raising of Lazarus. 
* The High Priestly Prayer of Jesus. 
* Thomas doubting Jesus after his resurrection.
* Jesus restoring Peter after his denial.  
* &quot;I AM&quot; statements not found in other gospels.
* John has almost no parables unlike the other gospels.
* John has long theological discourses, not just story-telling.
* John openly describes Jesus as messiah unlike the other Gospels.
* John has no mention of hell unlike the other Gospels.

=== Gospel of John and the Hebrew Bible  ===
The Gospel of John refers to books in the [[Hebrew Bible]]. The beginning of John uses language from Genesis 1:1 (in the beginning). The book of Exodus uses &quot;I AM&quot; as a name for God. In Exodus 3:14, God gives his name &quot;I AM who I AM&quot; to Moses. In John, Jesus uses several &quot;I AM&quot; sentences for himself. Jesus talks about a story about Moses and a serpent. Jesus says he is like the serpent in Numbers 21:8-9 and that he must be lifted up. Jesus refers to the law about testimonies. He says he and the Father make two testimonies. This refers to Deuteronomy 19:15. It says that two testimonies are true. The Gospel of John also writes about Jewish festivals from the Hebrew Bible.  

The book claims to fulfill passages from the Old Testament. The text claims Jesus is the fulfilled [[Messiah]] of the Old Testament. The Jewish people were waiting for a Messiah to save the Jews. Jesus says that Moses wrote about him. The text says certain events fulfill [[Prophecy|prophecies]] of the Old Testament. One event is Jesus riding on a donkey. Another is Jesus not breaking any bones on the cross. Another is that soldiers cast lots for Jesus' clothing. The author believes the death of Jesus fulfills the Old Testament. The Gospel refers to books of Psalms and Isaiah. 

== In popular culture ==
The phrase &quot;born again&quot; comes from the third chapter, and was the title of a book by [[Chuck Colson]] who was a lawyer for [[President Nixon]] but after being in jail became a prison reformer.  The phrase was used later for any person who had a dramatic change in their life. 

Chapter 3, verse 16 is perhaps the best known verse in the entire New Testament.  &quot;For God loved the world so much that He gave his only son (Jesus), so that whoever believed in Him, would not die but live forever&quot;. This verse was searched on the internet by millions of people after [[Tim Tebow]], an American football player wrote &quot;Jn 3:16&quot; on his face in an important football game. The verse also appears on the bottom of cups at In-N-Out Burger and on shopping bags from Forever 21. 

==Related pages==
{{Wikisource|Bible (Basic English)/John}}
* [[Jesus]]
* [[Bible]]
* [[Christianity]]
* ''[[St John Passion]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{Cite book
 | title = An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity
 | last = Burkett | first = Delbert
 | year = 2002
 | publisher = Cambridge University Press
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EcsQknxV-xQC&amp;dq=%22John+once+appeared+to+be+a+Hellenistic+gospel%22&amp;pg=PA215
 | isbn = 978-0-521-00720-7
 }}
* {{Cite book
 | title = The New Testament Story
 | last = Witherington | first = Ben
 | year = 2004
 | publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CFZSyZi2vUQC
 | isbn = 978-0-8028-2765-4
 }}

{{Books of the Bible}}
{{New Testament people|collapsed}}
{{Christianityfooter}}

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      <text bytes="19402" sha1="3ejdl4j0ggw9jcxdfs59071gd9x2qq9" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Wycliffe John Gospel.jpg|thumb|150px|right|This is one of the oldest English translations of the Gospels, and was made in the 1300s. It was translated by [[John Wycliffe]]. John's Gospel starts where the large letter &quot;I&quot; is. It reads ''&quot;In þe bigynnyng was/þe word &amp; þe word/was at god/&amp; god was/þe word.&quot;'']]
The '''Gospel of John''' is a book of the [[New Testament]] in the [[Bible]]. It is one of the four gospels that are traditionally the first in order, after the [[Synoptic Gospels]].

It is an account of the [[ministry of Jesus]] with patterns and repeated events in the book that often foreshadow what happens to Jesus.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} For instance, the [[resurrection of Lazarus]] is the last of the seven signs, and it foreshadows the [[resurrection of Jesus]] later in the gospel.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} There are also seven &quot;I Am&quot; discussions.

The author states that they wrote the book so that the audience ''&quot;may continue to believe that Jesus is the Messiah, the Son of God, and that through believing you may have life in his name.&quot;''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bible Gateway passage: John 20:31 - New Revised Standard Version Updated Edition|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John%2020%3A31&amp;version=NRSVUE|access-date=2026-06-07|website=Bible Gateway|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Efn|It is not entirely clear that the purpose of this gospel is purely evangelical or strictly to reinforce the faith of an audience that already believes. The latter seems more probable, but there is scholarly debate on this topic.}}
[[File:St. John the Evangelist (Rabbula Gospels).png|thumb|left|160px|A [[Syriac Christian]] rendition of St. John the Evangelist, from the [[Rabbula Gospels]].]]

The Gospel of John mentions a &quot;''disciple whom Jesus loved''&quot; as its source or author.{{sfn|Burkett|2002|p=214}} Most scholars argue that [[John the Apostle]] wrote the gospel.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} He was probably the youngest of the [[Twelve Apostles]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} 

John lived a long life and was imprisoned on the Island of Patmos in his old age. He also wrote the [[Book of Revelation]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} There is some disagreement on whether the letters of John, the Gospel of John, the [[Book of Revelation]] have the same author.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} 

The Gospel of John is unique and different from the [[Synoptic Gospels]]. All four Gospels tell stories about Jesus, but John has more abstract [[Idea|ideas]] about Jesus and God.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} Scholars say the Gospel is more [[Theology|theological]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}}   

== Summary and content ==

=== Prologue (1:1-1:19) ===
In the first verse, the author makes Jesus equal with God.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} The book begins, &quot;''In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God''&quot; ([https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John%201%3A1&amp;version=NRSVUE John 1:1, NRSVUE]). The author writes that all things were created through the Word. The author also calls Jesus the life and light of men. The author explains that the light came into the world and that Word became flesh and that the disciples saw his glory. The author claims all who believe in the Word can be born of God and become sons of God. 

=== Public ministry (1:19-12:50) ===
The author goes on to describe the ministry of [[John the Baptist]] and the [[baptism of Jesus]]. Unlike the other Gospels, John calls Jesus the &quot;''Lamb of God''&quot; ([https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John.1.36&amp;version=NRSVUE John 1:36, NRSVUE]). The book then describes Jesus calling his disciples.  

The first miracle that Jesus performs is turning water into wine at a wedding. Afterwards, Jesus enters the Jewish temple and chases out the money changers, calling himself the temple of God. Jesus tells the people, &quot;''Destroy this temple, and in three days I will raise it up''” ([https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John%202%3A19&amp;version=NRSVUE John 2:19, NRSVUE]). The book says Jesus was talking about his own body.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}}  

Nicodemus, a Pharisee and Jewish leader, comes to Jesus at night and questions Jesus. Jesus says one most be born again with the Holy Spirit to see the kingdom of God. Jesus tells Nicodemus, “''For God so loved the world that he gave his only Son, so that everyone who believes in him may not perish but have eternal life''&quot; ([https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John%203%3A16&amp;version=NRSVUE John 3:16, NRSVUE]). Jesus says God wants to save the world through Jesus. Jesus says he is the Light of the world, but that people love darkness. Jesus comes to judge the world, because they do not believe and do evil. The passage calls Jesus &quot;the Son.&quot; John the Baptist says that Jesus is greater than him. 

The Gospel writes about the healing miracles of Jesus. The text says Jesus was making himself equal with God.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} According to John, Jesus said he is one with the Father and that the Father loves him. Jesus also said both the Father and Son give life and that he comes in the name of the Father. Jesus claims Moses and the Scriptures all speak about Jesus. The Gospels goes on to narrate two miracles: Jesus feeding the five thousand and Jesus walking on water. 

According to John, Jesus says he is the bread of life from heaven. Jesus says an &quot;I am&quot; statement. It reads, “''I am the bread of life. Whoever comes to me will never be hungry, and whoever believes in me will never be thirsty.''&quot; ([https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John%206%3A35&amp;version=NRSVUE John 6:35, NRSVUE]). Jesus promises that all who believe will have eternal life and that he will raise them from the dead. In the book, Jesus says he gives his flesh as bread for the world. John writes that many disciples left Jesus when he said that they must eat his flesh and drink his blood to live.  

Jesus later goes to the Festival of Tabernacles (Sukkot) secretly. He teaches there in the temple courts. Some leaders want to arrest Him, but no one does. There are different reactions to Jesus. Some people think he is [[Demonic possession|demon-possessed]], but others think he is the [[Messiah]]. Some ask if a prophet can come from [[Galilee]]. Jesus again calls himself the light of the world. The pharisees question Jesus about his [[testimony]]. Jesus claims that he and the Father are both [[Witness|witnesses]] to his testimony. Jesus claims that all who obey him will never see death. Jesus also claims he existed before Abraham.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} He says “''Very truly, I tell you, before Abraham was, I am''” ([https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John%208%3A58&amp;version=NRSVUE John 8:58, NRSVUE]). Here, Jesus is indirectly saying he is God and the people try to stone him because he said it. Jesus goes on to heal a blind man and the Pharisees investigate the healing. 

Jesus uses [[Metaphor|metaphors]] to talk about himself and his disciples. He says, “''Truly, truly I say to you, I am the door of the sheep''&quot; (John 10: 7, NASB). He also says, “''I am the good shepherd; the good shepherd lays down His life for the sheep''&quot; (John 10:11, NASB). These are both &quot;I am&quot; statements. He also says that he knows his sheep and that they know him. He promises that no one can take the sheep away. Jesus later says that &quot;''I and the Father are one.''&quot; The people try to seize and stone Jesus, becaue they believe Jesus [[blasphemy|blasphemed]]. The book writes that many believed Jesus. 

The following miracle is considered the final sign of Jesus. It is the resurrection of Lazarus. The event also contains another &quot;I am&quot; statement. Jesus says to Mary, the sister of Lazarus, &quot;''I am the resurrection and the life; the one who believes in Me will live, even if he dies.''&quot; (John 11: 25, NASB). Chapter 11 contains the shortest verse in the Bible, &quot;''Jesus wept''&quot; (John 11:35). John describes how Jesus raises Lazarus from the dead. John explains that the chief priests and Pharisees are trying to kill Jesus. Jesus goes to the [[wilderness]] to hide himself. 

John describes how Mary of Bethany, the sister of Lazarus, [[Anointing|anoints]] Jesus. Then the text describes Jesus entering [[Jerusalem]]. The people of the city put [[Palm tree|palm]] branches out to celebrate Jesus' coming. Jesus predicts his own death. Jesus says that whoever hates his life, will have eternal life. He says that the Father will honor those who serve Jesus. John says many believed Jesus, but also that many did not believe Jesus. Jesus says the Father commanded him to say all he says. 

=== Farewell Discourse (13:1-17:26) ===
The next main part of the book is Jesus' farewell discourse (final talk) to his disciples. Jesus goes on to wash his disciples' feet like a servant. According to John, Jesus predicts Judas' [[betrayal]] and Peter's denial. Jesus says Peter will deny him three times before a rooster crows. These [[Prediction|predictions]] bother the disciples. Jesus comforts them and says another &quot;I am&quot; sentence.  He says, “''I am the way and the truth and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me''&quot; (John 14:6, NASB). 

Another &quot;I am&quot; sentence comes afterward. Jesus says, “''I am the true vine, and My Father is the vinedresser''&quot; (John 15; 1, NASB). Jesus calls his disciples the branches and himself the vine. The branches can only bear fruit if they are connected to the vine (Jesus). Branches that don't bear fruit are burned. Branches that remain in the vine (Jesus) bear fruit. Jesus says they will have joy and love.  

Jesus gives his disciples a commandment, “''Love one another, just as I have loved you. No one has greater love than the one who gives their life for their friends''&quot; (John 15:12-13, NirV). Jesus calls his disciples friends and says that he choose them. Jesus says that the world hates his disciples, because they hate Jesus. Jesus promises the coming of the Helper, the Spirit, when he leaves. He says that the Spirit shows the world their wrongs ([[sin]]). Jesus promises that the Spirit will guide his disciples. 

Jesus goes on to predict his death and resurrection in [[Figure of speech|figures of speech]] (not directly). He says he will go to the Father shortly. His disciples will be sad for a time and the world will be happy. Jesus says he will come again and that the disciples will have joy again. Jesus says no one can take this joy away. He says his disciples can have peace. Jesus also says there will be hardship in the world, but that he has &quot;''overcome the world''&quot; (John 16:33, NASB).  

Jesus then prays to the Father before he is arrested. Jesus asks the Father to glorify him with the Father so he can give eternal life. Jesus says he has shown who God is to his disciples. He has given the disciples the Father's words. The disciples have heard the Father's words and believed Jesus. He prays the Father would keep them safe in his name. He prays the Father will protect them from evil and from [[Satan]]. He also prays they would be set apart to be one with God. He asks they remain in God’s truth. He prays they all be one, just as he and the Father are one. Jesus prays for future disciples to be one in the Father's love. He prays the love and unity of his followers would show the world God’s glory.

=== Passion and resurrection (18:1–21:25) ===
In the rest of the book, John writes about the [[betrayal]], [[arrest]], [[trial]], [[crucifixion]] (Roman [[execution]] on a cross) and reported [[resurrection]] of Jesus. Jesus is arrested at the Garden of [[Gethsemane]] at night. Judas comes with a group of [[Roman Empire|Roman]] soldiers. Jesus asks who they are looking for and they say they are looking for Jesus of Nazareth. Jesus says &quot;''I am he''.&quot; John says that the men all fell down at the words of Jesus.  

The soldiers and Judas bring Jesus to Annas. Peter follows Jesus from a distance and some people question Peter. According to John, Peter denies Jesus three times before a rooster crows and Peter weeps. The leaders send Jesus to Caiaphas and to Pilate. Pilate questions Jesus and asks if he is the king of the Jews. Jesus says his kingdom is not from this world. He says his disciples would otherwise fight for him with weapons. Jesus says, &quot;''You say that I am a king. In fact, that’s the reason I was born. I was born and came into the world to be a witness to the truth. Everyone who is on the side of truth listens to me.''” (John 18:37, NIrV). Pilate says he believes Jesus is innocent. Pilate asks the Jews if he should let Jesus go. Pilate is afraid and gives into the crowd. He gives Jesus over to the soldiers.   

The text describes Jesus' [[death]] on the cross and [[burial]]. Jesus carries his own cross to the place of the skull, called Golgotha. The place is outside the city of Jerusalem. There are two [[Crime|criminals]] crucified with Jesus. A sign above the cross of Jesus reads, &quot;''JESUS THE [[Nazarene (title)|NAZARENE]], THE KING OF THE JEWS''.”  Soldiers cast lots for the robe of Jesus. Jesus' last words are &quot;''It is finished''&quot; before he gives up his spirit and dies. Several followers of Jesus care for the body of Jesus.  

The final chapters talk about his reported [[resurrection]]. The resurrection happens on the first day of the week, [[Sunday]]. Mary Magdaline, Peter and John the Apostle are the first to see the empty [[tomb]]. Jesus appears to his disciples, including Mary Magdaline. Thomas first doubts it is Jesus. Jesus eats breakfast with his disciples. Jesus commands Peter to feed and take care of his sheep three times. Peter says Jesus knows everything and says he loves Jesus. 

Near the end, the author says why he wrote book. The author writes, &quot;''Jesus performed many other signs in front of his disciples. They are not written down in this book. But these are written so that you may believe that Jesus is the Messiah, the Son of God. If you believe this, you will have life because you belong to him''&quot; (John 20:30-31, NIrV). The book ends with the line, &quot;''Jesus also did many other things. What if every one of them were written down? I suppose that even the whole world would not have room for the books that would be written.''&quot; (John 21:25, NIrV). 

== Structure ==
Most scholars say there are four sections (parts) in the Gospel of John. First, there is a prologue (1:1–18). Second, there is an account of Christ's ministry. This is often called the &quot;Book of Signs&quot; (1:19–12:50). Third, there is a part on Jesus's final night with his disciples and the passion and resurrection. Scholars sometimes call this part the &quot;Book of Glory&quot; or &quot;Book of Exaltation&quot; (13:1–20:31). Fourth, there is a conclusion (20:30–31). More scholars believe the text is one [[Literature|literary]] unit. This means the different parts of the book agree with one another. 

There are repeated events and sentences in the &quot;Book of Signs.&quot; For instance, there are seven signs or miracles in this part. There are also seven &quot;I am&quot; sentences. The number seven is significant for [[symbolism]].  
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Repetition in the Gospel of John 
!7 Signs (Miracles) in the Book of Signs
!7 &quot;I am&quot; sentences in the Book of Signs
|-
|Changing water into wine (John 2:1-11)
|&quot;I am the Bread of Life&quot; (John 6:35)
|-
|Healing the official's son (John 4:46-54)
|&quot;I am the Light of the World&quot; (John 8:12)
|-
|Healing the paralytic (John 5:1-15)
|&quot;I am the Gate (or Door)&quot; (John 10:7)
|-
|Feeding the 5,000 (John 6:5-14)
|&quot;I am the Good Shepherd&quot; (John 10:11, 14)
|-
|Walking on water (John 6:16-21)
|&quot;I am the Resurrection and the Life&quot; (John 11:25)
|-
|Healing the blind man (John 9:1-7)
|&quot;I am the Way, the Truth, and the Life&quot; (John 14:6)
|-
|Raising Lazarus (John 11:1-45)
|&quot;I am the True Vine&quot; (John 15:1, 5) 
|}

== Relation to other texts ==

=== Gospel of John and other Gospels ===
The Gospel of John is very different from the [[Synoptic Gospels]] (Matthew, Mark, Luke). It selects different material. it is more theological. It has a different order of events. There is a different writing style. There are also some disagreements in the texts. These disagreements lead to [[Contradiction|contradictions]]. These differences are also common in [[Biography|biographies]] from this time period.  

There are several events or themes only in John and not in the other Gospels: 

* John's prologue is unique and not found in other Gospels.
* The Wedding at Cana and turning water into wine.
* Nicodemus talking with Jesus.  
* Jesus and the Samaritan woman at the well.   
* The healing at the pool of Bethesda. 
* The healing of the man born blind. 
* The raising of Lazarus. 
* The High Priestly Prayer of Jesus. 
* Thomas doubting Jesus after his resurrection.
* Jesus restoring Peter after his denial.  
* &quot;I AM&quot; statements not found in other gospels.
* John has almost no parables unlike the other gospels.
* John has long theological discourses, not just story-telling.
* John openly describes Jesus as messiah unlike the other Gospels.
* John has no mention of hell unlike the other Gospels.

=== Gospel of John and the Hebrew Bible  ===
The Gospel of John refers to books in the [[Hebrew Bible]]. The beginning of John uses language from Genesis 1:1 (in the beginning). The book of Exodus uses &quot;I AM&quot; as a name for God. In Exodus 3:14, God gives his name &quot;I AM who I AM&quot; to Moses. In John, Jesus uses several &quot;I AM&quot; sentences for himself. Jesus talks about a story about Moses and a serpent. Jesus says he is like the serpent in Numbers 21:8-9 and that he must be lifted up. Jesus refers to the law about testimonies. He says he and the Father make two testimonies. This refers to Deuteronomy 19:15. It says that two testimonies are true. The Gospel of John also writes about Jewish festivals from the Hebrew Bible.  

The book claims to fulfill passages from the Old Testament. The text claims Jesus is the fulfilled [[Messiah]] of the Old Testament. The Jewish people were waiting for a Messiah to save the Jews. Jesus says that Moses wrote about him. The text says certain events fulfill [[Prophecy|prophecies]] of the Old Testament. One event is Jesus riding on a donkey. Another is Jesus not breaking any bones on the cross. Another is that soldiers cast lots for Jesus' clothing. The author believes the death of Jesus fulfills the Old Testament. The Gospel refers to books of Psalms and Isaiah. 

==Related pages==
{{Wikisource|Bible (Basic English)/John}}
* [[Jesus]]
* [[Bible]]
* [[Christianity]]
* ''[[St John Passion]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{Cite book
 | title = An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity
 | last = Burkett | first = Delbert
 | year = 2002
 | publisher = Cambridge University Press
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EcsQknxV-xQC&amp;dq=%22John+once+appeared+to+be+a+Hellenistic+gospel%22&amp;pg=PA215
 | isbn = 978-0-521-00720-7
 }}
* {{Cite book
 | title = The New Testament Story
 | last = Witherington | first = Ben
 | year = 2004
 | publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CFZSyZi2vUQC
 | isbn = 978-0-8028-2765-4
 }}

{{Books of the Bible}}
{{New Testament people|collapsed}}
{{Christianityfooter}}

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  <page>
    <title>Battle of Stalingrad</title>
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      <text bytes="52266" sha1="c1rv5craogln2qvzgzb9zx5f19ybhci" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Stalingrad
| partof = the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] of [[World War II]]
| image = Фонтан «Детский хоровод».jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption = The [[Barmaley Fountain]], one of the symbols of Stalingrad, in 1943, right after the battle
| date = 23 August 1942 – 2 February 1943&lt;ref group=&quot;Note&quot;&gt;Some German holdouts continued to operate in the city and resist until early March 1943.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=08|day1=23|year1=1942|month2=02|day2=02|year2=1943}})
| place = [[Volgograd]], [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|48|42|N|44|31|E|source:nowiki_region:RU_type:event|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = European Russia
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location of Stalingrad (now [[Volgograd]]) within modern European Russia
| result = [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] victory&lt;ref name=&quot;Bellamy2007&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Bellamy|2007|pp=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Destruction of the German [[6th Army (Wehrmacht)|6th Army]]
| territory = Expulsion of the Axis from the Caucasus, reversing their gains from the 1942 Summer Campaign
| combatant1 = {{unbulleted list
|{{flagcountry|Nazi Germany|name=Germany}}
|{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Romania|name=Romania}}
|{{flagcountry|Fascist Italy}}
|{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)|name=Hungary}}
|{{flagcountry|Independent State of Croatia|name=Croatia}}}}
| combatant2 = {{flag|Soviet Union|1936}}
| commander1 = {{Unbulleted list
|{{Flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Adolf Hitler]]
|{{Flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Friedrich Paulus]]{{Surrendered}}
|{{Flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Walter Heitz]]{{Surrendered}}
|{{Flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Erich von Manstein]]
|{{Flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen|W.F. von Richthofen]]
|{{Flagicon|Kingdom of Romania}} [[Petre Dumitrescu]]
|{{Flagicon|Kingdom of Romania}} [[Constantin Constantinescu-Claps|C. Constantinescu]]
|{{Flagicon|Fascist Italy}} [[Italo Gariboldi]]
|{{Flagicon|Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)}} [[Gusztáv Jány]]}}
| commander2 = {{Unbulleted list
|{{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[Joseph Stalin]]
|{{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[Georgy Zhukov]]&lt;!--- Stavka Representative---&gt;
|{{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[Nikolay Voronov]]&lt;!--- Stavka Representative---&gt;
|{{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[Aleksandr Vasilevsky|A.M. Vasilevsky]]&lt;!--- Stavka Representative---&gt;
|{{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[Andrey Yeryomenko]]&lt;!--- Stalingrad Front Cmdr---&gt;
|{{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[Konstantin Rokossovsky|K.K. Rokossovsky]]&lt;!--- Don Front Cmdr---&gt;
|{{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[Nikolai Fyodorovich Vatutin|Nikolai Vatutin]]&lt;!--- South West Front Cmdr---&gt;
|{{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[Vasily Chuikov]]&lt;!--- 62nd Army commander: Most pertinent formation in battle---&gt;
&lt;!--- *** Following were Army Commanders, if we list one, we should list all!***
|{{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[Semyon Timoshenko]] ***Stalingrad Front commander before the battle***
|{{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[Rodion Malinovsky]] ***Early commander of 66th Army - later 2nd Guards Army***
---&gt;}}
| units1 = {{Flagicon|Nazi Germany}} '''[[Army Group B]]''':
* {{Flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[6th Army (Wehrmacht)|6th Army]]
* {{Flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[4th Panzer Army]]
* {{Flagicon|Kingdom of Romania}} [[Third Army (Romania)|3rd Army]]
* {{Flagicon|Kingdom of Romania}} [[Fourth Army (Romania)|4th Army]]
* {{Flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Italian Army in Russia|8th Army]]
* {{Flagicon|Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)}} [[Second Army (Hungary)|2nd Army]]
{{nowrap|{{Flagicon|Nazi Germany}} '''[[Army Group Don]]'''&lt;ref group=&quot;Note&quot;&gt;This Army Group was created on 21 November 1942 from parts of Army Group B to hold the line between Army Group A and B to stop [[Operation Uranus|the Soviet counterattack]].&lt;/ref&gt;}}
* {{Flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[6th Army (Wehrmacht)|6th Army]]
* {{Flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[4th Panzer Army]]
* {{Flagicon|Kingdom of Romania}} [[Third Army (Romania)|3rd Army]]
* {{Flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[1st Panzer Army]]
| units2 = {{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} '''[[Stalingrad Front]]''':
* {{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[28th Army (Soviet Union)|28th Army]]
* {{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[51st Army (Soviet Union)|51st Army]]
* {{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[57th Army (Soviet Union)|57th Army]]
* {{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[62nd Army (Soviet Union)|62nd Army]]
* {{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[64th Army (Soviet Union)|64th Army]]
{{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} '''[[Don Front]]'''&lt;ref group=&quot;Note&quot;&gt;The Soviet front's composition and names changed several times in the battle. The battle started with the South Western Front. It was later renamed Stalingrad Front, then had the Don Front split off from it.&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[24th Army (Soviet Union)|24th Army]]
* {{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[65th Army (Soviet Union)|65th Army]]
* {{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[66th Army (Soviet Union)|66th Army]]
{{nowrap|{{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} '''[[Southwestern Front (Soviet Union)|Southwestern Front]]'''&lt;ref group=&quot;Note&quot;&gt;The Front was reformed from reserve armies on 22 October 1942.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
* {{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[1st Guards Army (Soviet Union)|1st Guards Army]]
* {{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[5th Tank Army]]
* {{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[21st Army (Soviet Union)|21st Army]]
| strength1 = '''Initial''':{{Unbulleted list
|270,000 personnel
|3,000 artillery pieces
|500 tanks
|600 aircraft, 1,600 by mid-September (''[[Luftflotte 4]]'')&lt;ref group=&quot;Note&quot;&gt;This force grew to 1,600 in early September by withdrawing forces from the [[Kuban]] region and [[South Caucasus]]: Hayward (1998), p. 195.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bergstrom2007&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Bergström|2007|pp=}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
'''At the time of the Soviet counter-offensive''':{{Unbulleted list
| c.&amp;nbsp;1,040,000 men&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Glantz|1995|p=346}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=A Thousand Years of the Hungarian Art of War |author=Anthony Tihamér Komjáthy|publisher=Rakoczi Foundation| location=Toronto| oclc=26807671|isbn=978-0-8191-6524-4|pages=144–45|year=1982}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;400,000+ Germans&lt;br&gt;220,000 Italians&lt;br&gt;200,000 Hungarians&lt;br&gt;143,296 Romanians&lt;br&gt;40,000 [[Hiwi (volunteer)|Hiwi]]
|10,250 artillery pieces
|500 tanks (140 Romanian)
|732 (402 operational) aircraft&lt;ref name=&quot;hayward98&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Hayward|1998|pp=}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|225|date=May 2009}}{{sfn|Bergström|2006|pp=}}{{Rp|87|date=May 2009}}}}
| strength2 ='''Initial''':{{Unbulleted list
| 187,000 personnel
|2,200 artillery pieces
|400 tanks
|300 aircraft&lt;ref name=Bergstrom2007/&gt;{{Rp|72|date=May 2009}}}}
'''At the time of the Soviet counteroffensive''':{{Unbulleted list
|1,143,000 men&lt;ref name=glantz /&gt;
|13,451 artillery pieces
|894 tanks&lt;ref name=&quot;glantz&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Glantz|1995|p=134}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|1,115&lt;ref name=&quot;hayward98&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|224|date=May 2009}} aircraft}}
| casualties1 = {{Unbulleted list
|'''647,300–868,374'''&lt;ref&gt;Великая Отечественная война 1941–1945 годов. В 12 т. — М.: «Кучково поле», 2012. — Т. 3. Битвы и сражения, изменившие ход войны. — С. 421. — 863 с. — ISBN 978-5-9950-0269-7.&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Flagicon|Nazi Germany}} '''Germany'''&lt;br&gt;{{nowrap|300,000+&lt;ref&gt;Walter Scott Dunn, Kursk: Hitler's Gamble, 1943,p.1&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Stephen Walsh, Stalingrad 1942–1943: The Infernal Cauldron, p. 164&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jochen Hellbeck, Stalingrad: The City that Defeated the Third Reich p.12&lt;/ref&gt;–400,000&lt;ref name=&quot;books.google.com&quot;&gt;{{cite book| last1 = Dimarco| first1 = Louis A| title = Concrete Hell: Urban Warfare from Stalingrad to Iraq| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wjnDCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA39| date = 2012-11-20| publisher = Bloomsbury Publishing| isbn = 978-1-78200-313-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|{{Flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} '''Italy'''&lt;br&gt;114,000{{sfn|Frieser|2017|p=14}}–114,520&lt;ref name = &quot;stephen&quot;&gt;{{cite book| last = Walsh| first = Stephen| title = Stalingrad 1942–1943: The Infernal Cauldron| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nObOBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA182| year = 2012| publisher = Amber Books Ltd| isbn = 978-1-908273-98-7| page = 182 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Flagicon|Kingdom of Romania}} '''Romania'''&lt;br&gt;109,000{{sfn|Frieser|2017|p=14}}–158,854&lt;ref name=stephen /&gt;
|{{Flagicon|Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)}} '''Hungary'''&lt;br&gt;105,000{{sfn|Frieser|2017|p=14}}–143,000&lt;ref name=stephen /&gt;
|'''[[Hiwi (volunteer)|Hiwi]]''' 19,300–52,000&lt;ref name=&quot;Portrait&quot;&gt;{{cite book| last1 = Stein| first1 = Marcel| title = Field Marshal von Manstein: The Janushead - A Portrait| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qWuWOFS4o7AC&amp;pg=PA167| date = February 2007| publisher = Helion &amp; Company Limited| isbn = 9781906033026 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
----
|900 aircraft destroyed
|1,500 tanks destroyed (100 Romanian)
|6,000 guns destroyed
|744 aircraft; 1,666 tanks; 5,762 guns captured}}
See [[#Casualties|casualties section]].
| casualties2 = {{Unbulleted list
|'''1,129,619 men'''&lt;br&gt;478,741 killed or missing&lt;br&gt;650,878 wounded or sick&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot; /&gt;
----
|2,769 aircraft
|4,341 tanks (~150 by Romanians) (25-30% were total write-offs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| last1 = Hill| first1 = Alexander| title = The Red Army and the Second World War| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qLOSDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA460| date = 2016-12-24| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-1-107-02079-5 }}&lt;/ref&gt;)
|15,728 guns}}
See [[#Casualties|casualties section]].

}}
{{Campaignbox Axis-Soviet War}}
{{Campaignbox Operation Blue to 3rd Kharkov}}
[[File:Eastern Front 1942-05 to 1942-11.png|thumb|upright=1.4|Case Blue: German advances from 7 May 1942 to 18 November 1942 {{legend|#fff8d5|to 7 July 1942|outline=silver}} {{legend|#ffd2b9|to 22 July 1942|outline=silver}}{{legend|#ebd7ff|to 1 August 1942|outline=silver}}{{legend|#ccffcd|to 18 November 1942|outline=silver}}]]

The '''Battle of Stalingrad''' '''(1942-1943)''' was fought during the [[Second World War]] between [[Nazi Germany]] led by [[Adolf Hitler]] and the [[Soviet Union]] led by [[Joseph Stalin]]. They were fighting for control of the city of [[Stalingrad]]. [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] got support from [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]], [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary]], [[Independent State of Croatia|Croatia]] and [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]]. The battle was fought between 23 August 1942 and 2 February 1943. It was one of the most important battles of the war because it marked the end of Germany's advances. Hitler even blamed his defeat partly on Stalingrad. The Battle of Stalingrad has often been recorded as an example of how brutal a war can be. It is reported that, due to limited supplies, soldiers and [[civilian]]s had to resort to eating rats, mice, and even [[cannibalism]].

Stalingrad, now [[Volgograd]], was a city on the [[Volga River]]. It was an important industrial city, and the Volga was an important transport route.  Hitler also wanted to capture Stalingrad because it was named after [[Josef Stalin|Joseph Stalin]], the leader of the Soviet Union, thus it would embarrass him.

In June 1942, Adolf Hitler launched an attack in southern Russia. By the end of July the German army had reached Stalingrad.  With bombs and fire the German [[Luftwaffe]] turned the city into ruins. However, the rubble made hiding places from which [[Russians|Russian]] [[sniper]]s could attack the Germans. Hitler and Stalin sent in large numbers of soldiers. They both ordered that anyone who retreated would be [[Execution|shot on the spot]] for [[treason]].

On 19 November 1942, the Red Army launched an attack which surrounded the Stalingrad area, pinching off the German [[Salients, re-entrants and pockets|salient]]. Hitler ordered the army to stay there. The [[German air force]] tried to supply them by air. By February 1943, the German forces in Stalingrad had no ammunition and food. Rather than freeze, they surrendered, knowing the Soviets were usually cruel to their prisoners.

The battle lasted five months, one week, and three days. 1.6 million people dead or wounded in battle were reported. There were more Russian deaths than German, but it was a victory for the Russians. They had killed so many Germans that Hitler's overall plan to conquer the Soviet Union, started with [[Operation Barbarossa]], was seriously weakened. Also, the Germans failed to get control of Russian [[oil field]]s.

About one quarter of the German Sixth Army's soldiers were Eastern European volunteers called HIWIs. The Battle of Stalingrad was the largest and deadliest battle in the history of warfare.

== Background ==
By the spring of 1942, the German [[Operation Barbarossa]] did not defeat the [[Soviet Union]].  The war was still going well for the Germans: the [[U-boat]] offensive in the [[Atlantic]] had been very successful and [[Erwin Rommel|Rommel]] had just captured [[Tobruk#Capture of Tobruk|Tobruk]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kershaw2000&quot;&gt;Kershaw, (2000)&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|p.522|date=June 2011}}

In the east, they had captured land including [[Leningrad]] in the north and  [[Rostov-on-Don]] in the south. There were a number of places where Soviet attacks had pushed the Germans back (to the northwest of [[Moscow]] and south of [[Kharkov]]) but this did not threaten the Germans. Hitler was confident that he could beat the [[Red Army]] after the winter of 1941. Even though [[Army Group Centre]] had heavy losses near Moscow the previous winter, 65% of its [[infantry]] had not fought and had been rested and given new equipment. Army Groups North and South had also not had a hard time over the winter.&lt;ref name=&quot;TaylorClark1974&quot;&gt;Taylor and Clark, (1974)&lt;/ref&gt;  Stalin was expecting German summer attacks to again be directed against Moscow.

The Germans decided that their summer campaign in 1942 would be directed at the southern parts of the Soviet Union. The Germans wanted to destroy Stalingrad's industries. [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] also saw the city of Stalingrad as a key city to capture due to it holding [[Joseph Stalin|Joseph Stalin's]] name in it.  The Germans also wanted to block the [[Volga River]]. The river was a route between the [[Caspian Sea]] and northern Russia. Capturing the river would make it hard for the Soviets to use the river to transport goods such as oil which Germany had been lacking due to their main supply, coming from the Soviets being stopped after [[Operation Barbarossa]] commenced.

The German operations were initially very successful. On July 23, 1942, Hitler changed the goals for the 1942 attack. He made occupying Stalingrad one of the goals. The city was important, because it was named after Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union. The Germans thought that if they captured Stalingrad, it would help the northern and western parts of the German armies to attack [[Baku]]. The Germans wanted to capture Baku because it had a lot of oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kershaw2000&quot;/&gt;

The Soviets were aware of the German plan to attack. The Soviets ordered that anyone strong enough to hold a rifle be sent to fight.&lt;ref&gt;McDonald (1986)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Attack on Stalingrad ==
[[File:German Summer Offensive, 24 July-18 November.PNG|thumb|250px|The German advance to Stalingrad between 24 July and 18 November]]
{{quote box | width = 20em | quote = Approaching this place, [Stalingrad], soldiers used to say: &quot;''We are entering hell.''&quot; And after spending one or two days here, they say: &quot;''No, this isn't hell, this is ten times worse than hell.''&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Clark, Lloyd, ''Kursk: The greatest battle: Eastern Front 1943'', 2011, page 164-165&lt;/ref&gt;| source = [[Vasily Chuikov]] }}

[[File:StalingradRus.jpg|thumb|right|Soviets preparing to fight a German assault in Stalingrad's suburbs]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 116-168-618, Russland, Kampf um Stalingrad, Soldat mit MPi.jpg|thumb|right|October 1942: German officer with a Russian [[PPSh-41]] [[submachine gun]] in Barrikady factory rubble. Many German soldiers took Russian weapons, because they were better for [[close quarter combat]].]]
[[File:Germans in Stalingrad.jpg|thumb|200px|German troops in Stalingrad]]

On the 23 of August the 6th Army reached the edge of Stalingrad. They were following the [[62nd Army (Soviet Union)|62nd]] and 64th Armies, which had gone back into the city. [[Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist|Kleist]] later said after the war:&lt;ref name=&quot;Clark, Lloyd 2011, page 157&quot;&gt;Clark, Lloyd, ''Kursk: The Greatest Battle: Eastern Front 1943'', 2011, page 157&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt; The capture of Stalingrad was [a place] where we could block an attack...by Russian forces coming from the east.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clark, Lloyd 2011, page 157&quot;/&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The Soviets had enough warning of the German attack to move all the city's grain, cattle, and railway cars across the Volga.  But most civilian residents stayed in the city. The city lacked food even before the German attack. The ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' air attacks made the Soviets unable to use the River Volga to bring supplies into the city. Between 25 and 31 July, 32 Soviet ships were sunk in the River Volga.&lt;ref name=&quot;bergstrom2007&quot;&gt;Bergström, Christer, (2007)&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|p.69|date=May 2009}}

The battle began with the heavy bombing of the city by ''[[Luftflotte 4]]''. A 1,000 tons of bombs were dropped.&lt;ref name=Bergstrom2007/&gt;{{Rp|p.122|date=May 2009}} Much of the city turned to rubble. Some factories continued to produce goods.

Stalin moved troops to the east bank of the Volga. All the regular ferries were destroyed by the Luftwaffe. The Luftwaffe also attacked troop barges. Many civilians were moved out of the city across the Volga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Craig73&quot;&gt;Craig (1973)&lt;/ref&gt; Stalin prevented most civilians from leaving the city because he thought that this would make the Soviet armies fight harder.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beevor1998&quot;&gt;Beevor (1998), 198.&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|p.106|date=June 2011}} Civilians, including women and children, were told to dig [[trench]]es.  Massive German bombing on 23 August caused a [[firestorm]]. It killed thousands and turned Stalingrad into rubble and ruins. Between 23 and 26 August, 955 people were killed and another 1,181 wounded from the bombing.&lt;ref name=Bergstrom2007/&gt;{{Rp|p.73|date=May 2009}}&lt;ref&gt;Hayward (1998)&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|p.188–189|date=June 2011}} &lt;ref group=&quot;Note&quot;&gt;Bergström quotes: Soviet Reports on the effects of air raids between 23–26 August 1942. This indicates 955 people were killed and another 1,181 wounded&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Soviet Air Force]], the ''Voenno-Vozdushnye Sily'' (VVS), was destroyed by the Luftwaffe. The Soviets lost 201 aircraft between 23 and 31 August. They brought in another 100 aircraft in August.&lt;ref name=Bergstrom2007/&gt;{{Rp|p.74|date=May 2009}} The Soviets continued to bring new planes into Stalingrad in late September, but they were destroyed by the Germans.

The city was briefly defended by the 1077th Anti-Aircraft Regiment,&lt;ref name=&quot;Beevor1998&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|p.106|date=June 2011}} an all-women's regiment that was actually able to halt an entire German division due to their massive firepower. The Germans eventually swarmed and killed them, but were shocked to discover that this whole time they were being held back by young women that seemed fresh out of [[high school]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Beevor1998&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|p.108|date=June 2011}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://stalingrad-info.com/stalingrad1942.htm|title=Stalingrad 1942| accessdate=31 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the battle, the NKVD organized  &quot;Workers' [[militia]]s&quot; who were often sent into battle without rifles.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beevor1998&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|p.109|date=June 2011}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Beevor1998&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|p.110|date=June 2011}}

By the end of August, Army Group South (B) had reached the Volga. By 1 September, the Soviets could only supply their forces in Stalingrad by crossing the Volga under constant bombing by artillery and aircraft.

On 5 September, the Soviet 24th and [[66th Army|66th]] Armies organized an attack against XIV Panzer Corps. The ''Luftwaffe'' helped stop the attack by attacking Soviet artillery and soldiers. The Soviets had to pull back. Of the 120 tanks the Soviets had sent into battle, 30 were lost to air attack.&lt;ref name= Bergstrom2007/&gt;

The Soviets were always being attacked by the ''Luftwaffe''. On 18 September, the Soviet [[1st Guards Army (Soviet Union)|1st Guards]] and [[24th Army (Soviet Union)|24th Army]] attacked VIII Army Corps . ''[[8th Air Corps (Germany)|VIII. Fliegerkorps]]'' sent [[Stuka]] dive-bombers to prevent the Soviets from advancing. The Soviet attack was stopped. The Stukas destroyed 41 of the 106 Soviet tanks that were destroyed that morning. German  [[Bf 109]]s destroyed 77 Soviet aircraft.&lt;ref name=Bergstrom2007/&gt;{{Rp|p.80|date=May 2009}}
In the wrecked city, the Soviet [[62nd Army|62nd]] and 64th [[Army (Soviet Army)|Armies]], which included the Soviet [[13th Guards Rifle Division]], used houses and factories to hide in.

Fighting in city was very violent. Stalin's Order No. 227 of 27 July 1942 decreed that all commanders who retreated without being told to do so would have to go to a military tribunal.&lt;ref name=Beevor/&gt;&lt;sup&gt;84-5&lt;/sup&gt; &quot;Not a step back!&quot; was the slogan. The Germans attacking Stalingrad had many dead and wounded.

===Germany reaches the Volga===
After three months of slow advance, the Wermacht finally reached the river banks. The Germans captured 90% of the ruined city and split the Soviet forces into two parts. Ice on the Volga river made it impossible for the Soviets to bring in supplies by boat.

==Soviet counter-offensives==
[[File:RIAN archive 44732 Soviet soldiers attack house.jpg|thumb|250px|Soviet soldiers attack a house, February 1943]]
German troops were not ready for fighting during the winter of 1942. The  [[Stavka]] did a number of attacks between November 19, 1942 and February 2, 1943. These operations started the Winter Campaign of 1942-1943 (19 November 1942 – 3 March 1943), which involved 15 armies.

=== Operation Uranus: the Soviet offensive ===
{{main|Operation Uranus}}
[[File:Map Battle of Stalingrad-en.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.1|The Soviet counter-attack at Stalingrad]]

In autumn, the Soviet generals [[Georgy Zhukov]] and Aleksandr Vasilevsky gathered their soldiers in the north and south of the city.  The northern side was defended by Hungarian, and Romanian troops.  The Don River had never been defended well by the German side.  The Soviet plan was to attack and surround the German forces in the Stalingrad region.

The operation was code-named &quot;Uran&quot;. It started with Operation Mars, aimed at [[Army Group Center]].&lt;ref&gt;Maps of the conflict. [http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/drea2/Maps.html#map17 Leavenworth Papers No. 2 Nomonhan: Japanese-Soviet Tactical Combat, 1939; MAPS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090408133447/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/drea2/Maps.html#map17 |date=2009-04-08 }}. Retrieved 5 December 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

On 19 November 1942, the [[Red Army]] launched Operation Uranus. The attacking Soviet units under the command of Gen. Nikolay Vatutin consisted of three armies. This included a total of 18 infantry [[Division (military)|divisions]], eight tank [[brigade]]s, two [[motor]]ized brigades, six [[cavalry]] divisions and one anti-tank brigade. The Soviets pushed past the Romanian Third Army. The response by the ''Wehrmacht'' was disorganized. Bad weather prevented air attacks against the Soviets.

On 20 November, a second Soviet offensive (two armies) was launched to the south of Stalingrad against the Romanian [[4th Army Corps (Romania)|4th Army Corps]]. The Romanians were overrun by large numbers of tanks. The Soviet forces moved west and made a ring around Stalingrad.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shirer1990&quot;&gt;Shirer (1990)&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|p.926|date=June 2011}}

== Sixth Army surrounded ==
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-218-0501-27, Russland-Süd, rumänische Soldaten.jpg|thumb|Romanian troops near Stalingrad]]
[[File:Stalingrad-dead bodies.jpg|thumb|German dead in the city]]
[[File:RIAN archive 602161 Center of Stalingrad after liberation.jpg|thumb|The center of Stalingrad after liberation]]

About 265,000 German, Romanian, Italian soldiers,&lt;ref name=&quot;Manstein&quot;&gt;{{cite book| last = Manstein| first = Erich| title = Lost Victories: The War Memoirs of Hilter's Most Brilliant General| url = https://archive.org/details/lostvictories0000mans| year = 2004| publisher = Zenith Press| isbn = 978-0-7603-2054-9 }}&lt;/ref&gt; the 369th (Croatian) Reinforced Infantry Regiment, and other troops including 40,000 Soviet volunteers fighting for the Germans.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beevor&quot;&gt;{{cite book| last = Beevor| first = Antony| title = Stalingrad| url = https://archive.org/details/stalingrad00anth| year = 1999| publisher = Penguin Paperbacks| isbn = 978-0-14-024985-9| page = [https://archive.org/details/stalingrad00anth/page/184 184] }}&lt;/ref&gt; were surrounded. There were 210,000 Germans on 19 November 1942. There were also around 10,000 Soviet civilians and several thousand Soviet soldiers the Germans had taken captive during the battle. Not all of the 6th Army was trapped; 50,000 were not surrounded. Of the 210,000 Germans surrounded, 10,000 remained to fight, 105,000 surrendered, 35,000 left by air and the remaining 60,000 died.

The Red Army formed two defensive groups. Field Marshal [[Erich von Manstein]] told Hitler not to order the 6th Army to break out. Manstein thought that he could break through the Soviet troops and free the 6th Army.&lt;ref name=&quot;Weinberg&quot;&gt;Weinberg, Gerhard 2005. ''A world in arms'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;sup&gt;p451&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Murray, Williamson &amp; Millet, Alan 2000. ''War to be won'', Cambridge: Harvard University Press, page 288.&lt;/ref&gt; After 1945, Manstein says he told Hitler that the 6th Army must break out.&lt;ref name=Manstein/&gt; The American historian Gerhard Weinberg said that Manstein lied.&lt;ref name=Weinberg/&gt;&lt;sup&gt;p1045&lt;/sup&gt;

Manstein was told to attack Stalingrad in Operation Winter Storm (''Unternehmen Wintergewitter''). He thought that this attack could work if the 6th Army was supplied through the air.&lt;ref name=Manstein/&gt;&lt;ref name=Weinberg/&gt;

[[Adolf Hitler]] had said on 30 September 1942 that the German army would never leave the city. At a meeting shortly after the Soviets formed a ring around the Germans, the German army chiefs wanted to try to escape to the west of the [[River Don|Don]]. Hitler thought that the [[Luftwaffe]] could supply the 6th Army with an &quot;air bridge&quot;. This would allow the Germans in the city to fight while a new force was assembled. A similar plan had been used a year earlier at the Demyansk Pocket.

The director of ''Luftflotte'' 4, [[Wolfram von Richthofen]], tried to get this decision stopped. The forces under 6th Army were almost twice as large as a regular German army unit, plus there was also a corps of the 4th Panzer Army trapped in the city. The maximum {{convert|117.5|ST|t|abbr=on}} they could deliver a day was far less than the minimum {{convert|800|ST|t|abbr=on}} needed.

To add to the limited number of [[Junkers Ju 52]] planes the Germans used other planes like the [[Heinkel He 177]] . General Richthofen told Manstein on 27 November that the Luftwaffe could not supply 300 tons a day by air. Manstein now saw the problems of a supply by air. The next day he made a report which said that the supply by air would be impossible. He said the Sixth Army should try to escape. He said that giving up Stalingrad would be a difficult loss, but that it would keep the Sixth Army intact.&lt;ref&gt;Kehrig, Manfred 1974. ''Stalingrad''. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags Anstalt, pages 279,311-312,575.&lt;/ref&gt; Hitler said that the Sixth Army would have to stay at Stalingrad and that the air force would supply it until the Germans could attack the Soviets.

The ''Luftwaffe'' was able to deliver an average of {{convert|94|ST|t|abbr=on}} of supplies per day. The most successful day, 19 December, delivered {{convert|289|ST|t|abbr=on}} of supplies in 154 flights. In the early parts of the operation, more fuel was shipped than food and ammunition because the Germans thought they could escape from the city. Transport airplanes also flew out sick or wounded men from the city. The German attack did not reach the 6th Army. The air supply operation continued. The 6th Army slowly starved. 160 German transport aircraft were destroyed and 328 were heavily damaged. Some 266 Junkers Ju 52s were destroyed.

== Final stages ==
=== Operation Winter Storm ===
Soviet forces grouped together around Stalingrad. Violent fighting to attack the Germans began. Operation Winter Storm (''Operation Wintergewitter''), the German attempt to rescue the trapped army from the south, was at first successful. By 19 December, the German Army had pushed to within 48&amp;nbsp;km (30&amp;nbsp;mi) of Sixth Army's positions. Some German officers asked Paulus go against  Hitler's orders and try to escape out of the Stalingrad. Paulus refused. On 23 December, Manstein's forces had to defend themselves from new Soviet attacks.

=== Operation Little Saturn ===
[[File:OperationLittleSaturn.PNG|thumb|right|upright=1.4|Soviet wins (shown in blue) during Operation Little Saturn]]

On 16 December, the Soviets launched Operation Little Saturn.  It attempted to make a hole through the Axis army (mainly Italians) on the Don and capture [[Rostov-on-Don|Rostov]]. The Germans set up a defence of small units. 15 Soviet divisions—supported by at least 100 tanks—attacked the Italian Cosseria and Ravenna Divisions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| last = Paoletti| first = Ciro| title = A Military History of Italy| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Uz8eiwzEMHQC&amp;pg=PA182| accessdate = 4 December 2009| year = 2008| publisher = Praeger Security International| location = Westport, CT| isbn = 978-0-275-98505-9| page = 177 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Soviets never got close to Rostov because of the Italian defence.

The German attempt to break through to Stalingrad was stopped and Army Group A was told to come back from the Caucasus.

The 6th Army could no longer hope to escape. The 6th Army did not have enough fuel. As well, the German soldiers have found it very hard to break through the Soviet lines on foot in the cold winter conditions.

=== Soviet victory ===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-F0316-0204-005, Russland, Paulus in Kriegsgefangenschaft.jpg|thumb|upright|230px|''Generalfeldmarschall'' [[Friedrich Paulus]] (left), with his chief of staff, ''Generalleutnant'' [[Arthur Schmidt (soldier)|Arthur Schmidt]] (centre) and his aide, [[Wilhelm Adam (politician)|Wilhelm Adam]] (right), after their surrender.]]
[[File:Medal defense of Stalingrad.jpg|thumb|120px|759,560 Soviet personnel were awarded this medal for the defence of Stalingrad from 22 December 1942.]]

The Germans retreated from the [[suburb]]s of Stalingrad to the city itself.  The loss of the two airfields, at Pitomnik on 16 January 1943 and Gumrak on the night of 21/22 January,&lt;ref&gt;Deiml, Michael (1999). ''[http://feldpost.mzv.net/Zeitzeugen/Zeitzeuge_Kallweit_/Zeitzeuge_Deimel_/body_zeitzeuge_deimel_.html Meine Stalingradeinsätze (My Stalingrad Sorties)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816031251/http://feldpost.mzv.net/Zeitzeugen/Zeitzeuge_Kallweit_/Zeitzeuge_Deimel_/body_zeitzeuge_deimel_.html |date=2011-08-16 }}''. Einsätze des Bordmechanikers Gefr. Michael Deiml (Sorties of Aviation Mechanic Private Michael Deiml). Retrieved 4 December 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; meant an end to air supplies and to the flying out the wounded.&lt;ref&gt;MacDonald, (1986)&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|p.98|date=June 2011}} The third and last runway was at the Stalingradskaja flight school, which had the last landings and takeoffs on the night of 22–23 January.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated4&quot;&gt;Pojić, Milan. ''[http://www.naklada-ljevak.hr/knjiga/show/id/2079 Hrvatska pukovnija 369. na Istočnom bojištu 1941. – 1943.]''. [[Croatian State Archives]]. Zagreb, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;  After that, there were no landings except for air drops of ammunition and food.

The Germans were now not only starving, but running out of ammunition. They continued to fight because they thought the Soviets would execute any Germans who surrendered.  A Soviet group (Major Aleksandr Smyslov, Captain Nikolay Dyatlenko and a trumpeter) carried an offer to Paulus: if he surrendered within 24&amp;nbsp;hours, he would receive a guarantee of safety for all prisoners, medical care for the sick and wounded, prisoners allowed to keep their personal belongings, food rations, and be sent to any country they wanted after the war.  Paulus was ordered not to surrender by Hitler, so he did not respond.&lt;ref&gt;Clark (1995)&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|p.283|date=June 2011}}&lt;ref&gt;Kershaw (2000), p. 549.&lt;/ref&gt;

On 30 January 1943, the 10th anniversary of Hitler coming to power, Goebbels said &quot;The heroic struggle of our soldiers on the Volga should be a warning for everybody...&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Kershaw (2000), p. 550.&lt;/ref&gt; Also on that day Hitler promoted Paulus to ''[[Generalfeldmarschall]]''. Since no [[List of German Field Marshals|German Field Marshal]] had ever been taken prisoner, Hitler assumed that Paulus would fight on or kill himself.

The next day, the southern group in Stalingrad was defeated by the Soviets. Soviet forces reached the entrance to the German headquarters. General Schmidt surrendered the headquarters. Paulus said he had not surrendered and refused to order the remaining German forces to surrender.

Four Soviet armies attacked the remaining northern group. On 2 February, General Strecker surrendered. Around 91,000 tired, ill, wounded, and starving prisoners were taken, including 3,000 Romanians (the survivors of the 20th Infantry Division, 1st Cavalry Division and &quot;Col. Voicu&quot; Detachment).&lt;ref&gt;Pusca, Dragos; Nitu, Victor. [http://www.worldwar2.ro/operatii/index.php?article=12 The Battle of Stalingrad — 1942] ''Romanian Armed Forces in the Second World War'' (worldwar2.ro). Retrieved 4 December 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; The prisoners included 22 generals. Hitler was angry and said that Paulus should have killed himself, but instead &quot;he prefers to go to Moscow.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| last = Victor| first = George| title = Hitler: Pathology of Evil| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NeDe_WxVSzkC| accessdate = 23 August 2008| year = 2000| publisher = Brassey's Inc| location = Washington, DC| isbn = 978-1-57488-228-5| page = 208 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Paulus was Roman Catholic and therefore did not.

== Aftermath ==
The German public was not officially told of the loss until the end of January 1943, though positive media reports had stopped in the weeks before the announcement.&lt;ref name=Lose/&gt; Stalingrad marked the first time that the Nazi government publicly admitted a failure in its war effort. It was a major defeat where German losses were almost equal to those of the Soviets. Prior losses of the Soviet Union were generally three times as high as the German ones.&lt;ref name=Lose/&gt; On 31 January, German state radio played the Adagio movement from [[Anton Bruckner]]'s [[Symphony No. 7 (Bruckner)|Seventh Symphony]], followed by the announcement of the defeat at Stalingrad.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lose&quot;&gt;Sandlin, Lee (1997). [http://www.leesandlin.com/articles/LosingTheWar.htm &quot;Losing the War&quot;]. Originally published in ''[[Chicago Reader]]'', 7 and 14 March 1997. Retrieved 4 December 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

On 18 February, [[Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda|Minister of Propaganda]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] gave the [[Sportpalast speech|''Sportpalast'' speech]] in [[Berlin]], encouraging the Germans to accept a total war.
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-E0406-0022-011, Russland, deutscher Kriegsgefangener.jpg|thumb|left|In this propaganda photo a [[Red Army]] soldier marches a German soldier into captivity.]]

Out of the nearly 110,000 German prisoners captured in Stalingrad, only about 6,000 ever returned. They were sent to prisoner camps and later to [[labour camp]]s all over the Soviet Union. Some 35,000 were eventually sent on transports, of which 17,000 did not survive. Some were kept in the city to help rebuild.

Some senior officers were taken to Moscow and used for propaganda purposes. Some of them joined the [[National Committee for a Free Germany]]. Some, including Paulus, signed anti-Hitler statements that were broadcast to German troops. Paulus testified for the prosecution during the [[Nuremberg Trials]].&lt;ref name=Craig73/&gt;{{Rp|p.401|date=January 2013}} He remained in the Soviet Union until 1952, then moved to Dresden in East Germany.&lt;ref name=Craig73/&gt;{{Rp|p.280|date=May 2009}} General [[Walther von Seydlitz-Kurzbach]] offered to raise an anti-Hitler army from the Stalingrad survivors, but the Soviets did not accept. It was not until 1955 that the last of the 5-6,000 survivors were [[Repatriation|repatriated]] (to [[West Germany]]).

==Other information==

===Orders of battle===
During the defence of Stalingrad, the Red Army used six armies ([[8th Army (Soviet Union)|8th]], [[28th Army (Soviet Union)|28th]], [[51st Army (Soviet Union)|51st]], [[57th Army (Soviet Union)|57th]], [[62nd Army (Soviet Union)|62nd]] and [[64th Army (Soviet Union)|64th Armies]]) in and around the city. An additional nine armies in the final attack on the Germans.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beevor1998&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|435–438|date=June 2011}} The nine armies used for the final attack were the [[24th Army (Soviet Union)|24th Army]], [[65th Army]], [[66th Army]] and [[16th Air Army]] from the north as part of the [[Don Front]] offensive and [[1st Guards Tank Army (Soviet Union)|1st Guards Army]], [[5th Guards Tank Army|5th Tank]], [[21st Army (Soviet Union)|21st Army]], [[2nd Air Army]] and [[17th Air Army]] from the south as part of the [[Soviet Southwestern Front]].

===Casualties===
{{For|civilian casualties in the battle|Battle of Stalingrad's impacts on civilians}}
Counting how many people were killed and wounded in the battle of Stalingrad is hard. One way is to only count the fighting within the city and suburbs. Another way of counting is to count all the fighting on the southern part of the Soviet-German front from the spring of 1942 to the winter of 1943. Different scholars have made different estimates depending on how widely you consider the battle.

The Axis had from 500,000 to 850,000 casualties (killed, wounded, captured) among all branches of the German armed forces and its allies&lt;ref&gt;Rayfield (2004)&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|p.396|date=June 2011}} and only 5-6,000 returned to Germany by 1955. The remainder of the POWs died in Soviet captivity.&lt;ref&gt;Baird, (1969)&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|p.196|date=June 2011}}&lt;ref&gt;Bernig, Jorg, (1997)&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|p.36|date=June 2011}}

On 2 February 1943, the fighting of Axis troops in Stalingrad stopped. Out of the 91,000 prisoners taken by the Soviets, 3,000 were Romanian.

The Red Army had a total of 1,129,619 total casualties;&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;[http://www.hrono.info/sobyt/1900sob/1942stal.html Сталинградская битва] {{in lang|ru}}. Retrieved 4 December 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; 478,741 men killed or missing and 650,878 wounded. These numbers are for the whole Don region; in the city itself 750,000 were killed, captured, or wounded.

Anywhere from 25,000 to 40,000 Soviet civilians died in Stalingrad and its suburbs during a single week of aerial bombing by ''Luftflotte'' 4 as the German 4th Panzer and 6th Armies got close to the city;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| last = Roberts| first = Geoffrey| title = Victory at Stalingrad: The Battle that Changed History| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OWOQAv01lYEC| year = 2002| publisher = Longman| isbn = 978-0-582-77185-7| page = 77 }}&lt;/ref&gt; the total number of civilians killed in the regions outside the city is unknown.

In all, the battle resulted in an estimated total of 1.7-2 million Axis and Soviet casualties, making it possibly the bloodiest battle in all of human history.
&lt;!---
*** This section should be worked into a text based paragraph in due course.  In its current form, it does not belong in the article - if it remains, we should also list Red Air Force losses, why only aircraft, why not armoured vehicles too?***

====Luftwaffe losses====
Aircraft losses of the Luftwaffe for the supply of the 6th Army at Stalingrad, and the recovery of wounded from 24 November 1942 to 31 January 1943:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; | Losses
!style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; | Aircraft type
|-
|align=right | 269 || align=center | [[Junkers Ju 52]]
|-
|align=right | 169 || align=center | [[Heinkel He 111]]
|-
|align=right | 42 || align=center | [[Junkers Ju 86]]
|-
|align=right | 9 || align=center | [[Focke-Wulf Fw 200]]
|-
|align=right | 5 || align=center | [[Heinkel He 177]]
|-
|align=right | 1 || align=center | [[Junkers Ju 290]]
|-
|align=right | Total: 495 || Equivalent to five [[Squadron (aviation)|squadrons]] or more than an air corps
|}

These losses amounted to about 50% of the total used units. In addition, the training program was stopped for the air supply and ''[[History of the Luftwaffe (1933–1945)|Luftwaffe]]'' missions in other battles were reduced to save fuel for use at Stalingrad.

---&gt;

===Scope of the battle===
[[File:stalingrad aftermath.jpg|thumb|The aftermath of the Battle of Stalingrad]]

In the original 1942 plan, the occupation of Stalingrad had not been a goal. Based on the military successes of the Germans in the first month of the attacks, Hitler decided to expand the military goals. Hitler thought that the Soviet forces across the Don river were weak. The new goals included Stalingrad and even capturing the Volga.

Once the Armies began to fight in the for the city, both sides began to feel that it was very important to win. The Germans sent a lot of troops into the city. This meant that their side did not control the Don river and the Soviet bridges. The German side made steady progress in the fighting and eventually held about 90% of the city.

The German focus on the city made them not think of the weakness of their defenses along the Don and the massive buildup of Soviet forces on their sides. After the Soviet breakthrough, the Germans were very disorganized. The 6th Army was eventually reorganized in time for the [[Battle of Kursk]], but was made up mostly of new soldiers and was never as strong as it had once been.&lt;ref name=Craig73/&gt;{{Rp|p.386|date=May 2009}}

Germany failed at Stalingrad because they expanded the goals in the second half of July. After one month of success, the Germans started believing they could win the battle. Hitler ordered too many goals and he did not think Soviet reserves were as strong as they were. To the south of Stalingrad, Army Group A was trying to capture the oilfields. Then its goals were expanded to include the whole of the [[Black Sea]] coast.&lt;ref name=&quot;walsh2000&quot;&gt;Walsh, Stephen. (2000). ''Stalingrad 1942–1943 The Infernal Cauldron''. London, New York: Simon &amp; Schuster. {{ISBN|978-0-7432-0916-8}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Stalingrad was a turning point in the war. It also showed the discipline and determination of both the German ''[[Wehrmacht]]'' and the Soviet [[Soviet Army|Red Army]]. The Soviets first defended Stalingrad against a strong German attack. Newly arrived Soviet  soldiers often died in less than a day. Soviet officers often died in three days.

Historians have talked about how much terror there was in the Red Army. Beevor noted the bravery of the Soviet soldiers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beevor1998&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|p.154–168|date=June 2011}} Richard Overy says that some people think that in the &quot;summer of 1942 the Soviet army fought because it was forced to fight,” but he says this is not true&lt;ref&gt;Overy, Richard. Russia’s War (New York: 1997), 201.&lt;/ref&gt; A historian talked to Soviet veterans about terror on the Eastern Front. Many soldiers said they were relieved at the order not to retreat.&lt;ref&gt;Merridale, Catherine. Ivan’s War (New York: 2006), 156.&lt;/ref&gt; Infantryman Lev Lvovich’s said he felt better.&lt;ref&gt;quoted in Merridale, Catherine. Ivan’s War (New York: 2006), 156.&lt;/ref&gt;

For the heroism of the Soviet defenders of Stalingrad, the city was awarded the title [[Hero City]] in 1945. Twenty-four years after the battle, in October 1967,&lt;ref&gt;Historical Memorial Complex &quot;To the Heroes of the Stalingrad Battle&quot; at Mamayev Hill. [http://mamayevhill.volgadmin.ru/00_n.htm Official web site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926113201/http://mamayevhill.volgadmin.ru/00_n.htm |date=2008-09-26 }}. Retrieved 17 July 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; a monument, [[The Motherland Calls]], was built on [[Mamayev Kurgan]], the hill overlooking the city. The hill actually used to be much larger, but had been flattened due to constant artillery fire. The statue forms part of a war memorial that includes ruined walls from the battle. The Grain Silo, as well as [[Pavlov's House]] can still be visited.

Many women fought on the Soviet side, or were under fire.&lt;ref&gt;Bellamy (2007), 520-521.&lt;/ref&gt; At the beginning of the battle there were 75,000 women and girls from the Stalingrad area who had finished military or medical training, and all of whom were to serve in the battle.&lt;ref&gt;Pennington, pp. 180–182.&lt;/ref&gt; Women staffed a great many of the anti-aircraft batteries that fought not only the Luftwaffe but German tanks.&lt;ref&gt;Pennington, p. 178.&lt;/ref&gt; Soviet nurses not only treated wounded men under fire but brought wounded soldiers back to the hospitals under enemy fire.&lt;ref&gt;Pennington, pp. 189–192.&lt;/ref&gt; Many of the Soviet wireless and telephone operators were women who often suffered heavy injuries and deaths.&lt;ref&gt;Pennington, pp. 192–194.&lt;/ref&gt; Though women were not usually trained as infantry, many Soviet women fought as machine gunners, mortar operators, and scouts.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pennington p.197&quot;&gt;Pennington, p. 197.&lt;/ref&gt; Women were also snipers at Stalingrad.&lt;ref&gt;Pennington, pp. 201–204.&lt;/ref&gt; Three air regiments at Stalingrad were entirely female.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pennington p.197&quot;/&gt; At least three women won the title [[Hero of the Soviet Union]] while driving tanks at Stalingrad.&lt;ref&gt;Pennington, pp. 204–207.&lt;/ref&gt;

The German Army showed a lot of discipline after being surrounded. Many German soldiers starved or froze to death. Yet, discipline was continued until the very end. General Friedrich Paulus obeyed Hitler's orders and did not attempt to escape out of the city. German ammunition, supplies, and food became scarce. Generals from both sides suffered from massive stress because of the battle and also because of the fact that they had to report to the most brutal leader in their nation's history. Many generals suffered health problems because of their stress.

Paulus followed his orders and fought to the very end. He asked for permission to surrender, but it was denied. Hitler promoted him to the rank of ''[[Generalfeldmarschall]]''. No German field marshal had ever surrendered, and the implication was clear. Hitler believed that Paulus would either fight to the last man or commit suicide.&lt;ref&gt;Bellamy (2007), 549.&lt;/ref&gt; Paulus was taken prisoner.&lt;ref&gt;Beevor, p.&amp;nbsp;381&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;Note&quot;&gt;''Für so einen Schweinehund wie den böhmischen Gefreiten erschieße ich mich nicht!'' (''I am not going to shoot myself for such a swine as this Bohemian corporal!''), quoted in: ''[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-44435444.html Ich bitte erschossen zu werden]'', ''Der Spiegel'', 1949-01-29.&lt;/ref&gt;

After his capture, Paulus told the Soviets that he had not surrendered.  He refused to issue an order for the Germans to surrender.&lt;ref&gt;Beevor, p.&amp;nbsp;390&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bellamy (2007), 550.&lt;/ref&gt;

===In popular culture===
The events of the battle for Stalingrad have been shown in several movies of [[Stalingrad (film)|German]], Russian,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=4562967572164209056&amp;q=duration%3Along+is%3Afree+genre%3AMOVIE_FEATURE|title=The Great Battle on the Volga (1962)|accessdate=12 November 2010|archive-date=28 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628181553/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=4562967572164209056&amp;q=duration:long+is:free+genre:MOVIE_FEATURE|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Enemy at the Gates|British and American]] origin.

The battle is described in many books.

In the novel ''The Book Thief'', one character was presumed to have died or been captured in The Battle of Stalingrad.

In the 2011 video game [[Red Orchestra 2: Heroes of Stalingrad]], the game shows famous locations of the battle, such as [[Pavlov's House]], the Red October Factory and Mamayev Kurgan, among others.

The 2013 game, [[Company of Heroes 2]], showed the battle in certain missions. It was criticized by Russian players for being untrue&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.polygon.com/2013/7/25/4553536/is-company-of-heroes-2-anti-russian Why gaming's latest take on war is so offensive to Russians]. Polygon (2013-07-25). Retrieved on 2013-09-18.&lt;/ref&gt; and on August 7 sales in Russia were stopped.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pcgamesn.com/companyofheroes/company-heroes-2-sales-stopped-russia Company of Heroes 2 sales stopped in Russia]. PCGamesN (2013-08-06). Retrieved on 2013-09-18.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Other websites ==
* [http://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=3 WW2DB: Battle of Stalingrad]
* [http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/stalingrad/default.aspx Detailed summary of campaign] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503205507/http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/stalingrad/default.aspx |date=2011-05-03 }}
* [http://users.pandora.be/stalingrad/ Information, Photos, and Original Maps of the Battle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080902232216/http://users.pandora.be/stalingrad/ |date=2008-09-02 }}
* [http://www.stalingrad-info.com Stalingrad-info.com, many Pictures from the battle and the city]
* [http://panorama.volgadmin.ru/ Volgograd State Panoramic Museum official homepage]
* {{in lang|ru}} [http://www.stalingrad.ws/ Stalingrad Battle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080204192530/http://www.stalingrad.ws/ |date=2008-02-04 }} This site is sponsored by the main historical and culture organizations of Volgograd.
* [http://www.columbia.edu/~lnp3/mydocs/culture/Battle_of_Stalingrad.htm The Battle of Stalingrad in Film and History] Written with strong Socialist/Communist political under and overtones.
* [http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/stalingrad/default.aspx The Battle of Stalingrad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503205507/http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/stalingrad/default.aspx |date=2011-05-03 }} The Battle of Stalingrad in detail.
* Roberts, Geoffrey. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,3604,904535,00.html &quot;Victory on the Volga&quot;], [http://www.guardian.co.uk/ ''The Guardian''], February 28, 2003
* [http://www.svetskirat.net/istorija/ofanziva_1942.htm Operation Blau] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512175803/http://svetskirat.net/istorija/ofanziva_1942.htm |date=2009-05-12 }}
* [http://www.svetskirat.net/istorija/staljingrad_odbrana.htm Battle of Stalingrad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524022331/http://www.svetskirat.net/istorija/staljingrad_odbrana.htm |date=2009-05-24 }}
* [http://www.svetskirat.net/istorija/propast_6armije.htm The Soviet counter-offensive: Operation Uranus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531061344/http://www.svetskirat.net/istorija/propast_6armije.htm |date=2009-05-31 }}
* [http://www.svetskirat.net/istorija/predaja_6armije.htm Disaster of 6th Army] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531061339/http://www.svetskirat.net/istorija/predaja_6armije.htm |date=2009-05-31 }}
* [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=4562967572164209056&amp;q=duration%3Along+is%3Afree+genre%3AMOVIE_FEATURE The Great Battle on the Volga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628181553/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=4562967572164209056&amp;q=duration:long+is:free+genre:MOVIE_FEATURE |date=2011-06-28 }} on Google Video
* [https://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=840BA5CC7C27D66C German Newsreels of the Battle of Stalingrad] on YouTube

{{Tank battles}}

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      <text bytes="52260" sha1="oex9xfrb5ymdzbj0yz1b7ichteb0peu" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Stalingrad
| partof = the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] of [[World War II]]
| image = Фонтан «Детский хоровод».jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption = The [[Barmaley Fountain]], one of the symbols of Stalingrad, in 1943, right after the battle
| date = 23 August 1942 – 2 February 1943&lt;ref group=&quot;Note&quot;&gt;Some German holdouts continued to operate in the city and resist until early March 1943.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=08|day1=23|year1=1942|month2=02|day2=02|year2=1943}})
| place = [[Volgograd]], [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|48|42|N|44|31|E|source:nowiki_region:RU_type:event|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = European Russia
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location of Stalingrad (now [[Volgograd]]) within modern European Russia
| result = [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] victory&lt;ref name=&quot;Bellamy2007&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Bellamy|2007|pp=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Destruction of the German [[6th Army (Wehrmacht)|6th Army]]
| territory = Expulsion of the Axis from the Caucasus, reversing their gains from the 1942 Summer Campaign
| combatant1 = {{unbulleted list
|{{flagcountry|Nazi Germany|name=Germany}}
|{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Romania|name=Romania}}
|{{flagcountry|Fascist Italy}}
|{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)|name=Hungary}}
|{{flagcountry|Independent State of Croatia|name=Croatia}}}}
| combatant2 = {{flag|Soviet Union|1936}}
| commander1 = {{Unbulleted list
|{{Flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Adolf Hitler]]
|{{Flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Friedrich Paulus]]{{Surrendered}}
|{{Flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Walter Heitz]]{{Surrendered}}
|{{Flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Erich von Manstein]]
|{{Flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen|W.F. von Richthofen]]
|{{Flagicon|Kingdom of Romania}} [[Petre Dumitrescu]]
|{{Flagicon|Kingdom of Romania}} [[Constantin Constantinescu-Claps|C. Constantinescu]]
|{{Flagicon|Fascist Italy}} [[Italo Gariboldi]]
|{{Flagicon|Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)}} [[Gusztáv Jány]]}}
| commander2 = {{Unbulleted list
|{{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[Joseph Stalin]]
|{{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[Georgy Zhukov]]&lt;!--- Stavka Representative---&gt;
|{{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[Nikolay Voronov]]&lt;!--- Stavka Representative---&gt;
|{{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[Aleksandr Vasilevsky|A.M. Vasilevsky]]&lt;!--- Stavka Representative---&gt;
|{{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[Andrey Yeryomenko]]&lt;!--- Stalingrad Front Cmdr---&gt;
|{{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[Konstantin Rokossovsky|K.K. Rokossovsky]]&lt;!--- Don Front Cmdr---&gt;
|{{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[Nikolai Fyodorovich Vatutin|Nikolai Vatutin]]&lt;!--- South West Front Cmdr---&gt;
|{{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[Vasily Chuikov]]&lt;!--- 62nd Army commander: Most pertinent formation in battle---&gt;
&lt;!--- *** Following were Army Commanders, if we list one, we should list all!***
|{{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[Semyon Timoshenko]] ***Stalingrad Front commander before the battle***
|{{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[Rodion Malinovsky]] ***Early commander of 66th Army - later 2nd Guards Army***
---&gt;}}
| units1 = {{Flagicon|Nazi Germany}} '''[[Army Group B]]''':
* {{Flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[6th Army (Wehrmacht)|6th Army]]
* {{Flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[4th Panzer Army]]
* {{Flagicon|Kingdom of Romania}} [[Third Army (Romania)|3rd Army]]
* {{Flagicon|Kingdom of Romania}} [[Fourth Army (Romania)|4th Army]]
* {{Flagicon|Fascist Italy}} [[Italian Army in Russia|8th Army]]
* {{Flagicon|Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)}} [[Second Army (Hungary)|2nd Army]]
{{nowrap|{{Flagicon|Nazi Germany}} '''[[Army Group Don]]'''&lt;ref group=&quot;Note&quot;&gt;This Army Group was created on 21 November 1942 from parts of Army Group B to hold the line between Army Group A and B to stop [[Operation Uranus|the Soviet counterattack]].&lt;/ref&gt;}}
* {{Flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[6th Army (Wehrmacht)|6th Army]]
* {{Flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[4th Panzer Army]]
* {{Flagicon|Kingdom of Romania}} [[Third Army (Romania)|3rd Army]]
* {{Flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[1st Panzer Army]]
| units2 = {{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} '''[[Stalingrad Front]]''':
* {{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[28th Army (Soviet Union)|28th Army]]
* {{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[51st Army (Soviet Union)|51st Army]]
* {{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[57th Army (Soviet Union)|57th Army]]
* {{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[62nd Army (Soviet Union)|62nd Army]]
* {{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[64th Army (Soviet Union)|64th Army]]
{{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} '''[[Don Front]]'''&lt;ref group=&quot;Note&quot;&gt;The Soviet front's composition and names changed several times in the battle. The battle started with the South Western Front. It was later renamed Stalingrad Front, then had the Don Front split off from it.&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[24th Army (Soviet Union)|24th Army]]
* {{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[65th Army (Soviet Union)|65th Army]]
* {{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[66th Army (Soviet Union)|66th Army]]
{{nowrap|{{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} '''[[Southwestern Front (Soviet Union)|Southwestern Front]]'''&lt;ref group=&quot;Note&quot;&gt;The Front was reformed from reserve armies on 22 October 1942.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
* {{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[1st Guards Army (Soviet Union)|1st Guards Army]]
* {{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[5th Tank Army]]
* {{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[21st Army (Soviet Union)|21st Army]]
| strength1 = '''Initial''':{{Unbulleted list
|270,000 personnel
|3,000 artillery pieces
|500 tanks
|600 aircraft, 1,600 by mid-September (''[[Luftflotte 4]]'')&lt;ref group=&quot;Note&quot;&gt;This force grew to 1,600 in early September by withdrawing forces from the [[Kuban]] region and [[South Caucasus]]: Hayward (1998), p. 195.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bergstrom2007&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Bergström|2007|pp=}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
'''At the time of the Soviet counter-offensive''':{{Unbulleted list
| c.&amp;nbsp;1,040,000 men&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Glantz|1995|p=346}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=A Thousand Years of the Hungarian Art of War |author=Anthony Tihamér Komjáthy|publisher=Rakoczi Foundation| location=Toronto| oclc=26807671|isbn=978-0-8191-6524-4|pages=144–45|year=1982}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;400,000+ Germans&lt;br&gt;220,000 Italians&lt;br&gt;200,000 Hungarians&lt;br&gt;143,296 Romanians&lt;br&gt;40,000 [[Hiwi (volunteer)|Hiwi]]
|10,250 artillery pieces
|500 tanks (140 Romanian)
|732 (402 operational) aircraft&lt;ref name=&quot;hayward98&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Hayward|1998|pp=}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|225|date=May 2009}}{{sfn|Bergström|2006|pp=}}{{Rp|87|date=May 2009}}}}
| strength2 ='''Initial''':{{Unbulleted list
| 187,000 personnel
|2,200 artillery pieces
|400 tanks
|300 aircraft&lt;ref name=Bergstrom2007/&gt;{{Rp|72|date=May 2009}}}}
'''At the time of the Soviet counteroffensive''':{{Unbulleted list
|1,143,000 men&lt;ref name=glantz /&gt;
|13,451 artillery pieces
|894 tanks&lt;ref name=&quot;glantz&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Glantz|1995|p=134}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|1,115&lt;ref name=&quot;hayward98&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|224|date=May 2009}} aircraft}}
| casualties1 = {{Unbulleted list
|'''647,300–868,374'''&lt;ref&gt;Великая Отечественная война 1941–1945 годов. В 12 т. — М.: «Кучково поле», 2012. — Т. 3. Битвы и сражения, изменившие ход войны. — С. 421. — 863 с. — ISBN 978-5-9950-0269-7.&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Flagicon|Nazi Germany}} '''Germany'''&lt;br&gt;{{nowrap|300,000+&lt;ref&gt;Walter Scott Dunn, Kursk: Hitler's Gamble, 1943,p.1&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Stephen Walsh, Stalingrad 1942–1943: The Infernal Cauldron, p. 164&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jochen Hellbeck, Stalingrad: The City that Defeated the Third Reich p.12&lt;/ref&gt;–400,000&lt;ref name=&quot;books.google.com&quot;&gt;{{cite book| last1 = Dimarco| first1 = Louis A| title = Concrete Hell: Urban Warfare from Stalingrad to Iraq| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wjnDCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA39| date = 2012-11-20| publisher = Bloomsbury Publishing| isbn = 978-1-78200-313-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|{{Flagicon|Fascist Italy}} '''Italy'''&lt;br&gt;114,000{{sfn|Frieser|2017|p=14}}–114,520&lt;ref name = &quot;stephen&quot;&gt;{{cite book| last = Walsh| first = Stephen| title = Stalingrad 1942–1943: The Infernal Cauldron| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nObOBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA182| year = 2012| publisher = Amber Books Ltd| isbn = 978-1-908273-98-7| page = 182 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Flagicon|Kingdom of Romania}} '''Romania'''&lt;br&gt;109,000{{sfn|Frieser|2017|p=14}}–158,854&lt;ref name=stephen /&gt;
|{{Flagicon|Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)}} '''Hungary'''&lt;br&gt;105,000{{sfn|Frieser|2017|p=14}}–143,000&lt;ref name=stephen /&gt;
|'''[[Hiwi (volunteer)|Hiwi]]''' 19,300–52,000&lt;ref name=&quot;Portrait&quot;&gt;{{cite book| last1 = Stein| first1 = Marcel| title = Field Marshal von Manstein: The Janushead - A Portrait| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qWuWOFS4o7AC&amp;pg=PA167| date = February 2007| publisher = Helion &amp; Company Limited| isbn = 9781906033026 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
----
|900 aircraft destroyed
|1,500 tanks destroyed (100 Romanian)
|6,000 guns destroyed
|744 aircraft; 1,666 tanks; 5,762 guns captured}}
See [[#Casualties|casualties section]].
| casualties2 = {{Unbulleted list
|'''1,129,619 men'''&lt;br&gt;478,741 killed or missing&lt;br&gt;650,878 wounded or sick&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot; /&gt;
----
|2,769 aircraft
|4,341 tanks (~150 by Romanians) (25-30% were total write-offs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| last1 = Hill| first1 = Alexander| title = The Red Army and the Second World War| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qLOSDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA460| date = 2016-12-24| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-1-107-02079-5 }}&lt;/ref&gt;)
|15,728 guns}}
See [[#Casualties|casualties section]].

}}
{{Campaignbox Axis-Soviet War}}
{{Campaignbox Operation Blue to 3rd Kharkov}}
[[File:Eastern Front 1942-05 to 1942-11.png|thumb|upright=1.4|Case Blue: German advances from 7 May 1942 to 18 November 1942 {{legend|#fff8d5|to 7 July 1942|outline=silver}} {{legend|#ffd2b9|to 22 July 1942|outline=silver}}{{legend|#ebd7ff|to 1 August 1942|outline=silver}}{{legend|#ccffcd|to 18 November 1942|outline=silver}}]]

The '''Battle of Stalingrad''' '''(1942-1943)''' was fought during the [[Second World War]] between [[Nazi Germany]] led by [[Adolf Hitler]] and the [[Soviet Union]] led by [[Joseph Stalin]]. They were fighting for control of the city of [[Stalingrad]]. [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] got support from [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]], [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary]], [[Independent State of Croatia|Croatia]] and [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]]. The battle was fought between 23 August 1942 and 2 February 1943. It was one of the most important battles of the war because it marked the end of Germany's advances. Hitler even blamed his defeat partly on Stalingrad. The Battle of Stalingrad has often been recorded as an example of how brutal a war can be. It is reported that, due to limited supplies, soldiers and [[civilian]]s had to resort to eating rats, mice, and even [[cannibalism]].

Stalingrad, now [[Volgograd]], was a city on the [[Volga River]]. It was an important industrial city, and the Volga was an important transport route.  Hitler also wanted to capture Stalingrad because it was named after [[Josef Stalin|Joseph Stalin]], the leader of the Soviet Union, thus it would embarrass him.

In June 1942, Adolf Hitler launched an attack in southern Russia. By the end of July the German army had reached Stalingrad.  With bombs and fire the German [[Luftwaffe]] turned the city into ruins. However, the rubble made hiding places from which [[Russians|Russian]] [[sniper]]s could attack the Germans. Hitler and Stalin sent in large numbers of soldiers. They both ordered that anyone who retreated would be [[Execution|shot on the spot]] for [[treason]].

On 19 November 1942, the Red Army launched an attack which surrounded the Stalingrad area, pinching off the German [[Salients, re-entrants and pockets|salient]]. Hitler ordered the army to stay there. The [[German air force]] tried to supply them by air. By February 1943, the German forces in Stalingrad had no ammunition and food. Rather than freeze, they surrendered, knowing the Soviets were usually cruel to their prisoners.

The battle lasted five months, one week, and three days. 1.6 million people dead or wounded in battle were reported. There were more Russian deaths than German, but it was a victory for the Russians. They had killed so many Germans that Hitler's overall plan to conquer the Soviet Union, started with [[Operation Barbarossa]], was seriously weakened. Also, the Germans failed to get control of Russian [[oil field]]s.

About one quarter of the German Sixth Army's soldiers were Eastern European volunteers called HIWIs. The Battle of Stalingrad was the largest and deadliest battle in the history of warfare.

== Background ==
By the spring of 1942, the German [[Operation Barbarossa]] did not defeat the [[Soviet Union]].  The war was still going well for the Germans: the [[U-boat]] offensive in the [[Atlantic]] had been very successful and [[Erwin Rommel|Rommel]] had just captured [[Tobruk#Capture of Tobruk|Tobruk]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kershaw2000&quot;&gt;Kershaw, (2000)&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|p.522|date=June 2011}}

In the east, they had captured land including [[Leningrad]] in the north and  [[Rostov-on-Don]] in the south. There were a number of places where Soviet attacks had pushed the Germans back (to the northwest of [[Moscow]] and south of [[Kharkov]]) but this did not threaten the Germans. Hitler was confident that he could beat the [[Red Army]] after the winter of 1941. Even though [[Army Group Centre]] had heavy losses near Moscow the previous winter, 65% of its [[infantry]] had not fought and had been rested and given new equipment. Army Groups North and South had also not had a hard time over the winter.&lt;ref name=&quot;TaylorClark1974&quot;&gt;Taylor and Clark, (1974)&lt;/ref&gt;  Stalin was expecting German summer attacks to again be directed against Moscow.

The Germans decided that their summer campaign in 1942 would be directed at the southern parts of the Soviet Union. The Germans wanted to destroy Stalingrad's industries. [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] also saw the city of Stalingrad as a key city to capture due to it holding [[Joseph Stalin|Joseph Stalin's]] name in it.  The Germans also wanted to block the [[Volga River]]. The river was a route between the [[Caspian Sea]] and northern Russia. Capturing the river would make it hard for the Soviets to use the river to transport goods such as oil which Germany had been lacking due to their main supply, coming from the Soviets being stopped after [[Operation Barbarossa]] commenced.

The German operations were initially very successful. On July 23, 1942, Hitler changed the goals for the 1942 attack. He made occupying Stalingrad one of the goals. The city was important, because it was named after Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union. The Germans thought that if they captured Stalingrad, it would help the northern and western parts of the German armies to attack [[Baku]]. The Germans wanted to capture Baku because it had a lot of oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kershaw2000&quot;/&gt;

The Soviets were aware of the German plan to attack. The Soviets ordered that anyone strong enough to hold a rifle be sent to fight.&lt;ref&gt;McDonald (1986)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Attack on Stalingrad ==
[[File:German Summer Offensive, 24 July-18 November.PNG|thumb|250px|The German advance to Stalingrad between 24 July and 18 November]]
{{quote box | width = 20em | quote = Approaching this place, [Stalingrad], soldiers used to say: &quot;''We are entering hell.''&quot; And after spending one or two days here, they say: &quot;''No, this isn't hell, this is ten times worse than hell.''&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Clark, Lloyd, ''Kursk: The greatest battle: Eastern Front 1943'', 2011, page 164-165&lt;/ref&gt;| source = [[Vasily Chuikov]] }}

[[File:StalingradRus.jpg|thumb|right|Soviets preparing to fight a German assault in Stalingrad's suburbs]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 116-168-618, Russland, Kampf um Stalingrad, Soldat mit MPi.jpg|thumb|right|October 1942: German officer with a Russian [[PPSh-41]] [[submachine gun]] in Barrikady factory rubble. Many German soldiers took Russian weapons, because they were better for [[close quarter combat]].]]
[[File:Germans in Stalingrad.jpg|thumb|200px|German troops in Stalingrad]]

On the 23 of August the 6th Army reached the edge of Stalingrad. They were following the [[62nd Army (Soviet Union)|62nd]] and 64th Armies, which had gone back into the city. [[Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist|Kleist]] later said after the war:&lt;ref name=&quot;Clark, Lloyd 2011, page 157&quot;&gt;Clark, Lloyd, ''Kursk: The Greatest Battle: Eastern Front 1943'', 2011, page 157&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt; The capture of Stalingrad was [a place] where we could block an attack...by Russian forces coming from the east.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clark, Lloyd 2011, page 157&quot;/&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The Soviets had enough warning of the German attack to move all the city's grain, cattle, and railway cars across the Volga.  But most civilian residents stayed in the city. The city lacked food even before the German attack. The ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' air attacks made the Soviets unable to use the River Volga to bring supplies into the city. Between 25 and 31 July, 32 Soviet ships were sunk in the River Volga.&lt;ref name=&quot;bergstrom2007&quot;&gt;Bergström, Christer, (2007)&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|p.69|date=May 2009}}

The battle began with the heavy bombing of the city by ''[[Luftflotte 4]]''. A 1,000 tons of bombs were dropped.&lt;ref name=Bergstrom2007/&gt;{{Rp|p.122|date=May 2009}} Much of the city turned to rubble. Some factories continued to produce goods.

Stalin moved troops to the east bank of the Volga. All the regular ferries were destroyed by the Luftwaffe. The Luftwaffe also attacked troop barges. Many civilians were moved out of the city across the Volga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Craig73&quot;&gt;Craig (1973)&lt;/ref&gt; Stalin prevented most civilians from leaving the city because he thought that this would make the Soviet armies fight harder.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beevor1998&quot;&gt;Beevor (1998), 198.&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|p.106|date=June 2011}} Civilians, including women and children, were told to dig [[trench]]es.  Massive German bombing on 23 August caused a [[firestorm]]. It killed thousands and turned Stalingrad into rubble and ruins. Between 23 and 26 August, 955 people were killed and another 1,181 wounded from the bombing.&lt;ref name=Bergstrom2007/&gt;{{Rp|p.73|date=May 2009}}&lt;ref&gt;Hayward (1998)&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|p.188–189|date=June 2011}} &lt;ref group=&quot;Note&quot;&gt;Bergström quotes: Soviet Reports on the effects of air raids between 23–26 August 1942. This indicates 955 people were killed and another 1,181 wounded&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Soviet Air Force]], the ''Voenno-Vozdushnye Sily'' (VVS), was destroyed by the Luftwaffe. The Soviets lost 201 aircraft between 23 and 31 August. They brought in another 100 aircraft in August.&lt;ref name=Bergstrom2007/&gt;{{Rp|p.74|date=May 2009}} The Soviets continued to bring new planes into Stalingrad in late September, but they were destroyed by the Germans.

The city was briefly defended by the 1077th Anti-Aircraft Regiment,&lt;ref name=&quot;Beevor1998&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|p.106|date=June 2011}} an all-women's regiment that was actually able to halt an entire German division due to their massive firepower. The Germans eventually swarmed and killed them, but were shocked to discover that this whole time they were being held back by young women that seemed fresh out of [[high school]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Beevor1998&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|p.108|date=June 2011}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://stalingrad-info.com/stalingrad1942.htm|title=Stalingrad 1942| accessdate=31 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the battle, the NKVD organized  &quot;Workers' [[militia]]s&quot; who were often sent into battle without rifles.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beevor1998&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|p.109|date=June 2011}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Beevor1998&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|p.110|date=June 2011}}

By the end of August, Army Group South (B) had reached the Volga. By 1 September, the Soviets could only supply their forces in Stalingrad by crossing the Volga under constant bombing by artillery and aircraft.

On 5 September, the Soviet 24th and [[66th Army|66th]] Armies organized an attack against XIV Panzer Corps. The ''Luftwaffe'' helped stop the attack by attacking Soviet artillery and soldiers. The Soviets had to pull back. Of the 120 tanks the Soviets had sent into battle, 30 were lost to air attack.&lt;ref name= Bergstrom2007/&gt;

The Soviets were always being attacked by the ''Luftwaffe''. On 18 September, the Soviet [[1st Guards Army (Soviet Union)|1st Guards]] and [[24th Army (Soviet Union)|24th Army]] attacked VIII Army Corps . ''[[8th Air Corps (Germany)|VIII. Fliegerkorps]]'' sent [[Stuka]] dive-bombers to prevent the Soviets from advancing. The Soviet attack was stopped. The Stukas destroyed 41 of the 106 Soviet tanks that were destroyed that morning. German  [[Bf 109]]s destroyed 77 Soviet aircraft.&lt;ref name=Bergstrom2007/&gt;{{Rp|p.80|date=May 2009}}
In the wrecked city, the Soviet [[62nd Army|62nd]] and 64th [[Army (Soviet Army)|Armies]], which included the Soviet [[13th Guards Rifle Division]], used houses and factories to hide in.

Fighting in city was very violent. Stalin's Order No. 227 of 27 July 1942 decreed that all commanders who retreated without being told to do so would have to go to a military tribunal.&lt;ref name=Beevor/&gt;&lt;sup&gt;84-5&lt;/sup&gt; &quot;Not a step back!&quot; was the slogan. The Germans attacking Stalingrad had many dead and wounded.

===Germany reaches the Volga===
After three months of slow advance, the Wermacht finally reached the river banks. The Germans captured 90% of the ruined city and split the Soviet forces into two parts. Ice on the Volga river made it impossible for the Soviets to bring in supplies by boat.

==Soviet counter-offensives==
[[File:RIAN archive 44732 Soviet soldiers attack house.jpg|thumb|250px|Soviet soldiers attack a house, February 1943]]
German troops were not ready for fighting during the winter of 1942. The  [[Stavka]] did a number of attacks between November 19, 1942 and February 2, 1943. These operations started the Winter Campaign of 1942-1943 (19 November 1942 – 3 March 1943), which involved 15 armies.

=== Operation Uranus: the Soviet offensive ===
{{main|Operation Uranus}}
[[File:Map Battle of Stalingrad-en.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.1|The Soviet counter-attack at Stalingrad]]

In autumn, the Soviet generals [[Georgy Zhukov]] and Aleksandr Vasilevsky gathered their soldiers in the north and south of the city.  The northern side was defended by Hungarian, and Romanian troops.  The Don River had never been defended well by the German side.  The Soviet plan was to attack and surround the German forces in the Stalingrad region.

The operation was code-named &quot;Uran&quot;. It started with Operation Mars, aimed at [[Army Group Center]].&lt;ref&gt;Maps of the conflict. [http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/drea2/Maps.html#map17 Leavenworth Papers No. 2 Nomonhan: Japanese-Soviet Tactical Combat, 1939; MAPS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090408133447/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/drea2/Maps.html#map17 |date=2009-04-08 }}. Retrieved 5 December 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

On 19 November 1942, the [[Red Army]] launched Operation Uranus. The attacking Soviet units under the command of Gen. Nikolay Vatutin consisted of three armies. This included a total of 18 infantry [[Division (military)|divisions]], eight tank [[brigade]]s, two [[motor]]ized brigades, six [[cavalry]] divisions and one anti-tank brigade. The Soviets pushed past the Romanian Third Army. The response by the ''Wehrmacht'' was disorganized. Bad weather prevented air attacks against the Soviets.

On 20 November, a second Soviet offensive (two armies) was launched to the south of Stalingrad against the Romanian [[4th Army Corps (Romania)|4th Army Corps]]. The Romanians were overrun by large numbers of tanks. The Soviet forces moved west and made a ring around Stalingrad.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shirer1990&quot;&gt;Shirer (1990)&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|p.926|date=June 2011}}

== Sixth Army surrounded ==
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-218-0501-27, Russland-Süd, rumänische Soldaten.jpg|thumb|Romanian troops near Stalingrad]]
[[File:Stalingrad-dead bodies.jpg|thumb|German dead in the city]]
[[File:RIAN archive 602161 Center of Stalingrad after liberation.jpg|thumb|The center of Stalingrad after liberation]]

About 265,000 German, Romanian, Italian soldiers,&lt;ref name=&quot;Manstein&quot;&gt;{{cite book| last = Manstein| first = Erich| title = Lost Victories: The War Memoirs of Hilter's Most Brilliant General| url = https://archive.org/details/lostvictories0000mans| year = 2004| publisher = Zenith Press| isbn = 978-0-7603-2054-9 }}&lt;/ref&gt; the 369th (Croatian) Reinforced Infantry Regiment, and other troops including 40,000 Soviet volunteers fighting for the Germans.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beevor&quot;&gt;{{cite book| last = Beevor| first = Antony| title = Stalingrad| url = https://archive.org/details/stalingrad00anth| year = 1999| publisher = Penguin Paperbacks| isbn = 978-0-14-024985-9| page = [https://archive.org/details/stalingrad00anth/page/184 184] }}&lt;/ref&gt; were surrounded. There were 210,000 Germans on 19 November 1942. There were also around 10,000 Soviet civilians and several thousand Soviet soldiers the Germans had taken captive during the battle. Not all of the 6th Army was trapped; 50,000 were not surrounded. Of the 210,000 Germans surrounded, 10,000 remained to fight, 105,000 surrendered, 35,000 left by air and the remaining 60,000 died.

The Red Army formed two defensive groups. Field Marshal [[Erich von Manstein]] told Hitler not to order the 6th Army to break out. Manstein thought that he could break through the Soviet troops and free the 6th Army.&lt;ref name=&quot;Weinberg&quot;&gt;Weinberg, Gerhard 2005. ''A world in arms'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;sup&gt;p451&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Murray, Williamson &amp; Millet, Alan 2000. ''War to be won'', Cambridge: Harvard University Press, page 288.&lt;/ref&gt; After 1945, Manstein says he told Hitler that the 6th Army must break out.&lt;ref name=Manstein/&gt; The American historian Gerhard Weinberg said that Manstein lied.&lt;ref name=Weinberg/&gt;&lt;sup&gt;p1045&lt;/sup&gt;

Manstein was told to attack Stalingrad in Operation Winter Storm (''Unternehmen Wintergewitter''). He thought that this attack could work if the 6th Army was supplied through the air.&lt;ref name=Manstein/&gt;&lt;ref name=Weinberg/&gt;

[[Adolf Hitler]] had said on 30 September 1942 that the German army would never leave the city. At a meeting shortly after the Soviets formed a ring around the Germans, the German army chiefs wanted to try to escape to the west of the [[River Don|Don]]. Hitler thought that the [[Luftwaffe]] could supply the 6th Army with an &quot;air bridge&quot;. This would allow the Germans in the city to fight while a new force was assembled. A similar plan had been used a year earlier at the Demyansk Pocket.

The director of ''Luftflotte'' 4, [[Wolfram von Richthofen]], tried to get this decision stopped. The forces under 6th Army were almost twice as large as a regular German army unit, plus there was also a corps of the 4th Panzer Army trapped in the city. The maximum {{convert|117.5|ST|t|abbr=on}} they could deliver a day was far less than the minimum {{convert|800|ST|t|abbr=on}} needed.

To add to the limited number of [[Junkers Ju 52]] planes the Germans used other planes like the [[Heinkel He 177]] . General Richthofen told Manstein on 27 November that the Luftwaffe could not supply 300 tons a day by air. Manstein now saw the problems of a supply by air. The next day he made a report which said that the supply by air would be impossible. He said the Sixth Army should try to escape. He said that giving up Stalingrad would be a difficult loss, but that it would keep the Sixth Army intact.&lt;ref&gt;Kehrig, Manfred 1974. ''Stalingrad''. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags Anstalt, pages 279,311-312,575.&lt;/ref&gt; Hitler said that the Sixth Army would have to stay at Stalingrad and that the air force would supply it until the Germans could attack the Soviets.

The ''Luftwaffe'' was able to deliver an average of {{convert|94|ST|t|abbr=on}} of supplies per day. The most successful day, 19 December, delivered {{convert|289|ST|t|abbr=on}} of supplies in 154 flights. In the early parts of the operation, more fuel was shipped than food and ammunition because the Germans thought they could escape from the city. Transport airplanes also flew out sick or wounded men from the city. The German attack did not reach the 6th Army. The air supply operation continued. The 6th Army slowly starved. 160 German transport aircraft were destroyed and 328 were heavily damaged. Some 266 Junkers Ju 52s were destroyed.

== Final stages ==
=== Operation Winter Storm ===
Soviet forces grouped together around Stalingrad. Violent fighting to attack the Germans began. Operation Winter Storm (''Operation Wintergewitter''), the German attempt to rescue the trapped army from the south, was at first successful. By 19 December, the German Army had pushed to within 48&amp;nbsp;km (30&amp;nbsp;mi) of Sixth Army's positions. Some German officers asked Paulus go against  Hitler's orders and try to escape out of the Stalingrad. Paulus refused. On 23 December, Manstein's forces had to defend themselves from new Soviet attacks.

=== Operation Little Saturn ===
[[File:OperationLittleSaturn.PNG|thumb|right|upright=1.4|Soviet wins (shown in blue) during Operation Little Saturn]]

On 16 December, the Soviets launched Operation Little Saturn.  It attempted to make a hole through the Axis army (mainly Italians) on the Don and capture [[Rostov-on-Don|Rostov]]. The Germans set up a defence of small units. 15 Soviet divisions—supported by at least 100 tanks—attacked the Italian Cosseria and Ravenna Divisions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| last = Paoletti| first = Ciro| title = A Military History of Italy| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Uz8eiwzEMHQC&amp;pg=PA182| accessdate = 4 December 2009| year = 2008| publisher = Praeger Security International| location = Westport, CT| isbn = 978-0-275-98505-9| page = 177 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Soviets never got close to Rostov because of the Italian defence.

The German attempt to break through to Stalingrad was stopped and Army Group A was told to come back from the Caucasus.

The 6th Army could no longer hope to escape. The 6th Army did not have enough fuel. As well, the German soldiers have found it very hard to break through the Soviet lines on foot in the cold winter conditions.

=== Soviet victory ===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-F0316-0204-005, Russland, Paulus in Kriegsgefangenschaft.jpg|thumb|upright|230px|''Generalfeldmarschall'' [[Friedrich Paulus]] (left), with his chief of staff, ''Generalleutnant'' [[Arthur Schmidt (soldier)|Arthur Schmidt]] (centre) and his aide, [[Wilhelm Adam (politician)|Wilhelm Adam]] (right), after their surrender.]]
[[File:Medal defense of Stalingrad.jpg|thumb|120px|759,560 Soviet personnel were awarded this medal for the defence of Stalingrad from 22 December 1942.]]

The Germans retreated from the [[suburb]]s of Stalingrad to the city itself.  The loss of the two airfields, at Pitomnik on 16 January 1943 and Gumrak on the night of 21/22 January,&lt;ref&gt;Deiml, Michael (1999). ''[http://feldpost.mzv.net/Zeitzeugen/Zeitzeuge_Kallweit_/Zeitzeuge_Deimel_/body_zeitzeuge_deimel_.html Meine Stalingradeinsätze (My Stalingrad Sorties)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816031251/http://feldpost.mzv.net/Zeitzeugen/Zeitzeuge_Kallweit_/Zeitzeuge_Deimel_/body_zeitzeuge_deimel_.html |date=2011-08-16 }}''. Einsätze des Bordmechanikers Gefr. Michael Deiml (Sorties of Aviation Mechanic Private Michael Deiml). Retrieved 4 December 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; meant an end to air supplies and to the flying out the wounded.&lt;ref&gt;MacDonald, (1986)&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|p.98|date=June 2011}} The third and last runway was at the Stalingradskaja flight school, which had the last landings and takeoffs on the night of 22–23 January.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated4&quot;&gt;Pojić, Milan. ''[http://www.naklada-ljevak.hr/knjiga/show/id/2079 Hrvatska pukovnija 369. na Istočnom bojištu 1941. – 1943.]''. [[Croatian State Archives]]. Zagreb, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;  After that, there were no landings except for air drops of ammunition and food.

The Germans were now not only starving, but running out of ammunition. They continued to fight because they thought the Soviets would execute any Germans who surrendered.  A Soviet group (Major Aleksandr Smyslov, Captain Nikolay Dyatlenko and a trumpeter) carried an offer to Paulus: if he surrendered within 24&amp;nbsp;hours, he would receive a guarantee of safety for all prisoners, medical care for the sick and wounded, prisoners allowed to keep their personal belongings, food rations, and be sent to any country they wanted after the war.  Paulus was ordered not to surrender by Hitler, so he did not respond.&lt;ref&gt;Clark (1995)&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|p.283|date=June 2011}}&lt;ref&gt;Kershaw (2000), p. 549.&lt;/ref&gt;

On 30 January 1943, the 10th anniversary of Hitler coming to power, Goebbels said &quot;The heroic struggle of our soldiers on the Volga should be a warning for everybody...&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Kershaw (2000), p. 550.&lt;/ref&gt; Also on that day Hitler promoted Paulus to ''[[Generalfeldmarschall]]''. Since no [[List of German Field Marshals|German Field Marshal]] had ever been taken prisoner, Hitler assumed that Paulus would fight on or kill himself.

The next day, the southern group in Stalingrad was defeated by the Soviets. Soviet forces reached the entrance to the German headquarters. General Schmidt surrendered the headquarters. Paulus said he had not surrendered and refused to order the remaining German forces to surrender.

Four Soviet armies attacked the remaining northern group. On 2 February, General Strecker surrendered. Around 91,000 tired, ill, wounded, and starving prisoners were taken, including 3,000 Romanians (the survivors of the 20th Infantry Division, 1st Cavalry Division and &quot;Col. Voicu&quot; Detachment).&lt;ref&gt;Pusca, Dragos; Nitu, Victor. [http://www.worldwar2.ro/operatii/index.php?article=12 The Battle of Stalingrad — 1942] ''Romanian Armed Forces in the Second World War'' (worldwar2.ro). Retrieved 4 December 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; The prisoners included 22 generals. Hitler was angry and said that Paulus should have killed himself, but instead &quot;he prefers to go to Moscow.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| last = Victor| first = George| title = Hitler: Pathology of Evil| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NeDe_WxVSzkC| accessdate = 23 August 2008| year = 2000| publisher = Brassey's Inc| location = Washington, DC| isbn = 978-1-57488-228-5| page = 208 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Paulus was Roman Catholic and therefore did not.

== Aftermath ==
The German public was not officially told of the loss until the end of January 1943, though positive media reports had stopped in the weeks before the announcement.&lt;ref name=Lose/&gt; Stalingrad marked the first time that the Nazi government publicly admitted a failure in its war effort. It was a major defeat where German losses were almost equal to those of the Soviets. Prior losses of the Soviet Union were generally three times as high as the German ones.&lt;ref name=Lose/&gt; On 31 January, German state radio played the Adagio movement from [[Anton Bruckner]]'s [[Symphony No. 7 (Bruckner)|Seventh Symphony]], followed by the announcement of the defeat at Stalingrad.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lose&quot;&gt;Sandlin, Lee (1997). [http://www.leesandlin.com/articles/LosingTheWar.htm &quot;Losing the War&quot;]. Originally published in ''[[Chicago Reader]]'', 7 and 14 March 1997. Retrieved 4 December 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

On 18 February, [[Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda|Minister of Propaganda]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] gave the [[Sportpalast speech|''Sportpalast'' speech]] in [[Berlin]], encouraging the Germans to accept a total war.
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-E0406-0022-011, Russland, deutscher Kriegsgefangener.jpg|thumb|left|In this propaganda photo a [[Red Army]] soldier marches a German soldier into captivity.]]

Out of the nearly 110,000 German prisoners captured in Stalingrad, only about 6,000 ever returned. They were sent to prisoner camps and later to [[labour camp]]s all over the Soviet Union. Some 35,000 were eventually sent on transports, of which 17,000 did not survive. Some were kept in the city to help rebuild.

Some senior officers were taken to Moscow and used for propaganda purposes. Some of them joined the [[National Committee for a Free Germany]]. Some, including Paulus, signed anti-Hitler statements that were broadcast to German troops. Paulus testified for the prosecution during the [[Nuremberg Trials]].&lt;ref name=Craig73/&gt;{{Rp|p.401|date=January 2013}} He remained in the Soviet Union until 1952, then moved to Dresden in East Germany.&lt;ref name=Craig73/&gt;{{Rp|p.280|date=May 2009}} General [[Walther von Seydlitz-Kurzbach]] offered to raise an anti-Hitler army from the Stalingrad survivors, but the Soviets did not accept. It was not until 1955 that the last of the 5-6,000 survivors were [[Repatriation|repatriated]] (to [[West Germany]]).

==Other information==

===Orders of battle===
During the defence of Stalingrad, the Red Army used six armies ([[8th Army (Soviet Union)|8th]], [[28th Army (Soviet Union)|28th]], [[51st Army (Soviet Union)|51st]], [[57th Army (Soviet Union)|57th]], [[62nd Army (Soviet Union)|62nd]] and [[64th Army (Soviet Union)|64th Armies]]) in and around the city. An additional nine armies in the final attack on the Germans.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beevor1998&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|435–438|date=June 2011}} The nine armies used for the final attack were the [[24th Army (Soviet Union)|24th Army]], [[65th Army]], [[66th Army]] and [[16th Air Army]] from the north as part of the [[Don Front]] offensive and [[1st Guards Tank Army (Soviet Union)|1st Guards Army]], [[5th Guards Tank Army|5th Tank]], [[21st Army (Soviet Union)|21st Army]], [[2nd Air Army]] and [[17th Air Army]] from the south as part of the [[Soviet Southwestern Front]].

===Casualties===
{{For|civilian casualties in the battle|Battle of Stalingrad's impacts on civilians}}
Counting how many people were killed and wounded in the battle of Stalingrad is hard. One way is to only count the fighting within the city and suburbs. Another way of counting is to count all the fighting on the southern part of the Soviet-German front from the spring of 1942 to the winter of 1943. Different scholars have made different estimates depending on how widely you consider the battle.

The Axis had from 500,000 to 850,000 casualties (killed, wounded, captured) among all branches of the German armed forces and its allies&lt;ref&gt;Rayfield (2004)&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|p.396|date=June 2011}} and only 5-6,000 returned to Germany by 1955. The remainder of the POWs died in Soviet captivity.&lt;ref&gt;Baird, (1969)&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|p.196|date=June 2011}}&lt;ref&gt;Bernig, Jorg, (1997)&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|p.36|date=June 2011}}

On 2 February 1943, the fighting of Axis troops in Stalingrad stopped. Out of the 91,000 prisoners taken by the Soviets, 3,000 were Romanian.

The Red Army had a total of 1,129,619 total casualties;&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;[http://www.hrono.info/sobyt/1900sob/1942stal.html Сталинградская битва] {{in lang|ru}}. Retrieved 4 December 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; 478,741 men killed or missing and 650,878 wounded. These numbers are for the whole Don region; in the city itself 750,000 were killed, captured, or wounded.

Anywhere from 25,000 to 40,000 Soviet civilians died in Stalingrad and its suburbs during a single week of aerial bombing by ''Luftflotte'' 4 as the German 4th Panzer and 6th Armies got close to the city;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| last = Roberts| first = Geoffrey| title = Victory at Stalingrad: The Battle that Changed History| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OWOQAv01lYEC| year = 2002| publisher = Longman| isbn = 978-0-582-77185-7| page = 77 }}&lt;/ref&gt; the total number of civilians killed in the regions outside the city is unknown.

In all, the battle resulted in an estimated total of 1.7-2 million Axis and Soviet casualties, making it possibly the bloodiest battle in all of human history.
&lt;!---
*** This section should be worked into a text based paragraph in due course.  In its current form, it does not belong in the article - if it remains, we should also list Red Air Force losses, why only aircraft, why not armoured vehicles too?***

====Luftwaffe losses====
Aircraft losses of the Luftwaffe for the supply of the 6th Army at Stalingrad, and the recovery of wounded from 24 November 1942 to 31 January 1943:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; | Losses
!style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; | Aircraft type
|-
|align=right | 269 || align=center | [[Junkers Ju 52]]
|-
|align=right | 169 || align=center | [[Heinkel He 111]]
|-
|align=right | 42 || align=center | [[Junkers Ju 86]]
|-
|align=right | 9 || align=center | [[Focke-Wulf Fw 200]]
|-
|align=right | 5 || align=center | [[Heinkel He 177]]
|-
|align=right | 1 || align=center | [[Junkers Ju 290]]
|-
|align=right | Total: 495 || Equivalent to five [[Squadron (aviation)|squadrons]] or more than an air corps
|}

These losses amounted to about 50% of the total used units. In addition, the training program was stopped for the air supply and ''[[History of the Luftwaffe (1933–1945)|Luftwaffe]]'' missions in other battles were reduced to save fuel for use at Stalingrad.

---&gt;

===Scope of the battle===
[[File:stalingrad aftermath.jpg|thumb|The aftermath of the Battle of Stalingrad]]

In the original 1942 plan, the occupation of Stalingrad had not been a goal. Based on the military successes of the Germans in the first month of the attacks, Hitler decided to expand the military goals. Hitler thought that the Soviet forces across the Don river were weak. The new goals included Stalingrad and even capturing the Volga.

Once the Armies began to fight in the for the city, both sides began to feel that it was very important to win. The Germans sent a lot of troops into the city. This meant that their side did not control the Don river and the Soviet bridges. The German side made steady progress in the fighting and eventually held about 90% of the city.

The German focus on the city made them not think of the weakness of their defenses along the Don and the massive buildup of Soviet forces on their sides. After the Soviet breakthrough, the Germans were very disorganized. The 6th Army was eventually reorganized in time for the [[Battle of Kursk]], but was made up mostly of new soldiers and was never as strong as it had once been.&lt;ref name=Craig73/&gt;{{Rp|p.386|date=May 2009}}

Germany failed at Stalingrad because they expanded the goals in the second half of July. After one month of success, the Germans started believing they could win the battle. Hitler ordered too many goals and he did not think Soviet reserves were as strong as they were. To the south of Stalingrad, Army Group A was trying to capture the oilfields. Then its goals were expanded to include the whole of the [[Black Sea]] coast.&lt;ref name=&quot;walsh2000&quot;&gt;Walsh, Stephen. (2000). ''Stalingrad 1942–1943 The Infernal Cauldron''. London, New York: Simon &amp; Schuster. {{ISBN|978-0-7432-0916-8}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Stalingrad was a turning point in the war. It also showed the discipline and determination of both the German ''[[Wehrmacht]]'' and the Soviet [[Soviet Army|Red Army]]. The Soviets first defended Stalingrad against a strong German attack. Newly arrived Soviet  soldiers often died in less than a day. Soviet officers often died in three days.

Historians have talked about how much terror there was in the Red Army. Beevor noted the bravery of the Soviet soldiers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beevor1998&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|p.154–168|date=June 2011}} Richard Overy says that some people think that in the &quot;summer of 1942 the Soviet army fought because it was forced to fight,” but he says this is not true&lt;ref&gt;Overy, Richard. Russia’s War (New York: 1997), 201.&lt;/ref&gt; A historian talked to Soviet veterans about terror on the Eastern Front. Many soldiers said they were relieved at the order not to retreat.&lt;ref&gt;Merridale, Catherine. Ivan’s War (New York: 2006), 156.&lt;/ref&gt; Infantryman Lev Lvovich’s said he felt better.&lt;ref&gt;quoted in Merridale, Catherine. Ivan’s War (New York: 2006), 156.&lt;/ref&gt;

For the heroism of the Soviet defenders of Stalingrad, the city was awarded the title [[Hero City]] in 1945. Twenty-four years after the battle, in October 1967,&lt;ref&gt;Historical Memorial Complex &quot;To the Heroes of the Stalingrad Battle&quot; at Mamayev Hill. [http://mamayevhill.volgadmin.ru/00_n.htm Official web site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926113201/http://mamayevhill.volgadmin.ru/00_n.htm |date=2008-09-26 }}. Retrieved 17 July 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; a monument, [[The Motherland Calls]], was built on [[Mamayev Kurgan]], the hill overlooking the city. The hill actually used to be much larger, but had been flattened due to constant artillery fire. The statue forms part of a war memorial that includes ruined walls from the battle. The Grain Silo, as well as [[Pavlov's House]] can still be visited.

Many women fought on the Soviet side, or were under fire.&lt;ref&gt;Bellamy (2007), 520-521.&lt;/ref&gt; At the beginning of the battle there were 75,000 women and girls from the Stalingrad area who had finished military or medical training, and all of whom were to serve in the battle.&lt;ref&gt;Pennington, pp. 180–182.&lt;/ref&gt; Women staffed a great many of the anti-aircraft batteries that fought not only the Luftwaffe but German tanks.&lt;ref&gt;Pennington, p. 178.&lt;/ref&gt; Soviet nurses not only treated wounded men under fire but brought wounded soldiers back to the hospitals under enemy fire.&lt;ref&gt;Pennington, pp. 189–192.&lt;/ref&gt; Many of the Soviet wireless and telephone operators were women who often suffered heavy injuries and deaths.&lt;ref&gt;Pennington, pp. 192–194.&lt;/ref&gt; Though women were not usually trained as infantry, many Soviet women fought as machine gunners, mortar operators, and scouts.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pennington p.197&quot;&gt;Pennington, p. 197.&lt;/ref&gt; Women were also snipers at Stalingrad.&lt;ref&gt;Pennington, pp. 201–204.&lt;/ref&gt; Three air regiments at Stalingrad were entirely female.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pennington p.197&quot;/&gt; At least three women won the title [[Hero of the Soviet Union]] while driving tanks at Stalingrad.&lt;ref&gt;Pennington, pp. 204–207.&lt;/ref&gt;

The German Army showed a lot of discipline after being surrounded. Many German soldiers starved or froze to death. Yet, discipline was continued until the very end. General Friedrich Paulus obeyed Hitler's orders and did not attempt to escape out of the city. German ammunition, supplies, and food became scarce. Generals from both sides suffered from massive stress because of the battle and also because of the fact that they had to report to the most brutal leader in their nation's history. Many generals suffered health problems because of their stress.

Paulus followed his orders and fought to the very end. He asked for permission to surrender, but it was denied. Hitler promoted him to the rank of ''[[Generalfeldmarschall]]''. No German field marshal had ever surrendered, and the implication was clear. Hitler believed that Paulus would either fight to the last man or commit suicide.&lt;ref&gt;Bellamy (2007), 549.&lt;/ref&gt; Paulus was taken prisoner.&lt;ref&gt;Beevor, p.&amp;nbsp;381&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;Note&quot;&gt;''Für so einen Schweinehund wie den böhmischen Gefreiten erschieße ich mich nicht!'' (''I am not going to shoot myself for such a swine as this Bohemian corporal!''), quoted in: ''[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-44435444.html Ich bitte erschossen zu werden]'', ''Der Spiegel'', 1949-01-29.&lt;/ref&gt;

After his capture, Paulus told the Soviets that he had not surrendered.  He refused to issue an order for the Germans to surrender.&lt;ref&gt;Beevor, p.&amp;nbsp;390&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bellamy (2007), 550.&lt;/ref&gt;

===In popular culture===
The events of the battle for Stalingrad have been shown in several movies of [[Stalingrad (film)|German]], Russian,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=4562967572164209056&amp;q=duration%3Along+is%3Afree+genre%3AMOVIE_FEATURE|title=The Great Battle on the Volga (1962)|accessdate=12 November 2010|archive-date=28 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628181553/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=4562967572164209056&amp;q=duration:long+is:free+genre:MOVIE_FEATURE|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Enemy at the Gates|British and American]] origin.

The battle is described in many books.

In the novel ''The Book Thief'', one character was presumed to have died or been captured in The Battle of Stalingrad.

In the 2011 video game [[Red Orchestra 2: Heroes of Stalingrad]], the game shows famous locations of the battle, such as [[Pavlov's House]], the Red October Factory and Mamayev Kurgan, among others.

The 2013 game, [[Company of Heroes 2]], showed the battle in certain missions. It was criticized by Russian players for being untrue&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.polygon.com/2013/7/25/4553536/is-company-of-heroes-2-anti-russian Why gaming's latest take on war is so offensive to Russians]. Polygon (2013-07-25). Retrieved on 2013-09-18.&lt;/ref&gt; and on August 7 sales in Russia were stopped.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pcgamesn.com/companyofheroes/company-heroes-2-sales-stopped-russia Company of Heroes 2 sales stopped in Russia]. PCGamesN (2013-08-06). Retrieved on 2013-09-18.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Other websites ==
* [http://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=3 WW2DB: Battle of Stalingrad]
* [http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/stalingrad/default.aspx Detailed summary of campaign] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503205507/http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/stalingrad/default.aspx |date=2011-05-03 }}
* [http://users.pandora.be/stalingrad/ Information, Photos, and Original Maps of the Battle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080902232216/http://users.pandora.be/stalingrad/ |date=2008-09-02 }}
* [http://www.stalingrad-info.com Stalingrad-info.com, many Pictures from the battle and the city]
* [http://panorama.volgadmin.ru/ Volgograd State Panoramic Museum official homepage]
* {{in lang|ru}} [http://www.stalingrad.ws/ Stalingrad Battle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080204192530/http://www.stalingrad.ws/ |date=2008-02-04 }} This site is sponsored by the main historical and culture organizations of Volgograd.
* [http://www.columbia.edu/~lnp3/mydocs/culture/Battle_of_Stalingrad.htm The Battle of Stalingrad in Film and History] Written with strong Socialist/Communist political under and overtones.
* [http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/stalingrad/default.aspx The Battle of Stalingrad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503205507/http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/stalingrad/default.aspx |date=2011-05-03 }} The Battle of Stalingrad in detail.
* Roberts, Geoffrey. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,3604,904535,00.html &quot;Victory on the Volga&quot;], [http://www.guardian.co.uk/ ''The Guardian''], February 28, 2003
* [http://www.svetskirat.net/istorija/ofanziva_1942.htm Operation Blau] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512175803/http://svetskirat.net/istorija/ofanziva_1942.htm |date=2009-05-12 }}
* [http://www.svetskirat.net/istorija/staljingrad_odbrana.htm Battle of Stalingrad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524022331/http://www.svetskirat.net/istorija/staljingrad_odbrana.htm |date=2009-05-24 }}
* [http://www.svetskirat.net/istorija/propast_6armije.htm The Soviet counter-offensive: Operation Uranus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531061344/http://www.svetskirat.net/istorija/propast_6armije.htm |date=2009-05-31 }}
* [http://www.svetskirat.net/istorija/predaja_6armije.htm Disaster of 6th Army] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531061339/http://www.svetskirat.net/istorija/predaja_6armije.htm |date=2009-05-31 }}
* [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=4562967572164209056&amp;q=duration%3Along+is%3Afree+genre%3AMOVIE_FEATURE The Great Battle on the Volga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628181553/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=4562967572164209056&amp;q=duration:long+is:free+genre:MOVIE_FEATURE |date=2011-06-28 }} on Google Video
* [https://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=840BA5CC7C27D66C German Newsreels of the Battle of Stalingrad] on YouTube

{{Tank battles}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stalingrad}}
[[Category:1942]]
[[Category:1943 in Europe]]
[[Category:1940s in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Battles involving Germany]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:European battles of World War II]]
[[Category:Volgograd]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pauline epistles</title>
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      <text bytes="4504" sha1="t699zzpsm4ehxhm14v7b39rulvmf9ci" xml:space="preserve">The '''Pauline epistles''' are thirteen letters in the [[New Testament]] that most Christians believe were written by [[Paul the Apostle]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;While seven of the letters traditionally attributed to Paul (Romans, 1-2 Corinthians, Galatians, Philippians, 1 Thessalonians, and Philemon) are routinely accepted as authentic in modern scholarship, Ephesians, Colossians, 2 Thessalonians, 1-2 Timothy, and Titus remain disputed. For a relatively recent overview, see MacDonald, Margaret T. &quot;The Deutero-Pauline Letters in Contemporary Research,&quot; in The Oxford Handbook of Pauline Studies (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 258-279.&lt;/ref&gt; and they are the earliest [[Christian]] documents.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} They show many of the beliefs and controversies within early Christianity,{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} since most of them are addressed to churches.

The [[First Epistle to Timothy]] (1 Timothy), the [[Second Epistle to Timothy]] (2 Timothy) and the [[Epistle to Titus]] (Titus), are known as the '''Pastoral epistles''' or '''Pastorals'''. These are the most debated epistles other than [[Second Epistle to the Thessalonians|2 Thessalonians]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Order and Authorship ==
This is the traditional order that they appear in:
*[[Epistle to the Romans]]&lt;ref name=&quot;undisputed&quot;&gt;Most [[scholar]]s think this letter was written by Paul.&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[First Epistle to the Corinthians]]&lt;ref name=&quot;undisputed&quot; /&gt;
*[[Second Epistle to the Corinthians]]&lt;ref name=&quot;undisputed&quot; /&gt;
*[[Epistle to the Galatians]]&lt;ref name=&quot;undisputed&quot; /&gt;
*[[Epistle to the Ephesians]]&lt;ref name=&quot;maybepaul&quot;&gt;Scholars do not know if this letter was written by Paul. Many believe, that it was probably not written by Paul; they say the language is very different to that used by Paul. Those who say that Paul was the author say that this letter fits in very well with the other letters written by Paul.&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Epistle to the Philippians]]&lt;ref name=&quot;undisputed&quot; /&gt;
*[[Epistle to the Colossians]]&lt;ref name=&quot;evenlydivided&quot;&gt;Modern scholars do not know if this letter was written by Paul. About half of them believe it was, the other half beileve it was not.&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[First Epistle to the Thessalonians]]&lt;ref name=&quot;undisputed&quot; /&gt;
*[[Second Epistle to the Thessalonians]]&lt;ref name=&quot;evenlydivided&quot; /&gt;
*[[First Epistle to Timothy]]&lt;ref name=&quot;maybepaul&quot; /&gt;
*[[Second Epistle to Timothy]]&lt;ref name=&quot;maybepaul&quot; /&gt;
*[[Epistle to Titus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;maybepaul&quot; /&gt;
*[[Epistle to Philemon]]&lt;ref name=&quot;undisputed&quot; /&gt;
Scholars are only confident that seven of these epistles (''[[Epistle to the Romans|Romans]], [[First Epistle to the Corinthians|1 Corinthians]], [[Second Epistle to the Corinthians|2 Corinthians]], [[Epistle to the Galatians|Galatians]], [[Epistle to the Philippians|Philippians]], [[First Epistle to the Thessalonians|1 Thessalonians]], [[Epistle to Philemon|Philemon]]'') were actually written by Paul, while there is even divide for two of them (''[[Epistle to the Colossians|Colossians]], [[First Epistle to the Thessalonians|1 Thessalonians]]'').&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;While seven of the letters traditionally attributed to Paul (Romans, 1-2 Corinthians, Galatians, Philippians, 1 Thessalonians, and Philemon) are routinely accepted as authentic in modern scholarship, Ephesians, Colossians, 2 Thessalonians, 1-2 Timothy, and Titus remain disputed. For a relatively recent overview, see MacDonald, Margaret T. &quot;The Deutero-Pauline Letters in Contemporary Research,&quot; in The Oxford Handbook of Pauline Studies (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 258-279.&lt;/ref&gt; The remaining letters (''[[First Epistle to Timothy|1 Timothy]], [[Second Epistle to Timothy|2 Timothy]], [[Epistle to Titus|Titus]], [[Second Epistle to the Thessalonians|2 Thessalonians]]'') have the least scholarly support for being written by Paul, and most scholars consider them to be [[Pseudepigrapha|pseudepigraphic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;While seven of the letters traditionally attributed to Paul (Romans, 1-2 Corinthians, Galatians, Philippians, 1 Thessalonians, and Philemon) are routinely accepted as authentic in modern scholarship, Ephesians, Colossians, 2 Thessalonians, 1-2 Timothy, and Titus remain disputed. For a relatively recent overview, see MacDonald, Margaret T. &quot;The Deutero-Pauline Letters in Contemporary Research,&quot; in The Oxford Handbook of Pauline Studies (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 258-279.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

{{Books of the Bible}}

[[Category:Pauline epistles| ]]</text>
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{{Infobox Military Conflict
| conflict    = Battle of the Bulge
| partof      = [[World War II]]
| image       = Battle of the Bulge.jpg
| caption     = American soldiers of the 290th Infantry Regiment [[75th Infantry Division (United States)|75th Division]] photographed in the Ardennes during the Battle of the Bulge. {Amonines, Belgium 4 January 1945}
| date        = 16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945
| place       = The [[Ardennes]], Belgium, [[Luxembourg]] and Germany
| result      = Allied victory
| combatant1  = {{flagicon|United States|1912}} [[United States]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|Canada|1921}} [[Canada]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Belgium|state}} &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=U.S. Army|title= Belgians recall protecting their soil 65 years ago during Battle of Bulge |url= https://www.army.mil/article/31241/belgians_recall_protecting_their_soil_65_years_ago_during_battle_of_bulge|access-date=2025-12-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;([[Western Allies|and others]])
| combatant2  = '''{{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}}'''
| commander1  = '''[[Dwight David Eisenhower|Dwight D. Eisenhower]]'''&lt;br /&gt;
[[Omar N. Bradley]] ([[Twelfth United States Army Group|12th U.S. Army Group]])&lt;br /&gt;
[[Courtney Hodges]] ([[First United States Army|1st U.S. Army]])&lt;br /&gt;
[[George S. Patton]] ([[Third United States Army|3rd U.S Army]])&lt;br /&gt;
[[Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein|Bernard Montgomery]]
| commander2  = '''[[Adolf Hitler]]'''&lt;br /&gt;
[[Walter Model]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Gerd von Rundstedt]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Hasso von Manteuffel]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Sepp Dietrich]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Erich Brandenberger]]
| strength1   = 840,000+ men,&lt;br /&gt;
1,300 medium tanks,&lt;ref&gt;Steven Zaloga states that US First Army had 1,320 [[M4 Sherman]]s available ({{Harvnb|Zaloga|2008|pp=71–73}}).&lt;/ref&gt; plus [[tank destroyers]],&lt;br /&gt;
394 [[artillery]] guns
| strength2   = 200,000 – 500,000 men &lt;ref name=&quot;Delaforce, P. 2004 p. 376&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Delaforce|2004|p=376}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Parker|1991|p=196}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Burriss|first=T. Moffat|title=Strike and Hold: A Memoir of the 82nd Airborne in World War II|url=https://archive.org/details/strikeholdmemoir0000burr|year=2001|publisher=Brassey's|page=[https://archive.org/details/strikeholdmemoir0000burr/page/165 165]|isbn=9781574883480}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
1,800 tanks&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Cole|1964|p=652}} states that this number consisted of approximately 250 [[Tiger I]], 775 [[Panther tank|Panther]], 775 [[Panzer IV]] and a very few [[Tiger II]]; {{Harvnb|Zaloga|2008|pp=71–73}} states 416 Panther tanks.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;1,900 artillery guns and ''[[Nebelwerfers]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Cole|1964|p=650}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| casualties1 = {{flagicon|United States|1912}} American:&lt;br /&gt;89,500&lt;br /&gt;(19,000 killed,&lt;br /&gt;47,500 wounded,&lt;br /&gt;23,000 captured or missing)&lt;br /&gt;~800 tanks&lt;ref name=&quot;Shaw, A 2000 p. 168&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Shaw|2000|p=168}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} British:&lt;br /&gt;1,408&lt;br /&gt;(200 killed,&lt;br /&gt;1,200 wounded or missing)
| casualties2 = 67,200&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Cirillo|2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; – 100,000 killed, missing/captured, or wounded&lt;br&gt;~600 tanks and assault guns&lt;ref name=&quot;Shaw, A 2000 p. 168&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=ShirerP1095&gt;{{Harvnb|Shirer|1990|p=1095}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| casualties3 = approximately 3,000 civilians killed&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Schrijvers|first=Peter|year=2005|title=The Unknown Dead: Civilians in the Battle of the Bulge|url=https://archive.org/details/unknowndeadcivil0000schr|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=0813123526|page=xiv}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|campaignbox= {{Campaignbox World War II}}
{{Campaignbox Western Front (World War II)}}}}
The '''Battle of the Bulge''' (16 December 1944&amp;nbsp;– 25 January 1945) was a major [[Nazi Germany|German]] attack near the end of [[World War II]], in [[Belgium]], [[France]] and [[Luxembourg]]. The attack surprised [[Allies of World War II|Allied forces]]. It was the worst battle in terms of [[Casualty (person)|casualties]] for the United States. It also used up huge amounts of Germany's war-making resources. 

[[File:Wacht am Rhein map (Opaque).svg|thumb|right|250px|Map showing the swelling of &quot;the Bulge&quot; as the German offensive progressed]]

The German attack was supported by several other operations. Germany's goal was to split the British and American [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] line in half, capture [[Antwerp]], and then encircle and destroy four Allied armies. They hoped this would force the [[Western Allies|Allies]] to make a [[peace treaty]] with Germany. If they did this, Hitler could focus on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|eastern front of the war]].

The attack was planned in secret. Germany moved troops and equipment in the dark. United States [[Intelligence agency|intelligence staff]] predicted a major German attack, but this still surprised them. The Allied forces were focused on their own attack plans, and their [[aerial reconnaissance]] was poor.

The Germans attacked a weakly defended section of the Allied line. They attacked during bad weather. This was because the Allies could not use [[Airplane|planes]] if the weather was bad. Violent resistance blocked German access to important roads. The thick [[Forest|forests]] helped the defenders. This slowed the German advance and gave the Allies time to add new troops. Better weather conditions permitted air attacks on German forces, which led to the failure of the attack.

After the defeat, many experienced German units lacked men and equipment. The battle involved about 610,000 American men,{{sfn|Cirillo|2003|p=53}} of whom some 89,000 were casualties,{{sfn|Miles|2004}} including 19,000 killed.{{sfn|Miles|2004}}{{sfn|MacDonald|1998|p=618}}   It was the largest and most deadly battle fought by the United States in World War II.&lt;ref name=&quot;bloodiest&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.mlive.com/news/flint/index.ssf/2008/12/a_time_to_remember_clifford_va.html | title = A time to remember: Clifford Van Auken remembers Battle of the Bulge, World War II's bloodiest U.S. battle | work = The Flint Journal | publisher = Michigan Live LLC | date = 16 December 2008 | accessdate = 21 February 2010 | archive-date = 12 May 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130512134625/http://www.mlive.com/news/flint/index.ssf/2008/12/a_time_to_remember_clifford_va.html | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite video | people = McCullough, David |year=2005 | title = American Experience – The Battle of the Bulge| medium = Videotape }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{citation | first = Stephen E. | last = Ambrose | year = 1997 | title = Americans at War | publisher = University Press of Mississippi | page = 52 | isbn = 978-1-57806-026-9 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{citation | first = Donald L. | last = Miller | year = 2002 | title = The Story of World War II | publisher = Simon &amp; Schuster | page = 358 | isbn = 978-0-7432-1198-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{citation | first = Jane | last = Penrose | year = 2009 | title = The D-Day Companion | publisher = Osprey Publishing | page = 267 | isbn = 978-1-84176-779-6 }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Delaforce|2004|p=211}}

== Background ==

After moving from [[Normandy landings|Normandy]] at the end of July 1944 and landing in southern France on 15 August 1944, the Allies advanced toward Germany more quickly than expected.{{efn|Operation Overlord planned for an advance to the line of the Seine by the 90th day following [[D-Day]] and an advance to the German frontier sometime after D+120.}}  Allied troops were tired from weeks of continuous fighting and supplies were very low. The [[military logistics|supply]] situation improved in October but the lack of troops was still a major problem.

General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] and his staff chose the [[Ardennes]] region, held by the First United States Army, as an area that could be held by as few troops as possible. The Ardennes were chosen because the terrain offered good defence and there were not many roads.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fabianich&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.benning.army.mil/monographs/content/wwii/STUP2/FabianichKeith%20P.%20MAJ.pdf | title = The Operations of the 3rd Battalion, 395th Infantry (99th Infantry Division) Prior to and During the German Counter-Offensive, 10 November – 24 December 1944 (Ardennes Campaign) (Personal Experience of a Company Commander and Battalion Operations Officer) | last = Fabianich | first = Maj. Keith P. | year = 1947 | work = Advanced Infantry Officers Course, 1947–1948 | publisher = General Subjects Section, Academic Department, the Infantry School, Fort Benning, Georgia | page = 3 | accessdate = 24 February 2009 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090318155306/https://www.benning.army.mil/monographs/content/wwii/STUP2/FabianichKeith%20P.%20MAJ.pdf | archivedate = 18 March 2009 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The speed of the Allied advance and a lack of [[deep-water port]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;s made it hard for the Allies to supply their troops.{{sfn|Shirer|1990|pp=1088–1089}} Beach supply operations using the Normandy landing areas could not supply enough provisions. The only port the Allies had captured was [[Cherbourg-Octeville|Cherbourg]], near the original invasion beaches,{{sfn|Shirer|1990|pp=1088–1089}} but the Germans had wrecked and [[Naval mine|mine]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;d it. It took the Allies many months to build up their ability to move cargo. The Allies captured the port of [[Antwerp]], Belgium, fully intact, in the first days of September, but it was not working until 28 November. The [[Scheldt|Scheldt River]] had to be cleared of both German troops and [[naval mine]]s.{{sfn|Shirer|1990|p=1086}}

The limitations led to disagreements between General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] and Field Marshal [[Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein|Bernard Montgomery]] over whether Montgomery or American General [[Omar Bradley]] in the south would get access to supplies.{{sfn|Ryan|1995|p=68}}

German forces remained in control of several major ports on the [[English Channel]] coast until May 1945. The destruction of the French [[Rail transport|railway]] system before [[D-Day]] made it hard for the Germans to respond to the invasion. It was also a problem for the Allies, as it took time to repair the tracks and bridges.

A [[Truck|trucking]] system brought supplies to front-line troops, but transportation took huge amounts of [[fuel]] to reach the front line near the Belgian border. By early October the Allies stopped major attacks to improve their supply lines.{{sfn|Shirer|1990|pp=1088–1089}} Montgomery and Bradley both asked for delivery of supplies to their armies so they could continue to attack the Germans. Gen. Eisenhower wanted Montgomery's northern forces to open the port of Antwerp and capture the [[Ruhr area]], the industrial part of Germany.{{sfn|Shirer|1990|pp=1088–1089}}

With the Allies paused, German Field Marshal [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] was able to reorganize the German armies into an organized defense.{{sfn|Shirer|1990|pp=1088–1089}}

[[Field Marshal]] Montgomery's [[Operation Market Garden]] only achieved some of its goals. Its gains in territory left the Allied supply situation worse than before. In October the [[Canadian First Army]] fought the [[Battle of the Scheldt]], opening the port of Antwerp to shipping. As a result, by the end of October the supply situation got better.

Despite a pause in fighting after the Scheldt battles, the Germans had serious problems. While operations continued in the autumn, notably the [[Lorraine Campaign]], the [[Battle of Aachen]] and [[Battle of Hürtgen Forest|fighting in the Hürtgen Forest]], the situation in the west changed little.

The Allies were [[Operation Queen|slowly pushing towards Germany]], but they did not get there. The Western Allies already had 96 [[Division (military)|divisions]] at or near the front, with ten more divisions coming from the United Kingdom. Additional Allied airborne units remained in England. The Germans had a total of 55 divisions.{{sfn|Cole|1964|p=1}}

Adolf Hitler promised his generals 18 [[infantry]] and 12 [[Armoured vehicle|armored]] or mechanized divisions. The plan was to use 13 infantry divisions, two [[parachute]] divisions and six [[panzer]] divisions from [[Reserve|reserves]]. On the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] the Soviets' [[Operation Bagration]] during the summer had destroyed much of Germany's [[Army Group Center]]. The operation ended only when the advancing [[Soviet Army|Red Army]] forces ran out of supplies. By November, Soviet forces were preparing for a winter attack.{{sfn|Shirer|1990|p=1085}}

Meanwhile, the Allied air attacks of early 1944 had made the [[Luftwaffe|German Air Force]] unable to fly. This meant that the German Army had little [[battlefield intelligence]] and no way to stop Allied supplies. The daytime movement of German forces was easily noticed and stopping supplies combined with the bombing of the [[Petrochemical industry in Romania|Romanian oil fields]] meant Germany had no [[oil]] and [[gasoline]].

One of the few advantages held by the German forces in November 1944 was that they were no longer defending all of Western Europe. Their front lines in the west had been shortened and were much closer to the German borders. This reduced their supply problems despite Allied control of the air. Their [[telephone]] and [[Telegraphy|telegraph]] network meant that [[Radio|radios]] were no longer necessary for [[Communication|communications]], which lessened the effectiveness of Allied [[Enigma machine|Ultra]] code breaking. Nevertheless, some 40—50 coded messages were sent per day by ULTRA. They recorded the quadrupling of German fighter forces and noticed that an attack was planned. ULTRA also picked up information about a lot of rail and road movements in the region.{{sfn|Parker|1994|pp=122–123}}

=== Drafting the offensive ===
German leader [[Adolf Hitler]] felt that his mobile reserves allowed him to do one major attack. Although he realised nothing could be accomplished in the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]], he still believed an offensive against the Western Allies could succeed.{{sfn|Weinberg|1964}} Hitler believed he could split the Allied forces and make the Americans and British to settle for a separate peace, independent of the Soviet Union.{{sfn|Shirer|1990|p=1091}}  Success in the west would give the Germans time to design and produce more advanced weapons (such as [[jet aircraft]], new [[U-boat]] designs and [[super-heavy tank]]s) and permit the build-up of forces in the east. {{sfn|Shirer|1990|p=1092}}  Given the reduced manpower of their land forces, the Germans believed that it was better to attack in the West against the smaller Allied forces rather than against the vast Soviet armies. Even the destruction of entire Soviet armies would still have left the Soviets with more soldiers. Several senior German military officers, such as Field Marshal [[Walter Model]] did not think the attack would work. They offered different plans, but Hitler would not listen. The plan needed bad weather, including heavy [[fog]] and low-lying [[cloud]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;s, which would make it hard for Allied planes to fly.{{sfn|Shirer|1990|p=1090}} Hitler originally set the attack for late November, before the start of the [[Vistula-Oder Offensive|Russian winter offensive]].

[[File:82nd Grave.jpg|thumb|The U.S. 82nd Airborne Div. dropping on Grave, during [[Operation Market Garden]].]]

In the west supply problems began slowing down Allied operations, even though the opening of the port of Antwerp in late November improved the situation. The positions of the Allied armies stretched from southern France all the way north to the [[Netherlands]]. The Germans wanted to attack the thin line of Allied forces. They thought this would stop Allied advances on the Western Front. Several plans for major Western attacks were prepared. A first plan was for an attack on the U.S. forces around [[Aachen]], to encircle the [[U.S. Ninth Army]]. A second plan was for a ''[[blitzkrieg]]'' attack through the weakly defended [[Ardennes Mountains]]. This aimed at splitting the armies along the U.S.—British lines and capturing [[Antwerp]].

Hitler chose the second plan. He liked the idea of splitting the Anglo-American armies. There were many disputes between Montgomery and Patton. Hitler hoped he could make use of these disagreements. If the attack captured Antwerp, four complete armies would be trapped without supplies behind German lines. Both plans aimed at attacks against the American forces. Hitler believed the Americans were not able to fight well. He thought that the American people would lose hope upon hearing of an American loss.

''[[Generalfeldmarschall]]'' (Field Marshal) [[Walther Model]] and Field Marshal [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] were ordered to lead the attacks. Model and von Rundstedt both believed aiming for Antwerp was too difficult, given Germany's lack of resources in late 1944. At the same time they felt that being just defensive would only delay defeat.  They developed plans that did not aim to cross the [[Meuse River]]; Model's being ''[[Operation Herbstnebel (Northwest Europe)|Unternehmen Herbstnebel]]'' (Operation Autumn Mist) and von Rundstedt's ''[[Fall Martin]]'' (&quot;Plan Martin&quot;). The two field marshals showed their plans to Hitler, who rejected them in favor of his &quot;big solution&quot;.{{efn|''Die Ardennenoffensive'' was also named ''Runstedtoffensive''. ({{citation | last = Jablonsky | first = David | title = Churchill and Hitler: Essays on the Political-Military Direction of Total War | publisher = Taylor &amp; Francis | year = 1994 | page = 194 | isbn = 978-0-7146-4119-5}}).}}{{efn|''Wacht am Rhein'' was renamed ''Herbstnebel'' after the operation was approved in early December. ({{Harvnb|Parker|1991|pp=95–100}}; {{Harvnb|Mitcham|2006|p=38}}; {{Harvnb|Newton|2006|pp=329–334}}).}}

=== Operation names ===
The phrase &quot;Battle of the Bulge&quot; was  made up by contemporary press to describe the way the Allied front line bulged inward on wartime news maps.{{sfn|Cirillo|2003|p=4}}{{efn|{{harvnb|Eggenberger|1985}} cites the official name as Ardennes-Alsace campaign; David Eggenberger describes this battle as the ''Second Battle of the Ardennes''.}}{{sfn|Stanton|2006|p= }}  It is also called the '''Ardennes Offensive''' or '''Unternehmen Wacht am Rhein'''. After the war ended, the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] issued the Ardennes-Alsace medal to units that took part in operations in northwest Europe. The medal covered the Ardennes sector where the battle took place and units further south in the [[Alsace]] sector.

=== Planning ===
{{Wikisource|The Ardennes: Battle of the Bulge/Chapter II|Planning the Counteroffensive}}
{{Wikisource|The Ardennes: Battle of the Bulge/Chapter III|Troops and Terrain}}
{{Wikisource|The Ardennes: Battle of the Bulge/Chapter IV|Preparations}}
[[File:German Wacht Am Rhein Offensive Plan.png|thumb|upright=1.8|The German plan]]
OKW decided by mid-September, on Hitler's orders, that the attack would be started in the Ardennes, as was done [[Battle of France|in 1940]]. Many German generals objected, but the attack was planned and carried out. In 1940 German forces had passed through the Ardennes in three days before attacking the enemy, but the 1944 plan called for battle in the forest. The main forces were to advance westward to the [[Meuse|Meuse River]], then turn northwest for Antwerp and [[Brussels]]. The thick forests of the Ardennes would make movement difficult. There was open ground beyond the Meuse where the Germans could move quickly to the coast.

Four armies were selected for the operation. First was the [[6th Panzer Army|Sixth Panzer Army]], under SS General [[Sepp Dietrich]]—newly created on 26 October 1944, it used the most senior and the most experienced ''[[Waffen-SS]]'': the [[Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler|1st SS Panzer Division ''Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler'']] as well as the [[SS Division Hitlerjugend|12th SS Panzer Division ''Hitlerjugend'']]. The 6th Panzer Army was the northernmost attack force. It was ordered to capture [[Antwerp]]. The [[5th Panzer Army|Fifth Panzer Army]] under General [[Hasso von Manteuffel]] was ordered to capture [[Brussels]]. The [[7th Army (Wehrmacht)|Seventh Army]], under General [[Erich Brandenberger]], was ordered to the southernmost attack. This Army was made up of only four infantry divisions, with no armoured groups. As a result, they made little progress throughout the battle. Also participating in a secondary role was the [[15th Army (Wehrmacht)|Fifteenth Army]], under General [[Gustav-Adolf von Zangen]]. It was located on the far north of the Ardennes battlefield. It was ordered to hold U.S. forces in place. It could also attack if conditions were right.

For the attack to be successful, four elements were needed: the attack had to be a complete surprise; the weather conditions had to be poor to stop Allied [[air superiority]];{{sfn|Parker|1994|p=118}} the progress had to be rapid. Allied fuel supplies would have to be captured because the [[Wehrmacht]] was short on fuel. The General Staff estimated they only had enough fuel to cover one-third to one-half of the ground to Antwerp.

The plan originally called for just under 45 divisions, including a dozen [[panzer]] and [[panzergrenadier]] divisions forming the [[armored spearhead]] and various infantry units to form a defensive line. By this time, however, the German Army suffered from a manpower shortage and the force had been reduced to around 30 divisions. Although it retained most of its armor, there were not enough infantry units because of the defensive needs in the East. These 30 newly rebuilt [[division (military)|divisions]] used some of the last reserves of the German Army. Among them were ''[[Volksgrenadier]]'' units formed from a mix of veterans and recruits formerly regarded as too young or too old to fight. Training time, equipment and supplies were inadequate during the preparations. German fuel supplies were inadequate. Materials and supplies that could not be transported by rail had to be [[Horse-drawn carriage|horse-drawn]] to conserve fuel. The mechanized and panzer divisions would depend heavily on captured fuel. As a result, the start of the attack was delayed from 27 November to 16 December.

Before the offensive the Allies were not aware of German troop movement. During the liberation of France, the [[French resistance]] had provided information about German movements. Once they reached the German border, this information was not available. In Germany such orders were typically transmitted using telephone and [[teleprinter]], and a special [[radio silence]] order was made on all communications about the attack.{{sfn|MacDonald|1984|p=40}} The major crackdown in the ''Wehrmacht'' after the [[20 July plot]] to kill Hitler resulted in much tighter security and fewer information  leaks. The foggy autumn weather also prevented Allied reconnaissance aircraft from seeing the Germans on the ground. German units in the area were given [[charcoal]] instead of wood for cooking fires to cut down on smoke and reduce chances of Allied observers realizing a troop build up was underway. {{sfn||Cole|1964|p=21}}

Allied High Command considered the Ardennes a quiet sector. Allied intelligence services said that the Germans were unable to launch any major attacks this late in the war. The Allies thought that the Germans were getting ready for defence. The Allies thought that a new defensive army was being formed around [[Düsseldorf]] in the northern Rhine. The Germans tricked the Allies by increasing the number of [[flak]] [[Artillery battery|batteries]] in the area and making more radio transmissions in the area.

The attack, when it came, completely surprised the Allied forces. The U.S. Third Army intelligence chief, Colonel [[Oscar Koch]], the U.S. First Army intelligence chief and the [[Kenneth Strong|SHAEF intelligence officer]] had warned that the Germans might attack the U.S. VIII Corps area. These warnings were ignored by the U.S. 12th Army Group.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation | last = Dougherty | first = Kevin | year = 2002 | url = http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/army/mipb/2002_04.pdf | title = Oscar Koch: An Unsung Hero Behind Patton's Victories | journal = Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin April–June 2002 | pages = 64–66 | volume = 28 | issue = 1 | postscript = . }}&lt;/ref&gt; Because the Ardennes was considered a quiet sector, the Allies used it as a training ground for new units and a rest area. The U.S. units deployed in the Ardennes thus were a mixture of inexperienced troops (such as the U.S. [[99th Infantry Division (United States)|99th]] and [[106th Infantry Division (United States)|106th &quot;Golden Lions&quot; Division]]s), and [[veteran]] troops sent to that sector to rest (the [[U.S. 28th Infantry Division|28th Infantry Division]]).

Two major [[special operations]] were planned for the attack. By October it was decided that [[Otto Skorzeny]], the German [[commando]] was to lead a task force of English-speaking German soldiers. These soldiers were to be dressed in American and British [[uniform]]s. They would go behind American lines and change signposts, misdirect traffic, cause disruption and seize bridges across the Meuse River between [[Liège (city)|Liège]] and [[Namur (city)|Namur]]. By late November, another special operation was added: [[Col.]] [[Friedrich August von der Heydte]] was to lead a ''[[Fallschirmjäger (Nazi Germany)|Fallschirmjäger]]'' (paratrooper) ''[[Kampfgruppe]]'' in [[Operation Stösser]], a night-time [[Paratrooper|paratroop]] drop behind the Allied lines aimed at capturing an important road near [[Malmedy]].{{sfn||MacDonald|1984|pp=86–89}}{{sfn||Toland|1999|p=16,19}}

German intelligence had set 20 December as the expected date for the start of the [[Vistula–Oder Offensive|upcoming Soviet attack]].

After the [[20 July plot]] attempt to kill Hitler's life, and the advance of the [[Red Army]], Hitler and his staff left the [[Wolfsschanze]] headquarters in [[East Prussia]]. After a brief visit to [[Berlin]], Hitler travelled on his [[Führersonderzug|''Führersonderzug'' (train)]] to [[Giessen]] on 11 December, taking up residence in the [[Adlerhorst]] command complex at [[Kranzberg|Kransberg]] Castle.

Von Rundstedt set up his operational headquarters near [[Limburg an der Lahn|Limburg]], close enough for the generals and Panzer Corps commanders who were to lead the attack to visit Alderhost.

In a personal conversation on 13 December between [[Walther Model]] and [[Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte|Friedrich von der Heydte]], who was put in charge of [[Operation Stösser|Operation ''Stösser'']], von der Heydte gave Operation ''Stösser'' less than a 10% chance of succeeding. Model told him it was necessary to make the attempt.{{sfn|Parker|2004|p=132}}

== Initial German assault ==
[[File:Western Front Ardennes 1944.jpg|thumb|Situation on the Western Front as of 15 December 1944]]
On 16 December 1944, at 5:30&amp;nbsp;am, the Germans began the attack with a 90-minute artillery attack using 1,600 artillery pieces.{{sfn|Quarrie|1999|p=}} The Americans thought was that this was an attack resulting from the Allies' recent attack in the [[Wahlerscheid]] sector to the north. In the northern sector [[Sepp Dietrich|Dietrich]]'s 6th Panzer Army was held up for almost 24 hours by a single platoon and four U.S. [[artillery observer|Forward Artillery Observers]]. They then attacked [[Losheim Gap]] and [[Elsenborn Ridge]] to get through to [[Liège]] and Antwerp. Heavy snowstorms occurred in the Ardennes area. This kept the Allied aircraft grounded, but it also slowed the German advance. There were massive traffic jams and fuel shortages. [[Hasso von Manteuffel|von Manteuffel]]'s [[5th Panzer Army|Fifth Panzer Army]] attacked towards [[Bastogne]] and [[St. Vith]]. In the south, [[Erich Brandenberger|Brandenberger]]'s [[7th Army (Wehrmacht)|Seventh Army]] moved towards [[Luxembourg]].

Only one month before 250 members of the Waffen-SS had tried to recapture the town of [[Vianden]] from the [[German occupation of Luxembourg in World War II|Luxembourgish resistance]] during the [[Battle of Vianden]]. The SS lost.

== Attack on the northern shoulder ==
{{Wikisource|The Ardennes: Battle of the Bulge/Chapter V|The Sixth Panzer Army Attack}}

The battle for [[Elsenborn Ridge]] was an important part of the Battle of the Bulge.{{sfn||MacDonald|1984|p=410}} The attack was led by one of the best equipped German divisions on the western front, the [[1st SS Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler|1st SS Panzer Division]]. The division made up the lead unit for the entire German [[6th Panzer Army]]. [[Waffen-SS|SS]] [[Obersturmbannführer]] [[Joachim Peiper]] led [[Kampfgruppe]] Peiper, consisting of 4,800 men and 600 vehicles.{{sfn|Cole|1964|p=age needed|date=October 2010}} 

[[File:Battle of the Bulge 6th.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.8|[[Sepp Dietrich]] led the Sixth Panzer Army in the northernmost attack route.]]
The attacks by the Sixth Panzer Army's infantry units in the north did badly because of strong resistance by the U.S. 2nd and 99th Infantry Divisions. On the first day, a German battalion of 500 men was held up for 10 hours. The infantry of the 9th Fallschirmjaeger Regiment, [[3rd Parachute Division (Germany)|3rd Fallschirmjaeger Division]] had been ordered to attack the village first. A single 18-man platoon from the [[99th Infantry Division (United States)#Most decorated platoon of World War II|99th Infantry Division]] and four Forward Air Controllers held up the battalion of about 500 German paratroopers until sunset causing 92 casualties among the Germans. This stopped the German advance. Kampfgruppe Peiper, at the head of the [[Waffen-SS|SS]] [[Oberstgruppenführer]] [[Josef Dietrich|Sepp Dietrich]]'s [[6th Panzer Army|Sixth Panzer Army]] had been ordered to take the Losheim-Losheimergraben road.{{sfn||Cole|1964|p=83}} Peiper did not begin his advance until nearly 4:00&amp;nbsp;pm, more than 16 hours behind schedule. Kampfgruppe Peiper reached Bucholz Station in the early morning of 17 December and captured portions of the 3rd Battalion of the 394th Infantry Regiment. They seized a U.S. fuel depot at [[Büllingen]], where they refuelled before continuing westward.

To the north, the [[277th Volksgrenadier Division (Germany)|277th Volksgrenadier Division]] attempted to break through the U.S. [[99th Infantry Division (United States)|99th Infantry Division]] and positions of [[2nd Infantry Division (United States)|2nd Infantry Division]]. The [[12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend|12th SS Panzer Division]], reinforced by additional infantry (Panzergrenadier and Volksgenadier) divisions, took [[Büllingen|Losheimergraben]] and attacked the villages of Rocherath and Krinkelt. 

[[File:GERMAN TROOPS ADVANCING PAST ABANDONED AMERICAN EQUIPMENT.jpg|thumb|German troops advancing past abandoned American equipment]]
Their intention was to control the villages of Rocherath-Krinkelt which would clear a path to [[Elsenborn Ridge]]. This would give the Germans control of the roads to the south and west and ensure supply to Kampfgruppe Peiper's armored force.

The American defense prevented the Germans from reaching the supplies near the Belgian cities of [[Liège]] and [[Spa, Belgium|Spa]].{{sfn||Cole|1964|pp=259–260}} After more than ten days of battle, they pushed the Americans out of the villages, but were unable to move them from the ridge. The [[V Corps (United States)|V Corps]] of the [[1st Army (United States)|First U.S. Army]] prevented the German forces from reaching the roads to their west. The 99th Infantry Division was outnumbered but it caused a lot of German dead and wounded. The division lost about 20% of its strength, including 465 killed and 2,524 evacuated due to wounds, injuries or fatigue. German losses were much higher. In the northern sector, this included more than 4,000 deaths and the destruction of sixty tanks and big guns.&lt;ref name=&quot;dean&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/articles/hofendefense.aspx | title = Why the Bulge Didn't Break: Green Troops Grew Up Fast to Become Heroes of Hofen | last = Dean | first = Rob | work = American Forces in World War II | publisher = Military History Online | accessdate =17 March 2009 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090225230026/http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/articles/hofendefense.aspx| archivedate= 25 February 2009 | url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historian [[John Eisenhower|John S.D. Eisenhower]] wrote, &quot;...&amp;nbsp;the action of the 2nd and 99th Divisions on the northern shoulder could be considered the most decisive of the Ardennes campaign.&quot;{{sfn|Eisenhower|1969|p=224}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.belgiumtouristguide.be/pdf/en/BAT60.pdf | title = The Battle of the Ardennes | year = 2009 | publisher = Office de Promotion du Tourisme de Wallonie et de Bruxelles | accessdate = 26 August 2010 | archive-date = 7 February 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110207121855/http://www.belgiumtouristguide.be/pdf/en/BAT60.pdf | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kampfgruppe Peiper drives west ===
Kampfgruppe Peiper entered Honsfield, one of the 99th Division's rest centres. They killed many, destroyed a number of American armored units and vehicles, and took several dozen prisoners who were murdered.{{sfn|MacDonald|1984|p=210}}{{sfn|Cole|1964|pp=75–106}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Judge1&quot;&gt;{{citation | title=Review and Recommendation of the Deputy Judge Advocate for War Crimes | date=20 October 1947 | pages=4–22 | url=http://137.248.11.66/attachments?lang=de&amp;barcode=06-024 | accessdate=3 December 2013 | archive-date=29 September 2007 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20070929133325/http://137.248.11.66/attachments?lang=de&amp;barcode=06-024 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Peiper easily captured the town and {{convert|50000|gal}} of fuel for his vehicles.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hersko&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.historynet.com/battle-of-the-bulge-us-troops-fight-at-elsenburn-ridge.htm/1 | title = Battle of the Bulge: U.S. Troops Fight at Elsenburn Ridge | publisher = HistoryNet.com | last = Hersko | first = Ralph E., Jr. | date = November 1998 | accessdate = 14 July 2010 | archive-date = 12 June 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110612000346/http://www.historynet.com/battle-of-the-bulge-us-troops-fight-at-elsenburn-ridge.htm/1 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Peiper then advanced north-west towards [[Büllingen]].{{sfn|Quarrie|1999|p=31}} Peiper turned south to detour around [[Hünningen]].{{sfn|Quarrie|1999|p=}}

=== Malmedy massacre ===
[[File:Malmedy Massacre.jpg|thumb|Scene of the [[Malmedy massacre]]]]

At 12:30 on 17 December, [[Kampfgruppe]] Peiper was near the hamlet of [[Baugnez]] when he met the 285th Field Artillery Observation Battalion, [[7th Armored Division (United States)|U.S. 7th Armored Division]].{{sfn|Cole|1964|pp=75–106}}{{sfn|MacDonald|1984|p={{Page needed | date = August 2010 }}}} After a battle the Americans [[Surrender (military)|surrendered]]. They were sent to stand in a field. The SS troopers suddenly opened fire on the prisoners. A few survived, and news of the killings of prisoners of war was sent through Allied lines.{{sfn|MacDonald|1984|p={{Page needed | date = August 2010 }}}} Following the end of the war, soldiers and officers of Kampfgruppe Peiper, including Joachim Peiper and SS general Sepp Dietrich, were put on trial at the [[Malmedy massacre trial]].{{sfn|Toland|1999|p=382}}

=== Chenogne massacre ===
Following the Malmedy massacre, on New Year's Day 1945, after having previously received orders to take no prisoners,{{sfn|Schrijvers|2005|p=303f}} American soldiers shot sixty German prisoners of war near the Belgian village of [[Chenogne]] (8&amp;nbsp;km from [[Bastogne]]).{{sfn|Sorge|1986|p=147}}

=== Germans advance west ===
By the evening the Germans had pushed north to fight the U.S. 99th Infantry Division. Peiper's forces were late because of the American resistance and because when the Americans fell back, they blew up bridges and emptied fuel storage. Peiper's unit was delayed and his vehicles needed fuel. They took 36 hours to advance from [[Eifel]] to [[Stavelot]]. 

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-J28619, Ardennenoffensive, gefangene Amerikaner.jpg|thumb|left|upright|American soldiers of the 3rd Battalion of U.S. 119th Infantry are taken prisoner by members of  Kampfgruppe Peiper in [[Stoumont]], Belgium on 19 December 1944.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?f=38&amp;t=162104 | title = Axis History Forum: SS unit at Stoumont, Belgium? | publisher = Forum.axishistory.com | date = 18 January 2010 | accessdate =2 May 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Kampfgruppe Peiper attacked Stavelot on 18 December but was unable to capture the town before the Americans emptied a large fuel depot.{{sfn|Bouwmeester|2004|p= }} Three tanks attempted to take the bridge, but the lead tank was disabled by a mine. 60 [[Grenadier|grenadiers]] advanced forward but were stopped by American fire. After a tank battle the next day, the Germans entered the village when Peiper rushed toward the bridge at [[Trois-Ponts]], leaving the most of his force in Stavelot. When they reached it at 1130 on 18 December, retreating U.S. engineers blew it up.{{sfn|Bouwmeester|2004|p= }}{{sfn|Toland|1999|p=103,104}} Peiper went north. At [[Cheneux]], he was attacked by American fighter-bombers, destroying two tanks and five [[halftracks]]. The group got moving at dusk at 1600. Of the two bridges now remaining between Kampfgruppe Peiper and the Meuse, the bridge over the [[Lienne]] was blown by the Americans as the Germans approached. 

Peiper turned north and stopped his forces in the woods between La Gleize and [[Stoumont]].{{sfn|Bouwmeester|2004|p= }} He learned that [[Stoumont]] was strongly held and that the Americans were bringing up new troops from Spa. To Peiper's south, the advance of Kampfgruppe Hansen had stopped. SS Sturmbannführer Knittel crossed the bridge at Stavelot, but the Americans recaptured Stavelot. Peiper and Knittel both were at risk of being cut off.{{sfn|Bouwmeester|2004|p= }}

=== German advance halted ===
At dawn on 19 December, Peiper attacked the American defenders of Stoumont. He sent infantry from the 2nd SS Panzergrenadier Regiment in an attack and a company of Fallschirmjäger. He followed this with a Panzer attack, gaining the eastern edge of the town. An American tank battalion arrived but Peiper finally captured Stoumont at 1030. Knittel joined up with Peiper and reported the Americans had recaptured Stavelot to their east.{{sfn|Bouwmeester|2004|p= }} Peiper ordered Knittel to retake Stavelot. He thought Kampfgruppe did not have enough fuel to cross the bridge west of Stoumont. On the same evening the U.S. [[82nd Airborne Division]] under Maj. Gen. [[James M. Gavin|James Gavin]] arrived at La Gleize. Kampfgruppe Sandig, which had been ordered to take Stavelot, launched another attack without success. Sixth Panzer Army commander SS-[[Oberstgruppenführer]] [[Sepp Dietrich]] ordered [[Hermann Prieß]], commanding officer of the I SS Panzer Corps, to help Peiper's Kampfgruppe, but Prieß was unable to break through.{{sfn|Bouwmeester|2004|p= }}

Small units of the U.S. 2nd Battalion of the 119th Regiment attacked the Kampfgruppe Peiper during the morning of 21 December. They were pushed back and a number captured, including their battalion commander, Maj. Hal McCown. Attempting to withdraw from Cheneux, American paratroopers from the 82nd Airborne Division engaged the Germans in violent fighting. The Americans shelled Kampfgruppe Peiper on 22 December. Although the Germans had run out of food and had no fuel, they continued to fight. A Luftwaffe resupply mission went badly, parachuting supplies to American troops in Stoumont.{{sfn|Bouwmeester|2004|p= }} In La Gleize, Peiper set up defences. He decided to break through back to the German lines on 23 December. The men of the ''[[Kampfgruppe]]'' abandoned their vehicles and heavy equipment.{{sfn|MacDonald|1984|p=461,463}}

=== Operation Stösser ===
Operation Stösser was a paratroop drop into the American rear in the [[High Fens]] area. The goal was the &quot;[[Baraque Michel]]&quot; crossroads. {{sfn|Goldstein|Dillon|Wenger|1994|p=88}}  It was the German paratroopers' only nighttime drop during World War II. The [[2nd Parachute Corps (Germany)|II Parachute Corps]] sent 100 men from each of its regiments.{{sfn|Parker|2004|p=130}} They had little time to train together. The parachute drop was a failure. Von der Heydte ended up with around 300 troops. Their force was too small and too weak to counter the Allies. They withdrew towards Germany and attacked the rear of the American lines. Only about 100 of his tired men finally reached the German rear.{{sfn|Parker|2004|p=137}}

=== Wereth 11 ===
Another, much smaller massacre was committed in [[Wereth]], Belgium, on 17 December 1944. Eleven black American soldiers, after surrendering, were tortured and then shot by men of the [[1st SS Panzer Division]], belonging to Kampfgruppe [[Gustav Knittel|Knittel]]. Men from Third Company of the Reconnaissance Battalion were responsible.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.wereth.org/_en/en_history.php | title = Remembering the invisible soldiers of the Battle of the Bulge | publisher = U.S. Wereth Memorial website | date = 29 June 1944 | accessdate = 12 July 2011 | archive-date = 28 July 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110728173150/http://www.wereth.org/_en/en_history.php | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | first = Steven | last = Hoover | url = http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=33014 | title = Wereth 11 Remembered in Ceremony | publisher = Defense.gov | accessdate =12 July 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Attack in the center ==
{{Wikisource|The Ardennes: Battle of the Bulge/Chapter XVII|St. Vith is lost}}
[[File:Battle of the Bulge 5th.jpg|thumb|upright=1.8|[[Hasso von Manteuffel]] led Fifth Panzer Army in the middle attack route]]
The Germans did better when the Fifth Panzer Army attacked positions held by the U.S. [[28th Infantry Division (United States)|28th]] and 106th Infantry Divisions. The Germans lacked the strength that they had in the north, but they still had more troops and weapons than the 28th and 106th divisions. They surrounded two regiments (422nd and 423rd) of the 106th Division and forced their surrender.{{sfn|Liddell Hart|1970|p=653}}

The official U.S. Army history states: &quot;At least seven thousand [men] were lost here and the figure probably is closer to eight or nine thousand.&quot;{{sfn|Cole|1964|p=170}}

=== Battle for St. Vith ===
In [[Saint-Vith|St. Vith]], it was hard for von Manteuffel's and Dietrich's forces. The defenders resisted the German attacks. This slowed down the German advance. Montgomery ordered St. Vith to be evacuated on 21 December. U.S. troops got into [[Trench|trenches]], which made the German advance hard. By 23 December, U.S. troops were ordered to [[Withdrawal (military)|retreat]] west of the [[Salm River]]. Since the German plan called for the capture of St. Vith by 18:00 on 17 December, they were behind schedule.{{sfn|Cole|1964|p=407}}

=== Meuse River bridges ===
[[File:British Sherman Firefly Namur.jpg|thumb|left|British [[Sherman Firefly|Sherman &quot;Firefly&quot;]] tank in Namur on the Meuse River, December 1944]]
To protect the river crossings on the Meuse, Montgomery ordered units to hold the bridges on 19 December. The German advance in the center was the most successful. Fifth Panzer Army was led by the 2nd Panzer Division while [[Panzer Lehr Division]] came up from the south. The [[Ourthe River]] was passed at [[Ourtheville]] on 21 December. Lack of fuel held up the advance for one day, but on 23 December the attack continued towards the towns of [[Hargimont]] and [[Marche-en-Famenne|Marche]]. Hargimont was captured the same day, but Marche was defended by the American [[84th Division (United States)|84th Division]]. Gen. [[Heinrich Freiherr von Lüttwitz|Lüttwitz]], commander of the [[XLVII Panzer Corps (Germany)|XXXXVII Panzer Corps]], ordered the Division to turn west towards [[Dinant]] and the Meuse. 2nd Panzer Division was still advancing quickly. On 22/23 December the woods of [[Foy-Notre-Dame]] were reached, near Dinant. On 24 December the furthest point was reached. Panzer Lehr Division took the town of [[Celles, Houyet|Celles]]. Farther north, parts of 2nd Panzer Division were close to the Meuse. An Allied force prevented the German forces from approaching the Dinant bridge. By late Christmas Eve the advance in this sector was stopped by Allied forces.{{sfn|Zaloga|2004|pp=76–83}}

=== Operation Greif and Operation Währung ===
{{Wikisource|The Ardennes: Battle of the Bulge/Chapter XI|The 1st SS Panzer Division's Dash Westward, and Operation Greif}}

For Operation Greif, Otto Skorzeny got English-speaking Germans in American uniforms behind the Allied lines. Although they failed to take the bridges over the Meuse, they caused confusion  and rumors spread quickly.{{sfn|Shirer|1990|p=1092}} Even General [[George S. Patton|George Patton]] was worried and described the situation to General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Dwight Eisenhower]].

[[Checkpoint|Checkpoints]] were set up all over the Allied rear, greatly slowing the movement of soldiers and equipment. [[Military Police|American MPs]] at these checkpoints asked troops about things that every American was expected to know. {{sfn|Shirer|1990|p=1092}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Decisive Battles: From Yorktown to Operation Desert Storm |author=Jonathon Riley |date=11 August 2010 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |page=171}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The tightened security made things very hard for the German soldiers to move about, and a number of them were captured. Even during interrogation, they spread lies. when asked about their mission, some of them claimed they had been told to go to Paris to either kill or capture General Dwight Eisenhower.{{sfn|Shirer|1990|p=1090}} Security around the general was greatly increased, and Eisenhower was kept in his headquarters.

Because Skorzeny's men were captured in American uniforms, they were executed as [[Espionage|spies]].{{sfn|Shirer|1990|p=1092}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Men of Steel: I SS Panzer Corps: The Ardennes and Eastern Front, 1944-45 |author=Michael Reynolds |date=1 February 2006 |page=58 |publisher=[[Casemate Publishers]] |isbn=1-9320-3351-3 }}&lt;/ref&gt; This was the standard practice of every army at the time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Substantive and Procedural Aspects of International Criminal Law:The Experience of International and National Courts |editor=Gabrielle McDonald |date= 1 May 2000 |page=1951 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]] |isbn=9-0411-1135-2 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Skorzeny said that he was told by German legal experts that as long he doesn't order his men to fight in combat while wearing American uniforms, such a tactic was a legitimate trick.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War |url=https://archive.org/details/lawarmedconflict00soli |author=Gary D. Solis |date=15 February 2010 |page=[https://archive.org/details/lawarmedconflict00soli/page/n465 432] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-5218-7088-7 |accessdate=15 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Skorzeny and his men wore their German uniforms underneath their American ones in case of capture. Skorzeny was tried by an American [[military tribunal]] in 1947 at the [[Dachau Trials]] for violating the [[laws of war]] from his leadership of Operation Greif, but was acquitted.{{sfn|Shirer|1990|p=1092}}

In Operation Währung, a small number of German agents went behind Allied lines in American uniforms. They tried to bribe rail and port workers to cause problems with Allied supply operations. However, this operation was a failure.

== Attack in the south ==
[[File:Battle of the Bulge 7th.jpg|thumb|upright=1.8|[[Erich Brandenberger]] led Seventh Army in the southernmost attack route]]
Further south attacking divisions crossed the [[River Our]]. The [[112th Infantry Regiment (United States)|112th Infantry Regiment]] kept German troops from using the Our River bridges around Ouren for two days, before withdrawing.

[[File:DeadBelgiumcivilians1944.jpg|left|thumb|Belgian civilians killed by [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] units during the offensive]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1985-0104-501, Ardennenoffensive, Grenadiere in Luxemburg.jpg|thumb|left|German troops fighting in the Ardennes. The soldier in the foreground has the Heer's new [[StG-44]], the world's first [[assault rifle]].]]

The 109th and 110th Regiments of the 28th Division did badly. They had so few troops that the Germans got around their positions. Both resisted and slowed down the German schedule by several days. Panzer groups captured villages and advanced near [[Bastogne]] within four days. The battles for the villages and American [[strongpoint]]s, and transport confusion on the German side, slowed the attack down. This allowed the [[101st Airborne Division]] to reach Bastogne on 19 December. The defense of Bastogne made it impossible for the Germans to take the town. The ''panzers'' went past on either side, cutting off Bastogne on 20 December. In the south, Brandenberger's three infantry divisions were stopped by divisions of the [[U.S. VIII Corps]]. Only the [[5th Parachute Division (Germany)|5th Parachute Division]] of Brandenberger's command was able to move forward.

Eisenhower and his commanders realized by 17 December that the fighting in the [[Ardennes]] was a major offensive and not a small attack, and they ordered many new troops to the area. Within a week 250,000 troops had been sent. Gen. Gavin of the [[82nd Airborne Division]] ordered the 101st to hold Bastogne. The 82nd had to battle the SS Panzer Divisions.

=== Siege of Bastogne ===

By the time the senior Allied commanders met on 19 December, the town of Bastogne and its 11 roads had been held by the Germans for several days. Two separate westbound German columns got stopped by defensive positions up to ten miles from the town.  

[[File:German soldier Ardennes 1944.jpeg|thumb|left|upright|A German machine gunner marching through the Ardennes in December 1944.]]
Gen. Eisenhower realized that the Allies could destroy German forces much more easily when they were out in the open. Patton had ordered his staff to prepare three plans for a northward turn.{{sfn|Ambrose|1998|p=208}} On 20 December, Eisenhower removed the First and Ninth U.S. Armies from Gen. Bradley's [[12th Army Group]] and placed them under Montgomery's [[British 21st Army Group|21st Army Group]].{{sfn|MacDonald|1984|p=422}} 

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-J28589, Kriegsgefangene amerikanische Soldaten.jpg|thumb|U.S. [[Prisoner of War|POWs]] on 22 December 1944]]
By 21 December the Germans had surrounded [[Bastogne]], which was defended by the [[101st Airborne Division]] and Combat Command B of the [[10th Armored Division (United States)|10th Armored Division]]. Conditions inside the town were tough. Food was scarce, and by 22 December artillery ammunition was restricted to 10 rounds per gun per day. The weather cleared the next day, however, and supplies (ammunition) were dropped over four of the next five days.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Bastogne/bast-17.htm | title = History.army.mil | publisher = History.army.mil | accessdate = 12 July 2011 | archive-date = 14 January 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110114082547/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Bastogne/bast-17.htm | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite German attacks, the town held. The German commander, Lt. Gen. [[Heinrich Freiherr von Lüttwitz]],{{sfn|Marshall|1988|p=177}} requested Bastogne's surrender.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.thedropzone.org/europe/Bulge/kinnard.html | title = NUTS! Revisited | publisher = The Drop Zone | accessdate =23 February 2010 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100314212756/http://www.thedropzone.org/europe/Bulge/Kinnard.html| archivedate= 14 March 2010 | url-status= live}}&lt;!--This could use a better citation--&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; When Brig. Gen. [[Anthony McAuliffe]] was told of the Nazi demand that he surrender, he refused. {{sfn|Ambrose|1992|location=c. &quot;Bastogne&quot;}}

Both 2nd Panzer and Panzer Lehr moved forward from Bastogne after 21 December. The 26th VG received one panzergrenadier regiment on Christmas Eve for its attack the next day. Because it lacked troops and those of the 26th VG Division were tired, the XLVII Panzer Corps concentrated its attack on several locations on the west side. The attack was defeated and all the tanks destroyed. The next day, 26 December, Gen. Patton's 4th Armored Division broke through and opened a passage to Bastogne.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Bastogne/bast-21.htm | title = History.army.mil | publisher = History.army.mil | accessdate = 12 July 2011 | archive-date = 14 January 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110114082602/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Bastogne/bast-21.htm | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Allied counteroffensive ==
[[File:Battle of the Bulge progress.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|The original objectives are outlined in red dashed lines. The orange line indicates their furthest advance.]]

On 23 December, the weather conditions started improving, allowing the Allied air forces to attack. They bombed the German supply points in their rear. [[P-47 Thunderbolt]]s started attacking the German troops on the roads. Allied air forces also helped the defenders of Bastogne, dropping [[medicine]], food, [[Blanket|blankets]], and [[ammunition]]. A team of volunteer [[surgery|surgeon]]s flew in by [[military glider]] and began operating.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.historynet.com/world-war-ii-pathfinders-resupply-101st-airborne-division-troops-in-bastogne-via-daring-parachute-drop.htm | title = Historynet.com | date = 12 June 2006 | publisher = Historynet.com | accessdate =12 July 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

By 24 December, the German advance was stopped near the Meuse. Units of the [[XXX Corps (United Kingdom)|British XXX Corps]] were holding the bridges at Dinant, [[Givet]], and [[Namur (city)|Namur]] and U.S. units were about to take over. The Germans had no supplies, and shortages of fuel and ammunition were becoming serious. Up to this point the German losses had been light, especially in armor, which was almost unharmed with the exception of Peiper's losses. On the evening of 24 December, General [[Hasso von Manteuffel]] recommended to Hitler a stop to all operations and a withdrawal. Hitler said no.

However, confusion at the Allied command prevented a strong response. In the center, on Christmas Eve, the [[2nd Armored Division (United States)|2nd Armored Division]] attempted to attack the 2nd Panzer Division at the Meuse. The [[4th Cavalry Regiment (United States)|4th Cavalry Group]] attacked the 9th Panzer Division at Marche. As result, parts of the 2nd Panzer Division were cut off.  On 26 and 27 December the trapped units of 2nd Panzer Division made two break-out attempts. Further Allied attacks near Marche led the Germans to know that no further action towards the Meuse was possible.{{sfn|Zaloga|2004|pp=84–86}} In the south, Patton's Third Army was battling to help the US troops in Bastogne. At 16:50 on 26 December, the [[U.S. 37th Armor Regiment|Company D, 37th Tank Battalion]] of the [[U.S. 4th Armored Division|4th Armored Division]], reached Bastogne, ending the siege.

== German counterattack ==
On 1 January, in an attempt to keep the offensive going, the Germans launched two new operations. At 09:15, the ''Luftwaffe'' launched ''[[Unternehmen Bodenplatte]]'' (Operation Baseplate), a major campaign against Allied [[Airfield|airfields]] in the [[Low Countries]]. Hundreds of planes attacked Allied airfields, destroying or severely damaging some 465 aircraft. However, the ''Luftwaffe'' lost 277 planes, 62 to Allied fighters and 172 mostly because of an unexpectedly high number of Allied [[flak]] guns, set up to protect against German [[V-1 flying bomb]] attacks and using [[proximity fused]] shells, but also by [[friendly fire]] from the German flak guns that were uninformed of the pending large-scale German air operation. The Germans suffered heavy losses at an airfield named [[Asch Airfield|Y-29]], losing 24 of their own planes while downing only one American plane. While the Allies recovered from their losses in just days, the operation left the ''Luftwaffe'' weak and ineffective for the remainder of the war.{{sfn|Weinberg|1995|p=769}}

On the same day, German [[Army Group G]] (''Heeresgruppe G'') and [[Army Group Oberrhein (Germany)|Army Group Upper Rhine]] (''Heeresgruppe Oberrhein'') launched a major offensive against the thinly stretched, {{convert|70|mi|km}} line of the Seventh U.S. Army. This offensive, known as ''[[Operation Nordwind|Unternehmen Nordwind]]'' (Operation North Wind), was the last major German offensive of the war on the Western Front. The weakened Seventh Army had, at Eisenhower's orders, sent troops, equipment, and supplies north to reinforce the American armies in the Ardennes, and the offensive left it in dire straits.

By 15 January, Seventh Army's [[U.S. VI Corps|VI Corps]] was fighting on three sides in [[Alsace]]. With casualties mounting, and running short on replacements, tanks, ammunition, and supplies, Seventh Army was forced to withdraw to defensive positions on the south bank of the [[Moder (river)|Moder River]] on 21 January. The German offensive drew to a close on 25 January. In the bitter, desperate fighting of Operation Nordwind, VI Corps, which had borne the brunt of the fighting, suffered a total of 14,716 casualties. The total for Seventh Army for January was 11,609.{{sfn|Cirillo|2003|p=53}} Total casualties included at least 9,000 wounded.{{sfn|Clarke|Smith|1993|p=527}} First, Third and Seventh Armies suffered a total of 17,000 hospitalized from the cold.{{sfn|Cirillo|2003|p=53}}{{efn|A footnote to the U.S. Army's official history volume &quot;Riviera to the Rhine&quot; makes the following note on U.S. Seventh Army casualties: ''As elsewhere, casualty figures are only rough estimates, and the figures presented are based on the postwar &quot;Seventh Army Operational Report, Alsace Campaign and Battle Participation, 1 June 1945&quot; (copy CMH), which notes 11,609 Seventh Army battle casualties for the period, plus 2,836 cases of trench foot and 380 cases of frostbite, and estimates about 17,000 Germans killed or wounded with 5,985 processed prisoners of war. But the VI Corps AAR for January 1945 puts its total losses at 14,716 (773 killed, 4,838 wounded, 3,657 missing, and 5,448 nonbattle casualties); and Albert E. Cowdrey and Graham A. Cosmas, &quot;The Medical Department: The War Against Germany,&quot; draft CMH MS (1988), pp. 54–55, a forthcoming volume in the United States Army in World War II series, reports Seventh Army hospitals processing about 9,000 wounded and 17,000 &quot;sick and injured&quot; during the period. Many of these, however, may have been returned to their units, and others may have come from American units operating in the Colmar area but still supported by Seventh Army medical services.''}}

=== Allies prevail ===
[[File:Infantry near Bastogne.png|thumb|left|American infantry fire on the enemy near [[Bastogne]], December 1944]]
[[File:p41(map).jpg|thumb|Erasing the Bulge—The Allied counterattack, 26 December – 25 January]]

While the German offensive had ground to a halt, they still controlled a dangerous [[salient]] in the Allied line. Patton's Third Army in the south, centered around Bastogne, would attack north, Montgomery's forces in the north would strike south, and the two forces planned to meet at [[Houffalize]].

The temperature during January 1945 was extremely low. Weapons had to be maintained and truck engines run every half-hour to prevent their oil from [[congealing]]. The offensive went forward regardless.

Eisenhower wanted Montgomery to go on the counter offensive on 1 January, with the aim of meeting up with Patton's advancing Third Army and cutting off most of the attacking Germans, trapping them in a pocket. However, Montgomery, refusing to risk underprepared infantry in a [[snowstorm]] for a strategically unimportant area, did not launch the attack until 3 January, by which time substantial numbers of German troops had already managed to fall back successfully, but at the cost of losing most of their heavy equipment.

At the start of the offensive, the First and Third U.S. Armies were separated by about {{convert|25|mi}}. American progress in the south was also restricted to about a kilometer a day. The majority of the German force executed a successful fighting withdrawal and escaped the battle area, although the fuel situation had become so dire that most of the German armor had to be abandoned. On 7 January 1945, Hitler agreed to withdraw all forces from the Ardennes, including the ''SS Panzer'' divisions, thus ending all offensive operations. However, considerable fighting went on for another 3 weeks; St. Vith was recaptured by the Americans on 23 January and the last German units participating in the offensive did not return to their start line until 25 January.

[[Winston Churchill]], addressing the House of Commons following the Battle of the Bulge said, &quot;This is undoubtedly the greatest American battle of the war and will, I believe, be regarded as an ever-famous American victory.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/botb/overview.html |title=Overview – Battle of the Bulge – The United States Army |publisher=Army.mil |date=16 December 1944 |accessdate=16 June 2013 |archive-date=7 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507014043/http://www.army.mil/botb/overview.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy at high command ==
[[File:Bernard Law Montgomery.jpg|thumb|upright|Field Marshal [[Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein|Montgomery]]]]
[[File:Dwight D. Eisenhower as General of the Army crop.jpg|thumb|upright|General [[Dwight David Eisenhower|Eisenhower]]]]

As the Ardennes battles began, Montgomery commanded the American First and Ninth armies. This was approved by Eisenhower, as the northern armies had lost all communications with [[Bradley,]] who was based in [[Luxembourg]].{{sfn|Urban|2005|p=194}} The northern side had lost all communications with the US command and with nearby units. Without radio or telephone communication Montgomery managed to improvise a way of communicating orders.

This change of leadership did not become known until a message was released.&lt;ref&gt;Whiting p198&lt;/ref&gt;
Montgomery asked Churchill if he could explain the situation. On the same day as Hitler's withdrawal order, 7 January, Montgomery held his press conference.{{sfn|Gallagher|1945}} Montgomery praised the &quot;courage and good fighting quality&quot; of the Americans. He also praised Eisenhower. Then Montgomery described the battle for a half-hour. Coming to the end of his speech he said he had used the whole power of the British Group of Armies. He called the battle &quot;the most interesting, I think possibly one of the most interesting and tricky battles I have ever handled.&quot;{{sfn|Bradley|1951|p=58}}{{sfn|Ryan|1995|pp=204–205}}  Despite his positive remarks about American soldiers, the Americans thought he took credit for the success of the campaign. They thought he made it sound like he had rescued the Americans.

Patton and Eisenhower both felt he did not describe the share of the fighting played by the British and Americans in the Ardennes. They thought that he did not tell about the part played by Bradley, Patton and other American commanders. Montgomery did not mention of any American general beside Eisenhower. This was seen as insulting. Montgomery saw his error and later wrote: &quot;I think now that I should never have held that press conference.&quot; Bradley and Patton both threatened to resign unless Montgomery's command was changed. Eisenhower had decided to fire Montgomery. Eisenhower allowed Montgomery to apologize.

== Aftermath ==
[[File:Mardasson Memorial Bastogne.JPG|thumb|The [[Mardasson Memorial]] in [[Bastogne]], Belgium]]

Casualty estimates from the battle vary widely. The official U.S. account lists 80,987 American casualties, while other estimates range from 70,000 to 108,000. According to the [[United States Department of Defense|U.S. Department of Defense]] the American forces suffered 89,500 casualties including 19,000 killed, 47,500 wounded and 23,000 missing.{{sfn|Miles|2004}} An official report by the [[United States Department of the Army]] lists some 108,347 casualties, including 19,246 killed, 62,489 wounded and 26,612 captured and missing.{{sfn|Dept of the Army|1953|p=92}} The Battle of the Bulge was the most violent battle that U.S. forces experienced in World War II; the 19,000 American dead were unsurpassed by those of any other engagement.&lt;ref name=&quot;bloodiest&quot; /&gt; British losses totaled 1,400.

The German High Command's official figure for the campaign was 84,834 casualties, and other estimates range between 60,000 and 100,000.{{sfn|MacDonald|1998|page=618}}

The Allies continued to push on in the battle. In early February, the Allies launched an attack all along the Western front: in the north under Montgomery toward [[Aachen]]; in the center, under [[Courtney Hodges]]; and in the south, under Patton.

The German losses in the battle were serious in several ways. The last of the German reserves were now gone, the [[Luftwaffe]] had been destroyed and the remaining German forces in the West were being pushed back to the defenses of the [[Siegfried Line]].

The initial success of Hitler's Ardennes offensive, launched 16 December 1944, caused Churchill to ask Stalin on 6 January 1945 for Soviet help by launching a Soviet attack. {{sfn|Sandler|2002|p=101}} On Friday, 12 January, the Soviets began the [[Vistula–Oder Offensive]], planned to begin on 20 January.{{sfn|de Senarclens|1988|p=39}}

During World War II, most U.S. black soldiers still served only as [[Truck driver|truck drivers]] and as [[stevedores]]. {{sfn|Blumenson|1972|p=127}} In the midst of the Battle of the Bulge, General Eisenhower was short of replacement troops so he allowed African American soldiers to join the white military units to fight in combat for the first time.{{sfn|Blumenson|1972|p=127}} More than 2,000 black soldiers had volunteered to go to the front.{{sfn|Young|Young|2010|p=534}} This was an important step toward a [[racially integrated]] United States military. A total of 708 African Americans were killed in combat during World War II.&lt;ref&gt;Michael Clodfelter. ''Warfare and Armed Conflicts- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 '' {{ISBN|0-7864-1204-6}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notes ==
{{notelist|colwidth=30em}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{Refbegin|colwidth=60em}}
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* {{citation | last = de Senarclens | first = Pierre | year = 1988 | title = Yalta | publisher = Transaction | isbn = 0-88738-152-9}}
* {{citation | last = Dupuy | first = Trever N | authorlink = Trevor N. Dupuy | title = Hitler's Last Gamble: The Battle of the Bulge, December 1944 – January 1945 |author2= David L. Bongard and Richard C. Anderson Jr. | publisher = HarperCollins | year = 1994 | isbn = 0-06-016627-4 }}
* {{citation | last = Eisenhower | first = John S.D. | title = The Bitter Woods|edition=First | publisher = G.P. Putnam's Sons | location = New York | year = 1969 | isbn = 0-306-80652-5 }}
* {{citation | last = Eggenberger | first = David | title = An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present | publisher = Dover Publications | year = 1985 | isbn = 0-486-24913-1 }}
* {{citation | last = Gallagher | first = Wes | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&amp;dat=19450108&amp;id=x6FhAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=L2oDAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5911,1918615 | title = Montgomery Says Doughboy Courage, Fighting Ability Halted Nazi Drive | newspaper = Pittsburgh Post-Gazette | date = 8 January 1945 | accessdate = 12 June 2012 }}
* {{citation | last1 = Goldstein | first1 = Donald M. | last2 = Dillon | first2 = Katherine V. | last3 = Wenger | first3 = J. Michael | title=Nuts!: The Battle of the Bulge: The Story and Photographs | publisher = Potomac Books | year = 1994 | isbn = 978-0-02-881069-0}}
* {{citation | last = Jordan | first = Jonathan W | title = Brothers Rivals Victors: Eisenhower, Patton, Bradley, and the Partnership That Drove the Allied Conquest in Europe | publisher = NAL | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-0-451-23212-0 }}
* {{citation | last = Kershaw | first = Alex | authorlink = Alex Kershaw | title = The Longest Winter | publisher = Da Capo Press | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-306-81304-1 }}
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* {{citation | last = MacDonald | first = Charles B. | title = A Time For Trumpets: The Untold Story of the Battle of the Bulge | authorlink = Charles B. MacDonald | publisher = Bantam Books | year = 1984 | isbn = 0-553-34226-6 }}
* {{citation | last = MacDonald | first = Charles B. | title = Company Commander | publisher = Burford Books | year = 1999 | isbn = 1-58080-038-6 }}
* {{citation | last = MacDonald | first = Charles B. | title = The Battle of the Bulge | publisher = Phoenix | year = 1998 | isbn = 978-1-85799-128-4 }}
* {{citation | last = MacDonald | first = Charles B. | title = The Last Offensive | publisher = Alpine Fine Arts Collection | year = 1994 | isbn = 1-56852-001-8 }}
* {{citation | last = Marshall | first = S.L.A. | authorlink = S.L.A. Marshall | origyear = 1946 | year = 1988 | title = Bastogne: The First Eight Days | publisher = [[United States Army Center of Military History]] | url = http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Bastogne/bast-fm.htm | accessdate = 6 December 2008 | series = U.S. Army in Action Series | id = CMH Pub 22-2 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081204013505/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Bastogne/bast-fm.htm | archivedate = 4 December 2008 | url-status = live }}
* {{citation | last = Miles | first = Donna | date = 14 December 2004 | title = Battle of the Bulge Remembered 60 Years Later | publisher = United States Department of Defense | url = http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=24591 | accessdate = 12 June 2012 }}
* {{citation | last = Mitcham | first = Samuel W. | title = Panzers in Winter: Hitler's Army and the Battle of the Bulge | publisher = Westport, CT: Praeger | year = 2006 | isbn = 0-275-97115-5 }}
* {{citation | last = Newton | first = Steven H. | title = Hitler's Commander: Field Marshal Walter Model – Hitler's Favorite General | publisher = Cambridge, MA: Da Capo |year = 2006 | isbn = 0-306-81399-8 }}
* {{citation | last = Parker | first = Danny S. | title = Battle of the Bulge: Hitler's Ardennes Offensive, 1944–1945 | publisher = Combined Books | year = 1991 | isbn = 0-938289-04-7 }}
* {{citation | last = Parker | first = Danny S. | title = To Win the Winter Sky: The Air War over the Ardennes 1944–1945 | publisher = Combined Books |year = 1994 | isbn = 0-938289-35-7 }}
* {{citation | last = Parker | first = Danny S. | title = The Battle of the Bulge, The German View: Perspectives from Hitler's High Command | publisher = London: Greenhill |year = 1999 | isbn = 1-85367-354-4 }}
* {{citation | last = Parker | first = Danny S. | title = Battle of the Bulge: Hitler's Ardennes Offensive, 1944–1945 | publisher = Da Capo Press | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-306-81391-7 }}
* {{citation | last = Quarrie | first = Bruce | title = The Ardennes Offensive VI Panzer Armee | publisher = Osprey | year = 1999 | isbn = 978-1-85532-853-2 }}
* {{citation | last = Quarrie | first = Bruce | title = The Ardennes Offensive V Panzer Armee | publisher = Osprey | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-1-85532-857-0 }}
* {{citation | last = Quarrie | first = Bruce | title = The Ardennes Offensive I Armee &amp; VII Armee | publisher = Osprey | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-1-85532-913-3 }}
* {{citation | last = Ryan | first = Cornelius | authorlink = Cornelius Ryan | title = A Bridge Too Far | publisher = Simon &amp; Schuster | location = New York | year = 1995 | origyear = 1974 | isbn = 978-0-684-80330-2 }}
* {{citation | last = Ryan | first = Cornelius | title = The Last Battle: The Classic History of the Battle for Berlin | publisher = Simon &amp; Schuster | year = 1995 | isbn = 978-0-684-80329-6 }}
* {{citation | last = Sandler | first = Stanley | year = 2002 | title = Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia | publisher = ABC-CLIO | isbn = 1-57607-344-0 }}
* {{citation | last = Schrijvers | first = Peter | year = 2005 | title = The Unknown Dead: Civilians in the Battle of the Bulge | publisher = University Press of Kentucky | isbn = 0-8131-2352-6 }}
* {{citation | last = Shaw | first = Antony | title = World War II Day by Day | publisher = MBI Pub. Co | location = Osceola | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-7603-0939-1 }}
* {{citation | last = Shirer | first = William L. | authorlink = William L. Shirer | title = The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany | publisher = Simon and Schuster | year = 1990 | isbn = 0-671-72868-7 }}
* {{citation | last = Skorzeny | first = Otto | authorlink = Otto Skorzeny | title = Skorzeny's Special Missions: The Memoirs of &quot;The Most Dangerous Man in Europe&quot; | publisher = Greenhill Books | year = 1997 | isbn = 978-1-85367-291-0 }}
* {{citation | last = Sorge | first = Martin K. | title = The Other Price of Hitler's War: German Military and Civilian Losses Resulting From World War II | publisher = Greenwood Press | year = 1986 | isbn = 0-313-25293-9 }}
* {{citation | last = Stanton | first = Shelby | title = World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939–1946 | year = 2006 | publisher = Stackpole Books}}
* {{citation | last = Toland | first = John | authorlink = John Toland (author) | title = Battle: The Story of the Bulge | year = 1999 | publisher = University of Nebraska Press | location = Lincoln | isbn = 0-8032-9437-9 }}
* {{citation | last = Urban | first = Mark | authorlink = Mark Urban| title= Generals: Ten British Commanders who Shaped the World | publisher = Faber and Faber | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-571-22485-2 }}
* {{citation | last = Vogel | first = Detlef | title = Das Deutsche Reich und die Zweite Weltkrieg Vol. 7 | publisher = Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-3-421-05507-1 }}
* {{citation | last = Weinberg | first = Gerhard L. | authorlink = Gerhard Weinberg | title = A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1995 | isbn = 978-0-521-55879-2 }}
* {{citation | last = Weinberg | first = Gerhard L. | authorlink = Gerhard Weinberg | title = Hitler's Image of the United States | journal = The American Historical Review | year = 1964 | volume = 69 | issue = 4 | pages = 1006–1021 | doi = 10.2307/1842933 | jstor = 1842933 | url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/1842933 }}
* {{citation | last = Wilmes | first = David | title = The Long Road: From Oran to Pilsen: the Oral Histories of Veterans of World War II, European Theater of Operations | publisher = SVC Northern Appalachian Studies | year = 1999 | isbn = 978-1-885851-13-0 }}
* {{citation | last = Wissolik | first = Richard David | title = They Say There Was a War | publisher = SVC Northern Appalachian Studies | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-1-885851-51-2 }}
* {{citation | last = Wissolik | first = Richard David | title = An Honor to Serve: Oral Histories United States Veterans World War II | publisher = SVC Northern Appalachian Studies | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-1-885851-20-8 }}
* {{citation | editor-last = Young | editor-first = William H. | editor2-last = Young | editor2-first = Nancy K. |year = 2010 | title = World War II and the Postwar Years in America: A Historical and Cultural Encyclopedia, Volume 1 | publisher = ABC-CLIO | isbn = 978-0-313-35652-0 }}
* {{citation | last = Zaloga | first = Steven | title = Battle of the Bulge 1944 | year = 2004 | publisher = Osprey | location = Oxford | isbn = 1-84176-810-3 }}
* {{citation | last = Zaloga | first = Steven | authorlink = Steven Zaloga| title = Panther vs. Sherman: Battle of the Bulge 1944 | publisher = Osprey | location = Oxford | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-1-84603-292-9 }}
{{Refend}}

== More reading ==
* {{citation | last = Elstob | first = Peter | title = Hitler's Last Offensive | publisher = Pen &amp; Sword Military Classics|location=Barnsley | year = 2003 | isbn = 0-85052-984-0 }}

== Other websites ==
{{Commons category|Battle of the Bulge
}}
* [http://www.army.mil/botb Battle of the Bulge] – Official webpage of the United States Army.
* [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/system/topicRoot/Battle_of_the_Bulge/ Battle of the Bulge]{{Dead link|date=October 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Original reports and pictures from The Times
* [http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/36632/battle-of-the-bulge-rare-unseen#index/0 Battle of the Bulge: Rare, Unseen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129081913/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/36632/battle-of-the-bulge-rare-unseen#index/0 |date=2011-01-29 }} – slideshow by ''[[Life magazine]]''
* [http://www.thedropzone.org/europe/Bulge/kinnard.html &quot;NUTS!&quot; Revisited: An Interview with Lt. General Harry W. O. Kinnard] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100314212756/http://www.thedropzone.org/europe/Bulge/Kinnard.html |date=2010-03-14 }}
* [http://battleofthebulge.org/ Veterans of the Battle of the Bulge (VBOB)] official online home
* [http://www.naplesnews.com/news/2008/dec/15/guest-commentary-we-owe-our-freedom-gis-who-fought We owe our freedom to GIs who fought Battle of the Bulge] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218042013/http://www.naplesnews.com/news/2008/dec/15/guest-commentary-we-owe-our-freedom-gis-who-fought/ |date=2008-12-18 }} by [[Peter Thomas (television narrator)|Peter Thomas]], veteran of the [[Battle of Hurtgen Forest|Hurtgen Forest]] and Bulge Battles.
* [http://ww2-pictures.com/battle-of-bulge-pictures.htm Battle of the Bulge Pictures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615012501/http://ww2-pictures.com/battle-of-bulge-pictures.htm |date=2012-06-15 }} – photos courtesy of WW2-Pictures.com.
* [http://www.euregio-thingstodo.eu/en/battle-bulge-museums Battle of the Bulge Museums] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815190950/http://www.euregio-thingstodo.eu/en/battle-bulge-museums |date=2012-08-15 }} – a list of Battle of the Bulge museums near the previous battlefield.
* [http://content.library.ccsu.edu/u?/VHP,5882 Oral history interview with Patrick J. Fay, an infantry scout during the Battle of the Bulge]{{Dead link|date=March 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} from the Veterans History Project at Central Connecticut State University
* [http://content.library.ccsu.edu/u?/VHP,5578 Oral history interview with Frank Ladwig, an officer who worked on the logistics of the Battle of the Bulge]{{Dead link|date=March 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} from the Veterans History Project at Central Connecticut State University
* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bulge/ American Experience – The Battle of the Bulge] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110421073709/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bulge/ |date=2011-04-21 }} – PBS Documentary, Produced by Thomas F. Lennon.
* [http://www.personalizehistory.org Personalize History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729104431/http://www.personalizehistory.org/ |date=2012-07-29 }} – Personal diary account from a radio operator in the 101st Airborne during the Battle of the Bulge.
* [http://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/an-infantryman-in-the-battle-of-the-bulge/ An Infantryman in the Battle of the Bulge]
* [http://www.battleofthebulgememories.be/fr/stories/armeebritanique/203-the-british-in-the-battle-of-the-ardennes.html On the British forces that fought in the Ardennes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823183012/http://www.battleofthebulgememories.be/fr/stories/armeebritanique/203-the-british-in-the-battle-of-the-ardennes.html |date=2012-08-23 }}
* [http://www.heeve.com/modern-history/the-battle-of-bulge.html The Battle of the Bulge and Malmedy Massacre]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.nycfoto.com/showPage.php?albumID=1423 Battle of the Bulge monument on Staten Island, New York]

{{Tank battles}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}

[[Category:1944 in Europe|Bulge 1944, Battle Of]]
[[Category:1945 in Europe|Bulge 1944, Battle Of]]
[[Category:European battles of World War II|Bulge 1944, Battle Of]]
[[Category:20th century in Belgium]]
[[Category:History of Luxembourg]]
[[Category:Wallonia]]
[[Category:Liège (province)]]
[[Category:Luxembourg (Belgium)]]
[[Category:Namur (province)]]
[[Category:Dwight D. Eisenhower]]
[[Category:Winston Churchill]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Afrotheria</title>
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      <text bytes="4676" sha1="qzd9gscisarf9lwrz34dcn6o25ez6ks" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| name = Afrotheria
| fossil_range = [[Palaeocene]] {{ndash}} Recent
| image = Afrotheria.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = &lt;small&gt;1.''[[Orycteropus]]'' 2.''[[Dugong]]'' 3.''[[Rhynchocyon]]'' 4.''[[Trichechus]]'' sp. 5.[[Chrysochloridae]] sp. 6.''[[Procavia]]'' 7.''[[Loxodonta africana]]'' 8.''[[Tenrec]]'' &lt;/small&gt;
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| classis = [[Mammal]]ia
| unranked infraclassis = [[Eutheria]]
| infraclassis = [[Placentalia]]
| magnordo = [[Atlantogenata]]
| superordo = '''Afrotheria'''
}}

The '''Afrotheria''' is a group of [[mammal]]s, (a [[superorder]] or a [[clade]]). It includes the [[golden mole]]s, [[elephant shrew]]s, [[tenrec]]s, [[aardvark]]s, [[hyraxes]], [[elephant]]s and [[manatee]]s. 

Biologists made this group based on [[DNA]] [[sequence analysis]].&lt;ref&gt;Stanhope M.J. ''et al'' 1998. Molecular evidence for multiple origins of Insectivora and for a new order of endemic African insectivore mammals. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' '''95''' (17): 9967–9972. [http://www.pnas.org/content/95/17/9967]&lt;/ref&gt; Afrotheria are one of four major groups in the [[Eutheria]] ([[placental]] mammals). Afrotheria means &quot;African animals&quot;, &quot;afro&quot; for [[Africa]] and &quot;theria&quot; for [[animalia|animals]]. 

More recent [[genomics]] suggests that Afrotheria and [[Xenarthra]] are sister [[taxa]] at the base of the placental mammal [[Adaptive radiation|radiation]].&lt;ref&gt;Prasad A.B; Allard M.W; NISC Comparative Sequencing Program and Green E.D. 2008. Confirming the phylogeny of mammals by use of large comparative sequence data sets. ''Mol Biol Evol'' '''25''': 1795–1808&lt;/ref&gt;

Relations between the various afrotherian orders are still being studied. Elephants and manatees seem to be related, and likewise elephant shrews and aardvarks.&lt;ref name=&quot;Svartman2012&quot;&gt;Svartman M. &amp; Stanyon R. 2012. The chromosomes of Afrotheria and their bearing on mammalian genome evolution. ''Cytogenet Genome Res''. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22868637/]&lt;/ref&gt; These findings are compatible with the work of earlier anatomists.&lt;ref name=&quot;Simpson&quot;&gt;Simpson G.G. 1945. The principles of classification and a classification of mammals.'' Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History'' '''85''': 1-350.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Tabuce&gt;Tabuce R; Asher R.J. &amp; Lehmann T. 2008. Afrotherian mammals: a review of current data. ''Mammalia'' '''72''': 2-14.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Organization==
Afrotheria is a clade of placental mammals.&lt;ref name=MSW3&gt;{{cite web|title=Afrosoricida|url=http://www.afrotheria.net/information.php|work=Mammal Species of the World, 3rd edition|access-date=17 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;McDowell, S. B. 1958. The Greater Antillean insectivores. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 115: 115--213.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Afrotheria'''
**†''[[Ocepeia]]'': (basal) &lt;ref name=&quot;Gheerbrantetal2014&quot;&gt;Gheerbrant, Emmanuel ''et al'' 2014. Ocepeia (Middle Paleocene of Morocco): the oldest skull of an Afrotherian mammal. ''PLoS ONE'' '''9''' (2): e89739. [http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0089739]&lt;/ref&gt;
**†[[Hyopsodontidae]]: (possible member of [[stem group]]) &lt;ref name=Tabuce2014&gt;Tabuce, Rodolphe ''et al'' 2007. Early Tertiary mammals from North Africa reinforce the molecular Afrotheria clade. Proc. R. Soc. B 2007 274, doi: 10.1098/rspb.2006.0229&lt;/ref&gt;
**Clade [[Afroinsectiphilia]]
***Order [[Macroscelidea]]: [[elephant shrews]] (Africa)
***Order [[Afrosoricida]]: [[tenrec]]s and [[golden mole]]s (Africa)
***Order [[Tubulidentata]]: [[aardvark]] (Africa south of the Sahara)
***Order †[[Bibymalagasia]]: (probable member)
***Order †[[Ptolemaiida]]: poorly understood carnivorous mammals (extinct).&lt;ref name=Seiffert&gt;{{cite journal|last=Seiffert|first=Erik R|title=A new estimate of afrotherian phylogeny based on simultaneous analysis of genomic, morphological, and fossil evidence|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|year=2007|volume=7|issue=1|pages=224|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-7-224|doi-access=free |pmid=17999766|pmc=2248600}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** Order †[[Afredentata]]: [[Pangolin]] (probable member) &lt;ref name=Horovitz2005&gt;Horovitz, Ines ''et al'' 2005. Ankle structure in Eocene pholidotan mammal ''Eomanis krebsi'' and its taxonomic implications. ''Acta Palaeontol. Pol''. '''50''' (3): 545–548&lt;/ref&gt;
**Clade [[Paenungulata]]
***Order [[Hyracoidea]]: hyraxes or dassies (Africa, Arabia)
***Order [[Proboscidea]]: elephants (Africa, Southeast Asia)
***Order [[Sirenia]]: dugong and manatees ([[cosmopolitan (species)|cosmopolitan]] tropical)
***Order †[[Desmostylia]]
***Order †[[Embrithopoda]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{wikispecies|Afrotheria}}


[[Category:Mammals|Afrotheria]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Good and bad</title>
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      <comment>/* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|1|0 */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3412" sha1="4fr5eza3u5t1wz3dtkyn18pj4b1mvam" xml:space="preserve">__FORCETOC__
{{use British English}}
{{redirect|Good|a &quot;good&quot; meaning an item or product in economics|Good (economics)}}
{{Wiktionary|good|bad}}

The words &quot;'''good'''&quot; and &quot;'''bad'''&quot; are a basic way of talking about [[value]] or [[ethics]].&lt;ref name=Schroeder2016&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|last=Schroeder|first=Mark|title=Value Theory|encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|date=5 February 2008 |edition=Fall 2016|editor-last=Zalta|editor-first=Edward N.|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2016/entries/value-theory/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; They are often used in different ways to talk about things, [[people]], [[idea]]s, or actions as being either good or bad. Many questions about the [[concept]]s of &quot;good&quot; and &quot;bad&quot; are studied by [[philosophers]].&lt;ref name=Schroeder2016/&gt; There are many different beliefs about what is good or bad, or about what the two words really mean. These differences can often be seen in different [[culture]]s and [[religion]]s.

== Good ''for something'' and good ''in itself'' ==

In [[philosophy]], goodness is generally understood in two main kinds: either a thing is good {{em|for something}} or it is good {{em|in itself}}.&lt;ref name=Schroeder2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=ZimmermanBradley2019&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Zimmerman|first1=Michael J.|last2=Bradley|first2=Ben|title=Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Value|encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|date=22 October 2002 |edition=Spring 2019|editor-last=Zalta|editor-first=Edward N.|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/value-intrinsic-extrinsic/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, eating properly may be good {{em|for staying healthy}} (provable) but eating properly may not be a good {{em|in itself}} (unprovable). This also applies to things that are called bad. The belief that there are such things as good {{em|in itself}} and bad {{em|in itself}} has been a main part of [[Western philosophy]] since [[Plato]].&lt;ref name=ZimmermanBradley2019/&gt;&lt;ref name=Dienstag2001&gt;{{cite journal|last=Dienstag|first=Joshua F.|title=Nietzsche's Dionysian Pessimism|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-political-science-review_2001-12_95_4/page/923|journal=American Political Science Review|volume=95|issue=4|year=2001|pages=923–937|doi=|jstor=3117722}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, some philosophers have rejected this belief.&lt;ref name=ZimmermanBradley2019/&gt;

A relative good is something that is good because people say it is good. An absolute good is something that is good because of something in itself. It is good even if there is no one around to see it. For example, an [[economist]] may say that the [[Mona Lisa]] is a very valuable economic good because it can be sold for a lot of [[money]]. A [[Philosophy|philosopher]] may say that the painting is good because of how it is painted. The economist sees relative good, because people may later not want to pay for it. The philosopher sees absolute good, because it will always be painted well.{{cn}}

== Good and evil ==
Good and [[evil]] are [[Antonym|opposites]].  

And [[people]] have [[opinion]]s on what things are good and what things are evil. For example, a [[Street art|street artist]] might think it is good to draw a graffiti on a public building wall, but the owner of this building might consider it evil.

Therefore,the concept of good and bad in general is flexible.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Ethics]]
[[Category:Philosophical concepts]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Newgrange</title>
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      <comment>Newgrange is much more a circle than a &quot;kidney&quot; shape</comment>
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      <text bytes="2982" sha1="p8sphbz942sy4q067hxvspksnmgfxan" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Newgrange ireland 750px.jpg|thumb|250px|Newgrange, Co. Meath, Ireland]]
[[File:Newgrange Entrance.jpg|thumb|Newgrange entrance.]]
'''Newgrange''' is a [[Megalithic]] [[Passage Tomb]] at Newgrange, [[County Meath]], [[Republic of Ireland]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://www.knowth.com/newgrange.htm|title = Knowth|first =|last =|website = Newgrange Neolithic Passage Tomb|publisher =|accessdate = 2016-06-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was built about 3200 BC. The [[circular]] mound covers an area of over one [[acre]], 83 metres in diameter and 13 metres in height, and is surrounded by 97 kerbstones, some of which are decorated with megalithic [[art]]. The 19 metre long inner passage leads to a [[cruciform]] chamber with a corbelled roof. It is estimated that the construction of the Passage Tomb at Newgrange would have taken a work force of 300 at least 20 years.{{fact|date=April 2009}}

The passage and chamber of Newgrange are lit up by the winter solstice sunrise. A shaft of sunlight shines through the roof box over the entrance and penetrates the passage to light up the chamber. The dramatic event lasts for 17 minutes at dawn on the Winter Solstice and for a few mornings either side of the Winter Solstice.

Admission to the Newgrange chamber for the Winter Solstice sunrise is by lottery, application forms are available at the Brú na Bóinne Visitor Centre. For the 2007 draw 28,106 applications were submitted. In [[September]] each year, 50 names are drawn with 2 places are awarded to each name drawn.

==Megalithic mounds==

Megalithic mounds such as Newgrange entered [[Irish mythology]] as sídhe or fairy mounds. Newgrange was said to be the home of [[Oenghus]], the god of love. The Passage Tomb at Newgrange was re-discovered in 1699 by the removal of material for road building. A major [[excavation]] of Newgrange began in 1962; the original [[facade]] of sparkling white [[quartz]] was rebuilt using stone found at the site.

==World heritage site==

Newgrange has been designated a [[World Heritage Site]] by [[UNESCO]] and attracts 200,000 visitors per year.{{fact|date=April 2009}} There is no direct access to the Passage Tomb at Newgrange, access is by guided tour from the Brú na Bóinne Visitor Centre located close to the village of Donore, Co. Meath. The last tour of Newgrange is 90 minutes before closing time of the Visitor Centre.

==Newgrange chamber==

Images from inside the chamber at Newgrange including the tri-spiral design on orthostat C10 which is probably the most famous Irish Megalithic symbol. It is often referred to as a [[Celt]]ic design, but it was carved at least 2500 years before the Celts reached Ireland. At 12&amp;nbsp;inches in diameter the tri-spiral design is quite small in size, less than one-third the size of the tri-spiral design on the entrance stone.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{WHSite}}

[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Europe]]
[[Category:County Meath]]
[[Category:4th millennium BC buildings and structures]]</text>
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    <title>Category:National Football League teams</title>
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      <text bytes="245" sha1="9c5rzg0umnpltpea2nr667wuopwdvub" xml:space="preserve">These are teams in the [[National Football League]] (NFL).
{{Commonscat|National Football League teams}}

[[Category:National Football League|Teams]]
[[Category:Sports teams in the United States and Canada and United Kingdom and more countries]]</text>
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      <comment>[[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-33577-93|~2026-33577-93]] ([[User talk:~2026-33577-93|talk]]) to last version by Dyolf77: categories don't work like that</comment>
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      <text bytes="196" sha1="0vez5ljpyvler6ap0wyl4i3isko8mag" xml:space="preserve">These are teams in the [[National Football League]] (NFL).
{{Commonscat|National Football League teams}}

[[Category:National Football League|Teams]]
[[Category:Sports teams in the United States]]</text>
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    <title>Crank That (Soulja Boy)</title>
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      <text bytes="3397" sha1="lxja3shut4buncwwwzr5a8lcxp7um9r" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox song
| name     = Crank That (Soulja Boy)
| cover    = Crank That (Soulja Boy) Dance.gif
| alt      = A man is holding a cellphone to his left ear. He is wearing a jacket with a matching beanie headpiece and black sunglasses. He has an expression of shock on his face. Centred to his top left in orange, capital letter graffiti-like font is the title 'Crank That'. Directly below the title in larger blue font is the name 'Soulja Boy'. The name features stars filling the gaps in the 'o' letters.
| border   = yes
| caption  = A man performing the signature dance associated with the song.
| type     =
| artist   = [[Soulja Boy]]
| album    = [[souljaboytellem.com]]
| released = May 2, 2007
| recorded = {{hlist|2006&amp;ndash;07|Soulja Boy's House {{small|([[Batesville, Mississippi]])}}|Start2Finish {{small|([[Kansas City, Kansas]])}}|Collipark Studio {{small|([[College Park, Georgia]])}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media notes|title=souljaboytellem.com|title-link=souljaboytellem.com|others=[[Soulja Boy]]|year=2007|publisher=[[Interscope Records]]|type=CD liner}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| studio   =
| venue    =
| genre    = {{hlist|[[Pop rap]]|[[snap music|snap]]}}
| length   = {{Duration|m=3|s=42}}
| label    = {{hlist|[[Collipark Music|Collipark]]|[[Interscope Records|Interscope]]}}
| writer   = [[Soulja Boy|DeAndre Way]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://repertoire.bmi.com/title.asp?blnWriter=True&amp;blnPublisher=True&amp;blnArtist=True&amp;page=1&amp;keyid=9168620&amp;ShowNbr=0&amp;ShowSeqNbr=0&amp;querytype=WorkID|title=Crank That (Soulja Boy) - Writing Credits|publisher=[[Broadcast Music Incorporated]]|work=BMI.com|accessdate=2010-08-15}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| producer = [[Soulja Boy]]
| misc     = {{Extra chronology
 | artist = [[Soulja Boy]] singles
 | type   = song
 | title       = Crank That (Soulja Boy)
 | year        = 2007
 | next_title  = [[Soulja Girl]]
 | next_year   = 2007
 }}
}}
&quot;'''Crank That (Soulja Boy)'''&quot; is a song by [[Soulja Boy]] (also known as &quot;'''Soulja Boy Tell 'em'''&quot;). The song has reached number one (meaning it is the most popular song in the country) in the [[Billboard Music Charts|United States]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=933832&amp;model.vnuAlbumId=1081652 |title=Music News, Reviews, Articles, Information, News Online &amp; Free Music {{!}} Billboard.com |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=2008-07-10 |archive-date=2007-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016043649/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=933832&amp;model.vnuAlbumId=1081652 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and has entered the top 10 (meaning it is popular, but not popular enough to get to number 1) in [[ARIA Charts|Australia]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display.asp?chart=1U50 |title=Top 50 Singles Chart - Australian Record Industry Association |access-date=2008-07-10 |archive-date=2009-06-20 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5hfrFryzJ?url=http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display.asp?chart=1U50 |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Billboard Music Chart|Canada]], [[RIANZ Charts|New Zealand]] and [[UK Singles Chart|the United Kingdom]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2007 songs]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number one songs]]
[[Category:Soulja Boy songs]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3395" sha1="rviwputb2emkla516x3ef7aka0gwmhm" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox song
| name     = Crank That (Soulja Boy)
| cover    = Crank That (Soulja Boy) Dance.gif
| alt      = A man is holding a cellphone to his left ear. He is wearing a jacket with a matching beanie headpiece and black sunglasses. He has an expression of shock on his face. Centred to his top left in orange, capital letter graffiti-like font is the title 'Crank That'. Directly below the title in larger blue font is the name 'Soulja Boy'. The name features stars filling the gaps in the 'o' letters.
| border   = yes
| caption  = A man performing the signature dance associated with the song.
| type     =
| artist   = [[Soulja Boy]]
| album    = [[souljaboytellem.com]]
| released = May 2, 2007
| recorded = {{hlist|2006&amp;ndash;07|Soulja Boy's House {{small|([[Batesville, Mississippi]])}}|Start2Finish {{small|([[Kansas City, Kansas]])}}|Collipark Studio {{small|([[College Park, Georgia]])}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media notes|title=souljaboytellem.com|title-link=souljaboytellem.com|others=[[Soulja Boy]]|year=2007|publisher=[[Interscope Records]]|type=CD liner}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| studio   =
| venue    =
| genre    =
* [[Pop rap]]
* [[snap music|snap]]
| length   = {{Duration|m=3|s=42}}
| label    = {{hlist|[[Collipark Music|Collipark]]|[[Interscope Records|Interscope]]|HHH}}
| writer   = [[Soulja Boy|DeAndre Way]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://repertoire.bmi.com/title.asp?blnWriter=True&amp;blnPublisher=True&amp;blnArtist=True&amp;page=1&amp;keyid=9168620&amp;ShowNbr=0&amp;ShowSeqNbr=0&amp;querytype=WorkID|title=Crank That (Soulja Boy) - Writing Credits|publisher=[[Broadcast Music Incorporated]]|work=BMI.com|accessdate=2010-08-15}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| producer = [[Soulja Boy]]
| misc     = {{Extra chronology
 | artist = [[Soulja Boy]] singles
 | type   = song
 | title       = Crank That (Soulja Boy)
 | year        = 2007
 | next_title  = [[Soulja Girl]]
 | next_year   = 2007
 }}
}}
&quot;'''Crank That (Soulja Boy)'''&quot; is a song by [[Soulja Boy]] (also known as &quot;'''Soulja Boy Tell 'em'''&quot;). The song has reached number one (meaning it is the most popular song in the country) in the [[Billboard Music Charts|United States]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=933832&amp;model.vnuAlbumId=1081652 |title=Music News, Reviews, Articles, Information, News Online &amp; Free Music {{!}} Billboard.com |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=2008-07-10 |archive-date=2007-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016043649/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=933832&amp;model.vnuAlbumId=1081652 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and has entered the top 10 (meaning it is popular, but not popular enough to get to number 1) in [[ARIA Charts|Australia]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display.asp?chart=1U50 |title=Top 50 Singles Chart - Australian Record Industry Association |access-date=2008-07-10 |archive-date=2009-06-20 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5hfrFryzJ?url=http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display.asp?chart=1U50 |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Billboard Music Chart|Canada]], [[RIANZ Charts|New Zealand]] and [[UK Singles Chart|the United Kingdom]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2007 songs]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number one songs]]
[[Category:Soulja Boy songs]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Billy Dee Williams</title>
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      <text bytes="1565" sha1="6ww4kr0r81chq7zfh9xm5af50sl7gv6" xml:space="preserve">{{BLP unsourced|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox actor
| image = Billy Dee Williams Photo Op GalaxyCon Raleigh 2023 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Williams in 2023
| birthname = William December Williams, Jr.
| birth_date = {{birth date|1937|4|6}}
| birth_place = [[New York City, New York]], [[United States]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2026|6|6|1937|4|6}}
| othername =
| yearsactive = 1959 - present
| homepage =
| spouse =
}}

'''Billy Dee Williams''' (born April 6, 1937) is an [[Americans|American]] [[actor]], [[artist]], and [[writer]]. He is famous for playing [[Lando Calrissian]] in ''[[Star Wars]]'' and [[Two-Face|Harvey Dent / Two-Face]] in ''[[Batman (1989 movie)|Batman]]'' (1989) and ''[[The Lego Batman Movie]]'' (2017).

In a 2019 ''[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]'', Williams spoke about having a [[non-binary gender|fluid sense of gender]] and uses masculine and feminine pronouns.&lt;ref name=&quot;gender&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Miller|first=Matt|url=https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/movies/a29817501/billy-dee-williams-star-wars-the-rise-of-skywalker-lando-calrissian-interview/|title=The Enduring, Intergalactic Cool of Billy Dee Williams|website=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]|date=Nov 26, 2019|accessdate=Nov 28, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Williams, Billy Dee}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American television actors]]
[[Category:American movie actors]]
[[Category:American voice actors]]
[[Category:African-American actors]]
[[Category:Actors from New York City]]

{{US-actor-stub}}</text>
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      <minor />
      <comment>[[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/Jun62026herme1|Jun62026herme1]] ([[User talk:Jun62026herme1|talk]]) to last version by CountryANDWestern</comment>
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{{Infobox actor
| image = Billy Dee Williams Photo Op GalaxyCon Raleigh 2023 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Williams in 2023
| birthname = William December Williams, Jr.
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1937|4|6}}
| birth_place = [[New York City, New York]], [[United States]]
| othername =
| yearsactive = 1959 - present
| homepage =
| spouse =
}}

'''Billy Dee Williams''' (born April 6, 1937) is an [[Americans|American]] [[actor]], [[artist]], and [[writer]]. He is famous for playing [[Lando Calrissian]] in ''[[Star Wars]]'' and [[Two-Face|Harvey Dent / Two-Face]] in ''[[Batman (1989 movie)|Batman]]'' (1989) and ''[[The Lego Batman Movie]]'' (2017).

In a 2019 ''[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]'', Williams spoke about having a [[non-binary gender|fluid sense of gender]] and uses masculine and feminine pronouns.&lt;ref name=&quot;gender&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Miller|first=Matt|url=https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/movies/a29817501/billy-dee-williams-star-wars-the-rise-of-skywalker-lando-calrissian-interview/|title=The Enduring, Intergalactic Cool of Billy Dee Williams|website=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]|date=Nov 26, 2019|accessdate=Nov 28, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Williams, Billy Dee}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American television actors]]
[[Category:American movie actors]]
[[Category:American voice actors]]
[[Category:African-American actors]]
[[Category:Actors from New York City]]

{{US-actor-stub}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Happy Feet</title>
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      <text bytes="9056" sha1="p5spwtrexpfij3visfhdugwg7g754tg" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox movie
| name           = Happy Feet
| image          = 
| caption        = ''Happy Feet'' Official Poster
| writer         = Warren Coleman&lt;br /&gt;John Collee&lt;br /&gt;George Miller&lt;br /&gt;[[Judy Morris]]
| starring       = [[Hugh Jackman]]&lt;br&gt;[[Brittany Murphy]]&lt;br&gt;[[Nicole Kidman]]&lt;br&gt;[[Fat Joe]]&lt;br&gt;[[Hugo Weaving]]&lt;br&gt;[[Elijah Wood]]&lt;br&gt;[[Robin Williams]]
| director       = [[George Miller (director)|George Miller]]
| producer       = George Miller&lt;br /&gt;Doug Mitchell&lt;br /&gt;[[Bill Miller (film producer)|Bill Miller]]
| music          = [[John Powell]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Gia Farrell]]
| studio         = [[Village Roadshow Pictures]]
[[Animal Logic]]
| distributor    = [[Roadshow Entertainment]] ([[Australia]])&lt;br /&gt;Golden Village Entertainment ([[Singapore]])&lt;br /&gt;[[Warner Bros.]] (all other areas)
| released       = November 17, 2006 ([[United States|U.S.]])&lt;br /&gt; December 8, 2006 ([[United Kingdom|UK]])&lt;br /&gt;December 26, 2006 ([[Australia]])
| runtime        = 108 minutes
| country        = [[Australia]]&lt;br/&gt;[[United States]]
| language       = English
| budget         = $100,000,000
}}

'''''Happy Feet''''' is a 2006 American-Australian [[Computer animation|computer-animated]] [[musical movie]]. It was made in Australia.  The movie was [[movie director|directed]] and [[screenwriter|co-written]] by [[George Miller (director)|George Miller]]. It was released in [[North America]] in November 2006.  While it is mostly animated, some scenes do include [[live-action]].  ''Happy Feet'' won the [[Academy Award]] for Best Animated Feature but did not win the [[Annie Award]] for Best Animated Feature. There is [[Happy Feet Two|a sequel]] to ''Happy Feet'' released in 2011.

''Happy Feet'' was dedicated to the following people: [[Nick Enright]], [[Michael Jonson]], [[Robby McNeilly Green]], and [[Steve Irwin]].

== Plot ==
''Happy Feet'' is set in an [[Emperor Penguin]] colony, where each penguin must sing a [[song]] called a &quot;Heartsong&quot; to find a mate. Two penguins, Norma Jean and Memphis, are attracted to each other by their songs, and they start a family.  While Norma Jean is fishing in the ocean, Memphis is left with the [[egg (biology)|egg]], and he accidentally drops it on the ice, exposing it to the cold temperatures of the [[Antarctica|Antarctic]].  The young penguin chick who hatches out of this egg has a terrible singing voice and later discovers he has no &quot;Heartsong.&quot;  However, he does have a talent for [[tap dancing]].

While Mumble's mother, Norma Jean, thinks this little habit is cute, his father, Memphis, says it &quot;just ain't penguin.&quot; Besides, they both know that, without a &quot;Heartsong&quot;, Mumble may never find true love. As fate would have it, his one friend, Gloria, happens to be the best singer around. Mumble and Gloria have a connection from the moment they hatch, but she struggles with his strange &quot;hippity-hoppity&quot; ways. Mumble is just too different; especially for Noah the Elder, the stern leader of the colony, who ultimately casts him out of the community.

Away from home for the first time, Mumble meets a group of different penguins—the Adelie Amigos. Led by Ramón, the [[Adelie Penguin|Adelies]] instantly accept Mumble's tap-dancing skills and invite him to party with them. In the home of the Adelies, Mumble seeks the counsel of Lovelace the Guru, a [[Rockhopper penguin]] who claims he will answer any of life's questions for the price of a [[pebble]]. In their conversation, Lovelace mentions &quot;aliens,&quot; which interest Mumble as he finds a frozen [[vehicle]] in a [[glacier]]. He decides to find the &quot;aliens.&quot;

Returning home, Mumble and his friends find Gloria in the center of attention as her &quot;Heartsong&quot; is very attractive to the other penguins.  However, she is not interested in the other males' &quot;Heartsongs&quot;, but is excited when Mumble persuades her to sing in time with his tap-dance [[rhythm]].  The other penguins become interested and begin dancing.  However, Noah the Elder feels that the recent lack of [[fish]], the penguins' main food, is a punishment sent from their [[deity|god]] in order to punish them for allowing Mumble's dancing.  He therefore [[exile]]s Mumble from the colony, but before he leaves, Mumbles tells them that he will find the real cause of the [[famine]].

With Lovelace and the Amigos, Mumble travels many [[mile]]s and through many obstacles, which include an attack by [[killer whale]]s. Finally, they see a lot of [[commercial trawlers]], ships that are fishing in the Antarctic waters, and Mumble follows them.  Eventually, he is caught and put on display in a [[marine park]] [[exhibit]].  He attempts to communicate with the &quot;aliens&quot; ([[human]]s) who are surrounding him, but fails. After nearing going mad with the [[confinement]], a small child taps on the glass of his enclosure.  Mumble is excited and begins tap-dancing. After a large crowd gathers to watch him, he is released back to the wild with a [[tracking device]] and leads the humans back to his colony.

Later on, a research team arrives to study the penguins, and the humans discover they are [[overfishing]] the ocean, which had resulted in the lack of fish. Fishing the Antarctic is banned, and the fish population returns and thrives.  In the end, the Emperors and Amigos are shown dancing and celebrating.

== Cast ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;color:black&quot;
! Actor || Penguin and/or Other Animal 
|-
| [[Hugh Jackman]]|| [[List of characters in Happy Feet|Memphis]]
|-
| [[Brittany Murphy|Nicole Kidman]]|| [[Gloria (Happy Feet)|Norma Jean]]
|-
| [[Hugo Weaving]]|| [[List of characters in Happy Feet#Memphis|Noah the Elder]]
|-
| [[Brittany Murphy]]|| [[Gloria (Happy Feet)|Gloria]]
|-
| [[Robin Williams]]  || [[The Amigos (Happy Feet)#Ramón|Ramón]] / [[List of characters in Happy Feet#Lovelace|Lovelace]]
|-
| [[Elijah Wood]]|| [[List of characters in Happy Feet#Noah the Elder|Mumble]]
|-
| [[Carlos Alazraqui]]  || [[The Amigos (Happy Feet)#Néstor|Néstor]]  
|-
| [[Lombardo Boyar]]  || [[The Amigos (Happy Feet)#Raul|Raul]]  
|-
| [[Jeff Garcia (voice actor)|Jeff Garcia]]  || [[The Amigos (Happy Feet)#Rinaldo|Rinaldo]] 
|-
| [[Johnny A. Sanchez]]  || [[The Amigos (Happy Feet)#Lombardo|Lombardo]]  
|-
| [[Fat Joe]] || [[List of characters in Happy Feet#Seymour|Seymour]] 
|-
| [[Magda Szubanski]]  || [[List of characters in Happy Feet#Miss Viola|Miss Viola]] 
|-
| [[Miriam Margolyes]] || [[List of characters in Happy Feet#Mrs. Astrakhan|Mrs. Astrakhan]]/Animals
|-
| [[Dee Bradley Baker]] || [[List of characters in Happy Feet#Maurice &amp; Michelle|Maurice]] 
|-
| [[Chrissie Hynde]]  || [[List of characters in Happy Feet#Maurice &amp; Michelle|Michelle]] 
|-
| [[Elizabeth Daily|E.G. Daily]] || [[Mumble (Happy Feet)|Baby Mumble]]
|-
| [[Alyssa Shafer]] || [[Gloria (Happy Feet)|Baby Gloria]] 
|-
| [[Cesar Flores|César Flores]]  || [[List of characters in Happy Feet#Seymour|Baby Seymour]]
|-
| [[Anthony LaPaglia]] || [[List of characters in Happy Feet#Boss Skua|Boss Skua]]
|-
| [[Danny Mann]] || [[List of characters in Happy Feet#Dino, Frankie &amp; Vinnie|Dino]]/Zoo Penguin
|-
| [[Mark Klastorin]]  || [[List of characters in Happy Feet#Dino, Frankie &amp; Vinnie|Vinnie]] 
|-
| [[Michael Cornacchia]] || [[List of characters in Happy Feet#Dino, Frankie &amp; Vinnie|Frankie]]
|-
| [[Nicholas McKay]]  || [[List of characters in Happy Feet#Trev, Nev, Kev &amp; Barry|Nev]] 
|-
| [[Tiriel Mora]] || [[List of characters in Happy Feet#Trev, Nev, Kev &amp; Barry|Kev]]
|-
| [[Steve Irwin]]  || [[List of characters in Happy Feet#Trev, Nev, Kev &amp; Barry|Trev]]/Animals
|-
| [[Richard Carter]] || [[List of characters in Happy Feet#Trev, Nev, Kev &amp; Barry|Barry]]/Animals
|-
| [[Peter Cullen]]  || [[List of characters in Happy Feet#The Leopard Seal|The Leopard Seal]]/Animals
|-
| [[Peter Carroll (actor)|Peter Carroll]] || [[List of characters in Happy Feet#The Elders|Elder]]
|-
| [[Larry Moss]]  || [[List of characters in Happy Feet#The Elders|Elder]] 
|-
| [[Lee Perry (voiceover artist)|Lee Perry]] || [[List of characters in Happy Feet#The Elders|Elder]]/Zoo Penguin
|-
| [[Alan Shearman]]  || [[List of characters in Happy Feet#The Elders|Elder]] 
|-
| [[Giselle Loren]] || Adélie Chica
|-
| [[Denise Blasor]] || Adélie Chica
|-
| [[Michelle Arthur]]  || Adélie Chica
|}

==Other websites==
* {{Letterboxd title |id=happy-feet |title=Happy Feet}}

[[Category:2006 computer-animated movies]]
[[Category:2000s musical movies]]
[[Category:Academy Award winning movies]]
[[Category:American animated movies]]
[[Category:American family movies]]
[[Category:American musical movies]]
[[Category:Australian animated movies]]
[[Category:2000s English-language movies]]
[[Category:Movies about penguins]]
[[Category:Movies about whales]]
[[Category:Movies about fishing]]
[[Category:Movies set in Antarctica]]
[[Category:Movies that won the Best Animated Feature Academy Award]]
[[Category:Warner Bros. movies]]
[[Category:Movies directed by George Miller]]
[[Category:Australian family movies]]
[[Category:Australian musical movies]]
[[Category:Warner Animation Group movies]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>10880570</id>
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      <text bytes="9061" sha1="428le8jgwophmdp8kmd60nurzj58aov" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox movie
| name           = Happy Feet
| image          = 
| caption        = ''Happy Feet'' Official Poster
| writer         = Warren Coleman&lt;br /&gt;John Collee&lt;br /&gt;George Miller&lt;br /&gt;[[Judy Morris]]
| starring       = [[Hugh Jackman]]&lt;br&gt;[[Brittany Murphy]]&lt;br&gt;[[Nicole Kidman]]&lt;br&gt;[[Fat Joe]]&lt;br&gt;[[Hugo Weaving]]&lt;br&gt;[[Elijah Wood]]&lt;br&gt;[[Robin Williams]]
| director       = [[George Miller (director)|George Miller]]
| producer       = George Miller&lt;br /&gt;Doug Mitchell&lt;br /&gt;[[Bill Miller (film producer)|Bill Miller]]
| music          = [[John Powell]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Gia Farrell]]
| studio         = [[Village Roadshow Pictures]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Animal Logic]]
| distributor    = [[Roadshow Entertainment]] ([[Australia]])&lt;br /&gt;Golden Village Entertainment ([[Singapore]])&lt;br /&gt;[[Warner Bros.]] (all other areas)
| released       = November 17, 2006 ([[United States|U.S.]])&lt;br /&gt; December 8, 2006 ([[United Kingdom|UK]])&lt;br /&gt;December 26, 2006 ([[Australia]])
| runtime        = 108 minutes
| country        = [[Australia]]&lt;br/&gt;[[United States]]
| language       = English
| budget         = $100,000,000
}}

'''''Happy Feet''''' is a 2006 American-Australian [[Computer animation|computer-animated]] [[musical movie]]. It was made in Australia.  The movie was [[movie director|directed]] and [[screenwriter|co-written]] by [[George Miller (director)|George Miller]]. It was released in [[North America]] in November 2006.  While it is mostly animated, some scenes do include [[live-action]].  ''Happy Feet'' won the [[Academy Award]] for Best Animated Feature but did not win the [[Annie Award]] for Best Animated Feature. There is [[Happy Feet Two|a sequel]] to ''Happy Feet'' released in 2011.

''Happy Feet'' was dedicated to the following people: [[Nick Enright]], [[Michael Jonson]], [[Robby McNeilly Green]], and [[Steve Irwin]].

== Plot ==
''Happy Feet'' is set in an [[Emperor Penguin]] colony, where each penguin must sing a [[song]] called a &quot;Heartsong&quot; to find a mate. Two penguins, Norma Jean and Memphis, are attracted to each other by their songs, and they start a family.  While Norma Jean is fishing in the ocean, Memphis is left with the [[egg (biology)|egg]], and he accidentally drops it on the ice, exposing it to the cold temperatures of the [[Antarctica|Antarctic]].  The young penguin chick who hatches out of this egg has a terrible singing voice and later discovers he has no &quot;Heartsong.&quot;  However, he does have a talent for [[tap dancing]].

While Mumble's mother, Norma Jean, thinks this little habit is cute, his father, Memphis, says it &quot;just ain't penguin.&quot; Besides, they both know that, without a &quot;Heartsong&quot;, Mumble may never find true love. As fate would have it, his one friend, Gloria, happens to be the best singer around. Mumble and Gloria have a connection from the moment they hatch, but she struggles with his strange &quot;hippity-hoppity&quot; ways. Mumble is just too different; especially for Noah the Elder, the stern leader of the colony, who ultimately casts him out of the community.

Away from home for the first time, Mumble meets a group of different penguins—the Adelie Amigos. Led by Ramón, the [[Adelie Penguin|Adelies]] instantly accept Mumble's tap-dancing skills and invite him to party with them. In the home of the Adelies, Mumble seeks the counsel of Lovelace the Guru, a [[Rockhopper penguin]] who claims he will answer any of life's questions for the price of a [[pebble]]. In their conversation, Lovelace mentions &quot;aliens,&quot; which interest Mumble as he finds a frozen [[vehicle]] in a [[glacier]]. He decides to find the &quot;aliens.&quot;

Returning home, Mumble and his friends find Gloria in the center of attention as her &quot;Heartsong&quot; is very attractive to the other penguins.  However, she is not interested in the other males' &quot;Heartsongs&quot;, but is excited when Mumble persuades her to sing in time with his tap-dance [[rhythm]].  The other penguins become interested and begin dancing.  However, Noah the Elder feels that the recent lack of [[fish]], the penguins' main food, is a punishment sent from their [[deity|god]] in order to punish them for allowing Mumble's dancing.  He therefore [[exile]]s Mumble from the colony, but before he leaves, Mumbles tells them that he will find the real cause of the [[famine]].

With Lovelace and the Amigos, Mumble travels many [[mile]]s and through many obstacles, which include an attack by [[killer whale]]s. Finally, they see a lot of [[commercial trawlers]], ships that are fishing in the Antarctic waters, and Mumble follows them.  Eventually, he is caught and put on display in a [[marine park]] [[exhibit]].  He attempts to communicate with the &quot;aliens&quot; ([[human]]s) who are surrounding him, but fails. After nearing going mad with the [[confinement]], a small child taps on the glass of his enclosure.  Mumble is excited and begins tap-dancing. After a large crowd gathers to watch him, he is released back to the wild with a [[tracking device]] and leads the humans back to his colony.

Later on, a research team arrives to study the penguins, and the humans discover they are [[overfishing]] the ocean, which had resulted in the lack of fish. Fishing the Antarctic is banned, and the fish population returns and thrives.  In the end, the Emperors and Amigos are shown dancing and celebrating.

== Cast ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;color:black&quot;
! Actor || Penguin and/or Other Animal 
|-
| [[Hugh Jackman]]|| [[List of characters in Happy Feet|Memphis]]
|-
| [[Brittany Murphy|Nicole Kidman]]|| [[Gloria (Happy Feet)|Norma Jean]]
|-
| [[Hugo Weaving]]|| [[List of characters in Happy Feet#Memphis|Noah the Elder]]
|-
| [[Brittany Murphy]]|| [[Gloria (Happy Feet)|Gloria]]
|-
| [[Robin Williams]]  || [[The Amigos (Happy Feet)#Ramón|Ramón]] / [[List of characters in Happy Feet#Lovelace|Lovelace]]
|-
| [[Elijah Wood]]|| [[List of characters in Happy Feet#Noah the Elder|Mumble]]
|-
| [[Carlos Alazraqui]]  || [[The Amigos (Happy Feet)#Néstor|Néstor]]  
|-
| [[Lombardo Boyar]]  || [[The Amigos (Happy Feet)#Raul|Raul]]  
|-
| [[Jeff Garcia (voice actor)|Jeff Garcia]]  || [[The Amigos (Happy Feet)#Rinaldo|Rinaldo]] 
|-
| [[Johnny A. Sanchez]]  || [[The Amigos (Happy Feet)#Lombardo|Lombardo]]  
|-
| [[Fat Joe]] || [[List of characters in Happy Feet#Seymour|Seymour]] 
|-
| [[Magda Szubanski]]  || [[List of characters in Happy Feet#Miss Viola|Miss Viola]] 
|-
| [[Miriam Margolyes]] || [[List of characters in Happy Feet#Mrs. Astrakhan|Mrs. Astrakhan]]/Animals
|-
| [[Dee Bradley Baker]] || [[List of characters in Happy Feet#Maurice &amp; Michelle|Maurice]] 
|-
| [[Chrissie Hynde]]  || [[List of characters in Happy Feet#Maurice &amp; Michelle|Michelle]] 
|-
| [[Elizabeth Daily|E.G. Daily]] || [[Mumble (Happy Feet)|Baby Mumble]]
|-
| [[Alyssa Shafer]] || [[Gloria (Happy Feet)|Baby Gloria]] 
|-
| [[Cesar Flores|César Flores]]  || [[List of characters in Happy Feet#Seymour|Baby Seymour]]
|-
| [[Anthony LaPaglia]] || [[List of characters in Happy Feet#Boss Skua|Boss Skua]]
|-
| [[Danny Mann]] || [[List of characters in Happy Feet#Dino, Frankie &amp; Vinnie|Dino]]/Zoo Penguin
|-
| [[Mark Klastorin]]  || [[List of characters in Happy Feet#Dino, Frankie &amp; Vinnie|Vinnie]] 
|-
| [[Michael Cornacchia]] || [[List of characters in Happy Feet#Dino, Frankie &amp; Vinnie|Frankie]]
|-
| [[Nicholas McKay]]  || [[List of characters in Happy Feet#Trev, Nev, Kev &amp; Barry|Nev]] 
|-
| [[Tiriel Mora]] || [[List of characters in Happy Feet#Trev, Nev, Kev &amp; Barry|Kev]]
|-
| [[Steve Irwin]]  || [[List of characters in Happy Feet#Trev, Nev, Kev &amp; Barry|Trev]]/Animals
|-
| [[Richard Carter]] || [[List of characters in Happy Feet#Trev, Nev, Kev &amp; Barry|Barry]]/Animals
|-
| [[Peter Cullen]]  || [[List of characters in Happy Feet#The Leopard Seal|The Leopard Seal]]/Animals
|-
| [[Peter Carroll (actor)|Peter Carroll]] || [[List of characters in Happy Feet#The Elders|Elder]]
|-
| [[Larry Moss]]  || [[List of characters in Happy Feet#The Elders|Elder]] 
|-
| [[Lee Perry (voiceover artist)|Lee Perry]] || [[List of characters in Happy Feet#The Elders|Elder]]/Zoo Penguin
|-
| [[Alan Shearman]]  || [[List of characters in Happy Feet#The Elders|Elder]] 
|-
| [[Giselle Loren]] || Adélie Chica
|-
| [[Denise Blasor]] || Adélie Chica
|-
| [[Michelle Arthur]]  || Adélie Chica
|}

==Other websites==
* {{Letterboxd title |id=happy-feet |title=Happy Feet}}

[[Category:2006 computer-animated movies]]
[[Category:2000s musical movies]]
[[Category:Academy Award winning movies]]
[[Category:American animated movies]]
[[Category:American family movies]]
[[Category:American musical movies]]
[[Category:Australian animated movies]]
[[Category:2000s English-language movies]]
[[Category:Movies about penguins]]
[[Category:Movies about whales]]
[[Category:Movies about fishing]]
[[Category:Movies set in Antarctica]]
[[Category:Movies that won the Best Animated Feature Academy Award]]
[[Category:Warner Bros. movies]]
[[Category:Movies directed by George Miller]]
[[Category:Australian family movies]]
[[Category:Australian musical movies]]
[[Category:Warner Animation Group movies]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Syed Hussain Bilgrami</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>125056</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880305</id>
      <parentid>10426953</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T12:41:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Robinscarlet</username>
        <id>1676037</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Photo added</comment>
      <origin>10880305</origin>
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      <text bytes="1947" sha1="p7rkzmtmnim3ogj6it1kb8sdv527zla" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Syed Hussain Bilgrami (The Modern Review, Calcutta, July 1926).jpg|thumb]]
'''Syed Hussain Bilgrami''' was an [[India|Indian]] teacher of [[Islamic studies]] and a poltician.&lt;ref name=&quot;TIBD&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:The_Indian_Biographical_Dictionary.djvu/90|title=The Indian Biographical Dictionary|year=1915}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Robinson&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QS7FmiBwt-QC|title=Separatism Among Indian Muslims: The Politics of the United Provinces|last=Robinson|first=Francis|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1974|isbn=9780521048262}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Natesan&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/eminentmussalman031205mbp|title=Eminent Mussalmans|publisher=G. A. Natesan Publishers, Madras. India|year=1925}}&lt;/ref&gt; Syed was born in the year 1844 in the town of [[Bihar]] and died in the year 1926 in the city of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=1844-10-18|title=Imad-ul-Mulk Syed Hussain Bilgrami|url=https://www.geni.com/people/Imad-ul-Mulk-Syed-Hussain-Bilgrami/6000000001044189204|access-date=2024-01-05|website=geni_family_tree|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Syed worked at [[Cunning College]] in [[Lucknow]] as an [[Arabic language|Arabic]] [[Linguistics|linguist]] from 1866-1873.&lt;ref name=&quot;TIBD2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:The_Indian_Biographical_Dictionary.djvu/90|title=The Indian Biographical Dictionary|year=1915}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1874, Syed became the secretary of [[Salar Jung]] until he died. While Syed was the secretary of Jung, he met with [[Queen Victoria]] and other British polticians.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eminent Mussalmans&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Eminent Mussalmans|url=https://archive.org/stream/eminentmussalman031205mbp#page/n401/mode/2up/search/bilgrami|access-date=2016-03-29|website=archive.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== References ==

{{bio-stub}}
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:1844 births]]
[[Category:1926 deaths]]</text>
      <sha1>p7rkzmtmnim3ogj6it1kb8sdv527zla</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>125114</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880705</id>
      <parentid>10793966</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T02:31:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DPRKBEST</username>
        <id>1555443</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ideology with citation</comment>
      <origin>10880705</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13869" sha1="bmd9w3ugw9nzdvzep7ak4jtw5mqy30q" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox political party
| name             = Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami
| logo             = Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami Emblem.svg
| colorcode        = {{party color|Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami}}
| leader           = 
| president        = [[Shafiqur Rahman]]
| chairman         = 
| general_secretary = 
| first_secretary  = 
| secretary_general = 
| presidium        = 
| secretary        = 
| spokesperson     = 
| foundation       = {{start date and age|1941}}&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|fr}} [http://typo.mondediplo.net/messages/166 Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh ; Parti islamiste du Bangladesh (fondé en 1941) (interdit entre 1971 et 1978, puis en 2013 par la Cour suprême)]&lt;/ref&gt;
| ideology         = [[Islamism]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Social conservatism]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Fascism]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=1971 |title=Newsfront |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2569111 |journal=Pakistan Forum |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=20–25 |issn=0315-7725 |quote=The farcical &quot;elections&quot; in East Bengal are expected to produce an overwhelming &quot;victory&quot; for the &quot;ideology and integrity&quot; of Pakistan--i.e., a victory for the Jamaat-e-Islami and other fascist parties. |via=[[JSTOR]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| position         = [[Far-right politics|Far-right]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Alisha Rahaman |date=2026-02-12 |title=Voters in Bangladesh are asking the same question – where are the female candidates? |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/south-asia/bangladesh-election-female-candidates-women-voters-b2919026.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260215224714/https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/south-asia/bangladesh-election-female-candidates-women-voters-b2919026.html |archive-date=15 Feb 2026 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=[[The Independent]] |language=en |quote=The election is tightly fought between the Bangladeshi Nationalist Party (BNP) and the far-right Jamaat-e-Islami party.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hasan |first=Mubashar |date=29 Dec 2025 |title=Why Mobs in Bangladesh Attacked the Offices of Daily Star and Prothom Alo |url=https://thediplomat.com/2025/12/why-mobs-in-bangladesh-attacked-the-offices-of-daily-star-and-prothom-alo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260104024410/https://thediplomat.com/2025/12/why-mobs-in-bangladesh-attacked-the-offices-of-daily-star-and-prothom-alo/ |archive-date=4 Jan 2026 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |language=en-US |quote=Bangladesh’s ultra-nationalists, religious right and the far-right organizations, including the Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Liton |first=Shakhawat |date=2026-02-14 |title=A verdict of the hour |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh-election-2026/verdict-hour-1361106 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260215225933/https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh-election-2026/verdict-hour-1361106 |archive-date=15 Feb 2026 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=[[The Business Standard]] |language=en |quote=Yet the results also indicate a significant consolidation of far-right voters. Jamaat now emerges as the principal opposition force, a development that will reshape parliamentary dynamics.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shishir |first=Joynal Abedin |date=2022-12-22 |title=New coalition emerges as BNP looks to bury Jamaat ties |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/politics/new-coalition-emerges-bnp-looks-bury-jamaat-ties-556426 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222162332/https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/politics/new-coalition-emerges-bnp-looks-bury-jamaat-ties-556426 |archive-date=22 Dec 2022 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=[[The Business Standard]] |language=en |quote=The BNP has been widely criticised in recent years for its ties with the far-right Islamist organisation Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Marof |first=Mehedi Hasan |date=20 Jan 2026 |title=Bangladeshi Gen Z toppled ex-PM Hasina. Now they could decide next leader |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2026/1/20/bangladeshi-youth-toppled-hasina-now-they-could-decide-next-prime-minister |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260125171349/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2026/1/20/bangladeshi-youth-toppled-hasina-now-they-could-decide-next-prime-minister |archive-date=25 Jan 2026 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=Al Jazeera |publisher=[[Al Jazeera Media Network]] |language=en |quote=A far-right Islamist party, the Jamaat’s opposition to Bangladesh’s independence during the 1971 war has long limited its mainstream appeal.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Purohit |first=Devadeep |date=29 Dec 2025 |title=How things have got worse for women of Bangladesh in Muhammad Yunus’s regime |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/world/how-things-have-got-worse-for-women-of-bangladesh-in-muhammad-yunuss-regime/cid/2140056 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251230015939/https://www.telegraphindia.com/world/how-things-have-got-worse-for-women-of-bangladesh-in-muhammad-yunuss-regime/cid/2140056 |archive-date=30 Dec 2025 |access-date=15 Feb 2026 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |quote=Not just a western educated liberal woman, the turn of events -- which can be linked to the rise of far-right political forces like the Jamaat-e-Islami and its associates -- has begun affecting ordinary women, many of whom had hit the streets against Hasina.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| flag             = Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami Flag Emblem.svg
| headquarters     = Mogbazar, [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
| international    = 
| website          = {{URL|jamaat-e-islami.org}}
| country          = Bangladesh
| student_wing     = [[Bangladesh Islami Chhatra Shibir]]
| native_name      = বাংলাদেশ জামায়াতে ইসলামী
| native_name_lang = bn
| founder          = Abbas Ali Khan
}}
'''Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Banglapedia: national encyclopedia of Bangladesh|date=2003|publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh|isbn=978-984-32-0576-6|editor-last=Islam|editor-first=Sirajul|editor-link=Sirajul Islam|location=Dhaka|editor-last2=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh}}&lt;/ref&gt; is the biggest [[Islam|Islamic]] [[political party]] in [[Bangladesh]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Reinvents&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/01/world/asia/bangladesh-islam.html |title=As Bangladesh Reinvents Itself, Islamist Hard-Liners See an Opening |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=1 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |date=30 December 2008 |title=Bangladesh's election: The tenacity of hope |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2008/12/30/the-tenacity-of-hope-1 |magazine=[[The Economist]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224143557/https://www.economist.com/asia/2008/12/30/the-tenacity-of-hope-1 |access-date=26 January 2015 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |quote=[The BNP] seems also to have been hurt by its alliance with Islamist parties, the largest of which, Jamaat-e-Islami, was reduced from 17 seats to just two.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |date=17 July 2020 |title=Jamaat almost finalizes constitution of its new party |url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/politics/2020/07/27/jamaat-almost-finalizes-constitution-of-its-new-party |magazine=[[Dhaka Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The party started from [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat-e-Islami]], made by Abul A'la Maududi in 1941. Before, [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan]] did not want [[Bangladesh]] to be free from [[Pakistan]].

When Bangladesh became free in 1971, the new government stopped Jamaat-e-Islami and all religion-based parties. After [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] was killed in 1975, the ban was removed. In 1979, [[Ziaur Rahman|Ziaur Rahman’s]] government allowed Jamaat-e-Islami to do politics again.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-08-01|title=Why Jamaat-e-Islami banned?|url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/kpukorucpi|access-date=2025-02-21|website=[[Prothom Alo]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the 1980s, Jamaat joined a group of parties to bring back democracy against [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]]. Later, it worked with the [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] (BNP), and its leaders became ministers in BNP governments (1991-1996 and 2001-2006). Awami League also worked with Jamaat in 1996 to get power.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-01-05|title=Then with AL, now with BNP|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/then-with-al-now-with-bnp-5490|access-date=2025-02-21|website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2008, Jamaat won two out of 300 seats in Parliament. In 2010, the [[Awami League]] government started trials for war crimes from the 1971 war. By 2012, two BNP leaders, one Jatiya Party leader, and eight Jamaat leaders were accused of war crimes. By March 2013, three Jamaat leaders were found guilty.

On 1 August 2013, the [[Supreme court|Supreme Court]] of [[Bangladesh]] said Jamaat-e-Islami cannot join elections. On 1 August 2024, [[Sheikh Hasina|Sheikh Hasina’s]] government fully banned the party.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-08-01|title=Jamaat condemns ban on its activities, says govt wants to ‘divert attention from student movement’|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/politics/jamaat-condemns-ban-its-activities-says-govt-wants-divert-attention-student|access-date=2025-02-21|website=The Business Standard|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; But on 28 August 2024, after Sheikh Hasina’s government fell, the new government removed the ban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-08-28|title=Govt issues gazette lifting ban on Jamaat, Shibir|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/politics/news/govt-issues-gazette-lifting-ban-jamaat-shibir-3688551|access-date=2025-02-21|website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==History==
=== Hindustan Period (1941 - 1947) ===
'':See [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind]]''

=== Pakistan Period (1948 - 1971) ===
'': See: [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan]]''

In 1947 [[Bangladesh#History|East Bengal]] became part of Pakistan ([[Bangladesh#History|East Pakistan]]) - and the Jamaat-e-Islami was divided into separate Indian and Pakistani parties. The Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh originates from the East Pakistani party.  The Jamaat were against [[Bangladesh]] becoming independent from Pakistan as they thought it was against Islam. However the Jamaat were unable to stop Bangladesh becoming independent of Pakistan.

=== Bangladesh Period (1978 - present) ===
Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami was banned after independence of Bangladesh. Jamaat was banned in Bangladesh due to its opposite stand against independent Bangladesh during independence war. Jamaat wished to see united Pakistan.  After independence of Bangladesh,  the top leaders of Jamaat moved to [[West Pakistan]] where Jamaat-e-Islami was born. [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], the first president of Bangladesh, also cancelled the citizenship of [[Golam Azam]], the leader of Jamaat. Azam then moved to London, and some other leaders moved to the [[Middle East]]. However [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] was assassinated in 1975 and army chief [[Ziaur Rahman]] seized power. Rahman allowed the Jamaat to be a political party again. Rahman also allowed Azam to return to Bangladesh as the leader of Jamaat.
==Election results==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Election year !! Votes !! % of Percentage !! Seats !! +/–
|-
| [[1986 Bangladeshi general election|1986]] || 13,14,057 || 4.60% || {{Composition bar|10|300|hex=#77EE77}} || {{increase}}
|-
| [[1988 Bangladeshi general election|1988]] || colspan=&quot;4&quot; |Boycotted
|-
| [[1991 Bangladeshi general election|1991]] || 4,117,737 || 12.2% || {{Composition bar|18|300|hex=#77EE77}} || {{increase}} 8
|-
| [[June 1996 Bangladeshi general election|1996]] || 3,653,013 || 8.6 || {{Composition bar|3|300|hex=#77EE77}} || {{decrease}} 15
|-
| [[2001 Bangladeshi general election|2001]] || 2,385,361 || 4.28 || {{Composition bar|17|300|hex=#77EE77}} || {{increase}} 14
|-
| [[2008 Bangladeshi general election|2008]] || 3,186,384 || 4.6% || {{Composition bar|2|300|hex=#77EE77}} || {{decrease}} 15
|-
| [[2014 Bangladeshi general election|2014]] || colspan=&quot;4&quot; |Party banned in 2013
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;  style=&quot;float: right&quot;
|+ The Jamaat in parliamentary elections
|-
!Year!! Results
|-
| 1973 ||Party banned because of opposition to Bangladeshi independence, as it was an Islamist party and so was a threat to [[Secularism]], and also collaboration of some of its members with the Pakistani army.
|-
| 1979 || Party legalized under the name &quot;Islamic Democratic League&quot;&lt;br /&gt; Together with larger Muslim League won 20 seats.
|-
| 1986  || 10 seats.&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Rahman |first=FM Mostafizur |year=2012 |chapter=Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Jamaat-e-Islami_Bangladesh |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 1991  || 18 seats.&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia&quot;/&gt;
|-
| 1996 ||3 seats.&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia&quot;/&gt;
|-
| 2001  || 17 seats. (took part by forming alliance with 3 other parties.)&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia&quot;/&gt;
|-
| 2008  ||2 seats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://123.49.39.5/result/report4.php?lang=bn|title=National Election Result 2008: Seat Wise Total Status|access-date=26 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111231011009/http://123.49.39.5/result/report4.php?lang=bn|archive-date=31 December 2011|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; (took part by forming alliance with 3 other parties.)
|-
| 2013  ||The Bangladesh Supreme Court declared the registration of the Jamaat-e-Islami illegal,&lt;br /&gt; ruling that the party is unfit to contest national polls.
|}
{{clear}}
==References==
&lt;references/&gt;


{{multistub|politics|Asia}}

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== Protecting White Supremacy? ==

Hello, we have the page [[white supremacy]]. I would like to suggest we fully protect the page, for 1-2 years, after which the protection is re-evaluated. My reasoning behind this is the following: 
*I edit-protected the page today (for six months), after finding that most of the edits ot the page are vandalism, or reverting vandalism- there is little &quot;content work&quot;
*In 2023,2025, and now 2026, there was at least one long term protection of the page
*The talk page remains open, and unnmed/unconfirmed editors can still suggest changes.
The page gets an average of 427 views per month (or a bit over 10 per day). What do other people think? [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 14:51, 24 May 2026 (UTC)

:What I mean is: people wanting to edit need to be auto confirmed [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 15:57, 24 May 2026 (UTC)
:I support long term semi-protection for this page. I think you are correct that it is difficult for us to keep up with the level of vandalism we are seeing. The vandalism is mostly from temp and new accounts, so semi-protection is a proportional response. I'd say let's protect it for 12 or 18 months and then let it open and see if the vandalism starts again. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 16:51, 24 May 2026 (UTC)

:We should probably start being more lenient about semi-protecting pages. While it's certainly a good idea, that in general everyone should be able to edit a project, times have changed a lot in the past 20 years. Nowadays, there is much more vandalism. Other projects, such as enwiki, have introduced the extended confirmed protection for large parts of the project. I think we should start using the semi-protection more frequently and for longer on problematic topics. We are too few people to really keep track of all types of vandalism, especially clever vandalism, where incorrect data is inserted into our articles and often goes unnoticed. I think we could make things easier by protecting pages more often and for longer. -[[User:Barras|&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style&quot;&gt;'''Barras'''&lt;/span&gt;]] [[User Talk:Barras|&lt;span style=&quot;color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style&quot;&gt;'''talk'''&lt;/span&gt;]] 21:15, 24 May 2026 (UTC)
::The page is currently semi-protected, for six months. I was tempted to use a longer protection, but wanted to get community input. I can think of a few other pages where we likely have similar problems [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 21:49, 24 May 2026 (UTC)
:::If nobody objects, go ahead and do what you feel is best. [[White Americans]] has been one of many targets of the same vandal(s) as [[White supremacy]]. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 00:18, 25 May 2026 (UTC)
::Maybe we consider more leniency with protecting sensitive topics. These could be political figures, race, current events, etc. A lot of vandalism seems to concentrate in these areas. A unfortunate part of it doesn’t get caught or takes some time before it does. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 00:16, 25 May 2026 (UTC)
::I think our current protection policy is fine to allow that. We can currently only use protection if it is the {{tq|only option left available to solve the problem of vandalism of the page}}, but if lots of sneaky vandalism is going undetected on multiple occasions, it surely ''is'' the only option left to solve the vandalism. I don't want us to start encouraging protection again as I and other admins have been undoing long protections (see [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?type=protect&amp;user=&amp;page=&amp;wpdate=&amp;tagfilter=&amp;subtype=unprotect&amp;wpFormIdentifier=logeventslist&amp;excludetempacct=1]) and good results have came of it pretty much every time. I should also mention the &quot;honeypot&quot; effect - if a page is closely watched, then vandalism on it will not last very long (and it is very unlikely a reader will come across it in that state) so in a case like that, protection just isn't necessary and pushes them onto parts of the wiki less watched so is actually counterintuitive. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] &lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])&lt;/small&gt; 13:35, 28 May 2026 (UTC)
:::I definitely see this side of things too. There is a line between protecting the integrity of the project and overprotecting such that it violates the nature of our mission, and the latter seems to have been done in the past. I will say, it is very frustrating sometimes for those of us who look through recent changes to see the same vandalism repeated by the same LTAs for months. It seems to me that some vandals are only interested in vandalizing certain pages, and it's not a guarantee that they will move along to others. I do agree that permanent protection, especially full protection, shouldn't really be done on content pages. Also, create protection should only be applied to problematic titles that could never really have a legitimate article created (repeated recreations of RfD deletions, hoaxes, etc). I am still in support of medium term protection though as Eptalon is suggesting, especially when shorter terms have not been shown to work. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 05:42, 29 May 2026 (UTC)
:i think it should be indefinitely semi.  '''''[[User:Fr33kman|&lt;span style=&quot;color: darkgreen&quot;&gt;fr33k&lt;/span&gt;]][[User talk:Fr33kman|&lt;span style=&quot;color: navy&quot;&gt;man&lt;/span&gt;]]''''' 12:30, 30 May 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you all for the inputs; following this discussion, I have changed the protection to expire a year from now. After the year, we can assess how well this has worked. I would laso suggest, that if people noriuce other pages with a similar editing history, that they start a discussion on ST. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 15:42, 31 May 2026 (UTC)

== Vote now in the 2026 U4C election ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC].

Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

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== Ongoing project-wide solidarity issue ==

I haven't been as active here lately as I would like, but I just wanted to make sure this community is aware of [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Workers_United#Solidarity the WWU solidarity campaign] ongoing at Meta-Wiki. There's also [[:en:Wikipedia:Wiki Workers United solidarity|an enwiki petition]] threatening an editing strike. This is an important issue to a lot of editors and WMF employees, so I figured I'd spread the word. Thanks, [[User:QuicoleJR|QuicoleJR]] ([[User talk:QuicoleJR|talk]]) 21:42, 28 May 2026 (UTC)

== Hi all ==

After a period of time where I was unable to participate on wiki for technical reasons I am back full-time. Just an fyi. Regards,  '''''[[User:Fr33kman|&lt;span style=&quot;color: darkgreen&quot;&gt;fr33k&lt;/span&gt;]][[User talk:Fr33kman|&lt;span style=&quot;color: navy&quot;&gt;man&lt;/span&gt;]]''''' 02:14, 29 May 2026 (UTC)

:Welcome back! [[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 04:24, 29 May 2026 (UTC)
:Glad you're back! [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 05:21, 29 May 2026 (UTC)
:Good to have you back :). [[User:BZPN|&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;&quot;&gt;BZPN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;]] ([[User talk:BZPN|&lt;span style=&quot;color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 05:58, 29 May 2026 (UTC)
:Hello! Welcome. – &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 06:40, 29 May 2026 (UTC)
:Welcome back to the party! -[[User:Barras|&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style&quot;&gt;'''Barras'''&lt;/span&gt;]] [[User Talk:Barras|&lt;span style=&quot;color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style&quot;&gt;'''talk'''&lt;/span&gt;]] 16:58, 29 May 2026 (UTC)
:Yay, welcome back :D --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] &lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])&lt;/small&gt; 23:36, 29 May 2026 (UTC)
:Hello[[User:Vietnamtime|Vietnamtime]] ([[User talk:Vietnamtime|talk]]) 11:14, 30 May 2026 (UTC)
:Glad to see you returning! [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|talk]]) 01:11, 1 June 2026 (UTC)
:Hello![[User:Vietnamtime|Vietnamtime]] ([[User talk:Vietnamtime|talk]]) 04:59, 1 June 2026 (UTC)

== Template edit request ==

Hello, could I ask someone to please look at [[Template:Wikidata_image]], I left an edit request there. The template code is outdated as some empty functions were removed. The amended code and more information can be seen on [[Template_talk:Wikidata_image|Talk page]]. Thanks, -- [[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]]) 09:33, 29 May 2026 (UTC)

:{{done}} -[[User:Barras|&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style&quot;&gt;'''Barras'''&lt;/span&gt;]] [[User Talk:Barras|&lt;span style=&quot;color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style&quot;&gt;'''talk'''&lt;/span&gt;]] 15:44, 29 May 2026 (UTC)

== &quot;Simplifying&quot; Articles ==

Quick question: When creating an article, is it okay to copy from the English Wikipedia and then edit it so it is in Simple English? Thanks in advance. [[User:CubeMaster77777|CubeMaster77777]] ([[User talk:CubeMaster77777|talk]]) 15:59, 29 May 2026 (UTC)

:Yes it is [[User:Cyberwolf|Cyberwolf]] ([[User talk:Cyberwolf|talk]]) 16:09, 29 May 2026 (UTC)
:Yes, but 1.) please make sure to add some kind of attribution and 2.) please actually simplify it. Re: the former, you can add attribution by putting it in the edit summary with something like &quot;copying from [URI]&quot; or posting to the talk page. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 16:18, 29 May 2026 (UTC)
:it depends on how you do it. Please follow the instructions at [[WP:CW]].  '''''[[User:Fr33kman|&lt;span style=&quot;color: darkgreen&quot;&gt;fr33k&lt;/span&gt;]][[User talk:Fr33kman|&lt;span style=&quot;color: navy&quot;&gt;man&lt;/span&gt;]]''''' 16:48, 29 May 2026 (UTC)
:A example on how to properly attribute your en wiki translation to a simple english article's talk page is [[Talk:Billy Zane]]. Use the attribution template, link the en wiki article and the version number (which can be found on the URL of the latest page revision on the article's history on enwiki). Hope this helps! :) [[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 21:16, 29 May 2026 (UTC)
::Hello, I would say, an example workfolow could be:
::*Create the article here, andcopy over the lede from enwp; If you don't use the translation tool, add some mention on the talk page, to say that tis article is based on the EnWP version
::*Without much delay, go over the section, and simplify; for example split sentences into shorter ones; If you have references that occur multpile time, re-use them
::*Look that the eork generally follows our style guide
::*If it isn't already there, add an interwii link to enwp.
::*Fix  categories, see if you find a good image to illustrate
::Once this has been done, you can do that with the next section, if you like. Also note: More controversial subjects need more thought, to give a balanced view. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 12:29, 30 May 2026 (UTC)

== A question ==

Hey guys i am focusing mainly in improving newly-created car articles mainly adding sources and etc the question i have is:do you think i am doing a good job? Just asking. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-31265-91|&amp;#126;2026-31265-91]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-31265-91|talk]]) 19:48, 29 May 2026 (UTC)

:Solid work! Thank you for your contributions. – &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 02:31, 30 May 2026 (UTC)
::thanks! [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-31265-91|&amp;#126;2026-31265-91]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-31265-91|talk]]) 15:41, 30 May 2026 (UTC)
:Looks good to me! Have you considered creating an account? This would let you edit semi-protected pages (after becoming autoconfirmed), and you would not lose your change history every 3 months. Either way, thanks for contributing! [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 05:12, 30 May 2026 (UTC)
::no problem i think i will prefer to edit logged-out for now. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-31265-91|&amp;#126;2026-31265-91]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-31265-91|talk]]) 15:42, 30 May 2026 (UTC)
:Great contributions! You’d be a great asset to the team. Echoing Garsh’s question/suggestion about creating an account :) [[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 05:50, 30 May 2026 (UTC)
::Please do create an account but please also remember that you can be blocked if you break the rules. If you get blocked you should not indulge in logged out editing nor should you create another account-[[User:Baangla|Baangla]] ([[User talk:Baangla|talk]]) 11:16, 30 May 2026 (UTC)
:::Ok i will be careful to not violate any rules [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-31265-91|&amp;#126;2026-31265-91]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-31265-91|talk]]) 15:43, 30 May 2026 (UTC)
::sorry for the late reply but thanks and like i said before i think i will prefer to edit logged-out [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-31265-91|&amp;#126;2026-31265-91]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-31265-91|talk]]) 15:11, 31 May 2026 (UTC)
:::No problem at all! We have temporary accounts for that reason. Edit however you want.  [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 16:18, 31 May 2026 (UTC)

== Decades BC ==

I recently noticed that in categories of BC decades that are a multiple of 100, (ex., [[:Category:300s BC]], [[:Category:200s BC]], [[:Category:100s BC]], [[:Category:400s BC]], etc. the link at the top of the page, &quot;This [[help:categories|category]] is for topics specifically related to the [[300s BC|300s]].&quot; Links to the wrong page, linking to the AD version instead  of the BC version. This also happens in English Wikipedia, strangely enough. The issue is caused by the template for the page. Does anyone know the cause of this issue? &lt;span style=&quot;border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;&quot;&gt;[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;'''MrMeAndMrMe'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|&lt;span style=&quot;color:darkblue;&quot;&gt;'''Talk'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sub&gt; 18:51, 30 May 2026 (UTC)

:There are others who are far better at templates than I am, but from what I can see, it has to do with [[Template:Decade link]] (also used by enwiki) which is used by [[Template:Year category header/core]]. Basically, the header template uses [[Module:Year category type]] to detect which kind of category it is based on the title. The core subtemplate pulls this value and then modifies what the template header says. It uses the decade link template because the 100 multiple decades need to be disambiguated to distinguish from their respective century pages. That template makes no account for AB vs BC. The header/core does distinguish between the two, but only to add &quot;BC&quot; in the text of the header, not in the wikilink. I suppose one solution could be to fork a second template that would work for the BC categories and then use it in the decade_bc part of [[Template:Year category header/core]]. Some more experienced people should have a look. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 05:41, 31 May 2026 (UTC)

== Page Protection  ==

Please protect the pages [[White Americans]], [[Angry white male]], and [[White nationalism]]. These pages are constantly targeted by the same LTA(s). This is essentially the same case as [[#Protecting White Supremacy?]]. If possible, could these pages also be semi-indefed? &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 04:36, 1 June 2026 (UTC)

:I ageee that these should be protected, but not indefinitely. Since it’s primarily the same LTA, I think a medium term protection like a year or so should be sufficient. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 05:22, 1 June 2026 (UTC)
::Fair point. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 07:24, 1 June 2026 (UTC)
:I've protected each page listed for three months. Once the protection expires on September 2 and excessive vandalism continues, a year protection would be the next move in my opinion. [[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 16:47, 2 June 2026 (UTC)
::Thanks! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 14:31, 3 June 2026 (UTC)

== Simple English Wikipedia pools? ==

Hello Wikipedia administrators and other Wikipedians! I was wondering if we can add pools to the Simple English Wikipedia, just like how in the English Wikipedia we have [[:en:Wikipedia:Pools|pools]] in which people make guesses about various future milestones for English Wikipedia, i think we may also add that in the Simple English Wikipedia in which well people make guesses about various future milestones for the Simple English Wikipedia (like for example: the people can make a guess on when will the Simple English Wikipedia reaches 300,000 articles). And that's it i guess - [[User:Wikipedian2025|Wikipedian2025]] ([[User talk:Wikipedian2025|talk]]) 14:28, 3 June 2026 (UTC)

:Interesting, Is Pool(s) only meant for guessing future milestones? Also, wouldn’t it be a bit unnecessary here? SEW doesn’t have as many active editors as enwiki, so participation would likely be quite limited. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 14:39, 3 June 2026 (UTC)
::Hello! But anyways, pools would be only meant for guessing future milestones. Just like English Wikipedia's [[:en:Wikipedia:Pools|pools]]. And the reason why we should add pools to SEW is because why not, i feel like this should have pools. And about participation... Well... Since there are less users on SEW than on the English Wikipedia does NOT mean that there is going to be completely no participation in the pools. Like some users on SEW might find these pools and well place their predictions on when will SEW will reach these certain milestones (like when will SEW will reach 300,000 articles) and yeah - [[User:Wikipedian2025|Wikipedian2025]] ([[User talk:Wikipedian2025|talk]]) 14:55, 3 June 2026 (UTC)
:I understand where the idea comes from, but I'm not convinced that this would have much meaningful participation here. We don't have that many editors here, so editor time is more valuable. I don't think this is the best way to spend it. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 05:12, 4 June 2026 (UTC)

== Article guidance enabled for the experimentation phase ==

Dear Wikipedians,

The Article guidance team is pleased to announce that the [[Special:NewArticle|Article guidance feature]], which supports editors, especially less experienced ones, in creating new articles aligned with community practices through community-tailored guidance, has been enabled on this Wikipedia as part of an A/B test. As part of the launch, we have collected initial feedback over the last few days and [[phab:maniphest/query/HHh7LVAxSJti/#R|resolved several issues]] based on community comments, and are now officially announcing the launch after addressing the primary issues highlighted. This milestone builds on the communications and collaborations with the community (see previous communications links: [[Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive 173#h-Invitation to try the Article guidance feature in a test environment-20260403023500|1]] [[Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive 174#h-Invitation to adapt the Article guidance outlines-20260429233800|2]] ). We appreciate everyone who tested the feature, reviewed and adapted outlines, responded to questionnaires, participated in office hours, and shared feedback. Your insights have shaped this feature at every stage.

The feature is primarily aimed at helping junior editors to create good quality articles that follow the community practices (and detect earlier cases where the intended article is not suited for the wiki). Although the focus is on junior editors, the involvement of more experienced editors is also key. In this experimentation phase, the feature is also being surfaced to experienced contributors so they can use it, raise any issues they find, and become familiar with it. Also, more experienced editors can refine the [[Wikipedia:Article Guidance|outlines]] and create additional ones tailored to the type of article outlines they think junior editors will need. Additionally, we want to ensure the feature can also help experienced editors by automating tedious tasks such as [[phab:T421250|Wikidata connections]]. Hearing from experienced editors is really important also to make sure that the new feature doesn't get in their way (and identify early potential issues to fix them). As we get the results of the experiment, we will be able to compare the impact of the feature on both groups to make sure that improvements for one don’t come at the expense of negatively affecting the other group.. 

Experienced contributors who want to skip creating a new article with the guidance provided in the feature will soon be able to do so once the improvement captured in [[phab:T426382|this ticket]] is implemented. It can be done by clicking on &quot;Edit without community guidance&quot;, option at the bottom of the screen, see image below. This option will only be available to experienced contributors once they provide a title for the article in the feature.

[[File:&quot;Edit without community guidance&quot; screenshot.png|thumb|left|A  screenshot showing the &quot;Skip assistance. Edit without community guidance&quot; option in the Article guidance feature]]

The experiment is currently running for a subset of editors creating new articles. It will measure whether guided article creation improves the 30-day survival rate of new articles as the key metric among [[phab:T414503|other measurements]]. This group will see the feature automatically as part of their article-creation workflow.

Experienced contributors can continue creating outlines for specific article types as needed for new contributors. As a reference, [[Wikipedia:Article Guidance|over 30 outlines are available]] that can be useful as a starting point to define other outlines. Feel free to create outlines tailored to your Wikipedia’s practices and incorporate the tags and markups as they appear in the reference outlines. You can find a quick guide to markups used in outlines on [[mw:Article_guidance/Test_feature_guide#Markups_in_outlines|this page]].

Since this feature is new, we are implementing [[phab:maniphest/query/TX1YrGEYdFbS/#R|improvements identified by contributors]] and will continue to rely on more feedback to refine it. If you notice something that does not work as expected, please report it and share your feedback on [[mw:Talk:Article_guidance|the project talk page]].

We will continue to share updates as the experiment progresses. 

Best regards,

[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[User talk:UOzurumba (WMF)|talk]]) 21:36, 4 June 2026 (UTC)

:How do I get a redlink to display the deletion log like in the past? Clicking edit without assistance shows it briefly before the edit box takes over. This change has significantly hindered administrative and anti-vandalism work. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 00:21, 5 June 2026 (UTC)
::Apologies @[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]], for the inconvenience this change has caused in your administrative and anti-vandalism work. The issue with red links not displaying the deletion log has been reported here: https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428146. We understand how important this is to you as an admin, and we are working to restore it as soon as possible. Thank you for your patience.  [[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[User talk:UOzurumba (WMF)|talk]]) 03:21, 5 June 2026 (UTC)

== Creating an article ==

I want to create an article about the Jin dynasty (265-420), but i am unable to do so, can anyone help me? [[User:Smokey 6767|Smokey 6767]] ([[User talk:Smokey 6767|talk]]) 14:20, 5 June 2026 (UTC)

:Basically, you search for the article name in the search box, and if it exists, you are redirected there, if it doesn't, you get a red-link to click on, thats one of the way to create articles. What I found was [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)]] [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 21:44, 5 June 2026 (UTC)
::ok thanks [[User:Smokey 6767|Smokey 6767]] ([[User talk:Smokey 6767|talk]]) 21:59, 6 June 2026 (UTC)

== Adding more examples to the article Words to avoid in Simple English ==
(Please let me know if I have made any mistakes here. This is my first time posting on talk pages. I am also new to wikipedia). I have added a discussion about this in the talk page for the article [[Wikipedia:Words to avoid in Simple English]]. Currently, there is only one word in this list. I am going to try to add more words to the list. It would be great to have more people help as well. It would also be great to start discussions on the talk page about which words should be on the list. I really love what this wikipedia is trying to do. I want to help people learn how to make changes to articles. [[User:SuddenArtichokes|SuddenArtichokes]] ([[User talk:SuddenArtichokes|talk]]) 09:14, 6 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>06y9vv80nohjm9ncl1d8m1g8yr31udy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
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{{Infobox Person 
| name = Dan Kelly
| residence =
| other_names =
| image =Bushranger Dan Kelly.jpg
| imagesize = 210px
| caption = Dan Kelly, probably in 1877
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1 June 1861
| birth_place = [[Beveridge, Victoria]], [[Australia]]
| death_date = 28 June 1880 (aged 19)
| death_place = [[Glenrowan, Victoria]], Australia
| death_cause = Killed by the police
| known = 
| occupation = [[Bushranger]]
| height =5ft 6&quot;
| title =
| term =
| predecessor = 
| successor = 
| party = 
| boards =
| spouse = 
| partner =
| children = 
| relations =
| website = 
| footnotes = 
| employer =
}}
'''Dan Kelly''' (1 June 1861 – 28 June 1880) was an [[Australia]]n [[bushranger]] and [[outlaw]]. He was the youngest brother of bushranger [[Ned Kelly]]. Dan and his brother killed three policemen. They formed the Kelly Gang with two friends. Dan Kelly died during the famous [[siege|capture]] of [[Glenrowan, Victoria|Glenrowan]].

More books have been written about the Kelly Gang than any other subject in Australian history. The Kelly Gang were the subject of the world's first full-length feature [[movie]], ''[[The Story of the Kelly Gang]]'', made in 1906. They robbed banks, took over whole towns, and kept the people in [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] and [[New South Wales]] [[wikt:fright|frightened]]. For two years the Victorian police searched for them and locked up their friends and families, but could not find them. 

==Early life==
[[File:Beveridge Kelly1 imp.jpg|thumb|220px|right|The Kelly house at Beveridge]] 
Dan Kelly's father was named John &quot;Red&quot; Kelly. John was an [[Irish people|Irish]] [[convict]] who had been sent to [[Van Diemen's Land]] in 1842.&lt;ref name=mcq/&gt;{{rp|74}} He would have been kept in the convict [[gaol]] at [[Port Arthur, Tasmania|Port Arthur]].

In 1848, after his time in gaol, Red Kelly moved to Victoria, and began working as a farmer around [[Beveridge, Victoria|Beveridge]]. There he built a simple wooden house.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ironoutlaw.com/html/writings_webb_01.html |title= Kelly Beveridge house|accessdate=2008-08-13 |work= Iron Outlaw }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.nedonthenet.com/kelly_house.htm |title=John Kelly house |accessdate=2008-08-13 |work=nedonthenet |archive-date=2008-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121184727/http://www.nedonthenet.com/kelly_house.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The house in Kelly Street is still standing.&lt;ref name=&quot;bh&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www2.visitvictoria.com.au/displayObject.cfm/objectid.00069136-45E9-1E5C-BF8280C476A90000/vvt.vhtml|title=Ned Kelly touring route|work=Bushranger History|publisher=Tourism Victoria|accessdate=2010-02-13|archive-date=2010-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205155934/http://www2.visitvictoria.com.au/displayObject.cfm/objectid.00069136-45E9-1E5C-BF8280C476A90000/vvt.vhtml|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The original three rooms were added to over the years, and the house now has 11 rooms.&lt;ref name=&quot;jkh&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://vhd.heritage.vic.gov.au/vhd/heritagevic#detail_places;149|title=John Kelly's Former House|work=Heritage Places and Objects|publisher=Heritage Council of Victoria|language=|accessdate=2010-02-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Red married an Irish girl, Ellen Quinn, in [[Melbourne]] in 1850.&lt;ref name=mcq/&gt;{{rp|74}} They had seven children: Annie (1853), Edward &quot;Ned&quot; (1854), Maggie (1856), Jim (1859), Dan (1861), [[Kate Kelly|Kate]] (1862) and Grace (1863).&lt;ref name=mcq/&gt;{{rp|75}}&lt;ref name=mcm/&gt;{{rp|9}}

===Greta===
In 1864, Dan Kelly's family moved north to a farm at [[Avenel, Victoria|Avenel]]. Red Kelly [[wikt:stole|stole]] a [[cattle|calf]] and was sent to gaol for six months.&lt;ref name=mcq/&gt;{{rp|75}} Dan was in trouble with the police when he was five years old because they believed he had stolen a horse.&lt;ref name=mcq/&gt;{{rp|75}} Dan's father died in 1866, and in 1867, his mother, Ellen Kelly, moved the family to a small farm near [[Greta, Victoria|Greta]] in north east Victoria.&lt;ref name=mcm/&gt;{{rp|30}} Ellen Kelly's two sisters, Catherine and Jane Lloyd, were living at Greta, and her two brothers, John and James Quinn, had moved to the area in 1864.&lt;ref name=mcm/&gt;{{rp|30}} The Quinn family were well known to the police. Dan Kelly was in trouble with the law again when he was 10 years old. He and his twelve-year-old brother Jim were [[wikt:arrest|arrested]] by Constable Flood for riding a horse that did not belong to them. Jim was working for a local farmer and had taken the horse to ride home on. Flood did not believe them, and the boys were forced to spend two nights in a prison cell.&lt;ref name=mcq/&gt;{{rp|82}}
In 1875, like many other young men in north east Victoria, Dan Kelly and his [[cousin]]s, the Lloyds, went to New South Wales to look for [[season]]al farm work in the [[Riverina]] area and on the [[Monaro (New South Wales)|Monaro High Plains]].&lt;ref name =mcm/&gt;{{rp|59}} His group of friends were known as &quot;the Greta mob&quot;.&lt;ref name=mcm/&gt;{{rp|59}} They went out together to hotels, dances and horse races. By 1876, they were well known for their visits to nearby towns such as [[Wangaratta, Victoria|Wangaratta]], [[Beechworth, Victoria|Beechworth]] and [[Benalla, Victoria|Benalla]].&lt;ref name=mcm/&gt;{{rp|59}}

On one visit to Benalla in 1876, Dan was arrested for stealing a [[saddle]]. The police let him go when they could not get enough [[wikt:evidence|evidence]].&lt;ref name=mcm/&gt;{{rp|59}} Dan and his cousins got into trouble with the police in October 1877. They had gone to a shop to pick up food and other supplies, but the shop was shut. When the owner refused to open the shop, Dan Kelly broke down the door.&lt;ref name=mcm/&gt;{{rp|52}} They were charged with violent [[assault]], [[wikt:damage|damage]] to [[property]] (the door), breaking into houses and stealing things worth [[Pound (currency)|£]]113. The boys went into hiding, and the police spent three weeks looking for them. Constable Alexander Fitzpatrick told Ned Kelly to get them to give themselves up.&lt;ref name=mcm/&gt;{{rp|52}} In court, the police were not able to prove most of the charges, but Dan went to prison for one month for damaging property worth £10.&lt;ref name =mcq&gt;{{cite book | last =McQuilton | first =John | authorlink = | title = The Kelly Outbreak, 1878 — 1880| publisher =Melbourne University Press | date =1979 | location =Melbourne, Australia | pages = | url =https://archive.org/details/kellyoutbreak1870000mcqu| doi = | id = | isbn = 0-522-84180-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 15 April 1878, Constable Fitzpatrick went to the Kelly's house to arrest Dan Kelly for stealing horses. Dan had been seen in [[Chiltern, Victoria|Chiltern]] riding a stolen horse.&lt;ref name=mcm/&gt;{{rp|52}} What happened at the house is now called the &quot;[[Ned Kelly#The Fitzpatrick Incident|Fitzpatrick incident]]&quot;. There was a fight with Fitzpatrick, and he said the Kelly family had tried to kill him. Dan and Ned went into [[the bush]] to hide. Ellen Kelly was sent to gaol for three years for attempted [[murder]]. Maggie's husband, William Skillion, and a [[wikt:neighbour|neighbour]], William Williamson, were sent to gaol for six years.&lt;ref name=mcm/&gt;{{rp|63}}

==The Kelly Gang==
Ned and Dan Kelly went into the bush to a place in the Wombat Ranges. Dan Kelly had built a small hut some time earlier on Bullock Creek, where he had cleared an area of about {{convert|20|acre|ha|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} to keep horses.&lt;ref name=&quot;kgcs&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://vhd.heritage.vic.gov.au/vhd/heritagevic#detail_places;104595|title=Kelly Gang Camp Site|work=Heritage Places and Objects|publisher=Heritage Council of Victoria|language=|accessdate=2010-02-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; He had also built a small [[still]] for making [[alcohol]].&lt;ref name=mcq/&gt;{{rp|89}} The brothers spent their time searching for [[gold]] in the creek.&lt;ref name=kgcs/&gt;

During the months they were [[wikt:hide|hiding]] at Bullock Creek, they were often visited by their friends including [[Steve Hart]], [[Joe Byrne (bushranger)|Joe Byrne]], [[Aaron Sherritt]] and the Lloyds.&lt;ref name=mcm/&gt;{{rp|78}} The police took the charge of attempted murder very seriously. A [[reward]] of £100 was offered for the capture of the two Kelly boys.&lt;ref name=&quot;adb&quot;/&gt; The police thought the brothers were hiding in the Wombat Ranges. In October 1878, they sent two search groups out to find them. One group travelled south from Greta, and the other started from [[Mansfield, Victoria|Mansfield]] and travelled north.&lt;ref name=mcq/&gt;{{rp|90}}

===Stringybark Creek===
[[Image:Stringybark creek1.JPG|thumb|220px|right|Stringybark Creek]]
The Mansfield group was led by [[Sergeant]] Michael Kennedy, with three [[policeman|policemen]]: [[Constable]]s Thomas McIntyre, Thomas Lonigan, and Michael Scanlan. They set up a camp at [[Stringybark Creek]] in a thick forest area.&lt;ref name=&quot;scs&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://vhd.heritage.vic.gov.au/vhd/heritagevic#detail_places;13107|title=Stringybark Creek site|work=Heritage Places and Objects|publisher=Heritage Council of Victoria|language=|accessdate=2010-02-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kennedy and Scanlon went searching for the Kellys, while Lonigan and McIntyre remained at the camp.&lt;ref name=mcq/&gt;{{rp|95}} The Kellys were living in a hut close by at Bullock Creek. They heard noises and discovered the police camp. They decided to capture the policemen and take their guns and horses. Ned and Dan, and friends Joe Byrne and Steve Hart, went to the police camp and told them to [[wikt:surrender|surrender]].&lt;ref name=mcq/&gt;{{rp|96}}

Constable McIntyre put his arms up, but Lonigan got out his gun. Ned Kelly shot him dead.&lt;ref name=mcq/&gt;{{rp|96}} When the other two police came back to camp, McIntyre told them to surrender. Scanlon went for his gun but Ned shot him dead.&lt;ref name=mcq/&gt;{{rp|97}} Kennedy ran shooting from tree to tree with Ned chasing him. During the shooting, Kennedy was shot and was badly wounded. Ned shot him in the chest to end his suffering.&lt;ref name=mcq/&gt;{{rp|97}} McIntyre was able to escape during the [[wikt:confusion|confusion]]. It was later reported in the newspapers that it was Dan who had shot Kennedy.&lt;ref name=mcq/&gt;{{rp|98}} Dan was wounded during the shooting.&lt;ref name=mcq/&gt;{{rp|100}}

===Outlaws===
The Victorian government passed a law on 30 October 1878, making the Kelly Gang [[outlaw]]s; they no longer had any legal rights. They could be shot by anyone, at any time, without [[wikt:warning|warning]].&lt;ref name=mcq/&gt;{{rp|103}} Anyone who could [[wikt:capture|capture]] one of the Gang, alive or dead, would be paid a [[reward]] of £500, or £2,000 for the four men.&lt;ref name=mcq/&gt;{{rp|103}} The bushrangers were seen at several places around north east Victoria. They had tried to cross the [[Murray River]] into New South Wales, but the water was too deep. The police had several large groups hunting for them. On 10 December, the Kelly Gang robbed the bank at [[Euroa, Victoria|Euroa]].&lt;ref name=mcq/&gt;{{rp|110}} In February 1879, they went to [[Jerilderie, New South Wales]]. They locked the town's policemen in the police station cells, and kept many people prisoner in the Royal Mail Hotel for three days. Dan Kelly and Steve Hart kept the people in the hotel, while Ned Kelly and Joe Byrne robbed the bank.&lt;ref name=mcm/&gt;{{rp|121}} After the bank robberies, the reward was increased to £2,000 for each man, or the larger amount of £8,000 for the Gang.&lt;ref name=mcm/&gt;{{rp|128}}

Over the next 18 months many policemen were sent to north-east Victoria to search for the Kelly Gang.&lt;ref name=mcm/&gt;{{rp|140}} The police could not find the bushrangers because they were badly led and they did not know how to live in the bush.  However the Kellys were experts in living in the bush and they had the support of the local people.&lt;ref name=mcq/&gt;{{rp|151}}

===Murder===
In June 1880, the Kelly Gang came out of hiding. They knew that Joe Byrne's friend, Aaron Sherritt, had been giving [[wikt:information|information]] to the police. Four policemen were living at Sherritt's house, near Beechworth, to protect him. Dan Kelly and Byrne went to Sherritt's house late at night and knocked on the door. When Sherritt opened the door, Byrne shot him dead.&lt;ref name=mcq/&gt;{{rp|155}} The policemen were hiding under the bed. Kelly and Byrne rode quickly back to Glenrowan where Ned Kelly and Hart had forced many of the town people into a hotel, the Glenrowan Inn.&lt;ref name=ghp/&gt; They also had forced railway workers to pull up the train tracks. They knew that more police would be sent by train to Beechworth to find them. They wanted the train to crash when it reached the place where tracks had been removed near Glenrowan.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghp&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://vhd.heritage.vic.gov.au/vhd/heritagevic#detail_places;4073|title=Glenrowan Heritage Precinct|work=Heritage Places and Objects|publisher=Heritage Council of Victoria|language=|accessdate=2010-02-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; The bushrangers, wearing homemade [[armour]], would then capture any of the policemen that were alive after the crash.&lt;ref name=mcq/&gt;{{rp|153}} With the police out of the way, the Kelly Gang would then go into Benalla and rob the bank.&lt;ref name=mcq/&gt;{{rp|153}} The captured police would be [[wikt:release|released]] when Ellen Kelly, William Williamson, and William Skillion, were let out of gaol.&lt;ref name=mcq/&gt;{{rp|153}}

The plan did not work because the four policemen did not come out of Sherritt's house until the next morning.&lt;ref name=mcq/&gt;{{rp|156}} This meant that the news of the murder did not reach Melbourne as quickly as the Kelly Gang had hoped. The people held prisoner in the hotel became restless. Ned organised music and Dan joined in dancing to keep the people in the hotel entertained.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last =Sheppard | first = Barrie| authorlink = | title =Ned Kelly | publisher = Heinemann Library| date =2000 | location = Melbourne, Victoria| page =23 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn =1-86391-971-6 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dan also organised some sporting games including [[long jump]] and [[triple jump|hop, step and jump]].&lt;ref name=mcm/&gt;{{rp|160}} Dan wanted to leave Glenrowan when they knew the plan was not going to work because the train was late.&lt;ref name=&quot;dk&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ironoutlaw.com/html/gang.html|title=Dan Kelly|work=The Kelly Gang|publisher=Iron Outlaw|language=|accessdate=2010-02-28|archive-date=2011-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709163817/http://www.ironoutlaw.com/html/gang.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ned Kelly let [[Thomas Curnow]], the school teacher, go home to his wife. Dan told his brother not to [[wikt:trust|trust]] Curnow, and to keep him at the hotel.&lt;ref name=dk/&gt; Instead of going home, Curnow went to the railway and about 3.00am he was able to stop the train before it reached the broken rails.&lt;ref name=mcq/&gt;{{rp|158}} The police quickly left the train and placed themselves around the hotel so that the Kelly Gang was trapped inside.&lt;ref name=ghp/&gt;

===Glenrowan===
[[File:Glenrowan inn.JPG|thumb|220px|right|Site of the Glenrowan Inn]]
[[Image:Benalla cemetery Cherry.JPG|thumb|220px|right|Grave of Martin Cherry, killed during the siege at Glenrowan.]]
When the bushrangers heard the train pull into the station, they knew their plan to destroy the train had failed. They put on their suits of armour and went on to the [[verandah]] of the hotel to wait for the police.&lt;ref name=mcq/&gt;{{rp|159}} In the first few shots, police Superintendent Hare, Ned Kelly and Joe Byrne were wounded, and Jack Jones, son of the hotel owner was killed. Ned Kelly, who was dressed in his armour, was able to leave the hotel and kept shooting at the police. The police fired their guns into the hotel building for seven hours. It is [[wikt:estimate|estimated]] that 15,000 [[bullet]]s were fired during the shooting.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/ned-kelly-bullets-found/story-e6frf7kx-1111116251401 |title=Bullets from Ned Kelly's shoot-out at Glenrowan found |first= |last= |work=heraldsun.com.au |date=2008-05-05 |accessdate=2011-04-25 |archive-date=2011-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809100129/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/ned-kelly-bullets-found/story-e6frf7kx-1111116251401 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Byrne died after being shot in the [[groin]]. Ned Kelly went back to the hotel but could not find Dan or Steve Hart who were hiding in a back room. He again left and tried to find his horse. Ned Kelly was shot in the legs as he searched outside for his brother.&lt;ref name=mcq/&gt;{{rp|162}} The police were then easily able to capture him.

At 10.00 am there was a large crowd of people watching the action. Police Inspector Sadleir was forced to stop the shooting to allow many of the hostages to escape. He would not let Dan's sister Maggie, or a [[Catholic]] priest Father Gibney, go into the hotel to tell the men to give themselves up. Instead, he ordered that a [[cannon]] be sent from Melbourne so that they could destroy the hotel.&lt;ref name=mcq/&gt;{{rp|162}}

At 2.30pm, the police set fire to the building to try and make the rest of the Kelly Gang leave the building.&lt;ref name=mcm/&gt;{{rp|189}} Father Gibney ignored the police and went into the burning building.&lt;ref name=mcq/&gt;{{rp|162}} He found Dan Kelly and Steve Hart dead in a back room of the hotel. He said their bodies were lying side by side, their heads resting on blankets.&lt;ref name=mcq/&gt;{{rp|162}} Byrne's body was dragged out of the hotel, but the bodies of Hart and Kelly were badly burned during the fire. People who saw the burned and blackened bodies were unable to tell which was Dan Kelly and which was Steve Hart.&lt;ref name=mcm/&gt;{{rp|30}} They were placed on sheets of bark from a tree and [[photograph]]ed. Three Glenrowan people held prisoner inside the hotel died during the siege.&lt;ref name=mcq/&gt;{{rp|159-163}}

Family members, including his sisters, Kate and Maggie, and friends took the bodies back to Greta.&lt;ref name=mcm/&gt;{{rp|195}} The police tried to get the bodies back, and sent a group of 16 policemen to Greta, but they became worried that this would start another fight and they went back to Benalla.&lt;ref name=mcm/&gt;{{rp|208}} Dan Kelly and Steve Hart were buried in unmarked [[grave]]s at Greta, on 30 June 1880.&lt;ref name=mcq/&gt;{{rp|164}} About 100 people were at the [[funeral]], with Dan's cousin, Tom Lloyd, as the [[undertaker]], and a Greta farmer, Daniel O'Keefe, acting as a [[preacher]]. After the graves were filled in, the whole area was [[plough]]ed over to keep the site of the graves hidden.&lt;ref name=mcm/&gt;{{rp|206}} The family was worried that the police would still try to get the bodies.

After Glenrowan, Dan Kelly and Steve Hart's armour was taken by the police and kept at Benalla.&lt;ref name=&quot;ae&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www2.slv.vic.gov.au/about/news/focus_on/kelly.html|title=Kelly Armour Exchange, State Library of Victoria|first=|last=|work=State Library of Victoria News|issue=21|year=2003|accessdate=2011-04-26|archive-date=2011-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110327132805/http://www2.slv.vic.gov.au/about/news/focus_on/kelly.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ned Kelly's armour was sent to Melbourne to be used at his trial. Joe Byrne's armour was sent to the police depot in [[Richmond, Victoria|Richmond]]. At the end of 1880, all the pieces were in Melbourne. One set of armour was given to Sir William Clarke.&lt;ref name=ae/&gt; Over the years the pieces became mixed up. In 2002, the [[State Library of Victoria]] and the police exchanged some pieces to try and get the sets complete.&lt;ref name=ae/&gt; The State Library has Ned's armour, Joe's is still owned by the Clarke family,&lt;ref name=&quot;lj&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://nishi.slv.vic.gov.au/latrobejournal/issue/latrobe-66/t1-g-t4.html|title=The True Story of the Kelly Armour|last=Oldis|first=Ken|date=2000|work=The La Trobe Journal|publisher=State Library of Victoria|language=|accessdate=2010-03-14|archive-date=2009-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091129030733/http://nishi.slv.vic.gov.au/latrobejournal/issue/latrobe-66/t1-g-t4.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the police have Dan and Steve's armour which can be seen at the [[Victoria Police]] Museum in Melbourne Australia.&lt;ref name=&quot;vpm&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.police.vic.gov.au/content.asp?Document_ID=12560|title=Victoria Police Museum|date=2010-02-19|publisher=Victoria Police Museum|language=|accessdate=2010-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Dan Kelly after Glenrowan==
[[File:Greta cemetery.JPG|thumb|220px|left|Greta Cemetery, burial place of Dan Kelly]]
Because it was not possible to prove how they died, or that the bodies were really Dan and Steve, there have been many stories about what might have happened. It is possible they may have killed themselves.&lt;ref name=&quot;adb&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A050009b.htm|title=Kelly, Edward (Ned) (1855—1880)|last=Barry|first=John V.|date=1974|work=Australian Dictionary of Biography On Line Edition|publisher=Melbourne University Press|language=|accessdate=2010-02-13|archive-date=2007-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070321122238/http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A050009b.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; This was the story that was used in the first Kelly movie, ''[[The Story of the Kelly Gang]]'' in 1906,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
 |url= http://www.nfsa.gov.au/the_collection/collection_spotlights/kelly_gang_essay.html
 |title= National Film and Sound Archive — Restoration of The Story of the Kelly Gang (1906)
 |work= nfsa.gov.au
 |accessdate= 2010-09-03
 |archive-date= 2008-07-21
 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080721105941/http://www.nfsa.gov.au/the_collection/collection_spotlights/kelly_gang_essay.html
 |url-status= dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and in the [[Ned Kelly (2003 movie)|2003 Ned Kelly movie]]. There have also been stories that both survived the fire.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.halenet.com.au/Australian_Outlaws/msg2.htm |title=Dan Kelly. |first=Vince |last=Allen |work=halenet.com.au |year=2003 |accessdate=2011-04-25 |archive-date=2012-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315175131/http://www.halenet.com.au/Australian_Outlaws/msg2.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; There is little evidence to support these claims.&lt;ref name=&quot;indi&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1962326.html|title=Two of the Ned Kelly Gang survived ambush and lived on for years, says historian|last=Delros|first=Marion|date=2005-07-05|newspaper=The Independent on Sunday|accessdate=2010-02-13|archive-date=2012-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106014340/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1962326.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last =Cowie | first =N. | authorlink = | title =Dan Kelly News | work =Bailup | publisher = | date =2002 | url =http://www.bailup.com/DanKellyNews.htm | doi = | accessdate =2008-11-05 | archive-date =2008-12-31 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20081231094340/http://www.bailup.com/DanKellyNews.htm | url-status =dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; One man, James Ryan, said he was Dan Kelly. In 1934 he went on stage at the [[Brisbane]] Exhibition and told stories about the Kelly Gang. He died on 29 July 1948, after being struck by a train.&lt;ref name=&quot;icc&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ipswich.qld.gov.au/about_council/mayor_and_councillors/division_2/queensland_history/|title=Queensland History - The Kelly Gang|last=Tully|first=Paul|publisher=Ipswich City Council|language=|accessdate=2010-02-28|archive-date=2010-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307174742/http://www.ipswich.qld.gov.au/about_council/mayor_and_councillors/division_2/queensland_history/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Ipswich, Queensland|Ipswich]] City Council have put a memorial on his grave. In 2001, [[scientist]]s took a small piece of bone from the grave of Charles Devine Tindall at [[Toowoomba, Queensland]], to see if they could find [[DNA]] to prove he was Dan Kelly.&lt;ref name=&quot;iodk&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ironoutlaw.com/html/writings_aap_0901.html|title=Grave said to contain remains of Dan Kelly|date=2001-09-27|publisher=Iron Outlaw|language=|accessdate=2010-03-04|archive-date=2011-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727103736/http://www.ironoutlaw.com/html/writings_aap_0901.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Devine, who had burn scars on his body, told his family he was really Dan.&lt;ref name=&quot;abc&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200506/s1401855.htm|title=Did Ned Kelly's brother survive Glenrowan shoot-out?|date=2005-06-25|publisher=ABC News|language=|accessdate=2010-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; He said he had hidden under the floor of the Glenrowan hotel and escaped after the fire.&lt;ref name=iodk/&gt; In October 1902, a Melbourne [[newspaper]] printed a story that Dan Kelly and Steve Hart were living in [[South Africa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;argus02&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article9080926|title=The Kelly Gang. An extraordinary yarn.|date=1902-10-15|work=The Argus|page=7|language=|accessdate=2010-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; The men had fought in the [[Second Boer War]]. Another man, Jim Davis from Darra (a [[suburb]] of Brisbane, Queensland), said in 1938 that he was Dan Kelly. He claimed that he, Steve Hart and Joe Byrne had escaped from the hotel.&lt;ref name=&quot;ql&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18905412|title=Did the Kelly Gang perish at Glenrowan?|date=1938-06-22 |work=The Queenslander|page=7|language=|accessdate=2010-03-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also said he was born at the [[Eureka Stockade]] in 1854, which makes him too old to have really been Dan.

The story of Dan and Ned Kelly has been told many times. There have been more books written about the Kelly Gang than any other event in Australian history.&lt;ref name =mcm&gt;{{cite book | last =McMenomy | first =Keith | authorlink = | title =Ned Kelly — The authentic illustrated story  | publisher =Currey O'Neill Ross | date = 1984| location =South Yarra, Victoria | pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 085902122X}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|9}} The very first full-length [[movie]] in the world, made in 1906, was ''The Story of the Kelly Gang''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release
  | last = Hogan
  | first = David
  | title = World's first 'feature' film to be digitally restored by National Film and Sound Archive
  | date = 2006-02-07
  | publisher = [[National Film and Sound Archive]]
  | url = http://www.nfsa.afc.gov.au/about_us/media_releases/release.php?id=183
  | accessdate = 2008-03-25
  | archivedate = 2008-02-01
  | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080201165419/http://www.nfsa.afc.gov.au/about_us/media_releases/release.php?id=183
  }}&lt;/ref&gt; In the 2003 Ned Kelly movie starring [[Heath Ledger]] as Ned Kelly, the part of Dan Kelly was played by Laurence Kinlan. [[Orlando Bloom]] played the part of Joe Byrne.

In 2012 a [[pistol]] was put up for sale which had &quot;1876 DAN KELLY&quot; carved into it.&lt;ref name=&quot;elder&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/possible-kelly-pistol-up-for-auction-20121110-29554.html | title='Possible' Kelly pistol up for auction | work=The Age | date=11 November 2012 | accessdate=November 20, 2012 | author=Elder, John | location=Melbourne, Victoria | pages=7}}&lt;/ref&gt; A pistol was known to have been found at Glenrowan after the siege but it is now lost. The pistol being sold was found on the banks of the [[Murrumbidgee River]] in 1900. It is a muzzle load single shot pistol made for the [[East India Company]] Cavalry.&lt;ref name=&quot;elder&quot;/&gt;

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Other websites==
*[http://www.thekellytrail.com/nedkelly/towns/town/beveridge/2 The Ned Kelly Trail] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007124137/http://www.thekellytrail.com/nedkelly/towns/town/beveridge/2 |date=2008-10-07 }} - has many photographs of Ned Kelly linked places and items.
*[http://www.slv.vic.gov.au/pictures/gid/slv-pic-aaa39799 Photograph of Dan Kelly at the State Library of Victoria]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[http://www.denheldid.com/twohuts/germanscreek.html Bill Denheld's website on Stringybark Creek, with maps and photos]
*[http://nishi.slv.vic.gov.au/latrobejournal/issue/latrobe-66/fig-latrobe-66-038a.html Photograph of the Glenrowan Inn] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006075508/http://nishi.slv.vic.gov.au/latrobejournal/issue/latrobe-66/fig-latrobe-66-038a.html |date=2009-10-06 }}
*[http://nishi.slv.vic.gov.au/latrobejournal/issue/latrobe-66/fig-latrobe-66-043a.html Photograph of Dan Kelly and Steve Hart's armour] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006074523/http://nishi.slv.vic.gov.au/latrobejournal/issue/latrobe-66/fig-latrobe-66-043a.html |date=2009-10-06 }}
*[http://www.ipswich.qld.gov.au/images/councillors/scan6_lrg.gif Photograph of Dan Kelly's body after the fire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409165228/http://www.ipswich.qld.gov.au/images/councillors/scan6_lrg.gif |date=2011-04-09 }}
*[http://www.glenrowan1880.com/dave_dig.htm Photos of the archaeological dig at Glenrowan in 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605205446/http://www.glenrowan1880.com/dave_dig.htm |date=2011-06-05 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kelly, Dan}}
[[Category:1861 births]]
[[Category:1880 deaths]]
[[Category:Australian murderers]]
[[Category:Bushrangers]]
[[Category:Ned Kelly]]
[[Category:People from Victoria (Australia)]]</text>
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| name                   = Vilanova i la Geltrú
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| leader_title           = Mayor
| leader_name            = Juan Luis Ruiz
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'''Vilanova i la Geltrú''' is a [[Municipalities of Spain|municipality]] in the [[Province of Barcelona]], in [[Catalonia]], [[Spain]].

[[File:Localització de Vilanova i la Geltrú respecte del Garraf.svg|Location within Garraf]]

{{Municipalities in Barcelona}}
{{Authority control}}
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|image_size           =
|background           = solo_singer
|birth_name           = DeAndre Cortez Way&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1624834/20091026/soulja_boy_tellem.jhtml|title=Soulja Boy Tell’em Ready To Drop Paranormal Activity Mixtape|publisher=MTV News|accessdate=April 17, 2016|archive-date=April 27, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100427135418/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1624834/20091026/soulja_boy_tellem.jhtml|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.eonline.com/news/148266/soulja-boy-burns-calories-boosts-street-cred-with-arrest|title=Soulja Boy Burns Calories, Boosts Street Cred With Arrest|publisher=E!|accessdate=April 17, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|alias                = {{hlist|Soulja Boy Tell 'Em|Big Draco}}
|birth_date           = {{birth date and age|1990|7|28}} 
|birth_place          = [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], U.S.
|origin               = [[Atlanta, Georgia]], [[United States|U.S.]]
|occupation           = {{flatlist|
* Rapper
* songwriter
* {{nowrap|record producer}}
* actor
}}
|genre                = {{flatlist|
* [[Southern hip hop]]
* [[gangsta rap]]
* [[snap music|snap]]
* [[pop rap]]
}}
|years_active         = 2004–present
| label            = {{flatlist|
* [[#Other ventures|Stacks on Deck]]
* [[Collipark Music|Collipark]]
* [[Interscope Records|Interscope]]
}}
|website              = {{URL|thedeandreway.com}}
}}

'''DeAndre Cortez Way''' (born July 28, 1990), professionally known as '''Soulja Boy Tell 'Em''' or simply '''Soulja Boy''', is an American rapper and record producer. He is widely known for the [[song]]s &quot;[[Crank That (Soulja Boy)]]&quot; and &quot;Tell 'Em&quot;. 

In 2007, Soulja Boy released his first album ''[[Souljaboytellem.com]]''. In 2008, he released his second album ''[[iSouljaBoyTellem]]''. 

==Discography==
{{Main|Soulja Boy discography}}

;Studio albums
* ''[[Souljaboytellem.com]]'' (2007)
* ''[[iSouljaBoyTellem]]'' (2008)
* ''[[The DeAndre Way]]'' (2010)
* ''King Soulja 3'' (2014)
* ''[[Loyalty (Soulja Boy album)|Loyalty]]'' (2015)
* ''Best to Ever Do It'' (2018)
* ''Young Draco'' (2018)
* ''Big Draco'' (2021)
* ''Big Draco 2'' (2021)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.revolt.tv/article/2021-11-19/128044/soulja-boy-drops-off-big-draco-2-album |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119153357/https://www.revolt.tv/platform/amp/2021/11/19/22790499/soulja-boy-big-draco-2-album |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 19, 2021 |title=Soulja Boy drops off 'Big Draco 2' album |work=revolt.tv |access-date=March 11, 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Big Draco 3'' (2022)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Soulja Boy Releases Tenth Studio Album &quot;Big Draco 3&quot; |url=https://hiphopget.com/news/soulja-boy-releases-tenth-studio-album-big-draco-3/ |access-date=March 11, 2022 |work=HipHopGet |date=March 11, 2022 |archive-date=June 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603050609/https://hiphopget.com/news/soulja-boy-releases-tenth-studio-album-big-draco-3/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tours==
*America's Most Wanted Tour (2009)

==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
|2007
|''[[YouTube Live]]''
|Himself
|Small role
|-
|2008
|''What's at Stake?''
|Himself
|Small role
|-
|2009
|''[[School Gyrls]]''
|Himself
|Cameo
|-
|2010
|''[[Malice N Wonderland]]''
|Soulja
|Small role
|-
|2011
|''[[Soulja Boy: The Movie]]''
|Himself
|Documentary on his life
|-
||2013
|''[[Officer Down]]''
|Rudy
|Supporting role
|- 
|}

===Television===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2007
|''[[The Ellen DeGeneres Show]]''
|Himself
|
|-
|''[[Last Call with Carson Daly]]''
|Himself
|
|-
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|2008
|''[[Live with Regis]]''
|Himself
|Minor appearance
|-
|''[[Access Granted]]''
|Himself
|For his music video for &quot;[[Bird Walk]]&quot;
|-
|''[[My Super Sweet 16]]''
|Himself
|
|-
|2009
|''[[The Game (2006 TV series)|The Game]]''
|Ray Ray
|Episode: &quot;I Want It All and I Want It Now&quot;
|-
|rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|2010
|''[[When I Was 17]]''
|Himself
|
|-
|''[[The Mo'Nique Show]]''
|Himself
|
|-
|''[[Late Night with Jimmy Fallon]]''
|Himself
|
|-
|''[[Lopez Tonight]]''
|Himself
|
|-
|''[[The Tonight Show with Jay Leno]]''
|Himself
|
|-
|2012
|''[[DUB (magazine)|The DUB Magazine Project]]''
|Himself
|
|-
|2013
|''[[The Bachelorette (season 9)]]''
|Himself
|
|-
|2014–2016
|''[[Love &amp; Hip Hop: Hollywood]]''
|Himself
|Main role (seasons 1–2)&lt;br&gt;Main/guest role (season 3)
|-
|2022
|''[[Atlanta (TV series)|Atlanta]]''
|Himself
|Episode: &quot;Crank Dat Killer&quot;
|}

==Awards and nominations==
*[[BET Awards]]
**2007: Best New Artist (Nominated)
**2008: Viewer's Choice Award: &quot;[[Crank That (Soulja Boy)]]&quot; (Nominated)
**2009: Viewer's Choice Award: &quot;[[Kiss Me thru the Phone|Kiss Me Thru the Phone]]&quot; (Nominated)
*BET Hip-Hop Awards
**'''2007: Best Hip-Hop Dance (Won)'''
*BET Social Awards
**'''2019: Social Verified Award (Won)'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=BET Social Awards |url=https://www.bet.com/shows/social-awards.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328104824/https://www.bet.com/shows/social-awards.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 28, 2018 |website=[[BET]] |publisher=BET |access-date=August 25, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Grammy Awards]]
**2008: Best Rap Song: &quot;Crank That (Soulja Boy)&quot; (Nominated)
*[[Ozone Awards]]
**'''2007: Patiently Waiting: Mississippi (Won)'''
**2008: Best Breakthrough Artist (Nominated)
**2008: TJ's DJ's Tastemaker Award (Nominated)
*[[Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards]]
**2007: Favorite Male Singer (Nominated)
*[[Teen Choice Awards]]
**2009: Choice Music: Rap Artist (Nominated)
**2009: Choice Music: R&amp;B Track for &quot;Kiss Me Thru the Phone&quot; (Nominated)
**2009: Choice Music: Hook Up for &quot;Kiss Me Thru the Phone&quot; (Nominated)
**2009: Choice Music: Artist (Nominated)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Other websites==
{{Commons category|Soulja Boy}}
*{{IMDb name|2797293}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/SouljaBoyTellemVEVO Soulja Boy] on [[YouTube]]

[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rappers from Chicago]]
[[Category:Rappers from Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:African-American musicians]]
[[Category:American Twitch (service) streamers]]
[[Category:American pop rappers]]
[[Category:21st-century American musicians]]
[[Category:Singer-songwriters from Chicago]]
[[Category:Singer-songwriters from Georgia (U.S. state)]]
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  <page>
    <title>Spider-Man 2</title>
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{{About|the 2004 movie directed by Sam Raimi}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2026}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2026}}
{{Infobox movie
| name           = Spider-Man 2
| image          = Spider-Man 2-Logo.svg
| caption        = Official logo
| director       = [[Sam Raimi]]
| producer       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Laura Ziskin]]
* [[Avi Arad]]
}}
| screenplay     = [[Alvin Sargent]]
| story          = {{Plainlist|
* [[Alfred Gough]]
* [[Miles Millar]]
* [[Michael Chabon]]
}}
| based_on       = {{Based on|[[Spider-Man]]|[[Stan Lee]]|[[Steve Ditko]]}}
| starring       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Tobey Maguire]]
* [[Kirsten Dunst]]
* [[James Franco]]
* [[Alfred Molina]]
* [[Rosemary Harris]]
* [[Donna Murphy]]
}}
| music          = [[Danny Elfman]]
| cinematography = [[Bill Pope]]
| editing        = [[Bob Murawski]]
| studio         = {{Plainlist|
* [[Columbia Pictures]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AFI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Spider-Man 2 |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/54372-SPIDER-MAN-2?sid=c00a3d29-e653-4a94-b140-acafd83ff013&amp;sr=5.242215&amp;cp=1&amp;pos=4 |publisher=[[American Film Institute]] |access-date=December 24, 2020|archive-date=February 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124146/https://catalog.afi.com/Film/54372-SPIDER-MAN-2?sid=c00a3d29-e653-4a94-b140-acafd83ff013&amp;sr=5.242215&amp;cp=1&amp;pos=4 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Marvel Enterprises]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AFI&quot; /&gt;
* [[Laura Ziskin Productions]]&lt;ref name=&quot;TheNumbers&quot;&gt;{{cite the numbers |title=Spider-Man 2 |id=Spider-Man-2 |access-date=November 2, 2024|archive-date=August 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809115435/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Spider-Man-2#tab=summary |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
| distributor    = [[Sony Pictures Releasing]]&lt;ref name=&quot;TheNumbers&quot; /&gt;
| released       = {{Film date|2004|06|25|Mann Village Theater|2004|06|30|United States}}
| runtime        = 121 minutes&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Spider-Man 2 |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/spider-man-2-2004-7 |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=July 22, 2015 |quote=127m 12s |archive-date=May 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523073033/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/spider-man-2-2004-7 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| country        = United States
| language       = English
| budget         = $200 million&lt;ref name=&quot;BOM&quot;&gt;{{cite Box Office Mojo |title=Spider-Man 2 |id=0316654 |access-date=January 17, 2021 |archive-date=January 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117234558/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0316654/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| gross          = $795.9 million&lt;ref name=&quot;TheNumbers&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BOM&quot; /&gt;
}}
'''''Spider-Man 2''''' is a 2004 American [[superhero movie]] based on the [[Marvel Comics]] character [[Spider-Man]]. Directed by [[Sam Raimi]] and written by [[Alan Sargent]] from a story conceived by [[Michael Chabon]] and the writing team of [[Alfred Gough]] and [[Miles Millar]], it is the second movie in Raimi's [[Spider-Man (2002 movie series)|''Spider-Man'' trilogy]], following ''[[Spider-Man (2002 movie)|Spider-Man]]'' (2002). The movie stars [[Tobey Maguire]] as [[Peter Parker (2002 movie series character)|its titular character]], alongside [[Kirsten Dunst]], [[James Franco]], [[Alfred Molina]], [[Rosemary Harris]], and [[Donna Murphy]]. Its plotline follows Peter Parker as he tries to manage his job, academics, personal life, and life as Spider-Man while attempting to stop the scientist [[Otto Octavius (movie character)|Dr. Otto Octavius]] from recreating a dangerous experiment.

[[Principal photography]] began in April 2003 in New York City and also took place in Los Angeles. Reshoots took place later that year and concluded in February 2004. [[Danny Elfman]] returned to compose the score. ''Spider-Man 2'' premiered at the [[Fox Westwood Village Theater]] in Los Angeles on June 25, 2004, and was released in both conventional and [[IMAX]] theaters on June 30. It received acclaim from critics, who praised its emotional weight and visual effects, the performances of Maguire and Molina, and Raimi's direction. The film grossed $795.9 million worldwide, making it the [[2004 in movie#Highest-grossing movies|third-highest-grossing movie of 2004]]. It was selected by the [[American Film Institute]] as one of the top 10 films of 2004.

''Spider-Man 2'' won [[Academy Award for Best Visual Effects|Best Visual Effects]] at the [[77th Academy Awards]], and was also nominated for [[Academy Award for Best Sound|Best Sound Mixing]] and [[Academy Award for Best Sound Editing|Best Sound Editing]]. It received five [[Saturn Award]]s, including [[Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film|Best Fantasy Film]] and [[Saturn Award for Best Director|Best Director]]. Its success led to the production of ''[[Spider-Man 3]]'' (2007). Maguire and Molina respectively reprised their roles from ''Spider-Man 2'' in the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] (MCU) film ''[[Spider-Man: No Way Home]]'' (2021), which uses the concept of the [[Multiverse (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|multiverse]] to connect the earlier ''Spider-Man'' movies to the MCU.
 
== Plot ==
Two years after [[Norman Osborn (Sam Raimi movie series)|Norman Osborn]]'s death,{{efn|name=SM1|As depicted in ''[[Spider-Man (2002 movie)|Spider-Man]] (2002)}} [[Peter Parker (Sam Raimi movie series)|Peter Parker]] struggles to balance his personal life with his crime-fighting as Spider-Man. He juggles multiple jobs and faces overdue rent and schoolwork as his [[Aunt May]] is being evicted. ''[[Daily Bugle]]'' editor [[J. Jonah Jameson]] criticizes Spider-Man in the paper, and Peter's best friend, [[Harry Osborn (Sam Raimi series character)|Harry Osborn]], blames Spider-Man for his father's death and resents Peter for not revealing Spider-Man's identity. To protect her from his enemies, Peter has distanced himself from [[Mary Jane Watson (Sam Raimi series character)|Mary Jane Watson]], despite their mutual romantic feelings. Tired of Peter's secrecy, Mary Jane gets engaged to Jameson's son [[John Jameson (comics)|John]].

Now a leader at [[Oscorp]], Harry funds the development of a [[fusion power]] machine created by nuclear scientist [[Otto Octavius (movie character)|Otto Octavius]], who befriends and mentors Peter. During a public demonstration, Octavius uses a harness with four mechanical tentacles controlled by artificial intelligence (AI) to interact with the machine. However, the fusion reaction destabilizes, threatening mass destruction, but Octavius refuses to shut it down. As a result, the harness becomes fused to his body, and the inhibitor chip restricting the tentacles' AI is destroyed. Octavius is taken to a hospital where doctors attempt to surgically remove the harness, but the tentacles violently defend themselves. Octavius flees off to a derelict harbor warehouse, where he plans to rebuild the machine. While robbing a bank to fund his plan, Octavius takes May hostage, but Peter rescues her.

Overwhelmed by stress, exhaustion, and the conflict between wanting an normal life and his responsibilities as Spider-Man, Peter's powers begin to fade. He gives up being Spider-Man and embraces his civilian life, excelling at university and watching Mary Jane perform in an [[off-Broadway]] play. Peter confesses his inadvertent role in Ben's death to May. Though initially shocked, she forgives him. Despite his lost powers, Peter saves a child from a burning building, but another person dies. Believing he could have saved them both as Spider-Man, Peter concludes that his responsibilities as Spider-Man outweigh his personal happiness.

Meanwhile, Octavius completes his new machine and confronts Harry, demanding the rare isotope [[tritium]] to fuel it. Harry agrees in exchange for Octavious delivering him Spider-Man, instructing Octavius to find Peter and use him to exact Spider-Man's location. Realizing that she does not love John, Mary Jane meets with Peter at an café to confess her feelings, but he lies that he doesn't reciprocate. Octavius attacks them and kidnaps Mary Jane in order to coerce Peter into finding Spider-Man. Peter's powers fully return, and as Spider-Man, he fights Octavius atop a [[New York City Subway]] train. Octavius sabotages the train, forcing Peter to use all his strength to stop it from plunging into the [[New York Harbor]]. Despite the passengers' efforts to protect him, Octavius captures the weakened Peter and brings him to Harry.

Harry unmasks Spider-Man, discovering Peter's true identity. Peter persuades Harry to help him save Mary Jane, leading him to Octavius's lair. The larger fusion reaction destabilizes again, and Peter unmasks himself to convince Octavius to resist the tentacles' influence and help him. Octavius, acknowledging his folly, sacrifices himself to drown the machine in the bay. Peter rescues Mary Jane, who now knows his secret, and admits that while he loves her, he cannot be with her. Meanwhile, Harry sees a vision in a mirror of Norman demanding vengeance. Harry refuses to hurt Peter and shatters the mirror, revealing a storeroom of Norman's [[Green Goblin]] equipment.

On her wedding day, Mary Jane abandons the ceremony and runs to Peter's apartment, telling him her choice to be with him despite the risk. Their kiss is interrupted by police sirens, and Mary Jane encourages him to go help as Spider-Man.

== Cast ==
* [[Tobey Maguire]] as [[Peter Parker (Sam Raimi movie series)|Peter Parker / Spider-Man]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;MaguireCast&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A superhero, [[Columbia University]] physics student, and photographer for the ''[[Daily Bugle]]''. Juggling these separate lives means he briefly gives up his responsibilities as a superhero in a moment of adversity.
* [[Kirsten Dunst]] as [[Mary Jane Watson (Sam Raimi movie series)|Mary Jane Watson]]:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |url=https://ew.com/article/2003/04/15/first-look-set-spider-man-2/ |title=First look: On the set of ''Spider-Man 2'' |last=Hiatt |first=Brian |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |date=April 15, 2003 |access-date=December 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222224013/https://ew.com/article/2003/04/15/first-look-set-spider-man-2/ |archive-date=December 22, 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt; An aspiring [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] actress and a friend whom Peter has loved since he was a child, yet he gave up the chance of being with her out of his concern for her safety. Still harboring feelings for Peter, Mary Jane begins dating [[John Jameson (character)|John Jameson]] and eventually becomes engaged to him. She is also infatuated with Spider-Man, who saved her life numerous times in the past, and is initially unaware that the hero and Peter are one and the same.
* [[James Franco]] as [[Harry Osborn (Sam Raimi movie series)|Harry Osborn]]:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1470059/spider-man-2-villain-doc-ock-cast/ |title='Spider-Man 2' Villain Doc Ock Cast |last=Downey |first=Ryan J. |publisher=[[MTV News]] |date=February 20, 2003 |access-date=December 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817202740/http://www.mtv.com/news/1470059/spider-man-2-villain-doc-ock-cast/ |archive-date=August 17, 2020 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Oscorp]]'s current [[chief executive officer]] (CEO), Norman Osborn's son and Peter's best friend, who holds his alter-ego Spider-Man responsible for his father's death. He is also Mary Jane's ex-boyfriend and still harbors feelings for her.
* [[Alfred Molina]] as [[Otto Octavius (movie character)|Dr. Otto Octavius / Dr. Octopus]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;EightArmsToHoldYou&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A scientist working on behalf of Oscorp and Peter's role model and mentor who goes insane after he fails to create a self-sustaining fusion reaction, which also resulted in the death of his wife, Rosie. Octavius is bonded with his handling equipment, four artificially intelligent mechanical tentacles, which influence his mentality and convince him that he must finish his experiment at all costs.
* [[Rosemary Harris]] as [[Aunt May|May Parker]]: [[Uncle Ben|Ben Parker]]'s widow and Peter's aunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;EWJuly2003&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |url=https://ew.com/article/2003/07/21/first-look-doc-ock-spider-man-2s-villain/ |title=A first look at Doc Ock, ''Spider-Man 2''{{'s}} villain |last=Hiatt |first=Brian |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |date=July 21, 2003 |access-date=December 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817202919/https://ew.com/article/2003/07/21/first-look-doc-ock-spider-man-2s-villain/ |archive-date=August 17, 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Donna Murphy]] as Rosalie Octavius: Otto's wife and assistant.&lt;ref name=&quot;AICN&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://legacy.aintitcool.com/node/14954 |title=Additional casting in The Amazing Spider-Man!!! |website=[[Ain't It Cool News]] |date=April 11, 2003 |access-date=December 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928124251/http://legacy.aintitcool.com/node/14954 |archive-date=September 28, 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[J. K. Simmons]] reprises his role as [[J. Jonah Jameson (2002 movie series character)|J. Jonah Jameson]], the miserly manager and editor-in-chief of the ''Daily Bugle'',&lt;ref name=&quot;Moviehole&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://moviehole.net/ted-raimi-talks-spider-man-2/ |title=Ted Raimi talks &quot;Spider-Man 2&quot; |website=Moviehole |date=December 2, 2002 |access-date=December 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222224755/https://moviehole.net/ted-raimi-talks-spider-man-2/ |archive-date=December 22, 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; while [[Daniel Gillies]] portrays his son [[John Jameson (character)|John Jameson]], an astronaut and Mary Jane's fiancé.&lt;ref name=&quot;EWJuly2003&quot; /&gt; [[Christine Estabrook]] appears briefly as Jameson's wife and John's mother.

As with the previous movie, [[Bruce Campbell]] has an [[cameo appearance]], this time as an usher who refuses Peter entry for arriving late to Mary Jane Watson's show.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://screenrant.com/spider-man-movie-trilogy-bruce-campbell-cameos/ |title=Spider-Man: Every Bruce Campbell Cameo in Sam Raimi's Trilogy |last=Behbakht |first=Andy |website=[[Screen Rant]] |date=February 20, 2020 |access-date=December 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306165134/https://screenrant.com/spider-man-movie-trilogy-bruce-campbell-cameos/ |archive-date=March 6, 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-jun-27-ca-schruers27-story.html | title=Spider's man | website=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=June 27, 2004 | access-date=September 18, 2024 | archive-date=October 18, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018154943/http://articles.latimes.com/2004/jun/27/entertainment/ca-schruers27 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Spider-Man'' co-creator [[Stan Lee]] portrays a man on the street who saves a woman from falling debris during a battle between Spider-Man and Doctor Octopus.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.insider.com/stan-lee-marvel-cameos-2017-3 |title=Stan Lee has made 60 cameos in the Marvel universe — here they all are |last1=Oswald |first1=Anjelica |last2=Acuna |first2=Kirsten |website=[[Insider (website)|Insider]] |date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=December 22, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Dylan Baker]] portrays [[Lizard (character)|Dr. Curt Connors]], one of Peter's college physics professors and a colleague of Octavius,&lt;ref name=&quot;AICN&quot; /&gt; while [[Willem Dafoe]] reprises his role as [[Norman Osborn (2002 film series character)|Norman Osborn]], Harry's deceased father who appears to him as a hallucination. Dafoe came up with the idea during promotion for ''[[Spider-Man (2002 movie)|Spider-Man]]'', which he compared to [[Ghost (Hamlet)|King Hamlet]] haunting his son to avenge him.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=Jeff|last=Otto|title=Spidey 2 Talk|publisher=[[IGN]]|date=June 25, 2004|url=http://uk.movies.ign.com/articles/527/527428p1.html|access-date=April 30, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518000453/http://uk.movies.ign.com/articles/527/527428p1.html|archive-date=May 18, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Elizabeth Banks]], John Paxton, [[Ted Raimi]] and [[Bill Nunn]] respectively reprise their roles as [[Betty Brant]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/jun/22/elizabeth-banks-i-was-too-old-for-spider-man-girlfriend-role-at-28 |title=Elizabeth Banks: I was 'too old' for Spider-Man girlfriend role at 28 |last=Pulver |first=Andrew |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=June 22, 2016 |access-date=December 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225131937/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/jun/22/elizabeth-banks-i-was-too-old-for-spider-man-girlfriend-role-at-28 |archive-date=February 25, 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osborn family butler Bernard Houseman,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/red-carpet-flashback-15-years-slideshow-wp-201035545/photo-p-bill-paxton-accompanied-father-photo-201035409.html |title=Red Carpet Flashback! 15 Years of Spider-Man Movies |last=Mucci |first=Gianna |website=[[Yahoo! Entertainment]] |page=6 |date=July 6, 2017 |access-date=December 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222231221/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/red-carpet-flashback-15-years-slideshow-wp-201035545/photo-p-bill-paxton-accompanied-father-photo-201035409.html |archive-date=December 22, 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ted Hoffman,&lt;ref name=&quot;Moviehole&quot;/&gt; and [[Robbie Robertson (character)|Robbie Robertson]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.avclub.com/r-i-p-do-the-right-thing-and-spider-man-s-bill-nunn-1798252282 |title=R.I.P. ''Do The Right Thing'' and ''Spider-Man''{{'s}} Bill Nunn |last=Hughes |first=William |website=[[The A.V. Club]] |date=September 24, 2016 |access-date=December 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208202929/https://news.avclub.com/r-i-p-do-the-right-thing-and-spider-man-s-bill-nunn-1798252282 |archive-date=December 8, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Elya Baskin]] portrays Mr. Ditkovitch, Peter's landlord, (whose name is a reference to ''Spider-Man'' co-creator [[Steve Ditko]]) and [[Mageina Tovah]] plays his daughter Ursula.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b8a2231b7 |title=Spider-man 2 (2004) |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222121403/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b8a2231b7 |archive-date=December 22, 2020 |access-date=December 22, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Cliff Robertson]] reprises his role as Peter's deceased uncle [[Uncle Ben|Ben Parker]] in a dream sequence.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/into-the-spider-verse-features-a-sneaky-cliff-robertson-cameo-as-sam-raimis-uncle-ben |title=Into the Spider-Verse Features a Sneaky Cliff Robertson Cameo as Sam Raimi's Uncle Ben |last=Weiss |first=Josh |website=[[Syfy Wire]] |date=March 11, 2019 |access-date=December 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229015431/https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/into-the-spider-verse-features-a-sneaky-cliff-robertson-cameo-as-sam-raimis-uncle-ben |archive-date=December 29, 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Scott Spiegel]] portrays a man who attempts to eat some pizza, which Spider-Man is delivering, only to have it webbed off from his hands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ranker.com/list/evil-dead-references-in-spider-man-v1/julian-hoffman |title=All The Evil Dead References Hidden In The Spider-Man Movies |last=Hoffman |first=Julian |publisher=[[Ranker]] |date=November 13, 2020 |access-date=December 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223000202/https://www.ranker.com/list/evil-dead-references-in-spider-man-v1/julian-hoffman |archive-date=December 23, 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Elyse Dinh portrays a violinist.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://collider.com/spider-man-no-way-home-sountrack-references-michael-giacchino-danny-elfman/|title='Spider-Man: No Way Home': The Musical References of Spider-Man's Multiverse|first=Patrick|last=Caoile|date=January 1, 2022|website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|access-date=January 25, 2023|archive-date=June 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601113248/https://collider.com/spider-man-no-way-home-sountrack-references-michael-giacchino-danny-elfman/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Joel McHale]] portrays Mr. Jacks, a bank teller.&lt;ref name=&quot;EOnlineCast&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.eonline.com/photos/20795/60-actors-you-forgot-appeared-in-marvel-movies |title=60 Actors You Forgot Appeared in Marvel Movies |publisher=[[E!]] |date=February 16, 2018 |access-date=December 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616041321/https://www.eonline.com/photos/20795/60-actors-you-forgot-appeared-in-marvel-movies |archive-date=June 16, 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hal Sparks]] portrays an [[elevator]] passenger who has a conversation with Spider-Man.&lt;ref name=&quot;EOnlineCast&quot; /&gt; [[Donnell Rawlings]] portrays the New Yorker who exclaims that Spider-Man &quot;stole that guy's pizzas&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://buffalonews.com/entertainment/chappelle-show-player-donnell-rawlings-comes-to-helium/article_1a69aef3-f472-5372-8d0f-5675c41c881d.html |title='Chappelle Show' player Donnell Rawlings comes to Helium |last=Ciemcioch |first=Mark |work=[[The Buffalo News]] |date=January 26, 2016 |access-date=December 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223001247/https://buffalonews.com/entertainment/chappelle-show-player-donnell-rawlings-comes-to-helium/article_1a69aef3-f472-5372-8d0f-5675c41c881d.html |archive-date=December 23, 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Emily Deschanel]] portrays a receptionist.&lt;ref name=&quot;EOnlineCast&quot; /&gt; [[Brent Briscoe]] plays the garbage man who finds Spider-Man's costume in the trash and gives it to Jameson.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://screenrant.com/spiderman-namor-cameo-sam-raimi/ |title=Namor The Sub-Mariner Has A Secret Cameo In Raimi's Spider-Man 2 |last=Jung |first=Michael |website=[[Screen Rant]] |date=October 18, 2020 |access-date=December 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124023256/https://screenrant.com/spiderman-namor-cameo-sam-raimi/ |archive-date=November 24, 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Peter McRobbie]] plays an OsCorp representative.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot; /&gt; [[Reed Diamond]] plays Algernon.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot; /&gt; [[Daniel Dae Kim]] plays Raymond, an assistant of Otto Octavius working in his laboratory.&lt;ref name=&quot;EOnlineCast&quot; /&gt; [[Aasif Mandvi]] portrays Rahi Aziz, the owner of [[Joe's Pizza]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EOnlineCast&quot; /&gt; [[Joey Diaz]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://screenrant.com/joey-diaz-best-movie-tv-roles-imdb/ |title=Joey Diaz: 10 Best Movie &amp; TV Roles, Ranked (According To IMDB) |last=Sharp |first=Nathan |website=[[Screen Rant]] |date=July 7, 2020 |access-date=December 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127205009/https://screenrant.com/joey-diaz-best-movie-tv-roles-imdb/ |archive-date=November 27, 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Dan Hicks (actor)|Dan Hicks]] and [[Chloe Dykstra]] portray train passengers.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot; /&gt; [[Vanessa Ferlito]] portrays Louise, one of Mary Jane's co-stars.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/29/movies/film-review-putting-action-after-feelings-of-a-superhero.html |title=Film Review; Putting Action After Feelings Of a Superhero |last=Scott |first=A. O. |author-link=A. O. Scott |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 29, 2004 |access-date=December 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925052936/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/29/movies/film-review-putting-action-after-feelings-of-a-superhero.html |archive-date=September 25, 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Joy Bryant]] appears as a spectator who witnesses Spider-Man in action.&lt;ref name=&quot;EOnlineCast&quot; /&gt; [[John Landis]] plays one of the doctors who operate on Doctor Octopus.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/john-landis-joins-real-men/ |title=John Landis Joins The Real Men |last=Green |first=Willow |work=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]] |date=November 15, 2004 |access-date=December 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223004028/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/john-landis-joins-real-men/ |archive-date=December 23, 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Phil LaMarr]] portrays a train passenger who is most easily seen to the left of Spider-Man (the viewer's right) while the hero uses webbing to slow the train down.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet |last=LaMarr |first=Phil |author-link=Phil LaMarr |user=phillamarr |number=1041745253651427328 |date=September 17, 2018 |title=That time I held $20M in my hand #SpiderMan2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222133758/https://twitter.com/phillamarr/status/1041745253651427328|archive-date=December 22, 2020|url-status=live |access-date=December 22, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Gregg Edelman]] portrays Dr. Davis.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot; /&gt; Twin actors [[Peyton List (actress, born 1998)|Peyton]] and [[Spencer List]] were to make their movie debuts as a little girl and boy playing on steps but their scene was cut from the movie.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Parker |first=Dylan |date=November 3, 2020 |title=How Disney Channel Star Peyton List Made $7 Million |url=https://www.thethings.com/how-disney-channel-star-peyton-list-made-7-million/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222212238/https://www.thethings.com/how-disney-channel-star-peyton-list-made-7-million/ |archive-date=December 22, 2020 |access-date=December 22, 2020 |website=TheThings}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://thedirect.com/article/peyton-list-spider-man-movie-role|title=Peyton List Breaks Silence on Her Cut Spider-Man Movie Role|website=The Direct|last=Nebens|first=Richard|date=December 16, 2023|access-date=December 16, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216175319/https://thedirect.com/article/peyton-list-spider-man-movie-role|archive-date=December 16, 2023|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Spencer List {{!}} Booking Agent |url=https://mn2s.com/booking-agency/talent-roster/spencer-list/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231215504/https://mn2s.com/booking-agency/talent-roster/spencer-list/ |archive-date=December 31, 2020 |access-date=December 31, 2020 |website=MN2S}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Soundtrack ==
# [[Vindicated (song)|Vindicated]] by [[Dashboard Confessional]]
# Ordinary by [[Train (band)|Train]]
# Did You by [[Hoobastank]]
# Hold On by [[Jet (band)|Jet]]
# Gifts and Curses by [[Yellowcard]]
# Woman by [[Maroon 5]]
# [[This Photograph Is Proof (I Know You Know)]] by [[Taking Back Sunday]]
# Give It Up by [[Midtown (band)|Midtown]]
# Lucky You by [[Lostprophets]]
# The Night That the Lights Went Out in NYC by [[The Ataris]]
# [[We Are (Ana Johnsson song)|We Are]] by [[Ana Johnsson]]
# Somewhere to Die For by [[Jimmy Gnecco]] ft. [[Brian May]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Spider-Man movies}}
{{Marvel Comics live-action movies}}

[[Category:2005 movies]]
[[Category:2000s superhero movies]]
[[Category:2000s English-language movies]]
[[Category:Movies composed by Danny Elfman]]
[[Category:Movies directed by Sam Raimi]]
[[Category:2000s sequel movies]]
[[Category:Columbia Pictures movies]]
[[Category:Movies that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award]]
[[Category:American sequel movies]]
[[Category:PG-13 rated movies]]
[[Category:2000s American action movies]]
[[Category:2000s science fiction movies]]
[[Category:American science fiction movies]]
[[Category:Marvel Comics movies]]
[[Category:Spider-Man movies]]
[[Category:Movies about birthdays]]
[[Category:Movies set in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Movies set in universities and colleges]]
[[Category:IMAX movies]]
[[Category:Vigilante movies]]
[[Category:Mad scientist movies]]
[[Category:2000s teen movies]]
[[Category:American teen movies]]
[[Category:American superhero movies]]</text>
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{{About|the 2004 movie directed by Sam Raimi}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2026}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2026}}
{{Infobox movie
| name           = Spider-Man 2
| image          = Spider-Man 2-Logo.svg
| caption        = Official logo
| director       = [[Sam Raimi]]
| producer       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Laura Ziskin]]
* [[Avi Arad]]
}}
| screenplay     = [[Alvin Sargent]]
| story          = {{Plainlist|
* [[Alfred Gough]]
* [[Miles Millar]]
* [[Michael Chabon]]
}}
| based_on       = {{Based on|[[Spider-Man]]|[[Stan Lee]]|[[Steve Ditko]]}}
| starring       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Tobey Maguire]]
* [[Kirsten Dunst]]
* [[James Franco]]
* [[Alfred Molina]]
* [[Rosemary Harris]]
* [[Donna Murphy]]
}}
| music          = [[Danny Elfman]]
| cinematography = [[Bill Pope]]
| editing        = [[Bob Murawski]]
| studio         = {{Plainlist|
* [[Columbia Pictures]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AFI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Spider-Man 2 |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/54372-SPIDER-MAN-2?sid=c00a3d29-e653-4a94-b140-acafd83ff013&amp;sr=5.242215&amp;cp=1&amp;pos=4 |publisher=[[American Film Institute]] |access-date=December 24, 2020|archive-date=February 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124146/https://catalog.afi.com/Film/54372-SPIDER-MAN-2?sid=c00a3d29-e653-4a94-b140-acafd83ff013&amp;sr=5.242215&amp;cp=1&amp;pos=4 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Marvel Enterprises]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AFI&quot; /&gt;
* [[Laura Ziskin Productions]]&lt;ref name=&quot;TheNumbers&quot;&gt;{{cite the numbers |title=Spider-Man 2 |id=Spider-Man-2 |access-date=November 2, 2024|archive-date=August 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809115435/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Spider-Man-2#tab=summary |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
| distributor    = [[Sony Pictures Releasing]]&lt;ref name=&quot;TheNumbers&quot; /&gt;
| released       = {{Film date|2004|06|25|Mann Village Theater|2004|06|30|United States}}
| runtime        = 121 minutes&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Spider-Man 2 |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/spider-man-2-2004-7 |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=July 22, 2015 |quote=127m 12s |archive-date=May 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523073033/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/spider-man-2-2004-7 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| country        = United States
| language       = English
| budget         = $200 million&lt;ref name=&quot;BOM&quot;&gt;{{cite Box Office Mojo |title=Spider-Man 2 |id=0316654 |access-date=January 17, 2021 |archive-date=January 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117234558/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0316654/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| gross          = $795.9 million&lt;ref name=&quot;TheNumbers&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BOM&quot; /&gt;
}}
'''''Spider-Man 2''''' is a 2004 American [[superhero movie]] based on the [[Marvel Comics]] character [[Spider-Man]]. Directed by [[Sam Raimi]] and written by [[Alan Sargent]] from a story conceived by [[Michael Chabon]] and the writing team of [[Alfred Gough]] and [[Miles Millar]], it is the second movie in Raimi's [[Spider-Man (2002 movie series)|''Spider-Man'' trilogy]], following ''[[Spider-Man (2002 movie)|Spider-Man]]'' (2002). The movie stars [[Tobey Maguire]] as [[Peter Parker (2002 movie series character)|its titular character]], alongside [[Kirsten Dunst]], [[James Franco]], [[Alfred Molina]], [[Rosemary Harris]], and [[Donna Murphy]]. Its plotline follows Peter Parker as he tries to manage his job, academics, personal life, and life as Spider-Man while attempting to stop the scientist [[Otto Octavius (movie character)|Dr. Otto Octavius]] from recreating a dangerous experiment.

[[Principal photography]] began in April 2003 in New York City and also took place in Los Angeles. Reshoots took place later that year and concluded in February 2004. [[Danny Elfman]] returned to compose the score. ''Spider-Man 2'' premiered at the [[Fox Westwood Village Theater]] in Los Angeles on June 25, 2004, and was released in both conventional and [[IMAX]] theaters on June 30. It received acclaim from critics, who praised its emotional weight and visual effects, the performances of Maguire and Molina, and Raimi's direction. The film grossed $795.9 million worldwide, making it the [[2004 in movie#Highest-grossing movies|third-highest-grossing movie of 2004]]. It was selected by the [[American Film Institute]] as one of the top 10 films of 2004.

''Spider-Man 2'' won [[Academy Award for Best Visual Effects|Best Visual Effects]] at the [[77th Academy Awards]], and was also nominated for [[Academy Award for Best Sound|Best Sound Mixing]] and [[Academy Award for Best Sound Editing|Best Sound Editing]]. It received five [[Saturn Award]]s, including [[Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film|Best Fantasy Film]] and [[Saturn Award for Best Director|Best Director]]. Its success led to the production of ''[[Spider-Man 3]]'' (2007). Maguire and Molina respectively reprised their roles from ''Spider-Man 2'' in the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] (MCU) film ''[[Spider-Man: No Way Home]]'' (2021), which uses the concept of the [[Multiverse (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|multiverse]] to connect the earlier ''Spider-Man'' movies to the MCU.
 
== Plot ==
Two years after [[Norman Osborn (Sam Raimi movie series)|Norman Osborn]]'s death,{{efn|name=SM1|As depicted in ''[[Spider-Man (2002 movie)|Spider-Man]] (2002)}} [[Peter Parker (Sam Raimi movie series)|Peter Parker]] struggles to balance his personal life with his crime-fighting as Spider-Man. He juggles multiple jobs and faces overdue rent and schoolwork as his [[Aunt May]] is being evicted. ''[[Daily Bugle]]'' editor [[J. Jonah Jameson]] criticizes Spider-Man in the paper, and Peter's best friend, [[Harry Osborn (Sam Raimi series character)|Harry Osborn]], blames Spider-Man for his father's death and resents Peter for not revealing Spider-Man's identity. To protect her from his enemies, Peter has distanced himself from [[Mary Jane Watson (Sam Raimi series character)|Mary Jane Watson]], despite their mutual romantic feelings. Tired of Peter's secrecy, Mary Jane gets engaged to Jameson's son [[John Jameson (comics)|John]].

Now a leader at [[Oscorp]], Harry funds the development of a [[fusion power]] machine created by nuclear scientist [[Otto Octavius (movie character)|Otto Octavius]], who befriends and mentors Peter. During a public demonstration, Octavius uses a harness with four mechanical tentacles controlled by artificial intelligence (AI) to interact with the machine. However, the fusion reaction destabilizes, threatening mass destruction, but Octavius refuses to shut it down. As a result, the harness becomes fused to his body, and the inhibitor chip restricting the tentacles' AI is destroyed. Octavius is taken to a hospital where doctors attempt to surgically remove the harness, but the tentacles violently defend themselves. Octavius flees off to a derelict harbor warehouse, where he plans to rebuild the machine. While robbing a bank to fund his plan, Octavius takes May hostage, but Peter rescues her.

Overwhelmed by stress, exhaustion, and the conflict between wanting an normal life and his responsibilities as Spider-Man, Peter's powers begin to fade. He gives up being Spider-Man and embraces his civilian life, excelling at university and watching Mary Jane perform in an [[off-Broadway]] play. Peter confesses his inadvertent role in Ben's death to May. Though initially shocked, she forgives him. Despite his lost powers, Peter saves a child from a burning building, but another person dies. Believing he could have saved them both as Spider-Man, Peter concludes that his responsibilities as Spider-Man outweigh his personal happiness.

Meanwhile, Octavius completes his new machine and confronts Harry, demanding the rare isotope [[tritium]] to fuel it. Harry agrees in exchange for Octavious delivering him Spider-Man, instructing Octavius to find Peter and use him to exact Spider-Man's location. Realizing that she does not love John, Mary Jane meets with Peter at an café to confess her feelings, but he lies that he doesn't reciprocate. Octavius attacks them and kidnaps Mary Jane in order to coerce Peter into finding Spider-Man. Peter's powers fully return, and as Spider-Man, he fights Octavius atop a [[New York City Subway]] train. Octavius sabotages the train, forcing Peter to use all his strength to stop it from plunging into the [[New York Harbor]]. Despite the passengers' efforts to protect him, Octavius captures the weakened Peter and brings him to Harry.

Harry unmasks Spider-Man, discovering Peter's true identity. Peter persuades Harry to help him save Mary Jane, leading him to Octavius's lair. The larger fusion reaction destabilizes again, and Peter unmasks himself to convince Octavius to resist the tentacles' influence and help him. Octavius, acknowledging his folly, sacrifices himself to drown the machine in the bay. Peter rescues Mary Jane, who now knows his secret, and admits that while he loves her, he cannot be with her. Meanwhile, Harry sees a vision in a mirror of Norman demanding vengeance. Harry refuses to hurt Peter and shatters the mirror, revealing a storeroom of Norman's [[Green Goblin]] equipment.

On her wedding day, Mary Jane abandons the ceremony and runs to Peter's apartment, telling him her choice to be with him despite the risk. Their kiss is interrupted by police sirens, and Mary Jane encourages him to go help as Spider-Man.

== Cast ==
* [[Tobey Maguire]] as [[Peter Parker (Sam Raimi movie series)|Peter Parker / Spider-Man]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;MaguireCast&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A superhero, [[Columbia University]] physics student, and photographer for the ''[[Daily Bugle]]''. Juggling these separate lives means he briefly gives up his responsibilities as a superhero in a moment of adversity.
* [[Kirsten Dunst]] as [[Mary Jane Watson (Sam Raimi movie series)|Mary Jane Watson]]:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |url=https://ew.com/article/2003/04/15/first-look-set-spider-man-2/ |title=First look: On the set of ''Spider-Man 2'' |last=Hiatt |first=Brian |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |date=April 15, 2003 |access-date=December 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222224013/https://ew.com/article/2003/04/15/first-look-set-spider-man-2/ |archive-date=December 22, 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt; An aspiring [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] actress and a friend whom Peter has loved since he was a child, yet he gave up the chance of being with her out of his concern for her safety. Still harboring feelings for Peter, Mary Jane begins dating [[John Jameson (character)|John Jameson]] and eventually becomes engaged to him. She is also infatuated with Spider-Man, who saved her life numerous times in the past, and is initially unaware that the hero and Peter are one and the same.
* [[James Franco]] as [[Harry Osborn (Sam Raimi movie series)|Harry Osborn]]:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1470059/spider-man-2-villain-doc-ock-cast/ |title='Spider-Man 2' Villain Doc Ock Cast |last=Downey |first=Ryan J. |publisher=[[MTV News]] |date=February 20, 2003 |access-date=December 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817202740/http://www.mtv.com/news/1470059/spider-man-2-villain-doc-ock-cast/ |archive-date=August 17, 2020 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Oscorp]]'s current [[chief executive officer]] (CEO), Norman Osborn's son and Peter's best friend, who holds his alter-ego Spider-Man responsible for his father's death. He is also Mary Jane's ex-boyfriend and still harbors feelings for her.
* [[Alfred Molina]] as [[Otto Octavius (movie character)|Dr. Otto Octavius / Dr. Octopus]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;EightArmsToHoldYou&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A scientist working on behalf of Oscorp and Peter's role model and mentor who goes insane after he fails to create a self-sustaining fusion reaction, which also resulted in the death of his wife, Rosie. Octavius is bonded with his handling equipment, four artificially intelligent mechanical tentacles, which influence his mentality and convince him that he must finish his experiment at all costs.
* [[Rosemary Harris]] as [[Aunt May|May Parker]]: [[Uncle Ben|Ben Parker]]'s widow and Peter's aunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;EWJuly2003&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |url=https://ew.com/article/2003/07/21/first-look-doc-ock-spider-man-2s-villain/ |title=A first look at Doc Ock, ''Spider-Man 2''{{'s}} villain |last=Hiatt |first=Brian |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |date=July 21, 2003 |access-date=December 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817202919/https://ew.com/article/2003/07/21/first-look-doc-ock-spider-man-2s-villain/ |archive-date=August 17, 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Donna Murphy]] as Rosalie Octavius: Otto's wife and assistant.&lt;ref name=&quot;AICN&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://legacy.aintitcool.com/node/14954 |title=Additional casting in The Amazing Spider-Man!!! |website=[[Ain't It Cool News]] |date=April 11, 2003 |access-date=December 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928124251/http://legacy.aintitcool.com/node/14954 |archive-date=September 28, 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[J. K. Simmons]] reprises his role as [[J. Jonah Jameson (2002 movie series character)|J. Jonah Jameson]], the miserly manager and editor-in-chief of the ''Daily Bugle'',&lt;ref name=&quot;Moviehole&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://moviehole.net/ted-raimi-talks-spider-man-2/ |title=Ted Raimi talks &quot;Spider-Man 2&quot; |website=Moviehole |date=December 2, 2002 |access-date=December 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222224755/https://moviehole.net/ted-raimi-talks-spider-man-2/ |archive-date=December 22, 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; while [[Daniel Gillies]] portrays his son [[John Jameson (character)|John Jameson]], an astronaut and Mary Jane's fiancé.&lt;ref name=&quot;EWJuly2003&quot; /&gt; [[Christine Estabrook]] appears briefly as Jameson's wife and John's mother.

As with the previous movie, [[Bruce Campbell]] has an [[cameo appearance]], this time as an usher who refuses Peter entry for arriving late to Mary Jane Watson's show.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://screenrant.com/spider-man-movie-trilogy-bruce-campbell-cameos/ |title=Spider-Man: Every Bruce Campbell Cameo in Sam Raimi's Trilogy |last=Behbakht |first=Andy |website=[[Screen Rant]] |date=February 20, 2020 |access-date=December 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306165134/https://screenrant.com/spider-man-movie-trilogy-bruce-campbell-cameos/ |archive-date=March 6, 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-jun-27-ca-schruers27-story.html | title=Spider's man | website=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=June 27, 2004 | access-date=September 18, 2024 | archive-date=October 18, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018154943/http://articles.latimes.com/2004/jun/27/entertainment/ca-schruers27 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Spider-Man'' co-creator [[Stan Lee]] portrays a man on the street who saves a woman from falling debris during a battle between Spider-Man and Doctor Octopus.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.insider.com/stan-lee-marvel-cameos-2017-3 |title=Stan Lee has made 60 cameos in the Marvel universe — here they all are |last1=Oswald |first1=Anjelica |last2=Acuna |first2=Kirsten |website=[[Insider (website)|Insider]] |date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=December 22, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Dylan Baker]] portrays [[Lizard (character)|Dr. Curt Connors]], one of Peter's college physics professors and a colleague of Octavius,&lt;ref name=&quot;AICN&quot; /&gt; while [[Willem Dafoe]] reprises his role as [[Norman Osborn (Sam Raimi movie series)|Norman Osborn]], Harry's deceased father who appears to him as a hallucination. Dafoe came up with the idea during promotion for ''[[Spider-Man (2002 movie)|Spider-Man]]'', which he compared to [[Ghost (Hamlet)|King Hamlet]] haunting his son to avenge him.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=Jeff|last=Otto|title=Spidey 2 Talk|publisher=[[IGN]]|date=June 25, 2004|url=http://uk.movies.ign.com/articles/527/527428p1.html|access-date=April 30, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518000453/http://uk.movies.ign.com/articles/527/527428p1.html|archive-date=May 18, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Elizabeth Banks]], John Paxton, [[Ted Raimi]] and [[Bill Nunn]] respectively reprise their roles as [[Betty Brant]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/jun/22/elizabeth-banks-i-was-too-old-for-spider-man-girlfriend-role-at-28 |title=Elizabeth Banks: I was 'too old' for Spider-Man girlfriend role at 28 |last=Pulver |first=Andrew |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=June 22, 2016 |access-date=December 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225131937/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/jun/22/elizabeth-banks-i-was-too-old-for-spider-man-girlfriend-role-at-28 |archive-date=February 25, 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osborn family butler Bernard Houseman,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/red-carpet-flashback-15-years-slideshow-wp-201035545/photo-p-bill-paxton-accompanied-father-photo-201035409.html |title=Red Carpet Flashback! 15 Years of Spider-Man Movies |last=Mucci |first=Gianna |website=[[Yahoo! Entertainment]] |page=6 |date=July 6, 2017 |access-date=December 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222231221/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/red-carpet-flashback-15-years-slideshow-wp-201035545/photo-p-bill-paxton-accompanied-father-photo-201035409.html |archive-date=December 22, 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ted Hoffman,&lt;ref name=&quot;Moviehole&quot;/&gt; and [[Robbie Robertson (character)|Robbie Robertson]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.avclub.com/r-i-p-do-the-right-thing-and-spider-man-s-bill-nunn-1798252282 |title=R.I.P. ''Do The Right Thing'' and ''Spider-Man''{{'s}} Bill Nunn |last=Hughes |first=William |website=[[The A.V. Club]] |date=September 24, 2016 |access-date=December 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208202929/https://news.avclub.com/r-i-p-do-the-right-thing-and-spider-man-s-bill-nunn-1798252282 |archive-date=December 8, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Elya Baskin]] portrays Mr. Ditkovitch, Peter's landlord, (whose name is a reference to ''Spider-Man'' co-creator [[Steve Ditko]]) and [[Mageina Tovah]] plays his daughter Ursula.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b8a2231b7 |title=Spider-man 2 (2004) |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222121403/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b8a2231b7 |archive-date=December 22, 2020 |access-date=December 22, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Cliff Robertson]] reprises his role as Peter's deceased uncle [[Uncle Ben|Ben Parker]] in a dream sequence.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/into-the-spider-verse-features-a-sneaky-cliff-robertson-cameo-as-sam-raimis-uncle-ben |title=Into the Spider-Verse Features a Sneaky Cliff Robertson Cameo as Sam Raimi's Uncle Ben |last=Weiss |first=Josh |website=[[Syfy Wire]] |date=March 11, 2019 |access-date=December 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229015431/https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/into-the-spider-verse-features-a-sneaky-cliff-robertson-cameo-as-sam-raimis-uncle-ben |archive-date=December 29, 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Scott Spiegel]] portrays a man who attempts to eat some pizza, which Spider-Man is delivering, only to have it webbed off from his hands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ranker.com/list/evil-dead-references-in-spider-man-v1/julian-hoffman |title=All The Evil Dead References Hidden In The Spider-Man Movies |last=Hoffman |first=Julian |publisher=[[Ranker]] |date=November 13, 2020 |access-date=December 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223000202/https://www.ranker.com/list/evil-dead-references-in-spider-man-v1/julian-hoffman |archive-date=December 23, 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Elyse Dinh portrays a violinist.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://collider.com/spider-man-no-way-home-sountrack-references-michael-giacchino-danny-elfman/|title='Spider-Man: No Way Home': The Musical References of Spider-Man's Multiverse|first=Patrick|last=Caoile|date=January 1, 2022|website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|access-date=January 25, 2023|archive-date=June 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601113248/https://collider.com/spider-man-no-way-home-sountrack-references-michael-giacchino-danny-elfman/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Joel McHale]] portrays Mr. Jacks, a bank teller.&lt;ref name=&quot;EOnlineCast&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.eonline.com/photos/20795/60-actors-you-forgot-appeared-in-marvel-movies |title=60 Actors You Forgot Appeared in Marvel Movies |publisher=[[E!]] |date=February 16, 2018 |access-date=December 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616041321/https://www.eonline.com/photos/20795/60-actors-you-forgot-appeared-in-marvel-movies |archive-date=June 16, 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hal Sparks]] portrays an [[elevator]] passenger who has a conversation with Spider-Man.&lt;ref name=&quot;EOnlineCast&quot; /&gt; [[Donnell Rawlings]] portrays the New Yorker who exclaims that Spider-Man &quot;stole that guy's pizzas&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://buffalonews.com/entertainment/chappelle-show-player-donnell-rawlings-comes-to-helium/article_1a69aef3-f472-5372-8d0f-5675c41c881d.html |title='Chappelle Show' player Donnell Rawlings comes to Helium |last=Ciemcioch |first=Mark |work=[[The Buffalo News]] |date=January 26, 2016 |access-date=December 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223001247/https://buffalonews.com/entertainment/chappelle-show-player-donnell-rawlings-comes-to-helium/article_1a69aef3-f472-5372-8d0f-5675c41c881d.html |archive-date=December 23, 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Emily Deschanel]] portrays a receptionist.&lt;ref name=&quot;EOnlineCast&quot; /&gt; [[Brent Briscoe]] plays the garbage man who finds Spider-Man's costume in the trash and gives it to Jameson.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://screenrant.com/spiderman-namor-cameo-sam-raimi/ |title=Namor The Sub-Mariner Has A Secret Cameo In Raimi's Spider-Man 2 |last=Jung |first=Michael |website=[[Screen Rant]] |date=October 18, 2020 |access-date=December 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124023256/https://screenrant.com/spiderman-namor-cameo-sam-raimi/ |archive-date=November 24, 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Peter McRobbie]] plays an OsCorp representative.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot; /&gt; [[Reed Diamond]] plays Algernon.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot; /&gt; [[Daniel Dae Kim]] plays Raymond, an assistant of Otto Octavius working in his laboratory.&lt;ref name=&quot;EOnlineCast&quot; /&gt; [[Aasif Mandvi]] portrays Rahi Aziz, the owner of [[Joe's Pizza]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EOnlineCast&quot; /&gt; [[Joey Diaz]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://screenrant.com/joey-diaz-best-movie-tv-roles-imdb/ |title=Joey Diaz: 10 Best Movie &amp; TV Roles, Ranked (According To IMDB) |last=Sharp |first=Nathan |website=[[Screen Rant]] |date=July 7, 2020 |access-date=December 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127205009/https://screenrant.com/joey-diaz-best-movie-tv-roles-imdb/ |archive-date=November 27, 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Dan Hicks (actor)|Dan Hicks]] and [[Chloe Dykstra]] portray train passengers.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot; /&gt; [[Vanessa Ferlito]] portrays Louise, one of Mary Jane's co-stars.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/29/movies/film-review-putting-action-after-feelings-of-a-superhero.html |title=Film Review; Putting Action After Feelings Of a Superhero |last=Scott |first=A. O. |author-link=A. O. Scott |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 29, 2004 |access-date=December 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925052936/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/29/movies/film-review-putting-action-after-feelings-of-a-superhero.html |archive-date=September 25, 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Joy Bryant]] appears as a spectator who witnesses Spider-Man in action.&lt;ref name=&quot;EOnlineCast&quot; /&gt; [[John Landis]] plays one of the doctors who operate on Doctor Octopus.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/john-landis-joins-real-men/ |title=John Landis Joins The Real Men |last=Green |first=Willow |work=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]] |date=November 15, 2004 |access-date=December 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223004028/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/john-landis-joins-real-men/ |archive-date=December 23, 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Phil LaMarr]] portrays a train passenger who is most easily seen to the left of Spider-Man (the viewer's right) while the hero uses webbing to slow the train down.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet |last=LaMarr |first=Phil |author-link=Phil LaMarr |user=phillamarr |number=1041745253651427328 |date=September 17, 2018 |title=That time I held $20M in my hand #SpiderMan2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222133758/https://twitter.com/phillamarr/status/1041745253651427328|archive-date=December 22, 2020|url-status=live |access-date=December 22, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Gregg Edelman]] portrays Dr. Davis.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot; /&gt; Twin actors [[Peyton List (actress, born 1998)|Peyton]] and [[Spencer List]] were to make their movie debuts as a little girl and boy playing on steps but their scene was cut from the movie.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Parker |first=Dylan |date=November 3, 2020 |title=How Disney Channel Star Peyton List Made $7 Million |url=https://www.thethings.com/how-disney-channel-star-peyton-list-made-7-million/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222212238/https://www.thethings.com/how-disney-channel-star-peyton-list-made-7-million/ |archive-date=December 22, 2020 |access-date=December 22, 2020 |website=TheThings}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://thedirect.com/article/peyton-list-spider-man-movie-role|title=Peyton List Breaks Silence on Her Cut Spider-Man Movie Role|website=The Direct|last=Nebens|first=Richard|date=December 16, 2023|access-date=December 16, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216175319/https://thedirect.com/article/peyton-list-spider-man-movie-role|archive-date=December 16, 2023|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Spencer List {{!}} Booking Agent |url=https://mn2s.com/booking-agency/talent-roster/spencer-list/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231215504/https://mn2s.com/booking-agency/talent-roster/spencer-list/ |archive-date=December 31, 2020 |access-date=December 31, 2020 |website=MN2S}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Soundtrack ==
# [[Vindicated (song)|Vindicated]] by [[Dashboard Confessional]]
# Ordinary by [[Train (band)|Train]]
# Did You by [[Hoobastank]]
# Hold On by [[Jet (band)|Jet]]
# Gifts and Curses by [[Yellowcard]]
# Woman by [[Maroon 5]]
# [[This Photograph Is Proof (I Know You Know)]] by [[Taking Back Sunday]]
# Give It Up by [[Midtown (band)|Midtown]]
# Lucky You by [[Lostprophets]]
# The Night That the Lights Went Out in NYC by [[The Ataris]]
# [[We Are (Ana Johnsson song)|We Are]] by [[Ana Johnsson]]
# Somewhere to Die For by [[Jimmy Gnecco]] ft. [[Brian May]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Spider-Man movies}}
{{Marvel Comics live-action movies}}

[[Category:2005 movies]]
[[Category:2000s superhero movies]]
[[Category:2000s English-language movies]]
[[Category:Movies composed by Danny Elfman]]
[[Category:Movies directed by Sam Raimi]]
[[Category:2000s sequel movies]]
[[Category:Columbia Pictures movies]]
[[Category:Movies that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award]]
[[Category:American sequel movies]]
[[Category:PG-13 rated movies]]
[[Category:2000s American action movies]]
[[Category:2000s science fiction movies]]
[[Category:American science fiction movies]]
[[Category:Marvel Comics movies]]
[[Category:Spider-Man movies]]
[[Category:Movies about birthdays]]
[[Category:Movies set in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Movies set in universities and colleges]]
[[Category:IMAX movies]]
[[Category:Vigilante movies]]
[[Category:Mad scientist movies]]
[[Category:2000s teen movies]]
[[Category:American teen movies]]
[[Category:American superhero movies]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Spider-Man 3</title>
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      <text bytes="25056" sha1="1276y1mf74mnqwm952e212bsoruztwk" xml:space="preserve">{{Italictitle}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2026}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name           = Spider-Man 3
| image          = Spider-Man 3-Logo.svg
| alt            = 
| caption        = Official logo
| director       = [[Sam Raimi]]
| producer       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Laura Ziskin]]
* [[Avi Arad]]
* [[Grant Curtis]]
}}
| screenplay     = {{Plainlist|
* Sam Raimi
* [[Ivan Raimi]]
* [[Alvin Sargent]]
}}
| story          = {{Plainlist|
* Sam Raimi
* Ivan Raimi
}}
| based_on       = {{Based on|[[Spider-Man]]|[[Stan Lee]]|[[Steve Ditko]]}}
| starring       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Tobey Maguire]]
* [[Kirsten Dunst]]
* [[James Franco]]
* [[Thomas Haden Church]]
* [[Topher Grace]]
* [[Bryce Dallas Howard]]
* [[Rosemary Harris]]
* [[James Cromwell]]
* [[J. K. Simmons]]
}}
| music          = [[Christopher Young]]{{efn|Original themes by [[Danny Elfman]]}}
| cinematography = [[Bill Pope]]
| editing        = [[Bob Murawski]]
| studio         = {{Plainlist|
* [[Columbia Pictures]]&lt;ref name=&quot;afi2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Spider-Man 3 |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/64487-SPIDER-MAN-3?sid=0d746b1a-4609-4e01-a0cc-d68a306eda57&amp;sr=3.1150155&amp;cp=1&amp;pos=3 |publisher=[[American Film Institute]] |access-date=February 8, 2019 |archive-date=February 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124145/https://catalog.afi.com/Film/64487-SPIDER-MAN-3?sid=0d746b1a-4609-4e01-a0cc-d68a306eda57&amp;sr=3.1150155&amp;cp=1&amp;pos=3 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Marvel Entertainment]]{{efn|The company is erronously credited as [[Marvel Studios]], despite ''Spider-Man 3'' not being financed by the studio or placed within the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] (MCU) franchise which began a year later. Both Sony and the actual Marvel Studios would later collaborate on co-producing ''[[Spider-Man in film#Licensing agreement with Marvel Studios|Spider-Man]]'' films set in the MCU in 2015.}}&lt;ref name=&quot;thenumbers&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Spider-Man 3 |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Spider-Man-3#tab=summary |publisher=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] |access-date=February 8, 2019 |archive-date=February 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124509/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Spider-Man-3#tab=summary |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Laura Ziskin Productions]]&lt;ref name=&quot;thenumbers&quot; /&gt;
}}
| distributor    = [[Sony Pictures Releasing]]&lt;ref name=&quot;afi2&quot; /&gt;
| released       = {{Movie date|2007|04|16|[[Roppongi Hills Mori Tower]]|2007|05|04|United States}}
| runtime        = 139 minutes&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Spider-Man 3 |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/spider-man-3-2007 |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=July 22, 2015 |archive-date=October 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019144314/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/spider-man-3-2007 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| country        = United States
| language       = English
| budget         = $258 million&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine | first = Diane | last = Garrett | title = Red carpet becoming more global | magazine = [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date = April 16, 2007 | url = https://variety.com/2007/film/markets-festivals/red-carpet-becoming-more-global-1117963193/ | access-date = April 17, 2007 | archive-date = August 27, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200827203648/https://variety.com/2007/film/markets-festivals/red-carpet-becoming-more-global-1117963193/ | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title='Spider-Man 3': Why So Expensive?|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9914883|website=[[NPR]]|date=April 30, 2007|access-date=April 29, 2020|archive-date=May 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518153008/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9914883|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ziskin&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=&quot;SPIDER-MAN 3&quot; PRODUCER EXPLAINS BIGGER BUDGET|url=https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/article/spiderman-3-producer-explains-bigger-budget/|author=Fred Topel|publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|date=May 7, 2007|access-date=April 29, 2020|archive-date=December 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205134802/https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/article/spiderman-3-producer-explains-bigger-budget/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| gross          = $895.9 million&lt;ref name=&quot;BOM&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://m.the-numbers.com/movie/Spider-Man-3 |publisher=The Numbers |title=''Spider-Man 3'' (2007) - Box Office and Financial Information}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
'''''Spider-Man 3''''' is a 2007 American [[superhero movie]] based on the [[Marvel Comics]] character [[Spider-Man]]. Produced by [[Columbia Pictures]], [[Marvel Entertainment]], and [[Laura Ziskin Productions]], and distributed by [[Sony Pictures Releasing]], it was directed by [[Sam Raimi]] from a screenplay he co-wrote with his brother [[Ivan Raimi|Ivan]] and [[Alvin Sargent]]. It is the final movie in Raimi's [[Spider-Man (2002 movie series)|''Spider-Man'' trilogy]] (2002–2007). The movie stars [[Tobey Maguire]] as [[Peter Parker (Sam Raimi movie series)|Peter Parker]], alongside [[Kirsten Dunst]], [[James Franco]], [[Thomas Haden Church]], [[Topher Grace]], [[Bryce Dallas Howard]], [[James Cromwell]], [[Rosemary Harris]], and [[J. K. Simmons]]. Set a year after the events of ''[[Spider-Man 2]]'', the movie's plotline follows Peter as he prepares for his future with his girlfriend [[Mary Jane Watson (Sam Raimi series character)|Mary Jane Watson]], while facing the [[Sandman (Marvel Comics)|Sandman]], [[Venom (character)|Venom]], and his vengeful friend [[Harry Osborn (Sam Raimi series character)|Harry Osborn]].

After the successful release of ''Spider-Man 2'' in 2004, development immediately began on ''Spider-Man 3'', with the aim of a 2007 release. During preproduction, Raimi wanted two villains, Harry and Sandman. At the request of producer [[Avi Arad]], he added Venom to the list, and the producers also requested the addition of [[Gwen Stacy]]. [[Principal photography]] for the film began in January 2006 and took place in Los Angeles and [[Cleveland]] before moving to New York City from May until July 2006. Additional pick-up shots were made after August, and the film wrapped in October 2006. During post-production, [[Sony Pictures Imageworks]] created over 900 [[visual effects]] shots. [[Christopher Young]] was hired to compose the score of ''Spider-Man 3'' after [[Danny Elfman]], who had scored the two previous films, declined to return due to the creative differences and conflicts with Raimi. With an estimated production budget of $258–350 million, ''Spider-Man 3'' was the [[List of most expensive movies|most expensive movie ever made]] at the time of its release.

''Spider-Man 3'' premiered on April 16, 2007, in Tokyo, and was released in the United States in both conventional and [[IMAX]] theaters on May 4. The film grossed $895.9 million worldwide, making it the highest-grossing film of the trilogy, the [[2007 in movie#Highest-grossing movies|third-highest-grossing movie of 2007]] and the [[List of highest-grossing movies|tenth-highest-grossing movie of all time]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/world/|title=All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses|website=Box Office Mojo|date=June 30, 2007|access-date=April 9, 2024|archive-date=June 30, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630074011/http://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/world/|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt; at the time of its release. It was also the [[List of highest-grossing films#Highest-grossing franchises and movie series|highest-grossing Spider-Man movie]] until it was surpassed by ''[[Spider-Man: Far From Home]]'' in 2019. Unlike the previous movie in the trilogy, ''Spider-Man 3'' received mixed reviews from critics. A sequel, ''Spider-Man 4'', was set to be released in 2011, but it was cancelled.

== Plot ==
[[Peter Parker (Sam Raimi movie series)|Peter Parker]] plans to propose to [[Mary Jane Watson (Sam Raimi movie series)|Mary Jane Watson]], who has made her [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] debut. While he is on a date with her in [[Central Park]], an extraterrestrial [[Symbiote (comics)|symbiote]] oozes out of a fallen [[meteorite]] and attaches to his moped. [[Harry Osborn (Sam Raimi movie series)|Harry Osborn]], knowing that Peter is Spider-Man, seeks to avenge the death of his father, [[Norman Osborn (Sam Raimi movie series)|Norman]]. He uses his father's performance-enhancing gas and [[Green Goblin]] technology to battle Peter, but falls off from his glider and develops partial amnesia. Meanwhile, police pursue the escaped convict [[Flint Marko]], who visits his wife and sick daughter before fleeing. He falls into a [[particle accelerator]] which fuses his body with sand, turning him into [[Sandman (Marvel Comics)|Sandman]] and granting him the ability to reform his body at will.

During a ceremony honoring Spider-Man, Peter kisses [[Gwen Stacy]] to please the crowd, which angers Mary Jane. Soon afterwards, Marko robs an armored truck and fights Spider-Man, then flees. Police captain [[George Stacy]], Gwen's father, informs Peter and [[Aunt May]] that Marko is [[Uncle Ben]]'s true killer; [[Burglar (comics)|the initial suspect]] was simply Marko's accomplice. When Peter falls asleep in his Spider-Man suit, the symbiote integrates into the suit. Peter awakens atop a building, discovering that the symbiote has turned his suit black, enhanced his powers, and heightened his aggression.

Peter battles Marko in a subway station. Realizing that water weakens him, Peter opens a pipe, which turns Marko into mud and washes him away. Peter's new arrogant attitude alienates Mary Jane, who kisses Harry before quickly regretting it. A hallucination of his father prompts Harry to recover from amnesia, and he forces Mary Jane to break up with Peter. Harry tells Peter that he's dating Mary Jane, which leads Peter to fight him while under the symbiote's influence. During the fight, Harry's face is disfigured by one of his own [[Pumpkin Bombs|pumpkin bombs]].

At the ''[[Daily Bugle]]'', Peter exposes the misconduct of rival photographer [[Eddie Brock]], whose fake photos falsely incriminate Spider-Man. Outraged, publisher [[J. Jonah Jameson (2002 movie series character)|J. Jonah Jameson]] fires Brock and promotes Peter to staff photographer. Peter brings Gwen to a jazz club where Mary Jane now works, hoping to make her jealous. Offended by Peter's actions, Gwen apologizes to Mary Jane and leaves. Peter assaults the bouncers and accidentally hits Mary Jane, before realizing how deeply the symbiote is corrupting him. He retreats to a church bell tower, where he discovers that the sound of clanging metal weakens the symbiote. Using the sound of the church bell, Peter detaches it from himself. Brock witnesses the event, then becomes the symbiote's new host and turns into [[Venom (character)|Venom]].

Brock and Marko join forces against Spider-Man, kidnapping Mary Jane to get Peter's attention. After Harry declines to help Peter rescue Mary Jane, Harry's butler reveals that Norman's death wasn't Spider-Man's fault. As Brock and Marko move in closer to killing Peter, Harry arrives and helps Peter subdue Marko. Brock attempts to impale Peter with Harry's glider, but Harry jumps in the way and is impaled instead. Remembering the symbiote's weakness, Peter uses metal pipes to create a sonic attack, which allows him to detach the symbiote from Brock. Peter throws a pumpkin bomb at the hostless symbiote, but not before Brock, now addicted to its influence, rushes towards the symbiote, which causes him to be destroyed along with it.

Marko explains to Peter that Ben's death was an accident and that everything Marko has done was to help his daughter. Peter forgives Marko and allows him to escape. Harry reconciles with Peter before he dies from his injuries. After Harry's funeral, Peter visits Mary Jane at the jazz club, where they share a dance.

==Cast==
{{Multiple image
| image1            = Tobey Maguire 2014.jpg
| image2            = Kirsten Dunst Cannes.jpg
| direction         = horizontal
| total_width       = 320
| align             = right
| footer            = Both [[Tobey Maguire]] (left, pictured in 2014) and [[Kirsten Dunst]] (2006)
}}
* [[Tobey Maguire]] as [[Peter Parker (Sam Raimi movie series)|Peter Parker / Spider-Man]]:&lt;br&gt;A student at [[Columbia University]] who fights crime as a masked vigilante. Maguire said he relished the opportunity to play a less timid Peter in this movie.&lt;ref name=&quot;web&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |author=Daly |title=World Wide Web |page=3 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |date=April 17, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422201143/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C20035326_3%2C00.html |url=https://ew.com/article/2007/04/26/summer-movie-preview-whats-ahead-spidey/ |access-date=April 20, 2007 |archive-date=April 22, 2007 |url-status=dead|first=Steve}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Kirsten Dunst]] as [[Mary Jane Watson (Sam Raimi series)|Mary Jane Watson]]:&lt;br&gt;Peter's girlfriend who makes her debut on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]].&lt;ref name=&quot;web&quot;/&gt; Initially, the script had Gwen Stacy being abducted instead of Mary Jane, since Raimi did not want Mary Jane to be kidnapped for the third time in the series. However, Gwen's role in the film was reduced late in production, which required that Mary Jane take her place as the character in peril.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Jack |last=Carter |date=February 3, 2023 |title=''Spider-Man 3''{{'}}s Original Gwen Stacy Ending Would Have Ruined The Movie |url=https://screenrant.com/spiderman-3-gwen-stacy-original-ending-movie-ruin/ |work=[[Screen Rant]] |access-date=February 8, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[James Franco]] as [[Harry Osborn (Sam Raimi movie series)|Harry Osborn / New Goblin]]:&lt;br&gt;Peter's former best friend who believes Peter killed his father, [[Norman Osborn (Sam Raimi movie series)|Norman Osborn]].&lt;ref name=&quot;web&quot;/&gt;{{Multiple image
}}
* [[Thomas Haden Church]] as [[Sandman (Marvel Comics)#Film|Flint Marko / Sandman]]:&lt;br&gt;An escaped convict who transforms into the shapeshifting Sandman after a freak accident. Church, who was approached for the role because of his award-winning performance in ''[[Sideways]]'', worked out for 16 months to build the necessary muscle to play the character.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:&lt;ref name=&quot;enter&quot;&gt;{{cite news | author=Edward Douglas | url=http://www.superherohype.com/news/featuresnews.php?id=4599 | title=Exclusive: Enter Sandman! | publisher=SuperHeroHype.com | date=2006-08-01 | access-date=2006-08-25 | archive-date=November 18, 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061118112053/http://www.superherohype.com/news/featuresnews.php?id=4599 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.today.com/popculture/thomas-haden-church-new-spidey-villain-wbna7269340|title=Thomas Haden Church new 'Spidey' villain}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hollywood&quot;&gt;{{cite news | author=Scott Huver | url=http://www.hollywood.com/feature/Weaving_the_Web_of_SpiderMan_3_Part_Two_Thomas_Hayden_Church_Topher_Grace_and_Bryce_Dallas_Howard/3538354 | title=Weaving the Web of 'Spider-Man 3', Part Two: Thomas Hayden Church, Topher Grace and Bryce Dallas Howard | work=Hollywood.com | access-date=2006-08-24 | archive-date=August 3, 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803215207/http://www.hollywood.com/feature/Weaving_the_Web_of_SpiderMan_3_Part_Two_Thomas_Hayden_Church_Topher_Grace_and_Bryce_Dallas_Howard/3538354 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | author=Kevin Williamson | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927004758/http://www.calgarysun.com/cgi-bin/publish.cgi?p=181998&amp;x=articles&amp;s=showbiz| archive-date=2007-09-27 | url=http://www.calgarysun.com/cgi-bin/publish.cgi?p=181998&amp;x=articles&amp;s=showbiz | title=Against the Grain | publisher=[[Calgary Sun]] | date=2007-05-06 | access-date=2007-05-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} Church's version of Sandman was influenced by [[Frankenstein's monster]], the folklore character [[Golem]], and the sadness that [[Lon Chaney Jr.]] brought to his portrayals of misunderstood creatures, such as the [[Larry Talbot|Wolf Man]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sense&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Andy Khouri |title=Talking (Spider) Sense with Thomas Haden Church |website=[[Comic Book Resources]] |date=April 26, 2007 |url=http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&amp;old=1&amp;id=10403 |access-date=April 27, 2007 |archive-date=November 9, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109111644/http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&amp;old=1&amp;id=10403 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;inner&quot;&gt;{{cite news | author=Crabtree | url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-apr-15-ca-spiderman15-story.html | title=The inner life of the super-villain | newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=April 15, 2007 | access-date=April 15, 2007 | archive-date=August 8, 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090808010534/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/apr/15/entertainment/ca-spiderman15 | url-status=live |first=Sheigh|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Topher Grace]] as [[Eddie Brock|Edward &quot;Eddie&quot; Brock Jr.]] / [[Venom (character)|Venom]]:&lt;br&gt;Peter's rival photographer at the ''Daily Bugle'' who becomes possessed by an extraterrestrial symbiote. Grace had impressed the producers with his performance in the movie ''[[In Good Company (2004 movie)|In Good Company]]''. As a comics fan who read Venom stories during his childhood, Grace viewed his character as someone under the influence of a substance, similar to an alcoholic or drug addict.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:&lt;ref name=&quot;closeup&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;igncon&quot;&gt;{{cite web | author=Richard George | url=http://comics.ign.com/articles/720/720542p1.html | title=Comic-Con 2006: Spider-Man 3 | website=[[IGN]] | date=July 23, 2006 | access-date=August 25, 2006 | archive-date=July 23, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723031207/http://comics.ign.com/articles/720/720542p1.html | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hollywood&quot;/&gt;}} Grace described Brock as a mirror to Peter, with both characters having similar jobs and romantic interests.&lt;ref name=&quot;igncon&quot; /&gt; He spent six months working out to prepare for the role.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | author=Sean Elliott | url=http://ifmagazine.com/feature.asp?article=2071 | title=Interview: Avi Arad, Laura Ziskin, &amp; Grant Curtis Spin Tales of 'Spider-Man 3'| publisher=iFMagazine.com | date=2007-05-03| access-date=2007-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927224825/http://ifmagazine.com/feature.asp?article=2071 &lt;!-- Bot retrieved archive --&gt; | archive-date=2007-09-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; His Venom costume took an hour to put on, [[Prosthetic makeup|prosthetics]] took four hours to apply, and the fangs he wore bruised his gums. The costume had to be constantly smeared with a viscous substance to give it a liquid-like look and feel, which Grace found unpleasant.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | author = Heather Newgen | title = Spider-Man 3 Interviews: Topher Grace | publisher = Superherohype.com | date = 2007-04-22 | url = http://www.superherohype.com/news/topnews.php?id=5554 | access-date = 2007-04-23 | archive-date = April 26, 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070426121152/http://www.superherohype.com/news/topnews.php?id=5554 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Bryce Dallas Howard]] as [[Gwen Stacy]]:&lt;br&gt;Peter's lab partner in his physics class. Howard sought to portray Gwen not as merely a &quot;man-stealing tart&quot;, but also as a possible future girlfriend for Peter.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | author = Heather Newgen | title = Spider-Man 3 Interviews: Bryce Dallas Howard | publisher = Superherohype.com | date = 2007-04-22 | url = http://www.superherohype.com/news/topnews.php?id=5543 | access-date = 2007-05-07 | archive-date = April 23, 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070423125701/http://www.superherohype.com/news/topnews.php?id=5543 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[James Cromwell]] as [[George Stacy|Captain George Stacy]]: Gwen's father and an [[New York City Police Department|NYPD]] captain.
* [[Rosemary Harris]] as [[Aunt May|May Parker]]: Peter's aunt.
* [[J. K. Simmons]] as [[J. Jonah Jameson (2002 movie series character)|J. Jonah Jameson]]: The editor of the ''Daily Bugle''.

[[Dylan Baker]] portrays [[Lizard (character)|Dr. Curt Connors]], Peter's college physics professor, while [[Willem Dafoe]] plays Harry's deceased father [[Norman Osborn (Sam Raimi movie series)|Norman Osborn]], who returns as a hallucination. [[Cliff Robertson]] makes a brief appearance as [[Uncle Ben|Ben Parker]] in a flashback scene. [[Ted Raimi]] appears as the ''Daily Bugle'' employee Ted Hoffman, [[Bill Nunn]] plays [[Robbie Robertson (character)|Joseph &quot;Robbie&quot; Robertson]], and [[Elizabeth Banks]] returns as ''Bugle'' receptionist [[Betty Brant]]. [[Michael Papajohn]] returns as the carjacker from ''[[Spider-Man (2002 movie)|Spider-Man]]'', while John Paxton portrays Bernard Houseman, the Osborn family's butler. [[Elya Baskin]] reprises his role as Peter's landlord, Mr. Ditkovitch, while [[Mageina Tovah]] returns as his daughter, Ursula. [[Joe Manganiello]] reprises his role as [[Flash Thompson]], while [[Becky Ann Baker]] appears as Mrs. Stacy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://screenrant.com/spider-man-3-shocking-trivia-facts-worst/ |title=15 Things You Didn't Know About The ''Spider-Man 3'' |last=Chapman |first=Tom |date=November 21, 2017 |website=[[Screen Rant]] |access-date=January 8, 2022 |archive-date=November 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127234254/https://screenrant.com/spider-man-3-shocking-trivia-facts-worst/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Theresa Russell]] plays Marko's wife Emma, with [[Perla Haney-Jardine]] portraying his daughter Penny.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |date=April 26, 2007 |last=McCarthy |first=Todd |author-link=Todd McCarthy |url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117933393 |title=Review: 'Spider-Man 3' |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013082020/http://variety.com/review/VE1117933393.html?categoryid=31&amp;cs=1 |archive-date=October 13, 2007 |publisher=[[Reed Elsevier Inc.]] |access-date=February 2, 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Bruce Campbell]] plays a French [[maître d']].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Wake |first=Matt |date=October 22, 2020 |title=Bruce Campbell Talks ''Evil Dead'', ''Spider-Man'', ''Xena'' |url=https://www.al.com/life/2020/10/evil-dead-spider-man-xena-bruce-campbell-qa.html |website=AL.com |access-date=January 8, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Cameo appearance|Cameo]] appearances include [[Dean Edwards]] as a newspaper reader who criticizes Spider-Man, [[Lucy Gordon (actress)|Lucy Gordon]] as newscaster Jennifer Dugan, and newscaster [[Hal Fishman]] as himself. [[Grant Curtis]], one of the movie's producers, plays the driver of an armored car attacked by Sandman, while the movie's composer [[Christopher Young]] appears as a theater pianist.&lt;ref name=&quot;castcommentary&quot;&gt;[[Sam Raimi]], [[Tobey Maguire]], [[Kirsten Dunst]], [[James Franco]], [[Thomas Haden Church]], [[Topher Grace]] and [[Bryce Dallas Howard]], DVD [[audio commentary]], 2007, [[Sony]]&lt;/ref&gt; ''Spider-Man'' co-creator [[Stan Lee]] also has an cameo in the movie.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | author=Sean Elliott | url=http://www.ifmagazine.com/feature.asp?article=1595 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927224757/http://www.ifmagazine.com/feature.asp?article=1595 | url-status=dead | archive-date=2007-09-27 | title=Exclusive Interview: Stan Lee Gets Superheroic Once Again For The Sci-Fi Channel | publisher=iFMagazine.com | date=2006-07-26| access-date=2006-09-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Other websites ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://spiderman3.sonypictures.com/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070121155146/http://spiderman3.sonypictures.com/ |date=2007-01-21 }}
* [https://www.arcadespidermangames.info/play/spiderman-launch.html Spider-Man 3 Launch] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030143239/http://www.arcadespidermangames.info/play/spiderman-launch.html |date=2018-10-30 }}

{{Spider-Man films}}
{{Marvel Comics live-action movies}}

{{movie-stub}}
[[Category:2007 movies]]
[[Category:2000s superhero movies]]
[[Category:2000s English-language movies]]
[[Category:Movies directed by Sam Raimi]]
[[Category:Movies produced by Avi Arad]]
[[Category:American sequel movies]]
[[Category:Marvel Comics movies]]
[[Category:Spider-Man movies]]
[[Category:American superhero movies]]
[[Category:Columbia Pictures movies]]
[[Category:2000s American action movies]]
[[Category:2000s science fiction movies]]
[[Category:American science fiction movies]]
[[Category:2000s teen movies]]
[[Category:PG-13 rated movies]]
[[Category:American teen movies]]
[[Category:Movies set in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Movies set in universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Movies about amnesia]]
[[Category:Movies about extraterrestrial life]]
[[Category:IMAX movies]]
[[Category:Vigilante movies]]
[[Category:Movies set in the 2000s]]
[[Category:2000s sequel movies]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chinese herbology</title>
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Chinese herbology is the study or practise of using herbs, some being Chinese, or used in [[China]] traditionally. However, Chinese herbs are not limited to growing in China. In the right [[climate]] and [[soil]] types, many of the herbs used can be grown overseas. People all over the world use Chinese herbs for their features. The features (or effects) can be helpful and are trusted by Chinese herbalists to help people, but can also not be helpful in some cases, and to lower the negative effects or risk the herb the herb is well studied. Other things that might be done are using the correct dose, and not mixing herbs together which do not interact well.  

Plants used in Chinese herbology have been used and studied for thousands of years. Traditionally, Chinese people took herbs for their effects on the [[human body]], the [[Organ (biology)|organs]] in the body or mental (mind) and the energy (Qi).     

An example of a herb that is grown overseas is [[American Ginseng|American ginseng]]. It is grown in the [[State of Wisconsin]] in the [[United States of America]]. The name for extract of American Ginseng is shenyuan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=MeSH Browser|url=https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=C000588932|access-date=2026-04-26|website=meshb.nlm.nih.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other ginseng include Korean Ginseng, Red Korean Ginseng, which the [[Korean people|Koreans]] sometimes call Ninjin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=MeSH Browser|url=https://meshb-prev.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D005894|access-date=2026-04-26|website=meshb-prev.nlm.nih.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Chinese people]] call ginseng jîn-sim (人蔘) or rénshēn in [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]].

The raw herbs available in [[retail]] have natural or [[Organic food|organic]] features. Some might look like: 
* Part of a plant (root, leave, seed, flowers, branch for example)
* Unprocessed except being cut, sliced, and cleansed of dirt
* Dried (because the dried form weighs less and can be stored longer)

Some herbs can be eaten after boiling because they turn soft. Most herbs cannot be eaten however, for they remain very coarse after boiling. Herbs in general do not taste good. Most taste bitter and earthly. Some taste neutral. A few taste even sweet.

Herbs may be inexpensive except for a few like Ren Shen 人參, Chuan Bei Mu 川貝母, or Dong Chong Xia Cao 冬虫夏草.  

Chinese herbs can be taken as tablets, which contain powder of herbs or extract(s) powder. The essence of Chinese herbs includes Jing (精), and alongside [[Qi]] and [[Shen]] is one of the three treasures.  

== Herbal tea ==
People take Chinese herbs by eating them or drinking them in [[tea]]. Raw herbs are usually taken orally by extracting the essence and chemicals (like oils, tannins and [[Flavinoids|flavonoids]]) out of them. The natural way being practiced since ancient time is to boil and brew the herbal package in water to get a dark brown solution called herb tea that never tastes good. Honey or sugar may be added to make it taste less bad. The herbal package can be conveniently modified by changing some ingredients to make it work to the individuals [[taste]]. 

People often like that a herbal tea made from Chinese herbs is tailor made (specially for them), and the interaction. 
== Tablet form ==
Raw herbs can be dried and grounded into a powder then compressed into a tablet.

== Capsule form ==
Raw herbs can be made into capsules at home. By turning it into fine powder with a powerful grinder, and put the powder into empty gel capsules. The [[Human digestive system|digestive system]] has to extract the essence out of the raw herb powder. Drinking herb tea is different, because the essence extraction is already done after brewing. The herbal solution will readily be absorbed by the body. Furthermore, the herb tea has a history spanning over two thousand years compared to other methods.
== Healing properties ==
Chinese herbs are said to have many useful properties: 
* Some are used for healing
** Some herbs are supposed to have natural healing effects on organs, blood, and various unhealthy conditions
* In contrast to Western pharmaceuticals, which are mainly designed to fix or suppress certain health conditions, herbs have additional enhancing and strengthening values on the body
* Due to their strengthening and enhancing values, herbs can also be used for preventive measures
* The herbal effects are natural and mild, with little adverse side effects
* Each herb has multiple effects on the body, in addition to one major effect
* Herbs do not work singly because the effects of one herb are too gentle
* The effects of herbs rely on synergies because of their overlapping multiple effects. Therefore, an herbal package of different herbs put together can deliver a much greater effect than a single herb of equal weight
* How to create synergy for an herbal package is an essential [[knowledge]] and experience that distinguish a good herbalist from a mediocre one
== Usage of some Chinese herbs ==

'''(A) General Tonics'''

(1) *** (Tonify [[Qi]]) ***

ren shen	人参	radix Ginseng

dang shen	党参	radix Codonopsis

bai zhu	白朮     	rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae

gan cao	甘草	radix Glycyrrhizae

shan yao	山药	rhizoma Dioscoreae

da zao	大枣	fructus Jujubae

(2) *** (Tonify [[Yang]]) ***

lu rong	 鹿茸	cornu Cervi Pantotrichum

rou cong rong	肉蓯蓉	herba Cistanches

yin yang huo	淫羊霍	herba Epimedii

du zhong	杜仲	cortex Eucommiae

xu duan	 续断	radix Dipsaci

gou ji	狗 脊	fructus Psoraleae

bu gu zhi	补骨脂   	rhizoma Cibotii

dong chong xia cao	冬虫夏草	Cordyceps

yi zhi ren	益智仁	fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae

ge jie	 蛤蚧	Gecko

(3) *** (Tonify [[Blood]]) ***

dang gui	当归    	radix Angelicae Sinensis

hu tao rou	胡桃肉	semen Juglandis

shu di huang	熟地黄	radix Rehmanniae Preparata

he shou wu	何首乌   	radix Polgoni Multiflori

e jiao	阿胶	Colla Corii Asini

(4) *** (Tonify [[Yin]]) ***

nan sha shen	南沙参	radix adenophorae

bei sha shen	北沙参	radix Glehniae

tian men dong	天门冬	radix Asparagi

mai men dong	麦门冬	radix Ophiopogonis

shi hu	石斛	herba Dendrobii

huang jing	黄精	rhizoma Polgonati

yu zhu	玉竹	rhizoma Polgonati Odorati

shan zhu yu	山茱萸	fructus Corni

gou qi zi	枸杞子	fructus Lycii

nu zhen zi	女贞子	fructus Ligustri Lucidi

mo han lian	旱莲草     	herba Ecliptae

bie jia	鱉甲 	carapax Trionycis

gui ban	龟板	plastrum Testudinis


'''(B) Stabilise and Bind '''

wu wei zi	五味子	fructus Schisandrae

wu mei	乌梅	fructus Mume

wu bei zi	五倍子	galla Chinensis

fu xiao mai	浮小麦	fructus Tritici Levis

he zi	訶子	fructus Chebulae

shi liu pi	石榴皮	pericarpium Granati

rou dou kou	肉荳蔻   	semen Myristicae

lian zi	 莲子	semen Nelumbinis

qian shi	芡实	semen Euryales

sang piao xiao	桑螵蛸	ootheca Mantidis

wu zei gu	乌贼骨	os Sepiae

bin lang	檳榔	semen Arecae


'''(C) Transform Phlegm and Stop Coughing'''

zi wan	紫菀	radix Asteris

bai bu	百部	radix Stemonae

kuan dong hua	款冬花	flos Farfarae

sang bai pi	桑白皮	cortex Mori Radicis

ma dou ling	马兜铃	fructus Aristolochiae

ting li zi	葶靂子	semen Lepidii seu Descurainiae


'''(D) Regulate Blood:  Stop Bleeding'''

san qi (tianqi)	三七	radix Notoginseng

qian cao	茜草	radix Rubiae


'''(E) Regulate Blood:  Invigorate Blood'''

shui zhi	水蛭	Hirudo

chuan xiong	川芎	rhizoma Chuanxiong

ru xiang	乳香	Olibanum

mo yao	没药	Myrrha

yu jin	鬱金	radix Curcumae

e zhu	莪朮	rhizoma Zedoariae

dan shen	丹参	radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae


'''(F) Transform Phlegm-cold'''

ban xia	半夏	rhizoma Pinelliae

tian nan xing	天南星	rhizoma Arisaematis

bai jie zi	白芥子	semen Sinapis Albae

xuan fu hua	旋覆花	flos Inulae


'''(G) Regulate Qi'''

fo shou	佛手	fructus Citri Sarcodactylis

mu xiang	木香	radix Aucklandiae

wu yao	乌药	radix Linderae

xiang fu	香附	rhizoma Cyperi

ju pi (chen pi)	陈皮	pericarpium Citri Reticulatae

ju hong	橘红	exocarpium Citri Rubrum

qing pi	青皮	pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride

zhi ke	枳壳	fructus Aurantii

zhi shi	枳实	fructus Aurantii Immaturus

chen xiang	沉香	lignum Aquilariae Resinatum

chuan lian zhi	川楝子	fructus Toosendan

yan hu suo	延胡索	rhizoma Corydalis

xie bai	薤白	bulbus Allii Macrostemi


'''(H) Regulate Digestion'''

shan zhu yu	山茱萸	fructus Crataegi

mai ya	 麦芽	fructus Hordei germinatus

gu ya	穀芽	fructus Oryzae germinatus

lai fu zi	莱菔子	semen Raphani

ji nei jin	鸡内金	endothelium corneum Gigeriae galli

shen qu	   神麴   massa Fermentata Medicinalis


'''(I) Dispel Wind Dampness'''

du huo	        獨活	radix Angelicae Pubescentis

wei ling xian	威靈仙	radix Clematidis

fang ji 	防己 	radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae

qin jiao	秦艽	radix Gentianae Macrophyllae

mu gua	番木瓜	fructus Chaenomelis

sang ji sheng	桑寄生	ramulus Taxilli

wu jia pi	五加皮	cortex Acanthopanacis

bai hua she	白花蛇	Agkistrodon seu Bungarus

hu gu	虎骨	os Tigris

wu shao she	烏梢蛇	Zaocys

cang zhu	蒼朮  	rhizoma Atractylodis

hou po	厚樸	cortex Magnoliae Officinalis

huo xiang	藿香	herba Agastaches

pei lan	佩蘭	herba Eupatorii

sha ren	砂仁	fructus Amomi

bai dou kou	白豆蔻   	fructus Amomi Rotundus

cao guo	草果	fructus Tsaoko


'''(J) Warm, pungent, Release Exterior Wind Cold'''

su geng	        苏梗	caulis Perillae

zi su ye	苏叶	folium Perillae

xiang ru	香薷	herba Elsholtziae

jing jie	荆芥	herba Schizonepetae

fan feng	防风	radix Ledebouriellae

jiang huo	薑活	radix Angelicae Dahuricae

bai zhi	        白芷	rhizoma seu radix Notopterygli

cang er zi	苍耳子	fructus Xanthii

xin yi	辛荑花	flos Magnoliae

bo he	薄荷	herba Menthae

niu bang zi	牛蒡子	fructus Arctii

can tui	蝉蜕 	periostracum Cicadae

dan dou chi	淡豆豉 	semen Sojae preparatum

ju hua	菊花	flos Chrysanthemi

ge gen	葛根	radix Puerariae

chai hu	柴胡	radix Bupleuri

sheng ma	升麻	rhizoma Cimicifugae

[[ma huang]]	麻黄 	radix Ephedrae

gui zhi	        桂枝	ramulus Cinnamomi


'''(K) Regulate BloodL  Stop Bleeding'''

zhu ma gen	苧麻根	radix Boehmeriae

bai mao gen	白茅根   	rhizoma Imperatae

ce bai ye	侧柏叶	cacumen Biotae

huai hua	槐花	flos Sophorae

da ji	大蓟	herba seu Radix Cirsii Japonici

xiao ji	小蓟     	herba Cephalanoploris

di yu	地榆	radix Sanguisorbae

xian he cao	仙鹤草	herba Agrimoniae

bai jiang	(败酱草)	rhizoma Bletillae

qian cao	茜草	radix Rubiae

ai ye	艾叶	folium Artemisiae Argyi

pu huang	蒲黄	pollen Typhae


'''(L) Drain Dampness'''

fu ling 	茯苓	Poria

zhu ling	豬苓	Polyporus Umbellatus

ze xie	        澤瀉	rhizoma Alismatis

yi yi ren	薏苡仁	semen Coicis

che qian zi	车前子	semen Plantaginis

hua shi	滑石	Talcum

mu tong	木通	caulis Akebiae

jin qian cao	金钱草	herba Lysimachiae

tong cao	通草	medulla Tetrapanacis

shi wei	石苇	folium Pyrrosiae

yin chen hao	茵陈蒿     	herba Artemisiae Scopariae

bi xie	萆薢	rhizoma Dioscoreae Septemlobae


'''(M) Drain Fire'''

shi gao	        石膏	[[gypsum]] Fibrosum

zhi mu	        知母	rhizoma Anemarrhenae

tian hua fen	天花粉	radix Trichosanthis

lu gen	芦根	rhizoma Phragmitis

huang lian	黄莲	rhizoma Coptidis

huang qin	黄芩	radix Scutellariae

huang bai	黄柏 	cortex Phellodendri

zhi zi	梔子     	fructus Gardeniae

long dan cao	龙胆草    	radix Gentianae

xia ku cao	夏枯草	spica Prunellae

ku shen	苦参	radix Sophorae Flavescentis

jue ming zi	决明子   	semen Cassiae


'''(N) Relieve Fire Toxins'''

jin yin hua	金银花	flos Lonicerae

ren dong teng	忍冬藤	caulis Lonicerae

lian qiao	连翘	fructus Forsythiae

pu gong ying	蒲公英	herba Taraxaci

zi hua di ding	紫花地丁	herba Violae

da qing ye	大青叶   	folium Isatidis

qing dai	青黛	indigo Naturalis

ban lan gen	板蓝根	radix Isatidis

chuan xin lian	穿心莲	herba Andrographitis

yu xing cao	鱼腥草	herba Houttuyniae

shan dou gen	山豆根	radix Sophorae Tonkinensis

she gan	射干	rhizoma Belamcandae

ma chi xian	马齿莧	herba Portulacae

bai tou weng	白头翁	radix Pulsatillae

hong teng	红藤	caulis Sargentodoxae

qin pi	秦皮	cortex Fraxini


'''(O) Cool Blood'''

shui niu jiao	水牛角	cornu Bubali

sheng di huang	生地黄	radix Rehmanniae

xuan shen	玄参	radix Scrophulariae

xi jiao	        西角	cornu Rhinocerotis

bai jiang	败酱草	herba Patriniae

mu dan pi	牡丹皮	cortex Moutan Radicis

chi shao	赤芍	radix Paeoniae Rubra

zi cao	紫草	radix arnebiae seu lithospermi


'''(P) Cleasr Deficient Heat'''

qing hao	青蒿	herba Artemisiae Annuae

bai wei	  白薇	radix cynanchi Atrati

di gu pi	地骨皮	cortex Lycii Radicis

yin chai hu	銀柴胡	radix Stellariae


'''(Q) Purge Downwards, Cathartically Drain Downwards'''

da huang	大黃	radix et rhizoma Rhei

mang xiao	芒硝	natrii Sulfas

fan xie ye	番瀉葉	folium Sennae

da ma ren	大麻仁	fructus Cannabis

gan sui	     甘遂	radix Kansui

yu li ren	郁李仁	semen Pruni

da ji	大戟	radix Euphorbiae Pekinensis

yuan hua	芫花	flos Genkwa

qian niu zi	牽牛子	semen Pharbitidis


'''(R) Warm Interior and Expel Cold'''

rou gui	        肉桂     	cortex Cinnamomi

wu zhu yu	吴茱萸	fructus Evodiae

xi xin	        细辛	herba Asari

hua jiao	花椒	pericarpium Zanthoxyli

ding xiang	丁香	flos Caryophylli

gao liang jiang	高莨姜   	rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum

xiao hui xiang	小茴香	fructus Foeniculi

fu zi	地肤子 	radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata

chuan wu tou	川乌头	radix Aconiti

cao wu tou	草乌头	radix Aconiti Kusnezoffiae

wu tou	乌头	radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata

gan jiang	乾薑	rhizoma Zingiberis


'''(S) Expel Parasites'''

shi jun zi	使君子	fructus Quisqualis

da fu pi	大腹皮	pericarpium Arecae

lei wan	        雷丸	Omphalia

ku lian pi	苦莲皮	cortex Meliae

nan gua zi	南瓜子	semen Cucurbitae

he cao ya	鹤草牙 	gemma Agrimoniae

he shi		fructus Carpesii

guan zhong	贯眾（贯仲）	rhizoma Dryopteris Crassirhizomae

fei zi	榧子	semen Torreyae


'''(T) Calm Shen'''

long gu	     龙骨	os Draconis

suan zao ren	酸枣仁   	semen Ziziphi Spinosae

yuan zhi	远志	radix Polygalae

bai zi ren	柏子仁	semen Biotae


'''(U)Extinguish Internal Wind and Stop Tremors'''

mu li	牡蠣	concha Ostreae

zhen zhu	珍珠	Magarita

zhen zhu mu	珍珠母	concha Margaritifera Usta

dai zhe shi	代赭石	Haematitum

ling yang jiao	铃羊角	cornu Saigae Tataricae

tian ma	天麻	rhizoma Gastrodiae


'''(V) Open Orifices'''

she xiang	麝香 	[[Musk deer|Moschus]]

niu huang	牛黄	[[calculus Bovis]]

Bing Pian	冰片	borneolum Syntheticum

su he xiang	苏合香	Storax

shi chang pu	石菖蒲	rhizoma Acori Graminei

{{Anchor|skipline}}

(1)The terms used here reflect typical TCM usage (as translated literally from individual Chinese characters), and may not reflect their meanings in TCM, namely, meanings that are normative, figurative or metaphorical when read in context. The meanings of these terms are therefore different from that in common English usage. In particular, they are not to be used for purposes of self-diagnosis, much less for self-medication. For example, &quot;Xia Huo&quot; means &quot;To reduce fire&quot;, but &quot;fire&quot; here does not refer to combustion involving [[oxygen]]. Even within TCM, there are various meanings of &quot;fire&quot;, and it can refer to &quot;real&quot; or &quot;false&quot; fire. The 3 herbs mentioned above cannot be used to reduce &quot;false fire&quot;, or fires of yin deficiency in the zhang organs.

(2) An example of the non-literal use of transliterated characters is &quot;long gu&quot; which literally means &quot;dragon bones&quot;. This term cannot possible refer to Chinese dragons, since they do not exist. However, one can easily buy &quot;long gu&quot; from any TCM herbal shop. Another term that cannot be taken literally is &quot;di long&quot; which literally means &quot;earth dragon&quot;.

(3) Although the above herbs are common in TCM prescriptions, they cannot be purchased if we refer only to their Latin names. One likely reason is that TCM pharmacists rarely, if ever, use the Latin names of the herbs. The Chinese names, or the transliterated names (pinyin) should be used instead. For example, if we ask for &quot;flos Lonicerae&quot; we will almost certainly get a blank look. However, if we ask for &quot;Jin Yin Hua&quot; or	'''金银花''' we will connect immediately, even though the pharmacist may speak any of the large number of Chinese dialects (such as Cantonese, where the herb is known as &quot;Kum Gen Fa&quot;, or Golden Silver Flower, in Hong Kong). Wherever possible, use the written form (金银花) to avoid miscommunication and/or mis-pronunciation, since there is no dialect form of the written language.

(4) There are a large number of synonyms of the herb names, in both Chinese, English and Latin. This makes it even more essential to use the written form of the Chinese names to ensure accuracy.

(5) Some herbs are prone to adulteration, substitution, or both. For example, Ling Zhi Cao (Cordyceps) can be substituted with an inactive form of the herb. If an extract is first made with water, the herb will be tasteless when dried and re-used/recycled. On the other hand, the genuine Ling Zhi tastes bitter, but few consumers would know the difference, especially if the herb is mixed in a prescription and boiled together with other herbs. The pharmacists themselves may not be aware, as some may trust their suppliers implicitly, and do not conduct regular testing.

(6) Animal-based &quot;herbs&quot; are prone to substitution or adulteration, including Xiong Dan (bear bile / [[gall bladder]]) which looks very much like Niu Dan (bovine bile /gall bladder) when the gall bladder is dried, although Niu Dan is far less bitter in taste. Some are simply unavailable because they are banned in many countries. These include tiger parts, such as Hu Gu (tiger bone) which is substituted by bobcat bone, and Chuan San Jia (scales of the pangolin) which has no animal-based substitute. Niu Huang (bovine gallstone) is unavailable in many Western countries and Singapore because of its potential impact on pregnant women, although Niu Huang Pills with about 2% of Niu Huang are available in many Asian countries.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Herbs]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Junglefowl</title>
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      <text bytes="1138" sha1="kdt6uj3rzw4g123v6hy63j6obbjvdbr" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| name = ''Gallus''
| image = Gallus_gallus.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Junglefowl
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Bird|Aves]]
| ordo = [[Galliformes]]
| familia = [[Phasianidae]]
| genus = '''''Gallus'''''
| genus_authority = [[Mathurin Jacques Brisson|Brisson]], 1766
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = *''[[Red junglefowl|Gallus gallus]]''
*''[[Sri Lankan junglefowl|Gallus lafayetii]]''
*''[[Grey junglefowl|Gallus sonneratii]]''
*''[[Green junglefowl|Gallus varius]]''
}}

'''Junglefowl''' are the four living species of [[bird]] from the genus '''''Gallus''''' in the [[pheasant]] family. They occur in [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]] and Southeast Asia.

These are large birds, with colourful male plumage. They are difficult to see in the dense vegetation they live in.

The junglefowl are seed-eaters, but [[insect]]s are also taken, particularly by the young birds.

One of the species in this genus, the [[red junglefowl]], is of historical importance as the ancestor of the [[chicken]].

{{biology-stub}}

[[Category:Phasianidae]]
[[Category:Birds of Asia]]</text>
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    <title>Battle of France</title>
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      <text bytes="13275" sha1="d4gu3kzm0adxc5pfxpzgkhpsqpkpk3c" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Military Conflict
| conflict    = Battle of France
| partof      = The [[Western Front (World War II)|Western Front]] of the [[European theatre of World War II]]
| image       = British prisoners at Dunkerque, France.jpg
| caption     = British and French soldiers taken prisoner in Northern France.
| date        = 10 May – 25 June 1940
| place       = [[France]], [[Low Countries]]
| result      = Allied [[Nazi Germany|German]]–[[Italian invasion of France|Italian ]] victory
| combatant1  = '''[[Axis powers|Axis]]''':&lt;br&gt;'''{{flag|Nazi Germany|name=Germany}}'''&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Fascist Italy|name=Italy}}&amp;nbsp;&lt;small&gt;(from June 10)&lt;/small&gt;
| combatant2  = '''[[Allies of World War II|Allies]]''': &lt;br&gt;'''{{flagdeco|France|1794}} [[French Third Republic|France]]'''&lt;br&gt;'''{{flag|United Kingdom}}'''&lt;br&gt;'''{{flagicon image|Flag of Belgium.svg}} [[Belgium]]'''&lt;br&gt;'''{{flag|Netherlands}}'''&lt;br&gt;{{flagcountry|Polish government-in-exile|1939}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Canada|1921}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagdeco|Czechoslovakia}} [[Czechoslovakia]]&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Luxembourg}}
| commander1  = {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|army}} [[Gerd von Rundstedt]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Army Group A]])&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|army}} [[Fedor von Bock]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Army Group B]])&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|army}} [[Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb|Wilhelm von Leeb]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Army Group C]])&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy|army}} [[Umberto II of Italy|Prince Umberto]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Army Group West)&lt;/small&gt;
| commander2  = {{flagicon|France|1794}} [[Maurice Gamelin]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|France|1794}} [[Maxime Weygand]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|France|1794}} [[Charles de Gaulle]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[John Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort|Lord Gort]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[British Expeditionary Force (World War II)|British Expeditionary Force]])&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon image|Flag of Belgium.svg}} [[Leopold III of Belgium|Leopold III]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Henri Winkelman]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Polish government-in-exile|1939}} [[Władysław Sikorski]]
| strength1   = '''{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|army}} Germany''':&lt;br&gt;141 divisions&lt;ref name=&quot;Maier and Falla 1991, p. 279&quot;&gt;Maier and Falla 1991, p. 279.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;7,378 guns&lt;ref name=&quot;Maier and Falla 1991, p. 279&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;2,445 tanks&lt;ref name=&quot;Maier and Falla 1991, p. 279&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;5,638 aircraft&lt;ref&gt;Hooton 2007, pp. 47-48: Hooton uses the Bundesarchiv, Militärarchiv in [[Freiburg]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Luftwaffe strength included gliders and transports used in the assaults on The Netherlands and Belgium&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;3,350,000 troops &lt;br&gt;'''{{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy|army}} Alps on 20 June''' &lt;br&gt;300,000 Italians
| strength2   = &lt;br /&gt;144 divisions&lt;ref name=&quot;Maier and Falla 1991, p. 279&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;13,974 guns&lt;ref name=&quot;Maier and Falla 1991, p. 279&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;3,383 tanks&lt;ref name=&quot;Maier and Falla 1991, p. 279&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;2,935 aircraft&lt;ref&gt;Hooton 2007, p. 47-48: Hooton uses the National Archives in London for RAF records. Including &quot;Air 24/679 Operational Record Book: The RAF in France 1939–1940&quot;, &quot;Air 22/32 Air Ministry Daily Strength Returns&quot;, &quot;Air 24/21 Advanced Air Striking Force Operations Record&quot; and &quot;Air 24/507 Fighter Command Operations Record&quot;. For the Armee de l'Air Hooton uses &quot;Service Historique de Armee de l'Air (SHAA), Vincennes&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt; 3,300,000 troops &lt;br&gt;'''Alps on 20 June''' &lt;br&gt; ~150,000 French
| casualties1 = '''{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|army}} Germany''':&lt;br&gt;28,225 dead&lt;ref name=&quot;Maier and Falla 1991, p. 279&quot;/&gt; (possibly as high as 49,000)&lt;ref&gt;Frieser 1995, p. 400.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;113,152 wounded&lt;ref name=&quot;Maier and Falla 1991, p. 279&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt; 13, 307 missing&lt;ref name=&quot;Maier and Falla 1991, p. 279&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br/&gt; 1,290 aircraft lost (10 May to 24 June 1940) &lt;ref name=&quot;Hooton 2007, p. 90&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;1,097 aircrew killed, 1395 injured, 1930 missing&lt;ref name=&quot;Hahn 1987&quot;&gt;Hooton 2010, p. 73.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;795 tanks&lt;ref name=&quot;Healy 2007, p. 85&quot;&gt;Healy 2007, p. 85.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''{{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy|army}} Italy''':&lt;br&gt;1,247 dead or missing,&lt;br&gt;2,631 wounded,&lt;br&gt;2,151 hospitalised due to frostbite&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
| casualties2 = 360,000 dead or wounded,&lt;br&gt;1,900,000 captured&lt;br&gt;1029 RAF aircraft, 1274 french aircraft&lt;ref name=&quot;Hooton 2007, p. 90&quot;&gt;Hooton 2007, p. 90.&lt;/ref&gt;
| notes       = &lt;sup&gt;1 &lt;/sup&gt; Italian forces were involved in fighting in the [[French Alps]], where severe sub-zero temperatures are common, even during the summer.
| territory   = * Vichy France established
* Parts of France placed under German and Italian military occupation
*German annexation of Alsace–Lorraine
}}
In [[World War II]], '''the Battle of France''', also called the '''Fall of France''', was the [[Nazi Germany|German]] [[invasion]] of [[France]] and the [[Low Countries]] from 10 May 1940 that ended the [[Phoney War]]. The battle was made up of two parts.

In the first part, called ''Fall Gelb'' in [[German language|German]] (&quot;Case Yellow&quot; in [[English language|English]]), German [[tank]] units pushed through the [[Ardennes (forest)|Ardennes]] to circle the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] units that moved into [[Belgium]].  Most of the British Expeditionary Force and many French [[soldier|soldiers]] escaped to [[England]] from [[Dunkirk]] during [[Operation Dynamo]].

The second part of the battle, called ''Fall Rot'' in German (&quot;Case Red&quot; in English), started on 5 June, when German armed forces circled the [[Maginot Line]] to attack the rest of France. [[Italy]] got into the war and started its own invasion of France, in the southeast of the country, on 10 June. The French [[government]] left [[Paris]] for [[Bordeaux]], and the Germans took Paris on 14 June. After the French Second Army Group's surrender on 22 June, [[Philippe Pétain]] signed an [[armistice]] on 25 June.

The campaign was a major victory for the [[Axis Powers]].&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |last=Keegan |first=John |title=The Second World War |place=Glenfield, Auckland 10, New Zealand |publisher=Hutchinson |year=1989}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[French Third Republic]] ended. France was split into a German-occupied part in the north and west, a small Italian-occupied part in the southeast, and a [[satellite state]] part in the south that was called [[Vichy France]]. Southern France was invaded by Germany on 10 November 1942.

France began to be freed by the Allies at the [[Battle of Normandy]] in 1944. The Low Countries were freed later in 1944 and in 1945.

==Related pages==
*[[Blitzkrieg]]
*[[Battle of the Netherlands|Battle for Holland]]
*[[Vichy France]]
*[[Western Front]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
&lt;!-- For texts consulted in writing --&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
*Churchill, Winston S. &lt;cite&gt;''The Second World War: Their Finest Hour (Volume 2)''&lt;/cite&gt;. Houghton Mifflin Company, Cambridge, 1949
*[[Durand, Yves]]. ''La Captivite, Histoire des prisonniers de guerre francais 1939 - 1945'', Paris, 1981. Best available study of the French prisoners of war in German captivity.
*Frieser, Karl-Heinz &lt;cite&gt;''Blitzkrieg-Legende—Der Westfeldzug 1940''&lt;/cite&gt;. Oldenbourg, 2005.
*Gunsburg, Jeffrey A., 'The Battle of the Belgian Plain, 12-14 May 1940: The First Great Tank Battle', ''The Journal of Military History'', Vol. 56, No. 2. (Apr., 1992), pp.&amp;nbsp;207–244.
*Harman, Nicholas. (1980) ''Dunkirk; the necessary myth''. London: Hodder and Stoughton. {{ISBN|0-340-24299-X}}
*Hooton, E.R. (2007). ''Luftwaffe at War; Blitzkrieg in the West''. London: Chervron/Ian Allen. {{ISBN|978-1-85780-272-6}}.
*[[Julian T. Jackson|Jackson, Julian T.]]. &lt;cite&gt;''The Fall of France: The Nazi Invasion of 1940''&lt;/cite&gt;. Oxford UP, 2003.
* Krause, M. and Cody, P. (2006) ''Historical Perspectives of the Operational Art''. Center of Military History Publication. {{ISBN|978-0-16072-564-7}}
*Taylor, A.J.P. and Mayer, S.L., eds. ''A History Of World War Two''. London: Octopus Books, 1974. {{ISBN|0-70640-399-1}}.
*Weal, John (1997). Junkers Ju 87 ''Stukageschwader'' 1937-41. Oxford: Osprey. {{ISBN|1-85532-636-1}}
*Weinberg, Gerhard L. &lt;cite&gt;''A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II''&lt;/cite&gt;. Cambridge UP, 1995.
*Martin, J. and Martin, P. &lt;cite&gt;''Ils étaient là: l’armée de l’Air septembre 39 - juin 40''&lt;/cite&gt;. Aero-Editions, 2001. {{ISBN|2-9514567-2-7}}
&lt;/div&gt;

==More reading==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [[Martin Alexander|Alexander, Martin]]. &lt;cite&gt;Republic in Danger, General Maurice Gamelin and the Politics of French Defence, 1933-1940&lt;/cite&gt;, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. An examination of Gamelin’s career and French military preparations during the 1930s. Highly complimentary work stressing French rational preparations for the war.
* {{cite book|title=Destination Dunkirk|last=Blaxland|first=Gregory|year=1973|publisher=Military Book Society|pages=436pp}} This was the first detailed account of the B.E.F. in France. The fight for survival finished with the return from France in the little ships
* [[Marc Bloch|Bloch, Marc]]. &lt;cite&gt;Strange Defeat, A Statement of Evidence Written in 1940&lt;/cite&gt;, Hopkins, New York: W.W. Norton &amp; Co., 1968. Written in 1940 by a veteran of the campaign. Considered one of the early key works on understanding how the French saw this defeat. Writer killed in 1943 by Gestapo due to resistance work.
* {{cite book|title=The Battle Of France Then And Now|last=Cornwell|first=Peter D.|year=2008|publisher = Battle of Britain International Ltd.}} Six nations locked in aerial combat - September 1939 to June 1940.
*[[Robert Allan Doughty|Doughty, Robert Allan]]. &lt;cite&gt;The Seeds of Disaster: The Development of French Army Doctrine, 1919-1939&lt;/cite&gt;, Archon, 1986. Examination of errors the French made in military doctrine during the inter-war years and how this, not defeatism or lack of quality equipment, led to the defeat of 1940.
*[[Robert Allan Doughty|Doughty, Robert Allan]]. &lt;cite&gt;The Breaking Point: Sedan and the Fall of France, 1940&lt;/cite&gt;. Archon, 1990. Classic study on the events of 13 and 14 May.
* Gerard, Lt. Robert M. &lt;cite&gt;Tank-Fighter Team&lt;/cite&gt;, 1943
*[[Alistair Horne|Horne, Alistair]]. &lt;cite&gt;To Lose a Battle, 1940&lt;/cite&gt;, Boston: Little Brown and Co., 1969. Narrative account of the Fall of France in 1940. Very readable but also dated in terms of its non-critical acceptance of the defeatism argument.
*[[Eugenia C. Kiesling|Keisling, Eugenia C.]] &lt;cite&gt;Arming Against Hitler: France and the Limits of Military Planning&lt;/cite&gt;. UP of Kansas, 1996. Study stressing the weaknesses of the French reserve, mobilization and training system. Rejects the defeatism interpretation.
*[[Klaus A. Maier|Maier, Klaus A.]] &lt;cite&gt;Germany and the Second World War: Germany's Initial Conquests in Europe&lt;/cite&gt;. Oxford UP, 1991. English translation of a thorough collective German academic study, giving a detailed account of all events.
*[[Ernest R. May|May, Ernest R.]] &lt;cite&gt;Strange Victory: Hitler's Conquest of France&lt;/cite&gt;. Hill &amp; Wang, 2001. A modern account for the general public focusing on politics, strategy and intelligence.
*[[John Mosier|Mosier, John]]. &lt;cite&gt;The Blitzkrieg Myth: How Hitler and the Allies Misread the Strategic Realities of World War II&lt;/cite&gt;. HarperCollins, 2003. Strongly revisionist interpretation, denying that the concept of Blitzkrieg can even be applied to this campaign.
*Shepperd, Alan. ''France 1940'', Blitzkrieg in the West; Osprey Campaign Series #3, Osprey Publishing, 1990.
*[[William L. Shirer|Shirer, William L.]]. &lt;cite&gt;Berlin Diary: The Journal of a Foreign Correspondent, 1934-1941&lt;/cite&gt;. Johns Hopkins UP, 2002. In the period just before the surrender, Shirer worked for CBS News under [[Edward R Murrow]], moving around Europe as events dictated. This is his written account of the period.
* [[Robert J. Young|Young, Robert J.]] &lt;cite&gt;In Command of France: French Foreign Policy and Military Planning, 1933-1940, &lt;/cite&gt; Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978.

&lt;/div&gt;

== Other websites ==
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/interactive/animations/wwtwo_map_fall_france/index.shtml BBC - History - WW2: Fall of France Campaign] (Flash animation of the campaign)
* [http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/facts01.htm Official German account of the Battle of France (as published in 1940)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205160424/http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/facts01.htm |date=2008-12-05 }}
* [http://www.svetskirat.net/istorija/francuska.htm Battle of France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504234517/http://www.svetskirat.net/istorija/francuska.htm |date=2007-05-04 }}
*[http://www.kbismarck.com/frencharmistice.html Armistice Agreement Between Germany and France, 22 June 1940] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320125321/http://www.kbismarck.com/frencharmistice.html |date=20 March 2018 }}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:1940 in France]]
[[Category:1940 events]]
[[Category:Battles involving Belgium|France]]
[[Category:Battles involving Canada|France]]
[[Category:Battles involving France|France]]
[[Category:Battles involving Germany|France]]
[[Category:Battles involving Italy|France]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Netherlands|France]]
[[Category:Battles involving Poland|France]]
[[Category:Battles involving the United Kingdom|France]]
[[Category:European battles of World War II|France]]
[[Category:May 1940 events]]
[[Category:June 1940 events]]</text>
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    <title>Uzbekistan national football team</title>
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      <text bytes="3726" sha1="kd1dh1nuf17hlboc8onywvb61hiko8x" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox national football team
| Name           = Uzbekistan
| Nickname       = ''White Wolves''&lt;br&gt;''Turanians''&lt;br&gt;''Asian Italy''&lt;br&gt;''Huma birds''
| Association    = [[Uzbekistan Football Association]] (UFA)
| Confederation  = [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] (Asia)
| Sub-confederation = [[Central Asian Football Association|CAFA]] (Central Asia)
| Coach          = [[Fabio Cannavaro]]
| Captain        = [[Eldor Shomurodov]]
| Most caps      = [[Server Djeparov]] (126)
| Top scorer     = [[Maksim Shatskikh]] (34)
| Home Stadium   = [[Milliy Stadium]]&lt;br&gt;[[Pakhtakor Central Stadium|Pakhtakor Stadium]]
| FIFA Trigramme = UZB
| FIFA Rank      = {{FIFA World Rankings|UZB}}
| FIFA max       = 45
| FIFA max date  = November 2006–January 2007
| FIFA min       = 119
| FIFA min date  = November 1996
| Elo Rank       = {{World Football Elo Ratings|Uzbekistan}}
| Elo max        = 43
| Elo max date   = November 2016
| Elo min        = 95
| Elo min date   = February 2001
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| First game         = {{flagicon|Tajikistan}} [[Tajikistan national football team|Tajikistan]] 2–2 '''Uzbekistan''' {{flagicon|UZB}} &lt;br&gt; ([[Dushanbe]], [[Tajikistan]]; 17 June 1992)
| Largest win        = {{flagicon|UZB}} '''Uzbekistan''' 15–0 {{fb-rt|MGL}} &lt;br&gt; ([[Chiang Mai]], [[Thailand]]; 5 December 1998)
| Largest loss       = {{fb|JPN}} 8–1 '''Uzbekistan''' {{flagicon|UZB}} &lt;br&gt; ([[Sidon]], [[Lebanon]]; 17 October 2000)
| World cup apps     =
| World cup first    =
| World cup best     =
| Regional name      = [[AFC Asian Cup|Asian Cup]]
| Regional cup apps  = 7
| Regional cup first = [[1996 AFC Asian Cup|1996]]
| Regional cup best  = Fourth place ([[2011 AFC Asian Cup|2011]])
}}
'''Uzbekistan national football team''' is the national [[football (soccer)|football]] team of [[Uzbekistan]].

== Most appearances ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|Pos||Player||Apps||Goals||Career
|-
|1||[[Mirjalol Qosimov]]||65||29||1992-2005
|-
|1||[[Andrey Fyodorov]]||65||7||1994-2006
|-
|3||[[Nikolay Shirshov]]||63||13||1996-2005
|-
|4||'''[[Asror Aliqulov]]'''||60||0||1999-2026
|-
|5||'''[[Timur Kapadze]]'''||55||6||2002-2026
|-
|6||'''[[Bakhtier Ashurmatov]]'''||52||1||1997-2026
|-
|7||[[Fevzi Davletov]]||51||3||1994-2005
|-
|8||'''[[Server Djeparov]]'''||50||12||2002-2026
|-
|9||[[Alejsandr Khvastunov]]||47||3||1997-2004
|-
|10||'''[[Maksim Shatskikh]]'''||44||30||1999-2026
|-
|10||'''[[Alekandr Geynrikh]]'''||44||14||2002-2026
|}

== Top scorers ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|Pos||Player||Goals||Apps||Career
|-
|1||'''[[Maksim Shatskikh]]'''||30||44||1999-2026
|-
|2||[[Mirjalol Qosimov]]||29||65||1992-2005
|-
|3||[[Igor Shkvyrin]]||20||||1992-2000
|-
|4||[[Zhafar Irismetov]]||18||||1997-2001
|-
|5||'''[[Alekandr geynrikh]]'''||14||||2002-2026
|-
|6||[[Nikolay Shirshov]]||13||63||1996-2005
|-
|7||[[Shukhrat Maksudov]]||11||||1992-1997
|-
|7||[[Vladimir Shishelov]]||11||||2000-2007
|-
|9||[[Azamat Abduraimov]]||10||||1992-1997
|-
|9||[[Sergei Lebedev]]||10||||1994-2001
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{National sports teams of Uzbekistan}}
{{Sport-stub}}

[[Category:Asian national football teams]]
[[Category:Football in Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:National sports teams of Uzbekistan]]</text>
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    <title>Brazil national football team</title>
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{{Infobox national football team
| Name = Brazil
| Badge =
| Badge_size = 150px
| FIFA Trigramme = BRA
| Nickname = {{nowrap|{{lang|pt|Seleção}} (The National Squad)}}&lt;br /&gt;{{nowrap|{{lang|pt|Canarinho}} (Little [[Saffron finch|Canary]])}}&lt;br /&gt;{{nowrap|{{lang|pt|Verde-Amarela}} (The Green and Yellow)}}
| Association = {{nowrap|[[Brazilian Football Confederation|Confederação Brasileira de Futebol]]}} (CBF)
| Confederation = [[CONMEBOL]] (South America)
| Coach = 
| Captain = [[Casemiro]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/selecao-brasileira/noticia/neymar-sera-o-capitao-da-selecao-contra-os-estados-unidos-no-inicio-do-novo-ciclo.ghtml |publisher=Globoesporte.com |title = Fim do rodízio: Neymar volta a ser o capitão da Seleção no novo ciclo de Tite |date=6 September 2018 |access-date=7 September 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Most caps = [[Cafu]] (156)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/stats-centclub/52/00/59/centuryclub290715_neutral.pdf “FIFA Century Club”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018144458/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/stats-centclub/52/00/59/centuryclub290715_neutral.pdf |date=2016-10-18 }}. FIFA. Retrieved 9 June 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/cafu-intl.html |title=Marcos Evangelista de Morais &quot;CAFU&quot; – Century of International Appearances |publisher=[[Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|RSSSF]] |date=23 July 2006 |access-date=23 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221202802/http://rsssf.com/miscellaneous/cafu-intl.html |archive-date=21 February 2009  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Top scorer = [[Neymar]] (79)&lt;ref name=&quot;apppearancesandgoals&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Brazil – Record International Players|url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/braz-recintlp.html|access-date=10 May 2009|date=7 November 2008|publisher=[[Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|RSSSF]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| FIFA Rank = {{FIFA World Rankings|BRA}}
| FIFA max = 1
| FIFA max year = 159 times on 8 occasions&lt;ref&gt;23 September 1993 until 19 November 1993, 19 April 1994 until 14 June 1994, 21 July 1994 until 16 May 2001, 3 July 2002 until 14 February 2007, 18 July 2007 until 19 September 2007, 1 July 2009 until 20 November 2009, 28 April 2010 until 14 July 2010, 6 April 2017&lt;/ref&gt;
| FIFA min = 22
| FIFA min date = 6 June 2013
| Elo Rank = {{World Football Elo Ratings|Brazil}}
| Elo max = 1
| Elo max year = 8,640 days on 40 occasions&lt;ref&gt;1958–63, 1965–66, 1970–74, 1978–79, 1981–83, 1986–87, 1990, 1992, 1994–00, 2002–10, 2016–2017, 2018–present&lt;/ref&gt;
| Elo min = 20
| Elo min date = 7 November 2001
| Home Stadium = [[#Venues|Various]]
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| First game = {{fb|ARG}} 3–0  {{fb-rt|BRA|1889}}&lt;br&gt;([[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]]; 20 September 1914)&lt;ref name=&quot;fifawebsitebrazilargentina&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Argentina versus Brazil |url=https://www.fifamuseum.com/en/stories/blog/brazil-argentina-a-rivalry-like-no-other-2616769/ |access-date=5 January 2009 |publisher=FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association) |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303082831/https://www.fifamuseum.com/en/stories/blog/brazil-argentina-a-rivalry-like-no-other-2616769/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Largest win = {{fb|BRA|1968}} 14–0 {{fb-rt|NCA}}&lt;br&gt;([[Mexico City]], [[Mexico]], 17 October 1975)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.eloratings.net/Brazil.htm|title=World Football Elo Ratings: Brazil}}
&lt;br&gt;{{Fb|BRA|1889}} 7–0 {{Fb-rt|CHI}}&lt;br/&gt;([[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]], 17 September 1959)&lt;br&gt;{{fb|BRA}} 7–0 {{fb-rt|PER}}&lt;br /&gt;([[Santa Cruz de la Sierra]], [[Bolivia]], 26 June 1997) |title=Brazil matches, ratings and points exchanged |publisher=Eloratings.net |access-date=3 August 2014&lt;/ref&gt;
| Largest loss = {{fb|URU}} 6–0 {{fb-rt|BRA|1889}}&lt;br&gt;([[Viña del Mar]], [[Chile]]; 18 September 1920)&lt;br&gt;{{fb|BRA}} [[Brazil v Germany (2014 FIFA World Cup)|1–7]] {{fb-rt|GER}}&lt;br&gt;([[Belo Horizonte]], [[Brazil]]; 8 July 2014)&lt;ref name=&quot;Brazil v Germany (2014 FIFA World Cup)&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Brazil versus Germany|url=https://globalblogsports.com/brazil-vs-germany-world-cup-2014|publisher=globalblogsports.com}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| World cup apps = 21
| World cup first = 1930
| World cup best = Champions ([[1958 FIFA World Cup|1958]], [[1962 FIFA World Cup|1962]], [[1970 FIFA World Cup|1970]], [[1994 FIFA World Cup|1994]], [[2002 FIFA World Cup|2002]])
| Confederations cup apps = 7
| Confederations cup first = [[1997 FIFA Confederations Cup|1997]]
| Confederations cup best = Champions ([[1997 FIFA Confederations Cup|1997]], [[2005 FIFA Confederations Cup|2005]], [[2009 FIFA Confederations Cup|2009]], [[2013 FIFA Confederations Cup|2013]])
| Regional name = [[Copa América]]
| Regional cup apps = 35
| Regional cup first = [[1916 South American Championship|1916]]
| Regional cup best = Champions ([[1919 South American Championship|1919]], [[1922 South American Championship|1922]], [[1949 South American Championship|1949]], [[1989 Copa América|1989]], [[1997 Copa América|1997]], [[1999 Copa América|1999]], [[2004 Copa América|2004]], [[2007 Copa América|2007]])
| 2ndRegional name = [[Roca Cup|Copa Roca]] / [[Superclásico de las Américas]]
| 2ndRegional cup apps =
| 2ndRegional cup first =
| 2ndRegional cup best =
| 3rdRegional name = [[Panamerican Championship]]
| 3rdRegional cup apps = 3
| 3rdRegional cup first = [[1952 Panamerican Championship|1952]]
| 3rdRegional cup best = Champions ([[1952 Panamerican Championship|1952]], [[1956 Panamerican Championship|1956]])
| medaltemplates =
{{Medal|Competition|[[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[1984 Summer Olympics|1984 Los Angeles]]|[[Football at the 1984 Summer Olympics|Team]]}}{{MedalSilver|[[1988 Summer Olympics|1988 Seoul]]|[[Football at the 1988 Summer Olympics|Team]]}}
}}
'''Brazil national football team''' is the national [[football (soccer)|football]] team of [[Brazil]]. It is one of the most successful national teams with five World Cup titles ([[1958 FIFA World Cup|1958]],[[1962 FIFA World Cup|1962]],[[1970 FIFA World Cup|1970]],[[1994 FIFA World Cup|1994]] and [[2002 FIFA World Cup|2002]]). It also has the most World Cup titles, with five.

==Most caps==
{{updated|1 February 2022}}&lt;ref name=&quot;apppearancesandgoals&quot;/&gt;

A cap is a player's appearance in a game at international level.
:''Players in '''bold''' are still active with Brazil.''
[[File:Bra-Cos (1).jpg|thumb|191x191px|Neymar is the all-time most capped player for Brazil, with 148 appearances]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|-
!width=30 |Rank
!width=150 |Player
!width=60 |Caps
!width=60 |Goals
!width=150 |First cap
!width=150 |Latest cap
|-
| 1
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; |'''[[Neymar]]'''
| 148
| 101
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; |10 August 2010
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; |17 October 2023
|-
| 2
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|[[Cafu]]
| 142
| 5
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|12 September 1990
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|1 July 2006
|-
| 3
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|[[Roberto Carlos]]
| 125
| 11
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|26 February 1992
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|1 July 2006
|-
| 4
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; |'''[[Dani Alves]]'''
| 121
| 8
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; |10 October 2006
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; |1 February 2022
|-
| 5
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|[[Lúcio]]
| 105
| 4
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|15 November 2000
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|5 September 2011
|-
| 6
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|'''[[Thiago Silva]]'''
| 104
| 7
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|12 October 2008
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|1 February 2022
|-
| 7
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|[[Cláudio Taffarel]]
| 101
| 0
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|7 July 1988
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|12 July 1998
|-
| 8
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|[[Robinho]]
| 100
| 28
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|13 July 2003
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|25 January 2017
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|9
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; |[[Djalma Santos]]
| 98
| 3
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; |10 April 1952
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; |9 June 1968
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|[[Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer)|Ronaldo]]
| 98
| 62
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|23 March 1994
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|7 June 2011
|}

==Top goalscorers==
[[File:Bra-Cos (1).jpg|thumb|191x191px|Neymar is the all-time top scorer for Brazil, with 79 goals]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|-
!width=20 |Rank
!width=100 |Player
!width=50 |Goals
!width=50 |Caps
!width=50 |Average
!width=130 |First cap
!width=130 |Latest cap
!width=50 | {{tooltip|Pos|Position}}
|-
| 1
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; |Neymar
| 79
| 128
|0.61
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; |10 August 2006
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; |17 Octuber 2023
| FW
|-
| 2
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; |Pele 
| 77
| 92
|0.84
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; |7 July 1957
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; |18 July 1971
| FW
|-
| 3
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|[[Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer)|Ronaldo]]
| 62
| 98
|0.63
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|23 March 1994
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|7 June 2011
| FW
|-
| 4
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|[[Romário]]
| 56
| 70
|0.79
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|23 May 1987
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|27 April 2005
| FW
|-
| 5
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|[[Zico (footballer)|Zico]]
| 48
| 71
|0.68
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|25 February 1976
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|21 June 1986
| MF
|-
| 6
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|[[Bebeto]]
| 39
| 75
|0.52
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|28 April 1985
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|12 July 1998
| FW
|-
| 7
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|[[Rivaldo]]
| 35
| 74
|0.47
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|16 December 1993
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|19 November 2003
| MF
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|8
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|[[Jairzinho]]
| 33
| 81
|0.41
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|7 June 1964
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|3 March 1982
| FW
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|[[Ronaldinho]] 
| 33
| 97
|0.34
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|26 June 1999
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|24 April 2013
| MF
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|10
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|[[Ademir Marques de Menezes|Ademir]]
| 32
| 39
|0.82
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|21 January 1945
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|15 March 1953
| FW
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|[[Tostão]]
| 32
| 54
|0.59
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|15 May 1966
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|9 July 1972
| FW
|}

{{Navboxes
|title=Brazil squad [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]]
|list1=
{{Brazil squad 1930 FIFA World Cup}}
{{Brazil squad 1934 FIFA World Cup}}
{{Brazil squad 1938 FIFA World Cup}}
{{Brazil squad 1950 FIFA World Cup}}
{{Brazil squad 1954 FIFA World Cup}}
{{Brazil squad 1958 FIFA World Cup}}
{{Brazil squad 1962 FIFA World Cup}}
{{Brazil squad 1966 FIFA World Cup}}
{{Brazil squad 1970 FIFA World Cup}}
{{Brazil squad 1974 FIFA World Cup}}
{{Brazil squad 1978 FIFA World Cup}}
{{Brazil squad 1982 FIFA World Cup}}
{{Brazil squad 1986 FIFA World Cup}}
{{Brazil squad 1990 FIFA World Cup}}
{{Brazil squad 1994 FIFA World Cup}}
{{Brazil squad 1998 FIFA World Cup}}
{{Brazil squad 2002 FIFA World Cup}}
{{Brazil squad 2006 FIFA World Cup}}
{{Brazil squad 2010 FIFA World Cup}}
{{Brazil squad 2014 FIFA World Cup}}
{{Brazil squad 2018 FIFA World Cup}}
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{National sports teams of Brazil}}
{{Navboxes
|title=Brazil squad [[FIFA Confederations Cup|Confederations Cup]]
|list1=
{{Brazil Squad 1997 Confederations Cup}}
{{Brazil Squad 1999 Confederations Cup}}
{{Brazil Squad 2001 Confederations Cup}}
{{Brazil Squad 2003 Confederations Cup}}
}}

[[Category:South American national football teams]]
[[Category:Football in Brazil]]
[[Category:National sports teams of Brazil]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Leivinha</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-07T03:13:17Z</timestamp>
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        <username>TDKR Chicago 101</username>
        <id>248920</id>
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      <text bytes="4232" sha1="mzc4dlxxdim1fg9p3utkrczyu05k9x7" xml:space="preserve">{{Portuguese name|Leiva|Campos|Filho}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Leivinha
| image = Leivinha.jpg
| fullname = João Leiva Campos Filho
| birth_date  = {{birth date|df=y|1949|9|11}}
| birth_place = [[Novo Horizonte, São Paulo|Novo Horizonte]], Brazil
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2026|6|4|1949|9|11}}
| death_place = [[São Paulo]], Brazil
| height = {{convert|1.75|m|ftin|0|abbr=on}}
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
| youthyears1= 
| youthclubs1= 
| years1 = 1966&amp;ndash;1970 | years2 = 1971&amp;ndash;1975 | years3 = 1975&amp;ndash;1979 | years4 =1979
| clubs1 = [[Associação Portuguesa de Desportos|Portuguesa]] | clubs2 = [[Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras|Palmeiras]] | clubs3 = [[Atlético Madrid]] | clubs4 =[[São Paulo FC|São Paulo]]
| caps1 = 177 | goals1 = 62 | caps2 = 263 | goals2 = 106 | caps3 = 94 | goals3 = 43| caps4 =11 | goals4 = 2
| nationalyears1= 1972&amp;ndash;1974
| nationalteam1= [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]]
| nationalcaps1= 21 | nationalgoals1 = 7
}}
'''João Leiva Campos Filho''', commonly known as '''''Leivinha''''', (11 September 1949 – 4 June 2026) was a Brazilian [[association football|footballer]]. He played as both a [[Forward (association football)#Striker|striker]] and [[Midfielder#Winger|winger]], and played for the [[Brazil national football team|Brazil national team]] at the [[1974 FIFA World Cup]].

Leivinha was the uncle of former [[Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense|Grêmio]] and [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] midfielder [[Lucas Leiva]].&lt;ref name=&quot;gazzetta1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gazzetta.it/Calciomercato/27-12-2016/inter-lucas-leiva-sangue-grinta-italiano-professionista-senza-macchia-180191811213.shtml|title=Inter: Lucas Leiva, sangue e grinta da italiano, professionista senza macchia|publisher=La Gazzetta dello Sport|language=Italian|author1=Marco Guidi|date=27 December 2016|accessdate=27 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Leivinha died on 4 June 2026 in [[São Paulo]], Brazil from problems caused by [[Alzheimer’s disease]] at the age of 76.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.espn.com.br/futebol/artigo/_/id/16797421/morre-leivinha-idolo-palmeiras-atletico-madrid-autor-gol-1000-selecao-brasileira Morre Leivinha, ídolo de Palmeiras e Atlético de Madrid e autor do gol 1000 da Seleção] {{in lang|pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours==
'''Palmeiras'''
*[[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Brazilian Série A]]: [[1972 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|1972]], [[1973 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|1973]]
*[[Campeonato Paulista|São Paulo State League]]: 1972, 1974
'''Atletico Madrid'''
*[[La Liga|Spanish League]]: [[La Liga 1976–77|1976–77]]
*[[Copa del Rey]]: [[1975-76 Copa del Rey|1975-76]]
'''Brazil'''
*[[Brazil Independence Cup|Independence Cup]]: [[Brazil Independence Cup|1972]]

==Club career statistics==
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/19109/Leivinha.html|title=Leivinha|first=Benjamin|last=Strack-Zimmermann|website=www.national-football-teams.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Football player club statistics 1|NNN}}
{{Football player club statistics 2|BRA|NNN}}
|-
|1971||rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|[[S.E. Palmeiras|Palmeiras]]||rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|[[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Série A]]||21||4
|-
|1972||27||15
|-
|1973||38||20
|-
|1974||0||0
|-
|1975||2||1
{{Football player club statistics 2|ESP|NNN}}
|-
|[[La Liga 1975-76|1975-76]]||rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|[[Club Atlético de Madrid|Atlético Madrid]]||rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|[[La Liga]]||31||18
|-
|[[La Liga 1976-77|1976-77]]||15||8
|-
|[[La Liga 1977-78|1977-78]]||19||7
|-
|[[La Liga 1978-79|1978-79]]||18||7
{{Football player club statistics 2|BRA|NNN}}
|-
|1979||[[São Paulo F.C.|São Paulo]]||||0||0
{{Football player club statistics 3|2|BRA}}88||40
{{Football player club statistics 4|ESP}}83||40
{{Football player club statistics 5}}171||80
|}

==International career statistics==
{{Football player national team statistics|BRA}}
|-
|1972||4||2
|-
|1973||5||3
|-
|1974||12||2
|-
!Total||21||7
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Brazil squad 1974 FIFA World Cup}}

[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:Footballers from São Paulo (state)]]
[[Category:Brazilian footballers]]
[[Category:1974 FIFA World Cup players]]
[[Category:Association football forwards]]

{{Sports-bio-stub}}</text>
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        <id>248920</id>
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      <text bytes="4242" sha1="b4tu6zzr7jq7baf7gulwa3hwqxs73zr" xml:space="preserve">{{Portuguese name|Leiva|Campos|Filho}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Leivinha
| image = Leivinha.jpg
| fullname = João Leiva Campos Filho
| birth_date  = {{birth date|df=y|1949|9|11}}
| birth_place = [[Novo Horizonte, São Paulo|Novo Horizonte]], Brazil
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2026|6|4|1949|9|11}}
| death_place = [[São Paulo]], Brazil
| height = {{convert|1.75|m|ftin|0|abbr=on}}
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
| youthyears1= 
| youthclubs1= 
| years1 = 1966&amp;ndash;1970 | years2 = 1971&amp;ndash;1975 | years3 = 1975&amp;ndash;1979 | years4 =1979
| clubs1 = [[Associação Portuguesa de Desportos|Portuguesa]] | clubs2 = [[Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras|Palmeiras]] | clubs3 = [[Atlético Madrid]] | clubs4 =[[São Paulo FC|São Paulo]]
| caps1 = 177 | goals1 = 62 | caps2 = 263 | goals2 = 106 | caps3 = 94 | goals3 = 43| caps4 =11 | goals4 = 2
| nationalyears1= 1972&amp;ndash;1974
| nationalteam1= [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]]
| nationalcaps1= 21 | nationalgoals1 = 7
}}
'''João Leiva Campos Filho''', commonly known as '''''Leivinha''''', (11 September 1949 – 4 June 2026) was a Brazilian [[association football|footballer]]. He played as both a [[Forward (association football)#Striker|striker]] and [[Midfielder#Winger|winger]], and played for the [[Brazil national football team|Brazil national team]] at the [[1974 FIFA World Cup]].

Leivinha was the uncle of former [[Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense|Grêmio]] and [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] midfielder [[Lucas Leiva]].&lt;ref name=&quot;gazzetta1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gazzetta.it/Calciomercato/27-12-2016/inter-lucas-leiva-sangue-grinta-italiano-professionista-senza-macchia-180191811213.shtml|title=Inter: Lucas Leiva, sangue e grinta da italiano, professionista senza macchia|publisher=La Gazzetta dello Sport|language=Italian|author1=Marco Guidi|date=27 December 2016|accessdate=27 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

==Death==
Leivinha died on 4 June 2026 in [[São Paulo]], Brazil from problems caused by [[Alzheimer’s disease]] at the age of 76.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.espn.com.br/futebol/artigo/_/id/16797421/morre-leivinha-idolo-palmeiras-atletico-madrid-autor-gol-1000-selecao-brasileira Morre Leivinha, ídolo de Palmeiras e Atlético de Madrid e autor do gol 1000 da Seleção] {{in lang|pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours==
'''Palmeiras'''
*[[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Brazilian Série A]]: [[1972 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|1972]], [[1973 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|1973]]
*[[Campeonato Paulista|São Paulo State League]]: 1972, 1974
'''Atletico Madrid'''
*[[La Liga|Spanish League]]: [[La Liga 1976–77|1976–77]]
*[[Copa del Rey]]: [[1975-76 Copa del Rey|1975-76]]
'''Brazil'''
*[[Brazil Independence Cup|Independence Cup]]: [[Brazil Independence Cup|1972]]

==Club career statistics==
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/19109/Leivinha.html|title=Leivinha|first=Benjamin|last=Strack-Zimmermann|website=www.national-football-teams.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Football player club statistics 1|NNN}}
{{Football player club statistics 2|BRA|NNN}}
|-
|1971||rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|[[S.E. Palmeiras|Palmeiras]]||rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|[[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Série A]]||21||4
|-
|1972||27||15
|-
|1973||38||20
|-
|1974||0||0
|-
|1975||2||1
{{Football player club statistics 2|ESP|NNN}}
|-
|[[La Liga 1975-76|1975-76]]||rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|[[Club Atlético de Madrid|Atlético Madrid]]||rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|[[La Liga]]||31||18
|-
|[[La Liga 1976-77|1976-77]]||15||8
|-
|[[La Liga 1977-78|1977-78]]||19||7
|-
|[[La Liga 1978-79|1978-79]]||18||7
{{Football player club statistics 2|BRA|NNN}}
|-
|1979||[[São Paulo F.C.|São Paulo]]||||0||0
{{Football player club statistics 3|2|BRA}}88||40
{{Football player club statistics 4|ESP}}83||40
{{Football player club statistics 5}}171||80
|}

==International career statistics==
{{Football player national team statistics|BRA}}
|-
|1972||4||2
|-
|1973||5||3
|-
|1974||12||2
|-
!Total||21||7
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Brazil squad 1974 FIFA World Cup}}

[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:Footballers from São Paulo (state)]]
[[Category:Brazilian footballers]]
[[Category:1974 FIFA World Cup players]]
[[Category:Association football forwards]]

{{Sports-bio-stub}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>10880717</id>
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        <id>248920</id>
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      <comment>added [[Category:Deaths from Alzheimer's disease]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="4287" sha1="8k2lrbx4a5smm6xw7rmzljgf55cff5o" xml:space="preserve">{{Portuguese name|Leiva|Campos|Filho}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Leivinha
| image = Leivinha.jpg
| fullname = João Leiva Campos Filho
| birth_date  = {{birth date|df=y|1949|9|11}}
| birth_place = [[Novo Horizonte, São Paulo|Novo Horizonte]], Brazil
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2026|6|4|1949|9|11}}
| death_place = [[São Paulo]], Brazil
| height = {{convert|1.75|m|ftin|0|abbr=on}}
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
| youthyears1= 
| youthclubs1= 
| years1 = 1966&amp;ndash;1970 | years2 = 1971&amp;ndash;1975 | years3 = 1975&amp;ndash;1979 | years4 =1979
| clubs1 = [[Associação Portuguesa de Desportos|Portuguesa]] | clubs2 = [[Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras|Palmeiras]] | clubs3 = [[Atlético Madrid]] | clubs4 =[[São Paulo FC|São Paulo]]
| caps1 = 177 | goals1 = 62 | caps2 = 263 | goals2 = 106 | caps3 = 94 | goals3 = 43| caps4 =11 | goals4 = 2
| nationalyears1= 1972&amp;ndash;1974
| nationalteam1= [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]]
| nationalcaps1= 21 | nationalgoals1 = 7
}}
'''João Leiva Campos Filho''', commonly known as '''''Leivinha''''', (11 September 1949 – 4 June 2026) was a Brazilian [[association football|footballer]]. He played as both a [[Forward (association football)#Striker|striker]] and [[Midfielder#Winger|winger]], and played for the [[Brazil national football team|Brazil national team]] at the [[1974 FIFA World Cup]].

Leivinha was the uncle of former [[Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense|Grêmio]] and [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] midfielder [[Lucas Leiva]].&lt;ref name=&quot;gazzetta1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gazzetta.it/Calciomercato/27-12-2016/inter-lucas-leiva-sangue-grinta-italiano-professionista-senza-macchia-180191811213.shtml|title=Inter: Lucas Leiva, sangue e grinta da italiano, professionista senza macchia|publisher=La Gazzetta dello Sport|language=Italian|author1=Marco Guidi|date=27 December 2016|accessdate=27 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

==Death==
Leivinha died on 4 June 2026 in [[São Paulo]], Brazil from problems caused by [[Alzheimer’s disease]] at the age of 76.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.espn.com.br/futebol/artigo/_/id/16797421/morre-leivinha-idolo-palmeiras-atletico-madrid-autor-gol-1000-selecao-brasileira Morre Leivinha, ídolo de Palmeiras e Atlético de Madrid e autor do gol 1000 da Seleção] {{in lang|pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours==
'''Palmeiras'''
*[[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Brazilian Série A]]: [[1972 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|1972]], [[1973 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|1973]]
*[[Campeonato Paulista|São Paulo State League]]: 1972, 1974
'''Atletico Madrid'''
*[[La Liga|Spanish League]]: [[La Liga 1976–77|1976–77]]
*[[Copa del Rey]]: [[1975-76 Copa del Rey|1975-76]]
'''Brazil'''
*[[Brazil Independence Cup|Independence Cup]]: [[Brazil Independence Cup|1972]]

==Club career statistics==
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/19109/Leivinha.html|title=Leivinha|first=Benjamin|last=Strack-Zimmermann|website=www.national-football-teams.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Football player club statistics 1|NNN}}
{{Football player club statistics 2|BRA|NNN}}
|-
|1971||rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|[[S.E. Palmeiras|Palmeiras]]||rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|[[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Série A]]||21||4
|-
|1972||27||15
|-
|1973||38||20
|-
|1974||0||0
|-
|1975||2||1
{{Football player club statistics 2|ESP|NNN}}
|-
|[[La Liga 1975-76|1975-76]]||rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|[[Club Atlético de Madrid|Atlético Madrid]]||rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|[[La Liga]]||31||18
|-
|[[La Liga 1976-77|1976-77]]||15||8
|-
|[[La Liga 1977-78|1977-78]]||19||7
|-
|[[La Liga 1978-79|1978-79]]||18||7
{{Football player club statistics 2|BRA|NNN}}
|-
|1979||[[São Paulo F.C.|São Paulo]]||||0||0
{{Football player club statistics 3|2|BRA}}88||40
{{Football player club statistics 4|ESP}}83||40
{{Football player club statistics 5}}171||80
|}

==International career statistics==
{{Football player national team statistics|BRA}}
|-
|1972||4||2
|-
|1973||5||3
|-
|1974||12||2
|-
!Total||21||7
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Brazil squad 1974 FIFA World Cup}}

[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:Footballers from São Paulo (state)]]
[[Category:Brazilian footballers]]
[[Category:1974 FIFA World Cup players]]
[[Category:Association football forwards]]
[[Category:Deaths from Alzheimer's disease]]

{{Sports-bio-stub}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Paolo Pulici</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>182641</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880400</id>
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        <username>Jun62026herme1</username>
        <id>1817399</id>
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      <text bytes="5144" sha1="1r0yfq885j5bp3r2j81mf9u4b7y6uyi" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football biography
|name=Paolo Pulici
|image=Paolo Pulici - Torino - Serie A 1975-76 top scorer.jpg
|caption = Pulici as [[Captain (association football)|captain]] of [[Torino F.C.|Torino]] in 1976.
| fullname       = Paolino Pulici
| birth_date     = {{birth date|df=yes|1950|4|27}}
| birth_place    = [[Roncello]], Italy
| death_date     = {{death date and age|df=yes|2026|6|6|1950|4|27}}
| height         = 1.77 m
| position       = [[Striker (association football)|Striker]]
| currentclub    = [[Tritium Calcio 1908|Tritium]] (youth)
| youthyears1    = 19??–1967
| youthclubs1    = [[A.C. Legnano|Legnano]] 
| youthyears2    = 1967–1968
| youthclubs2    = [[Torino F.C.|Torino]]
| years1         = 1966–1967 
| clubs1         = [[A.C. Legnano|Legnano]]
| caps1          = 1
| goals1         = 0
| years2         = 1967–1982
| clubs2         = [[Torino F.C.|Torino]]
| caps2          = 335
| goals2         = 134
| years3         = 1982–1983
| clubs3         = [[Udinese Calcio|Udinese]]
| caps3          = 26
| goals3         = 5
| years4         = 1983–1985
| clubs4         = [[A.C. Fiorentina|Fiorentina]]
| caps4          = 40
| goals4         = 3
| totalcaps      = 412
| totalgoals     = 142
| nationalyears1 = 1969–1972
| nationalteam1  = [[Italy national under-21 football team|Italy U21]]
| nationalcaps1  = 9
| nationalgoals1 = 5
| nationalyears2 = 1973–1978
| nationalteam2  = [[Italy national football team|Italy]]
| nationalcaps2  = 19
| nationalgoals2 = 5
| manageryears1  = 1986–1989
| managerclubs1  = [[Piacenza Calcio 1919|Piacenza]] (Assistant)
| manageryears2  = 1990–
| managerclubs2  = [[Tritium Calcio 1908|Tritium]] (Youth)
| medaltemplates = 
}}
'''Paolo Pulici''' (born 27 April 1950) is a former [[Italy|Italian]] [[Football (soccer)|football]] player. He has played for [[Italy national football team|Italy national team]].

==Career statistics==
===Club===
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/17326/Paolino_Pulici.html|title=Paolino Pulici|first=Benjamin|last=Strack-Zimmermann|website=www.national-football-teams.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Football player club statistics 1|NNN}}
{{Football player club statistics 2|ITA|NNN}}
|-
|1966–67||[[A.C. Legnano|Legnano]]||[[Lega Pro Prima Divisione|Serie C]]||1||0
|-
|[[Serie A 1967–68|1967–68]]||rowspan=&quot;15&quot;|[[Torino F.C. 1906|Torino]]||rowspan=&quot;15&quot;|[[Serie A]]||0||0
|-
|[[Serie A 1968–69|1968–69]]||6||1
|-
|[[Serie A 1969–70|1969–70]]||24||0
|-
|[[Serie A 1970–71|1970–71]]||23||3
|-
|[[Serie A 1971–72|1971–72]]||26||5
|-
|[[Serie A 1972–73|1972–73]]||29||17
|-
|[[Serie A 1973–74|1973–74]]||25||14
|-
|[[Serie A 1974–75|1974–75]]||23||18
|-
|[[Serie A 1975–76|1975–76]]||30||21
|-
|[[Serie A 1976–77|1976–77]]||29||16
|-
|[[Serie A 1977–78|1977–78]]||28||12
|-
|[[Serie A 1978–79|1978–79]]||20||10
|-
|[[Serie A 1979–80|1979–80]]||23||3
|-
|[[Serie A 1980–81|1980–81]]||22||9
|-
|[[Serie A 1981–82|1981–82]]||27||5
|-
|[[Serie A 1982–83|1982–83]]||[[Udinese Calcio|Udinese]]||[[Serie A]]||26||5
|-
|[[Serie A 1983–84|1983–84]]||rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[A.C.F. Fiorentina|Fiorentina]]||rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Serie A]]||20||1
|-
|[[Serie A 1984–85|1984–85]]||20||2
{{Football player club statistics 3|1|ITA}}402||142
{{Football player club statistics 5}}402||142
|}

===International===
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/pulici-intl.html|title=Paolino Pulici - International Appearances|website=www.rsssf.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Football player national team statistics|ITA}}
|-
|1973||3||0
|-
|1974||0||0
|-
|1975||4||2
|-
|1976||6||3
|-
|1977||3||0
|-
|1978||3||0
|-
!Total||19||5
|}

== Honours ==
'''Torino'''&lt;ref name=treccani.it&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/paolo-pulici_%28Enciclopedia_dello_Sport%29/|title=PULICI, Paolo|publisher=Treccani: Enciclopedia dello Sport (2002)|language=it|author1=Gigi Garanzini|access-date=11 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Serie A]]: [[1975–76 Serie A|1975–76]]
*[[Coppa Italia]]: 1970–71

'''Individual'''
*''[[Capocannoniere]]'': [[1972–73 Serie A|1972–73]] (17 goals), [[1974–75 Serie A|1974–75]] (18 goals), [[1975–76 Serie A|1975–76]] (21 goals)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/italtops.html|title=Italy - Serie A Top Scorers|author1=Roberto Di Maggio|author2=Igor Kramarsic|author3=Alberto Novello|date=11 June 2015|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=2 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Torino FC Hall of Fame]]: 2014&lt;ref name=quotidianopiemontese&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.quotidianopiemontese.it/2014/11/20/nasce-hall-of-fame-toro-3-dicembre-cerimonia-per-i-primi-5-granata-indimenticabili/|title=Nasce la Hall of Fame del Toro: il 3 dicembre la cerimonia per i primi 5 granata indimenticabili|publisher=Il Quotidiano Piemontese|language=it|date=20 November 2014|access-date=23 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Italy squad 1974 FIFA World Cup}}
{{Italy squad 1978 FIFA World Cup}}
{{Serie A top scorers}}

{{Sports-bio-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pulici, Paolo}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Footballers from Lombardy]]</text>
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      <minor />
      <comment>[[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/Jun62026herme1|Jun62026herme1]] ([[User talk:Jun62026herme1|talk]]) to last version by ShadowBallX</comment>
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      <text bytes="5084" sha1="sh9r0roeo0js5ig2dtr51a01ptd0ava" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football biography
|name=Paolo Pulici
|image=Paolo Pulici - Torino - Serie A 1975-76 top scorer.jpg
|caption = Pulici as [[Captain (association football)|captain]] of [[Torino F.C.|Torino]] in 1976.
| fullname       = Paolino Pulici
| birth_date     = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1950|4|27}}
| birth_place    = [[Roncello]], Italy
| height         = 1.77 m
| position       = [[Striker (association football)|Striker]]
| currentclub    = [[Tritium Calcio 1908|Tritium]] (youth)
| youthyears1    = 19??–1967
| youthclubs1    = [[A.C. Legnano|Legnano]] 
| youthyears2    = 1967–1968
| youthclubs2    = [[Torino F.C.|Torino]]
| years1         = 1966–1967 
| clubs1         = [[A.C. Legnano|Legnano]]
| caps1          = 1
| goals1         = 0
| years2         = 1967–1982
| clubs2         = [[Torino F.C.|Torino]]
| caps2          = 335
| goals2         = 134
| years3         = 1982–1983
| clubs3         = [[Udinese Calcio|Udinese]]
| caps3          = 26
| goals3         = 5
| years4         = 1983–1985
| clubs4         = [[A.C. Fiorentina|Fiorentina]]
| caps4          = 40
| goals4         = 3
| totalcaps      = 412
| totalgoals     = 142
| nationalyears1 = 1969–1972
| nationalteam1  = [[Italy national under-21 football team|Italy U21]]
| nationalcaps1  = 9
| nationalgoals1 = 5
| nationalyears2 = 1973–1978
| nationalteam2  = [[Italy national football team|Italy]]
| nationalcaps2  = 19
| nationalgoals2 = 5
| manageryears1  = 1986–1989
| managerclubs1  = [[Piacenza Calcio 1919|Piacenza]] (Assistant)
| manageryears2  = 1990–
| managerclubs2  = [[Tritium Calcio 1908|Tritium]] (Youth)
| medaltemplates = 
}}
'''Paolo Pulici''' (born 27 April 1950) is a former [[Italy|Italian]] [[Football (soccer)|football]] player. He has played for [[Italy national football team|Italy national team]].

==Career statistics==
===Club===
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/17326/Paolino_Pulici.html|title=Paolino Pulici|first=Benjamin|last=Strack-Zimmermann|website=www.national-football-teams.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Football player club statistics 1|NNN}}
{{Football player club statistics 2|ITA|NNN}}
|-
|1966–67||[[A.C. Legnano|Legnano]]||[[Lega Pro Prima Divisione|Serie C]]||1||0
|-
|[[Serie A 1967–68|1967–68]]||rowspan=&quot;15&quot;|[[Torino F.C. 1906|Torino]]||rowspan=&quot;15&quot;|[[Serie A]]||0||0
|-
|[[Serie A 1968–69|1968–69]]||6||1
|-
|[[Serie A 1969–70|1969–70]]||24||0
|-
|[[Serie A 1970–71|1970–71]]||23||3
|-
|[[Serie A 1971–72|1971–72]]||26||5
|-
|[[Serie A 1972–73|1972–73]]||29||17
|-
|[[Serie A 1973–74|1973–74]]||25||14
|-
|[[Serie A 1974–75|1974–75]]||23||18
|-
|[[Serie A 1975–76|1975–76]]||30||21
|-
|[[Serie A 1976–77|1976–77]]||29||16
|-
|[[Serie A 1977–78|1977–78]]||28||12
|-
|[[Serie A 1978–79|1978–79]]||20||10
|-
|[[Serie A 1979–80|1979–80]]||23||3
|-
|[[Serie A 1980–81|1980–81]]||22||9
|-
|[[Serie A 1981–82|1981–82]]||27||5
|-
|[[Serie A 1982–83|1982–83]]||[[Udinese Calcio|Udinese]]||[[Serie A]]||26||5
|-
|[[Serie A 1983–84|1983–84]]||rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[A.C.F. Fiorentina|Fiorentina]]||rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Serie A]]||20||1
|-
|[[Serie A 1984–85|1984–85]]||20||2
{{Football player club statistics 3|1|ITA}}402||142
{{Football player club statistics 5}}402||142
|}

===International===
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/pulici-intl.html|title=Paolino Pulici - International Appearances|website=www.rsssf.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Football player national team statistics|ITA}}
|-
|1973||3||0
|-
|1974||0||0
|-
|1975||4||2
|-
|1976||6||3
|-
|1977||3||0
|-
|1978||3||0
|-
!Total||19||5
|}

== Honours ==
'''Torino'''&lt;ref name=treccani.it&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/paolo-pulici_%28Enciclopedia_dello_Sport%29/|title=PULICI, Paolo|publisher=Treccani: Enciclopedia dello Sport (2002)|language=it|author1=Gigi Garanzini|access-date=11 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Serie A]]: [[1975–76 Serie A|1975–76]]
*[[Coppa Italia]]: 1970–71

'''Individual'''
*''[[Capocannoniere]]'': [[1972–73 Serie A|1972–73]] (17 goals), [[1974–75 Serie A|1974–75]] (18 goals), [[1975–76 Serie A|1975–76]] (21 goals)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/italtops.html|title=Italy - Serie A Top Scorers|author1=Roberto Di Maggio|author2=Igor Kramarsic|author3=Alberto Novello|date=11 June 2015|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=2 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Torino FC Hall of Fame]]: 2014&lt;ref name=quotidianopiemontese&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.quotidianopiemontese.it/2014/11/20/nasce-hall-of-fame-toro-3-dicembre-cerimonia-per-i-primi-5-granata-indimenticabili/|title=Nasce la Hall of Fame del Toro: il 3 dicembre la cerimonia per i primi 5 granata indimenticabili|publisher=Il Quotidiano Piemontese|language=it|date=20 November 2014|access-date=23 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Italy squad 1974 FIFA World Cup}}
{{Italy squad 1978 FIFA World Cup}}
{{Serie A top scorers}}

{{Sports-bio-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pulici, Paolo}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Footballers from Lombardy]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Anne, Princess Royal</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>183455</id>
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      <id>10880469</id>
      <parentid>10715093</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T17:53:00Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Keivan.f</username>
        <id>182869</id>
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      <comment>/* Issue */</comment>
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      <text bytes="5769" sha1="pa2sgzy4rrsn6u3lw54bhaw0wthevo6" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox royalty
| name           = Anne
| title          = [[Princess Royal]] ([[#Titles, styles, honours and arms|more]])
| image          = File:Anne, Princess Royal in 2025 (cropped).jpg
| caption        = The Princess Royal in 2025
| alt            = Anne speaking
| birth_name     = Princess Anne of Edinburgh
| birth_date     = {{Birth date and age|1950|8|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place    = [[Clarence House]], [[London]], England
| spouses        = {{unbulleted list | {{marriage|[[Mark Phillips]]|14 November 1973|23 April 1992|reason=divorced}} | {{marriage|[[Timothy Laurence]]|12 December 1992}}}}
| issue-link     = #Issue
| issue          = {{unbulleted list | [[Peter Phillips]] | [[Zara Tindall]]}}
| full name      = Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise Mountbatten-Windsor
| house          = [[House of Windsor|Windsor]]&lt;!--Don't add [[House of Glücksburg]] without prior discussion. See [[Talk:House of Windsor#SHSG Part II]]--&gt;
| father         = [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]]
| mother         = [[Elizabeth II]]
| module         = {{infobox person | embed = yes
| education      = [[Benenden School]]
| module         =
{{Infobox sportsperson | embed = yes
| medaltemplates =
{{Medal|Country| {{GBR}}}}
{{Medal|Sport | [[Equestrianism|Equestrian]]}}
{{Medal|Comp|European Championships}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[European Eventing Championship|1971 Burghley]]|Individual eventing}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[European Eventing Championship|1975 Luhmuhlen]]|Team eventing}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[European Eventing Championship|1975 Luhmuhlen]]|Individual eventing}}
}}
}}
|succession=[[Princess Royal]]|reign=13 June 1987 – present|predecessor=[[Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood|Mary]]}}
'''Anne, Princess Royal''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|KGr|KT|GCVOf|GCStJ|QSO|CD}}&lt;!--She's a *Knight* of the Garter and the Thistle, not a *Lady*--&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KG&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.debretts.com/forms-of-address/titles/knight/knights-of-orders-of-chivalry.aspx |title=Knights of the Orders of Chivalry |publisher=Debretts |access-date=5 March 2012 |quote=Although HRH The Princess Royal and HRH Princess Alexandra are both female they are actually included with the Royal Knights Companions and they bear the post-nominal letters KG (not LG). |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217082602/http://www.debretts.com/forms-of-address/titles/knight/knights-of-orders-of-chivalry.aspx |archive-date=17 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KT&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/LatestNewsandDiary/Pressreleases/2012/NewappointmentstotheOrderoftheThistle25May2012.aspx |title=New appointments to the Order of the Thistle |publisher=Royal.gov.uk |access-date=5 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606005354/http://www.royal.gov.uk/LatestNewsandDiary/Pressreleases/2012/NewappointmentstotheOrderoftheThistle25May2012.aspx |archive-date=6 June 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Postnominals&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhr-ddhr/pub/doc/cfd-dfc-eng.pdf |title=The Canadian Forces Decoration |publisher=Canadian Defence Force |access-date=25 May 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt; (born Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise; 15 August 1950), is a member of the British royal family. She is the second child and only daughter of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. She is the only sister of King Charles III. Anne is 16th in the line of succession to the British throne. She has been Princess Royal since 1987.

Anne was born at [[Clarence House]] in London.  She married Captain Mark Phillips in 1973, and had two children, [[Peter Phillips]] and [[Zara Phillips]]. They separated in 1989 and later divorced. The Princess married Commander Timothy Laurence [[Royal Navy|RN]] in 1993.

Ian Ball tried to kidnap (take) the Princess in 1974, but was stopped by her bodyguard and the public. Ball was not sent to prison, but to a mental hospital. Anne is 16th in line to the [[throne]] of the [[United Kingdom]], after the two younger brothers, six nieces and nephews, two grand-nephews, and one grand-niece. She is often called the hardest-working member of the [[British Royal Family]].

== Titles ==
* 15 August 1950 – 6 February 1952: Her Royal Highness Princess Anne of Edinburgh 
* 15 November 1973 – 13 June 1987: Her Royal Highness The Princess Anne, Mrs Mark Phillips
* 13 June 1987 – present: Her Royal Highness The Princess Royal

==Issue==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background:#d3d3d3; border:1px #aaa solid; border-collapse:collapse;&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;background:#708090;&quot;| &lt;span style=&quot;color:#f9f9f9;&quot;&gt;Name&lt;/span&gt; !! style=&quot;background:#708090;&quot;| &lt;span style=&quot;color:#f9f9f9;&quot;&gt;Birth&lt;/span&gt; !! style=&quot;background:#708090;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| &lt;span style=&quot;color:#f9f9f9;&quot;&gt;Marriage&lt;/span&gt;
! style=&quot;background:#708090;&quot;| &lt;span style=&quot;color:#f9f9f9;&quot;&gt;Issue&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Peter Phillips]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 15 November 1977 || 17 May 2008&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Divorced 14 June 2021&lt;/small&gt; || [[Autumn Phillips|Autumn Kelly]]|| [[Savannah Phillips]]&lt;br&gt;[[Isla Phillips]]
|-
| 6 June 2026 || Harriet Sperling
|-
| [[Zara Phillips]] || 15 May 1981 || 30 July 2011 || [[Mike Tindall]] || [[Mia Tindall]]&lt;br&gt;[[Lena Tindall]]&lt;br&gt;[[Lucas Tindall]]
|}

==References ==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
{{reflist}}

{{British princesses}}
{{University of London}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:House of Windsor]]
[[Category:Princesses Royal]]
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    <title>Peter Phillips</title>
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| name               = Peter Phillips
| birth_name         = Peter Mark Andrew Phillips
| image              = Procession to Lying-in-State of Elizabeth II at Westminster Hall - 85 - Peter Phillips (cropped).jpg
| caption            = Peter Phillips (2022)
| parents            = [[Mark Phillips]]&lt;br&gt;[[Anne, Princess Royal]]
| birth_date         = {{Birth date and age|1977|11|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place        = [[St Mary's Hospital, London|St Mary's Hospital]], [[London]], [[England]]
| spouse             = {{marriage|[[Autumn Phillips|Autumn Kelly]]|2008|2021|end=div}}&lt;br /&gt;{{marriage|Harriet Sperling|2026}}
| children           = 2
| relatives          = [[Zara Phillips|Zara Tindall]] (sister)&lt;br/&gt;[[Elizabeth II]] (grandmother)&lt;br/&gt;[[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]] (grandfather)&lt;br&gt;[[King Charles III]] (uncle)
| alma_mater         = [[University of Exeter]]
| occupation         = Manager for the [[Royal Bank of Scotland]]
}}
'''Peter Mark Andrew Phillips''' (born 15 November 1977)  is a member of the [[British royal family]]. He is a [[businessman]] and the only son of [[Anne, Princess Royal|Princess Anne]], and her first husband, Captain [[Mark Phillips]]. He is the eldest grandchild of [[Elizabeth II]] and [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]], and nephew of [[King Charles III]]. He is 18th in the line of succession to the British throne.

== Early life ==
Peter Phillips was born in 15 November 1977 at [[St Mary's Hospital]] in London, He is the eldest grandchild of [[Queen Elizabeth II]] and [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/theroyalfamily/1976001/Royal-wedding-Peter-Phillips-and-Autumn-Kelly-marry-at-Windsor-Castle.html |title=Royal wedding: Peter Phillips and Autumn Kelly marry at Windsor Castle - Telegraph |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |location=[[London, UK|London]] |issn=0307-1235 |oclc=49632006 |accessdate=23 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was christened on 22 December 1977 by the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] Donald Coggan in the [[Music Room]] of [[Buckingham Palace]], He is godparents were his maternal uncle, the [[Prince of Wales]], [[Geoffrey Tiarks]], [[Hamish Lochore|Captain Hamish Lochore]], [[Cecil Cameron of Lochiel|Lady Cecil Cameron of Lochiel]] and [[Jane Holderness-Roddam]]. 

Phillips has a younger sister, Zara Tindall (née Phillips; born 1981), and two younger half-sisters, Felicity Wade (née Tonkin; born 1985), the daughter of Mark Phillips and his former mistress Heather Tonkin; and Stephanie Phillips (born 1997), the daughter from his father's second marriage to Sandy Pflueger. 

Phillips went to Port Regis Prep School in Shaftesbury, Dorset before following some of his family by attending Gordonstoun School in Moray, [[Scotland]]. Whilst at Gordonstoun, he was chosen to be head boy. During his gap year, he went to Sydney, Australia and worked for Sports Entertainment Limited (SEL), a company he would later return to; he also worked for [[Jackie Stewart]]'s Formula One racing team during that time. 

Phillips married [[Autumn Phillips|Autumn Kelly]] at [[Windsor Castle]], in 2008. They were divorced in 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Murphy|first=Victoria|date=2021-06-14|title=Inside Queen Elizabeth's Grandson Peter Phillips's Divorce From His Wife Autumn|url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/tradition/a30869552/peter-autumn-phillips-divorce-details/|access-date=2021-09-24|website=Town &amp; Country|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Philips has two children, [[Savannah Phillips]] and Isla Phillips. They were born at Gloucestershire Royal Hospital in [[Gloucester]].

Phillips holds no royal title or style and is currently 15th in the [[Line of succession to the British Throne|line of succession to the thrones]] of [[Commonwealth realm|the 16 Commonwealth realms]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Phillips, Peter}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Royalty from London]]
[[Category:House of Windsor]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Exeter]]


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      <text bytes="4065" sha1="qady3bfbzkmwwda4n1kg00oqh1dgyul" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name               = Peter Phillips
| birth_name         = Peter Mark Andrew Phillips
| image              = Procession to Lying-in-State of Elizabeth II at Westminster Hall - 85 - Peter Phillips (cropped).jpg
| caption            = Peter Phillips (2022)
| parents            = [[Mark Phillips]]&lt;br&gt;[[Anne, Princess Royal]]
| birth_date         = {{Birth date and age|1977|11|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place        = [[St Mary's Hospital, London|St Mary's Hospital]], [[London]], [[England]]
| spouse             = {{marriage|[[Autumn Phillips|Autumn Kelly]]|2008|2021|end=div}}&lt;br /&gt;{{marriage|Harriet Sperling|2026}}
| children           = 2
| relatives          = [[Zara Phillips|Zara Tindall]] (sister)&lt;br/&gt;[[Elizabeth II]] (grandmother)&lt;br/&gt;[[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]] (grandfather)&lt;br&gt;[[Charles III]] (uncle)
| alma_mater         = [[University of Exeter]]
| occupation         = Manager for the [[Royal Bank of Scotland]]
}}
'''Peter Mark Andrew Phillips''' (born 15 November 1977)  is a member of the [[British royal family]]. He is a [[businessman]] and the only son of [[Anne, Princess Royal|Princess Anne]], and her first husband, Captain [[Mark Phillips]]. He is the eldest grandchild of [[Queen Elizabeth II]] and [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]], and nephew of [[King Charles III]]. He is 18th in the line of succession to the British throne.

== Early life ==
Peter Phillips was born in 15 November 1977 at [[St Mary's Hospital]] in London, He is the eldest grandchild of [[Queen Elizabeth II]] and [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/theroyalfamily/1976001/Royal-wedding-Peter-Phillips-and-Autumn-Kelly-marry-at-Windsor-Castle.html |title=Royal wedding: Peter Phillips and Autumn Kelly marry at Windsor Castle - Telegraph |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |location=[[London, UK|London]] |issn=0307-1235 |oclc=49632006 |accessdate=23 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was christened on 22 December 1977 by the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] Donald Coggan in the [[Music Room]] of [[Buckingham Palace]], He is godparents were his maternal uncle, the [[Prince of Wales]], [[Geoffrey Tiarks]], [[Hamish Lochore|Captain Hamish Lochore]], [[Cecil Cameron of Lochiel|Lady Cecil Cameron of Lochiel]] and [[Jane Holderness-Roddam]]. 

Phillips has a younger sister, Zara Tindall (née Phillips; born 1981), and two younger half-sisters, Felicity Wade (née Tonkin; born 1985), the daughter of Mark Phillips and his former mistress Heather Tonkin; and Stephanie Phillips (born 1997), the daughter from his father's second marriage to Sandy Pflueger. 

Phillips went to Port Regis Prep School in Shaftesbury, Dorset before following some of his family by attending Gordonstoun School in Moray, [[Scotland]]. Whilst at Gordonstoun, he was chosen to be head boy. During his gap year, he went to Sydney, Australia and worked for Sports Entertainment Limited (SEL), a company he would later return to; he also worked for [[Jackie Stewart]]'s Formula One racing team during that time. 

Phillips married [[Autumn Phillips|Autumn Kelly]] at [[Windsor Castle]], in 2008. They were divorced in 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Murphy|first=Victoria|date=2021-06-14|title=Inside Queen Elizabeth's Grandson Peter Phillips's Divorce From His Wife Autumn|url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/tradition/a30869552/peter-autumn-phillips-divorce-details/|access-date=2021-09-24|website=Town &amp; Country|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Philips has two children, [[Savannah Phillips]] and Isla Phillips. They were born at Gloucestershire Royal Hospital in [[Gloucester]].

Phillips holds no royal title or style and is currently 15th in the [[Line of succession to the British Throne|line of succession to the thrones]] of [[Commonwealth realm|the 16 Commonwealth realms]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Phillips, Peter}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Royalty from London]]
[[Category:House of Windsor]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Exeter]]


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  <page>
    <title>Turbojet</title>
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      <text bytes="2717" sha1="p78k1y725yofqozk554114wgdfftgtp" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Turbojet operation-axial flow-en.svg|thumb|right|]]
A '''turbojet''' is a kind of [[jet engine]] that works by squeezing air into a small space, mixing it with [[fuel]], and setting it on fire.&lt;ref&gt; A Dictionary of Aviation, David W. Wragg. {{ISBN|9780850451634}}, 1st Edition Published by Osprey, 1973 / Published by Frederick Fell, Inc., NY, 1974 (1st American Edition.)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Mair77.78&gt;W. Austyn Mair, ''Aircraft Performance'' (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 77–78&lt;/ref&gt; The mixture of fuel and air goes out the back of the engine and pushes it forward. As it leaves the engine it spins a [[turbine]] which turns a [[gas compressor]] at the front which sucks in more air and compresses it.  

'''Turbofan''' engines are more complex. They are more common today because they can make more [[Power (physics)|power]], for the same amount of fuel, than a turbojet.&lt;ref name=Mair77.78/&gt; They also make less noise. [[Supersonic]] aircraft still use the simpler kind.

== Parts ==
[[File:Gasturbine1หลักการ.JPG|thumb|right|]]
* The air intake is the part at the front of the engine. The intake is where the air goes into the engine.
* The air compressor squeezes the air to make it smaller. This makes the pressure and temperature higher. The air compressor is made out of spinning blades called rotors, and blades that do not move, called stators.
* The combustion chamber is where the air is burnt. Fuel is injected by several tubes, and the fire heats up the air.
* After passing the combustion chamber, the air pushes a turbine fan. This turbine fan is connected to the compressor. The air pushing on it makes the rotors of the compressor turn.
* The nozzle is where the air comes out of the engine. The speed of the air is bigger than the speed at the air intake. This bigger force makes the vehicle move towards the front.
* Some planes have an afterburner. The afterburner is like a combustion chamber, but is attached behind the nozzle. It has tubes which inject fuel and burns the air again. The afterburner is used in order to increase speed of the vehicle, but the use of fuel is very high. This makes it used rarely, for example on [[supersonic]] airplanes.

== Related pages ==
* [[Gas turbine]]

== References ==
{{commons}}
{{reflist}}

== Other websites ==
*[https://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/T/turbojet_engine.html]
*[https://slideplayer.com/slide/4179686/]
*[https://gallery.autodesk.com/fusion360/projects/21260/turbojet-engine]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[https://engineering.purdue.edu/~propulsi/propulsion/jets/basics/afterburner.html]


{{tech-stub}}

[[Category:Aircraft engines]]</text>
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| titlestyle = {{{titlestyle|}}}
| state  = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| border = {{{border|}}}
| navbar = {{{navbar|}}}
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| groupstyle = {{{groupstyle|}}}
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| listclass = hlist

| group1 = [[List of sovereign states|Sovereign states]]
| list1  =
* {{#if:{{{AF|♦}}}|[[{{{AF|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|AF|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Afghanistan]]}}
* {{#if:{{{AM|♦}}}|[[{{{AM|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|AM|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Armenia]]}}
* {{#if:{{{AZ|♦}}}|[[{{{AZ|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|AZ|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Azerbaijan]]}}
* {{#if:{{{BH|♦}}}|[[{{{BH|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|BH|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Bahrain]]}}
* {{#if:{{{BD|♦}}}|[[{{{BD|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|BD|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Bangladesh]]}}
* {{#if:{{{BT|♦}}}|[[{{{BT|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|BT|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Bhutan]]}}
* {{#if:{{{BN|♦}}}|[[{{{BN|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|BN|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Brunei]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KH|♦}}}|[[{{{KH|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|KH|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Cambodia]]}}
* {{#if:{{{CY|♦}}}|[[{{{CY|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|CY|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Cyprus]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TL|♦}}}|[[{{{TL|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|TL|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|East Timor (Timor-Leste)]]}}
* {{#if:{{{EG|♦}}}|[[{{{EG|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|EG|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Egypt]]}}
* {{#if:{{{GE|♦}}}|[[{{{GE|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|GE|article={{{article|yes}}}|mode={{#ifeq:{{{template|yes}}}|yes|unique}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Georgia]]}}
* {{#if:{{{IN|♦}}}|[[{{{IN|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|IN|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|India]]}}
* {{#if:{{{ID|♦}}}|[[{{{ID|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|ID|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Indonesia]]}}
* {{#if:{{{IR|♦}}}|[[{{{IR|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|IR|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Iran]]}}
* {{#if:{{{IQ|♦}}}|[[{{{IQ|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|IQ|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Iraq]]}}
* {{#if:{{{JP|♦}}}|[[{{{JP|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|JP|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Japan]]}}
* {{#if:{{{JO|♦}}}|[[{{{JO|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|JO|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Jordan]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KZ|♦}}}|[[{{{KZ|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|KZ|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Kazakhstan]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KP|♦}}}|[[{{{KP|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|KP|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|North Korea]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KR|♦}}}|[[{{{KR|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|KR|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|South Korea]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KW|♦}}}|[[{{{KW|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|KW|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Kuwait]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KG|♦}}}|[[{{{KG|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|KG|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Kyrgyzstan]]}}
* {{#if:{{{LA|♦}}}|[[{{{LA|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|LA|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Laos]]}}
* {{#if:{{{LB|♦}}}|[[{{{LB|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|LB|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Lebanon]]}}
* {{#if:{{{MY|♦}}}|[[{{{MY|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|MY|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Malaysia]]}}
* {{#if:{{{MV|♦}}}|[[{{{MV|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|MV|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Maldives]]}}
* {{#if:{{{MN|♦}}}|[[{{{MN|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|MN|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Mongolia]]}}
* {{#if:{{{MM|♦}}}|[[{{{MM|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|MM|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Myanmar]]}}
* {{#if:{{{NP|♦}}}|[[{{{NP|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|NP|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Nepal]]}}
* {{#if:{{{OM|♦}}}|[[{{{OM|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|OM|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Oman]]}}
* {{#if:{{{PK|♦}}}|[[{{{PK|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|PK|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Pakistan]]}}
* {{#if:{{{PS|♦}}}|[[{{{PS|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|PS|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Palestine]]}}
* {{#if:{{{PH|♦}}}|[[{{{PH|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|PH|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Philippines]]}}
* {{#if:{{{QA|♦}}}|[[{{{QA|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|QA|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Qatar]]}}
* {{#if:{{{RU|♦}}}|[[{{{RU|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|RU|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Russia]]}}
* {{#if:{{{SA|♦}}}|[[{{{SA|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|SA|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Saudi Arabia]]}}
* {{#if:{{{SG|♦}}}|[[{{{SG|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|SG|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Singapore]]}}
* {{#if:{{{LK|♦}}}|[[{{{LK|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|LK|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Sri Lanka]]}}
* {{#if:{{{SY|♦}}}|[[{{{SY|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|SY|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Syria]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TJ|♦}}}|[[{{{TJ|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|TJ|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Tajikistan]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TH|♦}}}|[[{{{TH|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|TH|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Thailand]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TR|♦}}}|[[{{{TR|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|TR|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Turkey]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TM|♦}}}|[[{{{TM|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|TM|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Turkmenistan]]}}
* {{#if:{{{AE|♦}}}|[[{{{AE|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|AE|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|United Arab Emirates]]}}
* {{#if:{{{UZ|♦}}}|[[{{{UZ|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|UZ|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Uzbekistan]]}}
* {{#if:{{{VN|♦}}}|[[{{{VN|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|VN|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Vietnam]]}}
* {{#if:{{{YE|♦}}}|[[{{{YE|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|YE|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Yemen]]}}

| group2 = [[List of states with limited recognition|States with&lt;br/&gt;limited recognition]]
| list2  =
* {{#if:{{{XAB|♦}}}|[[{{{XAB|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Abkhazia{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Abkhazia]]}}
* {{#if:{{{CN|♦}}}|[[{{{CN|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|CN|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|China]]}}
* {{#if:{{{IL|♦}}}|[[{{{IL|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|IL|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Israel]]}}
* {{#if:{{{XNC|♦}}}|[[{{{XNC|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Northern Cyprus{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Northern Cyprus]]}}
* {{#if:{{{XSO|♦}}}|[[{{{XSO|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} South Ossetia{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|South Ossetia]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TW|♦}}}|[[{{{TW|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|TW|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Taiwan]]}}

| group3 = [[Dependent territory|Dependencies]] and&lt;br/&gt;other territories
| list3  = {{#if:{{{countries_only|}}}|&lt;!-- DO NOTHING --&gt;|
* {{#if:{{{IO|♦}}}|[[{{{IO|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|IO|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|British Indian Ocean Territory]]}}
* {{#if:{{{CX|♦}}}|[[{{{CX|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|CX|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Christmas Island]]}}
* {{#if:{{{CC|♦}}}|[[{{{CC|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|CC|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Cocos (Keeling) Islands]]}}
* {{#if:{{{HK|♦}}}|[[{{{HK|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|HK|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Hong Kong]]}}
* {{#if:{{{MO|♦}}}|[[{{{MO|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|MO|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Macau]]}}
}}
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* {{icon|Category}} [[:Category:Asia|Category]]
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  <page>
    <title>App Store (iOS)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>216566</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880606</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-06T22:47:52Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Rickyguero</username>
        <id>1807764</id>
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      <text bytes="39300" sha1="9k9sgsc1pcsv7twxz6g7hx2tgo1aaat" xml:space="preserve">{{for|the [[macOS]] desktop app store|Mac App Store}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{update|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox software
| name = App Store
| title = App Store
| logo = App Store (iOS).svg
| collapsible = 
| developer = [[Apple Inc.]]
| released = {{Start date and age|2008|07|10}}
| discontinued = 
| programming language = 
| operating system = [[iOS]], [[iPadOS]], [[macOS]], [[VisionOS]], [[tvOS]], and  [[watchOS]]
| platform = [[iPhone]], [[iPod Touch]], [[iPad]], [[iPad Mini]], [[iPad Air ]], [[iPad Pro]]
| size = 
| status = Active / 1.2+ million apps &lt;br/&gt; 75 billion apps downloaded ({{as of|2014|6|4 lc=on}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;75bill&quot;/&gt;
| genre = [[Electronic commerce]]
| license = [[Proprietary software|Proprietary]] [[freeware]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.apple.com/app-store}}
}}

The '''App Store''' is an online market used on Apple's [[iOS]], [[macOS]], and [[iPadOS]], managed by [[Apple Inc.]] The App Store lets users view and download applications that were made with the iOS [[Software development|Software Development]] Kit. Apps can be downloaded onto an iOS device directly, or onto a computer using [[iTunes]] or Finder (also managed by Apple).

Apps in the App Store are made mainly for iOS devices, such as [[iPhone]]s and [[iPad]]s. Some apps can be downloaded for free while others have a cost. Some have &quot;in-app purchases&quot;, which are purchases made within the app. These are sometimes done to remove ads or to add features to an app. 30% of all profit made through apps goes to Apple, while 70% goes to whoever made the app.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cnet.com/news/apples-app-store-an-economy-for-1-percent-of-developers/ Apple's App Store: An economy for 1 percent of developers]. [[CNET]]. Retrieved July 9, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

Apple [[iOS 11]] App Store is the current eleventh major release of the iOS [[mobile operating system]] developed by Apple Inc. It was announced and the first beta version released to developers at the company's Worldwide Developers Conference on June 5, 2017.

==History==

In July 2008, the App Store opened with a change to [[iTunes]]. Apple could now control app quality and add extra pricing to the already set cost of an app. A day later, the [[iPhone 3G]] was launched and it came with iOS 2.0.1. This version had App Store support, and was soon made available for older iPhones and the iPod Touch.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |url=https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/06/09iphone.html |title=Apple Introduces the New iPhone 3G |publisher=Apple Inc. |date=June 9, 2008 |access-date=September 16, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{As of|2012|February|10|df=US}}, there are over one million apps on the App Store.&lt;ref name=&quot;ASE20110606&quot;/&gt;

As of January, 2011, the App Store had nearly 10 [[billion]] app downloads, which the company said using the &quot;10 Billion App Countdown&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.apple.com/itunes/10-billion-app-countdown/ &quot;10 Billion App Countdown&quot;] Apple January 14, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; At 10:26&amp;nbsp;am ([[GMT]]) on January 22, 2011,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.setteb.it/?p=10452 10:26 AM GMT on Saturday, January 22, 2011] setteB.IT January 22, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; the 10&amp;nbsp;billionth app was downloaded from Apple App Store. As of July that year, 200&amp;nbsp;[[million]] users downloaded over 15&amp;nbsp;billion apps from the store.&lt;ref name=&quot;15billion&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/07/07/apples-app-store-crosses-15b-app-downloads-adds-1b-downloads-in-past-month/ |title=Apple's App Store Crosses 15B App Downloads, Adds 1B Downloads In Past Month |publisher=TechCrunch |date=July 7, 2011 |access-date=2014-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;
ABC
Average profit per app is about US$8,700, but Apple does not let the public view this data.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://communities-dominate.blogs.com/brands/2010/06/full-analysis-of-iphone-economics-its-bad-news-and-then-it-gets-worse.html |title=Full Analysis of iPhone Economics&amp;nbsp;– it is bad news. And then it gets worse |publisher=Communities Dominate Brands |date=June 22, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; In May 2011, Apple approved its 500,000th app.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Wehner |first=Mike |url=https://news.yahoo.com/blogs/technology-blog/apple-approves-500-000th-app-care-160140999.html |title=Apple approves its 500,000th app, but do you care? &amp;#124; Technology News Blog&amp;nbsp;— Yahoo News |publisher=News.yahoo.com |date=May 24, 2011 |access-date=2014-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The success of the App Store led other companies to release their own &quot;app stores&quot;, and now any similar service for mobiles are sometimes called app stores.
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/technologyNews/idUSTRE53L5DK20090422 |title=In app store war, BlackBerry, Google hold own |publisher=Reuters |date=April 22, 2009 |first=Sinead|last=Carew |access-date=June 23, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://gadgetwise.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/05/29/nokias-app-store-launches-with-a-hiccup/ |title=Nokia's App Store Launches With a Hiccup |work=The New York Times |date=May 29, 2009 |first=Roy|last=Furchgott |access-date=June 23, 2009 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090608193312/http://gadgetwise.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/05/29/nokias-app-store-launches-with-a-hiccup/| archive-date= June 8, 2009 | url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2009/03/blackberry-app/ |title=BlackBerry App Store Gets a Name |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=March 4, 2009 |first=Priya|last=Ganapati |access-date=June 23, 2009 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090613072317/http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2009/03/blackberry-app/| archive-date= June 13, 2009 | url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Shiels |first=Maggie |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8157043.stm |title=Technology &amp;#124; Apps 'to be as big as internet' |publisher=BBC News |date=July 20, 2009 |access-date=December 2, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, Apple attempted to trademark the term ''App Store'' in 2008&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= Apple files for MacRuby, App Store &amp; Finder trademarks|url=http://www.macnn.com/blogs/2008/07/22/apple-files-for-macruby-app-store-finder-trademarks.html|publisher=MacNN |date=July 22, 2008 |access-date=August 27, 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091003052727/http://www.macnn.com/blogs/2008/07/22/apple-files-for-macruby-app-store-finder-trademarks.html| archive-date= October 3, 2009 | url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= Trademark application|url=http://tarr.uspto.gov/tarr?regser=serial&amp;entry=77%2F525433&amp;action=Request+Status|publisher=[[United States Patent and Trademark Office]] |date=July 21, 2008 |access-date=April 18, 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110501141939/http://tarr.uspto.gov/tarr?regser=serial&amp;entry=77%2F525433&amp;action=Request+Status| archive-date= May 1, 2011 | url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and was approved in 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=How Apple Can Trademark 'App Store'|url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2382968,00.asp|publisher=[[PC Magazine]] |date=April 1, 2011 |access-date=April 18, 2011 |first=Peter |last=Pachal}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, in June 2011, U.S. District Judge Phyllis Hamilton said she'll &quot;probably&quot; deny Apple's attempt to stop Amazon using the &quot;App Store&quot; name.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Lowensohn |first=Josh |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-27076_3-20073524-248/judge-likely-to-deny-apples-appstore-complaint/ |title=Judge likely to deny Apple's 'Appstore' complaint |publisher=CNET |date=June 22, 2011 |access-date=September 10, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Rosenblatt |first1=Joel |last2=Gullo |first2=Karen |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-06-22/apple-bid-to-bar-amazon-appstore-will-likely-be-denied.html |title=Apple Bid to Bar Amazon 'Appstore' Will 'Likely' Be Denied |publisher=Businessweek |date=June 22, 2011 |access-date=September 10, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/06/22/us-apple-amazon-idUSTRE75L79Y20110622 | publisher=Reuters | title=Apple may have tough road in Amazon lawsuit | date=June 22, 2011 | access-date=August 30, 2017 | archive-date=September 24, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924153746/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/06/22/us-apple-amazon-idUSTRE75L79Y20110622 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; On July 6, Apple lost the lawsuit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Foresman |first=Chris |url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/news/2011/07/apples-preliminary-injunction-against-amazons-appstore-denied.ars |title=Apple denied preliminary injunction against Amazon's &quot;Appstore&quot; |publisher=Ars Technica |date=July 7, 2011 |access-date=September 10, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The word ''app'' is now a popular word; in early 2011, ''app'' was given 2010s &quot;Word of the Year&quot; by the American Dialect Society.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.selftesttraining.com/apple-certifications.html|title=Apple Certification Exams Practice Tests - SelftestTraining.com|website=www.selftesttraining.com|access-date=2019-02-14|archive-date=2020-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921061438/https://www.selftesttraining.com/apple-certifications.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Apple does not have a trademark on the word ''app'', which has been used as short for &quot;[[Application software|application]]&quot; since at least the mid-1990s&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Oracle-gets-NC-religion/2100-1001_3-206269.html |title=Oracle gets NC religion&amp;nbsp;— CNET News |publisher=News.cnet.com |date=February 27, 1996 |access-date=November 7, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in products since 2002, for example Google Apps (first introduced in 2006).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/logos/doodles/2019/valentines-day-2019-4848332248711168.3-2xa.gif|title=Google|via=www.google.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In February 2011, Apple announced a new subscription-based service, which will allow developers to set the length and price of subscriptions. Previously, new magazine or news releases were sold as its own release. The new feature allowed publishers to sell content directly through their apps, allowing users to receive new content over specified periods of time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Apple rolls out subscription service |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/technology/tech-news/apple-rolls-out-subscription-service/article1907736/ |work=Globe and Mail |date=February 15, 2011 |access-date=February 15, 2011 |location=Toronto |first=Paul |last=Thomasch |archive-date=February 18, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218011802/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/technology/tech-news/apple-rolls-out-subscription-service/article1907736/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

During Apple's 2012 Worldwide Developer's Conference, Apple CEO [[Tim Cook]] said that the App Store has 400 million accounts with registered credit cards, 650,000 available apps to download and &quot;an astounding 30 billion apps&quot; downloaded from the app store.&lt;ref&gt;Indvik, Lauren. June 11, 2012. &quot;App Store Stats: 400 Million Accounts, 650,000 Apps.&quot; http://mashable.com/2012/06/11/wwdc-2012-app-store-stats/&lt;/ref&gt;

When the [[iPhone 5]] was launched, Apple changed the look of the App Store, as well as the [[iTunes Store]] and iBookstore, as part of [[iOS 6]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://images.apple.com/iphone/from-the-app-store/images/fromtheappstore_hero.png|title=Picture of the new App Store running on iPhone 5|access-date=2017-09-17|archive-date=2013-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729055215/http://images.apple.com/iphone/from-the-app-store/images/fromtheappstore_hero.png|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On January 7, 2013, Apple announced that there have been over 40 billion apps downloaded from their iOS App Store, with about half of those coming in 2012.&lt;ref&gt;Lomas, Natasha. January 7, 2013. &quot;Apple App Store: 40B Downloads And Counting; 2B+ In December, ~20B In 2012.&quot; https://techcrunch.com/2013/01/07/apple-app-store-40bn-downloads-and-counting-2bn-in-december-20bn-in-2012/&lt;/ref&gt;

On February 1, 2013, Apple told developers that they could begin using appstore.com for links to their apps.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.businessinsider.com/apple-appstore-message-2013-2 Apple: Don't Visit Appstore.com]. Business Insider (February 4, 2013). Retrieved on July 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

In September 2013, Apple announced at its Worldwide Developers Conference the addition of a Kids category to the App Store with the launch of [[iOS 7]]. The category is split by age range and apps made for children under 13 must follow the Children's Online [[Privacy]] Protection Act (COPPA).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cultofmac.com/246490/apple-adds-kids-section-to-app-store/ |title=Apple Adds Kids Section To App Store |publisher=Cult of Mac |date=September 20, 2013 |access-date=2014-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As of the end of 2013, App Store users spent over US$10 billion in 2013, and users downloaded almost three billion apps in December 2013. This was the most successful month in App Store history, and developers have earned over $15 billion since the making of the App Store.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2014/01/27Apple-Reports-First-Quarter-Results.html|title=Apple Reports on the App Store |publisher=Apple |access-date=June 20, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Number of launched applications==
On July 10, 2008, Apple CEO [[Steve Jobs]] told ''[[USA Today]]'' that the App Store contained 500 non-Apple applications for the iPhone and the iPod Touch, and of these 25&amp;nbsp;percent were free.&lt;ref name=&quot;engadget&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2008/07/10/jobs-app-store-launching-with-500-iphone-applications-25-free/|title=Jobs: App Store launching with 500 iPhone applications, 25% free|date=July 10, 2008|publisher=[[Engadget]]|access-date=June 5, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; These applications range from business to game applications, entertainment to educational applications, and many more. On July 11, 2008, the store opened, allowing users to buy applications and put them on an iPhone or iPod Touch with iOS 2.0. Ten million applications were downloaded the first weekend.&lt;ref name=&quot;ApplePress1&quot;&gt;{{cite press release |url=https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/07/14appstore.html|title=iPhone App Store Downloads Top 10 Million in First Weekend|date=July 14, 2008|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]|access-date=November 10, 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081123022026/http://www.apple.com./pr/library/2008/07/14appstore.html| archive-date= November 23, 2008 | url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On January 16, 2009, Apple said on its website that 500&amp;nbsp;million applications had been downloaded.&lt;ref name=&quot;TheRegister&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/01/16/half_billion_iphone_apps/|title=iPhone App Store breezes past 500 million downloads|date=January 16, 2009|publisher=The Register|access-date=January 24, 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090122214112/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/01/16/half_billion_iphone_apps/| archive-date= January 22, 2009 | url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The billionth application was downloaded on April 23, 2009.&lt;ref name=billionpr /&gt; In March 2012, the number of apps downloaded reached 25&amp;nbsp;billion.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2401153,00.asp|title=Apple's 25 Billionth App Downloaded in China|publisher=PC Mag|access-date=October 4, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Unlike the apps that come standard on the iPhone, apps downloaded from the App Store can be removed by the user at any time.

[[File:AppleAppStoreStatistics.png|300px|thumbnail|right|Chart showing App Store downloads and available apps over time.]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Date
! Available apps
! Downloads
! Average downloads per app
|-
| July 11, 2008&lt;ref name=&quot;ApplePress2&quot;&gt;{{cite press release |url=https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/07/10iphone.html|title=iPhone 3G on Sale Tomorrow|date=July 10, 2008|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]|access-date=January 17, 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090103114915/http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/07/10iphone.html| archive-date= January 3, 2009 | url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 500
| &lt;not known&gt;
| &lt;not known&gt;
|-
| July 14, 2008&lt;ref name=&quot;ApplePress1&quot; /&gt;
| 800
| 10,000,000
| 12,500
|-
| September 9, 2008&lt;ref name=&quot;ApplePress3&quot;&gt;{{cite press release |url=https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/09/09appstore.html|title=App Store Downloads Top 100 Million Worldwide|date=September 9, 2008|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=November 10, 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081215210607/http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/09/09appstore.html| archive-date= December 15, 2008 | url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 3,000
| 100,000,000 (100 million)
| 18,334
|-
| October 22, 2008&lt;ref name=&quot;ApplePress4&quot;&gt;{{cite press release |url=https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/10/21results.html|title=Apple Reports Fourth quarter Results|date=October 21, 2008|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=January 17, 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090114200804/http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/10/21results.html| archive-date= January 14, 2009 | url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 7,500
| 200,000,000
| 26,667
|-
| January 16, 2009&lt;ref name=&quot;TheRegister&quot; /&gt;
| 15,000
| 500,000,000
| 33,334
|-
| March 17, 2009&lt;ref name=&quot;TechCrunch&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2009/03/17/phone-apps-hit-800-million-downloads|title=Apple Opens Up More Ways To Get Paid On The iPhone, Adds Key New Features. Apps Hit 800 Million Downloads.|date=October 21, 2008|publisher=[[TechCrunch]]|access-date=January 17, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 25,000
| 800,000,000
| 32,000
|-
| April 4, 2009&lt;ref name=billionpr&gt;{{cite web|url=http://tubemateyoutubedownloaderapps.com/tubemate-for-iphone/|title=Tubemate Youtube Downloader APP for iPhone|date=April 24, 2009|access-date=May 3, 2009|publisher=Apple Inc.|archive-date=August 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824183935/https://tubemateyoutubedownloaderapps.com/tubemate-for-iphone/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 35,000
| 1,000,000,000 (one billion)
| 28,571
|-
| June 8, 2009&lt;ref name=&quot;TechCrunch_090608&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2009/06/08/40-million-iphones-and-ipod-touches-and-50000-apps/|title=TechCrunch.com|date=June 8, 2009|publisher=TechCrunch|access-date=June 8, 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090610235745/http://www.techcrunch.com/2009/06/08/40-million-iphones-and-ipod-touches-and-50000-apps/| archive-date= June 10, 2009 | url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 50,000
| 1,000,000,000+ (over one billion)
| ~20,000 (~ means about)
|-
| July 11, 2009{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}
| 55,000
| 1,000,000,000+
| ~18,182
|-
| July 14, 2009&lt;ref name=&quot;engadget65000&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2009/07/14/apples-app-store-crosses-the-1-5-billion-download-mark/ |title=Apple's App Store crosses the 1.5 billion download mark |publisher=[[Engadget]] |date=July 14, 2009 |first=Laura|last=June |access-date=July 25, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 65,000
| 1,500,000,000
| 23,077
|-
| September 9, 2009
| 75,000
| 1,800,000,000
| 24,000
|-
| September 28, 2009&lt;ref name=&quot;Apple Inc.&quot;&gt;{{cite press release |url=https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2009/09/28appstore.html|date=September 28, 2009|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=September 28, 2009|title=Apple's App Store Downloads Top Two Billion| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091025103738/http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2009/09/28appstore.html| archive-date= October 25, 2009 | url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AppleInsider&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/09/09/28/apple_announces_app_store_downloads_top_2_billion.html|title=Appleinsider.com|date=September 28, 2009|publisher=[[Appleinsider]]|access-date=September 28, 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091103004352/http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/09/09/28/apple_announces_app_store_downloads_top_2_billion.html| archive-date= November 3, 2009 | url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 85,000
| 2,000,000,000 (2 billion)
| 23,529
|-
| November 4, 2009&lt;ref name=&quot;macrumors1&quot;&gt;{{cite press release |url=http://www.macrumors.com/2009/11/04/apple-announces-over-100000-apps-available-on-the-app-store/ |title=Apple Announces Over 100,000 Apps Available on the App Store |publisher=Mac Rumors |date=November 4, 2009 |access-date=December 2, 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091212041451/http://www.macrumors.com/2009/11/04/apple-announces-over-100000-apps-available-on-the-app-store/| archive-date= December 12, 2009 | url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;apple1&quot;&gt;{{cite press release |url=https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2009/11/04appstore.html |title=Apple Announces Over 100,000 Apps Now Available on the App Store |publisher=Apple Inc.|date=November 4, 2009 |access-date=December 2, 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091116025213/http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2009/11/04appstore.html| archive-date= November 16, 2009 | url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 100,000
| 2,000,000,000+
| ~20,000
|-
| January 5, 2010&lt;ref name=&quot;macrumors.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.macrumors.com/2010/01/05/apple-announces-3-billion-app-store-downloads/|title=Apple Announces 3 Billion App Store Downloads|first=Eric|last=Slivka|website=www.macrumors.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/01/05appstore.html|title=Apple's App Store Downloads Top Three Billion}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 120,000
| 3,000,000,000+
| ~25,000
|-
| March 20, 2010&lt;ref name=&quot;apple.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/ipad/|title=iPad|website=Apple}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 150,000+
| 3,000,000,000+
| ~20,000
|-
| April 8, 2010&lt;ref name=&quot;MR-iPhone-4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.macrumors.com/2010/04/08/apples-iphone-os-4-0-media-event-sneak-peek-into-the-future/|title=Apple's iPhone OS 4.0 Media Event: 'Sneak Peek Into the Future'|author=Eric Slivka|date=April 8, 2010|access-date=April 8, 2010|publisher=[[MacRumors]]| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100410121831/http://www.macrumors.com/2010/04/08/apples-iphone-os-4-0-media-event-sneak-peek-into-the-future/| archive-date= April 10, 2010 | url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 185,000+
| 4,000,000,000+
| ~21,622
|-
| April 29, 2010&lt;ref name=&quot;Steve Jobs&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/hotnews/thoughts-on-flash/|title=Thoughts on Flash - Apple|website=www.apple.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 200,000+
| 4,500,000,000+
| ~22,500
|-
| June 7, 2010&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://appleinsider.com/articles/10/06/07/apple_says_app_store_has_made_developers_over_1_billion|title=Apple says App Store has made developers over $1 billion|first1=AppleInsider Staff|last1=Monday|last2=June 07|last3=2010|first4=10:10 am|last4=PT|website=AppleInsider}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 225,000+
| 5,000,000,000+
| ~22,222
|-
| September 1, 2010&lt;ref name=&quot;ASE20100901&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/apple-events/september-2010/|title=Apple Special Event, September 1, 2010|date=September 1, 2010|publisher=Apple}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 250,000+
| 6,500,000,000+
| ~26,000
|-
| October 20, 2010
| 300,000+&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.macworld.com/article/154980/2010/10/jobs_transcript.html|title=Jobs Speaks! The complete transcript|date=October 18, 2010|access-date=June 11, 2011|publisher=[[Macworld]]| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110611043740/http://www.macworld.com/article/154980/2010/10/jobs_transcript.html| archive-date= June 11, 2011 | url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 7,000,000,000&lt;ref name=&quot;ASE20101020&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/apple-events/october-2010/|title=Apple Special Event, October 20, 2010|date=October 20, 2010|publisher=Apple Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ~23,334
|-
| Jan 22, 2011&lt;ref name=&quot;10billion&quot;&gt;{{cite press release |url=https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/01/22appstore.html|title=Apple's App Store Downloads Top 10 Billion|date=January 22, 2011|access-date=January 22, 2011|publisher=Apple Inc.| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110131005304/http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/01/22appstore.html| archive-date= January 31, 2011 | url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 350,000+
| 10,000,000,000+ (over 10 billion)
| ~28,571
|-
| June 6, 2011&lt;ref name=&quot;ASE20110606&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/apple-events/wwdc-2011/|title=Apple Special Event, June 6, 2011|date=June 6, 2011|publisher=Apple Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 425,000+
| 14,000,000,000+
| ~32,941
|-
| July 7, 2011&lt;ref name=&quot;15billion&quot;&gt;{{cite press release |publisher=Apple Inc.|title=Apple's App Store Downloads Top 15 Billion|url=https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/07/07Apples-App-Store-Downloads-Top-15-Billion.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 425,000+
| 15,000,000,000+
| ~35,294
|-
|October 4, 2011&lt;ref name=&quot;18billion&quot;&gt;{{cite web|publisher=Apple Inc.|title=Apple Special Event October 2011|url=https://www.apple.com/apple-events/october-2011/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 500,000+
| 18,000,000,000+
| ~36,000
|-
|February 28, 2012
| 500,000+
| 24,000,000,000+
| ~40,000
|-
|March 3, 2012&lt;ref name=&quot;25 billion downloads&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=25 billion apps have been downloaded from the iOS App Store, Apple has announced.|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2012/03/05Apples-App-Store-Downloads-Top-25-Billion/|date=March 3, 2012|access-date=May 8, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|500,000+
|25,000,000,000+
|~50,000
|-
|March 5, 2012&lt;ref name=&quot;25Billion&quot;&gt;{{cite web|publisher=MacRumors|title=App Store's 25 Billionth Download Comes From China with 'Where's My Water? Free'|url=http://www.macrumors.com/2012/03/05/app-stores-25-billionth-download-comes-from-china-with-wheres-my-water-free/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 550,000+
| 25,000,000,000+
|~45,455
|-
|March 7, 2012{{Citation needed|date=January 2013}}
| 585,000+
| 25,000,000,000+
|~42,735
|-
|June 11, 2012&lt;ref name=30BillionApps&gt;{{cite web|title=Apple: 30B apps downloaded, 400M App Store accounts set up|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-13579_3-57450369-37/apple-30b-apps-downloaded-400m-app-store-accounts-set-up/|author=[[CNET]]|date=June 11, 2012|access-date=February 6, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 650,000+
| 30,000,000,000+ (over thirty billion)
|~46,154
|-
|September 12, 2012&lt;ref name=&quot;700k_apps&quot;&gt;{{cite web|publisher=TechCrucnh|title=iOS App Store Boasts 700K Apps, 90% Downloaded Every Month'|url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/09/12/ios-app-store-boasts-700k-apps-90-downloaded-every-month/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 700,000+&lt;ref name=&quot;700k_apps&quot;/&gt;
| 35,000,000,000+&lt;ref name=35BillionApps&gt;{{cite web|title=Apple by the numbers|url=http://9to5mac.com/2012/10/23/apple-by-the-numbers-5m-iphones-3m-ipods-200m-ios6-160m-gamer-center-accounts-and-more/|publisher=9TO5Mac|date=October 23, 2012|access-date=February 6, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|~50,000
|-
|January 7, 2013&lt;ref name=&quot;40bill&quot;&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]|title=App Store Tops 40 Billion Downloads with Almost Half in 2012|url=https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2013/01/07App-Store-Tops-40-Billion-Downloads-with-Almost-Half-in-2012.html|access-date=January 26, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 775,000+&lt;ref name=&quot;40bill&quot;/&gt;
| 40,000,000,000+&lt;ref name=&quot;40bill&quot;/&gt;
|~51,613
|-
|January 28, 2013&lt;ref name=&quot;ios6.1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]|title=Apple Updates iOS to 6.1|url=https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2013/01/28Apple-Updates-iOS-to-6-1.html|access-date=January 28, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 800,000+&lt;ref name=&quot;ios6.1&quot;/&gt;
| 40,000,000,000+&lt;ref name=&quot;40bill&quot;/&gt;
| 50,000
|-
|April 23, 2013
| 825,000+
| 45,000,000,000+
| 50,000
|-
|May 16, 2013
| 850,000+
| 50,000,000,000+&lt;ref name=&quot;50bill&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|journal=[[Wired (website)|Wired]]|title=Apple Hits 50 Billion Apps Served|url=https://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2013/05/apple-hits-50-billion-served/|access-date=May 15, 2013|last1=Baldwin |first1=Roberto }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 50,000
|-
|June 10, 2013
| 900,000+
| 50,000,000,000+
| 50,000
|-
|October 22, 2013
| 1,000,000+&lt;ref name=&quot;60bill&quot;&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[The Verge]]|title=Apple announces 1 million apps in the App Store, more than 1 billion songs played on iTunes radio|date=October 22, 2013 |url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/10/22/4866302/apple-announces-1-million-apps-in-the-app-store|access-date=January 2, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 60,000,000,000+&lt;ref name=&quot;60bill&quot;/&gt;
| 60,000
|-
|June 2, 2014
| 1,200,000+&lt;ref name=&quot;75bill&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/06/02/itunes-app-store-now-has-1-2-million-apps-has-seen-75-billion-downloads-to-date/| title=iTunes App Store Now Has 1.2 Million Apps, Has Seen 75 Billion Downloads To Date |author=Sarah Perez |work=[[TechCrunch]] |date=June 2, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 75,000,000,000+
| 62,500
|}

===iPad applications===
The [[iPad]] was launched in April 2010 with over 3000 applications made for it. About eight months after the release of the iPad, over 50,000 apps were available for it.

As of July 2011, 16 months after the iPad launched, there were over 100,000 apps available at the App Store made for the device.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ipadhelp.com/best-ipad-apps/over-100000-ipad-apps-available/|title=Over 100,000 iPad apps available|date=July 2, 2011|access-date=February 14, 2019|archive-date=September 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926061928/https://ipadhelp.com/best-ipad-apps/over-100000-ipad-apps-available/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

By the end of November 2011, Apple advertised in a holiday newsletter of the online Apple Store there are more than 140,000 iPad apps available.

As of January 7, 2013, there were more than 300,000 native iPad apps available for users.&lt;ref name=&quot;40bill&quot;/&gt;

As of October 22, 2013, there were more than 475,000 native iPad apps available for users.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Cory Gunther |url=http://www.gottabemobile.com/2013/10/22/apple-touts-475000-tablet-apps-android-lacks/ |title=Apple Touts 475,000 Tablet Apps as Android Lacks |publisher=Gottabemobile.com |date=October 22, 2013 |access-date=2014-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Most popular apps===
As of July 2021, these are the most installed App Store apps of all time
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Rank
! App
! Total Downloads
! Cost
! Ref
|-
| 1
| [[Google Maps]]
| 6,128,901,577
| Free
|&lt;ref&gt;Most installed app from April 2010 until November 2020 and again since June 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2
| [[Zoom (software)|Zoom]]
| 6,022,317,775
| Free
|&lt;ref&gt;Most installed app from January 2021 until June 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 3
| [[Skype]]
| 5,888,723,390
| Free
|&lt;ref&gt;Most installed app from November 2020 until January 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 4
| [[FaceTime]]
| 5,122,816,577
| Free
| 
|-
| 5
| [[YouTube]]
| 3,502,767,958
| Free
|
|-
| 6
| [[Facebook]]
| 3,210,273,904
| Free
| &lt;ref&gt;Most installed app from October 2008 until April 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 7
| [[Instagram]]
| 3,096,219,609
| Free
|
|-
| 8
| [[Google Chrome]]
| 1,608,186,371
| Free
|
|-
| 9
| Plague Inc&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_Inc | title=Plague Inc }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 1,572,110,045
| $0.99
|
|-
| 10
| [[Netflix]]
| 1,407,256,846
| $8.99
|
|-
| 11
| [[Gmail]]
| 1,356,641,102
| Free
|
|-
| 12
| [[Discord]]
| 1,318,273,610
| Free
|
|-
| 13
| [[Twitter]]
| 1,175,933,086
| Free
|
|-
| 14
| [[News]]
| 1,174,902,242
| Free
|
|-
| 15
| [[Calculator]]
| 1,059,554,472
| Free
|
|-
| 16
| Google Photos&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Photos | title=Google Photos }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 1,029,176,353
| Free
|
|-
| 17
| [[TikTok]]
| 1,011,322,383
| Free
|
|-
| 18
| [[Amazon Prime Video]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video | title=Amazon Prime Video }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 943,310,131
| $8.99
|
|-
| 19
| [[MySpace]]
| 926,196,510
| Free
|&lt;ref&gt;Most installed app from February 2005 until October 2008&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 20
| RingCentral Video&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/RingCentral | title=RingCentral }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 923,006,546
| Free
|
|-
| 21
| [[Starbucks]]
| 922,347,226
| Various (Free to Install)
|
|-
| 22
| [[Calendar]]
| 905,411,284
| Free
|
|-
| 23
| [[Notes]]
| 892,123,262
| Free
|
|-
| 24
| [[WhatsApp]]
| 891,567,910
| Free
|
|-
| 25
| [[Creepypasta]]
| 820,300,617
| Free
|
|}

===History of the #1 Most Installed App===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Date App Reached #1
! App
|-
| 1979 3rd Quarter
| [[Pong|pong.extension]]
|-
| 1985 4th Quarter
| [[AOL]]
|-
| February 1993
| [[Doom]]
|-
| April 1993
| [[AOL]]
|-
| February 2005
| [[MySpace]]
|-
| October 2008
| [[Facebook]]
|-
| April 2010
| [[Google Maps]]
|-
| November 2020
| [[Skype]]
|-
| January 2021
| [[Zoom (software)|Zoom]]
|-
| June 2021
| [[Google Maps]]
|-
|}

==Application ratings==
Apple rates apps worldwide based on their content, and gives the app an age group for which is appropriate. The following are the ratings that Apple has detailed:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Rating
! Description
|-
| style=&quot;background:green;&quot;|'''4+'''
| All app content should be child-friendly.
|-
| style=&quot;background:lime;&quot;|'''9+'''
| May contain occasional appearances of cartoon, fantasy or realistic violence, and occasional mature or horror-themed content which may not be good for children under 9.
|-
| style=&quot;background:yellow;&quot;|'''12+'''
| May contain frequent cartoon, fantasy or realistic violence, mature or suggestive themes, may sometimes have bad language, and simulated gambling. These may not be suitable to children under 12 years of age.
|-
| style=&quot;background:#EC0000; color:white;&quot;|'''17+'''
| May contain frequent and intense realistic violence, internet access without restriction, frequent and intense mature, horror, and suggestive themes; also strong sexual content, nudity, harsh language, alcohol, tobacco, and drugs which may not be suitable for children under the age of 17. When an app of this rating is requested for download, a message will appear on the device, asking if the user is 17 or older, before starting the download.
|}

==App approval process==

Apple must review all applications before they can enter the App Store for users to download.

{{Asof|2013}}, Apple used a method of reviewing apps which had flaws, and this meant that some bad apps could get past the review process.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Cox |first=John |url=http://www.networkworld.com/news/2013/081913-jekyll-test-attack-sneaks-through-272947.html |title=&quot;Jekyll&quot; test attack sneaks through Apple App Store, wreaks havoc on iOS |publisher=Network World |date=August 18, 2013 |access-date=2014-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Talbot |first=David |url=http://www.technologyreview.com/news/518096/remotely-assembled-malware-blows-past-apples-screening-process/ |title=Remotely Assembled Malware Blows Past Apple's Screening Process &amp;#124; MIT Technology Review |publisher=Technologyreview.com |date=August 15, 2013 |access-date=2014-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to Apple statistics&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bansal|first=Nikhil|date=2026-01-06|title=iOS Apple App Store Statistics 2026|url=https://www.apptunix.com/blog/apple-app-store-statistics/|access-date=2026-05-26|website=Apptunix Blog|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 62% of common app rejections occur due to the regular non-compliance with the main Apple guidelines.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cleveroad.com/blog/app-store-optimization-google-play-store-and-apple-app-store|title=App Store Optimization: Google Play Store and Apple App Store|website=Cleveroad Inc. - Web &amp; App development company|access-date=2018-09-05|archive-date=2020-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920210047/https://www.cleveroad.com/blog/app-store-optimization-google-play-store-and-apple-app-store|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Controversial apps==
Many times, Apple has removed apps because they did not follow the Apple policies for apps.

In November 2012, Boyfriend Maker, a dating sim game, was removed due to &quot;reports of references to violent sexual acts and paedophilia&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;polygon BFM-pulled&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Boyfriend Maker gets pulled from App Store for references to paedophilia|url=http://www.polygon.com/2012/11/26/3692230/boyfriend-maker-gets-pulled-from-app-store-for-references-to|last=Gera|first=Emily|website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|access-date=December 26, 2013|date=November 26, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; which were not appropriate to Boyfriend Maker's age rating of 4+. A modified version named Boyfriend Maker Plus was approved by Apple in April 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Andrew|first=Keith|title=With a new age rating, 'sexually explicit' Boyfriend Maker makes App Store return: Rebranded as Boyfriend Plus|url=http://www.pocketgamer.biz/r/PG.Biz/Boyfriend+Plus/news.asp?c=50304|publisher=Pocket Gamer|access-date=December 26, 2013|date=April 23, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On March 11, 2013, HiddenApps was approved and appeared in the App Store. This app allowed access to special developer-only menus, could allow built-in apps to be hidden, and an option to turn off iAds, Apple's ad system.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://akufu.com/hiddenapps-iads-opt-out-jailbreak/ |title=HiddenApps Allows iAds Opt-Out Without Jailbreak |publisher=akufu.com |access-date=March 13, 2013 |archive-date=March 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313230415/http://akufu.com/hiddenapps-iads-opt-out-jailbreak/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==National limitations==

While Apple wants the App Store to be available worldwide, their market is restricted to country borders. Different countries have slightly different app stores. Some apps may only be available on the app stores of a few countries, while others can be available in many countries. Trying to use an app store of one country while in another may be a problem: Apple warns that &quot;one of the risks of creating a German account while you are in Greece is, our system may able to detect it and it may put restrictions on your account (German) that will prevent you from using the iTunes Store&quot;.

==Similar services for other devices==

Other mobile devices have other app stores available for them. Some of these are made by the company that made the device, but not all are that way. [[Amazon.com]] has the Amazon Appstore for all [[Android (operating system)|Android]] users. The [[Google Play]] store (was known as Android Market) is the official store for Google's Android devices. In 2010, [[Microsoft]] created the Windows Phone Store, an online market for their [[Windows Phone]] devices. In October 2012, the [[Windows Store]] was made for [[Windows 8]] and [[Windows RT]] computers.

[[Nokia]] also has the Ovi Store,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://store.ovi.com/ |title=Ovi Store |publisher=Store.ovi.com |access-date=December 2, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091201184030/http://store.ovi.com/ |archive-date=December 1, 2009 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; for Nokia devices. [[BlackBerry]] has an app store named BlackBerry World.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-10188400-1.html |title=RIM store crowned BlackBerry App World |publisher=[[CNET]] |date=March 4, 2009 |access-date=March 8, 2009 |archive-date=October 26, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026113330/http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-10188400-1.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; BlackBerry 10 users do not have to use BlackBerry World, they are allowed to use other app stores as well.

Game consoles, such as the [[Nintendo DSi]], also have their own online stores. The DSi has the &quot;DSi Shop&quot;, while the Sony PSP ([[PlayStation Portable]]) and the [[PlayStation Vita]] have the [[PlayStation Store]].

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Other websites==
* {{Official website|www.itunes.com/appstore}}, App Store on iTunes, requires iTunes
* [https://itunes.apple.com/en/genre/mobile-software-applications/id36?mt=8 App Store Downloads] (iTunes not needed)
* [https://www.apple.com/iphone/appstore/ Official website on Apple.com]
* [https://developer.apple.com/iphone/program/ Official iPhone developer site]
* {{twitter|AppStore|App Store}}

[[Category:Apple software]]</text>
      <sha1>9k9sgsc1pcsv7twxz6g7hx2tgo1aaat</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jesus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>219585</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880811</id>
      <parentid>10879410</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T06:55:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SuperDuperReally</username>
        <id>1761458</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>hyperlinks to NRSVUE verses; many citations needed; expanded and rephrased the debate about the nature of Jesus and the deity, or lack thereof, of Jesus.</comment>
      <origin>10880811</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="51086" sha1="d8twsjrc9a3vkfelp20qzar2ojevb9w" xml:space="preserve">{{hatnote|&quot;Christ&quot; redirects here. For the messianic title, see [[Christ (title)]].}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox person
&lt;!----
   Note: Please do not expand this infobox. See the FAQ on the talk page.
 -----&gt;| name               = Jesus Christ of Nazareth
| image              = Spas vsederzhitel sinay.jpg
| caption            = {{longitem |The [[Christ Pantocrator (Sinai)|Christ Pantocrator]] of [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]] at [[Mount Sinai]], 6th century AD}}
| birth_date         = {{circa}} [[Date of birth of Jesus|6 to 4 BC]]{{efn|[[John P. Meier]] writes that Jesus' birth year is {{c.|7 or 6&amp;nbsp;BC}}.{{sfn|Meier|1991|p=407}}&lt;!--
       --&gt; [[Karl Rahner]] states that the consensus among Christian scholars is {{c.|4 BC|lk=no}}.{{sfn|Rahner|2004|p=732}} &lt;!--
       --&gt;[[E.&amp;nbsp;P. Sanders]] also favours {{c.|4 BC|lk=no}} and refers to the general consensus.{{sfn|Sanders|1993|pp=10–11}} &lt;!--
       --&gt;[[Jack Finegan]] uses the study of early Christian traditions to support {{c.|3 or 2&amp;nbsp;BC|lk=no}}.&lt;ref name=Finegan&gt;{{harvnb|Finegan|1998|page=[https://archive.org/details/handbookbiblical00fine/page/n350 319]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!--
 --&gt;}}
| birth_place        = &lt;!--Note: No scholarly consensus for any more precise a location than Judea:--&gt;[[Herodian kingdom]], [[Roman Empire]]{{sfn|Brown|1977|p=513}}
| death_date         = AD 30 or 33 (aged 33 or 38)
| death_place        = [[Jerusalem]], [[Judaea (Roman province)|Judaea]],&lt;br/&gt;[[Roman Empire]]
| known_for          = Central figure of Christianity&lt;br&gt;Major prophet [[Jesus in Islam|in Islam]] and [[Druze Faith]]&lt;br&gt;[[Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)|Manifestation of God]] in [[Baháʼí Faith]]
| death_cause        = &lt;!---Note: No (further) comments required here; the scholarly consensus that the cause of Jesus' death was crucifixion is given in the article text:---&gt;[[Crucifixion of Jesus|Crucifixion]]&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{efn|[[James Dunn (theologian)|James Dunn]] writes that the baptism and crucifixion of Jesus &quot;command almost universal assent&quot; and &quot;rank so high on the 'almost impossible to doubt or deny' scale of historical facts&quot; that they are often the starting points for the study of the historical Jesus.{{sfn|Dunn|2003|p=339}} &lt;!--
       --&gt;[[Bart Ehrman]] states that the crucifixion of Jesus on the orders of Pontius Pilate is the most certain element about him.{{sfn|Ehrman|1999|p=101}} &lt;!--
       --&gt;[[John Dominic Crossan]] and Richard G. Watts state that the crucifixion of Jesus is as certain as any historical fact can be.{{sfn|Crossan|Watts|1999|p=96}} &lt;!--
       --&gt;Paul R. Eddy and [[Greg Boyd (theologian)|Gregory A. Boyd]] say that non-Christian confirmation of the crucifixion of Jesus is now &quot;firmly established&quot;.{{sfn|Eddy|Boyd|2007|p=173}} &lt;!--
 --&gt;}}
&lt;!----
  Note: Please do not expand this infobox. See the FAQ on the talk page.
 -----&gt;| parents            = &lt;!--{{hlist}}, as footnote applies to -both- parents:--&gt;{{hlist |[[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]] |[[God]] |[[Saint Joseph|Joseph]] (Adoptive father){{efn|Traditionally, Christians believe that Mary conceived her son miraculously by the agency of the Holy Spirit. Muslims believe that she conceived her son miraculously by the command of God. Joseph was from these perspectives and according to the canonical gospels the acting adoptive father of Jesus.}}}}
}}

[[File:Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) - The Last Supper (1495-1498).jpg|thumb|400px|This painting shows Jesus in the center at the [[The Last Supper|Last Supper]]. It was painted by [[Leonardo da Vinci]] between 1495 and 1498.]]

'''Jesus''' (or ''Jesus Christ'', or ''Jesus of Nazareth'') was a Jewish preacher and reformer of religion and the central figure of [[Christianity]]. In Christian tradition, Jesus is believed to be the Jewish [[Messiah]] mentioned in the [[Hebrew Bible]]. He is often considered one of the most famous, most recognized, and most influential people.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2521212/Wikipedias-10-significant-people-EVER.html|title=World's top ten most significant people EVER (according to Wikipedia)|date=10 December 2013|website=Mail Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thetoptens.com/i/#jesus-christ-8937|title=Top Ten Lists at TheTopTens.com|website=www.thetoptens.com|access-date=2019-02-14|archive-date=2019-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108003554/https://www.thetoptens.com/i/#jesus-christ-8937|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://voice-wilderness.org/jesus-christ-the-most-famous-person-in-history/|title=Jesus Christ — the most famous Person in history - Voice in the Wilderness Ministries|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.thehistoryvault.co.uk/jesus-is-the-most-famous-person-in-history-followed-by-napoleon-and-then-muhammad/ |title=Jesus is the most famous person in history, followed by Napoleon and then Muhammad. &amp;#124; the History Vault |access-date=2017-11-17 |archive-date=2016-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317193315/http://www.thehistoryvault.co.uk/jesus-is-the-most-famous-person-in-history-followed-by-napoleon-and-then-muhammad/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Most historians agree that Christian Jesus is based on a historical Jesus.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} They also agree that Jesus was considered a teacher in his time{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} and that he was baptized by [[John the Baptist]],{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} and that he was crucified on the orders of [[Pontius Pilate]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| last = Brown| first = Raymond E.| title = The death of the Messiah : from Gethsemane to the grave : a commentary on the Passion narratives in the four Gospels| url = https://archive.org/details/deathofmessiahvo00raym| year = 1994| publisher = Doubleday| location = New York: Doubleday, Anchor Bible Reference Library| isbn = 978-0-385-19397-9| page = [https://archive.org/details/deathofmessiahvo00raym/page/964 964]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Christians believe that Jesus was raised by God three days after his crucifixion.&lt;ref&gt;Cohen (1987). pp. 78, 93, 105, 108.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Crossan. pp. xi—xiii.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Grant, Michael. pp. 34–35, 78, 166, 200.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Meier, John P. (1993). 1:68, 146, 199, 278, 386, 2:726. Sanders. pp. 12–13.&lt;/ref&gt;

According to the [[Gospel|canonical gospels]], Jesus taught that all people should show love and forgiveness, being humble. They tell of the [[Nativity of Jesus|birth]], [[Ministry of Jesus|ministry]], [[Crucifixion of Jesus|crucifixion]], and [[Resurrection of Jesus|resurrection]] of Jesus, as well as the [[Miracles of Jesus|miracles he performed]] and his opposition to the [[Pharisees]] as hypocrites and exploiters of the [[law of Moses]].

Jesus was arrested by the Jewish leaders who conducted a religious trial on him before handing him over to the Roman authorities to be crucified.&lt;ref&gt;Sanders 1993, p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Levine 2006, p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

Several Jewish and [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] [[historian]]s, including [[Flavius Josephus]], [[Tacitus]],&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;Tacitus tells about the death of Jesus in his Annales: [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Tac.+Ann.+15.44 ''Perseus''-Project: Annales 15,44] In the passage, Tacitus talks about the burning of Rome, which [[Nero]] attributed to the Christians (or Chrestians): ''Christus, from whom the name had its origin, suffered the extreme penalty during the reign of Tiberius at the hands of one of our procurators, Pontius Pilatus, and a most mischievous superstition, thus checked for the moment, again broke out not only in Judaea, the first source of the evil, but even in Rome, where all things hideous and shameful from every part of the world find their centre and become popular''.
&lt;/ref&gt; [[Pliny the Younger]], and [[Suetonius]], include Jesus in their writings.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} They do not record the life of Jesus, but they tell of his execution or describe conflicts between his followers and the Roman government.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}}

[[Manichaeism|Manichaeans]], [[Gnosticism|Gnostics]], [[Islam|Muslims]], [[Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'ís]], and others have found prominent places for Jesus in their religions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| last = BOCKMUEHL| first = ed| title = The Cambridge Companion to Jesus| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vSehrtQpcYcC&amp;pg=PA156| year = 2001| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-79678-1| pages = 156–57 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| last = Evans| first = C. Stephen| title = The historical Christ and the Jesus of faith| url = https://archive.org/details/historicalchrist0000evan| year = 1996| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 978-0-19-152042-6| page = v }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| last = Delbert| first = Burkett| title = The Blackwell Companion to Jesus| year = 2010| publisher = John Wiley &amp; Sons| isbn = 978-1-4443-5175-0| page = 1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Islam teaches that [[Isa Masih|Jesus]] was a follower of Allah and a [[Prophets of Islam|human prophet]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;When Jesus found unbelief on their part He said: Who will be My helpers to(the work of) Allah? said the disciples;&quot;We are Allah's helpers We believe in Allah and do thou bear witness that we are Muslims&quot;. Surah 3 al Imran, verse 52&lt;/ref&gt; Bahá'í teachings consider Jesus to be a &quot;manifestation of God&quot;, a Bahá'í concept for prophets.&lt;ref name=&quot;stockman&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | title = Jesus Christ in the Bahá'í Writings | first = Robert | last = Stockman | journal = Bahá'í Studies Review | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | year = 1992 | url = http://bahai-library.com/stockman_jesus_bahai_writings}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some [[Hinduism|Hindus]] believe that Jesus was an [[avatar]] or a [[sadhu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/beliefs/jesus_1.shtml | title=Jesus in Hinduism | publisher=BBC | date=March 24, 2009 |first=Shaunaka |last=Rishi Das}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some [[Buddhism|Buddhists]], including [[14th Dalai Lama|Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama]], regard Jesus as a [[bodhisattva]] who dedicated his life to the welfare of people.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Beverley|first=James A.|url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2001/june11/15.64.html?paging=off|title=Hollywood's Idol|publisher=Christianity Today|date=June 11, 2011|access-date=October 6, 2018|archive-date=March 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329222548/https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2001/june11/15.64.html?paging=off|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Name==
The name ''Jesus'' came from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''Iesous'', from [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] ''Yeshua,'' meaning &quot;[[YHWH|Yahweh]] is [[Salvation (Christianity)|salvation]] (or deliverance).&quot; In the early first century, this was a popular name. 

The words &quot;''Christ''&quot; and &quot;''Messiah''&quot; both mean the same thing. The first one comes from the Greek word &quot;''Christos'',&quot; which means &quot;''Anointed One'',&quot; and the last one comes from the Hebrew word &quot;''Mashiach'',&quot; which also means &quot;''Anointed One.''&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| title = GCSE Religious Studies: Complete Revision and Practice| url = https://archive.org/details/gcsereligiousstu0000pars| date = 2009| publisher = Coordination Group Publications| isbn = 978-1-84762-406-2| page = [https://archive.org/details/gcsereligiousstu0000pars/page/105 105] }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

In Jewish tradition, the King of Israel was anointed to show that they were chosen.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} Hence, &quot;Messiah&quot; and &quot;Christ&quot; are also terms that mean &quot;King of Israel&quot; in the context of the Bible.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} 

==Life according to the Gospels==&lt;!---Do NOT shorten this heading---&gt;
===Birth===
[[File:Giotto - Scrovegni - -18- - Adoration of the Magi.jpg|thumb|250px|Matthew tells that wise men from the East came to bring precious gifts to the baby Jesus (painted by [[Giotto]] in 1300).]]

The [[Gospel of Matthew]] and the [[Gospel of Luke]] claim that Jesus had parents named Mary and Joseph, and that Mary was [[Arranged marriage|betrothed]] to Joseph. They say that Mary and Joseph were made aware by the [[Gabriel|angel Gabriel]] that Jesus was going to be the King of Israel promised to the Jewish people.&lt;ref&gt;Matthew 1:18-23&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Luke 1:26-38&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Luke 1:41-45&lt;/ref&gt; When Joseph and Mary go to Bethlehem, Mary gives birth to Jesus and lays him in a manger. Eight days after his birth, Jesus was [[circumcised]].

Most Christians celebrate the day that Jesus was born, which is the [[Christmas]] holiday. The Gospels do not say what day Jesus was born, but the date of December 25 was eventually chosen because there was already a [[Saturnalia|Roman holiday on that day]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| last1 = Ehorn| first1 = Lee Ellen| last2 = Hewlett| first2 = Shirely J.| last3 = Hewlett| first3 = Dale M.| title = December Holiday Customs| date = September 1, 1995| publisher = Lorenz Educational Press| isbn = 978-1-4291-0896-6| page = 1 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Baptism and Temptation ===
In the Gospels, [[John the Baptist]] knows about Jesus. When he baptizes Jesus, the Spirit of God descends upon Jesus like a dove,&lt;ref&gt;The Gospel of Luke specifies &quot;in bodily form,&quot; but none of the other gospels do this. In the Gospel of John, John the Baptist is explicitly mentioned as a witness to these events, but the other gospels only note that Jesus saw it happen.&lt;/ref&gt; and a voice from heaven is heard. Then Jesus is led into the wilderness by the Spirit where he fasted and was tested by the accuser, though Jesus resisted his attempts.

Jesus went into Galilee, settled in Capernaum, and began to preach about the Kingdom of God.

=== Ministry ===
Jesus taught in [[Parables of Jesus|parables]]. He said that people should love God and love each other as the [[Old Testament|scriptures]] tell them to do, and he taught his followers [[Lord's Prayer|how to pray]]. Jesus performed [[Miracles of Jesus|miracles]] as signs of God's power, such as giving hungry people food and wine, healing sick people, and raising the dead. He also set people free from evil spirits.
[[File:Giotto Scrovegni 26 entry into Jerusalem detail.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Jesus riding into [[Jerusalem]] is greeted by crowds of people who use their cloaks and branches to make a carpet for him (painted by Giotto, 1300).]]
Jesus gathered together twelve men, known as the ''[[Twelve Apostles]]'', whom he chose and trained to spread his message. He had female disciples, but they could not travel far on their own because of Jewish customs.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}}

The Bible says Jesus became famous. He went to [[Jerusalem]], where many were visiting the city for [[Passover]]. When they heard that he was coming, they greeted him as if he was a king. They thought he would free them from the Roman rule, but Jesus rode into Jerusalem on a donkey as a sign that he came in peace.

Jesus did certain things that upset the [[Pharisees]]. They thought that he showed disrespect for the customs that the Jews had kept for many centuries, such as the [[Sabbath]]: in the [[Gospel of John]], when Jesus heals a crippled man lying on a mattress, he tells the man to pick up the mattress and go home, but carrying the mattress on the Sabbath was against religious custom because it was a kind of labor, so the religious leaders argued with Jesus about it. They then watched everything he did, and remembered all the things that were against the religious customs.

In the [[Gospel of Mark]], it says that Jesus went to the Jewish temple when he arrived in Jerusalem. He became angry because there were sellers and money lenders who were cheating poor people. Jesus chased them away and accused the chief priests and scribes of turning the temple into a den of thieves because they were making money from the poor and taking away homes from poor women who had no other way to pay for the temple worship.&lt;ref&gt;Mark 11:17,18 and Mark 12:40&lt;/ref&gt;

===  Crucifixion, Burial, and Resurrection ===
The Gospels say that the temple leaders were angry and wanted to kill him. The Pharisees wanted to crucify him because he claimed to be the Son of God. [[Pontius Pilate]], the governor of Roman Judea, thought that Jesus should be set free, but the Jewish leaders said: &quot;''If you release this man, you are no friend of Caesar.''&quot;

Pilate sentenced him to death because his followers claimed that he was the king of the Jews. The Roman soldiers killed Jesus by [[crucifixion]]. He was nailed up to a high [[Christian cross|cross]] by his hands and feet. This was a common way for the [[Ancient Romans|Romans]] to kill rebels and criminals.

The body of Jesus was buried in a tomb that belonged to one of his followers. On the day after the Sabbath, early in the morning, women went to treat the body with [[spice]] and [[perfume]]d oil. But when they got to the tomb, the body of Jesus was missing, though they saw him alive afterward.

Some people, like the disciple [[Thomas the Apostle|Thomas]], said, &quot;''Unless I see the mark of the nails in his hands and put my finger in the mark of the nails and my hand in his side, I will not believe.''&quot; The Bible claims that five hundred people, including Thomas, saw Jesus alive again. There are many stories in the Gospels about what Jesus did after he was resurrected.

According to the [[Gospel of Luke]], Jesus took his disciples to a hill where he blessed them and told them to spread his teaching through all the world. Then clouds came down, and he was lifted up to heaven.

Most Christians celebrate the time that the Gospels say he died and was raised from the dead as the holiday of [[Easter]].&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;Easter is not held on the same date every year, because Jesus' death is always remembered on a Friday called &quot;[[Good Friday]]&quot;. Easter is celebrated the first Sunday following the first full moon after the Spring [[Equinox]]. This means it can be celebrated in March or April. Western churches, like the [[Roman Catholic Church]], use the [[Gregorian calendar]] and [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern churches]], like the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], use the [[Julian calendar]]. Because of this, the date of Easter celebrations is different for these two types of churches even though the way they calculate the date is the same.&lt;/ref&gt;

== The Epistles ==
In the [[New Testament]], there are letters (''epistles'') written from 1st-century to the 2nd-century,{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} though none of them were written by Jesus. Most of them were written by [[Paul the Apostle|Paul]], an apostle who used to persecute Christians but converted to Christianity after witnessing the resurrected Jesus.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} The [[Pauline epistles|ones that were written by Paul]] were addressed to churches and intended either to praise them for their faithfulness or to correct their mistakes.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}}

A few of these letters, like the [[Epistle to Titus]], probably weren't written by Paul, even though they are traditionally attributed to Paul.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}}

There are other letters in the New Testament by other writers including Peter, James, and John, but their authorship is debated.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} These letters all help to build the beliefs that modern Christians have.

'''See section''': [[#Other views about Jesus|Other views about Jesus]]

=== Jesus as God in nature ===
[[File:Christ pantocrator daphne1090-1100.jpg|thumb|This [[mosaic]] from 1100, [[Athens]], shows Jesus as Judge of the Earth.]]
Whether or not Jesus is God in nature, and in what sense, has been the subject of much debate for a long time. Many Christians, including those from the [[Catholicism|Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]], and [[Protestantism|Protestant]] denominations, believe that Jesus was both God in nature and Human in nature. Jesus is described in different parts of the [[New Testament]] as being &quot;the Word,&quot; &quot;the Son of God,&quot; and &quot;the Son of Man,&quot; though these can all (excluding &quot;the Word&quot;) be interpreted as different titles for the King of Israel.

These teachings, which are believed by most Christians, are not believed by many other people. The Islamic teaching is that Jesus was a [[prophet|human prophet]], but he was not part of God or the &quot;Son of God.&quot; In Jesus's own time, many Jews became very angry at Jesus for saying that he was the &quot;Son of God&quot; and also because his followers said he was the &quot;Messiah.&quot; Most Jews do not believe this.

These Bible verses are often interpreted as supporting [[Trinity|Trinitarianism]]:

:''&quot;In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.&quot;'' [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John%201%3A1&amp;version=NRSVUE John 1:1-2, NRSVUE]

:''&quot;And the Word became flesh and lived among us, and we have seen his glory, the glory as of a father's only son, full of grace and truth.&quot;'' [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John%201%3A14&amp;version=NRSVUE John 1:14, NRSVUE]
:
:&quot;''The Father and I are one.''&quot; [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John%2010%3A30&amp;version=NRSVUE John 10:30, NRSVUE]

:''&quot;To them belong the patriarchs, and from them, according to the flesh, comes the Christ, who is over all, God blessed forever. Amen.&quot;'' [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans%209%3A5&amp;version=NRSVUE Romans 9:5, NRSVUE]

:''&quot;while we wait for the blessed hope and the manifestation of the glory of our great God and Savior, Jesus Christ.&quot;'' [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Titus%202%3A13&amp;version=NRSVUE Titus 2:13, NRSVUE]

:''&quot;For in him the whole fullness of deity dwells bodily&quot;'' [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Colossians%202%3A9&amp;version=NRSVUE Colossians 2:9, NRSVUE]

Jesus is also referred to as &quot;the Son of God&quot;.

:''&quot;but in these last days he has spoken to us by a Son, whom he appointed heir of all things, through whom he also created the worlds. He is the reflection of God's glory and the exact imprint of God's very being, and he sustains all things by his powerful word. When he had made purification for sins, he sat down at the right hand of the Majesty on high&quot;'' [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Hebrews%201%3A2-3&amp;version=NRSVUE Hebrews 1:2-3, NRSVUE]

:''&quot;And we know that the Son of God has come and has given us understanding so that we may know him who is true; and we are in him who is true, in his Son Jesus Christ. He is the true God and eternal life.&quot;'' [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20John%205%3A20&amp;version=NRSVUE 1 John 5:20, NRSVUE]

Many Christians believe that these verses say Jesus is God in nature, and all Christians believe that Jesus's death on the cross allows all people to be forgiven by God for their sins. Most Christians believe that if a person asks God to forgive them, he will do so, and they will get to live forever with him in heaven.&lt;ref name=&quot;religioustolerance1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/chr_savj2.htm |title=SALVATION: WHAT DID THE GOSPEL WRITERS AND PAUL SAY? |access-date=2008-04-25 |archive-date=2008-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015132553/http://www.religioustolerance.org/chr_savj2.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== God in human form ===
[[File:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 048.jpg|thumb|Jesus painted by [[Rembrandt]], Dutch, 1600s. Rembrandt used a Jewish man as his model.]]
Many Christians believe that Jesus was not only truly God but also truly human, and that this was part of God's plan to bring humans closer to understanding him. People who do not have Christian beliefs have different ideas about Jesus.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.religionfacts.com/jesus/religious_views.htm |title=Comparison Chart: Religious Views of Jesus |first= |last= |work=religionfacts.com |year=2014 |accessdate=12 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url =http://www.vatican.va/jubilee_2000/magazine/documents/ju_mag_01031997_p-29_en.html|title=Christ and the other religions|first= Michael | last=Fitzgerald|work=Commission for Interreligious Dialogue|year=2014|accessdate=12 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Verses from the Bible:-
:&quot;''And the Word became flesh and lived among us&quot;'' [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John%201%3A14&amp;version=NRSVUE John 1:14, NRSVUE]

In the [[Gospel of Matthew]], Jesus is often called &quot;the Son of Man,&quot; which is a Hebrew expression that just refers to a person (i.e., ''son of Adam''). Matthew has borrowed these words from the [[Old Testament]],{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} where they are often used to show that humankind is very far from God. In the Bible, God is often praised and thanked for helping ordinary humans, who are called &quot;sons of man.&quot; In the [[Psalms|Book of Psalms]], the Psalmist asks God: ''&quot;what is man that you are mindful of him, and the son of man that you care for him?&quot;''&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;Paraphrased&lt;/ref&gt;

Jesus says, in the Gospel of Matthew, ''&quot;Then the sign of the Son of Man will appear in heaven, and then all the tribes of the earth will mourn, and they will see 'the Son of Man coming on the clouds of heaven' with power and great glory.&quot;'' Like the Psalmist, Jesus is making a difference between his ordinary human life and his great power as the ''Son of God''.

=== &quot;The Good Shepherd&quot; ===
One of the best-loved parts of the [[Old Testament]] is a song called Psalm 23. It starts:
:''&quot;The LORD is my shepherd; I shall not want. He makes me to lie down in green pastures; he leads me beside still waters.&quot;''&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;This is one of many songs or &quot;psalms&quot; are believed to have been written by David, a shepherd boy who became the King of Israel and was a great musician. Matthew's Gospel shows that Jesus' father was the direct descendant of King David.&lt;/ref&gt;

In the Gospels, Jesus often spoke about himself as being like a shepherd, caring for sheep. He called himself the &quot;Good Shepherd&quot; who would even give his own life, to protect his sheep. He told the Jewish people, referring to non-Jewish or ''Gentile'' believers, that he had &quot;other sheep&quot; that do not belong to this flock. ([https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John%2010%3A16&amp;version=NRSVUE John 10:16, NRSVUE]). In one of his last conversations with his disciple Peter, he told him, ''&quot;Feed my sheep!&quot;'', in other words ''&quot;Take care of my people.&quot;''.

=== &quot;The Holy Saviour&quot; ===
In [[Judaism]], from ancient times, people are seen as [[sin]]ful or bad,{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} in need of forgiveness from God. They believed that there were two ways to get God's forgiveness, by [[prayer]] and by [[:wikt:sacrifice|sacrifice]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} Prayer could be done anywhere, but sacrifices were done at the temple. A person would bring an animal, often a lamb, or if they were poor, a [[dove]]. They would put their hands on the animal to lay their sins on it. Then the animal would be killed, as a punishment for the sin. This type of sacrifice continued until the temple in Jerusalem was destroyed in 71 AD. Paying money to the temple was also a sort of sacrifice. When Jesus drove the traders out of the temple, they were the people who sold lambs and doves, and the people who exchanged Roman money into special temple money.
[[File:Torso stgeorg detail.jpg|thumb|A broken statue of Jesus crucified, from [[Germany]] about 1000&amp;nbsp;AD]]
Part of Christian belief is that Jesus Christ did not just come as a human person so that he could teach a better way of life. Christians also believe that Jesus was the ''ultimate'' sacrifice for the sin of humankind, that Jesus is the &quot;Saviour&quot; who came to [[Salvation (Christianity)|save]]. Christians believe that, unlike ordinary people, Jesus was completely pure and free from sin, but that when he died on the cross, he took on himself all the sins of every person who would believe in him, like the lamb sacrificed in the temple.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/chr_savj3.htm |title=Religious Tolerance- ''Salvation'' |access-date=2008-04-25 |archive-date=2008-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120034948/http://www.religioustolerance.org/chr_savj3.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Based on the [[Gospel of John]], the Christian teaching is that the death and resurrection of Jesus are the sign of his power to forgive the sins of any person who turns to him and truly asks for forgiveness.&lt;ref name=&quot;religioustolerance1&quot;/&gt; The Bible says that sinners who are forgiven should try to live a ''new life'' and not go back to their sinful behaviour. Christians believe that knowing about God's love helps people to live a new and better life.

These are three verses from the Bible that are important in this Christian belief:

''&quot;For God so loved the world, that he gave his only Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish but have eternal life.&quot; [[John 3:16]].''

''Jesus said to him, “I am the way, and the truth, and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me.&quot;'' ''[[John 14#Verse 6|John 14:6]]''.

''&quot;If we say we have no sins, we are fooling ourselves and not telling the truth. But if we tell our sins humbly to God, then He has promised to listen and to forgive our sins and make us clean from all our badness.&quot;'' from the [[First Epistle of John|First Letter of John]].

==Relics associated with Jesus==
&lt;gallery heights=&quot;200&quot; caption=&quot;Relics associated with Jesus&quot;&gt;
File:Vatican Veil of Veronica.jpg|The Vatican Sudarium of Saint Veronica
File:Claude Mellan - Face of Christ - WGA14764.jpg|''Sudarium of Saint Veronica'' by Claude Mellan (1649)
File:Turin shroud positive and negative displaying original color information 708 x 465 pixels 94 KB.jpg|The Shroud of Turin: modern photo of the face, positive (left), and digitally processed image (right)
File:Shroudofturin.jpg|Full-length image of the Turin Shroud before the [[Conservation-restoration]] of the Shroud of Turin
File:Chapelle du Saint Sepulchre - Bruyn Cornelis De - 1714.jpg|Tomb of Jesus in Holy Sepulchre church
File:Weltliche Schatzkammer Wien (180)-3-2.jpg|Holy Lance displayed in the [[Imperial Treasury (Vienna)|Imperial Treasury]] at the [[Hofburg Palace]] in Vienna, Austria
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Other views about Jesus ==
=== Jesus as a teacher ===

Some people who are not Christians believe that Jesus lived at the time that the Gospels say, but do not believe that Jesus was the &quot;Son of God&quot; or &quot;Savior&quot;. They believe that Jesus was an ordinary, but very good person, a teacher, or a [[prophet]].

[[Mohandas Gandhi]] said, &quot;I am a Muslim, and a Hindu, and a Christian, and a Jew,&quot; even though he was born a [[Jainism|Jain]].

=== Muslim beliefs about Jesus ===
Muslims believe [[Isa Masih|Jesus]] was the second-to-last Prophet (messenger of God). They call Him &quot;Isa&quot;, the Arabic name for Jesus. They believe that [[Muhammad]] was the very last Prophet. They believe that both Jesus and Muhammad were ordinary men, chosen by God to be his servant and teach the word of Islam.

Muslims do not believe that Jesus was God or &quot;the Son of God&quot;. Islam is strictly [[monotheism|monotheistic]]: it says that there is only one God. Muslims believe that Jesus cannot be part of God, because there is only one God. If someone other than God is worshiped, it is thought to be [[polytheism]] (belief in more than one God). It is also thought to be [[idolatry]]: idolizing someone other than God.

Islam teaches that Jesus did not die on the cross, but another man disguised as him went on the cross for Isa ([[Qur'an]] 4:157).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Quran translation Comparison {{!}} Al-Quran Surah 4. An-Nisaa, Ayah 157 {{!}} Alim|url=http://www.alim.org/library/quran/ayah/compare/4/157|access-date=2020-12-14|website=www.alim.org|language=en|archive-date=2020-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026192435/http://www.alim.org/library/quran/ayah/compare/4/157|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is very different from Christianity. Jesus' death is a very important part of the Christian belief about salvation. Muslims always say &quot;peace be upon him&quot; after saying Jesus' name as a sign of respect in short and Arabic a.s.

Muslims also accept some other teachings about Jesus. These teachings say that Jesus will return to the earth in the End Of Days; he will then destroy the false messiah or [[Anti-christ]] before the day of judgment. Muslims also accept Jesus' claims to be a healer. They believe in the many miracles he is said to have performed, like raising the dead to life and giving sight to the blind. They believe that all his miracles were granted to him from God.

The [[Qur'an]] (like the [[Bible]]), mentions the [[virgin birth of Jesus]] but then it says other things about Mary (Islamic-Maryam). The Bible says that Joseph helped Mary give birth to Jesus, but in Islam there is no Joseph. Instead, Mary walked the desert alone in labor and found a tree. The angel [[Gabriel]] (Jibril) asked if she was hungry, then told her to shake the tree and dates fell for her to eat. Then he asked if she was thirsty, and he said look down at your feet and there was water and there she gave birth to Jesus. (Qur'an 19) This is why Muslims [[fasting|fast]] and how they break their fast. Mary knew she had to go back to her town and when she did, with Jesus in her arms, the people were shouting at her for [[adultery]]. Mary wanted to explain herself, but the Angel told her not to speak.

=== Jewish beliefs about Jesus ===
Even though Jesus was a Jew, and his teaching came out of the Jewish religion, most Jewish people do not believe that Jesus was the ''Messiah'' that is promised in the [[Old Testament|Jewish Scriptures]].

In the Gospels, it tells that Jesus made the Jewish teachers very angry with his teachings. It says that part of their anger was because he told them they were &quot;hypocrites&quot; which means that they externally made themselves appear to be living a holy life, but internally their hearts were far from God's.

In the Gospels, the other reason that they became angry was that Jesus acted as if he was the ''Messiah'', and said he was the &quot;Son of God&quot;. This meant that he was either a terrible liar, that he was mad and just imagined it, or that it was true. But Jesus did not seem to be mad. So that left only two choices. If Jesus was lying, then he was doing something badly against the Jewish religion. It was because of the claims that Jesus was the &quot;Son of God&quot; that some of the Jewish leaders wanted him killed and they handed him to the Roman rulers. The Romans did not care if Jesus said something that was against the Jewish beliefs. But they knew that people had also said that Jesus was &quot;King of the Jews&quot;. The Jewish leaders claimed this was against the Roman Government's laws. Although the Roman leaders did not agree, they had him killed to prevent a possible riot.

Although, today and through history, most Jews do not believe what Christians say about Jesus, there are some Jews who do believe that Jesus was the ''Messiah'' promised in the Jewish Scriptures. Jews who believe this are called Jewish Christians.

== How the Gospels were written ==
Nearly all modern scholars, both Christian and non-Christian, agree that Jesus was a real person. Both Christian and non-Christian scholars base their studies of him on the Gospels. They are believed to have been written between 60-90&amp;nbsp;AD.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.markdroberts.com/htmfiles/resources/gospelsreliable.htm Mark D. Roberts, ''Are the New Testament Gospels Reliable?'']&lt;/ref&gt;

By tradition, ''the Gospels'' were written by four men, [[Saint Matthew|Matthew]], [[Saint Mark|Mark]], [[Saint Luke|Luke]] and [[John the Apostle|John]] who gave their names to these books.
This is the order in which they are arranged in the New Testament of the Bible, but scholars think that it is not the order in which they were written. ''The Gospel of Mark'' was probably written before ''the Gospel of Matthew''. The four Gospels all tell the story of the Life of Jesus, but they do it from four different points of view, because they were written by different people and each writer had reasons to tell it in a different way.

Other scholars have said that leaders in the Early Christian Church made changes to the Gospel writings. These changes are said to have happened at different times, in different ways and for different reasons. For example, one story was left out of many old versions of the Gospels. It is about Jesus rescuing a woman who had committed [[adultery]] (had sex outside marriage) and was about to be killed. [[St. Augustine of Hippo]], (354-430&amp;nbsp;AD) wrote that this was probably left out because some church leaders thought the story might cause people to act in a sinful way.&lt;ref&gt;Augustine, ''De Adulterinis Conjugiis 2:6–7'', Cited in Wieland Willker, ''A Textual Commentary on the Greek Gospels, Vol. 4b, p. 10.''&lt;/ref&gt; This story is in all modern Bibles and is thought to contain very important teaching for Christians.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.bibleodyssey.org/en/passages/related-articles/Manuscript-History-and-John |title=Manuscript History and John 8:1-8:11 |access-date=2022-11-18 |archive-date=2022-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118131024/https://www.bibleodyssey.org/en/passages/related-articles/Manuscript-History-and-John |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Other differences that can be found in versions of the Gospels are mostly small and do not make a difference to what is known about the life of Jesus and his teaching.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.biblegateway.com/resources/encyclopedia-of-the-bible/Text-Manuscripts-New-Testament | title=Text and Manuscripts of the New Testament - Encyclopedia of the Bible - Bible Gateway }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:The Good Shepherd, Priscilla Catacomb,from the 1903 book Die Malereien der Katakomben Roms (Tafeln) by Wilpert, Joseph.jpg|thumb|left|3rd century A.D. Catacomb painting of Jesus as the &quot;Good Shepherd&quot;]]
[[File:Christ with beard.jpg|thumb|left|Dating from 4th century Rome, this is the oldest known picture of Jesus showing him as a bearded semitic man, rather than a shaved, short-haired Roman.]]

=== About Mark ===
{{See also|Gospel of Mark}}
Mark's Gospel, which is thought by many biblical scholars to be the earliest, has the name of a young disciple of the apostle Paul who is mentioned several times in the [[Acts of the Apostles]] and Paul's Letters. The Gospel was probably written in [[Rome]] and is thought by scholars to be from the memories of Jesus' follower or ''disciple'', [[Saint Peter|Peter]].&lt;ref name=&quot;JPH&quot;&gt;James Patrick Holding, ''The New Testament- Gospel Dates, Gospel Authors, Gospel Freedoms'',[http://tektonics.org/ntdocdef/gospdefhub.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814064916/http://tektonics.org/ntdocdef/gospdefhub.html|date=2007-08-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; It does not tell about Jesus' birth; it starts when he was 30 years old, at the time when the disciples got to know him. It shows Jesus as a man of action: going around the country, teaching and healing people.

=== About Matthew ===
{{See also|Gospel of Matthew}}
Matthew's Gospel was written next. Matthew was one of Jesus' disciples. He was a Jewish man that was hated by other Jews because he worked for the Roman rulers as a [[tax]] collector. Matthew tells that one day Jesus saw him sitting at his desk in the [[market place]] and said &quot;Follow me&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;JPH&quot;/&gt;
Most Biblical scholars believe that Matthew had read Mark's Gospel and decided to fill in some things that Mark left out, because, while Mark wrote his Gospel for the Church of Rome, Matthew wanted to write for Jewish Christians all over the Roman Empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;JPH&quot;/&gt; Matthew was a well-educated Jew, so he knew the Jewish Scriptures, (which Christians also use and call the Old Testament of the Bible). Matthew knew the scripture teachings that the Messiah, or God's anointed one would come. In his Gospel, he often mentions these teachings. He also starts off by giving a list of Jesus' ancestors because this was important to Jewish readers.

=== About Luke ===
{{See also|Gospel of Luke}}
[[File:Nuestra_Señora_de_Czestochowa.jpg|thumb|220px|Black Madonna of Czestochowa with Jesus as a child]]
[[File:Icon 01011 Bogorodica Kazanskaya.jpg|thumb|220px|Jesus as a child, with his mother, Mary. This picture is called &quot;Theotokos of Kazan&quot;.]] The apostle Luke was Greek and a friend of the apostle [[Saint Paul|Paul]]. He was a doctor. Luke came to know about Jesus from the ''disciples''. Luke writes about the birth and the childhood of Jesus and he says, &quot;Mary kept all these things in her heart and thought about them.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;JPH&quot;/&gt;
Luke was not a Jew, and he writes in a way that is easy for other people who are not Jews to understand. He explains Jewish customs and laws. He wrote a second book called the ''[[Acts of the Apostles]]'' which tells what the disciples did after Jesus had left them.

=== About John ===
{{See also|Gospel of John}}
It is believed by scholars of the Bible that John was a ''disciple'' of Jesus and was probably the youngest of the twelve men who were Jesus' main followers.&lt;ref name=&quot;JPH&quot;/&gt; He lived to be an old man and, because of his teaching about Jesus, he was sent to a small island, called [[Patmos]].
John writes with one particular idea in mind. He wants to prove to the reader that Jesus is God's way of saving humans from the terrible problem of [[sin]] or ''evil''. John starts by telling the reader that Jesus was and is God. John says that Jesus is God's ''Living [[Communication]]'' (or ''Living Word''). Every part of ''John's Gospel'' is written to show that Jesus came from God, taught the ''Message of God'' and is the way for people to understand ''God's Love''.&lt;ref name=&quot;religioustolerance1&quot;/&gt;

== Teaching with stories ==
{{main|Parables of Jesus}}

The Gospels tell many of the stories that Jesus told when he was teaching people about the way that God loved them and the way they should live. These are called parables. They include the following:
[[File:Johns 10.JPG|thumb|417x417px|A church window with the story of The Good Samaritan]]

=== The Good Samaritan ===
{{main|Parable of the Good Samaritan}}

In this story from chapter 10 of [[Gospel of Luke|Luke's Gospel]], Jesus shows what it means to be a good neighbour. Near the Jews lived the people called [[Samaritan]]s. They did not agree with each other about religious teaching and were considered enemies. One day, a Jewish man was walking, when some robbers beat him up, robbed him, and left him naked and almost dead, by the road. A Jewish priest came along and saw him. He thought, &quot;If I touch that naked bleeding man, I will be unclean and I will not be able to go to the Temple!&quot; So, he pretended that he had not seen him. Another Jew, a Holy Man, came along and acted in the same way. At last, a Samaritan came along with a donkey. When he saw the wounded man, he stopped. He washed his wounds with wine and olive oil. Then he put him on his donkey and took him to the nearest inn. He paid the innkeeper and said, &quot;Keep him until he is well, and whatever is owed, I will pay when I come back this way.&quot; Jesus said to the people who were listening &quot;Which one of these people acted like a good neighbour?&quot; They said, &quot;He that stopped and helped.&quot; Jesus said, &quot;You go and act the same way.&quot;

=== The Prodigal Son ===
{{main|Parable of the Prodigal Son}}

Jesus told listeners that a sinner who changes his mind makes angels face joy. In the last story of chapter 15 of [[Gospel of Luke|Luke's Gospel]], Jesus tells how a rich man had two sons. They would both get a share of his money when he died, but he was still alive. The younger son said, &quot;Father, give me my money now, so I can go and enjoy myself, while I'm young.&quot; He took the money to another place and wasted it on pleasure. Soon he had none left to feed himself and was ashamed. He got a job caring for pigs, an unholy meat to eat, just keep himself from starving. He said to himself, &quot;I'll go home to my father, and I will say, 'Father, I have sinned! Please let me be a servant in your house!'&quot; When his father saw him coming, he ran along the road to put his arms around his son. The father said, &quot;Bring the finest clothes! Kill the fattest calf to make a feast!&quot; When the elder brother heard about the feast, he was angry and said, &quot;I'm a good son to you, but you never even gave me one little calf to have a feast with my friends!&quot; The father said, &quot;You have always been with me. I love you greatly, and all I have is yours, but my son who was lost is now found! Your brother who seemed to be dead is alive! Be happy with me!&quot;

==Related pages==
* [[Atonement]]
* [[Bible]]
* [[Christ]]
* [[Crucifixion of Jesus]]
* [[God in Christianity]]
* [[Holy Spirit]]
* [[Incarnation (Christianity)]]
* [[Justification (theology)]]
* [[Messiah]]
* [[New Testament]]
* [[Reconciliation]]
* [[Resurrection of Jesus]]
* [[Salvation (Christianity)]]
* [[Second Coming]]
* [[Sin]]
* [[Trinity]]
* [[Virgin birth of Jesus]]
* [[Religion]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

&lt;references /&gt;

==Further reading==
{{multicol}}
* {{cite book| last = Allison| first = Dale C.| title = Jesus of Nazareth: Jesus Tradition and the Jesus of History: How to Find a Millenarian Prophet| url = https://archive.org/details/jesusofnazarethm00alli| year = 1998| isbn = 978-0-8006-3144-4 }}
* {{cite book| last = Brown| first = Raymond Edward| title = An Introduction to the New Testament| url = https://archive.org/details/introductiontone0000raym| year = 1997| publisher = Anchor Bible }}
* {{cite book| last = Cohen| first = Shaye J.D.| title = From the Maccabees to the Mishnah| year = 1987| publisher = Westminster John Knox Press }}
* {{cite book| last = Cohen| first = Shaye J.D.| title = The Beginnings of Jewishness: Boundaries, Varieties, Uncertainties| url = https://archive.org/details/beginningsofjewi0000shay| year = 2001| publisher = University of California Press| isbn = 0-520-22693-3 }}
* Crossan, John Dominic.
* {{cite book| last = Crossan| first = John Dominic| title = The Historical Jesus: The Life of a Mediterranean Jewish Peasa| url = https://archive.org/details/historicaljesusl00cros| year = 1993| publisher = HarperOne| isbn = 978-0-06-061629-8 }}
* {{cite book| last = Crossan| first = John Dominic| title = Who Killed Jesus?: Exposing the Roots of Anti-semitism in the Gospel Story of the Death of Jesus| url = https://archive.org/details/whokilledjesus00john| year = 1995| publisher = HarperCollins Publishers| isbn = 978-0-06-061671-7 }}
* {{cite book| last = Davenport| first = Guy| title = The Logia of Yeshua: The Sayings of Jesus| year = 1998| publisher = Counterpoint| isbn = 978-1-887178-70-9 }}
* {{cite book| author = Ignace de La Potterie| title = The Hour of Jesus: The Passion and the Resurrection of Jesus According to John| url = https://archive.org/details/hourofjesuspassi0000lapo| year = 1989| publisher = Saint Pauls/Alba House| isbn = 978-0-8189-0575-9 }}
* {{cite book| last = Durant| first = Will| title = Caesar and Christ: A History of Roman Civilization and of Christianity from Their Beginnings to A.D. 325| url = https://archive.org/details/caesarchristthes03dura| year = 1972| publisher = Simon &amp; Schuster| isbn = 978-0-671-11500-5 }}

{{multicol-break}}
* {{cite book| last = Ehrman| first = Bart D.| title = Lost Christianities:The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew| url = https://archive.org/details/lostchristianiti00ehrm| year = 2003| publisher = Oxford University Press, USA| isbn = 0-19-514183-0 }}
* {{cite book| last = Ehrman| first = Bart D.| title = The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings| url = https://archive.org/details/newtestamenthist0000ehrm_g7n1| year = 2004| publisher = Oxford University Press, USA| isbn = 978-0-19-515462-7 }}
* {{cite book| last = Fredriksen| first = Paula| title = Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews: A Jewish Life and the Emergence of Christianity| url = https://archive.org/details/jesusofnazarethk00paul_0| year = 2000| publisher = Vintage| isbn = 0-679-76746-0 }}
* {{cite book| last = Fredriksen| first = Paula| title = From Jesus to Christ: The Origins of the New Testament Images of Christ, Second Edition| year = 2000| publisher = Yale University Press| isbn = 0-300-08457-9 }}
* {{cite book| last = Finegan| first = Jack| title = Handbook of Biblical Chronology: Principles of Time Reckoning in the Ancient World and Problems of Chronology in the Bible| year = 1998| publisher = Hendrickson Publishing }}
* {{cite book| last = Robinson| first = John A.T.| title = Redating the New Testament| year = 2000| publisher = Wipf and Stock Publishers| isbn = 1-57910-527-0 }}
* {{cite book| last = Sanders| first = E.P.| title = The Historical Figure of Jesus| url = https://archive.org/details/historicalfigure0000sand| year = 1993| publisher = Viking Adult }}
* {{cite book| last = Sanders| first = E.P.| title = Jesus and Judaism| url = https://archive.org/details/jesusjudaism0000sand| year = 1985| publisher = Augsburg Fortress Publishing| isbn = 978-0-8006-2061-5 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia|title=Introduction|first=Amy-Jill |last=Levine|authorlink=Amy-Jill Levine|encyclopedia=The Historical Jesus in Context |editor-last1=Levine|editor-last2=Allison|editor-first3=John D.|editor-last3=Crossan|publisher=Princeton Univ Press| isbn= 978-0-691-00992-6|year=2006|editor1-first=Amy-Jill| editor2-first=Dale C.|editor2-link=Dale Allison |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HIp_0N3uPPcC&amp;q=The+Historical+Jesus+in+Context}}
* {{cite book| last1 = Theissen| first1 = Gerd| last2 = Merz| first2 = Annette| title = The historical Jesus : a comprehensive guide| url = https://archive.org/details/historicaljesusc0000thei| year = 1998| publisher = Fortress Press| location = Minneapolis| isbn = 978-0-8006-3122-2 }}
{{multicol-end}}

==Other websites==
{{Sister project links}}
* {{cite web
|url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08374c.htm
|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Jesus Christ
|work=newadvent.org
|accessdate=13 April 2010
}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.easyenglish.bible/bible-study/jesus-life/index.htm|title=Life of Jesus Christ|work=easyenglish.bible|accessdate=13 April 2010}}
* [https://newmsgfromgod.blogspot.com/2018/12/the-meaning-of-christmas.html meaning of christmas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222082035/https://newmsgfromgod.blogspot.com/2018/12/the-meaning-of-christmas.html |date=2018-12-22 }}
* [https://www.giftedchristian.com/ Christian Quotes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122021657/https://giftedchristian.com/ |date=2019-01-22 }}

{{Christianityfooter}}
{{New Testament people|collapsed}}
{{Christmas}}
{{Parables of Jesus}}
{{Holy Week}}
{{Easter}}

[[Category:0s BC births]]
[[Category:30s deaths]]
[[Category:Ancient Israeli people]]
[[Category:Carpenters]]
[[Category:Christian religious leaders|*]]
[[Category:Executed people]]
[[Category:Jesus| ]]
[[Category:New Testament people]]
[[Category:People from Bethlehem]]
[[Category:People from Nazareth]]
[[Category:Creator gods and goddesses]]</text>
      <sha1>d8twsjrc9a3vkfelp20qzar2ojevb9w</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>United States</title>
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      <text bytes="117784" sha1="bvd4lyjfeou7847o41k5ws42n1on2ns" xml:space="preserve">{{Hatnote|&quot;US&quot;, and &quot;USA&quot; redirect here. For the [[continent]], see [[Americas]]. For other uses, see [[United States (disambiguation)]], [[America (disambiguation)]], [[US (disambiguation)]], [[USA (disambiguation)]], and [[The United States of America (disambiguation)]].}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2019}}

{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = United States of America
| common_name            = United States
| image_flag             = Flag of the United States (Web Colors).svg
| alt_flag               = {{nbsp}} &lt;!--Used to denote purely decorative images--&gt;
| image_coat             = Greater coat of arms of the United States.svg
| coat_alt               = {{nbsp}} &lt;!--Used to denote purely decorative images--&gt;
| symbol_type_article    = Great Seal of the United States#Obverse
| national_motto         = &quot;[[In God We Trust]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{USC|36|302}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{collapsible list
|title={{nowrap|Other traditional mottos:&lt;ref name=&quot;de facto Motto&quot;&gt;{{cite web |publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]], [[Bureau of Public Affairs]] |year=2003 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/27807.pdf |title=The Great Seal of the United States |access-date=February 12, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|titlestyle=background:transparent;color:inherit;text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;
|liststyle=text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;
|{{native phrase|la|&quot;[[E pluribus unum]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Out of many, one&quot;
|{{native phrase|la|&quot;[[Annuit cœptis]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Providence favors our undertakings&quot;
|{{native phrase|la|&quot;[[Novus ordo seclorum]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;New order of the ages&quot;
}}
| national_anthem        = &quot;[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite act |date=March 3, 1931 |article=14 |article-type=H.R. |legislature=[[71st United States Congress]] |title=An Act To make The Star-Spangled Banner the national anthem of the United States of America |url=https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=46&amp;page=1508}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;[[File:Star Spangled Banner instrumental.ogg]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Commented out, as not [[WP:DUE]] for lead.
|march=&quot;[[The Stars and Stripes Forever]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;urluscode.house.gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=112&amp;page=1263 |title=uscode.house.gov |date=August 12, 1999 |website=Public Law 105-225 |publisher=uscode.house.gov |pages=112 Stat. 1263 |quote=Section 304. &quot;The composition by John Philip Sousa entitled 'The Stars and Stripes Forever' is the national march.&quot; |access-date=September 10, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;[[File:&quot;The Star-Spangled Banner&quot; - Choral with band accompaniment - United States Army Field Band.oga]]&lt;/div&gt;
--&gt;
&lt;!-- Consensus map, see talk page. --&gt;| image_map              = {{Switcher|[[File:USA orthographic.svg|frameless|alt=Orthographic map of the U.S. in North America]]|Show globe ([[U.S. state|states]] and [[Washington, D.C.|D.C.]] only)|[[File:US insular areas SVG.svg|upright=1.15|frameless|alt=World map showing the U.S., territories, and freely associated sovereign states]]|Show the U.S. and [[Territories of the United States|its territories]]|[[File:NOAA Map of the US EEZ.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show territories with boundaries of [[Exclusive economic zone of the United States|U.S. exclusive economic zone]]|default=1}}
| map_width              = 220px
| capital                = [[Washington, D.C.]]&lt;br /&gt;{{coord|38|53|N|77|1|W|display=inline}}
| largest_city           = [[New York City]]&lt;br /&gt;{{coord|40|43|N|74|0|W|display=inline}}
| official_languages     = [[English language|English]]{{efn|name=officiallanguage|Per [[Executive Order 14224]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EOWP&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2025/03/01/trump-english-official-language-explainer/ |title=A Trump order made English the official language of the U.S. What does that mean? |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |author1=Vivian Ho |author2=Rachel Pannett |date=March 1, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EONYT&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Broadwater |first=Luke |date=March 1, 2025 |title=Trump Signs Order to Designate English as Official Language of the U.S. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/us/politics/trump-order-english-official-language.html |access-date=March 1, 2025 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=March 2, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250302005819/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/us/politics/trump-order-english-official-language.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; States and territories variously recognize English only, English plus one or more local languages, or no language at all. See [[#Language|§ Language]].}}
&lt;!-- NOTE: For English, don't add &quot;American English&quot; --&gt;| ethnic_groups          = {{plainlist|''By race:''
*61.6% [[White Americans|White]]
*12.4% [[African Americans|Black]]
*6.0% [[Asian Americans|Asian]]
*1.1% [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]]
*0.2% [[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]]
*10.2% [[Multiracial Americans|two or more races]]
*8.4% [[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|other]]
}}
{{plainlist|''By origin:''
* 81.3% non-[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]]
* 18.7% Hispanic or Latino
}}
| ethnic_groups_ref      = &lt;ref name=&quot;2020CensusData&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/improved-race-ethnicity-measures-reveal-united-states-population-much-more-multiracial.html |title=2020 Census Illuminates Racial and Ethnic Composition of the Country |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=August 13, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2020InteractiveCensusData&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html?linkId=100000060666476 |title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=August 13, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/08/13/1014710483/2020-census-data-us-race-ethnicity-diversity |title=A Breakdown of 2020 Census Demographic Data |date=August 13, 2021 |publisher=NPR }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ethnic_groups_year     = 2020
| religion               = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap;
|{{Tree list}}
*67% [[Christianity in the United States|Christianity]]
**33% [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]]
**22% [[Catholic Church in the United States|Catholicism]]
**11% other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]]
**1% [[Mormonism]]
{{Tree list/end}}
|22% [[Irreligion in the United States|unaffiliated]]
|2% [[American Jews|Judaism]]
|6% [[Religion in the United States|other religion]]
|3% [[Buddhism]]&lt;ref&gt; https://www.pewresearch.org/religious-landscape-study/religious-tradition/buddhist/&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
| religion_ref           = &lt;ref name=&quot;Staff-2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=June 8, 2007 |title=In Depth: Topics A to Z (Religion) |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/1690/Religion.aspx |access-date=July 1, 2024 |website=[[Gallup, Inc.]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| demonym                = [[Americans|American]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Compton's Pictured Encyclopedia and Fact-index: Ohio |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uV5tvKPO684C&amp;q=%22national+nicknames%22+Yankee |year=1963 |page=336}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|name=demonym|The historical and informal demonym [[Yankee]] has been applied to Americans, New Englanders, and northeasterners since the 18th century.}}
| government_type        = Federal [[Presidential system|presidential republic]] &lt;!-- Please establish a consensus before adding &quot;under a dictatorship&quot; or anything similar here. --&gt;
&lt;!-- Consensus is to list President, Vice President, Chief Justice, and Speaker of the House --&gt;| leader_title1          = [[President of the United States|President]]
| leader_name1           = [[Donald Trump]]
| leader_title2          = [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]]
| leader_name2           = [[JD Vance]]
| leader_title3          = [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|House Speaker]]
| leader_name3           = [[Mike Johnson]]
| leader_title4          = [[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]]
| leader_name4           = [[John Roberts]]
| legislature            = [[United States Congress|Congress]]
| upper_house            = [[United States Senate|Senate]]
| lower_house            = [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]
| sovereignty_type       = [[American Revolution|Independence]]
| sovereignty_note       = from [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]]
| established_event1     = [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration]]
| established_date1      = {{Start date|1776|7|4}}
| established_event2     = [[Articles of Confederation|Confederation]]
| established_date2      = {{Start date|1781|3|1}}
| established_event3     = [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Recognition]]
| established_date3      = {{Start date|1783|9|3}}
| established_event4     = [[Constitution of the United States|Constitution]]
| established_date4      = {{Start date|1788|6|21}}
| area_link              = Geography of the United States
| area_label             = Total area
| area_footnote          = &lt;ref name=&quot;CensusGov2010HTML&quot;&gt;Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per {{cite web |date=August 2010 |title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates |work=[[Census.gov]] |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html |access-date=March 31, 2020 |quote=reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010.}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|At {{cvt|9,147,590|km2|order=flip}}, the United States is the third-largest country in the world by land area, behind [[Russia]] and [[China]]. By total area (land and water), it is the third-largest, behind Russia and [[Canada]], if its coastal and territorial water areas are included. However, if only its internal waters are included (bays, sounds, rivers, lakes, and the [[Great Lakes]]), the U.S. is the fourth-largest, after Russia, Canada, and China.
&lt;br /&gt;
Coastal/territorial waters included: {{cvt|9,833,517|km2|order=flip}}&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA Factbook Area&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Area |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=January 15, 2015 |archive-date=January 31, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131115000/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Only internal waters included: {{cvt|9,572,900|km2|order=flip}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=United States |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/616563/United-States-quick-facts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219194413/https://www.britannica.com/topic/616563/United-States-quick-facts |archive-date=December 19, 2013 |access-date=January 31, 2010 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;|name=largestcountry}}
| area_rank              = 3rd
| area_sq_mi             = 3,796,742
| percent_water          = 7.0&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Water Area of Each State |access-date=January 29, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-wet-your-state-water-area-each-state |year=2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2010)
| area_label2            = Land area
| area_data2             = {{convert|3,531,905|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} (3rd)
| population_estimate    = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 341,784,857&lt;ref name=&quot;Vintage2025&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-national-total.html |title=National Population Totals and Components of Change: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2025 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=April 15, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_census      = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 331,449,281&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/04/2020-census-data-release.html |title=U.S. Census Bureau Today Delivers State Population Totals for Congressional Apportionment |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=April 26, 2021}} The 2020 census was held on April 1, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|name=&quot;pop&quot;}}
| population_estimate_year = 2025
| population_census_year = 2020
| population_census_rank = 3rd
| population_density_sq_mi = 96.3 &lt;!-- Figure based on (population/land + water area) in July 2019. --&gt;
| population_density_rank = 180th
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $30.507&amp;nbsp;trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april/weo-report?c=111,&amp;s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&amp;sy=2023&amp;ey=2030&amp;ssm=0&amp;scsm=1&amp;scc=0&amp;ssd=1&amp;ssc=0&amp;sic=0&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 Edition. (United States) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=April 22, 2025 |access-date=May 26, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Efn|U.S. nominal and PPP-adjusted GDP are the same as the U.S. is the reference country for PPP calculations.|name=PPP}}
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2025
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 2nd
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} $89,105&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 9th
| GDP_nominal            = {{increase}} $30.507&amp;nbsp;trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2025
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 1st
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $89,105&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 7th
| Gini                   = 41.6 &lt;!-- Number only. --&gt;
| Gini_year              = 2023
| Gini_change            = decrease
| Gini_ref               = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2024/demo/p60-282.html |title=Income in the United States: 2023 |newspaper=Census.gov |page=53 |access-date=December 15, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|After adjustment for taxes and transfers}}
| HDI                    = 0.938 &lt;!-- Number only. --&gt;
| HDI_year               = 2023 &lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. --&gt;
| HDI_change             = increase &lt;!-- Increase/decrease/steady. --&gt;
| HDI_ref                = &lt;ref name=&quot;UNHDR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 6, 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=May 6, 2025 |access-date=May 6, 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank               = 17th
| currency               = [[United States dollar|U.S. dollar]] ([[$]])
| currency_code          = USD
| utc_offset             = [[UTC−04:00|−4]] to [[UTC−12:00|−12]], [[UTC+10:00|+10]], [[UTC+11:00|+11]]
| utc_offset_DST         = [[UTC−04:00|−4]] to [[UTC−10:00|−10]]{{efn|name=&quot;time&quot;}}
| date_format            = mm/dd/yyyy{{efn|See [[Date and time notation in the United States]].}}
| drives_on              = Right{{efn|name=&quot;drive&quot;}}
| calling_code           = [[North American Numbering Plan|+1]]
| iso3166code            = US
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The '''United States of America''' ('''USA'''), also known as the '''United States''' ('''U.S.''' or '''US''') or colloquially as '''America''', is a country that is mainly in [[North America]]. It is made of [[U.S. state|50 states]], 1 federal district ([[Washington, D.C.]], the District of Columbia), and some [[Territories of the United States|other territories]] and [[Insular area|insular areas]]. Forty-eight of the states are connected ([[Contiguous United States]]), and they [[Borders of the United States|are bordered]] by [[Canada]] to the north and [[Mexico]] to the south. The state of [[Alaska]] is in the northwestern area of the continent near [[Asia]] ([[Russia]]) and is separated from the other 48 states by Canada making it an [[exclave]]. Alaska is bordered by Canada to its east. The state of [[Hawaii]] is a [[Archipelago|set of islands]] in the Pacific located within [[Polynesia]] and is about 2,200 miles (3,500 kilometers) from the continent. The [[capital city]] is Washington, D.C. and the largest city by population is [[New York City|New York]], in the [[New York (state)|State of New York]], with a population of 8.8 million people. 

With a population of 340.1 million people and an area of 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), the United States is the third most populated country in the world, after China and [[India]] and the fourth-largest country in the world by total area.

The land that would one day become the United States was first settled by the ancestors of the [[Native Americans|Native American Tribes]]. British colonization began in the 16th and 17th century. Several European nations set up colonies in North America, which the British and Dutch set up colonies in present-day United States.

The [[Thirteen Colonies|thirteen colonies]] of [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] along the [[East Coast of the United States|Atlantic coast]] declared independence as a nation on July 4, 1776. They issued the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]], which announced their independence from Great Britain and their creation of a cooperative union. The colonies defeated Great Britain in the [[American Revolutionary War]], making it the first successful [[History of colonialism|colonial war of independence]] in history.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/companiontoameri0000unse_i0o2|title=A Companion to the American Revolution|last1=Greene|first1=Jack P.|last2=Pole|first2=J.R.|publisher=Blackwell|year=2003|isbn=1405116749|location=Maiden|pages=[https://archive.org/details/companiontoameri0000unse_i0o2/page/352 352]–361}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Philadelphia Convention]] adopted the current [[United States constitution|United States Constitution]] on September 17, 1787; its approval the following year made the states part of a single republic with a strong central government. The [[Bill of Rights]], making up ten [[List of amendments to the United States Constitution|constitutional amendments]] guaranteeing many basic civil rights and freedoms, was approved in 1791.

In the 19th century, the United States had a policy of [[manifest destiny]] where they believed that it was their right to expand across the North American continent. They conquered and took over native lands and bought territory from [[Louisiana Purchase|France]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Mexican–American War|Mexico]], and [[Alaska Purchase|Russia]], and [[Annexation|annexed]] the [[Republic of Texas]] and Hawaii.

Political arguments over the growth of the [[Slavery in the United States|institution of slavery]] led to the [[American Civil War]]. In 1861, the southern states separated from the union and founded the [[Confederate States of America]]. The Union's victory over the Confederacy prevented a split of the country and led to the [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|end of legal slavery]] in the United States. By the 1870s, the national wealth was the world's largest.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Maddison, Angus|year=2006|title=Historical Statistics for the World Economy|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/horizontal-file_09-2008.xls|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205205145/http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/horizontal-file_09-2008.xls|archive-date=December 5, 2020|access-date=August 12, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Spanish–American War]] and [[World War I]] confirmed the country's status as a military power. In 1945, the United States came out of [[World War II]] as a [[superpower]] and was the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|first country with nuclear weapons]]. After World War II the United States along with its allies founded the [[United Nations]]. Today the United States is a permanent member of the [[United Nations Security Council]]. The United States also became engaged in an arms race called the [[Cold War]] with the [[Soviet Union]]. The United States participated in the [[Space Race]] against the Soviet Union that produced rapid advancements in rocket technology. They created the [[Apollo 11]] rocket and it was the first to send people to the [[moon]]. It was done by [[NASA]], an American space agency. It went up to space on July 16, 1969, carrying three astronauts: [[Neil Armstrong]], [[Buzz Aldrin]] and [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]]. On July 20, 1969, Armstrong and Aldrin became the first humans to land on the moon, while Collins stayed in orbit around the Moon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Cohen|first=Eliot A.|date=2004|title=History and the Hyperpower|url=http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20040701faessay83406/eliot-a-cohen/history-and-the-hyperpower.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723000051/http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/59919/eliot-a-cohen/history-and-the-hyperpower|archive-date=July 23, 2009|access-date=August 12, 2019|website=Foreign Affairs}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1991, the Soviet Union broke up, ending the Cold War and leaving the United States as the only superpower.

Today, the United States is one of the world's most ethnically mixed and [[Multiculturalism|multicultural]] nations. It is the product of large-scale immigration from many countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dealingwithdiver0000adam|title=Dealing with Diversity|last1=Adams|first1=J.Q.|last2=Strother-Adams|first2=Pearlie|publisher=Kendall/Hunt|year=2001|isbn=078728145X|location=Chicago}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Economy of the United States|U.S. economy]] is the largest national economy in the world, with an estimated 2020 [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) of [[US$]] 20.9 trillion (about a quarter of worldwide GDP).

== Geography and environment ==
{{main|Geography of the United States}}
The United States is a [[federal republic]] of fifty [[U.S. state|states]], a [[Washington, D.C.|federal district]], and [[Territories of the United States|several territories]].&lt;ref&gt;Unless specified, facts and figures in the article refer only to the states and federal district, and leave out the territories.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge, Second Edition: A Desk Reference for the Curious Mind|url=https://archive.org/details/newyorktimesguid00|last=New York Times|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0312376598|page=[https://archive.org/details/newyorktimesguid00/page/632 632]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The Origins of the Federal Republic: Jurisdictional Controversies in the United States, 1775-1787|url=https://archive.org/details/originsoffedera00onuf|last=Onuf|first=Peter S.|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=1983|isbn=978-0812211672}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The land area of the [[contiguous United States]] is {{convert|2959064|sqmi|km2|0}}. Alaska, separated from the contiguous United States by Canada, is the largest state at {{convert|663268|sqmi|km2|0}}. [[Hawaii]], occupying an archipelago in the central [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]], southwest of North America, is {{convert|10931|sqmi|km2|0}} in area.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Lubowski, Ruben; Vesterby, Marlow; Bucholtz, Shawn|date=July 21, 2006|title=AREI Chapter 1.1: Land Use|url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/arei/eib16/chapter1/1.1/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060808222823/http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/arei/eib16/chapter1/1.1/|archive-date=August 8, 2006|publisher=Economic Research Service}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The United States is the world's fourth [[List of countries by area|largest nation by total area]] (land and water), ranking behind Russia, Canada, and China or behind [[Russia]], [[Canada]], and ahead of China. The ranking varies depending on how two territories disputed by China and [[India]] are counted and how the total size of the United States is measured: calculations range from {{convert|3676486|sqmi|km2|0}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/616563/United-States |title=United States |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2019-09-09 |archive-date=2015-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528012641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/616563/United-States |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; to {{convert|3717813|sqmi|km2|0}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2005/Table03.pdf |title=Population by Sex, Rate of Population Increase, Surface Area and Density |publisher=UN Statistics Division |work=Demographic Yearbook 2005 |access-date=2020-02-17 |archive-date=2018-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210063235/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2005/Table03.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; to {{convert|3794101|sqmi|km2|0}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html |title=United States |publisher=CIA |work=The World Factbook |date=September 30, 2009 |access-date=February 17, 2008 |archive-date=December 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226005704/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html%20 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Measured by only land area, the United States is third in size behind Russia and China, just ahead of Canada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=World Factbook: Area Country Comparison Table|url=http://www.education.yahoo.com/reference/factbook/countrycompare/area/3d.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091118000835/http://education.yahoo.com/reference/factbook/countrycompare/area/3d.html|archive-date=November 18, 2009|publisher=Yahoo Education|access-date=January 24, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Haliaeetus leucocephalus2.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Bald Eagle]], the national bird of the United States since 1782]]
The coastal plain of the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] seaboard gives way further inland to [[deciduous]] forests and the rolling hills of the Piedmont. The [[Appalachian Mountains]] divide the eastern seaboard from the [[Great Lakes]] and the grasslands of the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]]. The [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]]–[[Missouri River]], the world's fourth longest river system, runs mainly north-south through the heart of the country. The flat, fertile [[prairie]] of the [[Great Plains]] stretches to the west, interrupted by [[U.S. Interior Highlands|a highland region]] in the southeast.

The [[Rocky Mountains]], at the western edge of the Great Plains, extend north to south across the country, reaching altitudes higher than 14,000&amp;nbsp;feet (4,300&amp;nbsp;m) in [[Colorado]]. Further west is the rocky [[Great Basin]] and deserts such as the Chihuahua and [[Mojave Desert|Mojave]]. The [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]] and [[Cascade Range|Cascade]] mountain ranges run close to the [[West Coast of the United States|Pacific coast]], both ranges reaching altitudes higher than 14,000 feet. The [[Alaska Range|Alaskan Range]] passes through much of [[Alaska]] and is home to [[Denali]] which stands at a height of 20,310 ft (6,190 m) above sea level and is the tallest mountain in the United States and in North America. Denali is in fact the tallest mountain in the World on land from base to summit standing at about 18,000 ft (5,490 m), which is about 4,000 ft (1,220 m) higher than [[Mount Everest]] which sits at a height of about 14,000 ft (4,270 m) from base to summit. 

The United States, with its large size and geographical variety, includes most climate types. To the east of the 100th [[meridian]], the climate ranges from [[Humid continental climate|humid continental]] in the north to [[Humid subtropical climate|humid subtropical]] in the south. The southern tip of [[Florida]] is tropical, as is Hawaii. The Great Plains west of the 100th meridian are semi-dry. Much of the western mountains are [[Alpine climate|alpine]]. The climate is dry in the Great Basin, desert in the Southwest, [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] in [[coastal California]], and [[Oceanic climate|oceanic]] in coastal [[Oregon]] and [[Washington (state)|Washington]] and southern Alaska. Most of Alaska is subarctic or polar. Extreme weather is not unusual—the states bordering the [[Gulf of Mexico]] are prone to [[hurricanes]], and most of the world's [[tornado]]es happen within the country, mainly in the Midwest's [[Tornado Alley]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Perkins, Sid|date=May 11, 2002|title=Tornado Alley, USA|work=Science News|url=http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|url-status=dead|access-date=October 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701131631/http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-date=July 1, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The U.S. ecology is considered &quot;[[megadiverse countries|megadiverse]]&quot;; about 17,000 species of [[vascular plants]] occur in the contiguous United States and Alaska, and over 1,800 species of [[flowering plant]]s are found in Hawaii, few of which occur on the mainland.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Morin, Nancy|title=Vascular Plants of the United States|url=http://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008233446/http://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf|archive-date=October 8, 2006|work=Plants|publisher=National Biological Service}}&lt;/ref&gt; The United States is home to more than 400 mammal, 750 bird, and 500 reptile and amphibian species.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=February 9, 2001|title=Global Significance of Selected U.S. Native Plant and Animal Species|url=http://www.sdi.gov/curtis/TxTab4x1.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030709134320/http://www.sdi.gov/curtis/TxTab4x1.html|archive-date=July 9, 2003|publisher=SDI Group}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 91,000 insect species have been described.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm |title=Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals) |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |access-date=2020-02-18 |archive-date=2009-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211151740/http://si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Endangered Species Act of 1973 protects threatened and [[Endangered species|endangered]] species and their habitats. They are watched by the [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]]. There are 63 national parks, and hundreds of other federally managed parks, forests, and [[wilderness]] areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://home.nps.gov/applications/release/Detail.cfm?ID=639|title=National Park Service Announces Addition of Two New Units|publisher=National Park Service|date=February 28, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001195645/http://home.nps.gov/applications/release/Detail.cfm?ID=639|archive-date=October 1, 2006|access-date=February 20, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The United States government owns 28.8% of the country's land area.&lt;ref name=&quot;FL&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=May 19, 2005|title=Federal Land and Buildings Ownership|url=http://johnshadegg.house.gov/rsc/Federal%20Land%20Ownership--May%202005.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050524004849/http://johnshadegg.house.gov/rsc/Federal%20Land%20Ownership--May%202005.pdf|archive-date=May 24, 2005|publisher=Republican Study Committee}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of this is [[protected area|protected]], but some is leased for oil and gas drilling, mining, logging, or cattle ranching. 2.4% is used for military purposes.&lt;ref name=FL/&gt;

Many animals are native to the United States such as [[opossum]]s, [[raccoon]]s, [[pumas]], and [[bears]]. Endangered animals in the United States include the [[jaguar]], the [[California condor]], and the [[Florida panther]].

There are many types of small trees and shrubs in the United States. Some of these are [[Celtis|hackberries]], [[hawthorn]], serviceberry, [[blackberry]], wild cherry, [[Cornus canadensis|dogwood]], and snowberry. Wildflowers grow all around the United States. They even grow in deserts and places with mountains. Wildflowers include [[forget-me-not]], fringed and closed gentians, jack-in-the-pulpit, [[black-eyed Susan]], columbine, and [[Dandelion|common dandelion]], as well as many types of [[Aster (genus)|aster]], [[orchid]], [[Cypripedioideae|lady's slipper]], and wild rose.

== History ==
{{main|History of the United States}}

=== Native Americans ===
{{main|Native Americans in the United States}}

[[File:Cliff Palace - Mesa Verde National Park - Colorado, USA - 30 July 2010.jpg|thumb|left|An ancient palace built by the [[Anasazi people]] in [[Mesa Verde National Park]], a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] in [[Colorado]]]]
It is believed that the [[Native Americans in the United States|indigenous peoples of the continental United States]], including the [[Alaska Natives|natives of Alaska]], moved in from [[Asia]]. They began arriving more than twelve thousand years ago, if not earlier.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GeTv2lmb79UC&amp;pg=PA19|title=A Canyon Through Time: Archaeology, History, and Ecology of the Tecolote Canyon Area, Santa Barbara County|last1=Erlandson|first1=Jon M|last2=Rick|first2=Torben C|last3=Vellanoweth|first3=Rene L|publisher=University of Utah Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-87480-879-7|location=California|pages=19|access-date=2019-08-23|archive-date=2019-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323075709/https://books.google.com/books?id=GeTv2lmb79UC&amp;pg=PA19|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some, such as the [[Pre-Columbian era|pre-Columbian]] [[Mississippian culture]] in the southeast, developed advanced farming, grand construction, and state-level communities. The native population of America decreased after [[wikt:Europeans|Europeans]] arrived, and for different reasons, mostly sicknesses such as [[smallpox]] and [[measles]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Bianchine|first1=Peter J.|last2=Russo|first2=Thomas A.|date=1992|title=The Role of Epidemic Infectious Diseases in the Discovery of America|journal=Allergy and Asthma Proceedings|volume=13|issue=5|pages=225–232|doi=10.2500/108854192778817040|pmid=1483570 |issn = 1088-5412 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== European settlers ===
{{main|2 = European colonization of the Americas|3 = Thirteen Colonies}}

In 1492, [[Italians|Italian]] explorer [[Christopher Columbus]] from [[Genoa]], under contract to the Spanish crown, reached some Caribbean islands, making the first Contact with the native people. On April 2, 1513, Spanish [[conquistador]] [[Juan Ponce de León]] landed on what he called &quot;[[History of Florida|La Florida]]&quot; — the first recorded European coming on what would become the U.S. mainland. Spanish settlements in the area were followed by ones in the present-day [[southwestern United States]] that drew thousands through Mexico. French [[fur trade]]rs established outposts of [[New France]] around the [[Great Lakes]]; France eventually claimed much of the North American interior, down to the Gulf of Mexico. The first successful English settlements were the [[Colony of Virginia]] in [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]] in 1607 and the [[Pilgrim]]s' [[Plymouth Colony]] in 1620. The 1628 chartering of the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] resulted in a wave of relocation; by 1634, [[New England]] had been settled by some 10,000 [[Puritans]]. Between the late 1610s and the American Revolution, about 50,000 convicts were shipped to Britain's American colonies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|year=1896|title=British Convicts Shipped to American Colonies|url=http://www.dinsdoc.com/butler-1.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020602194900/http://www.dinsdoc.com/butler-1.htm|archive-date=June 2, 2002|access-date=August 16, 2019|work=American Historical Review 2|publisher=Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History}}&lt;/ref&gt; Beginning in 1614, the Dutch settled along the lower [[Hudson River]], including [[New Amsterdam]] on [[Manhattan Island]].

=== Independence and expansion ===
{{main|American Revolution|American Revolutionary War|Manifest destiny}}

[[File:Declaration independence.jpg|thumb|''[[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]]'', by [[John Trumbull]], 1817–18]]
Tensions between American colonials and the British during the [[American Revolution|rebel period]] of the 1760s and early 1770s led to the [[American Revolutionary War]], fought from 1775 through 1781. On June 14, 1775, the [[Second Continental Congress|Continental Congress]], a meeting in [[Philadelphia]], established a [[Continental Army]] led by [[George Washington]]. The Congress said that &quot;all men are created equal&quot; and are born with &quot;certain [[Rights|natural rights]],&quot; and adopted the [[Declaration of Independence]], written mostly by [[Thomas Jefferson]], on July 4, 1776. That date is now celebrated every year as America's [[Independence Day (United States)|Independence Day]]. In 1777, the [[Articles of Confederation]] established a weak federal government that operated until 1789. [[Morocco]] was the first country in the world to recognize America’s independence (As in they let American trade boats into the country).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://allthingsliberty.com/2018/05/the-first-countries-to-diplomatically-recognize-the-united-states/ |title=The First Countries to Diplomatically Recognize the United States |date=10 May 2018 |access-date=2020-10-03 |archive-date=2020-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053341/https://allthingsliberty.com/2018/05/the-first-countries-to-diplomatically-recognize-the-united-states/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=U.S. Relations With Morocco|url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-morocco/|access-date=25 February 2024|website=[[United States Department of State]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

After the [[Siege of Yorktown|British defeat]] by American forces helped by the [[France|French]], Great Britain [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|recognized the independence of the United States]] and the states' [[sovereignty]] over American land west to the [[Mississippi River]]. A [[Constitutional Convention (United States)|constitutional convention]] was organized in 1787 by people who wanted to establish a stronger national government, with powers of taxation. The [[United States Constitution]] was approved in 1788, and the new republic's [[1st United States Congress|first Senate, House of Representatives]], and [[President of the United States|President]] (George Washington) took office in 1789. The [[Bill of Rights]], forbidding federal restriction of personal freedoms and certifying a range of legal protections, was adopted in 1791.

Attitudes toward [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] were shifting; a [[Article One of the United States Constitution#Section 9: Limits on Congress|clause in the Constitution]] protected the African slave trade only until 1808. The northern states permanently stopped slavery between 1780 and 1804, leaving the [[slave state]]s of the south as defenders of the &quot;peculiar institution.&quot; The [[Second Great Awakening]], beginning about 1800, made [[evangelicalism]] a force behind different social [[Reform|reform movements]], including [[abolitionism]].

[[File:U.S. Territorial Acquisitions.png|thumb|Land-based purchases by date]]
Americans' eagerness to expand westward caused a long series of [[Indian Wars]] and an Indian removal policy that removed native peoples from their land. The [[Louisiana Purchase]] of French-claimed land under President Thomas Jefferson in 1803 almost doubled the nation's size. The [[War of 1812]], declared against Britain over different complaints and fought to a draw, strengthened U.S. [[nationalism]]. A series of U.S. military invasions into Florida led [[Adams–Onís Treaty|Spain to give up]] it and other Gulf Coast territory in 1819. The United States took over the [[Republic of Texas]] in 1845. The idea of [[Manifest destiny]] became popular during this time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Slavery and the American West: The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War|last=Morrison|first=Michael A.|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|year=1999|isbn=0807847968|location=Chapel Hill|pages=13–21}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 1846 [[Oregon]] Treaty with Britain led to U.S. control of the present-day American Northwest. The U.S. victory in the [[Mexican–American War]] resulted in the 1848 [[Mexican Cession|cession]] of [[California]] and much of the present-day [[Southwestern United States|American Southwest]]. The [[California Gold Rush]] of 1848–49 further encouraged western relocation. New railways made relocation easier for settlers and increased conflicts with Native Americans. Over a half-century, up to 40 million [[American bison]], or buffalo, were killed for skins and meat and to ease the railways' spread. The loss of the buffalo, which were valuable to the [[plains Indians]], caused many native cultures to become gone forever.

=== Civil War and industrialization ===
{{seealso|American Civil War|Reconstruction era|Spanish–American War}}
[[File:Battle of Gettysburg, by Currier and Ives.png|thumb|left|''[[Battle of Gettysburg]]'', lithograph by Currier and Ives, {{Circa}} 1863]]
Tensions between slave and [[Slave and free states|free states]] mounted with arguments over the relationship between the [[States' rights|state and federal governments]], as well as [[Bleeding Kansas|violent conflicts]] over the spread of slavery into new states. [[Abraham Lincoln]], a candidate of the antislavery [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], was elected president in 1860. Before he took office, seven slave states declared their [[secession]] and formed the [[Confederate States of America]]. With the Confederate [[Battle of Fort Sumter|attack upon Fort Sumter]], the [[American Civil War]] began and four more slave states joined the Confederacy. Lincoln's [[Emancipation Proclamation]] committed the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] to end slavery. Following the Union victory in 1865, three changes to the U.S. Constitution [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|secured freedom]] for the nearly four million [[African Americans]] who had been slaves,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1860a-02.pdf|title=1860 Census|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=July 28, 2019|archive-date=August 24, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080824013501/http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1860a-02.pdf|url-status=live}} Page 7 lists a total slave population of 3,953,760.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|made them citizens]], and [[Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|gave them voting rights]]. The war and its resolution led to a big increase in [[Federalism in the United States|federal power]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Politics of Dissolution: The Quest for a National Identity and the American Civil War|last=De Rosa|first=Marshall L.|publisher=Transaction|year=1997|isbn=1560003499|location=Edison, NJ|pages=266}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Confederate 100 Dollars.jpg|thumb|Old CSA dollar]][[File:Abraham Lincoln November 1863.jpg|thumb|[[Abraham Lincoln]] was president during the civil war.]]
After the war, the [[assassination of Abraham Lincoln]] was followed by the [[Reconstruction era]], where policies were put together directed at getting back and rebuilding the Southern states while securing the rights of the newly freed slaves. The resolution of the disputed [[1876 United States presidential election|1876 presidential election]] by the [[Compromise of 1877]] ended this era, and the [[Jim Crow laws]] soon began to negatively affect many African Americans. In the North, urbanization and a never-before-seen [[Immigration|inflow of immigrants]] from [[Southern Europe|Southern]] and [[Eastern Europe]] made the country's [[industrialization]] grow rapidly. The wave of immigration, lasting until 1929, provided labor and changed American culture. High tax protections, national infrastructure building, and new banking laws also encouraged growth. The 1867 [[Alaska Purchase]] from Russia completed the country's mainland expansion. The [[Wounded Knee Massacre]] in 1890 was the last major armed conflict of the [[Indian Wars]]. In 1893, the [[Ancient Hawaii|native monarchy]] of the Pacific [[Hawaiian Kingdom|Kingdom of Hawaii]] was ended in a secret and successful plan led by American residents. The United States took over the archipelago in 1898. Victory in the [[Spanish–American War]] the same year proved that the United States was a [[world power]] and led to the addition of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the [[Philippines]]. The Philippines gained independence fifty years later. Puerto Rico and Guam are still U.S. territories.

=== World War I, Great Depression, and World War II ===
[[File:Dust Bowl - Dallas, South Dakota 1936.jpg|thumb|left|An abandoned farm in [[South Dakota]] during the [[Dust Bowl]], in 1936]]
The [[First World War]] started in Europe in 1914. The United States said it was neutral and did not join the war at first. Later, the Americans helped the British and French, even though many citizens, especially those from [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] and [[Germany]], were against it.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Reader's Companion to American History|url=https://archive.org/details/readerscompanion00fone|last1=Foner|first1=Eric|last2=A. Garraty|first2=John|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|year=1991|isbn=0-395-51372-3|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/readerscompanion00fone/page/576 576]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1917, the United States joined the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]]. They helped defeat the [[Central Powers]]. At the end of the war, many Americans did not want to stay involved in Europe. The [[United States Senate|Senate]] did not approve the [[Treaty of Versailles]] (1919). The United States stayed out of the [[League of Nations]]. The country became more [[isolationism|isolationist]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=U.S. History Super Review|url=https://archive.org/details/unitedstateshist0000mcdu|last1=McDuffie|first1=Jerome|last2=Wayne Piggrem|first2=Gary|last3=E. Woodworth|first3=Steven|publisher=Research &amp; Education Association|year=2005|isbn=0-7386-0070-9|location=Piscataway, New Jersey|pages=[https://archive.org/details/unitedstateshist0000mcdu/page/418 418]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

In 1920, the [[women's rights movement]] gained the approval of a [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|constitutional amendment]] to grant women the [[Suffrage|right to vote]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2008|title=Amendments to the U.S. Constitution, Annotated|url=http://www.america.gov/st/usg-english/2008/April/20080416204259eaifas0.7985803.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009155245/http://www.america.gov/st/usg-english/2008/April/20080416204259eaifas0.7985803.html|archive-date=October 9, 2008|access-date=May 28, 2019|website=America.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; For most of the 1920s, the country enjoyed a period of success, decreasing the inequality in the balance of [[payment]]s while profiting from industrial farms. This period, known as the [[Roaring Twenties]], ended with the [[Wall Street Crash of 1929]] that triggered the [[Great Depression]]. 

After his election as president in 1932, [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] responded with the [[New Deal]], a series of policies that increased government interference in the economy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hoover to Roosevelt: Transition in a Time of Crisis|url=http://www.america.gov/st/democracyhr-english/2010/January/20100126123040mlenuhret0.4698755.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100228035300/http://www.america.gov/st/democracyhr-english/2010/January/20100126123040mlenuhret0.4698755.html|archive-date=February 28, 2010|access-date=May 31, 2019|website=America.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; From 1920 to 1933 a prohibition [[Prohibition Era|banning alcohol]] was in place.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.americanheritage.com/bootleg-paradise|title=Bootleg Paradise|last=Curtis|first=Wayne|date=2007|website=American Heritage|access-date=May 31, 2019|archive-date=May 31, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531152357/https://www.americanheritage.com/bootleg-paradise|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Dust Bowl]] of the 1930s left many poor farmer communities and encouraged a new wave of emigration to the West Coast.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe30s/water_02.html|title=The Dust Bowl of the 1930s|last=Ganzal|first=Bill|date=2003|website=Living History Farm.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629034101/http://www.livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe30s/water_02.html|archive-date=June 29, 2010|access-date=May 31, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Approaching Omaha.jpg|thumb|Soldiers of the [[United States Army]] about to disembark on June 6, 1944, on [[Omaha Beach]] (France) during [[Battle of Normandy]] of [[Second World War]]]]
The United States, officially neutral during the early stages of [[World War II]], began supplying supplies to the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] in March 1941, through the [[Lend-Lease]] program. On December 7, 1941, the country joined the Allies' fight against the [[Axis Powers]], after the [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor]]. World War II boosted the economy by providing investment capital and jobs, making many women enter the labor market. Of the significant fighters, the United States was the only nation to be enriched by war.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers|url=https://archive.org/details/risefallofgreatp00kenn_0|last=Kennedy|first=Paul|publisher=Vintage|year=1989|isbn=0679720197|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risefallofgreatp00kenn_0/page/358 358]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The discussions at [[Bretton Woods system|Bretton Woods]] and [[Yalta Conference|Yalta]] created a new system of an international organization that placed the country and the [[Soviet Union]] at the heart of world affairs. In 1945, when the end of the [[World War II|Second World War]] in [[Europe]] came, and an international gathering held in [[San Francisco]] drafted the Charter of the United Nations, which came into force after the war.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2005|title=The United States and the Founding of the United Nations, August 1941–October 1945|url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/pubs/fs/55407.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051023164441/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/pubs/fs/55407.htm|archive-date=October 23, 2005|access-date=June 4, 2019|website=State.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Having developed the [[Manhattan Project|first nuclear weapon]], the government decided to use it in the Japanese cities of [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|Hiroshima and Nagasaki]] in August of that same year. [[Japan]] gave up on September 2, ending the war.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Japan's Longest Day|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2006|isbn=4-7700-2887-3|location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cold War and civil rights era ===
{{seealso|Cold War|McCarthyism|Civil Rights Movement|Vietnam War|Watergate scandal}}
[[File:Martin Luther King - March on Washington.jpg|thumb|[[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] delivering his world-renowned &quot;[[I Have a Dream]]&quot; speech in 1963]]
[[File:Operation Crossroads Baker Edit.jpg|thumb|The &quot;Baker&quot; explosion, part of Operation Crossroads, at [[Bikini Atoll]], Micronesia, in 1946|300px]]After World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union started the [[Cold War]]. This was because both of them thought their own type of government was the best.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ic0eoUMfQdsC|title=East Plays West: Sport and the Cold War|last1=Wagg|first1=Stephen|last2=Andrews|first2=David L.|date=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-35926-9|pages=11|language=en|access-date=2023-02-04|archive-date=2023-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403184754/https://books.google.com/books?id=ic0eoUMfQdsC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The United States was supported by [[NATO]], and the Soviet Union was supported by the [[Warsaw Pact]]. They never fought each other directly, but did many [[Proxy war|proxy wars]]. In the [[Korean War]], the United States sent soldiers to help South Korea. They fought [[People's Liberation Army|Chinese soldiers]] that were helping [[Communism|communist]] North Korea.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2008|title=The Cold War, Korean Conflict, and Vietnam|url=http://www.america.gov/st/educ-english/2008/June/20080610230508eaifas3.126597e-02.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009134901/http://www.america.gov/st/educ-english/2008/June/20080610230508eaifas3.126597e-02.html|archive-date=October 9, 2008|access-date=June 7, 2019|website=America.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the 1960s, the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] almost led to a real war between the two countries. However, the Soviets agreed to take their missiles out of Cuba if the United States did not attack them. Because of the Cold War, many Americans were scared of communist [[Espionage|spies]] taking over the United States. This started the [[Red scare|Second Red Scare]], and hundreds of people were arrested because they were communist.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America|last=Schrecker|first=Ellen|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1998|isbn=0691048703|pages=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, many cases in the Supreme Court made arresting communists illegal, because it is free speech.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/nightmareinredmc0000frie|title=Nightmare in Red: The McCarthy Era in Perspective|last=Fried|first=Richard|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1990|isbn=019985372X|pages=[https://archive.org/details/nightmareinredmc0000frie/page/187 187]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1957, the Soviet Union launched a satellite named [[Sputnik 1]] into outer space. Later, they were the first to [[Vostok 1|put people in outer space]]. Because of this, President [[John F. Kennedy]] wanted to send a man to the Moon. This started the [[Space Race]], and the United States began the [[Apollo program]], a project used for outer space. In 1969, the United States launched [[Apollo 11]], and was the first country to send people to the Moon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2009|title=1969: El hombre llega a la Luna|url=http://www.elmundo.es/especiales/2009/07/ciencia/llegada_hombre_luna_1969/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527065945/https://www.elmundo.es/especiales/2009/07/ciencia/llegada_hombre_luna_1969/index.html|archive-date=May 27, 2019|access-date=June 11, 2019|website=El Mundo.es|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The economy of the United States grew a lot during the 1950s and 1960s, with Americans having the highest average income in the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oz87mAEACAAJ|title=A Great Leap Forward: 1930s Depression and U.S. Economic Growth|last=Field|first=Alexander J.|date=2011|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-15109-1|language=en|access-date=2022-12-18|archive-date=2023-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403184744/https://books.google.com/books?id=oz87mAEACAAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because of this, many people moved to large cities and [[Suburb|suburbs]], and [[Baby boomer|had more children]]. The country built the [[Interstate Highway System]], which made it easier to travel and move things across the country.&lt;ref&gt;Blas, Elisheva. [https://www.societyforhistoryeducation.org/pdfs/N10_NHD_Blas_Junior.pdf &quot;The Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525063712/http://www.societyforhistoryeducation.org/pdfs/N10_NHD_Blas_Junior.pdf |date=2015-05-25 }} (PDF). ''societyforhistoryeducation.org''. Society for History Education. Retrieved December 4, 2022.&lt;/ref&gt; In 1959, [[Alaska]] and [[Hawaii]] became U.S. states.

There were many [[Social movement|social movements]] in the United States during this time. The Civil Rights Movement wanted to give [[African Americans]] more rights. It was led by people such as [[Rosa Parks]], [[Martin Luther King Jr.|Martin Luther King, Jr.]] and [[Malcolm X]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=1964|title=Martin Luther King - Biography|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1964/king-bio.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222213446/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1964/king-bio.html|archive-date=February 22, 2011|access-date=June 11, 2019|website=Nobel Prize.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was very successful, and helped make many laws that protected African Americans, such as the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]] and [[Civil Rights Act of 1968|1968]]. John F. Kennedy was [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|murdered]] in 1963, and [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] became the President. Johnson sent United States soldiers to the [[Vietnam War]], and many people did not like this. This started the [[Counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture]] movement.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|last=Levy|first=Daniel|title=Behind the Anti-War Protests That Swept America in 1968|url=https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/|access-date=2022-12-04|magazine=Time|language=en|archive-date=2022-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204093257/https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Counterculture included many things, such as people who wanted [[black nationalism]], [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|peace]], and [[Second-wave feminism|more rights for women]]. In 1969, the [[Stonewall riots]] in New York marked the start of the [[LGBT rights|gay rights]] movement.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Brief History of the Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement in the U.S.|url=http://www.uky.edu/~lbarr2/gws250spring11_files/Page1186.htm|access-date=2022-12-04|website=University of Kentucky|archive-date=2019-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118054142/http://www.uky.edu/~lbarr2/gws250spring11_files/Page1186.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1974, [[Richard Nixon]] became the first President to resign. This was because of the [[Watergate scandal]], where people broke into the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] headquarters and took a lot of information to help Nixon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNHtAAAAMAAJ|title=Watergate: Chronology of a Crisis|last=Dickinson|first=William B.|date=1973|publisher=Congressional Quarterly|isbn=978-0-87187-059-9|language=en|access-date=2022-12-18|archive-date=2023-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403184754/https://books.google.com/books?id=rNHtAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the [[Yom Kippur War]], the United States helped [[Israel]]. Because of this, countries in [[OPEC]] did not let the United States buy their oil. This started an [[1973 oil crisis|oil crisis]]. In the 1970s, the country's economy had a problem with [[stagflation]], something that happens when prices go up but [[Manufacturing|production]] does not. When [[Ronald Reagan]] was elected in 1980, he tried to stop this with lower taxes and less government control over the economy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6AiGAwAAQBAJ|title=Remaking America: Democracy and Public Policy in an Age of Inequality|last1=Soss|first1=Joe|last2=Hacker|first2=Jacob S.|last3=Mettler|first3=Suzanne|date=2007-11-08|publisher=Russell Sage Foundation|isbn=978-1-61044-510-8|pages=277|language=en|access-date=2023-02-04|archive-date=2023-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403195954/https://books.google.com/books?id=6AiGAwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; These changes were called [[Reaganomics]]. The Cold War ended in 1991. This was because the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|Soviet Union dissolved]]. With no Soviet Union, the United States became the largest [[superpower]] in the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nVDHAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA61|title=With Us Or Against Us: Studies in Global Anti-Americanism|last1=Judt|first1=Tony|last2=Lacorne|first2=Denis|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2005|isbn=978-1-4039-8085-4|page=61}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K751AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT666|title=Encyclopedia of United States National Security|author=Richard J. Samuels|publisher=Sage Publications|year=2005|isbn=978-1-4522-6535-3|page=666}}{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/terrorismusforei00pill|title=Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy|author=Paul R. Pillar|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-8157-0004-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/terrorismusforei00pill/page/57 57]|url-access=registration}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CbPJ7KZ9FvIC&amp;pg=PA179|title=China and the Taiwan Issue: Impending War at Taiwan Strait|author=Gabe T. Wang|publisher=University Press of America|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7618-3434-2|page=179}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qgdmiw4VUHsC&amp;pg=PA1|title=Understanding the &quot;Victory Disease&quot;, From the Little Bighorn to Mogadishu and Beyond|publisher=Diane Publishing|year=2004|isbn=978-1-4289-1052-2|page=1}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzwYzL9KcwEC&amp;pg=PA313|title=U.S. Foreign Policy: A Documentary and Reference Guide|author1=Akis Kalaitzidis|author2=Gregory W. Streich|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2011|isbn=978-0-313-38375-5|page=313}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Modern history ===
{{seealso|September 11 attacks|War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Iraq War|Great Recession}}
[[File:WTC smoking on 9-11.jpeg|thumb|180px|The twin towers of the World Trade Center burning on [[9/11]]]]
Under President [[George H. W. Bush]], the country took on a global dominant role worldwide, as in the [[Gulf War]] (1991). The longest economic expansion in modern American history, from March 1991 to March 2001, spanned the presidency of [[Bill Clinton]] and the dot-com bubble.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Voyce|first=Bill|date=2006|title=IWIN - Why the Expansion of the 1990's Lasted So Long|url=http://iwin.iwd.state.ia.us/iowa/ArticleReader?itemid=00003700&amp;print=1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006020321/http://iwin.iwd.state.ia.us/iowa/ArticleReader?itemid=00003700&amp;print=1|archive-date=October 6, 2006|access-date=May 15, 2019|website=State.ia.us}}&lt;/ref&gt; A civil lawsuit and a [[Monica Lewinsky|sex scandal]] led to his [[impeachment]] in 1998, although he managed to finish his period. The [[2000 United States presidential election|2000 presidential election]] was one of the most competitive in American history, it was settled by the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]]: [[George W. Bush]], son of George H. W. Bush, became president, even though he gained fewer votes than his opponent [[Al Gore]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=36 Days: The Complete Chronicle of the 2000 Presidential Election Crisis|url=https://archive.org/details/36days00newy|last=Brinkley|first=Douglas|publisher=Times Books|year=2001|isbn=0-8050-6850-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On September 11, 2001, the terrorists of the [[Al-Qaeda]] group attacked the twin towers of the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] in [[New York City]] (which were destroyed) and [[the Pentagon]] near [[Washington, D.C.]], in a series of attacks that killed nearly three thousand people. In response, the Bush administration launched the &quot;[[War on Terror]].&quot; At the end of 2001, U.S. forces invaded [[Afghanistan]], removed the [[Taliban]] government and destroyed Al-Qaeda's training camps. Taliban insurgents continued to fight a [[guerrilla war]]. In 2002, Bush began to discuss a regime change in [[Iraq]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2003-02-14-eu-survey.htm|title=Many Europeans Oppose War in Iraq|date=2003|website=USA Today.com|access-date=May 11, 2019|archive-date=2012-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805114706/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2003-02-14-eu-survey.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Springford|first=John|date=2003|title=Old and &quot;New&quot; Europeans United: Public Attitudes Towards the Iraq War and US Foreign Policy|url=http://www.cer.org.uk/pdf/back_brief_springford_dec03.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040328182510/http://www.cer.org.uk/pdf/back_brief_springford_dec03.pdf|archive-date=March 28, 2004|access-date=May 11, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; With a lack of support from [[NATO]] and without a clear UN order for military intervention, Bush organized a coalition of governments to begin an invasion. The coalition forces quickly [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invaded Iraq]] in 2003 and ended the government of [[Saddam Hussein]]. The following year, Bush was re-elected as the most voted president in an [[2004 United States presidential election|election]].

In 2005, [[Hurricane Katrina]], which would end up being the deadliest natural disaster in national history, caused severe destruction along the Gulf Coast: the city of [[New Orleans]] was mostly destroyed, with 1833 dead.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=May 25, 2019|title=Más de US$ 125 mil millones se pagaron por daños naturales|url=http://sectorproductivo.com.py/otras-secciones/noticias/ultimo-momento/3948-mas-de-us-125-mil-millones-se-pagaron-por-danos-naturales|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010231356/http://sectorproductivo.com.py/otras-secciones/noticias/ultimo-momento/3948-mas-de-us-125-mil-millones-se-pagaron-por-danos-naturales|archive-date=October 10, 2011|website=Sector Productivo.com.py|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On November 4, 2008, during a [[Great Recession|global economic downturn]], [[Barack Obama]] was elected president, having been the first African American to take office. In May 2011, American Special forces managed to kill [[Osama bin Laden]], hiding in Pakistan. The following year, Barack Obama was re-elected. Under his second term, he led the war against the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State]] and restored diplomatic relations with Cuba.

On November 8, 2016, the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] leader [[Donald Trump]] defeated former First Lady [[Hillary Clinton]] for presidency.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.elespanol.com/mundo/america/eeuu/20161109/169483152_0.html|title=Trump gana las elecciones de Estados Unidos y promete gobernar para todos|last1=Gallego Espina|first1=José|last2=Jorrín|first2=Javier G.|date=November 9, 2016|website=El Español|language=es-ES|access-date=May 20, 2019|archive-date=June 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606130442/https://www.elespanol.com/mundo/america/eeuu/20161109/169483152_0.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The massacres in [[Orlando nightclub shooting|Orlando]] of June 12, 2016 at the gay disco ''Pulse'' (51 dead) and in [[2017 Las Vegas shooting|Las Vegas]] on October 1, 2017 (60) are listed as the largest massacres in the country since 9/11.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2016/06/12/actualidad/1465717811_688793.html|title=50 muertos en la peor matanza en EE UU desde el 11-S|date=May 25, 2019|newspaper=El País|language=es|access-date=May 25, 2019|archive-date=July 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702105505/http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2016/06/12/actualidad/1465717811_688793.html|url-status=live|last1=Faus|first1=Joan}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[murder of George Floyd]] in late May 2020 sparked [[George Floyd protests|many protests]] all over the world that demanded racial justice. On January 6, 2021, [[2021 storming of the United States Capitol|the United States Capital]] in Washington, D.C. was stormed during a riot and violent attack against the U.S. Congress.

== Government ==
{{main|Federal government of the United States}}

The United States is the world's oldest surviving [[federation]]. It is a [[constitutional republic]] and [[representative democracy]], &quot;in which [[majority rule]] is tempered by [[minority rights]] protected by [[Law of the United States|law]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Scheb, John M., and John M. Scheb II (2002). ''An Introduction to the American Legal System''. Florence, KY: Delmar, p. 6. ISBN 0-7668-2759-3.&lt;/ref&gt; The government is controlled by a system of [[separation of powers|checks and balances]] from the [[United States Constitution]]. The constitution is the country's main legal [[document]]. There are three branches. They are the ''[[executive branch]]'', the ''[[legislative branch]]'', and the ''[[judicial branch]]''. State governments and the federal government work in very similar ways. Each state has its own executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The executive branch of a state government is led by a [[governor]], instead of a president.

=== Executive branch ===
The [[executive branch]] is the part of the government that enforces the law. Members of the [[U.S. Electoral College]] elect a [[President of the United States|president]] who is the leader of the executive branch, as well as the leader of the [[armed forces]]. The president may [[veto]] a bill that Congress has passed, so it does not become a law. The President may also make &quot;executive orders&quot; to ensure that people follow the law.

The president is in charge of many departments that control much of the day-to-day actions of the government. For example, the [[Department of Commerce]] makes rules about trade. The president chooses the heads of these departments and also nominates federal judges. However, the [[Senate]], part of the legislative branch, must agree with all of the people the president chooses. The president may serve two 4-year terms. 

=== Legislative branch ===
[[File:USCapitol.jpg|thumb|right|The west side of the [[United States Capitol]], which is home to the [[United States Congress]]]]
The [[legislative branch]] makes laws. The legislative branch is called the [[United States Congress]]. Congress is divided into two &quot;houses&quot;.

One house is the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]. The Representatives are each elected by voters from set areas within the states. The number of Representatives a state has is based on how many people live there. Representatives serve two-year terms. The total number of representatives today is 435. The leader of the House of Representatives is the [[Speaker of the House]].

The other house is the [[United States Senate|Senate]]. In the Senate, each state is represented equally, by two senators. Because there are 50 states, there are 100 senators. The President's [[treaty|treaties]] or appointments of [[official]]s need the Senate's approval. Senators serve six-year terms. The Vice President of the United States serves as president of the Senate. In practice, the vice president is usually absent from the Senate, and a senator serves as president [[pro tempore]], or [[wikt:temporary|temporary]] president, of the Senate.

Representatives and senators [[proposal|propose]] laws, called &quot;[[bill (law)|bill]]s&quot;, in their respective houses. A bill may be voted upon by the entire house right away or may first go to a small group, known as a [[committees of the United States Senate|committee]], which may recommend a bill for a vote by the whole house. If one house votes to pass a bill, the bill then gets sent to the other house; if both houses vote for it, it is then sent to the president, who may sign the bill into law or [[veto]] it. If the president vetoes the bill, it is sent back to Congress. If Congress votes again and passes the bill with at least a two-thirds [[majority]], the bill becomes law and cannot be vetoed by the president.

Under the American system of [[federalism]], Congress may not make laws that directly control the states; instead, Congress may use the promise of federal funds, or special circumstances such as national [[emergency|emergencies]], to encourage the states to follow federal law. This system is both complex and unique.

=== Judicial branch ===
The [[judicial branch]] is the part of government that interprets what the law means. The Judicial Branch is made up of the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] and many lower courts. If the Supreme Court decides that a law is not allowed by [[Constitution|the Constitution]], the law is said to be &quot;struck down&quot; and is no longer a [[validity|valid]] law.

The Supreme Court is made up of nine [[judge]]s, called justices, who are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate. One of these justices, called the [[Chief Justice of the United States|chief justice]], heads the court. A Supreme Court justice serves until he or she dies or [[resignation|resigns]]. When that happens, the president nominates someone new to replace the justice who left. If the Senate agrees with that choice, the person becomes a justice. If the Senate does not agree with the president's choice, then the president must nominate someone else.

Famous court cases such as ''[[Marbury v. Madison|Marbury v Madison]]'' (which was decided in 1803) have firmly established that the Supreme Court is the [[Interpreter|ultimate interpreter]] of the [[United States Constitution]] and has the power to strike down any law that [[conflict]]s with it.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.landmarkcases.org/marbury/home.html |title=Street Law, Inc |access-date=2008-10-14 |archive-date=2008-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205025613/http://www.landmarkcases.org/marbury/home.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Politics ==
{{see also|States of the United States|Politics of the United States}}
{{multiple image
| align    = right
| total_width = 300
| image1   =  January 2025 Official Presidential Portrait of Donald J. Trump.jpg
| caption1 = [[Donald Trump]], [[President of the United States]] since 2025
| image2   = January 2025 Official Vice Presidential Portrait of JD Vance.jpg
| caption2 = [[JD Vance]], [[Vice President of the United States]] since 2025
}}
[[File:Political System of the United States.svg|thumb|The political system of the United States]]
The United States of America consists of [[States of the United States|50 state]]s, 5 territories, and 1 district ([[Washington D.C]].). States can make laws about things inside the state, but only federal laws can apply to more than one state or dealing with other countries. In some areas, if the federal government makes laws that say different things from the state laws, people must follow the federal law. Each state has a constitution of its own, different from the federal (national) constitution. Each of these is like the federal constitution because they say how each state's government is set up, but some also talk about specific laws.

The federal and most state governments are dominated by two [[Political party|political parties]]: the [[United States Republican Party|Republicans]] and the [[United States Democratic Party|Democrats]]. There are many smaller parties; the largest of these are the [[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian Party]] and the [[Green Party (United States)|Green Party]]. People help in political [[campaign]]s that they like. They try to persuade politicians to help them; this is called [[lobbying]]. All Americans are allowed to do these things, but some have and spend more money than others, or in other ways do more in politics. Some people think this is a problem, and lobby for rules to be made to change it.

The USA's large [[Culture|cultural]], economic, and military influence has made the [[foreign policy of the United States]], or relations with other countries, a topic in American politics, and the politics of many other countries.

The [[2026 United States elections]] are scheduled for November.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vg.no/nyheter/i/8pm20E/trump-om-ikke-vi-vinner-mellomvalget-blir-jeg-stilt-for-riksrett. Retrieved 2026-01-07&lt;/ref&gt;

== Political divisions ==
{{main|U.S. state}}

=== States ===
{{see also|List of U.S. states}}
The United States [[Invasion|conquered]] and [[Purchase|bought]] new lands over time, and grew from the original 13 colonies in the east to the current 50 [[U.S. state|states]], of which 48 of them are [[Contigny|joined together]] to make up the [[Continental United States|contiguous United States]]. These states, called the &quot;lower 48&quot;, can all be reached by [[road]] without crossing a [[border]] into another country. They go from the Atlantic to the east to the [[Pacific Coast|Pacific]] in the west. There are two other states which are not joined to the lower 48 states. [[Alaska]] can be reached by passing through [[British Columbia]] and the [[Yukon]], both of which are part of Canada. [[Hawaii]] is in the middle of the Pacific Ocean.

[[Washington, D.C.]], the national capital, is a [[federal district]] that was split from the states of [[Maryland]] and [[Virginia]] in 1791. Not part of any US state, it used to be in the shape of a [[square]], with the land west of the [[Potomac River]] coming from Virginia and the land east of the river coming from Maryland. In 1846, Virginia took back its part of the land. Some people living in DC want it to become a state, or for Maryland to take back its land, so that they can have the [[right to vote]] in Congress.

=== Territories and possessions ===
{{see also|Territories of the United States}}
The United States territories and possessions consist of sixteen lands that do not state, many of which are [[Colony|colonial]] [[Territory|territories]]. None of them have any land [[border]]s with the rest of the US. People live in five of these places, which are ''[[de facto]]'' American:

*[[Puerto Rico]]
*[[American Samoa]]
*[[Guam]]
*[[U.S. Virgin Islands]]
*[[Northern Mariana Islands]]

The [[Philippines]] was a [[possession]] of the United States. [[Palau]], the [[Federated States of Micronesia]], and other [[Pacific Islands|Pacific island]] nations were governed by the United States as a United Nations &quot;Trust Territory&quot;. All of these places have become [[independence|independent]]: the Philippines in 1946, Palau in 1947, and Micronesia in 1986.

The [[U.S. armed forces]] has [[Military base|base]]s in many countries, and the [[U.S. Navy]]'s base at [[Guantanamo Bay]] was rented from [[Cuba]] after that country had a [[Communist]] revolution.

=== Counties and cities ===
{{see also|List of United States cities by population}}
All the states are divided into [[Administrative division|administrative subdivisions]]. Most of them are called [[County|counties]], but [[Louisiana]] uses the word &quot;[[List of parishes in Louisiana|parish]],&quot; and [[Alaska]] uses the word &quot;[[borough]].&quot;

There are many [[City|cities]] in the United States. One city in each state is the [[List of U.S. state capitals|state capital]], where the government of the state meets and the [[governor]] works. This city is not always the largest in its state. For example, the city with the most people living in is [[New York City]] in [[New York (state)|New York State]], but the state capital is [[Albany, New York]]. Some other big cities are [[Los Angeles]], [[California]]; [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]]; [[Seattle]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]]; [[Miami]], [[Florida]]; [[Indianapolis]], [[Indiana]]; [[Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]]; [[Houston]] and [[Dallas]], [[Texas]]; [[Philadelphia]] and [[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]]; [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]]; [[Denver]], [[Colorado]]; [[St. Louis]], [[Missouri]], [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]], [[Tennessee]], [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[San Francisco]], [[California]], [[San Diego]] and [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]].

== Foreign relations and military ==
{{Main|Foreign policy of the United States|Military of the United States}}

[[File:Hague Clinton May 14 2010 Crop.jpeg|thumb|250px|British Foreign Secretary [[William Hague]] and [[U.S. Secretary of State]] [[Hillary Clinton]], May 2010]]
The United States is very influential in global economics, politics, and the military. It is a permanent member of the [[United Nations Security Council]] and the [[headquarters of the United Nations]] is in New York City. It is a member of the [[G7]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/what_is_g8.html |title=What is the G8? |publisher=University of Toronto |access-date=2019-12-28 |archive-date=2020-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127055741/http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/what_is_g8.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[G20]], and [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development]]. Almost all countries have [[Embassy|embassies]] in Washington, D.C., and many have [[Consul (representative)|consulates]] around the country. Likewise, nearly all nations host [[List of diplomatic missions of the United States|American diplomatic missions]]. However, [[Iran]], [[North Korea–United States relations|North Korea]], [[Foreign relations of Bhutan|Bhutan]], and [[Taiwan–United States relations|Taiwan]] do not have formal diplomatic relations with the United States. The United States has a &quot;[[special relationship]]&quot; with the [[United Kingdom–United States relations|United Kingdom]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jLy-NKnQitIC&amp;dq=uk+us+special+relationship&amp;pg=PA45 |title=America's 'Special Relationships': Foreign and Domestic Aspects of the Politics of Alliance |page=45 |first1=John |first2=Axel |last2=Schäfer |last1=Dumbrell |year=2009 |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis |isbn=978-0-203-87270-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; and strong ties with [[Canada–United States relations|Canada]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |title=Canada–U.S. Relations |author1=Ek, Carl |author2=Ian F. Fergusson |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Congressional Research Service |date=September 3, 2010 |access-date=December 28, 2019 |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064224/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Australia–United States relations|Australia]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Australia: Background and U.S. Relations |author=Vaughn, Bruce |publisher=Congressional Research Service |date=August 8, 2008 |oclc = 70208969}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[New Zealand–United States relations|New Zealand]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |title=New Zealand: Background and Bilateral Relations with the United States |author=Vaughn, Bruce |publisher=Congressional Research Service |date=May 27, 2011 |access-date=December 28, 2019 |archive-date=January 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122111903/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Japan–United States relations|Japan]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |title=Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress |author=Chanlett-Avery, Emma |publisher=Congressional Research Service |date=June 8, 2011 |display-authors=etal |access-date=December 28, 2019 |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113063914/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[South Korea–United States relations|South Korea]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |title=U.S.–South Korea Relations: Issues for Congress |author=Mark E. Manyin |author2=Emma Chanlett-Avery |author3=Mary Beth Nikitin |publisher=Congressional Research Service |date=July 8, 2011 |access-date=December 28, 2019 |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064241/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Israel–United States relations|Israel]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |title=Israel: Background and U.S. Relations |author=Zanotti, Jim |publisher=Congressional Research Service |date=July 31, 2014 |access-date=December 28, 2019 |archive-date=March 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305033453/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:USS Abraham Lincoln(CVN 72).jpg|thumb|250px|The [[USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72)|USS ''Abraham Lincoln'']] [[aircraft carrier]]]]
The president is the [[wikt:commander-in-chief|commander-in-chief]] of the [[United States Armed Forces|country's armed forces]] and appoints its leaders, the [[United States Secretary of Defense|secretary of defense]] and the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]]. The [[United States Department of Defense]] administers the armed forces, including the [[United States Army|Army]], [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]], [[United States Navy|Navy]], and [[United States Air Force|Air Force]]. The [[United States Coast Guard|Coast Guard]] is run by the [[United States Department of Homeland Security|Department of Homeland Security]] in peacetime and by the [[United States Department of the Navy|Department of the Navy]] during times of war. In 2008, the armed forces had 1.4 million personnel on active duty, along with several hundred thousand each in the [[Reserve components of the United States Armed Forces|Reserves]] and [[National Guard of the United States|National Guard]] for a total of 2.3 million troops. The Department of Defense also employed about 700,000 civilians, not including contractors.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=May 2009|title=The Air Force in Facts and Figures (Armed Forces Manpower Trends, End Strength in Thousands)|url=http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Magazine%20Documents/2009/May%202009/0509facts_fig.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113101605/http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Magazine%20Documents/2009/May%202009/0509facts_fig.pdf|archive-date=January 13, 2013|website=Air Force Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[military budget of the United States]] in 2011 was more than $700 billion, 41% of global military spending and equal to the next 14 largest national military expenditures combined. At 4.7% of GDP, the rate was the second-highest among the top 15 military spenders, after [[Saudi Arabia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2011|title=The 15 Countries with the Highest Military Expenditure in 2011|url=http://www.sipri.org/research/armaments/milex/resultoutput/15majorspenders|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130109085820/http://www.sipri.org/research/armaments/milex/resultoutput/milex_15/the-15-countries-with-the-highest-military-expenditure-in-2011-table/view|archive-date=January 9, 2013|publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]|format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt; U.S. defense spending as a percentage of GDP ranked 23rd globally in 2012 according to the CIA.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Compare|url=http://cia-world-factbook.realclearworld.com/|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20121220033039/http://cia-world-factbook.realclearworld.com/|archive-date=December 20, 2012|website=CIA World Factbook|publisher=RealClearWorld}}&lt;/ref&gt; The proposed base [[military budget of the United States|Department of Defense budget]] for 2012, $553 billion, was a 4.2% increase over 2011; an additional $118 billion was proposed for the military campaigns in Iraq and Afghanistan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=February 2011|title=Fiscal Year 2012 Budget Request Overview|url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/defbudget/fy2012/FY2012_Budget_Request_Overview_Book.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725214533/http://comptroller.defense.gov/defbudget/fy2012/FY2012_Budget_Request_Overview_Book.pdf|archive-date=July 25, 2011|publisher=Department of Defense}}&lt;/ref&gt; The last American troops serving in Iraq departed in December 2011;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Basu, Moni |url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/12/17/world/meast/iraq-troops-leave/index.html?hpt=hp_t1 |title=Deadly Iraq War Ends with Exit of Last U.S. Troops |publisher=CNN |date=December 18, 2011 |access-date=January 6, 2020 |archive-date=December 19, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219082247/http://www.cnn.com/2011/12/17/world/meast/iraq-troops-leave/index.html?hpt=hp_t1 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; 4,484 service members were killed during the [[Iraq War]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=February 5, 2012|title=Operation Iraqi Freedom|url=http://icasualties.org/Iraq/index.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321080348/http://icasualties.org/Iraq/index.aspx|archive-date=March 21, 2011|publisher=Iraq Coalition Casualty Count}}&lt;/ref&gt; Approximately 90,000 U.S. troops were serving in Afghanistan in April 2012;&lt;ref name='Frontline Turning Point'&gt;{{cite news |first=John |last=Cherian |title=Turning Point |date=April 7, 2012 |publisher=[[The Hindu Group]] |url=http://www.frontline.in/fl2907/stories/20120420290705200.htm |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202001115/http://www.frontline.in/fl2907/stories/20120420290705200.htm |archive-date=December 2, 2012 |quote=There are currently 90,000 U.S. troops deployed in the country.}}&lt;/ref&gt; by November 8, 2013 2,285 had been killed during the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=November 2013|title=Department of Defence Defence Casualty Analysis System|url=http://www.dmdc.osd.mil/dcas/pages/report_oef_type.xhtml|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920230523/http://www.dmdc.osd.mil/dcas/pages/report_oef_type.xhtml|archive-date=September 20, 2012|publisher=Department of Defense}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Economy ==
{{main|Economy of the United States}}

[[File:Lower Manhattan skyline - June 2017.jpg|thumb|[[New York City]], one of the world's leading [[financial center]]s]]
The US boasts of the biggest economy in the world. By the early 2026, its [[Gross domestic product|Gross Domestic Product]] (GDP) is estimated to be more than 31 trillion [[Dollar|dollars]]. The economy is improving at an average growth of 2.6 percent per year.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=陈子琰|title=IMF report projects US real GDP growth of 2.6% in 2026|url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202602/26/WS699f815da310d6866eb3a403.html|access-date=2026-03-29|website=www.chinadaily.com.cn}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The economy of the U.S. is a [[Mixed economy|mixed market economy]]. This implies that the majority of the business belong to individuals (private) but the government issues regulations to maintain a balanced situation. Natural resources ([[oil]] and [[natural gas]]) are very abundant in the country.

* Primary [[Industry|industries]]: The majority of the population is engaged in service sectors such as [[healthcare]], [[technology]], and [[retail]] [[industry]]. Nevertheless, the U.S. is a high-tech producer of such products as [[Airplane|airplanes]], [[Integrated circuit|microchips]] and [[medicine]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Trade Data Indicates Where the Most U.S. Goods Will Go in 2025|url=https://www.importglobals.com/blog/the-trade-data-indicates-where-the-most-us-goods-will-go-in-2025#:~:text=The%20fact%20that%20the%20UK,tech%20manufacturing,%20and%20capital%20goods.|access-date=2026-03-29|website=www.importglobals.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Trade]]: The U.S. is a major importer of [[Good (economics)|goods]] and [[Service (economics)|services]] to other nations. [[Mexico]], [[Canada]], and [[China]] are the three largest trading partners of the company in 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Top U.S. Trading Partners by Trade Volume [2026]|url=https://shippingsolutionssoftware.com/blog/top-u.s.-trading-partners|access-date=2026-03-29|website=shippingsolutionssoftware.com|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Neufeld|first=Dorothy|date=2026-01-25|title=Ranked: America’s Top Trading Partners in 2025|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/americas-top-trading-partners-in-2025/|access-date=2026-03-29|website=Visual Capitalist|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* National Debt: The nation is indebted to other people. The amount of national debt had increased to 39 trillion by March 2026.

== Science and technology ==
[[File:Aerial_view_of_Silicon_Valley.jpg|thumb|[[Silicon Valley]] in [[California]] is the largest technology hub in the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2015-07-16|title=Silicon Valley: 'Centre of the universe' - but for how long?|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-33546194|access-date=2025-08-17|quote=It was this secret sauce [...] that provided the spark for the biggest and most powerful technology hub in the world.}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
The U.S. has been on the forefront in the way of discovering new things in the world. It invests hundreds of billions of dollars annually in [[Research and development|Research and Development]] (R&amp;D).

* [[SpaceX Starship|Space]]: [[NASA]] is a [[Agency|government agency]] that is presently spearheading the [[Artemis program]]. [[NASA]] is currently planning to send the [[Artemis 2|Artemis II]] mission on April 1st, 2026. It will launch four astronauts into space to orbit the [[Moon]] in the first time in more than 50 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2026-03-29|title=Artemis - NASA|url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/artemis/|access-date=2026-03-29|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dinner|first=Josh|last2=Tariq|first2=Malik|date=2026-03-26|title=Artemis 2 moon mission latest news: NASA still targeting April 1 for launch|url=https://www.space.com/news/live/artemis-2-nasa-moon-mission-launch-updates-march-29-2026|access-date=2026-03-29|website=Space|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Computer|Computers]] and [[Artificial intelligence|AI]]: American [[Google]], [[Microsoft]], and [[OpenAI]] are the leaders in [[Artificial intelligence|Artificial Intelligence]] (AI) throughout the world. A majority of the most used [[software]] and [[Website|sites]] of the world are created in the U.S.
* [[Medicine]]: The U.S. produces the highest number of new [[Medicine|medical treatments]] and [[Illegal drugs|drugs]] than any country. The use of [[Artificial intelligence|AI]] in discovering remedies to [[Disease|diseases]] is an activity that is drawing the attention of [[Scientist|scientists]] in 2026.

== Demographics ==
{{USCensusPop
| 1790=3929000
| 1800=5308000
| 1810=7240000
| 1820=9638000
| 1830=12866000
| 1840=17063000
| 1850=23192000
| 1860=31443321
| 1870=38558371
| 1880=50189209
| 1890=62979766
| 1900=76212168
| 1910=92228531
| 1920=106021568
| 1930=123202660
| 1940=132164569
| 1950=151325798
| 1960=179323175
| 1970=203211926
| 1980=226545805
| 1990=248709873
| 2000=281421906
| 2010=308745538
| 2020=331449281
| footnote=}}
The United States of America has people of many different [[race (sociology)|race]] and [[ethnic group|ethnic]] backgrounds. 80% of the people in the United States [[:wikt:descend|descend]] from [[Europe]]an [[immigration|immigrants]]. Many people are descended from [[Germany]], [[England]], [[Scotland]], [[Ireland]], [[Africa]], and [[Italy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.geolytics.com/?gclid=CK7Nw9bgpJYCFRJ4xgod32jc5g |title=Demographic Data, US Census &amp; GIS Software {{!}} GeoLytics |access-date=2008-10-13 |archive-date=2009-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321233019/http://www.geolytics.com/?gclid=CK7Nw9bgpJYCFRJ4xgod32jc5g |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 13% of the people in the United States are [[African-American]]. Most of them descend from the [[slave trade|African slaves that were brought to America]]. African Americans are concentrated in the [[Southern United States]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/ancestry-maps-united-states-2018-9?amp |title=Where Americans say their ancestors came from, in 17 maps |website=[[Business Insider]] |access-date=2022-11-19 |archive-date=2022-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119023509/https://www.businessinsider.com/ancestry-maps-united-states-2018-9?amp |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Asian]]-Americans make up only 5% of the population in America but make up a bigger portion in the west coast. For example, in [[California]], Asian-Americans make up 13% of the population of that state. [[Hispanic]]-Americans or people of Latin origins make up 15% of the nation. Mexicans are the largest Hispanic national group, followed by Puerto Ricans, Cubans, Salvadorans and Dominicans.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title= Race, Ethnicity, and Place in a Changing America, Third Edition| isbn=9781438463292 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6qnuDQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=mexicans+largest+latino+group+dominicans+puerto+ricans&amp;pg=PA47| last1=Frazier | first1=John W. | last2=Tettey-Fio | first2=Eugene L. | last3=Henry | first3=Norah F. | date=29 December 2016 | publisher=SUNY Press }}&lt;/ref&gt; The original peoples, called [[Native American]], American Indians, or Amerindians and [[Inuit]] ([[Eskimo]]s) are a very small group. There are 574 federally recognized Native American tribes in the United States.&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.ncai.org/about-tribes#:~:text=There%20are%20574%20federally%20recognized,villages)%20in%20the%20United%20States. Tribal Nations &amp; the United States: An Introduction | NCAI]&lt;/ref&gt;

11% of the people in the United States are foreign-born. 18% speak a language other than English at home. For people 25 and older, 80% are [[high school]] [[graduation|graduates]] while 25% have a [[bachelor's degree]] or higher. {{Fact|date=May 2026}}

The 2000 Census counted self-reported [[ancestor|ancestry]]. It identified 43 million German-Americans, 30.5 million Irish-Americans, 24.9 million African-Americans, 24.5 million English-Americans, and 18.4 million Mexican Americans. {{Fact|date=May 2026}}

The United States has the largest number of immigrants of any country in the world. The United States attracts immigrants from other countries due to the [[American Dream]]. Most immigrants in the United States come from Mexico, China, India, the [[Philippines]] and [[El Salvador]]. {{Fact|date=May 2026}}

=== Money ===
The currency of the land is the [[United States dollar]] ($). It is the world reserve currency meaning most of the other countries hold U.S dollars to conduct business internationally.

* This [[central bank]] is the [[Federal Reserve|Federal reserve]]. It determines the amount of money circulating in the country and also establishes so-called [[Interest rate|interest rates]] (the price of money).
* [[Stock market|Stock Markets]]: The biggest market in the world whereby people buy and sell portions of [[Company|companies]] (known as [[Stock|stocks]]) is the [[New York Stock Exchange]] in the [[Wall Street]].

=== Religion ===
There are many different [[religion]]s in the U.S. [[Statistics|Statistically]], the largest religion is [[Christianity]], including groups such as [[Catholicism]] and [[Protestantism]]. Other religions include [[Hinduism]], [[Islam]], [[Judaism]], [[Unitarian Universalism]], [[Wicca]], [[Druidry]], [[Baha'i]], [[Raelism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Taoism]], and [[Jainism]].&lt;ref&gt;Media, Minorities, and Meaning: A Critical Introduction - Page 88, Debra L. Merskin - 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Religions which were founded within the United States include [[Eckankar]], [[Satanism]], and [[Scientology]]. [[Native American mythology|Native American religion]]s have various [[animism|animistic]] beliefs.

The United States is one of the most [[religious]] countries in the [[Western World]], and most Americans believe in [[God]]. The number of Christians in the U.S. has gone down. 86.2% called themselves Christian in 1990 and 78.4% said this in 2007. The others include Judaism (2.3%), Islam (0.8%), [[Buddhism]] (0.7%), Hinduism (0.4%), and Unitarian Universalism (0.3%). Those who have no religion are at 16.1%. There is a large difference between those who say that they belong to a religion and those who are members of a religious body of that religion.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080724033846/http://religions.pewforum.org/pdf/affiliations-all-traditions.pdf Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics &amp;#x7C; Pew Research Center]&lt;/ref&gt;

Doubts about the existence of a God, gods or goddesses are higher among young people.&lt;ref&gt;Merica, Dan (2012-06-12). Pew Survey: Doubt of God Growing Quickly among Millennials&lt;/ref&gt; Among the non-religious population of the U.S., there are [[deist]]s, [[humanist]]s, [[Ignosticism|ignostics]], [[atheist]]s, and [[agnostic]]s.&lt;ref&gt;Kosmin, Barry; Keysar, Ariela (2009). &quot;[https://commons.trincoll.edu/aris/files/2011/08/NONES_08.pdf American Nones: The Profile of the No Religion Population] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412032857/https://commons.trincoll.edu/aris/files/2011/08/NONES_08.pdf |date=2019-04-12 }}&quot; (PDF). Trinity Colloge.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Language ===
{{main|Languages of the United States}}

[[English language|English]] ([[American English]]) is the de facto [[national language]]. Although there is no [[official language]] at the federal level, some laws (such as [[Citizenship in the United States#Types of citizenship|U.S. naturalization requirements]]) standardize English. In 2010, about 230 million, or 80% of the population aged five years and older, spoke only English at home. [[Spanish language in the United States|Spanish]], spoken by 12% of the population at home, is the second most common language and the most widely taught second language.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Welles |first=Elizabeth B. |title=Foreign Language Enrollments in United States Institutions of Higher Learning, Fall 2002 |url=http://www.adfl.org/resources/enrollments.pdf |date=Winter–Spring 2004  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618133404/http://www.adfl.org/resources/enrollments.pdf |archive-date=June 18, 2009 |journal=ADFL Bulletin |volume=35 |page=7 |number=2–3 |doi=10.1632/adfl.35.2.7  |access-date=November 29, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some Americans advocate making English the country's official language, as it is in at least twenty-eight states. Both [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] and English are official languages in Hawaii by state law.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=November 7, 1978|title=The Constitution of the State of Hawaii, Article XV, Section 4|url=http://www.hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724231656/http://hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html|archive-date=July 24, 2013|access-date=November 29, 2019|publisher=Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau}}&lt;/ref&gt;

While neither has an official language, [[New Mexico]] has laws providing for the use of both English and Spanish, as [[Louisiana]] does for English and French.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Languages in America: A Pluralist View|url=https://archive.org/details/languagesinameri00dick|author=Dicker|first=Susan J.|publisher=Multilingual Matters|year=2003|isbn=1-85359-651-5|location=Clevedon|pages=[https://archive.org/details/languagesinameri00dick/page/216 216], 220–25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other states, such as [[California]], order the publication of Spanish versions of certain government documents including court forms.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=California Judicial Council Forms|url=http://www.courtinfo.ca.gov/forms/allforms.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010210100209/http://www.courtinfo.ca.gov/forms/allforms.htm|archive-date=February 10, 2001|access-date=November 25, 2019|publisher=Judicial Council, State of California}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many jurisdictions with large numbers of non-English speakers produce government materials, especially voting information, in the most commonly spoken languages in those jurisdictions.

Several insular territories grant official recognition to their native languages, along with English: [[Samoan language|Samoan]] and [[Chamorro language|Chamorro]] are recognized by American Samoa and Guam, respectively; [[Carolinian language|Carolinian]] and Chamorro are recognized by the Northern Mariana Islands; Spanish is an official language of Puerto Rico and is more widely spoken than English there.

Many Native American languages in the United States are endangered.

=== Education ===
{{main|Education in the United States|Educational attainment in the United States|Higher education in the United States}}

The school in the U.S. is primarily a state, rather than a federal run school. The majority of children have to attend school since the age of 5-6 up to 16-18.

* [[K-12 Education]]: This is [[kindergarten]] up to the [[Twelfth grade|12th grade]]. Majority of [[Student|students]] attend free [[Public school|public schools]]. It also has [[Private school|private schools]] that are fee charging ([[Tuition payments|tuition]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Average Cost of College [2026]: Yearly Tuition + Expenses|url=https://educationdata.org/average-cost-of-college|access-date=2026-03-29|website=Education Data Initiative|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Higher education|Higher Education]]: Once a [[student]] finishes [[high school]], he/she attends a [[college]] or [[university]]. There are numerous [[University|universities]] in the U.S. which are ranked among the best in the world such as [[Harvard University|Harvard]] and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]].
* [[Student debt|Student Debt]]: [[College]] may be extremely costly. On average, in 2026, a four-year [[college]] in the US would be costing an average of 11,950/year over [[Tuition payments|tuition fees]]. A large number of [[Student|students]] use the money to finance their [[education]] and the total [[student debt]] within the United States stands at more than 1.7 trillion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Average Cost of College [2026]: Yearly Tuition + Expenses|url=https://educationdata.org/average-cost-of-college|access-date=2026-03-29|website=Education Data Initiative|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=McCormack|first=Kayla|date=2026-01-21|title=What Is the Average Student Loan Debt?|url=https://www.sofi.com/learn/content/average-student-debt-after-college/|access-date=2026-03-29|website=SoFi|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Culture ==
American [[popular culture]] goes out to many places in the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|last1=Fergie|first1=Dexter|last2=Pinkham|first2=Sophie|last3=Pinkham|first3=Sophie|last4=Kindley|first4=Evan|last5=Kindley|first5=Evan|last6=Kirsch|first6=Adam|last7=Kirsch|first7=Adam|last8=Dickey|first8=Colin|last9=Dickey|first9=Colin|date=2022-03-24|title=How American Culture Ate the World|magazine=The New Republic|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/165836/american-culture-ate-world-righteous-smokescreen-globalization-review|access-date=2023-04-01|issn=0028-6583}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has a large [[influence]] on most places, especially the [[Western hemisphere|Western]] world. American [[music]] is everywhere, and American movies and [[television]] shows can be seen in most countries.

=== Federal holidays ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!width=150| Date&lt;ref name=&quot;cornell&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/5/6103 |title=5 U.S. Code § 6103 – Holidays |publisher=[[Cornell University Law School]] - Legal Information Institute |website=www.law.cornell.edu |access-date=2014-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709203348/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/5/6103 |archive-date=July 9, 2017 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! Name
! Description
|-
| January 1
| [[New Year's Day]]
| Celebrates the beginning of the year
|-
| 3rd Monday in January
| [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] Day
| Honors Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., an [[African-American]] [[civil rights]] leader
|-
| 3rd Monday in February
| [[President's Day]]
| Honors all of the American presidents, but specifically [[George Washington]] (born February 22, 1722) and [[Abraham Lincoln]] (born February 12, 1812)
|-
| Last Monday in May
| [[Memorial Day]]
| Honors people who died while serving in the military and marks the traditional start of [[summer]]
|-
| June 19
| [[Juneteenth]]
| Recognizes the freeing of all [[Slavery in the United States|slaves]] in 1865
|-
| July 4
| [[US Independence Day|Independence Day]]
| Celebrates the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]], also known as &quot;The Fourth of July&quot;
|-
| 1st Monday in September
| [[Labor Day]]
| Celebrates the achievements of workers and marks the traditional end of summer
|-
| 2nd Monday in October
| [[Columbus Day]] or [[Indigenous Peoples' Day]]
| Columbus Day honors [[Christopher Columbus]], who discovered [[the Americas]] for [[Europe]] and Indigenous Peoples' Day honors the native people of the US; states may celebrate one or neither
|-
| November 11
| [[Veterans Day]]
| Honors all people who served in the [[military]] (past and present)
|-
| 4th Thursday in November
| [[Thanksgiving]]
| Celebrates the [[autumn]] [[harvest]] and marks the [[tradition]]al beginning of the &quot;holiday season&quot;
|-
| December 25
| [[Christmas]]
| Celebrates the [[birth]] of [[Jesus Christ]] (non-[[Christian]]s celebrate it as a [[winter]] holiday)
|}

===Flag===
[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|thumb|The US flag]]
The [[American flag]] is made up of 50 stars on a blue background and has 13 stripes, seven red and six white. It is one of many symbols of the United States like the [[Bald Eagle]]. The 50 stars represent the 50 states. The red stands for [[courage]], the blue stands for [[justice]], and the white represents [[peace]] and [[cleanliness]]. The 13 stripes represent the [[Thirteen Colonies|13 original colonies.]]

===Cuisine===
A [[hamburger]] is one of the popular foods of the United States. [[Fast food]] in the United States is home to many regional cuisines such as the [[Cuisine of the Southern United States]], also known as Southern food. There are Americanized versions of Chinese, Middle Eastern, Japanese, Italian and Mexican cuisine. Native American cuisine is the cuisine of the indigenous [[Native Americans]]. A lot of American dishes are influenced by many countries around the world. American cuisine has Native American, British, French, German, and Spanish influences.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The Founders of American Cuisine: Seven Cookbook Authors, with Historical Recipes| isbn=9780786458691 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=XiKhBAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=american+cuisine+is+influenced+by+german+spanish&amp;pg=PA8| last1=Haff | first1=Harry | date=8 February 2011 | publisher=McFarland }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Soul food]] is traditional southern African American food.

===Music===
The most popular genres in the United States are [[rock and roll]], [[pop music|pop]], [[country music|country]], [[R&amp;B]], and [[hip hop]]. [[Native American#Music|Native American music]] is the indigenous music of the United States. American singers that became global superstars include [[Whitney Houston]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Rolling Stone-2023&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|date=January 1, 2023|title=The 200 Greatest Singers of All Time|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-singers-all-time-1234642307/whitney-houston-11-1234643211/|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=January 2, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Michael Jackson]],&lt;ref name=&quot;RIAA&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=December 16, 2015|title=Michael Jackson's 'Thriller' First Ever 30X Multi-Platinum RIAA Certification|url=https://www.riaa.com/michael-jacksons-thriller-first-ever-30x-multi-platinum-riaa-certification/|access-date=December 17, 2021|publisher=Recording Industry Association of America}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ariana Grande]] and [[Madonna]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Marcos|first=Carlos|date=August 17, 2022|title=Madonna has been scandalizing people for 40 years, and nobody's going to stop her|work=[[El País]]|url=https://english.elpais.com/culture/2022-08-17/madonna-has-been-scandalizing-people-for-40-years-and-nobodys-going-to-stop-her.html|access-date=August 17, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sports===
[[File:Wilson opening day 1916.jpg|thumb|In American baseball games, sometimes the president throws the first ball.]]
[[Native Americans]] played [[lacrosse]] before [[Europe|Europeans]] arrived.&lt;ref&gt;Liss, Howard. Lacrosse (Funk &amp; Wagnalls, 1970) pg 13.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Baseball]] is the country sport for the United States, and [[American football]] is the most popular sport. Basketball is also very popular in the USA, which the USA has its own league called the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Grossman|first=Nadelle|date=2014-01-01|title=What is the NBA?|url=https://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/facpub/665|journal=25 Marquette Sports Law Review 101 (2014)|access-date=2022-11-24|archive-date=2022-11-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124042653/https://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/facpub/665/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Video games===
The [[video game industry]] of the United States is one of the largest of any country. It is the second largest market for video games after China.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Asian countries make up 40% of the world's top 10 video gaming markets|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/08/which-countries-have-the-largest-video-gaming-markets/|access-date=2023-01-16|website=World Economic Forum|language=en|archive-date=2022-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212045635/https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/08/which-countries-have-the-largest-video-gaming-markets/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many of the world's largest video game developers are based in the USA, like [[Take-Two Interactive]], [[Electronic Arts]], [[Activision Blizzard]], and [[Xbox Game Studios]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Gray|first=Jasmine|date=2022-08-25|title=The 10 Largest Video Game Companies In The World, And What They Do|url=https://history-computer.com/largest-video-game-companies-in-the-world-and-what-they-do/|access-date=2023-01-16|website=History-Computer|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115121540/https://history-computer.com/largest-video-game-companies-in-the-world-and-what-they-do/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notes==
{{notelist
| colwidth =
| notes =
{{efn
| name = pop
| This figure excludes [[Puerto Rico]] and the other [[Unincorporated territories of the United States|unincorporated islands]] because they are counted separately in [[U.S. census]] statistics.
 }}
{{efn
| name = time
| See [[Time in the United States]] for details about laws governing time zones in the United States.
 }}
{{efn
| name = drive
| The [[U.S. Virgin Islands]] use left-hand traffic.
 }}
 }}
==References==
{{reflist}}

==Other websites==
{{Sisterlinks|United States}}
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|United States}}

;Government
* [http://www.usa.gov/ Official U.S. Government Web Portal] Gateway to governmental sites
* [http://www.whitehouse.gov/ White House] Official site of the President of the United States
* [https://www.senate.gov/ Senate] Official site of the United States Senate
* [http://www.house.gov/ House] Official site of the United States House of Representatives
* [{{SCOTUS URL}} Supreme Court] Official site of the Supreme Court of the United States
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19990220002603/https://www.loc.gov/index.html Library of Congress] Official site of the [[Library of Congress]]

;Overviews and data
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20000829075233/http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/factover/ Portrait of the United States] Overview from the U.S. Information Agency
* [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html United States]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135647/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html%20 |date=2018-12-25 }}. CIA ''World Factbook'' entry.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060828224303/http://www.britannica.com/nations/United-States United States] ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' entry
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19970101150136/https://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ U.S. Census Housing and Economic Statistics] Wide-ranging data from the U.S. Census Bureau
* [http://www.ers.usda.gov/statefacts/ State Fact Sheets] Population, employment, income, and farm data from the U.S. Economic Research Service
* [http://www.teacheroz.com/states.htm The 50 States of the U.S.A.] Collected informational links for each state

;History
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080314143240/http://www.nationalcenter.org/HistoricalDocuments.html Historical documents] Collected by the National Center for Public Policy Research
* [http://www.religioustolerance.org/nat_mott.htm U.S. National Mottos: History and Constitutionality]. {{Webarchive|url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20061212193931/http://www.religioustolerance.org/nat_mott.htm |date=2006-12-12 }}. Analysis by the Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance.
* [http://www.historicalstatistics.org/index2.html USA] Collected links to historical data

;Maps
* {{Wikiatlas|the United States}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091021182322/http://www.nationalatlas.gov/ National Atlas of the United States] Official maps from the U.S. Department of the Interior

;Other
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061102175016/http://www.uscis.gov/portal/site/uscis U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services] Official government site

{{United States topics}}
{{United States}}
{{North America}}
{{G8}}
{{Group of 7}}
{{North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:United States| ]]
[[Category:English-speaking countries]]
[[Category:G8 nations]]
[[Category:G7 nations]]
[[Category:Federations]]
[[Category:1776 establishments in North America]]
[[Category:Spanish-speaking countries]]</text>
      <sha1>bvd4lyjfeou7847o41k5ws42n1on2ns</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gonzalo Javier Rodríguez</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Diademchild</username>
        <id>1280805</id>
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      <comment>intro typo</comment>
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      <text bytes="5823" sha1="ppp5yii0s7ng1dhmw5mggvts1hpbygz" xml:space="preserve">{{Orphan|date=December 2010}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Gonzalo Rodríguez
| image = Gonzalo Javier Rodriguez 2.jpg
| image_size = 200
| caption = Rodríguez with [[ACF Fiorentina|Fiorentina]] in 2015
| fullname = Gonzalo Javier Rodríguez Prado
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1984|4|10|df=y}}&lt;ref name=Bio&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.eurosport.co.uk/football/gonzalo-rodriguez_prs30897/person.shtml|title=Gonzalo Rodriguez|publisher=[[Eurosport]]|access-date=5 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| birth_place = [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina&lt;ref name=Bio/&gt;
| height = 1.82 m&lt;ref name=Bio/&gt;
| position = [[Centre back]]
| currentclub = 
| clubnumber = 
| youthyears1 = | youthclubs1 = 
| years1 = 2002–2004 | clubs1 = [[San Lorenzo de Almagro|San Lorenzo]] | caps1 = 57 | goals1 = 4
| years2 = 2004–2012 | clubs2 = [[Villarreal CF|Villarreal]] | caps2 = 184 | goals2 = 6
| years3 = 2012–2017 | clubs3 = [[ACF Fiorentina|Fiorentina]] | caps3 = 159 | goals3 = 22
| years4 = 2017–2020 | clubs4 = [[San Lorenzo de Almagro|San Lorenzo]] | caps4 = 33 | goals4 = 2
| totalcaps = 433 | totalgoals = 34
| nationalyears1 = 2003–2015 | nationalteam1 = [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]] | nationalcaps1 = 7 | nationalgoals1 = 1
| club-update = 
| nationalteam-update =
}}
'''Gonzalo Javier Rodríguez''' (born 10 April 1984) is a former [[Argentina|Argentine]] [[Association football|football]] player, who last played for [[Villarreal C.F.|Villarreal]].

==Career statistics==
===Club===
&lt;ref name=SW&gt;{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/gonzalo-javier-rodriguez/3093/|title=G. Rodríguez|publisher=Soccerway|access-date=15 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|-
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Club
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Season
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|League
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Cup
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|International
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Total
|-
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot;|[[San Lorenzo de Almagro|San Lorenzo]]
|[[2002–03 Argentine Primera División|2002–03]]
|27||3||0||0||7||1||34||4
|-
|[[2003–04 Argentine Primera División|2003–04]]
|30||1||0||0||5||1||35||2
|-
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|'''Total'''
!57!!4!!0!!0!!12!!2!!69!!6
|-
|rowspan=&quot;8&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot;|[[Villarreal CF|Villarreal]]
|[[2004–05 La Liga|2004–05]]
|34||2||0||0||15||2||49||4
|-
|[[2005–06 La Liga|2005–06]]
|29||0||1||0||11||0||41||0
|-
|[[2006–07 La Liga|2006–07]]
|6||0||0||0||2||0||8||0
|-
|[[2007–08 La Liga|2007–08]]
|18||0||0||0||2||0||20||0
|-
|[[2008–09 La Liga|2008–09]]
|27||2||0||0||8||0||35||2
|-
|[[2009–10 La Liga|2009–10]]
|21||0||2||0||7||0||30||0
|-
|[[2010–11 La Liga|2010–11]]
|23||1||6||0||10||1||39||2
|-
|[[2011–12 La Liga|2011–12]]
|26||1||0||0||5||0||31||1
|-
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|'''Total'''
!184!!6!!9!!0!!60!!3!!253!!9
|-
|rowspan=&quot;5&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot;|[[ACF Fiorentina|Fiorentina]]
|[[2012–13 Serie A|2012–13]]
|35||6||0||0||0||0||35||6
|-
|[[2013–14 Serie A|2013–14]]
|33||4||3||0||10||2||46||6
|-
|[[2014–15 Serie A|2014–15]]
|30||7||5||0||10||1||45||8
|-
|[[2015–16 Serie A|2015–16]]
|35||4||3||0||5||0||43||4
|-
|[[2016–17 Serie A|2016–17]]
|26||1||1||0||7||0||34||1
|-
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|'''Total'''
!159!!22!!12!!0!!32!!3!!203!!25
|-
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot;|[[San Lorenzo de Almagro|San Lorenzo]]
|[[2017–18 Argentine Primera División|2017–18]]
|14||0||2||0||3||0||19||0
|-
|[[2018–19 Argentine Primera División|2018–19]]
|10||1||6||0||4||1||20||2
|-
|[[2019–20 Argentine Primera División|2019–20]]
|9||1||1||0||0||0||10||1
|-
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|'''Total'''
!33!!2!!9!!0!!7!!1!!49!!3
|-
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|'''Career Total'''
!433!!34!!30!!0!!111!!9!!574!!43
|}

===International===
&lt;ref name=SW/&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|-
! colspan=5 | [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]]
|-
!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|2003||2||1
|-
|2004||1||0
|-
|2005||2||0
|-
|2008||1||0
|-
|2015||1||0
|-
!Total||7||1
|}

===International goals===
:''Scores and results list Argentina's goal tally first.''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/sport/other-sport/2003/02/06/rodriguezs-goal-enough-for-argentina-to-edge-mexico|title=Rodriguez's goal enough for Argentina to edge Mexico|newspaper=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|date=6 February 2003|access-date=5 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;
|-
!Goal!!Date!!Venue!!Opponent!!Score!!Result!!Competition
|-
| 1. || 3 February 2003 || [[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum]], [[Los Angeles]], United States || {{fb|MEX}} || align=center | '''1'''–0 || align=center | 1–0 || [[Exhibition game|Friendly]]
|}

==Honours==
'''San Lorenzo'''
*[[Copa Sudamericana]]: [[2002 Copa Sudamericana|2002]]

'''Villarreal'''
*[[UEFA Intertoto Cup]]: [[2004 UEFA Intertoto Cup|2004]]

'''Individual'''
*Fiorentina All-time XI&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fiorentina.it/it/news/articolo.37.51489/festa-al-franchi-presenti-e-assenti-no-eccellenti-da-rui-costa-baggio-e-batistuta.html|title=Festa al Franchi, presenti e assenti. No eccellenti da Rui Costa, Baggio e Batistuta|trans-title=Party at the Franchi, present and absentees. Excellent players, from Rui Costa, to Baggio and Batistuta, decline|publisher=Fiorentina.it|last=Magrini|first=Matteo|language=it|date=23 August 2016|access-date=24 August 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824134506/http://www.fiorentina.it/it/news/articolo.37.51489/festa-al-franchi-presenti-e-assenti-no-eccellenti-da-rui-costa-baggio-e-batistuta.html|archive-date=24 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rodriguez, Gonzalo Javier}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Footballers from Buenos Aires]]
[[Category:Argentine footballers]]
[[Category:Association football defenders]]
[[Category:2005 FIFA Confederations Cup players]]</text>
      <sha1>ppp5yii0s7ng1dhmw5mggvts1hpbygz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Bsadowski1</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>229119</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880522</id>
      <parentid>10880026</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T19:48:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor deleted="deleted" />
      <minor />
      <comment>Undid revision 10880026 by [[Special:Contributions/NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh]] ([[User talk:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|talk]])</comment>
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== [[Special:Contributions/2600:387:F:5716:0:0:0:8]] ==

This is a LTA please make a global block.--[[User:WikiBayer|WikiBayer]] ([[User talk:WikiBayer|talk]]) 18:38, 4 December 2021 (UTC)

== GRP ==

You might want to revdel the abuse by GRP on my talk page too. [[User:JavaHurricane|JavaHurricane]] ([[User talk:JavaHurricane|talk]]) 06:27, 9 December 2021 (UTC)

:{{tps}} {{re|JavaHurricane}} I've deleted some of it. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])&lt;/small&gt; 11:37, 9 December 2021 (UTC)

== Happy holidays ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border-style:solid; border-color:#FF4646; background-color:#F6F0F7; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:7px; border-radius: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em; -webkit-border-radius: 1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75);&lt;!--
--&gt;;&quot; class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[File:Happy Holidays (2135831016).jpg|217px|left]][[File:Arbuckle Bros. (3093003361).jpg|190px|right]][[File:Season's Greetings, Christmas Card from 320 Ranch.jpg|217px|left]]{{Center|[[File:Happy Holidays text.png|301px]]}}
'''Hello Bsadowski1:''' Enjoy the '''[[Christmas and holiday season|holiday season]]'''&amp;#32;and '''[[winter solstice]]''' if it's occurring in your area of the world, and thanks for your work to maintain, improve and expand [[Wikipedia]]. Cheers, --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])&lt;/small&gt; 17:21, 23 December 2021 (UTC)
[[File:A book of country clouds and sunshine (1897), cropped.jpg|center|500px]]{{paragraph break}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 1em; font-size: 88%; font-style: italic&quot;&gt;Spread the WikiLove; use {{tls|Season's Greetings}} to send this message&lt;/div&gt;{{-}}

== How we will see unregistered users ==

&lt;section begin=content/&gt;
Hi!

You get this message because you are an admin on a Wikimedia wiki.

When someone edits a Wikimedia wiki without being logged in today, we show their IP address. As you may already know, we will not be able to do this in the future. This is a decision by the Wikimedia Foundation Legal department, because norms and regulations for privacy online have changed.

Instead of the IP we will show a masked identity. You as an admin '''will still be able to access the IP'''. There will also be a new user right for those who need to see the full IPs of unregistered users to fight vandalism, harassment and spam without being admins. Patrollers will also see part of the IP even without this user right. We are also working on [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|better tools]] to help.

If you have not seen it before, you can [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|read more on Meta]]. If you want to make sure you don’t miss technical changes on the Wikimedia wikis, you can [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|subscribe]] to [[m:Tech/News|the weekly technical newsletter]].

We have [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|two suggested ways]] this identity could work. '''We would appreciate your feedback''' on which way you think would work best for you and your wiki, now and in the future. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|let us know on the talk page]]. You can write in your language. The suggestions were posted in October and we will decide after 17 January.

Thank you. 
/[[m:User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]&lt;section end=content/&gt;

18:19, 4 January 2022 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Target_lists/Admins2022(6)&amp;oldid=22532666 --&gt;

== Wright King actor ==

Tv show TV show 1953 Johnny Jupiter Wright, King’s character Ernest P. Duckweather was not list on his page,
I used to watch the show back then. [[Special:Contributions/2601:19B:8280:51D0:C142:1E54:E8C0:B4EC|2601:19B:8280:51D0:C142:1E54:E8C0:B4EC]] ([[User talk:2601:19B:8280:51D0:C142:1E54:E8C0:B4EC|talk]]) 17:58, 23 May 2022 (UTC)

== October 2022 ==

{{ping|Bsadowski1}} this is lovelyGirl7 and several of my socks have been locked globally. This account is one of my socks so please lock it globally. [[User:Jaspal Atwal on tires|Jaspal Atwal on tires]] ([[User talk:Jaspal Atwal on tires|talk]]) 19:53, 3 October 2022 (UTC)

== Hi ==

For your contributions in locking accounts for no reason I present u the Fiesta Mart award [[User:Fiesta Mart, only in Texas|Fiesta Mart, only in Texas]] ([[User talk:Fiesta Mart, only in Texas|talk]]) 16:01, 15 October 2022 (UTC)

:I don't know if this user you're talking to is active on this wikipedia. [[User:Camdyn Robertson|Camdyn Robertson]] ([[User talk:Camdyn Robertson|talk]]) 16:11, 15 October 2022 (UTC)
::{{tps}} {{u|Camdyn Robertson}}, Bsadowski1 is an active admin and a checkuser, he is definitely around on this Wikipedia. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])&lt;/small&gt; 16:03, 19 October 2022 (UTC)
:::Oh, ok. [[User:Camdyn Robertson|Camdyn Robertson]] ([[User talk:Camdyn Robertson|talk]]) 17:52, 19 October 2022 (UTC)

== A barnstar for you! ==

{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; | [[Image:Random Acts of Kindness Barnstar.png|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Random Acts of Kindness Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; | Thank you for being so helpful on wiki and in the Discord Server! You make a difference. &lt;mark style=&quot;background:Black&quot;&gt;[[User:Bobherry|&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;Bobherry&lt;/span&gt;]] [[User talk:Bobherry|&lt;span style=&quot;color:White&quot;&gt;Talk&lt;/span&gt;]] [[Special:Contributions/Bobherry|&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;My Changes&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;/mark&gt; 21:05, 10 July 2023 (UTC)
|}

== Hi ==

Hiya Brian! Guess who's back?!! Glad to see you're still active here and still a steward I see. Well done! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|&lt;font color=&quot;darkgreen&quot;&gt;fr33k&lt;/font&gt;]][[User talk:Fr33kman|&lt;font color=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;man&lt;/font&gt;]]''''' 17:08, 14 August 2023 (UTC)
:Yay! You're back!!! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|&lt;font color=&quot;darkgreen&quot;&gt;fr33k&lt;/font&gt;]][[User talk:Fr33kman|&lt;font color=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;man&lt;/font&gt;]]''''' 18:12, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
::Yep, I'm still on IRC a lot too. :) --[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsa]][[User talk:Bsadowski1|dow]][[Special:Contributions/Bsadowski1|ski1]] 01:02, 28 August 2023 (UTC)

== Thank you. ==

For blocking that IP!!! [[User:HushPuppie280|HushPuppie280]] ([[User talk:HushPuppie280|talk]]) 00:15, 9 September 2023 (UTC)

== Hello Sir ==

Why You blocked me ?

please help me [[User:HaramnCarder78|HaramnCarder78]] ([[User talk:HaramnCarder78|talk]]) 08:25, 29 November 2023 (UTC)

==Talkback==
{{tb|Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser|Massive_Asian_BLP_creators|ts=11:19, 1 December 2023 (UTC)}}
[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 11:19, 1 December 2023 (UTC)

==Talkback==
{{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=13:20, 8 December 2023 (UTC)}}
[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:20, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

==Talkback==
{{tb|Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=15:13, 10 December 2023 (UTC)}}
[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 15:13, 10 December 2023 (UTC)

== CU barnstar ==

{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:middle;&quot; | [[File:Checkuser Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Checkuser's Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; | Thank you for helping out the RFCU venue, I'm sorry for sending many talkbacks, but the incidents that we are currently facing are getting violent day by day. Again, thank you for your assistance to Simple English Wikipedia.
|}

== [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005]] ==

Hello @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]] i am writing this message for a checkuser Request against @[[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|Cyber.Eyes.2005]] i have created a article today [[Pradeep Kumaar Yadav]] and this editor placed a QD template with a reason of blocked user this is not fare. and then a check his account and i found that he is already blocked in [[English Wikipedia]] due to horrible Sock Puppetry [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/Cyber.Eyes.2005/Archive]] i want your help sir please help me you dont think so why any editor edits pages continuously 10-12 hours daily. i think he is doing all this for Wikipedia Rights of Rollback please consider my request i beg to you. [[Special:Contributions/203.115.91.125|203.115.91.125]] ([[User talk:203.115.91.125|talk]]) 18:27, 16 December 2023 (UTC)

:It's somewhat amusing how this user is persistently trying to get me blocked—literally reporting me to every single admin, like what. [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|Cyber.Eyes.2005]] ([[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|talk]]) 18:39, 16 December 2023 (UTC)

==Talkback==
{{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=14:34, 17 December 2023 (UTC)}}
[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 14:34, 17 December 2023 (UTC)

== Need Your Help Sir ==

Respected Editor @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]] i am forced to text you here a user a user in [[Simple English Wikipedia]] doing mass Quick Delete tags on Indian Wikipedia Articles frequently @[[User:Dotdashmeredith|‎Dotdashmeredith]] [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Dotdashmeredith] here i mentioned his username i have raised voice against him but no once cares about this user @[[User:Dotdashmeredith|Dotdashmeredith]] already blocked on [[English Wikipedia]] because on Sock Puppetry [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/50mMidas] also blocked on [[:cs:User:Dotdashmeredith|cr.wikipedia.org]] [https://cr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log/block?page=User:Dotdashmeredith] and Also blocked on [[Wikidata]] [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Log/block?page=User:Dotdashmeredith] and now doing mass delete on [[Simple English  Wikipedia]] [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Dotdashmeredith]. He is also Doing Paid edits according to me, He creates [[Poybo Media]] on [[Simple English Wikipedia]] and this article is also creates on [[English Wikipedia]] but now article is deleted on English Wikipedia Because of Sock Puppetry. You can check the references [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/50mMidas/Archive] And He tried to create Same article on Every Wikipedia [https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log/Dotdashmeredith] Justin Jin [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Jin] . Two Articles Justin Jin and Poybo Media he tried to create every time. i beg to you thats why i am messaging you on [[Meta-Wikipedia]] because no one hereing me on Simple English Wikipedia. i am trusting you and respect you thats why i am here in your talk page please do the needful. [[User:Bathew Mads Fomo|Bathew Mads Fomo]] ([[User talk:Bathew Mads Fomo|talk]]) 23:31, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

:**{{nao}} [[User:Bathew Mads Fomo|Bathew Mads Fomo]] has been blocked for abusing multiple accounts and is globally locked. [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|Cyber.Eyes.2005]] ([[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|talk]]) 08:30, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

== Please check ==

User:The Queen of All Hearts. Thanks [[User:Macdonald-ross|Macdonald-ross]] ([[User talk:Macdonald-ross|talk]]) 09:55, 21 December 2023 (UTC)

==Talkback==
{{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=13:45, 21 December 2023 (UTC)}}
[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:45, 21 December 2023 (UTC)

== Talkback ==

{{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=19:54, 22 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|Cyber.Eyes.2005]] ([[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|talk]]) 19:54, 22 December 2023 (UTC)

== Happy holidays ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border-style:solid; border-color:#FF4646; background-color:#F6F0F7; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:7px; border-radius: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em; -webkit-border-radius: 1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75);&lt;!--
--&gt;;&quot; class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[File:Happy Holidays (2135831016).jpg|217px|left]][[File:Arbuckle Bros. (3093003361).jpg|190px|right]][[File:Season's Greetings, Christmas Card from 320 Ranch.jpg|217px|left]]{{Center|[[File:Happy Holidays text.png|301px]]}}
'''Hello Bsadowski1:''' Enjoy the '''[[Christmas and holiday season|holiday season]]'''&amp;#32;and '''[[winter solstice]]''' if it's occurring in your area of the world, and thanks for your work to maintain, improve and expand Wikipedia. Cheers, --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])&lt;/small&gt; 16:07, 23 December 2023 (UTC)
[[File:A book of country clouds and sunshine (1897), cropped.jpg|center|500px]]{{paragraph break}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 1em; font-size: 88%; font-style: italic&quot;&gt;Spread the WikiLove; use {{tls|Season's Greetings}} to send this message&lt;/div&gt;{{-}}

== Talkback ==

{{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Charles Ndukauba Accounts|ts=11:53, 25 December 2023 (UTC)}} – [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;'''Cyber.Eyes'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: orange;&quot;&gt;'''2005'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|&lt;span style=&quot;color: navy;&quot;&gt;'''Talk'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 11:53, 25 December 2023 (UTC)

==Talkback==

{{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=19:39, 27 December 2023 (UTC)}} – [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;'''Cyber.Eyes'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: orange;&quot;&gt;'''2005'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|&lt;span style=&quot;color: navy;&quot;&gt;'''Talk'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 19:39, 27 December 2023 (UTC)

==Talkback==
{{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive_Asian_BLP_creators|ts=00:08, 31 December 2023 (UTC)}}
[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 00:08, 31 December 2023 (UTC)

==Talkback==
{{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|RFD_Voters|ts=20:33, 7 January 2024 (UTC)}}
– [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;'''Cyber.Eyes'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: orange;&quot;&gt;'''2005'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|&lt;span style=&quot;color: navy;&quot;&gt;'''Talk'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 20:33, 7 January 2024 (UTC)

== Thanks ==

Hey thanks for that block. It just popped up in my recent changes log. It’s a little late in the month for the usual foundation evader, isn’t it or did the patterns change? Thanks - [[User:PotsdamLamb|Da Lamb]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]&lt;/sub&gt; 15:52, 15 February 2024 (UTC)

== Cross-wiki spam ==

Hi Bsadowski1, I came across this user {{userlinks|Faris Ram}} after they recently created [[Zumrud Mirzaeva]] on en-wiki. Upon cross-checking here on simple-wiki, I noticed it was created by user {{userlinks|Umarkhan UZ}} around two weeks ago. Faris Ram also created [[Maria Dovnar]] yesterday, which was earlier created by user {{userlinks|Razetka}}. Both users were CU blocked by you. Faris Ram's last edit here was in September last year, so I'm not sure if it's still possible to run another check. However, I highly suspect he belongs to the same sockfarm. Could you please take a look? Thank you. [[User:GSS|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:16px;color:hsl(205, 98%, 55%);&quot;&gt;GSS&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:GSS|talk]]&lt;small&gt;|[[Special:Contributions/GSS|c]]|[[Special:EmailUser/GSS|em]]&lt;/small&gt;) 14:07, 16 March 2024 (UTC)

== Can you take a look at unanswered CU requests? ==

Hello, I want you to notice that [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Hacktivist_Vanguard_accounts]] and [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Jishnu_Raghavan_accounts]] are remaining open. I look forward to hearing from our checkusers. Thank you for the assistance. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 04:14, 25 March 2024 (UTC)

== ‎[redacted] ==

i added them to vandalism list why you reverting? [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 02:52, 19 April 2024 (UTC)
:Yes, because what you posted might be [[Wikipedia:Oversight|suppress-worthy]] and should be privately reported to our oversighters to handle. Additional cleanup is now needed. --[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsa]][[User talk:Bsadowski1|dow]][[Special:Contributions/Bsadowski1|ski1]] 03:18, 19 April 2024 (UTC)

== Accounts at [[Talk:Pope John Paul II]] ==

I blocked another VOA on this talk page (please see page history). Would you like to take a look at this? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:29, 6 June 2024 (UTC)

== [[Special:Contributions/AdmiralGeneralAladeen1]] ==

I assume that this is related to [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser/Archive21#Muhammad_Luqman_accounts]] (possible block/lock evasion), but I'm not sure if the current behavior-based evidence is strong enough, and the previous accounts are too old for CU. Do you remember any other recent accounts for this group? I look forward to hearing from you. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 01:56, 7 June 2024 (UTC)

==Talkback==
{{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Dhadhor accounts|ts=08:49, 9 June 2024 (UTC)}}
[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 08:49, 9 June 2024 (UTC)

== [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Christian_Joy_Lorenzo_Bautista_again]] ==

Hello, I have a CU request related to your previous CU actions. Would you like to take a look here? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 06:43, 17 June 2024 (UTC)

== 104.245.37.58 ==

I think you meant to infinite block him. [[User:Cactusisme|'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0D98BA;&quot;&gt;Cactus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#013220;&quot;&gt;🌵&lt;/span&gt;''']] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Cactusisme|&lt;i style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;spiky&lt;/i&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup&gt;[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|&lt;i style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;ouch&lt;/i&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt;  11:19, 19 June 2024 (UTC)
: {{ping|Cactusisme}} IPs cannot be indefinitely blocked, please see [[:w:Wikipedia:Blocking_IP_addresses#Block_lengths]]. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 11:22, 19 June 2024 (UTC)
::oh okay [[User:Cactusisme|'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0D98BA;&quot;&gt;Cactus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#013220;&quot;&gt;🌵&lt;/span&gt;''']] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Cactusisme|&lt;i style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;spiky&lt;/i&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup&gt;[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|&lt;i style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;ouch&lt;/i&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt;  11:23, 19 June 2024 (UTC)

== If you're still online ==

Can you deal with the 2 new Rishi Sunak hate accounts that I've reported to [[WP:VIP]] please?- [[User:FusionSub|&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0C6508&quot;&gt;FusionSub&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 15:34, 6 July 2024 (UTC)

:Just an FYI @[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] I've requested global locks of accounts at Meta, Thanks for finding these, Many thanks, Kind Regards, –[[User:Davey2010|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;'''Davey'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: orange;&quot;&gt;'''2010'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Davey2010|&lt;span style=&quot;color: navy;&quot;&gt;'''Talk'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 15:44, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
::Danke.- [[User:FusionSub|&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0C6508&quot;&gt;FusionSub&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 15:45, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
:::@[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] You're welcome :), Happy editing, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;'''Davey'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: orange;&quot;&gt;'''2010'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Davey2010|&lt;span style=&quot;color: navy;&quot;&gt;'''Talk'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 15:50, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
::::Random rant but the Mediawiki software really is dumb - So unbeknown to me the usernames were already globally locked and renamed however without anything telling me the users have been globally locked how the hell am I supposed to know that they ''are'' blocked ?,
::::Just been reverted, revdelled and told &quot;these names don't need to be spread&quot; .... How is the lack of information conveyed to me through the Mediawiki software my fault ?, There is literally no message, no information, no warning ... nothing ... telling this person has either been renamed or blocked ....,
::::Makes me feel like why do I bother.... Rant over, –[[User:Davey2010|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;'''Davey'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: orange;&quot;&gt;'''2010'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Davey2010|&lt;span style=&quot;color: navy;&quot;&gt;'''Talk'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 15:58, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
:::::More of a problem with [[MW:Extension:CentralAuth|Extension:CentralAuth]] than the MediaWiki software itself.- [[User:FusionSub|&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0C6508&quot;&gt;FusionSub&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 16:03, 6 July 2024 (UTC)

== Mallenstrom ==

Hi Bsadowski1, Not sure if you're aware but {{noping|69.18.14.67}} was repeatedly making/reverting silly edits to a talkpage yesterday so I didn't know if they were {{noping|Mallenstrom}}?, I know you can't confirm and these 2 could be completely different people but just thought I should let you know just in case, Many thanks, Kind Regards, –[[User:Davey2010|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;'''Davey'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: orange;&quot;&gt;'''2010'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Davey2010|&lt;span style=&quot;color: navy;&quot;&gt;'''Talk'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 09:56, 21 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Pseudo-rollbackers_and_proxy_revert_requests_around_south_Asian_topics]] ==

Hello, can take a look at this CU request? A globally locked account is related, and it is also related to [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Dhadhor_accounts]] (this was handled by you) and [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#CU_request_based_on_w:special:permalink/1234854090]]. Your assistance is always appreciated. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 07:27, 1 August 2024 (UTC)

== Catalyst GP real ==

Can you tell me the link to the sockpuppet invstigation. Thanks [[User:Cactusisme|'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0D98BA;&quot;&gt;Cactus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#013220;&quot;&gt;🌵&lt;/span&gt;''']] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Cactusisme|&lt;i style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;spiky&lt;/i&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup&gt;[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|&lt;i style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;ouch&lt;/i&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt;  10:52, 1 August 2024 (UTC)
:As the block reason has said, it is based on checkuser evidence. You don't need an SPI all the time to determine if an account was used abusively. --[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsa]][[User talk:Bsadowski1|dow]][[Special:Contributions/Bsadowski1|ski1]] 10:55, 1 August 2024 (UTC)
::@[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]] Who were the other accounts involved? [[User:Cactusisme|'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0D98BA;&quot;&gt;Cactus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#013220;&quot;&gt;🌵&lt;/span&gt;''']] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Cactusisme|&lt;i style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;spiky&lt;/i&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup&gt;[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|&lt;i style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;ouch&lt;/i&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt;  10:57, 1 August 2024 (UTC)

==You've got mail!==
{{you've got mail|subject=|ts=01:04, 24 September 2024 (UTC)}}
[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 01:04, 24 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Special:Contributions/Mx_2024_2030]] ==

Hello, this looks similar to a user that you recently locked ([[Special:CentralAuth/Mexico_2024_2030]]). Can this be related? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 06:42, 1 October 2024 (UTC)

== Please check [[Special:CentralAuth/Symonds_Gerother]] ==

Hello, an active editor here has been blocked by Wikidata abuse filter as &quot;LTA (Macyway4)&quot;. Are there any past data in simplewiki about this LTA? Also, do you think the abuse filter block has been correctly placed? I contacted user:EPIC, but I was suggested to discuss with simplewiki CUs ([[:m:Special:Diff/27572289]]). I look forward to hearing from you. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 11:50, 8 October 2024 (UTC)

== Paid User Alert  ==

Hello @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]] From past 1 month i am observing there are many People making paid pages on simple wikipedia. People who are not having any news article and having 2-3 paid article also getting live here. And Scammers are using fake references as well with fake references. And a user @[[User:Symonds Gerother|Symonds Gerother]] is involved in it because today i inserted qd in 5-10 non notable pages and he revereted all the changes and removed qd. So he is also involved in the group of people who are making paid pages of non notable people so deleted all the pages on which i have inserted qd and which has been remove by @[[User:Symonds Gerother|Symonds Gerother]] and Block this user.

thanks and regards [[User:Kindlt|Kindlt]] ([[User talk:Kindlt|talk]]) 15:24, 19 November 2024 (UTC)

== socks ==
{{ping|Bsadowski1}} Hi Brian, a week ago you glocked [[m:Special:CentralAuth/Dbbxbx]]. Accounts [[Special:CentralAuth/Karuja]] and [[Special:CentralAuth/Aremies]] look like socks of that troll, please check, thank you and a merry Xmas to you! Cheers, [[User:Achim55|Achim55]] ([[User talk:Achim55|talk]]) 11:42, 24 December 2024 (UTC)

== Article about Manila Bay ==
Greetings, @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]], I hope to find you well. I would like to inquire if I may be allowed to write an article afresh about ''[[Manila Bay]]'', as I am aware that there was a prior deletion to it. I believe I could author a very good article about this important and historic body of water. I will be appreciative of your advice. 
Sincerely, [[User:Buszmail|Buszmail]] ([[User talk:Buszmail|talk]]) 21:03, 27 January 2025 (UTC)
: Greetings once again! I recognize now that the disappearance of [[Manila Bay]] was merely a result of a  (Mass deletion of pages added by ****). I take this to signify that the subject itself is cleared for re-authoring. I shall henceforth proceed with doing so. Kindest regards, [[User:Buszmail|Buszmail]] ([[User talk:Buszmail|talk]]) 06:41, 5 February 2025 (UTC)

==You've got mail!==
{{you've got mail|subject=|ts=12:25, 5 April 2025 (UTC)}}
[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:25, 5 April 2025 (UTC)

==  Invitation to Participate in a Research Study on Simplifying and Expanding Health Articles on Wikipedia ==

Dear Bsadowski1,
We are researchers at the University of Washington conducting an interview study about health related information on the Simple English edition of Wikipedia. We hope to bridge the gap between expert-level content and the needs of the broader public, making high-quality health information more understandable and usable for everyone.We are interested in your experiences with editing health related articles and how we might improve coverage of health information in the Simple English edition.
If you are 18 years old or older and would consider letting us interview you, please complete our screening survey https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfwYZHyGgjuhq2NnPPGbv8d_jl-CndWvBC12Zljgz8sBDdWfw/viewform  which will help us gather some basic information and follow up with further details. Our Wikimedia Meta project page is: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:Improve_the_coverage_and_quality_of_health-related_articles_in_the_Simple_English_edition   
Your participation will contribute to our understanding of how LLMs can be used to enhance the quality and accessibility of health information on Wikipedia. We would be thrilled to have your input.
Thank you for considering this invitation, and I look forward to hearing from you.
Best regards,
Xiran &amp; Lori [[User:Xiranlin|Xiranlin]] ([[User talk:Xiranlin|talk]]) 08:29, 23 May 2025 (UTC)

== I want to cancel my name change request. ==

I want to cancel my name change request.

I requested a name change because I didn't like the name.

But now I changed my mind.

Thank you. [[User:Stararch|Stararch]] ([[User talk:Stararch|talk]]) 06:30, 11 June 2025 (UTC)

:I think it's okay to just leave it as is since the name change request was accepted. Sorry. [[User:Astraios12|Astraios12]] ([[User talk:Astraios12|talk]]) 07:58, 11 June 2025 (UTC)

== Hello. ==

Hello there, what do you think of my first page? It's fine if you say it needs improvements, because it's my first time on here.
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2005 [[User:FaroeFO|FaroeFO]] ([[User talk:FaroeFO|talk]]) 08:06, 6 July 2025 (UTC)

== Re: socks you just blocked ==

Was about to open a case and include {{checkuser|BlueSky Editor}} and {{checkuser|FutsalMedia}}. FutsalMedia uploaded images to Commons this week that BlueSky and HistoryWriter88 just added to articles. Are these other two connected to the ones you blocked? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 20:54, 9 August 2025 (UTC)

== Happy holidays! ==
&lt;div style=&quot;border-style:solid; border-color:#FF4646; background-color:#F6F0F7; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:7px; border-radius: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em; -webkit-border-radius: 1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75);&lt;!--
--&gt;;&quot; class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[File:Happy Holidays (2135831016).jpg|217px|left]][[File:Arbuckle Bros. (3093003361).jpg|190px|right]][[File:Season's Greetings, Christmas Card from 320 Ranch.jpg|217px|left]]{{Center|[[File:Happy Holidays text.png|301px]]}}
'''Hello Bsadowski1:''' Enjoy the '''[[Christmas and holiday season|holiday season]]'''&amp;#32;and '''[[winter solstice]]''' if it is occurring in your area of the world, and thanks for your work to maintain, improve and expand Wikipedia. Cheers, --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] &lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])&lt;/small&gt; 20:00, 21 December 2025 (UTC)
[[File:A book of country clouds and sunshine (1897), cropped.jpg|center|500px]]{{paragraph break}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 1em; font-size: 88%; font-style: italic&quot;&gt;Spread the WikiLove; use {{tls|Season's Greetings}} to send this message&lt;/div&gt;{{-}}

== Content model Sanitized CSS ==

Hello @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]], I would like to request help converting my subpage below into sanitized CSS.
* [[User:Nathan Veritas/Assets/Auth.css]]
Thank you. [[User_talk:Nathan_Veritas|&lt;span style=&quot;padding:0 7px;background: linear-gradient(219deg,rgba(254, 213, 97, 1) 0%, rgba(20, 65, 107, 0.14) 59%);font-family:Palatino Linotype;font-weight:bold;color:#14416B;font-size:75%;&quot;&gt;🏹Nathan Veritas&lt;/span&gt;]] 22:23, 20 April 2026 (UTC)

== You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Greetings,

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years.

This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required.

The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run.

In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:06, 28 April 2026 (UTC) &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&amp;oldid=30472432 --&gt;

== Haha WoW is back ==

Koulis on wheels [[User:777~cswiki|777~cswiki]] ([[User talk:777~cswiki|talk]]) 23:45, 30 April 2026 (UTC)

:LOLLLLLLL [[User:777~cswiki|777~cswiki]] ([[User talk:777~cswiki|talk]]) 23:45, 30 April 2026 (UTC)
::WoW loves gooning [[User:Peaceの翼に乗ってK音声ジイサンM三たび見参！T|Peaceの翼に乗ってK音声ジイサンM三たび見参！T]] ([[User talk:Peaceの翼に乗ってK音声ジイサンM三たび見参！T|talk]]) 22:49, 10 May 2026 (UTC)
:::Gooning is so white liquid [[User:AntiWiki~enwiki|AntiWiki~enwiki]] ([[User talk:AntiWiki~enwiki|talk]]) 23:53, 4 June 2026 (UTC)
::::Like milk or milf [[User:AntiWiki~enwiki|AntiWiki~enwiki]] ([[User talk:AntiWiki~enwiki|talk]]) 23:53, 4 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>7ljgwc054ap030hjf4kx80754s06nqv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>10880525</id>
      <parentid>10880522</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T19:50:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Der-Wir-Ing</username>
        <id>404478</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/VANDALBOT|VANDALBOT]] ([[User talk:VANDALBOT|talk]]) to last version by NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh</comment>
      <origin>10851795</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="32976" sha1="r3646vzf19kuckdu5qa991fktls36rj" xml:space="preserve">{{talkpage}}

== [[Special:Contributions/2600:387:F:5716:0:0:0:8]] ==

This is a LTA please make a global block.--[[User:WikiBayer|WikiBayer]] ([[User talk:WikiBayer|talk]]) 18:38, 4 December 2021 (UTC)

== GRP ==

You might want to revdel the abuse by GRP on my talk page too. [[User:JavaHurricane|JavaHurricane]] ([[User talk:JavaHurricane|talk]]) 06:27, 9 December 2021 (UTC)

:{{tps}} {{re|JavaHurricane}} I've deleted some of it. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])&lt;/small&gt; 11:37, 9 December 2021 (UTC)

== Happy holidays ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border-style:solid; border-color:#FF4646; background-color:#F6F0F7; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:7px; border-radius: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em; -webkit-border-radius: 1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75);&lt;!--
--&gt;;&quot; class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[File:Happy Holidays (2135831016).jpg|217px|left]][[File:Arbuckle Bros. (3093003361).jpg|190px|right]][[File:Season's Greetings, Christmas Card from 320 Ranch.jpg|217px|left]]{{Center|[[File:Happy Holidays text.png|301px]]}}
'''Hello Bsadowski1:''' Enjoy the '''[[Christmas and holiday season|holiday season]]'''&amp;#32;and '''[[winter solstice]]''' if it's occurring in your area of the world, and thanks for your work to maintain, improve and expand [[Wikipedia]]. Cheers, --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])&lt;/small&gt; 17:21, 23 December 2021 (UTC)
[[File:A book of country clouds and sunshine (1897), cropped.jpg|center|500px]]{{paragraph break}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 1em; font-size: 88%; font-style: italic&quot;&gt;Spread the WikiLove; use {{tls|Season's Greetings}} to send this message&lt;/div&gt;{{-}}

== How we will see unregistered users ==

&lt;section begin=content/&gt;
Hi!

You get this message because you are an admin on a Wikimedia wiki.

When someone edits a Wikimedia wiki without being logged in today, we show their IP address. As you may already know, we will not be able to do this in the future. This is a decision by the Wikimedia Foundation Legal department, because norms and regulations for privacy online have changed.

Instead of the IP we will show a masked identity. You as an admin '''will still be able to access the IP'''. There will also be a new user right for those who need to see the full IPs of unregistered users to fight vandalism, harassment and spam without being admins. Patrollers will also see part of the IP even without this user right. We are also working on [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|better tools]] to help.

If you have not seen it before, you can [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|read more on Meta]]. If you want to make sure you don’t miss technical changes on the Wikimedia wikis, you can [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|subscribe]] to [[m:Tech/News|the weekly technical newsletter]].

We have [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|two suggested ways]] this identity could work. '''We would appreciate your feedback''' on which way you think would work best for you and your wiki, now and in the future. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|let us know on the talk page]]. You can write in your language. The suggestions were posted in October and we will decide after 17 January.

Thank you. 
/[[m:User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]&lt;section end=content/&gt;

18:19, 4 January 2022 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Target_lists/Admins2022(6)&amp;oldid=22532666 --&gt;

== Wright King actor ==

Tv show TV show 1953 Johnny Jupiter Wright, King’s character Ernest P. Duckweather was not list on his page,
I used to watch the show back then. [[Special:Contributions/2601:19B:8280:51D0:C142:1E54:E8C0:B4EC|2601:19B:8280:51D0:C142:1E54:E8C0:B4EC]] ([[User talk:2601:19B:8280:51D0:C142:1E54:E8C0:B4EC|talk]]) 17:58, 23 May 2022 (UTC)

== October 2022 ==

{{ping|Bsadowski1}} this is lovelyGirl7 and several of my socks have been locked globally. This account is one of my socks so please lock it globally. [[User:Jaspal Atwal on tires|Jaspal Atwal on tires]] ([[User talk:Jaspal Atwal on tires|talk]]) 19:53, 3 October 2022 (UTC)

== Hi ==

For your contributions in locking accounts for no reason I present u the Fiesta Mart award [[User:Fiesta Mart, only in Texas|Fiesta Mart, only in Texas]] ([[User talk:Fiesta Mart, only in Texas|talk]]) 16:01, 15 October 2022 (UTC)

:I don't know if this user you're talking to is active on this wikipedia. [[User:Camdyn Robertson|Camdyn Robertson]] ([[User talk:Camdyn Robertson|talk]]) 16:11, 15 October 2022 (UTC)
::{{tps}} {{u|Camdyn Robertson}}, Bsadowski1 is an active admin and a checkuser, he is definitely around on this Wikipedia. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])&lt;/small&gt; 16:03, 19 October 2022 (UTC)
:::Oh, ok. [[User:Camdyn Robertson|Camdyn Robertson]] ([[User talk:Camdyn Robertson|talk]]) 17:52, 19 October 2022 (UTC)

== A barnstar for you! ==

{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; | [[Image:Random Acts of Kindness Barnstar.png|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Random Acts of Kindness Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; | Thank you for being so helpful on wiki and in the Discord Server! You make a difference. &lt;mark style=&quot;background:Black&quot;&gt;[[User:Bobherry|&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;Bobherry&lt;/span&gt;]] [[User talk:Bobherry|&lt;span style=&quot;color:White&quot;&gt;Talk&lt;/span&gt;]] [[Special:Contributions/Bobherry|&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;My Changes&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;/mark&gt; 21:05, 10 July 2023 (UTC)
|}

== Hi ==

Hiya Brian! Guess who's back?!! Glad to see you're still active here and still a steward I see. Well done! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|&lt;font color=&quot;darkgreen&quot;&gt;fr33k&lt;/font&gt;]][[User talk:Fr33kman|&lt;font color=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;man&lt;/font&gt;]]''''' 17:08, 14 August 2023 (UTC)
:Yay! You're back!!! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|&lt;font color=&quot;darkgreen&quot;&gt;fr33k&lt;/font&gt;]][[User talk:Fr33kman|&lt;font color=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;man&lt;/font&gt;]]''''' 18:12, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
::Yep, I'm still on IRC a lot too. :) --[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsa]][[User talk:Bsadowski1|dow]][[Special:Contributions/Bsadowski1|ski1]] 01:02, 28 August 2023 (UTC)

== Thank you. ==

For blocking that IP!!! [[User:HushPuppie280|HushPuppie280]] ([[User talk:HushPuppie280|talk]]) 00:15, 9 September 2023 (UTC)

== Hello Sir ==

Why You blocked me ?

please help me [[User:HaramnCarder78|HaramnCarder78]] ([[User talk:HaramnCarder78|talk]]) 08:25, 29 November 2023 (UTC)

==Talkback==
{{tb|Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser|Massive_Asian_BLP_creators|ts=11:19, 1 December 2023 (UTC)}}
[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 11:19, 1 December 2023 (UTC)

==Talkback==
{{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=13:20, 8 December 2023 (UTC)}}
[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:20, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

==Talkback==
{{tb|Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=15:13, 10 December 2023 (UTC)}}
[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 15:13, 10 December 2023 (UTC)

== CU barnstar ==

{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:middle;&quot; | [[File:Checkuser Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Checkuser's Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; | Thank you for helping out the RFCU venue, I'm sorry for sending many talkbacks, but the incidents that we are currently facing are getting violent day by day. Again, thank you for your assistance to Simple English Wikipedia.
|}

== [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005]] ==

Hello @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]] i am writing this message for a checkuser Request against @[[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|Cyber.Eyes.2005]] i have created a article today [[Pradeep Kumaar Yadav]] and this editor placed a QD template with a reason of blocked user this is not fare. and then a check his account and i found that he is already blocked in [[English Wikipedia]] due to horrible Sock Puppetry [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/Cyber.Eyes.2005/Archive]] i want your help sir please help me you dont think so why any editor edits pages continuously 10-12 hours daily. i think he is doing all this for Wikipedia Rights of Rollback please consider my request i beg to you. [[Special:Contributions/203.115.91.125|203.115.91.125]] ([[User talk:203.115.91.125|talk]]) 18:27, 16 December 2023 (UTC)

:It's somewhat amusing how this user is persistently trying to get me blocked—literally reporting me to every single admin, like what. [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|Cyber.Eyes.2005]] ([[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|talk]]) 18:39, 16 December 2023 (UTC)

==Talkback==
{{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=14:34, 17 December 2023 (UTC)}}
[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 14:34, 17 December 2023 (UTC)

== Need Your Help Sir ==

Respected Editor @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]] i am forced to text you here a user a user in [[Simple English Wikipedia]] doing mass Quick Delete tags on Indian Wikipedia Articles frequently @[[User:Dotdashmeredith|‎Dotdashmeredith]] [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Dotdashmeredith] here i mentioned his username i have raised voice against him but no once cares about this user @[[User:Dotdashmeredith|Dotdashmeredith]] already blocked on [[English Wikipedia]] because on Sock Puppetry [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/50mMidas] also blocked on [[:cs:User:Dotdashmeredith|cr.wikipedia.org]] [https://cr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log/block?page=User:Dotdashmeredith] and Also blocked on [[Wikidata]] [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Log/block?page=User:Dotdashmeredith] and now doing mass delete on [[Simple English  Wikipedia]] [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Dotdashmeredith]. He is also Doing Paid edits according to me, He creates [[Poybo Media]] on [[Simple English Wikipedia]] and this article is also creates on [[English Wikipedia]] but now article is deleted on English Wikipedia Because of Sock Puppetry. You can check the references [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/50mMidas/Archive] And He tried to create Same article on Every Wikipedia [https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log/Dotdashmeredith] Justin Jin [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Jin] . Two Articles Justin Jin and Poybo Media he tried to create every time. i beg to you thats why i am messaging you on [[Meta-Wikipedia]] because no one hereing me on Simple English Wikipedia. i am trusting you and respect you thats why i am here in your talk page please do the needful. [[User:Bathew Mads Fomo|Bathew Mads Fomo]] ([[User talk:Bathew Mads Fomo|talk]]) 23:31, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

:**{{nao}} [[User:Bathew Mads Fomo|Bathew Mads Fomo]] has been blocked for abusing multiple accounts and is globally locked. [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|Cyber.Eyes.2005]] ([[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|talk]]) 08:30, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

== Please check ==

User:The Queen of All Hearts. Thanks [[User:Macdonald-ross|Macdonald-ross]] ([[User talk:Macdonald-ross|talk]]) 09:55, 21 December 2023 (UTC)

==Talkback==
{{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=13:45, 21 December 2023 (UTC)}}
[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:45, 21 December 2023 (UTC)

== Talkback ==

{{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=19:54, 22 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|Cyber.Eyes.2005]] ([[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|talk]]) 19:54, 22 December 2023 (UTC)

== Happy holidays ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border-style:solid; border-color:#FF4646; background-color:#F6F0F7; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:7px; border-radius: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em; -webkit-border-radius: 1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75);&lt;!--
--&gt;;&quot; class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[File:Happy Holidays (2135831016).jpg|217px|left]][[File:Arbuckle Bros. (3093003361).jpg|190px|right]][[File:Season's Greetings, Christmas Card from 320 Ranch.jpg|217px|left]]{{Center|[[File:Happy Holidays text.png|301px]]}}
'''Hello Bsadowski1:''' Enjoy the '''[[Christmas and holiday season|holiday season]]'''&amp;#32;and '''[[winter solstice]]''' if it's occurring in your area of the world, and thanks for your work to maintain, improve and expand Wikipedia. Cheers, --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])&lt;/small&gt; 16:07, 23 December 2023 (UTC)
[[File:A book of country clouds and sunshine (1897), cropped.jpg|center|500px]]{{paragraph break}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 1em; font-size: 88%; font-style: italic&quot;&gt;Spread the WikiLove; use {{tls|Season's Greetings}} to send this message&lt;/div&gt;{{-}}

== Talkback ==

{{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Charles Ndukauba Accounts|ts=11:53, 25 December 2023 (UTC)}} – [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;'''Cyber.Eyes'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: orange;&quot;&gt;'''2005'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|&lt;span style=&quot;color: navy;&quot;&gt;'''Talk'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 11:53, 25 December 2023 (UTC)

==Talkback==

{{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=19:39, 27 December 2023 (UTC)}} – [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;'''Cyber.Eyes'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: orange;&quot;&gt;'''2005'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|&lt;span style=&quot;color: navy;&quot;&gt;'''Talk'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 19:39, 27 December 2023 (UTC)

==Talkback==
{{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive_Asian_BLP_creators|ts=00:08, 31 December 2023 (UTC)}}
[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 00:08, 31 December 2023 (UTC)

==Talkback==
{{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|RFD_Voters|ts=20:33, 7 January 2024 (UTC)}}
– [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;'''Cyber.Eyes'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: orange;&quot;&gt;'''2005'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|&lt;span style=&quot;color: navy;&quot;&gt;'''Talk'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 20:33, 7 January 2024 (UTC)

== Thanks ==

Hey thanks for that block. It just popped up in my recent changes log. It’s a little late in the month for the usual foundation evader, isn’t it or did the patterns change? Thanks - [[User:PotsdamLamb|Da Lamb]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]&lt;/sub&gt; 15:52, 15 February 2024 (UTC)

== Cross-wiki spam ==

Hi Bsadowski1, I came across this user {{userlinks|Faris Ram}} after they recently created [[Zumrud Mirzaeva]] on en-wiki. Upon cross-checking here on simple-wiki, I noticed it was created by user {{userlinks|Umarkhan UZ}} around two weeks ago. Faris Ram also created [[Maria Dovnar]] yesterday, which was earlier created by user {{userlinks|Razetka}}. Both users were CU blocked by you. Faris Ram's last edit here was in September last year, so I'm not sure if it's still possible to run another check. However, I highly suspect he belongs to the same sockfarm. Could you please take a look? Thank you. [[User:GSS|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:16px;color:hsl(205, 98%, 55%);&quot;&gt;GSS&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:GSS|talk]]&lt;small&gt;|[[Special:Contributions/GSS|c]]|[[Special:EmailUser/GSS|em]]&lt;/small&gt;) 14:07, 16 March 2024 (UTC)

== Can you take a look at unanswered CU requests? ==

Hello, I want you to notice that [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Hacktivist_Vanguard_accounts]] and [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Jishnu_Raghavan_accounts]] are remaining open. I look forward to hearing from our checkusers. Thank you for the assistance. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 04:14, 25 March 2024 (UTC)

== ‎[redacted] ==

i added them to vandalism list why you reverting? [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 02:52, 19 April 2024 (UTC)
:Yes, because what you posted might be [[Wikipedia:Oversight|suppress-worthy]] and should be privately reported to our oversighters to handle. Additional cleanup is now needed. --[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsa]][[User talk:Bsadowski1|dow]][[Special:Contributions/Bsadowski1|ski1]] 03:18, 19 April 2024 (UTC)

== Accounts at [[Talk:Pope John Paul II]] ==

I blocked another VOA on this talk page (please see page history). Would you like to take a look at this? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:29, 6 June 2024 (UTC)

== [[Special:Contributions/AdmiralGeneralAladeen1]] ==

I assume that this is related to [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser/Archive21#Muhammad_Luqman_accounts]] (possible block/lock evasion), but I'm not sure if the current behavior-based evidence is strong enough, and the previous accounts are too old for CU. Do you remember any other recent accounts for this group? I look forward to hearing from you. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 01:56, 7 June 2024 (UTC)

==Talkback==
{{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Dhadhor accounts|ts=08:49, 9 June 2024 (UTC)}}
[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 08:49, 9 June 2024 (UTC)

== [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Christian_Joy_Lorenzo_Bautista_again]] ==

Hello, I have a CU request related to your previous CU actions. Would you like to take a look here? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 06:43, 17 June 2024 (UTC)

== 104.245.37.58 ==

I think you meant to infinite block him. [[User:Cactusisme|'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0D98BA;&quot;&gt;Cactus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#013220;&quot;&gt;🌵&lt;/span&gt;''']] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Cactusisme|&lt;i style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;spiky&lt;/i&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup&gt;[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|&lt;i style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;ouch&lt;/i&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt;  11:19, 19 June 2024 (UTC)
: {{ping|Cactusisme}} IPs cannot be indefinitely blocked, please see [[:w:Wikipedia:Blocking_IP_addresses#Block_lengths]]. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 11:22, 19 June 2024 (UTC)
::oh okay [[User:Cactusisme|'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0D98BA;&quot;&gt;Cactus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#013220;&quot;&gt;🌵&lt;/span&gt;''']] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Cactusisme|&lt;i style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;spiky&lt;/i&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup&gt;[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|&lt;i style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;ouch&lt;/i&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt;  11:23, 19 June 2024 (UTC)

== If you're still online ==

Can you deal with the 2 new Rishi Sunak hate accounts that I've reported to [[WP:VIP]] please?- [[User:FusionSub|&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0C6508&quot;&gt;FusionSub&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 15:34, 6 July 2024 (UTC)

:Just an FYI @[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] I've requested global locks of accounts at Meta, Thanks for finding these, Many thanks, Kind Regards, –[[User:Davey2010|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;'''Davey'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: orange;&quot;&gt;'''2010'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Davey2010|&lt;span style=&quot;color: navy;&quot;&gt;'''Talk'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 15:44, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
::Danke.- [[User:FusionSub|&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0C6508&quot;&gt;FusionSub&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 15:45, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
:::@[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] You're welcome :), Happy editing, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;'''Davey'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: orange;&quot;&gt;'''2010'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Davey2010|&lt;span style=&quot;color: navy;&quot;&gt;'''Talk'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 15:50, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
::::Random rant but the Mediawiki software really is dumb - So unbeknown to me the usernames were already globally locked and renamed however without anything telling me the users have been globally locked how the hell am I supposed to know that they ''are'' blocked ?,
::::Just been reverted, revdelled and told &quot;these names don't need to be spread&quot; .... How is the lack of information conveyed to me through the Mediawiki software my fault ?, There is literally no message, no information, no warning ... nothing ... telling this person has either been renamed or blocked ....,
::::Makes me feel like why do I bother.... Rant over, –[[User:Davey2010|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;'''Davey'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: orange;&quot;&gt;'''2010'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Davey2010|&lt;span style=&quot;color: navy;&quot;&gt;'''Talk'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 15:58, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
:::::More of a problem with [[MW:Extension:CentralAuth|Extension:CentralAuth]] than the MediaWiki software itself.- [[User:FusionSub|&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0C6508&quot;&gt;FusionSub&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 16:03, 6 July 2024 (UTC)

== Mallenstrom ==

Hi Bsadowski1, Not sure if you're aware but {{noping|69.18.14.67}} was repeatedly making/reverting silly edits to a talkpage yesterday so I didn't know if they were {{noping|Mallenstrom}}?, I know you can't confirm and these 2 could be completely different people but just thought I should let you know just in case, Many thanks, Kind Regards, –[[User:Davey2010|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;'''Davey'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: orange;&quot;&gt;'''2010'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Davey2010|&lt;span style=&quot;color: navy;&quot;&gt;'''Talk'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 09:56, 21 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Pseudo-rollbackers_and_proxy_revert_requests_around_south_Asian_topics]] ==

Hello, can take a look at this CU request? A globally locked account is related, and it is also related to [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Dhadhor_accounts]] (this was handled by you) and [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#CU_request_based_on_w:special:permalink/1234854090]]. Your assistance is always appreciated. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 07:27, 1 August 2024 (UTC)

== Catalyst GP real ==

Can you tell me the link to the sockpuppet invstigation. Thanks [[User:Cactusisme|'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0D98BA;&quot;&gt;Cactus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#013220;&quot;&gt;🌵&lt;/span&gt;''']] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Cactusisme|&lt;i style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;spiky&lt;/i&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup&gt;[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|&lt;i style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;ouch&lt;/i&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt;  10:52, 1 August 2024 (UTC)
:As the block reason has said, it is based on checkuser evidence. You don't need an SPI all the time to determine if an account was used abusively. --[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsa]][[User talk:Bsadowski1|dow]][[Special:Contributions/Bsadowski1|ski1]] 10:55, 1 August 2024 (UTC)
::@[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]] Who were the other accounts involved? [[User:Cactusisme|'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0D98BA;&quot;&gt;Cactus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#013220;&quot;&gt;🌵&lt;/span&gt;''']] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Cactusisme|&lt;i style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;spiky&lt;/i&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup&gt;[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|&lt;i style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;ouch&lt;/i&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt;  10:57, 1 August 2024 (UTC)

==You've got mail!==
{{you've got mail|subject=|ts=01:04, 24 September 2024 (UTC)}}
[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 01:04, 24 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Special:Contributions/Mx_2024_2030]] ==

Hello, this looks similar to a user that you recently locked ([[Special:CentralAuth/Mexico_2024_2030]]). Can this be related? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 06:42, 1 October 2024 (UTC)

== Please check [[Special:CentralAuth/Symonds_Gerother]] ==

Hello, an active editor here has been blocked by Wikidata abuse filter as &quot;LTA (Macyway4)&quot;. Are there any past data in simplewiki about this LTA? Also, do you think the abuse filter block has been correctly placed? I contacted user:EPIC, but I was suggested to discuss with simplewiki CUs ([[:m:Special:Diff/27572289]]). I look forward to hearing from you. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 11:50, 8 October 2024 (UTC)

== Paid User Alert  ==

Hello @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]] From past 1 month i am observing there are many People making paid pages on simple wikipedia. People who are not having any news article and having 2-3 paid article also getting live here. And Scammers are using fake references as well with fake references. And a user @[[User:Symonds Gerother|Symonds Gerother]] is involved in it because today i inserted qd in 5-10 non notable pages and he revereted all the changes and removed qd. So he is also involved in the group of people who are making paid pages of non notable people so deleted all the pages on which i have inserted qd and which has been remove by @[[User:Symonds Gerother|Symonds Gerother]] and Block this user.

thanks and regards [[User:Kindlt|Kindlt]] ([[User talk:Kindlt|talk]]) 15:24, 19 November 2024 (UTC)

== socks ==
{{ping|Bsadowski1}} Hi Brian, a week ago you glocked [[m:Special:CentralAuth/Dbbxbx]]. Accounts [[Special:CentralAuth/Karuja]] and [[Special:CentralAuth/Aremies]] look like socks of that troll, please check, thank you and a merry Xmas to you! Cheers, [[User:Achim55|Achim55]] ([[User talk:Achim55|talk]]) 11:42, 24 December 2024 (UTC)

== Article about Manila Bay ==
Greetings, @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]], I hope to find you well. I would like to inquire if I may be allowed to write an article afresh about ''[[Manila Bay]]'', as I am aware that there was a prior deletion to it. I believe I could author a very good article about this important and historic body of water. I will be appreciative of your advice. 
Sincerely, [[User:Buszmail|Buszmail]] ([[User talk:Buszmail|talk]]) 21:03, 27 January 2025 (UTC)
: Greetings once again! I recognize now that the disappearance of [[Manila Bay]] was merely a result of a  (Mass deletion of pages added by ****). I take this to signify that the subject itself is cleared for re-authoring. I shall henceforth proceed with doing so. Kindest regards, [[User:Buszmail|Buszmail]] ([[User talk:Buszmail|talk]]) 06:41, 5 February 2025 (UTC)

==You've got mail!==
{{you've got mail|subject=|ts=12:25, 5 April 2025 (UTC)}}
[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:25, 5 April 2025 (UTC)

==  Invitation to Participate in a Research Study on Simplifying and Expanding Health Articles on Wikipedia ==

Dear Bsadowski1,
We are researchers at the University of Washington conducting an interview study about health related information on the Simple English edition of Wikipedia. We hope to bridge the gap between expert-level content and the needs of the broader public, making high-quality health information more understandable and usable for everyone.We are interested in your experiences with editing health related articles and how we might improve coverage of health information in the Simple English edition.
If you are 18 years old or older and would consider letting us interview you, please complete our screening survey https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfwYZHyGgjuhq2NnPPGbv8d_jl-CndWvBC12Zljgz8sBDdWfw/viewform  which will help us gather some basic information and follow up with further details. Our Wikimedia Meta project page is: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:Improve_the_coverage_and_quality_of_health-related_articles_in_the_Simple_English_edition   
Your participation will contribute to our understanding of how LLMs can be used to enhance the quality and accessibility of health information on Wikipedia. We would be thrilled to have your input.
Thank you for considering this invitation, and I look forward to hearing from you.
Best regards,
Xiran &amp; Lori [[User:Xiranlin|Xiranlin]] ([[User talk:Xiranlin|talk]]) 08:29, 23 May 2025 (UTC)

== I want to cancel my name change request. ==

I want to cancel my name change request.

I requested a name change because I didn't like the name.

But now I changed my mind.

Thank you. [[User:Stararch|Stararch]] ([[User talk:Stararch|talk]]) 06:30, 11 June 2025 (UTC)

:I think it's okay to just leave it as is since the name change request was accepted. Sorry. [[User:Astraios12|Astraios12]] ([[User talk:Astraios12|talk]]) 07:58, 11 June 2025 (UTC)

== Hello. ==

Hello there, what do you think of my first page? It's fine if you say it needs improvements, because it's my first time on here.
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2005 [[User:FaroeFO|FaroeFO]] ([[User talk:FaroeFO|talk]]) 08:06, 6 July 2025 (UTC)

== Re: socks you just blocked ==

Was about to open a case and include {{checkuser|BlueSky Editor}} and {{checkuser|FutsalMedia}}. FutsalMedia uploaded images to Commons this week that BlueSky and HistoryWriter88 just added to articles. Are these other two connected to the ones you blocked? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 20:54, 9 August 2025 (UTC)

== Happy holidays! ==
&lt;div style=&quot;border-style:solid; border-color:#FF4646; background-color:#F6F0F7; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:7px; border-radius: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em; -webkit-border-radius: 1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75);&lt;!--
--&gt;;&quot; class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[File:Happy Holidays (2135831016).jpg|217px|left]][[File:Arbuckle Bros. (3093003361).jpg|190px|right]][[File:Season's Greetings, Christmas Card from 320 Ranch.jpg|217px|left]]{{Center|[[File:Happy Holidays text.png|301px]]}}
'''Hello Bsadowski1:''' Enjoy the '''[[Christmas and holiday season|holiday season]]'''&amp;#32;and '''[[winter solstice]]''' if it is occurring in your area of the world, and thanks for your work to maintain, improve and expand Wikipedia. Cheers, --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] &lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])&lt;/small&gt; 20:00, 21 December 2025 (UTC)
[[File:A book of country clouds and sunshine (1897), cropped.jpg|center|500px]]{{paragraph break}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 1em; font-size: 88%; font-style: italic&quot;&gt;Spread the WikiLove; use {{tls|Season's Greetings}} to send this message&lt;/div&gt;{{-}}

== Content model Sanitized CSS ==

Hello @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]], I would like to request help converting my subpage below into sanitized CSS.
* [[User:Nathan Veritas/Assets/Auth.css]]
Thank you. [[User_talk:Nathan_Veritas|&lt;span style=&quot;padding:0 7px;background: linear-gradient(219deg,rgba(254, 213, 97, 1) 0%, rgba(20, 65, 107, 0.14) 59%);font-family:Palatino Linotype;font-weight:bold;color:#14416B;font-size:75%;&quot;&gt;🏹Nathan Veritas&lt;/span&gt;]] 22:23, 20 April 2026 (UTC)

== You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Greetings,

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years.

This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required.

The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run.

In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:06, 28 April 2026 (UTC) &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&amp;oldid=30472432 --&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>10880528</id>
      <parentid>10880525</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T19:54:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor deleted="deleted" />
      <minor />
      <comment>Undid revision 10880525 by [[Special:Contributions/Der-Wir-Ing|Der-Wir-Ing]] ([[User talk:Der-Wir-Ing|talk]])</comment>
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== [[Special:Contributions/2600:387:F:5716:0:0:0:8]] ==

This is a LTA please make a global block.--[[User:WikiBayer|WikiBayer]] ([[User talk:WikiBayer|talk]]) 18:38, 4 December 2021 (UTC)

== GRP ==

You might want to revdel the abuse by GRP on my talk page too. [[User:JavaHurricane|JavaHurricane]] ([[User talk:JavaHurricane|talk]]) 06:27, 9 December 2021 (UTC)

:{{tps}} {{re|JavaHurricane}} I've deleted some of it. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])&lt;/small&gt; 11:37, 9 December 2021 (UTC)

== Happy holidays ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border-style:solid; border-color:#FF4646; background-color:#F6F0F7; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:7px; border-radius: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em; -webkit-border-radius: 1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75);&lt;!--
--&gt;;&quot; class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[File:Happy Holidays (2135831016).jpg|217px|left]][[File:Arbuckle Bros. (3093003361).jpg|190px|right]][[File:Season's Greetings, Christmas Card from 320 Ranch.jpg|217px|left]]{{Center|[[File:Happy Holidays text.png|301px]]}}
'''Hello Bsadowski1:''' Enjoy the '''[[Christmas and holiday season|holiday season]]'''&amp;#32;and '''[[winter solstice]]''' if it's occurring in your area of the world, and thanks for your work to maintain, improve and expand [[Wikipedia]]. Cheers, --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])&lt;/small&gt; 17:21, 23 December 2021 (UTC)
[[File:A book of country clouds and sunshine (1897), cropped.jpg|center|500px]]{{paragraph break}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 1em; font-size: 88%; font-style: italic&quot;&gt;Spread the WikiLove; use {{tls|Season's Greetings}} to send this message&lt;/div&gt;{{-}}

== How we will see unregistered users ==

&lt;section begin=content/&gt;
Hi!

You get this message because you are an admin on a Wikimedia wiki.

When someone edits a Wikimedia wiki without being logged in today, we show their IP address. As you may already know, we will not be able to do this in the future. This is a decision by the Wikimedia Foundation Legal department, because norms and regulations for privacy online have changed.

Instead of the IP we will show a masked identity. You as an admin '''will still be able to access the IP'''. There will also be a new user right for those who need to see the full IPs of unregistered users to fight vandalism, harassment and spam without being admins. Patrollers will also see part of the IP even without this user right. We are also working on [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|better tools]] to help.

If you have not seen it before, you can [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|read more on Meta]]. If you want to make sure you don’t miss technical changes on the Wikimedia wikis, you can [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|subscribe]] to [[m:Tech/News|the weekly technical newsletter]].

We have [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|two suggested ways]] this identity could work. '''We would appreciate your feedback''' on which way you think would work best for you and your wiki, now and in the future. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|let us know on the talk page]]. You can write in your language. The suggestions were posted in October and we will decide after 17 January.

Thank you. 
/[[m:User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]&lt;section end=content/&gt;

18:19, 4 January 2022 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Target_lists/Admins2022(6)&amp;oldid=22532666 --&gt;

== Wright King actor ==

Tv show TV show 1953 Johnny Jupiter Wright, King’s character Ernest P. Duckweather was not list on his page,
I used to watch the show back then. [[Special:Contributions/2601:19B:8280:51D0:C142:1E54:E8C0:B4EC|2601:19B:8280:51D0:C142:1E54:E8C0:B4EC]] ([[User talk:2601:19B:8280:51D0:C142:1E54:E8C0:B4EC|talk]]) 17:58, 23 May 2022 (UTC)

== October 2022 ==

{{ping|Bsadowski1}} this is lovelyGirl7 and several of my socks have been locked globally. This account is one of my socks so please lock it globally. [[User:Jaspal Atwal on tires|Jaspal Atwal on tires]] ([[User talk:Jaspal Atwal on tires|talk]]) 19:53, 3 October 2022 (UTC)

== Hi ==

For your contributions in locking accounts for no reason I present u the Fiesta Mart award [[User:Fiesta Mart, only in Texas|Fiesta Mart, only in Texas]] ([[User talk:Fiesta Mart, only in Texas|talk]]) 16:01, 15 October 2022 (UTC)

:I don't know if this user you're talking to is active on this wikipedia. [[User:Camdyn Robertson|Camdyn Robertson]] ([[User talk:Camdyn Robertson|talk]]) 16:11, 15 October 2022 (UTC)
::{{tps}} {{u|Camdyn Robertson}}, Bsadowski1 is an active admin and a checkuser, he is definitely around on this Wikipedia. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])&lt;/small&gt; 16:03, 19 October 2022 (UTC)
:::Oh, ok. [[User:Camdyn Robertson|Camdyn Robertson]] ([[User talk:Camdyn Robertson|talk]]) 17:52, 19 October 2022 (UTC)

== A barnstar for you! ==

{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; | [[Image:Random Acts of Kindness Barnstar.png|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Random Acts of Kindness Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; | Thank you for being so helpful on wiki and in the Discord Server! You make a difference. &lt;mark style=&quot;background:Black&quot;&gt;[[User:Bobherry|&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;Bobherry&lt;/span&gt;]] [[User talk:Bobherry|&lt;span style=&quot;color:White&quot;&gt;Talk&lt;/span&gt;]] [[Special:Contributions/Bobherry|&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;My Changes&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;/mark&gt; 21:05, 10 July 2023 (UTC)
|}

== Hi ==

Hiya Brian! Guess who's back?!! Glad to see you're still active here and still a steward I see. Well done! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|&lt;font color=&quot;darkgreen&quot;&gt;fr33k&lt;/font&gt;]][[User talk:Fr33kman|&lt;font color=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;man&lt;/font&gt;]]''''' 17:08, 14 August 2023 (UTC)
:Yay! You're back!!! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|&lt;font color=&quot;darkgreen&quot;&gt;fr33k&lt;/font&gt;]][[User talk:Fr33kman|&lt;font color=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;man&lt;/font&gt;]]''''' 18:12, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
::Yep, I'm still on IRC a lot too. :) --[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsa]][[User talk:Bsadowski1|dow]][[Special:Contributions/Bsadowski1|ski1]] 01:02, 28 August 2023 (UTC)

== Thank you. ==

For blocking that IP!!! [[User:HushPuppie280|HushPuppie280]] ([[User talk:HushPuppie280|talk]]) 00:15, 9 September 2023 (UTC)

== Hello Sir ==

Why You blocked me ?

please help me [[User:HaramnCarder78|HaramnCarder78]] ([[User talk:HaramnCarder78|talk]]) 08:25, 29 November 2023 (UTC)

==Talkback==
{{tb|Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser|Massive_Asian_BLP_creators|ts=11:19, 1 December 2023 (UTC)}}
[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 11:19, 1 December 2023 (UTC)

==Talkback==
{{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=13:20, 8 December 2023 (UTC)}}
[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:20, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

==Talkback==
{{tb|Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=15:13, 10 December 2023 (UTC)}}
[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 15:13, 10 December 2023 (UTC)

== CU barnstar ==

{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:middle;&quot; | [[File:Checkuser Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Checkuser's Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; | Thank you for helping out the RFCU venue, I'm sorry for sending many talkbacks, but the incidents that we are currently facing are getting violent day by day. Again, thank you for your assistance to Simple English Wikipedia.
|}

== [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005]] ==

Hello @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]] i am writing this message for a checkuser Request against @[[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|Cyber.Eyes.2005]] i have created a article today [[Pradeep Kumaar Yadav]] and this editor placed a QD template with a reason of blocked user this is not fare. and then a check his account and i found that he is already blocked in [[English Wikipedia]] due to horrible Sock Puppetry [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/Cyber.Eyes.2005/Archive]] i want your help sir please help me you dont think so why any editor edits pages continuously 10-12 hours daily. i think he is doing all this for Wikipedia Rights of Rollback please consider my request i beg to you. [[Special:Contributions/203.115.91.125|203.115.91.125]] ([[User talk:203.115.91.125|talk]]) 18:27, 16 December 2023 (UTC)

:It's somewhat amusing how this user is persistently trying to get me blocked—literally reporting me to every single admin, like what. [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|Cyber.Eyes.2005]] ([[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|talk]]) 18:39, 16 December 2023 (UTC)

==Talkback==
{{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=14:34, 17 December 2023 (UTC)}}
[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 14:34, 17 December 2023 (UTC)

== Need Your Help Sir ==

Respected Editor @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]] i am forced to text you here a user a user in [[Simple English Wikipedia]] doing mass Quick Delete tags on Indian Wikipedia Articles frequently @[[User:Dotdashmeredith|‎Dotdashmeredith]] [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Dotdashmeredith] here i mentioned his username i have raised voice against him but no once cares about this user @[[User:Dotdashmeredith|Dotdashmeredith]] already blocked on [[English Wikipedia]] because on Sock Puppetry [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/50mMidas] also blocked on [[:cs:User:Dotdashmeredith|cr.wikipedia.org]] [https://cr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log/block?page=User:Dotdashmeredith] and Also blocked on [[Wikidata]] [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Log/block?page=User:Dotdashmeredith] and now doing mass delete on [[Simple English  Wikipedia]] [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Dotdashmeredith]. He is also Doing Paid edits according to me, He creates [[Poybo Media]] on [[Simple English Wikipedia]] and this article is also creates on [[English Wikipedia]] but now article is deleted on English Wikipedia Because of Sock Puppetry. You can check the references [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/50mMidas/Archive] And He tried to create Same article on Every Wikipedia [https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log/Dotdashmeredith] Justin Jin [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Jin] . Two Articles Justin Jin and Poybo Media he tried to create every time. i beg to you thats why i am messaging you on [[Meta-Wikipedia]] because no one hereing me on Simple English Wikipedia. i am trusting you and respect you thats why i am here in your talk page please do the needful. [[User:Bathew Mads Fomo|Bathew Mads Fomo]] ([[User talk:Bathew Mads Fomo|talk]]) 23:31, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

:**{{nao}} [[User:Bathew Mads Fomo|Bathew Mads Fomo]] has been blocked for abusing multiple accounts and is globally locked. [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|Cyber.Eyes.2005]] ([[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|talk]]) 08:30, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

== Please check ==

User:The Queen of All Hearts. Thanks [[User:Macdonald-ross|Macdonald-ross]] ([[User talk:Macdonald-ross|talk]]) 09:55, 21 December 2023 (UTC)

==Talkback==
{{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=13:45, 21 December 2023 (UTC)}}
[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:45, 21 December 2023 (UTC)

== Talkback ==

{{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=19:54, 22 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|Cyber.Eyes.2005]] ([[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|talk]]) 19:54, 22 December 2023 (UTC)

== Happy holidays ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border-style:solid; border-color:#FF4646; background-color:#F6F0F7; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:7px; border-radius: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em; -webkit-border-radius: 1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75);&lt;!--
--&gt;;&quot; class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[File:Happy Holidays (2135831016).jpg|217px|left]][[File:Arbuckle Bros. (3093003361).jpg|190px|right]][[File:Season's Greetings, Christmas Card from 320 Ranch.jpg|217px|left]]{{Center|[[File:Happy Holidays text.png|301px]]}}
'''Hello Bsadowski1:''' Enjoy the '''[[Christmas and holiday season|holiday season]]'''&amp;#32;and '''[[winter solstice]]''' if it's occurring in your area of the world, and thanks for your work to maintain, improve and expand Wikipedia. Cheers, --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])&lt;/small&gt; 16:07, 23 December 2023 (UTC)
[[File:A book of country clouds and sunshine (1897), cropped.jpg|center|500px]]{{paragraph break}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 1em; font-size: 88%; font-style: italic&quot;&gt;Spread the WikiLove; use {{tls|Season's Greetings}} to send this message&lt;/div&gt;{{-}}

== Talkback ==

{{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Charles Ndukauba Accounts|ts=11:53, 25 December 2023 (UTC)}} – [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;'''Cyber.Eyes'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: orange;&quot;&gt;'''2005'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|&lt;span style=&quot;color: navy;&quot;&gt;'''Talk'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 11:53, 25 December 2023 (UTC)

==Talkback==

{{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=19:39, 27 December 2023 (UTC)}} – [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;'''Cyber.Eyes'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: orange;&quot;&gt;'''2005'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|&lt;span style=&quot;color: navy;&quot;&gt;'''Talk'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 19:39, 27 December 2023 (UTC)

==Talkback==
{{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive_Asian_BLP_creators|ts=00:08, 31 December 2023 (UTC)}}
[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 00:08, 31 December 2023 (UTC)

==Talkback==
{{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|RFD_Voters|ts=20:33, 7 January 2024 (UTC)}}
– [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;'''Cyber.Eyes'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: orange;&quot;&gt;'''2005'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|&lt;span style=&quot;color: navy;&quot;&gt;'''Talk'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 20:33, 7 January 2024 (UTC)

== Thanks ==

Hey thanks for that block. It just popped up in my recent changes log. It’s a little late in the month for the usual foundation evader, isn’t it or did the patterns change? Thanks - [[User:PotsdamLamb|Da Lamb]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]&lt;/sub&gt; 15:52, 15 February 2024 (UTC)

== Cross-wiki spam ==

Hi Bsadowski1, I came across this user {{userlinks|Faris Ram}} after they recently created [[Zumrud Mirzaeva]] on en-wiki. Upon cross-checking here on simple-wiki, I noticed it was created by user {{userlinks|Umarkhan UZ}} around two weeks ago. Faris Ram also created [[Maria Dovnar]] yesterday, which was earlier created by user {{userlinks|Razetka}}. Both users were CU blocked by you. Faris Ram's last edit here was in September last year, so I'm not sure if it's still possible to run another check. However, I highly suspect he belongs to the same sockfarm. Could you please take a look? Thank you. [[User:GSS|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:16px;color:hsl(205, 98%, 55%);&quot;&gt;GSS&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:GSS|talk]]&lt;small&gt;|[[Special:Contributions/GSS|c]]|[[Special:EmailUser/GSS|em]]&lt;/small&gt;) 14:07, 16 March 2024 (UTC)

== Can you take a look at unanswered CU requests? ==

Hello, I want you to notice that [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Hacktivist_Vanguard_accounts]] and [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Jishnu_Raghavan_accounts]] are remaining open. I look forward to hearing from our checkusers. Thank you for the assistance. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 04:14, 25 March 2024 (UTC)

== ‎[redacted] ==

i added them to vandalism list why you reverting? [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 02:52, 19 April 2024 (UTC)
:Yes, because what you posted might be [[Wikipedia:Oversight|suppress-worthy]] and should be privately reported to our oversighters to handle. Additional cleanup is now needed. --[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsa]][[User talk:Bsadowski1|dow]][[Special:Contributions/Bsadowski1|ski1]] 03:18, 19 April 2024 (UTC)

== Accounts at [[Talk:Pope John Paul II]] ==

I blocked another VOA on this talk page (please see page history). Would you like to take a look at this? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:29, 6 June 2024 (UTC)

== [[Special:Contributions/AdmiralGeneralAladeen1]] ==

I assume that this is related to [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser/Archive21#Muhammad_Luqman_accounts]] (possible block/lock evasion), but I'm not sure if the current behavior-based evidence is strong enough, and the previous accounts are too old for CU. Do you remember any other recent accounts for this group? I look forward to hearing from you. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 01:56, 7 June 2024 (UTC)

==Talkback==
{{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Dhadhor accounts|ts=08:49, 9 June 2024 (UTC)}}
[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 08:49, 9 June 2024 (UTC)

== [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Christian_Joy_Lorenzo_Bautista_again]] ==

Hello, I have a CU request related to your previous CU actions. Would you like to take a look here? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 06:43, 17 June 2024 (UTC)

== 104.245.37.58 ==

I think you meant to infinite block him. [[User:Cactusisme|'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0D98BA;&quot;&gt;Cactus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#013220;&quot;&gt;🌵&lt;/span&gt;''']] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Cactusisme|&lt;i style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;spiky&lt;/i&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup&gt;[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|&lt;i style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;ouch&lt;/i&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt;  11:19, 19 June 2024 (UTC)
: {{ping|Cactusisme}} IPs cannot be indefinitely blocked, please see [[:w:Wikipedia:Blocking_IP_addresses#Block_lengths]]. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 11:22, 19 June 2024 (UTC)
::oh okay [[User:Cactusisme|'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0D98BA;&quot;&gt;Cactus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#013220;&quot;&gt;🌵&lt;/span&gt;''']] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Cactusisme|&lt;i style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;spiky&lt;/i&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup&gt;[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|&lt;i style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;ouch&lt;/i&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt;  11:23, 19 June 2024 (UTC)

== If you're still online ==

Can you deal with the 2 new Rishi Sunak hate accounts that I've reported to [[WP:VIP]] please?- [[User:FusionSub|&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0C6508&quot;&gt;FusionSub&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 15:34, 6 July 2024 (UTC)

:Just an FYI @[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] I've requested global locks of accounts at Meta, Thanks for finding these, Many thanks, Kind Regards, –[[User:Davey2010|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;'''Davey'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: orange;&quot;&gt;'''2010'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Davey2010|&lt;span style=&quot;color: navy;&quot;&gt;'''Talk'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 15:44, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
::Danke.- [[User:FusionSub|&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0C6508&quot;&gt;FusionSub&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 15:45, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
:::@[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] You're welcome :), Happy editing, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;'''Davey'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: orange;&quot;&gt;'''2010'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Davey2010|&lt;span style=&quot;color: navy;&quot;&gt;'''Talk'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 15:50, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
::::Random rant but the Mediawiki software really is dumb - So unbeknown to me the usernames were already globally locked and renamed however without anything telling me the users have been globally locked how the hell am I supposed to know that they ''are'' blocked ?,
::::Just been reverted, revdelled and told &quot;these names don't need to be spread&quot; .... How is the lack of information conveyed to me through the Mediawiki software my fault ?, There is literally no message, no information, no warning ... nothing ... telling this person has either been renamed or blocked ....,
::::Makes me feel like why do I bother.... Rant over, –[[User:Davey2010|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;'''Davey'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: orange;&quot;&gt;'''2010'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Davey2010|&lt;span style=&quot;color: navy;&quot;&gt;'''Talk'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 15:58, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
:::::More of a problem with [[MW:Extension:CentralAuth|Extension:CentralAuth]] than the MediaWiki software itself.- [[User:FusionSub|&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0C6508&quot;&gt;FusionSub&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 16:03, 6 July 2024 (UTC)

== Mallenstrom ==

Hi Bsadowski1, Not sure if you're aware but {{noping|69.18.14.67}} was repeatedly making/reverting silly edits to a talkpage yesterday so I didn't know if they were {{noping|Mallenstrom}}?, I know you can't confirm and these 2 could be completely different people but just thought I should let you know just in case, Many thanks, Kind Regards, –[[User:Davey2010|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;'''Davey'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: orange;&quot;&gt;'''2010'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Davey2010|&lt;span style=&quot;color: navy;&quot;&gt;'''Talk'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 09:56, 21 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Pseudo-rollbackers_and_proxy_revert_requests_around_south_Asian_topics]] ==

Hello, can take a look at this CU request? A globally locked account is related, and it is also related to [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Dhadhor_accounts]] (this was handled by you) and [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#CU_request_based_on_w:special:permalink/1234854090]]. Your assistance is always appreciated. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 07:27, 1 August 2024 (UTC)

== Catalyst GP real ==

Can you tell me the link to the sockpuppet invstigation. Thanks [[User:Cactusisme|'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0D98BA;&quot;&gt;Cactus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#013220;&quot;&gt;🌵&lt;/span&gt;''']] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Cactusisme|&lt;i style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;spiky&lt;/i&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup&gt;[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|&lt;i style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;ouch&lt;/i&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt;  10:52, 1 August 2024 (UTC)
:As the block reason has said, it is based on checkuser evidence. You don't need an SPI all the time to determine if an account was used abusively. --[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsa]][[User talk:Bsadowski1|dow]][[Special:Contributions/Bsadowski1|ski1]] 10:55, 1 August 2024 (UTC)
::@[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]] Who were the other accounts involved? [[User:Cactusisme|'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0D98BA;&quot;&gt;Cactus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#013220;&quot;&gt;🌵&lt;/span&gt;''']] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Cactusisme|&lt;i style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;spiky&lt;/i&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup&gt;[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|&lt;i style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;ouch&lt;/i&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt;  10:57, 1 August 2024 (UTC)

==You've got mail!==
{{you've got mail|subject=|ts=01:04, 24 September 2024 (UTC)}}
[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 01:04, 24 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Special:Contributions/Mx_2024_2030]] ==

Hello, this looks similar to a user that you recently locked ([[Special:CentralAuth/Mexico_2024_2030]]). Can this be related? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 06:42, 1 October 2024 (UTC)

== Please check [[Special:CentralAuth/Symonds_Gerother]] ==

Hello, an active editor here has been blocked by Wikidata abuse filter as &quot;LTA (Macyway4)&quot;. Are there any past data in simplewiki about this LTA? Also, do you think the abuse filter block has been correctly placed? I contacted user:EPIC, but I was suggested to discuss with simplewiki CUs ([[:m:Special:Diff/27572289]]). I look forward to hearing from you. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 11:50, 8 October 2024 (UTC)

== Paid User Alert  ==

Hello @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]] From past 1 month i am observing there are many People making paid pages on simple wikipedia. People who are not having any news article and having 2-3 paid article also getting live here. And Scammers are using fake references as well with fake references. And a user @[[User:Symonds Gerother|Symonds Gerother]] is involved in it because today i inserted qd in 5-10 non notable pages and he revereted all the changes and removed qd. So he is also involved in the group of people who are making paid pages of non notable people so deleted all the pages on which i have inserted qd and which has been remove by @[[User:Symonds Gerother|Symonds Gerother]] and Block this user.

thanks and regards [[User:Kindlt|Kindlt]] ([[User talk:Kindlt|talk]]) 15:24, 19 November 2024 (UTC)

== socks ==
{{ping|Bsadowski1}} Hi Brian, a week ago you glocked [[m:Special:CentralAuth/Dbbxbx]]. Accounts [[Special:CentralAuth/Karuja]] and [[Special:CentralAuth/Aremies]] look like socks of that troll, please check, thank you and a merry Xmas to you! Cheers, [[User:Achim55|Achim55]] ([[User talk:Achim55|talk]]) 11:42, 24 December 2024 (UTC)

== Article about Manila Bay ==
Greetings, @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]], I hope to find you well. I would like to inquire if I may be allowed to write an article afresh about ''[[Manila Bay]]'', as I am aware that there was a prior deletion to it. I believe I could author a very good article about this important and historic body of water. I will be appreciative of your advice. 
Sincerely, [[User:Buszmail|Buszmail]] ([[User talk:Buszmail|talk]]) 21:03, 27 January 2025 (UTC)
: Greetings once again! I recognize now that the disappearance of [[Manila Bay]] was merely a result of a  (Mass deletion of pages added by ****). I take this to signify that the subject itself is cleared for re-authoring. I shall henceforth proceed with doing so. Kindest regards, [[User:Buszmail|Buszmail]] ([[User talk:Buszmail|talk]]) 06:41, 5 February 2025 (UTC)

==You've got mail!==
{{you've got mail|subject=|ts=12:25, 5 April 2025 (UTC)}}
[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:25, 5 April 2025 (UTC)

==  Invitation to Participate in a Research Study on Simplifying and Expanding Health Articles on Wikipedia ==

Dear Bsadowski1,
We are researchers at the University of Washington conducting an interview study about health related information on the Simple English edition of Wikipedia. We hope to bridge the gap between expert-level content and the needs of the broader public, making high-quality health information more understandable and usable for everyone.We are interested in your experiences with editing health related articles and how we might improve coverage of health information in the Simple English edition.
If you are 18 years old or older and would consider letting us interview you, please complete our screening survey https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfwYZHyGgjuhq2NnPPGbv8d_jl-CndWvBC12Zljgz8sBDdWfw/viewform  which will help us gather some basic information and follow up with further details. Our Wikimedia Meta project page is: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:Improve_the_coverage_and_quality_of_health-related_articles_in_the_Simple_English_edition   
Your participation will contribute to our understanding of how LLMs can be used to enhance the quality and accessibility of health information on Wikipedia. We would be thrilled to have your input.
Thank you for considering this invitation, and I look forward to hearing from you.
Best regards,
Xiran &amp; Lori [[User:Xiranlin|Xiranlin]] ([[User talk:Xiranlin|talk]]) 08:29, 23 May 2025 (UTC)

== I want to cancel my name change request. ==

I want to cancel my name change request.

I requested a name change because I didn't like the name.

But now I changed my mind.

Thank you. [[User:Stararch|Stararch]] ([[User talk:Stararch|talk]]) 06:30, 11 June 2025 (UTC)

:I think it's okay to just leave it as is since the name change request was accepted. Sorry. [[User:Astraios12|Astraios12]] ([[User talk:Astraios12|talk]]) 07:58, 11 June 2025 (UTC)

== Hello. ==

Hello there, what do you think of my first page? It's fine if you say it needs improvements, because it's my first time on here.
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2005 [[User:FaroeFO|FaroeFO]] ([[User talk:FaroeFO|talk]]) 08:06, 6 July 2025 (UTC)

== Re: socks you just blocked ==

Was about to open a case and include {{checkuser|BlueSky Editor}} and {{checkuser|FutsalMedia}}. FutsalMedia uploaded images to Commons this week that BlueSky and HistoryWriter88 just added to articles. Are these other two connected to the ones you blocked? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 20:54, 9 August 2025 (UTC)

== Happy holidays! ==
&lt;div style=&quot;border-style:solid; border-color:#FF4646; background-color:#F6F0F7; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:7px; border-radius: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em; -webkit-border-radius: 1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75);&lt;!--
--&gt;;&quot; class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[File:Happy Holidays (2135831016).jpg|217px|left]][[File:Arbuckle Bros. (3093003361).jpg|190px|right]][[File:Season's Greetings, Christmas Card from 320 Ranch.jpg|217px|left]]{{Center|[[File:Happy Holidays text.png|301px]]}}
'''Hello Bsadowski1:''' Enjoy the '''[[Christmas and holiday season|holiday season]]'''&amp;#32;and '''[[winter solstice]]''' if it is occurring in your area of the world, and thanks for your work to maintain, improve and expand Wikipedia. Cheers, --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] &lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])&lt;/small&gt; 20:00, 21 December 2025 (UTC)
[[File:A book of country clouds and sunshine (1897), cropped.jpg|center|500px]]{{paragraph break}}
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Content model Sanitized CSS ==

Hello @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]], I would like to request help converting my subpage below into sanitized CSS.
* [[User:Nathan Veritas/Assets/Auth.css]]
Thank you. [[User_talk:Nathan_Veritas|&lt;span style=&quot;padding:0 7px;background: linear-gradient(219deg,rgba(254, 213, 97, 1) 0%, rgba(20, 65, 107, 0.14) 59%);font-family:Palatino Linotype;font-weight:bold;color:#14416B;font-size:75%;&quot;&gt;🏹Nathan Veritas&lt;/span&gt;]] 22:23, 20 April 2026 (UTC)

== You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Greetings,

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years.

This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required.

The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run.

In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:06, 28 April 2026 (UTC) &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&amp;oldid=30472432 --&gt;

== Haha WoW is back ==

Koulis on wheels [[User:777~cswiki|777~cswiki]] ([[User talk:777~cswiki|talk]]) 23:45, 30 April 2026 (UTC)

:LOLLLLLLL [[User:777~cswiki|777~cswiki]] ([[User talk:777~cswiki|talk]]) 23:45, 30 April 2026 (UTC)
::WoW loves gooning [[User:Peaceの翼に乗ってK音声ジイサンM三たび見参！T|Peaceの翼に乗ってK音声ジイサンM三たび見参！T]] ([[User talk:Peaceの翼に乗ってK音声ジイサンM三たび見参！T|talk]]) 22:49, 10 May 2026 (UTC)
:::Gooning is so white liquid [[User:AntiWiki~enwiki|AntiWiki~enwiki]] ([[User talk:AntiWiki~enwiki|talk]]) 23:53, 4 June 2026 (UTC)
::::Like milk or milf [[User:AntiWiki~enwiki|AntiWiki~enwiki]] ([[User talk:AntiWiki~enwiki|talk]]) 23:53, 4 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>7ljgwc054ap030hjf4kx80754s06nqv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>10880529</id>
      <parentid>10880528</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T19:54:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>NDG</username>
        <id>1452189</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/VANDALBOT|VANDALBOT]] ([[User talk:VANDALBOT|talk]]) to last version by Der-Wir-Ing</comment>
      <origin>10851795</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="32976" sha1="r3646vzf19kuckdu5qa991fktls36rj" xml:space="preserve">{{talkpage}}

== [[Special:Contributions/2600:387:F:5716:0:0:0:8]] ==

This is a LTA please make a global block.--[[User:WikiBayer|WikiBayer]] ([[User talk:WikiBayer|talk]]) 18:38, 4 December 2021 (UTC)

== GRP ==

You might want to revdel the abuse by GRP on my talk page too. [[User:JavaHurricane|JavaHurricane]] ([[User talk:JavaHurricane|talk]]) 06:27, 9 December 2021 (UTC)

:{{tps}} {{re|JavaHurricane}} I've deleted some of it. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])&lt;/small&gt; 11:37, 9 December 2021 (UTC)

== Happy holidays ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border-style:solid; border-color:#FF4646; background-color:#F6F0F7; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:7px; border-radius: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em; -webkit-border-radius: 1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75);&lt;!--
--&gt;;&quot; class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[File:Happy Holidays (2135831016).jpg|217px|left]][[File:Arbuckle Bros. (3093003361).jpg|190px|right]][[File:Season's Greetings, Christmas Card from 320 Ranch.jpg|217px|left]]{{Center|[[File:Happy Holidays text.png|301px]]}}
'''Hello Bsadowski1:''' Enjoy the '''[[Christmas and holiday season|holiday season]]'''&amp;#32;and '''[[winter solstice]]''' if it's occurring in your area of the world, and thanks for your work to maintain, improve and expand [[Wikipedia]]. Cheers, --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])&lt;/small&gt; 17:21, 23 December 2021 (UTC)
[[File:A book of country clouds and sunshine (1897), cropped.jpg|center|500px]]{{paragraph break}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 1em; font-size: 88%; font-style: italic&quot;&gt;Spread the WikiLove; use {{tls|Season's Greetings}} to send this message&lt;/div&gt;{{-}}

== How we will see unregistered users ==

&lt;section begin=content/&gt;
Hi!

You get this message because you are an admin on a Wikimedia wiki.

When someone edits a Wikimedia wiki without being logged in today, we show their IP address. As you may already know, we will not be able to do this in the future. This is a decision by the Wikimedia Foundation Legal department, because norms and regulations for privacy online have changed.

Instead of the IP we will show a masked identity. You as an admin '''will still be able to access the IP'''. There will also be a new user right for those who need to see the full IPs of unregistered users to fight vandalism, harassment and spam without being admins. Patrollers will also see part of the IP even without this user right. We are also working on [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|better tools]] to help.

If you have not seen it before, you can [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|read more on Meta]]. If you want to make sure you don’t miss technical changes on the Wikimedia wikis, you can [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|subscribe]] to [[m:Tech/News|the weekly technical newsletter]].

We have [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|two suggested ways]] this identity could work. '''We would appreciate your feedback''' on which way you think would work best for you and your wiki, now and in the future. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|let us know on the talk page]]. You can write in your language. The suggestions were posted in October and we will decide after 17 January.

Thank you. 
/[[m:User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]&lt;section end=content/&gt;

18:19, 4 January 2022 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Target_lists/Admins2022(6)&amp;oldid=22532666 --&gt;

== Wright King actor ==

Tv show TV show 1953 Johnny Jupiter Wright, King’s character Ernest P. Duckweather was not list on his page,
I used to watch the show back then. [[Special:Contributions/2601:19B:8280:51D0:C142:1E54:E8C0:B4EC|2601:19B:8280:51D0:C142:1E54:E8C0:B4EC]] ([[User talk:2601:19B:8280:51D0:C142:1E54:E8C0:B4EC|talk]]) 17:58, 23 May 2022 (UTC)

== October 2022 ==

{{ping|Bsadowski1}} this is lovelyGirl7 and several of my socks have been locked globally. This account is one of my socks so please lock it globally. [[User:Jaspal Atwal on tires|Jaspal Atwal on tires]] ([[User talk:Jaspal Atwal on tires|talk]]) 19:53, 3 October 2022 (UTC)

== Hi ==

For your contributions in locking accounts for no reason I present u the Fiesta Mart award [[User:Fiesta Mart, only in Texas|Fiesta Mart, only in Texas]] ([[User talk:Fiesta Mart, only in Texas|talk]]) 16:01, 15 October 2022 (UTC)

:I don't know if this user you're talking to is active on this wikipedia. [[User:Camdyn Robertson|Camdyn Robertson]] ([[User talk:Camdyn Robertson|talk]]) 16:11, 15 October 2022 (UTC)
::{{tps}} {{u|Camdyn Robertson}}, Bsadowski1 is an active admin and a checkuser, he is definitely around on this Wikipedia. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])&lt;/small&gt; 16:03, 19 October 2022 (UTC)
:::Oh, ok. [[User:Camdyn Robertson|Camdyn Robertson]] ([[User talk:Camdyn Robertson|talk]]) 17:52, 19 October 2022 (UTC)

== A barnstar for you! ==

{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; | [[Image:Random Acts of Kindness Barnstar.png|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Random Acts of Kindness Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; | Thank you for being so helpful on wiki and in the Discord Server! You make a difference. &lt;mark style=&quot;background:Black&quot;&gt;[[User:Bobherry|&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;Bobherry&lt;/span&gt;]] [[User talk:Bobherry|&lt;span style=&quot;color:White&quot;&gt;Talk&lt;/span&gt;]] [[Special:Contributions/Bobherry|&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;My Changes&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;/mark&gt; 21:05, 10 July 2023 (UTC)
|}

== Hi ==

Hiya Brian! Guess who's back?!! Glad to see you're still active here and still a steward I see. Well done! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|&lt;font color=&quot;darkgreen&quot;&gt;fr33k&lt;/font&gt;]][[User talk:Fr33kman|&lt;font color=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;man&lt;/font&gt;]]''''' 17:08, 14 August 2023 (UTC)
:Yay! You're back!!! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|&lt;font color=&quot;darkgreen&quot;&gt;fr33k&lt;/font&gt;]][[User talk:Fr33kman|&lt;font color=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;man&lt;/font&gt;]]''''' 18:12, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
::Yep, I'm still on IRC a lot too. :) --[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsa]][[User talk:Bsadowski1|dow]][[Special:Contributions/Bsadowski1|ski1]] 01:02, 28 August 2023 (UTC)

== Thank you. ==

For blocking that IP!!! [[User:HushPuppie280|HushPuppie280]] ([[User talk:HushPuppie280|talk]]) 00:15, 9 September 2023 (UTC)

== Hello Sir ==

Why You blocked me ?

please help me [[User:HaramnCarder78|HaramnCarder78]] ([[User talk:HaramnCarder78|talk]]) 08:25, 29 November 2023 (UTC)

==Talkback==
{{tb|Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser|Massive_Asian_BLP_creators|ts=11:19, 1 December 2023 (UTC)}}
[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 11:19, 1 December 2023 (UTC)

==Talkback==
{{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=13:20, 8 December 2023 (UTC)}}
[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:20, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

==Talkback==
{{tb|Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=15:13, 10 December 2023 (UTC)}}
[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 15:13, 10 December 2023 (UTC)

== CU barnstar ==

{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:middle;&quot; | [[File:Checkuser Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Checkuser's Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; | Thank you for helping out the RFCU venue, I'm sorry for sending many talkbacks, but the incidents that we are currently facing are getting violent day by day. Again, thank you for your assistance to Simple English Wikipedia.
|}

== [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005]] ==

Hello @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]] i am writing this message for a checkuser Request against @[[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|Cyber.Eyes.2005]] i have created a article today [[Pradeep Kumaar Yadav]] and this editor placed a QD template with a reason of blocked user this is not fare. and then a check his account and i found that he is already blocked in [[English Wikipedia]] due to horrible Sock Puppetry [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/Cyber.Eyes.2005/Archive]] i want your help sir please help me you dont think so why any editor edits pages continuously 10-12 hours daily. i think he is doing all this for Wikipedia Rights of Rollback please consider my request i beg to you. [[Special:Contributions/203.115.91.125|203.115.91.125]] ([[User talk:203.115.91.125|talk]]) 18:27, 16 December 2023 (UTC)

:It's somewhat amusing how this user is persistently trying to get me blocked—literally reporting me to every single admin, like what. [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|Cyber.Eyes.2005]] ([[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|talk]]) 18:39, 16 December 2023 (UTC)

==Talkback==
{{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=14:34, 17 December 2023 (UTC)}}
[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 14:34, 17 December 2023 (UTC)

== Need Your Help Sir ==

Respected Editor @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]] i am forced to text you here a user a user in [[Simple English Wikipedia]] doing mass Quick Delete tags on Indian Wikipedia Articles frequently @[[User:Dotdashmeredith|‎Dotdashmeredith]] [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Dotdashmeredith] here i mentioned his username i have raised voice against him but no once cares about this user @[[User:Dotdashmeredith|Dotdashmeredith]] already blocked on [[English Wikipedia]] because on Sock Puppetry [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/50mMidas] also blocked on [[:cs:User:Dotdashmeredith|cr.wikipedia.org]] [https://cr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log/block?page=User:Dotdashmeredith] and Also blocked on [[Wikidata]] [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Log/block?page=User:Dotdashmeredith] and now doing mass delete on [[Simple English  Wikipedia]] [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Dotdashmeredith]. He is also Doing Paid edits according to me, He creates [[Poybo Media]] on [[Simple English Wikipedia]] and this article is also creates on [[English Wikipedia]] but now article is deleted on English Wikipedia Because of Sock Puppetry. You can check the references [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/50mMidas/Archive] And He tried to create Same article on Every Wikipedia [https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log/Dotdashmeredith] Justin Jin [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Jin] . Two Articles Justin Jin and Poybo Media he tried to create every time. i beg to you thats why i am messaging you on [[Meta-Wikipedia]] because no one hereing me on Simple English Wikipedia. i am trusting you and respect you thats why i am here in your talk page please do the needful. [[User:Bathew Mads Fomo|Bathew Mads Fomo]] ([[User talk:Bathew Mads Fomo|talk]]) 23:31, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

:**{{nao}} [[User:Bathew Mads Fomo|Bathew Mads Fomo]] has been blocked for abusing multiple accounts and is globally locked. [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|Cyber.Eyes.2005]] ([[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|talk]]) 08:30, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

== Please check ==

User:The Queen of All Hearts. Thanks [[User:Macdonald-ross|Macdonald-ross]] ([[User talk:Macdonald-ross|talk]]) 09:55, 21 December 2023 (UTC)

==Talkback==
{{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=13:45, 21 December 2023 (UTC)}}
[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:45, 21 December 2023 (UTC)

== Talkback ==

{{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=19:54, 22 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|Cyber.Eyes.2005]] ([[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|talk]]) 19:54, 22 December 2023 (UTC)

== Happy holidays ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border-style:solid; border-color:#FF4646; background-color:#F6F0F7; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:7px; border-radius: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em; -webkit-border-radius: 1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75);&lt;!--
--&gt;;&quot; class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[File:Happy Holidays (2135831016).jpg|217px|left]][[File:Arbuckle Bros. (3093003361).jpg|190px|right]][[File:Season's Greetings, Christmas Card from 320 Ranch.jpg|217px|left]]{{Center|[[File:Happy Holidays text.png|301px]]}}
'''Hello Bsadowski1:''' Enjoy the '''[[Christmas and holiday season|holiday season]]'''&amp;#32;and '''[[winter solstice]]''' if it's occurring in your area of the world, and thanks for your work to maintain, improve and expand Wikipedia. Cheers, --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])&lt;/small&gt; 16:07, 23 December 2023 (UTC)
[[File:A book of country clouds and sunshine (1897), cropped.jpg|center|500px]]{{paragraph break}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 1em; font-size: 88%; font-style: italic&quot;&gt;Spread the WikiLove; use {{tls|Season's Greetings}} to send this message&lt;/div&gt;{{-}}

== Talkback ==

{{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Charles Ndukauba Accounts|ts=11:53, 25 December 2023 (UTC)}} – [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;'''Cyber.Eyes'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: orange;&quot;&gt;'''2005'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|&lt;span style=&quot;color: navy;&quot;&gt;'''Talk'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 11:53, 25 December 2023 (UTC)

==Talkback==

{{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=19:39, 27 December 2023 (UTC)}} – [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;'''Cyber.Eyes'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: orange;&quot;&gt;'''2005'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|&lt;span style=&quot;color: navy;&quot;&gt;'''Talk'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 19:39, 27 December 2023 (UTC)

==Talkback==
{{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive_Asian_BLP_creators|ts=00:08, 31 December 2023 (UTC)}}
[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 00:08, 31 December 2023 (UTC)

==Talkback==
{{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|RFD_Voters|ts=20:33, 7 January 2024 (UTC)}}
– [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;'''Cyber.Eyes'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: orange;&quot;&gt;'''2005'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|&lt;span style=&quot;color: navy;&quot;&gt;'''Talk'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 20:33, 7 January 2024 (UTC)

== Thanks ==

Hey thanks for that block. It just popped up in my recent changes log. It’s a little late in the month for the usual foundation evader, isn’t it or did the patterns change? Thanks - [[User:PotsdamLamb|Da Lamb]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]&lt;/sub&gt; 15:52, 15 February 2024 (UTC)

== Cross-wiki spam ==

Hi Bsadowski1, I came across this user {{userlinks|Faris Ram}} after they recently created [[Zumrud Mirzaeva]] on en-wiki. Upon cross-checking here on simple-wiki, I noticed it was created by user {{userlinks|Umarkhan UZ}} around two weeks ago. Faris Ram also created [[Maria Dovnar]] yesterday, which was earlier created by user {{userlinks|Razetka}}. Both users were CU blocked by you. Faris Ram's last edit here was in September last year, so I'm not sure if it's still possible to run another check. However, I highly suspect he belongs to the same sockfarm. Could you please take a look? Thank you. [[User:GSS|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:16px;color:hsl(205, 98%, 55%);&quot;&gt;GSS&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:GSS|talk]]&lt;small&gt;|[[Special:Contributions/GSS|c]]|[[Special:EmailUser/GSS|em]]&lt;/small&gt;) 14:07, 16 March 2024 (UTC)

== Can you take a look at unanswered CU requests? ==

Hello, I want you to notice that [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Hacktivist_Vanguard_accounts]] and [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Jishnu_Raghavan_accounts]] are remaining open. I look forward to hearing from our checkusers. Thank you for the assistance. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 04:14, 25 March 2024 (UTC)

== ‎[redacted] ==

i added them to vandalism list why you reverting? [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 02:52, 19 April 2024 (UTC)
:Yes, because what you posted might be [[Wikipedia:Oversight|suppress-worthy]] and should be privately reported to our oversighters to handle. Additional cleanup is now needed. --[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsa]][[User talk:Bsadowski1|dow]][[Special:Contributions/Bsadowski1|ski1]] 03:18, 19 April 2024 (UTC)

== Accounts at [[Talk:Pope John Paul II]] ==

I blocked another VOA on this talk page (please see page history). Would you like to take a look at this? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:29, 6 June 2024 (UTC)

== [[Special:Contributions/AdmiralGeneralAladeen1]] ==

I assume that this is related to [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser/Archive21#Muhammad_Luqman_accounts]] (possible block/lock evasion), but I'm not sure if the current behavior-based evidence is strong enough, and the previous accounts are too old for CU. Do you remember any other recent accounts for this group? I look forward to hearing from you. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 01:56, 7 June 2024 (UTC)

==Talkback==
{{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Dhadhor accounts|ts=08:49, 9 June 2024 (UTC)}}
[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 08:49, 9 June 2024 (UTC)

== [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Christian_Joy_Lorenzo_Bautista_again]] ==

Hello, I have a CU request related to your previous CU actions. Would you like to take a look here? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 06:43, 17 June 2024 (UTC)

== 104.245.37.58 ==

I think you meant to infinite block him. [[User:Cactusisme|'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0D98BA;&quot;&gt;Cactus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#013220;&quot;&gt;🌵&lt;/span&gt;''']] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Cactusisme|&lt;i style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;spiky&lt;/i&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup&gt;[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|&lt;i style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;ouch&lt;/i&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt;  11:19, 19 June 2024 (UTC)
: {{ping|Cactusisme}} IPs cannot be indefinitely blocked, please see [[:w:Wikipedia:Blocking_IP_addresses#Block_lengths]]. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 11:22, 19 June 2024 (UTC)
::oh okay [[User:Cactusisme|'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0D98BA;&quot;&gt;Cactus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#013220;&quot;&gt;🌵&lt;/span&gt;''']] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Cactusisme|&lt;i style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;spiky&lt;/i&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup&gt;[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|&lt;i style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;ouch&lt;/i&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt;  11:23, 19 June 2024 (UTC)

== If you're still online ==

Can you deal with the 2 new Rishi Sunak hate accounts that I've reported to [[WP:VIP]] please?- [[User:FusionSub|&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0C6508&quot;&gt;FusionSub&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 15:34, 6 July 2024 (UTC)

:Just an FYI @[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] I've requested global locks of accounts at Meta, Thanks for finding these, Many thanks, Kind Regards, –[[User:Davey2010|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;'''Davey'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: orange;&quot;&gt;'''2010'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Davey2010|&lt;span style=&quot;color: navy;&quot;&gt;'''Talk'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 15:44, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
::Danke.- [[User:FusionSub|&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0C6508&quot;&gt;FusionSub&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 15:45, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
:::@[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] You're welcome :), Happy editing, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;'''Davey'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: orange;&quot;&gt;'''2010'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Davey2010|&lt;span style=&quot;color: navy;&quot;&gt;'''Talk'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 15:50, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
::::Random rant but the Mediawiki software really is dumb - So unbeknown to me the usernames were already globally locked and renamed however without anything telling me the users have been globally locked how the hell am I supposed to know that they ''are'' blocked ?,
::::Just been reverted, revdelled and told &quot;these names don't need to be spread&quot; .... How is the lack of information conveyed to me through the Mediawiki software my fault ?, There is literally no message, no information, no warning ... nothing ... telling this person has either been renamed or blocked ....,
::::Makes me feel like why do I bother.... Rant over, –[[User:Davey2010|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;'''Davey'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: orange;&quot;&gt;'''2010'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Davey2010|&lt;span style=&quot;color: navy;&quot;&gt;'''Talk'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 15:58, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
:::::More of a problem with [[MW:Extension:CentralAuth|Extension:CentralAuth]] than the MediaWiki software itself.- [[User:FusionSub|&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0C6508&quot;&gt;FusionSub&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 16:03, 6 July 2024 (UTC)

== Mallenstrom ==

Hi Bsadowski1, Not sure if you're aware but {{noping|69.18.14.67}} was repeatedly making/reverting silly edits to a talkpage yesterday so I didn't know if they were {{noping|Mallenstrom}}?, I know you can't confirm and these 2 could be completely different people but just thought I should let you know just in case, Many thanks, Kind Regards, –[[User:Davey2010|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;'''Davey'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: orange;&quot;&gt;'''2010'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Davey2010|&lt;span style=&quot;color: navy;&quot;&gt;'''Talk'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 09:56, 21 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Pseudo-rollbackers_and_proxy_revert_requests_around_south_Asian_topics]] ==

Hello, can take a look at this CU request? A globally locked account is related, and it is also related to [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Dhadhor_accounts]] (this was handled by you) and [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#CU_request_based_on_w:special:permalink/1234854090]]. Your assistance is always appreciated. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 07:27, 1 August 2024 (UTC)

== Catalyst GP real ==

Can you tell me the link to the sockpuppet invstigation. Thanks [[User:Cactusisme|'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0D98BA;&quot;&gt;Cactus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#013220;&quot;&gt;🌵&lt;/span&gt;''']] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Cactusisme|&lt;i style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;spiky&lt;/i&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup&gt;[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|&lt;i style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;ouch&lt;/i&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt;  10:52, 1 August 2024 (UTC)
:As the block reason has said, it is based on checkuser evidence. You don't need an SPI all the time to determine if an account was used abusively. --[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsa]][[User talk:Bsadowski1|dow]][[Special:Contributions/Bsadowski1|ski1]] 10:55, 1 August 2024 (UTC)
::@[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]] Who were the other accounts involved? [[User:Cactusisme|'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0D98BA;&quot;&gt;Cactus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#013220;&quot;&gt;🌵&lt;/span&gt;''']] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Cactusisme|&lt;i style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;spiky&lt;/i&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup&gt;[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|&lt;i style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;ouch&lt;/i&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt;  10:57, 1 August 2024 (UTC)

==You've got mail!==
{{you've got mail|subject=|ts=01:04, 24 September 2024 (UTC)}}
[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 01:04, 24 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Special:Contributions/Mx_2024_2030]] ==

Hello, this looks similar to a user that you recently locked ([[Special:CentralAuth/Mexico_2024_2030]]). Can this be related? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 06:42, 1 October 2024 (UTC)

== Please check [[Special:CentralAuth/Symonds_Gerother]] ==

Hello, an active editor here has been blocked by Wikidata abuse filter as &quot;LTA (Macyway4)&quot;. Are there any past data in simplewiki about this LTA? Also, do you think the abuse filter block has been correctly placed? I contacted user:EPIC, but I was suggested to discuss with simplewiki CUs ([[:m:Special:Diff/27572289]]). I look forward to hearing from you. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 11:50, 8 October 2024 (UTC)

== Paid User Alert  ==

Hello @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]] From past 1 month i am observing there are many People making paid pages on simple wikipedia. People who are not having any news article and having 2-3 paid article also getting live here. And Scammers are using fake references as well with fake references. And a user @[[User:Symonds Gerother|Symonds Gerother]] is involved in it because today i inserted qd in 5-10 non notable pages and he revereted all the changes and removed qd. So he is also involved in the group of people who are making paid pages of non notable people so deleted all the pages on which i have inserted qd and which has been remove by @[[User:Symonds Gerother|Symonds Gerother]] and Block this user.

thanks and regards [[User:Kindlt|Kindlt]] ([[User talk:Kindlt|talk]]) 15:24, 19 November 2024 (UTC)

== socks ==
{{ping|Bsadowski1}} Hi Brian, a week ago you glocked [[m:Special:CentralAuth/Dbbxbx]]. Accounts [[Special:CentralAuth/Karuja]] and [[Special:CentralAuth/Aremies]] look like socks of that troll, please check, thank you and a merry Xmas to you! Cheers, [[User:Achim55|Achim55]] ([[User talk:Achim55|talk]]) 11:42, 24 December 2024 (UTC)

== Article about Manila Bay ==
Greetings, @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]], I hope to find you well. I would like to inquire if I may be allowed to write an article afresh about ''[[Manila Bay]]'', as I am aware that there was a prior deletion to it. I believe I could author a very good article about this important and historic body of water. I will be appreciative of your advice. 
Sincerely, [[User:Buszmail|Buszmail]] ([[User talk:Buszmail|talk]]) 21:03, 27 January 2025 (UTC)
: Greetings once again! I recognize now that the disappearance of [[Manila Bay]] was merely a result of a  (Mass deletion of pages added by ****). I take this to signify that the subject itself is cleared for re-authoring. I shall henceforth proceed with doing so. Kindest regards, [[User:Buszmail|Buszmail]] ([[User talk:Buszmail|talk]]) 06:41, 5 February 2025 (UTC)

==You've got mail!==
{{you've got mail|subject=|ts=12:25, 5 April 2025 (UTC)}}
[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:25, 5 April 2025 (UTC)

==  Invitation to Participate in a Research Study on Simplifying and Expanding Health Articles on Wikipedia ==

Dear Bsadowski1,
We are researchers at the University of Washington conducting an interview study about health related information on the Simple English edition of Wikipedia. We hope to bridge the gap between expert-level content and the needs of the broader public, making high-quality health information more understandable and usable for everyone.We are interested in your experiences with editing health related articles and how we might improve coverage of health information in the Simple English edition.
If you are 18 years old or older and would consider letting us interview you, please complete our screening survey https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfwYZHyGgjuhq2NnPPGbv8d_jl-CndWvBC12Zljgz8sBDdWfw/viewform  which will help us gather some basic information and follow up with further details. Our Wikimedia Meta project page is: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:Improve_the_coverage_and_quality_of_health-related_articles_in_the_Simple_English_edition   
Your participation will contribute to our understanding of how LLMs can be used to enhance the quality and accessibility of health information on Wikipedia. We would be thrilled to have your input.
Thank you for considering this invitation, and I look forward to hearing from you.
Best regards,
Xiran &amp; Lori [[User:Xiranlin|Xiranlin]] ([[User talk:Xiranlin|talk]]) 08:29, 23 May 2025 (UTC)

== I want to cancel my name change request. ==

I want to cancel my name change request.

I requested a name change because I didn't like the name.

But now I changed my mind.

Thank you. [[User:Stararch|Stararch]] ([[User talk:Stararch|talk]]) 06:30, 11 June 2025 (UTC)

:I think it's okay to just leave it as is since the name change request was accepted. Sorry. [[User:Astraios12|Astraios12]] ([[User talk:Astraios12|talk]]) 07:58, 11 June 2025 (UTC)

== Hello. ==

Hello there, what do you think of my first page? It's fine if you say it needs improvements, because it's my first time on here.
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2005 [[User:FaroeFO|FaroeFO]] ([[User talk:FaroeFO|talk]]) 08:06, 6 July 2025 (UTC)

== Re: socks you just blocked ==

Was about to open a case and include {{checkuser|BlueSky Editor}} and {{checkuser|FutsalMedia}}. FutsalMedia uploaded images to Commons this week that BlueSky and HistoryWriter88 just added to articles. Are these other two connected to the ones you blocked? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 20:54, 9 August 2025 (UTC)

== Happy holidays! ==
&lt;div style=&quot;border-style:solid; border-color:#FF4646; background-color:#F6F0F7; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:7px; border-radius: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em; -webkit-border-radius: 1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75);&lt;!--
--&gt;;&quot; class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[File:Happy Holidays (2135831016).jpg|217px|left]][[File:Arbuckle Bros. (3093003361).jpg|190px|right]][[File:Season's Greetings, Christmas Card from 320 Ranch.jpg|217px|left]]{{Center|[[File:Happy Holidays text.png|301px]]}}
'''Hello Bsadowski1:''' Enjoy the '''[[Christmas and holiday season|holiday season]]'''&amp;#32;and '''[[winter solstice]]''' if it is occurring in your area of the world, and thanks for your work to maintain, improve and expand Wikipedia. Cheers, --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] &lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])&lt;/small&gt; 20:00, 21 December 2025 (UTC)
[[File:A book of country clouds and sunshine (1897), cropped.jpg|center|500px]]{{paragraph break}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 1em; font-size: 88%; font-style: italic&quot;&gt;Spread the WikiLove; use {{tls|Season's Greetings}} to send this message&lt;/div&gt;{{-}}

== Content model Sanitized CSS ==

Hello @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]], I would like to request help converting my subpage below into sanitized CSS.
* [[User:Nathan Veritas/Assets/Auth.css]]
Thank you. [[User_talk:Nathan_Veritas|&lt;span style=&quot;padding:0 7px;background: linear-gradient(219deg,rgba(254, 213, 97, 1) 0%, rgba(20, 65, 107, 0.14) 59%);font-family:Palatino Linotype;font-weight:bold;color:#14416B;font-size:75%;&quot;&gt;🏹Nathan Veritas&lt;/span&gt;]] 22:23, 20 April 2026 (UTC)

== You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Greetings,

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years.

This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required.

The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run.

In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:06, 28 April 2026 (UTC) &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&amp;oldid=30472432 --&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mannerism</title>
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      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]])  [[File:Jacopo Pontormo 004.jpg]] → [[File:Jacopo da Pontormo - Deposizione.jpg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] · Artist's name and exact description</comment>
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      <text bytes="3591" sha1="a7rzl69jkivt6ht48dr2539z0kp3ntf" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Jacopo da Pontormo - Deposizione.jpg|thumb|Jacopo Pontormo, ''The Entombment'']] 
'''Mannerism''' is a style of art that was created in the Late [[Renaissance]] period, from about 1520 until about 1600. The Mannerist style of [[painting]] or [[sculpture]] often shows figures that are &quot;elongated&quot; (made longer) and &quot;distorted&quot; (made into strange shapes&quot;).&lt;ref name=White&gt;Anthony White and Kay Sutton, ''Harrap's Illustrated Dictionary of Art and Artists'', Harrap Books Ltd., (1990) {{ISBN|0245546928}}&lt;/ref&gt; The aim of the Mannerist artist was usually to make art that looked &quot;elegant&quot;.&lt;ref name=Gardner/&gt;

The Mannerist style began in [[Italy]], where the artists were influenced by the figures that [[Michelangelo]] painted on the ceiling and in the &quot;[[Last Judgement]]&quot; in the [[Sistine Chapel]].&lt;ref name=Gardner&gt;Helen Gardner, Gardner's Art through the Ages, (1970) Harcourt, Brace and World, {{ISBN|0155037528}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the Renaissance, artists like [[Leonardo da Vinci]] and [[Raphael]] had tried very hard to learn from nature, and to paint things in a way that was very realistic. These two famous painters both died around 1520. Many artists then decided that they were going to use the art of painting to &quot;express themselves&quot;. They were not going to follow the rules of [[anatomy]] and [[Perspective (graphical)|perspective]] in the way that Leonardo and Raphael did.&lt;ref name=Gardner/&gt; Mannerist paintings are often full of figures that seem to be twisting, writhing or fighting. The faces of the figures often show strong emotions such as sadness, fear, hatred or sexual feelings.

Not all the painters who were working during the Mannerist period painted in the Mannerist style. Many artists continued to work in the style of the High Renaissance.&lt;ref name=White/&gt; Painters in the Mannerist style were [[Tintoretto]], Jacopo Pontormo, Agnolo Bronzino, Parmigianino and Rosso Fiorentino. Giambologna and Benvenuti Cellini were Mannerist sculptors. [[Giulio Romano]] was a Mannerist [[architect]].&lt;ref name=Wolf&gt;Robert Erich Wolf and Ronald Millen, ''Renaissance and Mannerist Art'', Harry N. Abrams, (1968)&lt;/ref&gt;

Mannerism spread from Italy to [[France]], [[Germany]] and [[Spain]]. One of the most famous Mannerist painters was [[El Greco]] who worked in Spain.&lt;ref name=Gardner/&gt; Some other artists who worked in the Mannerist style are the French sculptor Jean Goujon, the Dutch painter Abraham Bloemaert and the German painter Bartolomeus Spranger. Possibly the strangest paintings from this time were by Giuseppe Arcimboldo who did pictures in which people's faces seem to be made from fruit, flowers, fire and even fish.&lt;ref name=Wolf/&gt;

==Gallery== 
&lt;gallery perrow=&quot;4&quot;&gt; 
Image:Girolamo Francesco Maria Mazzola - Madonna with the Long Neck.jpg|Parmigianino, ''The Madonna with the Long Neck'' 
File:Angelo Bronzino - Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time - National Gallery, London.jpg|Bronzino, ''The Triumph of Venus'' 
Image:Jacopo da Pontormo - Deposizione.jpg|Jacopo Pontormo, ''The Entombment'' 
File:El Greco - San Martín y el mendigo.jpg|El Greco, ''St Martin and the Beggar'' 
File:Jacopo Tintoretto 008-2.jpg|Tintoretto, ''Jesus in the House of Mary and Martha''
File:Bartholomäus Spranger 021.jpg|Spranger, ''Venus and Adonis''
File:Perseus Cellini Loggia dei Lanzi 2005 09 13.jpg|Cellini, ''Perseus with the head of Medusa''
File:Florence Rape of the Sabine Women 1.jpg|Giambologna, ''The Rape of the Sabine Women'' 
File:Arcimboldo Spring 1563.jpg|Arcimboldo, ''Spring'' 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==References== 
{{reflist}}


{{stub}}

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      <text bytes="36528" sha1="a4gzgio3gai16otoyfy30svmoh7jb4b" xml:space="preserve">{{Redirect|WP:REQUEST|requests for permissions|WP:RFP|requests for deletion|WP:RFD}}
{{Shortcut|WP:RA|WP:REQUEST|WP:REQ}}

If you add a request, make sure you give a link to the subject's article in English or other Wikipedia(s), if there is one. Do not add subject(s) whose [[WP:N|notability]] is not agreed on.

Biographies should be listed by their last name.

You can find more articles to make at these pages:
* [[Wikipedia:List of articles all languages should have]]
* [[Wikipedia:Basic English alphabetical wordlist]]
* [[:en:Wikipedia:Vital articles|The Vital Articles list at the English Wikipedia]] (for a bigger list of important pages)

__NOTOC__
{{TOC}}

== 0-9 ==
* [[100 Best Villages of Japan]] [[:ja:にほんの里100選|(ja)]] not 
* [[2 Ursae Minoris]] [[:en:2 Ursae Minoris|(en)]]
* [[20 Ursae Minoris]] [[:en:20 Ursae Minoris|(en)]]
* [[2004–05 United States network television schedule]] [[:en:2004–05 United States network television schedule|(en)]]
* [[2005–06 United States network television schedule]] [[:en:2005–06 United States network television schedule|(en)]]
* [[2006 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election]] [[:en:2006 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election|(en)]]
* [[2006–07 United States network television schedule]] [[:en:2006–07 United States network television schedule|(en)]]
* [[2021 Brazilian military crisis]] [[:en:2021 Brazilian military crisis|(en)]]
* [[2020–21 Al Hilal SFC season]] [[:en:2020–21 Al Hilal SFC season|(en)]]
* [[2016 FIFA Futsal World Cup]] [[:en:2016 FIFA Futsal World Cup|(en)]]
* [[24 Ursae Minoris]] [[:es:24 Ursae Minoris|(es)]] [[:en:24 Ursae Minoris|(en)]]
* [[541]] (year, AD), ([[:en:AD_541|en]])
* [[527]] (year, AD), ([[:en:AD_527|en]])
* [[6 Nenme Shido Kinen Mini Album 6 Nenme Start!]] ([[:fr:6 Nenme Shido Kinen Mini Album 6 Nenme Start!|fr]]) ([[:jp:6年目スタート!|jp]])

== A ==
* [[Address Unknown (1935 movie)]] [[:en:Address Unknown (1935 film)|(en)]]
* [[Alain Claude Bilie By Nze]] [[:en:Alain Claude Bilie By Nze|(en)]]
* [[All Along the Watchtower]] [[:en:All Along the Watchtower|(en)]]
* [[Anies Baswedan]] [[:en:Anies Baswedan|(en)]]
* [[Antilag system]] [[:en:Antilag system|(en)]]
* [[Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party]] [[:en:Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party|(en)]]
* [[Arch Mission Foundation]] [[:en:Arch Mission Foundation|(en)]]
* [[Artists4Ceasefire]] [[:en:Artists4Ceasefire|(en)]]
* [[Asbestos and the law]] [[:en:Asbestos and the law|(en)]]
* [[Assassination of Marielle Franco]] [[:en:Assassination of Marielle Franco|(en)]]
* [[At Close Range]] [[:en:At Close Range|(en)]]
* [[At Last the 1948 Show]] [[:en:At Last the 1948 Show|(en)]]
* [[Atlus West]] [[:en:Atlus West|(en)]]

== B ==
* [[Baixing]] [[:en:Baixing|(en)]]
* [[Baltimore classification]] [[:en:Baltimore classification|(en)]]
* [[Bay of Fundy]] [[:en:Bay of Fundy|(en)]]
* [[Bendegó meteorite (report)]] [[:en:Bendegó meteorite (report)|(en)]] [[:pt:Meteorito de Bendegó (relatório)|(pt)]]
* [[Bhaisajyaguru]] [[:en:Bhaisajyaguru|(en)]]
* [[Bhaiṣajyarāja]] [[:en:Bhaiṣajyarāja|(en)]]
* [[Bhikkhu]] [[:en:Bhikkhu|(en)]]
* [[Bishop Sycamore High School scandal]] [[:en:Bishop Sycamore High School scandal|(en)]]
* [[Black capitalism]] [[:en:Black capitalism|(en)]]
* [[Bladee]] [[:en:Bladee|(en)]]
* [[Blanchard's transsexualism typology]] [[:en:Blanchard's transsexualism typology|(en)]]
* [[Bowie at the Beeb]] [[:en:Bowie at the Beeb|(en)]]
* [[Brad Thor]] [[:en:Brad Thor|(en)]]
* [[Brahmā (Buddhism)]] [[:en:Brahmā (Buddhism)|(en)]]
* [[Brampton Centennial Secondary School shooting]] [[:en:Brampton Centennial Secondary School shooting|(en)]]
* [[Brazil–United States relations during the João Goulart administration]] [[:en:Brazil–United States relations during the João Goulart administration|(en)]]
* [[Breach of contract]] [[:en:Breach of contract|(en)]]
* [[Brésil (spherical balloon)]] [[:en:Brésil (spherical balloon)|(en)]]
* [[Brilliance Auto Group]] [[:en:Brilliance Auto Group|(en)]]
* [[Bruce Beresford]] [[:en:Bruce Beresford|(en)]]
* [[Battle of Groix]] [[:en: Battle of Groix |(en)]]
* [[broken needle festival]] [[:fr:Hari-kuyō matsuri|(fr)]] [[:en:Hari-Kuyō|(en)]]
* [[Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra]] [[:en:Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra|(en)]]

== C ==
* [[Café Continental]] [[:en:Café Continental|(en)]]
* [[Camphor trees]] [[:en:Camphor trees|(en)]]
* [[Case Covaxin]] [[:en:Case Covaxin|(en)]]
* [[Cat6 UTP Cable]] [[:en:Cat6 UTP Cable|(en)]]
* [[Celestial Great One]] [[:zh:天乙_(星官)|(zh)]] 
* [[Centrão]] [[:en:Centrão|(en)]]
* [[Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)]] [[:en:Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)|(en)]]
* [[Charles Fourier]] [[:en:Charles Fourier|(en)]]
* [[Chichibu no Kuni no Miyatsuko]] [[:ja:知々夫国造|(ja)]] 
* [[Chichibu, Saitama]] [[:en:Chichibu, Saitama|(en)]]
* [[Chigi (architecture)]] [[:en:Chigi (architecture)|(en)]]
* [[Child corporal punishment laws]] [[:en:Child corporal punishment laws|(en)]]
* [[Chilly Scenes of Winter]] [[:en:Chilly Scenes of Winter|(en)]]
* [[Chinese constellations]] [[:en:Chinese constellations|(en)]]
* [[Chinese guardian lions]] [[:en:Chinese guardian lions|(en)]]
* [[Samuel Chukwueze]] [[:en:Samuel Chukwueze|(en)]]
* [[Chūhachi Ninomiya]] [[:en:Chūhachi Ninomiya|(en)]]
* [[Cinema of Nigeria]] [[:en:Cinema of Nigeria|(en)]]
* [[Cintāmaṇicakra]] [[:en:Cintāmaṇicakra|(en)]]
* [[Classical Tibetan]] [[:en:Classical Tibetan|(en)]]
* [[Co-creation]] [[:en:Co-creation|(en)]]
* [[COINTELPRO]] [[:en:COINTELPRO|(en)]]
* [[Collected Dhāraṇī Sūtras]] [[:zh:陀羅尼集經|(zh)]]
* [[Columnar jointing]] [[:en:Columnar jointing|(en)]]
* [[Commerce raiding]] [[:en:Commerce raiding|(en)]]
* [[Comparison of mobile phone standards]][[:en:Comparison of mobile phone standards|(en)]]
* [[Conan the Destroyer]] [[:en:Conan the Destroyer|(en)]]
* [[Conclusion]] [[:en:Conclusion|(en)]]
* [[Constance Quéniaux]] [[:en: Constance Quéniaux|(en)]]
* [[Coonley House]] [[:en:Coonley House|(en)]]
* [[Criminal justice reform]] [[:en:Criminal justice reform|(en)]]
* [[Criticism of copyright]] [[:en:Criticism of copyright|(en)]]
* [[Cryptomeria]] [[:en:Cryptomeria|(en)]]
* [[Culture of the United States]] [[:en:Culture of the United States|(en]], currently redirected to [[USA]])

== D ==
* [[Dairokuten Shrines]] [[:ja:第六天神社|(ja)]]
* [[Daryl Braithwaite]] [[:en:Daryl Braithwaite|(en)]]
* [[David G Bromley]] [[:en:David G Bromley|(en)]]
* [[Devon Conway]] [[:en:Devon Conway|(en)]]
* [[Dellinger (crater)]] [[:en:Dellinger (crater)|(en)]]
* [[Delta Ursae Minoris]] [[:en:Delta Ursae Minoris|(en)]]
* [[Derringer]] [[:en:Derringer|(en)]]
* [[Denza]] [[:en:Denza|(en)]]
* [[Devadatta]] [[:en:Devadatta|(en)]]
* [[Dharmasraya Regency]] [[:en:Dharmasraya Regency|(en)]]
* [[Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei]] [[:en:Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei|(en)]]
* [[Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei II]] [[:en:Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei II|(en)]]
* [[Dissociative anaesthetic]] [[:en:Dissociative anaesthetic|(en)]]
* [[Diverging diamond interchange]] [[:en:Diverging diamond interchange|(en)]]
* [[Dongfeng Motor Corporation]] [[:en:Dongfeng Motor Corporation|(en)]]
* [[Doutor Gama]] [[:en:Doutor Gama|(en)]]
* [[Down in the Boondocks (song)]] [[:en:Down in the Boondocks (song)|(en)]]
* [[DR Automobiles]] [[:en:DR Automobiles|(en)]]
* [[Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941 movie)]] [[:en:Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1941 film)|(en)]]
* [[Drain Gang]] [[:en:Drain Gang|(en)]]
* [[Dulcie Gray]] [[:en:Dulcie Gray|(en)]]
* [[Daniel Kolawole Olukoya]] [[:en: Daniel Kolawole Olukoya|(en)]]
* [[Dōkyō]] [[:en:Dōkyō|(en)]]

== E ==
* [[Economic warfare]] [[:en:Economic warfare|(en)]]
* [[Ecco2k]] [[:en:ecco2k|(en)]]
* [[Educational games in the Sonic series]] [[:en: Educational games in the Sonic series|(en)]]
* [[Ekādaśamukha]] [[:en:Ekādaśamukha|(en)]]
* [[Elvis on Tour]] [[:en: Elvis on Tour|(en)]]
* [[Elvis: That's the Way It Is]] [[:en:Elvis: That's the Way It Is|(en)]]
* [[Ema]] [[:en:Ema|(en)]]
* [[Emirate of Kuwait]] [[:en:Emirate of Kuwait|(en)]]
* [[Empathogen]] [[:en:Empathogen|(en)]]
* [[Encyclopedia of Popular Music]] [[:en:Encyclopedia of Popular Music|(en)]]
* [[English-language spelling reform]] [[:en:English-language spelling reform|(en)]]
* [[Entactogen]] [[:en:Entactogen|(en)]]
* [[En no Gyōja]] [[:en:En no Gyōja|(en)]]
* [[Epsilon Ursae Minoris]] [[:en:Epsilon Ursae Minoris|(en)]]
* [[Eta Ursae Minoris]] [[:en:Eta Ursae Minoris|(en)]]
* [[Eurasian Economic Union]] [[:en:Eurasian Economic Union|(en)]]
* [[Eurasian red squirrel]] [[:en:Eurasian red squirrel|(en)]]
* [[Eutylone]] [[:en:Eutylone|(en)]]

== F ==
* [[Farhan Ali Dina]] [[:en:Farhan Ali Dina|(en)]]
* [[Félix I]] [[:en:Félix I|(en)]]
* [[FIFA eligibility rules]] [[:en:FIFA eligibility rules|(en)]]
* [[FIFA International Referees List]] [[:en:FIFA International Referees List|(en)]]
* [[Finite difference]] [[:en:Finite difference|(en)]]
* [[First Great One]] [[:zh:太乙 (星官)|(zh)]] 
* [[First Knight]] [[:en:First Knight|(en)]]
* [[Fisker Automotive]] [[:en:Fisker Automotive|(en)]]
* [[Fisker Inc]] [[:en:Fisker Inc|(en)]]
* [[Fisker Karma]] [[:en:Fisker Karma|(en)]]
* [[Fisker Ocean]] [[:en:Fisker Ocean|(en)]]
* [[Flash rob]] [[:en:Flash rob|(en)]]
* [[Fluoropolymer]] [[:en:Fluoropolymer|(en)]]
* [[Football at the 1912 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1912 Summer Olympics|en]])
* [[Football at the 1920 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1920 Summer Olympics|en]])
* [[Football at the 1924 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1924 Summer Olympics|en]])
* [[Football at the 1928 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1928 Summer Olympics|en]])
* [[Football at the 1948 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1948 Summer Olympics|en]])
* [[Football at the 1960 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1960 Summer Olympics|en]])
* [[Football at the 1972 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1972 Summer Olympics|en]])
* [[Football at the 1976 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1976 Summer Olympics|en]])
* [[Football at the 1980 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1980 Summer Olympics|en]])
* [[Football at the 1984 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1984 Summer Olympics|en]])
* [[Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics|en]])
* [[Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics|en]])
* [[Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament]] ([[:en:Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|en]])
* [[Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics|en]])
* [[Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics|en]])
* [[Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics|en]])
* [[Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament]] ([[:en:Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|en]])
* [[Force-feeding]] ([[:en:Force-feeding|en]])
* [[Fourth Wing]] ([[:en:Fourth Wing|en]])
* [[Frankie Lymon]] [[:en:Frankie Lymon|(en)]]
* [[Freedmen's Bureau]] [[:en:Freedmen's Bureau|(en)]]
* [[Frequency modulation synthesis]] [[:en:Frequency modulation synthesis|(en)]]
* [[Fujiwara clan]] [[:en:Fujiwara clan|(en)]]
* [[Function application]] [[:en:Function application|(en)]]
* [[Furuichi Kofun Cluster]] [[:en:Furuichi Kofun Cluster|(en)]]
* [[Futsunushi]] [[:en:Futsunushi|(en)]]

== G ==
* [[Gabriel Ibitoye]] [[:en:Gabriel Ibitoye|(en)]]
* [[Gamelan]] [[:en:Gamelan|(en)]]
* [[Galileo Solar Space Telescope]] [[:en:Galileo Solar Space Telescope|(en)]]
* [[Generation poem]] [[:en:Generation poem|(en)]]
* [[Genkai Quasi-National Park]] [[:en:Genkai Quasi-National Park|(en)]]
* [[Genkai Sea]] [[:en:Genkai Sea|(en)]]
* [[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] [[:en:Germplasm Resources Information Network|(en)]]
* [[George Scrimshaw (rugby union)]] [[:en:George Scrimshaw (rugby union)|(en)]]
* [[Gideon's Way]] [[:en:Gideon's Way|(en)]]
* [[Ginetta]] [[:en:Ginetta|(en)]]
* [[Gozu Tenno]] [[:en:Gozu Tenno|(en)]]
* [[Greg Chappell]] [[:en:Greg Chappell|(en)]]
* [[Gregory de Polnay]] [[:en:Gregory de Polnay|(en)]]
* [[Great Wall Motors]] [[ :en:Great Wall Motors|(en)]]
* [[Graf Hartmetall]] [[:en:Graf Hartmetall|(en)]]
* [[Grave goods]] [[:en:Grave goods|(en)]]
* [[Groix]] [[:en:Groix|(en)]]

== H ==
* [[Hamamatsu Castle]] [[:en:Hamamatsu Castle|(en)]]
* [[Hamamatsu-juku]] [[:en:Hamamatsu-juku|(en)]]
* [[Handy]] [[:en:Handy|(en)]]
* [[Haniyasu-hiko and Haniyasu-hime]] [[:en:Haniyasu-hiko and Haniyasu-hime|(en)]]
* [[Hariti]] [[:en:Hariti|(en)]]
* [[Harunotsuji Site]] [[:en:Harunotsuji Site|(en)]]
* [[Have I Told You Lately]] [[:en:Have I Told You Lately|(en)]]
* [[Hayagriva (Buddhism)]] [[:en:Hayagriva (Buddhism)|(en)]]
* [[HD 216446]] [[:en:HD 216446|(en)]]
* [[HD 217382]] [[:en:HD 217382|(en)]]
* [[HD 221525]] [[:en:HD 221525|(en)]]
* [[HD 51802]] [[:en:勾陳增四|(en)]] [[:es:OV_Cephei|(es)]]
* [[Henrique Lins de Barros]] [[:en:Henrique Lins de Barros|(en)]]
* [[High Risk (1981 movie)]] [[:en:High Risk (1981 film)|(en)]]
* [[Hikosachi no Mikoto]] [[:ja:彦狭知命|(ja)]] 
* [[Himegami]] [[:en:Himegami|(en)]]
* [[Hiraoka Shrine]] [[:en:Hiraoka Shrine|(en)]]
* [[Historic preservation]] [[:en:Historic preservation|(en)]]
* [[History of North Dakota]] [[:en:History of North Dakota|(en)]]
* [[Head pressing]] [[:en:Head pressing|(en)]]
* [[Clare Holman]] [[:en:Clare Holman|(en)]]
* [[Holy Hill National Shrine of Mary, Help of Christians]] [[:en:Holy Hill National Shrine of Mary, Help of Christians|(en)]]
* [[Home Alone (franchise)]] [[:en:Home Alone (franchise)|(en)]]
* [[Hotsuma Tsutae]] [[:en:Hotsuma Tsutae|(en)]]
* [[Houdini (Eminem song)]] [[:en:Houdini (Eminem song)|(en)]]
* [[House of Yoshida Tsukasa]] [[:ja:吉田司家|(ja)]] [[:en:House of Yoshida Tsukasa|(en)]]
* [[How Do You Do (Mouth &amp; MacNeal song)]] [[:en:How Do You Do (Mouth &amp; MacNeal song)|(en)]]
* [[Hozumi clan]] [[:ja:穂積氏|(ja)]] 
* [[Hrī (Buddhism)]] [[:en:Hrī (Buddhism)|(en)]]
* [[Hussar]] [[:en:Hussar|(en)]]
* [[Hybotidae]] [[:en: Hybotidae|(en)]]
* [[Hyung Jin Moon]] [[:en:Hyung Jin Moon|(en)]]

== I ==
* [[I Love a Man in Uniform (movie)]] [[:en:I Love a Man in Uniform (film)|(en)]]
* [[I Want Candy]] [[:en:I Want Candy|(en)]]
* [[I Want to Be Wanted]] [[:en:I Want to Be Wanted|(en)]]
* [[I Want to See the Bright Lights Tonight]] [[:en:I Want to See the Bright Lights Tonight|(en)]]
* [[If You Don't Know Me by Now]] [[:en:If You Don't Know Me by Now|(en)]]
* [[Igatsuomi no Mikoto]] [[:ja:伊賀津臣命|(ja)]] [[:en:Igatsuomi no Mikoto|(en)]]
* [[Ii Naonori]] [[:en:Ii Naonori|(en)]]
* [[Ikikoku]] [[:en:Ikikoku|(en)]]
* [[Ika District, Shiga]] [[:en:Ika District, Shiga|(en)]]
* [[Imagawa]] [[:en:Imagawa|(en)]]
* [[Imperial Regalia of Japan]] [[:en:Imperial Regalia of Japan|(en)]]
* [[Index of meteorology articles]] [[:en:Index of meteorology articles|(en)]]
* [[Indirect]] [[:en:Indirect|(en)]]
* [[Initiative]] [[:en:Initiative|(en)]]
* [[Insular Cases]] [[:en:Insular Cases|(en)]]
* [[International sanctions]] [[:en:International sanctions|(en)]]
* [[Intolerance (1916 movie)]] [[:en:Intolerance (1916 film)|(en)]]
* [[Invertase]] [[:en:Invertase|(en)]]
* [[International Fujita scale]] [[:en:International Fujita scale|(en)]]
* [[Intel 8008]] [[:en:Intel 8008|(en)]]
* [[Ireland Act 1949]] [[:en:Ireland Act 1949|(en)]]
* [[Isotopes of uranium]] [[:en:Isotopes of uranium|(en)]]
* [[Isuzu]] [[:en:Isuzu|(en)]]
* [[Isuzu D Max]] [[:en:Isuzu D Max|(en)]]
* [[Itakiso Shrine]] [[:en:Itakiso Shrine|(en)]]
* [[Itsuse no Mikoto]] [[:en:Itsuse no Mikoto|(en)]]
* [[Iwase-Senzuka Kofun Cluster]] [[:en:Iwase-Senzuka Kofun Cluster|(en)]]

== J ==
* [[James Dean Bradfield]] [[:en:James Dean Bradfield|(en)]]
* [[James Haworth]] [[:en:James Haworth|(en)]]
* [[Japan Tourism Agency]] [[:fr:Agence japonaise du tourisme|(fr)]] [[:en:Japan Tourism Agency|(en)]]
* [[Japanese amberjack]] [[:en:Japanese amberjack|(en)]]
* [[Japanese imperial tombs]] [[:en:Japanese imperial tombs|(en)]]
* [[Jewelpet]] [[:en:Jewelpet|(en)]]
* [[Jieba]] [[:en:Jieba|(en)]]
* [[Jimmu's Eastern Expedition]] [[:en:Jimmu's Eastern Expedition|(en)]]
* [[Jimmy Barnes]] [[:en:Jimmy Barnes|(en)]]
* [[Jingle Jangle: A Christmas Journey]] [[:en: Jingle Jangle: A Christmas Journey|(en)]]
* [[Jingle-jangle fallacies]] [[:en: Jingle-jangle fallacies|(en)]]
* [[João Candido Portinari]] [[:en:João Candido Portinari|(en)]] [[:pt:João Candido Portinari|(pt)]]
* [[João Goulart Filho]] [[:en:João Goulart Filho|(en)]] [[:pt:João Goulart Filho|(pt)]]
* [[João W. Nery]] [[:en:João W. Nery|(en)]] [[:pt:João W. Nery|(pt)]]
* [[John Eales]] [[:en:John Eales|(en)]]
* [[John Breen (scholar)]] [[:en:John Breen (scholar)|(en)]]
* [[John Mellencamp]] [[:en:John Mellencamp|(en)]]
* [[Joseph Calasanz]] [[:en:Joseph Calasanz|(en)]]
* [[Jñānagupta]] [[:en:Jñānagupta|(en)]]

== K ==
* [[Kathryn Layng]] [[:en: Kathryn Layng|(en)]]
* [[Keith Gudsell]] [[:en:Keith Gudsell|(en)]]
* [[Kepler-Poinsot polyhedron]] [[:en:Kepler-Poinsot polyhedron|(en)]]
* [[kijetesantakalu]] [[:tok:kijetesantakalu|(tok)]]
* [[Kofun system]] [[:en:Kofun system|(en)]]
* [[Kogo Shūi]] [[:en:Kogo Shūi|(en)]]
* [[Kō of Wa]] [[:en:Kō of Wa|(en)]]
* [[Krull (movie)]] [[:en:Krull (film)|(en)]]

== L ==
* [[Lake Texcoco]] [[:en:Lake Texcoco|(en)]]
* [[Lance Comfort]] [[:en:Lance Comfort|(en)]]
* [[Langmuir–Blodgett film]] [[:en:Langmuir–Blodgett film|(en)]]
* [[Lauren Lindsey Donzis]] [[:en:Lauren Lindsey Donzis|(en)]]
* [[Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen]] [[:en:Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen|(en)]]
* [[Les Vampires]] [[:en:Les Vampires|(en)]]
* [[Yitzhak Levi]]
* [[Lister Motor Company]] [[:en:Lister Motor Company|(en)]]
* [[LGBT rights in Antigua and Barbuda]] [[:en:LGBT rights in Antigua and Barbuda|(en)]]
* [[LGBT rights in Massachusetts]] [[:en:LGBT rights in Massachusetts|(en)]]
* [[LGBT rights in Nevada]] [[:en:LGBT rights in Nevada|(en)]]
* [[LGBT rights in North Carolina]] [[:en:LGBT rights in North Carolina|(en)]]
* [[List of cities in Oregon]] [[:en:List of cities in Oregon|(en)]]
* [[List of micronations]] [[:en:List of micronations|(en)]] [[:fr:Liste de micronations|(fr)]]
* [[List of municipalities in Arizona]] [[:en:List of municipalities in Arizona|(en)]]
* [[List of municipalities in New Mexico]] [[:en:List of municipalities in New Mexico|(en)]]
* [[List of municipalities in Washington]] [[:en:List of municipalities in Washington|(en)]]
* [[List of Stargate SG-1 episodes]] [[:en:List of Stargate SG-1 episodes|(en)]]
* [[Liza Walker]] [[:en:Liza Walker|(en)]]
* [[Loafers Lodge fire]] [[:en:Loafers Lodge fire|(en)]]
* [[Local Hero (1983 movie)]] [[:en:Local Hero (film)|(en)]]
* [[Lonesome Dove (miniseries)]] [[:en:Lonesome Dove (miniseries)|(en)]]
* [[Longnü]] [[:en:Longnü|(en)]]
* [[Lotus Sutra]] [[:en:Lotus Sutra|(en)]]
* [[Louis Feuillade]] [[:en:Louis Feuillade|(en)]]
* [[Love Again (Dua Lipa song)]] [[:en:Love Again (Dua Lipa song)|(en)]]
* [[Lucid Air]] [[:en:Lucid Air|(en)]]
* [[Luciferianism]] [[:en:Luciferianism|(en)]]
* [[Luís Gama]] [[:en:Luís Gama|(en)]]

== M ==
* [[Madhushravani]] [[:en:Madhushravani|(en)]]
* [[Magnet school]] [[:en:Magnet school|(en)]]
* [[Magnus Fiennes]] [[:en:Magnus Fiennes|(en)]]
* [[Malawi national netball team]] [[:en:Malawi national netball team|(en)]]
* [[Mangaung Oval]] [[:en:Mangaung Oval|(en)]]
* [[Manhattanhenge]] [[:en:Manhattanhenge|(en)]]
* [[Marcos Pontes]] [[:en:Marcos Pontes|(en)]] [[:pt:Marcos Pontes|(pt)]]
* [[Maria Elise Turner Lauder]] [[:en:Maria Elise Turner Lauder|(en)]]
* [[Mary Jane (candy)]] [[:en: Mary Jane (candy)|(en)]]
* [[Maryland Army National Guard]] [[:en:Maryland Army National Guard|(en)]]
* [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia]] [[:en:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia|(en)]]
* [[Mai Shiranui]] [[:en:Mai Shiranui|(en)]]
* [[Meekness]] [[:en:Meekness|(en)]]
* [[Megami Tensei]] [[:en:Megami Tensei|(en)]]
* [[Memory of Mankind]] [[:en:Memory of Mankind|(en)]]
* [[Midnight Rider]] [[:en:Midnight Rider|(en)]]
* [[Military logistics]] [[:en:Military logistics|(en)]]
* [[Ministry of Education (Spain)]] [[:en:Ministry of Education (Spain)|(en)]] [[:es:Ministerio de Educación (España)|(es)]]
* [[Miss Universe 2021]] [[:en:Miss Universe 2021|(en)]]
* [[Missão Centenário]] [[:pt:Missão Centenário|(pt)]] [[:en:Missão Centenário|(en)]]
* [[Mitsubishi Pajero]] [[:en:Mitsubishi Pajero|(en)]]
* [[Mitsuoka]] [[:en:Mitsuoka|(en)]]
* [[Money for Nothing (song)]] [[:en:Money for Nothing|(en)]]
* [[Mononobe clan]] [[:en:Mononobe clan|(en)]]
* [[Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower]] ([[:en:Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower|en]])
* [[Moro x Bolsonaro Case]] [[:en:Moro x Bolsonaro Case|(en)]]
* [[Morong Command]] [[:en:Morong Command|(en)]]
* [[Motion Picture Association – Canada]] [[:en:Motion Picture Association – Canada|(en)]]
* [[Mouthwashing (video game)]] [[:en:Mouthwashing (video game)| (en)]]
* [[Mount Adachi]] [[:en:Mount Adachi|(en)]]
* [[Mount Ibuki]] [[:en:Mount Ibuki|(en)]]
* [[Mount Ikoma]] [[:en:Mount Ikoma|(en)]]
* [[Mount Meru]] [[:en:Mount Meru|(en)]]
* [[Mount Wakakusa]] [[:en:Mount Wakakusa|(en)]]
* [[Murder on the Dancefloor]] [[:en:Murder on the Dancefloor|(en)]]
* [[Mushoku Tensei]] [[:en:Mushoku Tensei|(en)]]
* [[Myōhō-in]] [[:ja:妙法院|(ja)]] [[:en:Myōhō-in|(en)]]
* [[Myōjin]] [[:en:Myōjin|(en)]]
* [[Myōken]] [[:en:Myōken|(en)]]
* [[Muhammad Burhan Mirza]] [[:en:Muhammad Burhan Mirza|(en)]]

== N ==
* [[Nachi Falls]] [[:en:Nachi Falls|(en)]]
* [[Nakatomi clan]] [[:en:Nakatomi clan|(en)]]
* [[Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō]] [[:en:Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō|(en)]]
* [[Naohiro Nabeshima]] [[:en:Naohiro Nabeshima|(en)]]
* [[Naomasa Nabeshima]] [[:en:Naomasa Nabeshima|(en)]]
* [[Napoléon (1927 movie)]] [[:en:Napoléon (1927 film)|(en)]]
* [[National Foundation Day (Japan)]][[:en:National Foundation Day (Japan)|(en)]]
* [[Nathan Bedford Forrest]] [[:en:Nathan Bedford Forrest|(en)]]
* [[National security]] [[:en:National security|(en)]]
* [[NCircle Entertainment]]
* [[Nederlandsch-Indische Voetbal Unie]] [[:nl:Nederlandsch-Indische Voetbal Unie|(nl)]] [[:id:Nederlandsch-Indische Voetbal Unie|(id)]]
* [[Netto Question]] [[:en:Netto Question|(en)]]
* [[Newcastle railway station]] [[:en:Newcastle railway station|(en)]]
* [[Nichiren Buddhism]] [[:en:Nichiren Buddhism|(en)]]
* [[Nigel Davenport]] [[:en:Nigel Davenport|(en)]]
* [[Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]] [[:en:Nihon Kokugo Daijiten|(en)]]
* [[Nikolas Schreck]] [[:en:Nikolas Schreck|(en)]]
* [[Noriko Senge]] [[:en:Noriko Senge|(en)]]
* [[Northern Pole]] [[:en:Northern Pole|(en)]]
* [[Northrop Grumman]] [[:en:Northrop Grumman|(en)]]
* [[Nukatabe clan]] [[:ja:額田部氏|(ja)]]
* [[Numerical taxonomy]] [[:en:Numerical taxonomy|(en)]]

== O ==
* [[Official state car]] [[:en:Official state car|(en)]]
* [[Okamotsumi]] [[:ja:大鴨積命|(ja)]] 
* [[Okinoshima (Fukuoka)]] [[:en:Okinoshima (Fukuoka)|(en)]]
* [[Omodaru and Ayakashikone]] [[:ja:阿夜訶志古泥神|(ja)]] 
* [[Omura shrine]] [[:ja:大村神社 (伊賀市)|(ja)]] 

* [[Onno Tunç]] [[:en:Onno Tunç|(en)]]
* [[OneShot]] [[:en:OneShot|(en)]]
* [[Online Safety Act 2023]] [[:en:Online Safety Act 2023|(en)]]
* [[Opera in Azerbaijan]] [[:en:Opera in Azerbaijan|(en)]]
* [[Option type]] [[:en:Option type|(en)]]
* [[Organisation of African Unity]] [[:en:Organisation of African Unity|(en)]]
* [[Osaka International Airport]] [[:en:Osaka International Airport|(en)]]
* [[Ota, Fukui]] [[:en:Ota, Fukui|(en)]]

* [[Otherwise]] [[:en:Otherwise|(en)]]
* [[Otozuka Kofun]] [[:ja:乙塚古墳|(ja)]]
* [[Owari clan]] [[:ja:尾張氏|(ja)]] [[:en:Owari clan|(en)]]
* [[Oyatsuhime and Tsumatsuhime]] [[:ja:オオヤツヒメ・ツマツヒメ|(ja)]]

== P ==
* [[Painter]] to supplement [[painters]] ([[:en:painter|en]])
* [[Patrick O'Connell (actor)|Patrick O'Connell]] [[:en:Patrick O'Connell (actor)|(en)]]
* [[Paul Usher]] [[:en:Paul Usher|(en)]]
* [[Paulo de Mello Bastos]] [[:en:Paulo de Mello Bastos|(en)]]
* [[Peacekeeping]] [[:en:Peacekeeping|(en)]]
* [[Peak Practice]] [[:en:Peak Practice|(en)]]
* [[Perfidy]] [[:en:Perfidy|(en)]]
* [[Persona (series)]] [[:en:Persona (series)|(en)]]
* [[Persona 2: Eternal Punishment]] [[:en:Persona 2: Eternal Punishment|(en)]]
* [[Persona 2: Innocent Sin]] [[:en:Persona 2: Innocent Sin|(en)]]
* [[Persona 3]] [[:en:Persona 3|(en)]]
* [[Persona 3: Dancing in Moonlight and Persona 5: Dancing in Starlight]] [[:en:Persona 3: Dancing in Moonlight and Persona 5: Dancing in Starlight|(en)]]
* [[Persona 3 Reload]] [[:en:Persona 3 Reload|(en)]]
* [[Persona 4]] [[:en:Persona 4|(en)]]
* [[Persona 4 Arena]] [[:en:Persona 4 Arena|(en)]]
* [[Persona 4 Arena Ultimax]] [[:en:Persona 4 Arena Ultimax|(en)]]
* [[Persona 4: Dancing All Night]] [[:en:Persona 4: Dancing All Night |(en)]]
* [[Persona 5]] [[:en:Persona 5|(en)]]
* [[Persona 5 Strikers]] [[:en:Persona 5 Strikers|(en)]]
* [[Persona 5 Tactica]] [[:en:Persona 5 Tactica|(en)]]
* [[Persona Q: Shadow of the Labyrinth]] [[:en:Persona Q|(en)]]
* [[Persona Q2: New Cinema Labyrinth]] [[:en:Persona q2|(en)]]
* [[Peter Copley]] [[:en:Peter Copley|(en)]]
* [[Philip Middlemass]] [[:en:Philip Middlemass|(en)]]
* [[Phillips family disappearances]] [[:en:Phillips family disappearances|(en)]]
* [[Photoluminescence]] [[:en:Photoluminescence|(en)]]
* [[Physical security]] [[:en:Physical security|(en)]]
* [[Porter Robinson]] [[:en:Porter Robinson|(en)]]
* [[Pot o' Gold]] [[:en:Pot o' Gold|(en)]]
* [[Pound per square inch]] [[:en:Pound per square inch|(en)]]
* [[Praying for Time]] [[:en:Praying for Time|(en)]]
* [[Predicate (mathematical logic)]] [[:en:Predicate (mathematical logic)|(en)]]
* [[Prefab Sprout]] [[:en:Prefab Sprout|(en)]]
* [[Price equation]] [[:en:Price equation|(en)]]
* [[Priston Mill]] [[:en:Priston Mill|(en)]]
* [[Privilege escalation]] [[:en:Privilege escalation|(en)]]
* [[Prohibition (miniseries)]] [[:en:Prohibition (miniseries)|(en)]]
* [[Projeto Portinari]] [[:en:Projeto Portinari|(en)]] [[:pt:Projeto Portinari|(pt)]]
* [[Psychological projection]] [[:en:Psychological projection|(en)]]
* [[Public policy]] [[:en:Public policy|(en)]]
* [[Robert Pugh]] [[:en:Robert Pugh|(en)]]

== Q ==
* [[Quantum boomerang effect]] [[:en: Quantum boomerang effect|(en)]]
* [[Qijia culture]] [[:en:Qijia culture|(en)]]
* [[Oscar Quitak]] [[:en:Oscar Quitak|(en)]]

== R ==
* [[Ray Illingworth]] [[:en:Ray Illingworth|(en)]]
* [[Ray Sharkey]] [[:en:Ray Sharkey|(en)]]
* [[Recess appointment]] [[:en:Recess appointment|(en)]]
* [[Reciprocal inter-insurance exchange]][[:en:Reciprocal inter-insurance exchange|(en)]]
* [[Record of Transmission and Learning]] [[:zh:传习录|(zh)]]
* [[Red-boxing]] [[:en: Red-boxing|(en)]]
* [[Result type]] [[:en:Result type|(en)]]
* [[Revelations: Persona]] [[:en:Revelations: Persona|(en)]]
* [[Richard Goodwin (sportsman)]] [[:en:Richard Goodwin (sportsman)|(en)]]
* [[Rick Stein]] [[:en:Rick Stein|(en)]]
* [[Ricky L. Waddell]] [[:en:Ricky L. Waddell|(en)]]
* [[Ringer's solution]] [[:en:Ringer's solution|(en)]]
* [[Riziki Kiseto]] [[:en:Riziki Kiseto|(en)]]
* [[Rule of tincture]] [[:en:Rule of tincture|(en)]]
* [[Rydberg–Ritz combination principle]] [[:en:Rydberg–Ritz combination principle|(en)]]
* [[Ryutanji Temple (Hikone City)]] [[:ja:龍潭寺_(彦根市)|(ja)]]
* [[Rāgarāja]] [[:en:Rāgarāja|(en)]]
* [[Rudolf Schumann (russian composer)]] [https://grokipedia.com/page/Rudolf_Schumann (en)]

== S ==
* [[Sabahattin Ali]] [[:en:Sabahattin Ali|(en)]]
* [[Saleen]] [[:en:Saleen|(en)]]
* [[Sailing By]] [[:en:Sailing By|(en)]]
* [[Saint Etienne (band)]] [[:en:Saint Etienne (band)|(en)]]
* [[Salvador Arena]] [[:en:Salvador Arena|(en)]]
* [[Sangam (1964 Hindi movie)]] [[:en:Sangam (1964 Hindi film)|(en)]]
* [[Sanjayan Thuraisingam]] [[:en:Sanjayan Thuraisingam|(en)]] 
* [[Santos Dumont's experiments in Monaco]] [[:en:Santos Dumont's experiments in Monaco|(en)]]
* [[Saudades massacre]] [[:en:Saudades massacre|(en)]]
* [[Security of person]] [[:en:Security of person|(en)]]
* [[Seoul Station]] [[:en:Seoul Station|(en)]]
* [[Shaw Brothers Studio]] [[:en:Shaw Brothers Studio|(en)]]
* [[Shell corporation]] [[:en:Shell corporation|(en)]]
* [[Shin Megami Tensei (video game)]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei (video game)|(en)]]
* [[Shin Megami Tensei II]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei II|(en)]]
* [[Shin Megami Tensei III: Nocturne]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei III: Nocturne|(en)]]
* [[Shin Megami Tensei IV]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei IV|(en)]]
* [[Shin Megami Tensei V]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei V|(en)]]
* [[Silencer (firearms)]] [[:en:Silencer (firearms)|(en)]]
* [[Silent Lucidity]] [[:en:Silent Lucidity|(en)]]
* [[Since U Been Gone]] [[:en:Since U Been Gone|(en)]]
* [[Slate Auto]] [[:en:Slate Auto|(en)]]
* [[Someone You Loved]] [[:en:Someone You Loved|(en)]]
* [[Splitgate 2]]
* [[Spy Smasher (serial)|Spy Smasher]] [[:en:Spy Smasher (serial)|(en)]]
* [[Strategic Command (United Kingdom)]] [[:en:Strategic Command (United Kingdom)|(en)]]
* [[Strontium hydroxide]] [[:en:Strontium hydroxide|(en)]]
* [[Subtropical storm Yakecan]] [[:en:Subtropical storm Yakecan|(en)]]
* [[Suicide Is Painless|Theme from M.A.S.H. (Suicide Is Painless)]] [[:en:Suicide Is Painless|(en)]]
* [[Supernature (song)]] [[:en:Supernature (song)|(en)]]
* [[Syed Sis Syed Abdul Rahman]] [[:en:Syed Sis Syed Abdul Rahman|(en)]]
* [[Synapturanus danta]] [[:en: Synapturanus danta|(en)]]
* [[Systems programming]] [[:en: Systems programming|(en)]]
* [[Susovan Sonu Roy (actor)]] [[:pa:ਸੁਸੋਵਨ ਸੋਨੂੰ ਰਾਏ|(pa)]]

== T ==
* [[Takeminakata]] [[:en:Takeminakata|(en)]]
* [[Tathāgata]] [[:en:Tathāgata|(en)]]
* [[Tancredo-1]] [[:en:Tancredo-1|(en)]] [[:pt:Tancredo-1|(pt)]]
* [[Roberta Taylor]] [[:en:Roberta Taylor|(en)]]
* [[Ted Kotcheff]] [[:en:Ted Kotcheff|(en)]]
* [[Tenko (TV series)]] [[:en:Tenko (TV series)|(en)]]
* [[Tenson kōrin]] [[:en:Tenson kōrin|(en)]]
* [[Territorial authorities of New Zealand]] [[:en:Territorial authorities of New Zealand|(en)]]
* [[Thaiboy Digital]] [[:en:Thaiboy Digital|(en)]]
* [[The Beggar Bride]] [[:en:The Beggar Bride|(en)]]
* [[The Curse of the Mummy's Tomb]] [[:en:The Curse of the Mummy's Tomb|(en)]]
* [[The Dandy Warhols]] [[:en:The Dandy Warhols|(en)]]
* [[The Day of the Triffids (1981 TV series)]] [[:en:The Day of the Triffids (1981 TV series)|(en)]]
* [[The Duchess of Duke Street]] [[:en:The Duchess of Duke Street|(en)]]
* [[The Dull Sword]] [[:en:The Dull Sword|(en)]]
* [[The Game (TV series)]] [[:en:The Game (American TV series)|(en)]]
* [[The Graham Norton Show]] [[:en:The Graham Norton Show|(en)]]
* [[The Legends of Treasure Island]] [[:en:The Legends of Treasure Island|(en)]]
* [[The Life and Times of Eddie Roberts]] [[:en:The Life and Times of Eddie Roberts|(en)]]
* [[The Loveless]] [[:en:The Loveless|(en)]]
* [[The Man in the High Castle (TV series)]] [[:en:The Man in the High Castle (TV series)|(en)]]
* [[The Mercenary (movie)]] [[:en:The Mercenary (film)|(en)]]
* [[The Narcissist Cookbook]] [[(musical artist)]]
* [[The Tin Drum (movie)]] [[:en:The Tin Drum (film)|(en)]]
* [[The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald]] [[:en:The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald|(en)]]
* [[TheoTown]] [[:de:TheoTown|(de)]]
* [[Thioacetone]] [[:en:Thioacetone|(en)]]
* [[This Is Elvis]] [[:en:This Is Elvis|(en)]]
* [[TiLP]] [[:fr:TiLP|(fr)]]
* [[TI-Nspire series]] [[:en: TI-Nspire series|(en)]]
* [[Tom Cotcher]] [[:en:Tom Cotcher|(en)]]
* [[Tonga national rugby union team]] [[:en:Tonga national rugby union team|(en)]]
* [[Tova O'Brien]] [[:en:Tova O'Brien|(en)]]
* [[Toyota Crown]] [[:en:Toyota Crown|(en)]]
* [[Toyota Land Cruiser Prado]] [[:en:Toyota Land Cruiser Prado|(en)]]
* [[Type aliasing]] [[:en:Type aliasing|(en)]]
* [[Two-legged tie]] [[:en:Two-legged tie|(en)]]

== U ==

* [[UEFA Euro 1984]] [[:en:UEFA Euro 1984|(en)]]
* [[United States National Agricultural Library]] [[:en:United States National Agricultural Library|(en)]]

* [[Unique]] [[:en:Unique|(en)]]
* [[Universal Studios Hollywood]] [[:en:Universal Studios Hollywood|(en)]]
* [[Unstoppable (Sia song)]] [[:en:Unstoppable (Sia song)|(en)]]
* [[Urânia Vanério]] [[:en:Urânia Vanério|(en)]]

== V ==
* [[Vairocana]] [[:en:Vairocana|(en)]]
* [[Vaiśravaṇa]] [[:en:Vaiśravaṇa|(en)]]

* [[Vanessa Amorosi]] [[:en:Vanessa Amorosi|(en)]]
* [[Vicki Butler-Henderson]] [[:en:Vicki Butler-Henderson|(en)]]
* [[Victor H. Metcalf‏‎]] [[:en:Victor H. Metcalf‏‎|(en)]]
* [[Victor Sjöström‏‎]] [[:en:Victor Sjöström‏‎|(en)]]
* [[Victoria Burgoyne]] [[:en:Victoria Burgoyne|(en)]]
* [[Victorian Premier's Literary Award]] [[:en:Victorian Premier's Literary Award|(en)]]
* [[Video game localization]] [[:en:Video game localization|(en)]]
* [[Viktor Toporov]] [[:en:Viktor Toporov|(en)]]
* [[Villa of the Mysteries]] [[:en:Villa of the Mysteries|(en)]]
* [[Virūpākṣa]] [[:en:Virūpākṣa|(en)]]
* [[Virūḍhaka (Heavenly King)]] [[:en:Virūḍhaka (Heavenly King)|(en)]]
* [[Viśiṣṭacāritra]] [[:en:Viśiṣṭacāritra|(en)]]
* [[Viśuddhacāritra]] [[:en:Viśuddhacāritra|(en)]]

* [[VLS-1 V01]] [[:en:VLS-1 V01|(en)]]
* [[VLS-1 V02]] [[:en:VLS-1 V02|(en)]]
* [[VLS-1 V03]] [[:en:VLS-1 V03|(en)]]

== W ==
* [[Wake no Kiyomaro]] [[:en:Wake no Kiyomaro|(en)]]
* [[Wakumusubi]] [[:en:Wakumusubi|(en)]]
* [[Wagon Wheel (song)]] [[:en:Wagon Wheel (song)|(en)]]
* [[Waiau River (Canterbury)]] [[:en:Waiau River (Canterbury)|(en)]]
* [[Walk Away (Kelly Clarkson song)]] [[:en:Walk Away (Kelly Clarkson song)|(en)]]
* [[Walter Houser Brattain‏‎]] [[:en:Walter Houser Brattain‏‎|(en)]]
* [[Walk Again Project]] [[:en:Walk Again Project|(en)]]
* [[Wanizumi clan]] [[:ja:和珥氏|(ja)]] [[:en:Wanizumi clan|(en)]]
* [[Ward Bond]] [[:en:Ward Bond|(en)]]
* [[Warkworth, New Zealand]] [[:en:Warkworth, New Zealand|(en)]]
* [[Wasei-eigo]] [[:en:Wasei-eigo|(en)]]
* [[Waterloo (album)]] [[:en:Waterloo (album)|(en)]]
* [[We R Who We R]] [[:en:We R Who We R|(en)]]
* [[Wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle]] [[:en:Wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle|(en)]]
* [[Vanessa Weenink]] [[:en:Vanessa Weenink|(en)]]
* [[Whangaparaoa Peninsula]] [[:en:Whangaparaoa Peninsula|(en)]]
* [[When You Say Nothing at All]] [[:en:When You Say Nothing at All|(en)]]
* [[Whiskas]] [[:en:Whiskas|(en)]]
* [[Wilberforce River]] [[:en:Wilberforce River|(en)]]
* [[William Witney]] [[:en:William Witney|(en)]]
* [[Willowbank Wildlife Reserve]] [[:en:Willowbank Wildlife Reserve|(en)]]
* [[Winchester Castle]] [[:en:Winchester Castle|(en)]]
* [[Women's Twenty20 International]] [[:en:Women's Twenty20 International|(en)]]
* [[Wonderful You (TV series)]] [[:en:Wonderful You (TV series)|(en)]]
* [[Clive Wood]] [[:en:Clive Wood|(en)]]
* [[Worldbox]] [[:en:Worldbox|(en)]]
* [[World of A Song of Ice and Fire]] [[:en:World of A Song of Ice and Fire|(en)]]
* [[Tandi Wright]] [[:en:Tandi Wright|(en)]]

== X ==

== Y ==
* [[Yagi clan]] [[:ja:八木氏|(ja)]]
* [[Yamato, Gifu]] [[:en:Yamato, Gifu|(en)]]
* [[Yamatohime-no-mikoto]] [[:en:Yamatohime-no-mikoto|(en)]]
* [[Stephen Yardley]] [[:en:Stephen Yardley|(en)]]
* [[Yasakani-no-Magatama]] [[:en:Yasakani-no-Magatama|(en)]]
* [[Yashimajinumi]] [[:en:Yashimajinumi|(en)]]
* [[Yata no Kagami]] [[:en:Yata no Kagami|(en)]]
* [[Yawata]] [[:en:Yawata|(en)]]
* [[Yobuko Bridge]] [[:ja:呼子大橋|(ja)]]
* [[Yobuko Port]] [[:ja:呼子港|(ja)]]
* [[Yoshida Kanehiro]] [[:ja:吉田兼煕|(ja)]] 
* [[Yoshida Kanetomo]] [[:en:Yoshida Kanetomo|(en)]]
* [[Yoshida Shinto]] [[:en:Yoshida Shinto|(en)]]
* [[Yoshida family artists]] [[:en:Yoshida family artists|(en)]]
* [[Young Widow]] [[:en:Young Widow|(en)]]
* [[You're in My Heart (The Final Acclaim)]] [[:en:You're in My Heart (The Final Acclaim)|(en)]]
* [[You're My Favorite Waste of Time]] [[:en:You're My Favorite Waste of Time|(en)]]

== Z ==
* [[Zeta Ursae Minoris]] [[:en:Zeta Ursae Minoris|(en)]]
* [[Zhanran]] [[:en:Zhanran|(en)]]
* [[Ziwei enclosure]] [[:en:Ziwei enclosure|(en)]]
* [[Zōjō-ji]] [[:en:Zōjō-ji|(en)]]
* [[Z'Goum]] [[:en:Z'Goum|(en)]]
* [[Z'ev ben Shimon Halevi]] [[:en:Z'ev ben Shimon Halevi|(en)]]
* [[Z'har]] [[:en:Z'har|(en)]]
* [[Z(4430)]] [[:en:Z(4430)|(en)]]
* [[Z* theorem]] [[:en:Z* theorem|(en)]]
* [[Z++]] [[:en:Z++|(en)]]
* [[Z+F UK]] [[:en:Z+F UK|(en)]]
* [[Z-1 (band)]] [[:en:Z-1 (band)|(en)]]
* [[Z-4 Plan]] [[:en:Z-4 Plan|(en)]]
* [[Z-80 SoftCard]] [[:en:Z-80 SoftCard|(en)]]
* [[Z-Boys]] [[:en:Z-Boys|(en)]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kathleen Kennedy (producer)</title>
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      <text bytes="6040" sha1="lz2sjfafq3r1w41b0j6lhof7kgel89m" xml:space="preserve">{{About|the movie producer||Kathleen Kennedy (journalist)}}
{{Infobox actor
| name = Kathleen Kennedy
| image = File:Hitler portrait crop.jpg
| imagesize = 
| caption = Kennedy in October 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1953|06|5}}
| birth_place = [[Berkeley, California]]
| occupation = [[movie producer]]
| spouse = [[Frank Marshall (movie producer)|Frank Marshall]] (1987-present, two children)
}}
'''Kathleen K. Kennedy''' (born 5 June 1953) is an [[Americans|American]] movie [[producer]]. She is currently the president of [[Lucasfilm]].

==Filmography==

* ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'' (1981) (executive producer)
* ''[[Poltergeist (movie)|Poltergeist]]'' (1982) (associate producer)
* ''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial]]'' (1982) (producer)
* ''[[Twilight Zone: The Movie]]'' (1983) (associate producer) (producer) (segment 2)
* ''[[Gremlins]]'' (1984) (executive producer)
* ''[[Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom]]'' (1984) (associate producer)
* ''[[The Color Purple (movie)|The Color Purple]]'' (1985) (producer)
* ''[[Young Sherlock Holmes]]'' (1985) (executive producer)
* ''[[Back to the Future]]'' (1985) (executive producer)
* ''[[The Goonies]]'' (1985) (executive producer)
* ''[[Fandango (1985 movie)|Fandango]]'' (1985) (executive producer)
* ''[[An American Tail]]'' (1986) (producer)
* ''[[The Money Pit]]'' (1986) (producer)
* ''[[Batteries not included]]'' (1987) (executive producer)
* ''[[Empire of the Sun (movie)|Empire of the Sun]]'' (1987) (producer)
* ''[[Innerspace]]'' (1987) (co-executive producer)
* ''The China Odyssey: 'Empire of the Sun', a movie by Steven Spielberg'' (1987) (associate producer)
* ''[[The Land Before Time]]'' (1988) (co-executive producer)
* ''[[Who Framed Roger Rabbit]]'' (1988) (executive producer)
* ''[[Always (1989 movie)|Always]]'' (1989) (producer)
* ''[[Back to the Future Part II]]'' (1989) (executive producer)
* ''[[Dad (movie)|Dad]]'' (1989) (executive producer)
* ''[[Tummy Trouble]]'' (1989) (executive producer)
* ''[[Arachnophobia (movie)|Arachnophobia]]'' (1990) (producer)
* ''[[Gremlins 2: The New Batch]]'' (1990) (executive producer)
* ''[[Roller Coaster Rabbit]]'' (1990) (executive producer)
* ''[[Back to the Future Part III]]'' (1990) (executive producer)
* ''[[Joe Versus the Volcano]]'' (1990) (executive producer)
* ''[[Hook (movie)|Hook]]'' (1991) (producer)
* ''[[An American Tail: Fievel Goes West]]'' (1991) (executive producer)
* ''[[Cape Fear (1991 movie)|Cape Fear]]'' (1991) (executive producer)
* ''[[A Brief History of Time]]'' (1991) (executive producer) (uncredited)
* ''[[A Wish for Wings That Work]]'' (1991) (TV) (executive producer)
* ''Noises Off'' (1992) (executive producer)
* ''[[Schindler's List]]'' (1993) (executive producer)
* ''We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story'' (1993) (executive producer)
* ''[[A Dangerous Woman (1993 movie)|A Dangerous Woman]]'' (1993) (executive producer)
* ''[[Jurassic Park (movie)|Jurassic Park]]'' (1993) (producer)
* ''A Far Off Place'' (1993) (executive producer)
* ''[[Trail Mix-Up]]'' (1993) (executive producer)
* ''[[Alive (1993 movie)|Alive]]'' (1993) (producer)
* ''[[Milk Money (movie)|Milk Money]]'' (1994) (producer)
* ''[[The Flintstones (movie)|The Flintstones]]'' (1994) (executive producer)
* ''Balto'' (1995) (executive producer)
* ''The Indian in the Cupboard'' (1995) (producer)
* ''[[Congo (movie)|Congo]]'' (1995) (producer)
* ''[[The Bridges of Madison County (movie)|The Bridges of Madison County]]'' (1995) (producer)
* ''[[Twister (1996 movie)|Twister]]'' (1996) (producer)
* ''The Best of Roger Rabbit'' (1996) (executive producer)
* ''[[The Lost World: Jurassic Park]]'' (1997) (executive producer)
* ''A Map of the World'' (1999) (producer)
* ''[[Snow Falling on Cedars (movie)|Snow Falling on Cedars]]'' (1999) (producer)
* ''[[The Sixth Sense]]'' (1999) (producer)
* ''Olympic Glory'' (1999) (executive producer)
* ''[[Jurassic Park III]]'' (2001) (producer)
* ''[[Artificial Intelligence: A.I.]]'' (2001) (producer)
* ''The Sports Pages'' (2001) (TV) (executive producer)
* ''[[Signs (movie)|Signs]]'' (2002) (executive producer)
* ''The Young Black Stallion'' (2003) (producer)
* ''[[Seabiscuit (movie)|Seabiscuit]]'' (2003) (producer)
* ''[[Munich (movie)|Munich]]'' (2005) (producer)
* ''[[War of the Worlds (2005 movie)|War of the Worlds]]'' (2005) (producer)
* ''[[Persepolis (movie)|Persepolis]]'' (2007) (executive producer)
* ''[[The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (movie)|Le Scaphandre et le papillon (The Diving Bell and the Butterfly)]]'' (2007) (producer)
* ''[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (movie)|The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]'' (2008) (producer)
* ''[[Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull]] (2008) (producer)
* ''[[Ponyo on the Cliff by the Sea|Ponyo]]'' (2009) (U.S. version co-producer)
* ''[[Crossing Over (movie)|Crossing Over]]'' (2009) (producer)
* ''[[The Last Airbender]]'' (2010) (producer)
* ''[[The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicorn]]'' (2011) (producer)
* ''[[Lincoln (movie)|Lincoln]]'' (2012) (producer)
* ''[[Star Wars: The Force Awakens]]'' (2015) (producer)
* ''[[Rogue One]]'' (2016) (producer)
* ''[[Star Wars: The Last Jedi]]'' (2017) (producer)
* ''[[Solo: A Star Wars Story]]'' (2018) (producer)
* ''[[The Mandalorian]]'' (2019-) (producer)
* ''[[Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker]]'' (2019) (producer)

== Awards ==

* Irving J. Thalberg Memorial Award (2019)
* Honorary [[Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] (CBE) (2019)
* BAFTA Fellowship (awarded in 2020; announced in 2019)
* [[Grammy Award]] (1991), for outstanding support of student filmmaking
* Women in Film Crystal Award (1995)
* American Academy of Achievement, Golden Plate Award (1996)
* Women in Film, Paltrow Mentorship Award (2007)

==Other websites==
*{{imdb|0005086|Kathleen Kennedy}}

{{Walt Disney Studios}}


{{US-bio-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy, Kathleen}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American movie producers]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Berkeley, California]]</text>
      <sha1>lz2sjfafq3r1w41b0j6lhof7kgel89m</sha1>
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      <id>10880381</id>
      <parentid>10880373</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T15:06:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jolly1253</username>
        <id>1150185</id>
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      <comment>Undid revision 10880373 by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-33408-51|~2026-33408-51]] ([[User talk:~2026-33408-51|talk]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="6036" sha1="ej7pq7agodddslod7zhg4i58kuhic5g" xml:space="preserve">{{About|the movie producer||Kathleen Kennedy (journalist)}}
{{Infobox actor
| name = Kathleen Kennedy
| image = Kathleen Kennedy 2011.jpg
| imagesize = 
| caption = Kennedy in October 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1953|06|5}}
| birth_place = [[Berkeley, California]]
| occupation = [[movie producer]]
| spouse = [[Frank Marshall (movie producer)|Frank Marshall]] (1987-present, two children)
}}
'''Kathleen K. Kennedy''' (born 5 June 1953) is an [[Americans|American]] movie [[producer]]. She is currently the president of [[Lucasfilm]].

==Filmography==

* ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'' (1981) (executive producer)
* ''[[Poltergeist (movie)|Poltergeist]]'' (1982) (associate producer)
* ''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial]]'' (1982) (producer)
* ''[[Twilight Zone: The Movie]]'' (1983) (associate producer) (producer) (segment 2)
* ''[[Gremlins]]'' (1984) (executive producer)
* ''[[Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom]]'' (1984) (associate producer)
* ''[[The Color Purple (movie)|The Color Purple]]'' (1985) (producer)
* ''[[Young Sherlock Holmes]]'' (1985) (executive producer)
* ''[[Back to the Future]]'' (1985) (executive producer)
* ''[[The Goonies]]'' (1985) (executive producer)
* ''[[Fandango (1985 movie)|Fandango]]'' (1985) (executive producer)
* ''[[An American Tail]]'' (1986) (producer)
* ''[[The Money Pit]]'' (1986) (producer)
* ''[[Batteries not included]]'' (1987) (executive producer)
* ''[[Empire of the Sun (movie)|Empire of the Sun]]'' (1987) (producer)
* ''[[Innerspace]]'' (1987) (co-executive producer)
* ''The China Odyssey: 'Empire of the Sun', a movie by Steven Spielberg'' (1987) (associate producer)
* ''[[The Land Before Time]]'' (1988) (co-executive producer)
* ''[[Who Framed Roger Rabbit]]'' (1988) (executive producer)
* ''[[Always (1989 movie)|Always]]'' (1989) (producer)
* ''[[Back to the Future Part II]]'' (1989) (executive producer)
* ''[[Dad (movie)|Dad]]'' (1989) (executive producer)
* ''[[Tummy Trouble]]'' (1989) (executive producer)
* ''[[Arachnophobia (movie)|Arachnophobia]]'' (1990) (producer)
* ''[[Gremlins 2: The New Batch]]'' (1990) (executive producer)
* ''[[Roller Coaster Rabbit]]'' (1990) (executive producer)
* ''[[Back to the Future Part III]]'' (1990) (executive producer)
* ''[[Joe Versus the Volcano]]'' (1990) (executive producer)
* ''[[Hook (movie)|Hook]]'' (1991) (producer)
* ''[[An American Tail: Fievel Goes West]]'' (1991) (executive producer)
* ''[[Cape Fear (1991 movie)|Cape Fear]]'' (1991) (executive producer)
* ''[[A Brief History of Time]]'' (1991) (executive producer) (uncredited)
* ''[[A Wish for Wings That Work]]'' (1991) (TV) (executive producer)
* ''Noises Off'' (1992) (executive producer)
* ''[[Schindler's List]]'' (1993) (executive producer)
* ''We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story'' (1993) (executive producer)
* ''[[A Dangerous Woman (1993 movie)|A Dangerous Woman]]'' (1993) (executive producer)
* ''[[Jurassic Park (movie)|Jurassic Park]]'' (1993) (producer)
* ''A Far Off Place'' (1993) (executive producer)
* ''[[Trail Mix-Up]]'' (1993) (executive producer)
* ''[[Alive (1993 movie)|Alive]]'' (1993) (producer)
* ''[[Milk Money (movie)|Milk Money]]'' (1994) (producer)
* ''[[The Flintstones (movie)|The Flintstones]]'' (1994) (executive producer)
* ''Balto'' (1995) (executive producer)
* ''The Indian in the Cupboard'' (1995) (producer)
* ''[[Congo (movie)|Congo]]'' (1995) (producer)
* ''[[The Bridges of Madison County (movie)|The Bridges of Madison County]]'' (1995) (producer)
* ''[[Twister (1996 movie)|Twister]]'' (1996) (producer)
* ''The Best of Roger Rabbit'' (1996) (executive producer)
* ''[[The Lost World: Jurassic Park]]'' (1997) (executive producer)
* ''A Map of the World'' (1999) (producer)
* ''[[Snow Falling on Cedars (movie)|Snow Falling on Cedars]]'' (1999) (producer)
* ''[[The Sixth Sense]]'' (1999) (producer)
* ''Olympic Glory'' (1999) (executive producer)
* ''[[Jurassic Park III]]'' (2001) (producer)
* ''[[Artificial Intelligence: A.I.]]'' (2001) (producer)
* ''The Sports Pages'' (2001) (TV) (executive producer)
* ''[[Signs (movie)|Signs]]'' (2002) (executive producer)
* ''The Young Black Stallion'' (2003) (producer)
* ''[[Seabiscuit (movie)|Seabiscuit]]'' (2003) (producer)
* ''[[Munich (movie)|Munich]]'' (2005) (producer)
* ''[[War of the Worlds (2005 movie)|War of the Worlds]]'' (2005) (producer)
* ''[[Persepolis (movie)|Persepolis]]'' (2007) (executive producer)
* ''[[The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (movie)|Le Scaphandre et le papillon (The Diving Bell and the Butterfly)]]'' (2007) (producer)
* ''[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (movie)|The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]'' (2008) (producer)
* ''[[Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull]] (2008) (producer)
* ''[[Ponyo on the Cliff by the Sea|Ponyo]]'' (2009) (U.S. version co-producer)
* ''[[Crossing Over (movie)|Crossing Over]]'' (2009) (producer)
* ''[[The Last Airbender]]'' (2010) (producer)
* ''[[The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicorn]]'' (2011) (producer)
* ''[[Lincoln (movie)|Lincoln]]'' (2012) (producer)
* ''[[Star Wars: The Force Awakens]]'' (2015) (producer)
* ''[[Rogue One]]'' (2016) (producer)
* ''[[Star Wars: The Last Jedi]]'' (2017) (producer)
* ''[[Solo: A Star Wars Story]]'' (2018) (producer)
* ''[[The Mandalorian]]'' (2019-) (producer)
* ''[[Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker]]'' (2019) (producer)

== Awards ==

* Irving J. Thalberg Memorial Award (2019)
* Honorary [[Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] (CBE) (2019)
* BAFTA Fellowship (awarded in 2020; announced in 2019)
* [[Grammy Award]] (1991), for outstanding support of student filmmaking
* Women in Film Crystal Award (1995)
* American Academy of Achievement, Golden Plate Award (1996)
* Women in Film, Paltrow Mentorship Award (2007)

==Other websites==
*{{imdb|0005086|Kathleen Kennedy}}

{{Walt Disney Studios}}


{{US-bio-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy, Kathleen}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American movie producers]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Berkeley, California]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>White people</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>271006</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880402</id>
      <parentid>10879602</parentid>
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{{More sources|date=March 2024}}
{{Race}}
'''White people''' are people with light skin. Most white people are of [[Europe|European]] origin. In [[American English]], the term &quot;Caucasian&quot; is used to mean &quot;white people.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Outside of North America, it refers to people or things from the [[Caucasus Mountains]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation|last=Butterfield|first=Jeremy ButterfieldJeremy|title=Caucasian|date=2015-06-18|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199661350.001.0001/acref-9780199661350-e-764|work=Fowler’s Dictionary of Modern English Usage|editor-last=Butterfield|editor-first=Jeremy|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780199661350.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-966135-0|access-date=2023-10-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before the modern age, Europeans did not think of themselves as &quot;white.&quot; They defined their [[Race (biology)|race]], [[Ancestor|ancestry]] or [[Ethnic group|ethnicity]] in terms of [[nationality|what place or culture they were from]], for example [[Greek people|Greek]] or [[Ancient Rome|Roman]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1= Painter|first1= Nell Irvin|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=F-GFUyty3SAC&amp;q=The+History+of+White+People|title= The History of White People|date= 18 April 2011|publisher= W. W. Norton &amp; Company|isbn= 978-0-393-07949-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The idea of a single white race came into use starting in the 17th century. The term white was invented during American slavery to make European Americans seem different from enslaved [[African Americans|African American]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/race/000_About/002_04-background-02-09.htm|title=The Origin of the Idea of Race|website=[[PBS]] |access-date=2024-04-19|archive-date=2016-04-13|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160413173026/http://www.pbs.org/race/000_About/002_04-background-02-09.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://nmaahc.si.edu/learn/talking-about-race/topics/historical-foundations-race|title= Historical Foundations of Race}}&lt;/ref&gt; The people who were the strongest supporters of the white race being [[White supremacy|supreme]] in 20th century Europe were [[Fascism|fascist]] [[Italy]] and [[Nazi Germany]]. They felt that some European peoples such as [[Slavs]] as a different race even though they were white. This was just for [[Politics|political]] purposes.

==Related pages==
*[[Race (sociology)]]
*[[Racism]]
*[[Historical race concepts]]
*[[Black people]] 
*[[White Americans]]
*[[White Anglo-Saxon Protestant]]
*[[White nationalism]]
*[[White supremacy]]
*[[White genocide myth]]
*[[White Mexicans]]
*[[White Hispanic and Latino Americans]]
*[[Caucasian race]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{White people}}

{{stub}}
[[Category:Historical races]]</text>
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    <title>Vitoria-Gasteiz</title>
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      <text bytes="17482" sha1="5vkqsasr08bf5zq77ynzooq923m33m9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Vitoria-Gasteiz
| settlement_type         = [[Municipalities of Spain|Municipality]]
| official_name           = &lt;!-- if different from name --&gt;
| native_name             = Gasteiz ([[Basque language|Basque]])
| image_skyline           = Plaza Virgen Blanca VITORIA-GASTEIZ tras reforma.JPG
| image_alt               = 260px
| image_caption           = Virgen Blanca / Andre Maria Zuria Square of Vitoria-Gasteiz
| image_flag              = Flag of Vitoria.svg
| image_shield            = Escudo de Vitoria.svg
| nickname                =
| motto                   = Haec est Victoria quae vincit&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(This is Victoria which triumphed)&lt;/small&gt;
| subdivision_type        = Country
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|Spain}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[Autonomous communities of Spain|Autonomous community]]
| subdivision_name1       = {{flag|País Vasco}}
| subdivision_type2       = [[Provinces of Spain|Province]]
| subdivision_name2       = [[Álava]]
| subdivision_type3       = [[Comarcas of Spain|Comarca (district)]]
| subdivision_name3       = Vitoria-Gasteiz
| seat_type               = &lt;!-- [[Capital (political)|Capital]] --&gt;
| seat                    =
|coordinates = {{coord|42|51||N|2|41||W| region:ES_type:city |display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes   =
| elevation_m             = 525
| elevation_min_m         =
| elevation_max_m         =
| area_footnotes          =
| area_total_km2          = 276.81
| established_title       = Founded
| established_date        = 1181
| population_footnotes    = &lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt; tags --&gt;
| population_total        = 235661
| population_as_of        = 2009
| population_demonym      = Vitoriano, -na Gasteiztarra
| population_note         =
| population_density_km2  = auto
| blank_name_sec1         = [[Languages of Spain|Official language(s)]]
| blank_info_sec1         = Basque, Spanish
| timezone                = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset              = +1
| timezone_DST            = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST          = +2
| postal_code_type        = [[List of postal codes in Spain|Postal code]]
| postal_code             = 010xx
| area_code_type          = [[Telephone numbers in Spain|Dialing code]]
| area_code               =
| leader_title            = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name             = Patxi Lazcoz 
| leader_party            = [[PSE-EE]]
| website                 = [http://www.vitoria-gasteiz.org/ Official website]
| footnotes               =
}}
'''Vitoria-Gasteiz''' is the capital of the [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]]. It is in the north of [[Spain]] and was a little town until 1950. Since 1950 the city has changed a lot because of important industrialization.

The official name of the city is Vitoria-Gasteiz. People usually call it simply Vitoria or Gasteiz. In [[Basque language|Basque]] it is called Gasteiz, and some Basque speakers call it Vitorixe.
[[File:El Caminante (Eguizabal).jpg|right|thumb|The Walker, one of the city's most well-known symbols]]

==Population==
In 2010, Vitoria-Gasteiz had a population of more or less 240,000. Between 1960 and 1970, the city grew quickly as people arrived to work at the new and great industrial companies. Statistics say the population doubled between these dates, and this is the motive for a great transformation, not only demographic but social.

Later, in 1980, Vitoria-Gasteiz  was named the [[Basque Country]] [[Capital (city)|capital]], and the new public institutions, the Basque Government and Basque Parliament were located in Vitoria. This was an important impetus for the tertiary sector. This, together with the great industrial firms were responsible for a big social change in the city.

There has been another change in the population as people have come from other countries in recent years to work in building and industry. This happened later in Vitoria-Gasteiz and the Basque Country than in other areas. Today, non-EU ([[European Union]]) newcomers form 5.8% of the population in Vitoria-Gasteiz, 5% in Araba and 3.4% in the Basque Country. The main motive why Vitoria-Gasteiz has more of these [[immigrants]] is because recently there was a lot of jobs in building, a sector where Basque people won't work.

The inhabitants in Vitoria-Gasteiz live in [[apartment]]s, and there are not many [[House#Detached house|detached houses]] like in other towns in Europe. There are nice [[neighbourhood]]s, some with big squares, trees and parks where young people and families with children live, and other older neighbourhoods with beautiful and narrow [[street]]s and where older people walk.

==Industrialization==
Vitoria-Gasteiz became an industrial city in the second half of the twentieth century. There had been some companies already. For example, Bartolome Riego set up a printing press in the town for the first time in 1722.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.vitoria-gasteiz.org/we027/http/html/en/0102.shtml | title=''A little bit of history...'' | publisher=Vitoria-Gasteiz Council | accessdate=December 22, 2010 | archive-date=April 15, 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415161617/http://www.vitoria-gasteiz.org/we027/http/html/en/0102.shtml | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Industries began on the outskirts of the city, away from the centre, special areas for making objects. Companies from  Biscay (Bizkaia) and [[Gipuzkoa]] moved to Vitoria because land was cheaper there. Between 1950 and 1977, 833 companies started in the city.
 
The largest effects of this was that the city grew quickly, with many immigrants and a mixture of cultures. Between 1950 and 1975 the population grew from 53,000 to 173,000.{{Fact|date=January 2012}} In 1975, only 41.8% of the population had been born in the city.{{Fact|date=January 2012}}

==History==
===Medieval origins===
Vitoria-Gasteiz is a very old city. It was founded in 1180 by the Navarrese King Sancho VI, who conquered the small hill village of Gasteiz and decided to call it New Victoria.
Only nineteen years later the city fell into the hands Castille´s King Alfonso VIII. The new king enlarged the city with three new streets on the west side of the hill. (Correría, Zapatería, Herrería)
In 1202 a terrible fire almost destroyed the town.
The city prospered quickly it was on  the shortest way between the Court of Castille and northern Europe.

===Between the 15th and 18th centuries ===
In 1443 another terrible fire affected the western part of the city.
After that, new houses had to be built of stone and adobe.
In 1492 the expulsion of Jews had an negative impact and caused a long period of decline.

===19th century===

In this century the customs house was moved from Vitoria to the coast, seriously affecting  the local economy. However, the effect was softened with the development of the services sector. In 1813 Spanish forces with their allies defeated France in the Battle of Vitoria, ending the French invasion.

===20th century===

With the turn of the century come the first modern factories. They were small family businesses. Now there are also multinationals, for example Mercedes Benz and Michelin.
Between 1950 and 1975 the city tripled its population and new districts were built.
In 1980 the Basque Parliament chose Vitoria-Gasteiz as the capital of the Basque Country.

===21st century===

The city is characterized as green and sustainable.
We could define the current Vitoria-Gasteiz as a city designed and planned to live in.

==Buildings==
[[File:Ajuria Enea.jpg|thumb|Ajuria Enea, the lehendakari (president)'s residence]]
Vitoria-Gasteiz has several important buildings. Its medieval quarter is in the highest part of the city.
Its streets are narrow. There are several historic houses : Montehermoso, Villasuso, Escoriaza, Esquíbel, etc. There are also the [[Archaeology]] and Card [[Museum]]s.
Other buildings are the Cordon House, and the Portalon, where there is a famous restaurant.

In Senda Avenue is Ajuria-Enea, the house of the President of the Basque Country.
Opposite it is the Ruiz de Austri Palace, now the Fine [[Art museum|Art Gallery]].

The [[Architect]] Olaguibel designed the Arquillos building, the most important in the City.

==Environment==
Vitoria - Gasteiz will be European  Green Capital in 2012. The European Green Capital Conference in Stockholm gave the award to Vitoria on  21 October 2011; Other cities competed, for example Barcelona, Malmo, Nantes, Nuremberg and Reykjavik. In the end Vitoria, the second smallest city, was champion.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/europeangreencapital/green_cities_submenu/awardwinner_2012.html | title=''Vitoria-Gasteiz – European Green Capital 2012 '' | publisher= European Commission | accessdate=January 2, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Vitoria has a green ring around the city, with more than 11000 hectares  (27,000 acres) of trees and different species of animals. There is also over 160km of tracks for walking and cycing.

Water usage is another reason why Gasteiz won the award, because it is one the cities of Europe than wastes less water - only 10%, and its inhabitants are reasonable consumers. Other towns lose 50%.   25% of domestic rubbish is recycled, but it is possible to improve.

It is true that a lot of inhabitants use  public transport (trams and buses) and bike to move in the city but there are too many people who use cars.

The prize is very important for the city because its population has been working on improving its environment for the last 30 years. With the green capital prize the environment is the future for Vitoria and its inhabitants.

==Museums and Art Galleries==
[[File:Bibat archaeology and card museum.jpg|left|thumb|Bibat, Archaeology and Playing Card Museums]]
[[File:Gasteizko Artium.JPG|thumb|Artium (contemporary art gallery)]]
[[File:Reflexión by Casto Solano.jpg|thumb|Reflexión (Casto Solano), Dato Street]]
[[File:Sculpture by Chillida.jpg|thumb|Chillida's sculpture in the city centre]]

The Museo de Bellas Artes - the Fine Art Gallery -&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.kultura.ejgv.euskadi.net/r46-3503/eu/contenidos/informacion/bellas_artes_a/eu_1402/aurkezpena.html | title=''Arabako Arte Ederretako Museoa'' '''(in spanish)''' | publisher=Basque Government Culture Department | accessdate=January 2, 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; in Frai Francisco Walk (street) is of special interest. It is an early twentieth century renaissance style building opposite Ajuria Enea, the lehendakari’s (Basque president) residence. In this museum there are paintings by Ignacio Zuloaga, Joaquin Sorolla, Ignacio Diaz de Olano and Fernando Amarica.

Another important art gallery is the Artium (Basque Museum of Contemporary Art) The permanent collection has works by Basque and Spanish artists with paintings, sculptures, prints, photographs and videos made by Chillida, Oteiza, and Moraza, among others. This modern building was opened in 2002 and is on Frantzia Street.

Bibat is an important museum, devoted to archaeology and playing cards. This museum is in an old renaissance building in Aiztogile Street, recently renovated by the architect Patxi Mangado.

There are other interesting museums such as the Arms Museum in Fray Francisco Walk or the Museum of Natural Sciences  in  Doña Ochanda Tower, a fort house built in the sixteenth century, in Jesusen Zerbitzarien Fundatzailean Street. Nearby is the Museum of the lanterns in Zapateri street.

Vitoria is also an outdoor museum with [[sculptures]] and [[statues]] in its streets by contemporary artists such as Oteiza, Ibarrola, Chillida, Casto Solano, Nestor Basterrechea, etc.

==Cuisine==

Although Vitoria-Gasteiz food is similar to the rest of the [[Basque Country]], the city does have its specialities. &quot;Perretxikos&quot; (Calocybe_gambosa/St. George's mushroom), a type of [[mushroom]], and [[snail]]s are two traditional dishes of the city.
[[File:El portalón.jpg|thumb|left|El Portalón restaurant]]
In  early December, the province of Araba holds its &quot;cazuelitas&quot; (small dishes) and wine week.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.vitoria-gasteiz.org/wb021/http/contenidosEstaticos/adjuntos/35765.pdf | title=''VIII Semana de la Cazuelita de Álava y del Vino de Rioja Alavesa'' '''(in spanish)''' | publisher= Vitoria-Gasteiz Council | accessdate=December 20, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; About twenty-five pubs participate, including more than twenty in Vitoria-Gasteiz, and you can eat small portions of local dishes and drink local wines.  Another event, Vinogourmet,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.vitoria-gasteiz.org/we001/was/we001Action.do?idioma=en&amp;aplicacion=wb021&amp;tabla=contenido&amp;uid=u2dcfd43_12ca062aff1__7fbb | title=''Vino Gourmet'' | publisher=Vitoria-Gasteiz Council | accessdate=December 20, 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; takes place about the same time. This fair is held in the city’s food market, with wine on the ground floor and pintxos (bar snacks) on the first floor.

There is an important restaurant in the city. Its name is &quot;El Portalon&quot;. It is located in a beautiful fifteenth century house. In this restaurant the food is very good.
In 2010, the Ikea restaurant won its first Michelin star.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.eitb.com/news/life/detail/551916/berasategui-gets-seventh-michelin-star/ | title=''Berasategui gets seventh Michelin star'' | publisher=EITB (Basque Radio &amp; Television) | accessdate=January 9, 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tourists say Vitoria-Gasteiz has very good cake-shops.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
 |url=http://www.turismoa.euskadi.net/s11-22001x/en/contenidos/recurso_tecnico/gastronomia_topten/en_gastrono/gastronomia_topten.html
 |title=Don't miss it! - Basque Country's Tourism Website - Euskadi.net - Gastronomía
 |work=turismoa.euskadi.net
 |accessdate=20 December 2010
 |archive-date=25 July 2009
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090725193741/http://www.turismoa.euskadi.net/s11-22001x/en/contenidos/recurso_tecnico/gastronomia_topten/en_gastrono/gastronomia_topten.html
 |url-status=dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Leisure==
Leisure in Vitoria refers to several things, music and performing arts, concerts and festivals.

The city’s most famous concerts  take place in Los Fueros Square in the Blanca holidays in August, and very important Spanish groups come to Vitoria.

There are also events for the young. Workshops, where children can have fun making thing, for example, Christmas cards.

On the first Saturday of every month there is a market in the old part of the city, where people sell home and beauty products, cheese and other foods and all types of things. Once a year in September there is a [[medieval]] market.

At The Principal Theatre you can see plays, shows, dances etc.

There are also a lot of pubs and restaurants to spend the afternoon and evening with friends. The “pintxo-pote” is typical every Thursday in the pubs of Gasteiz, in these the price of a small glass of wine and a snack is €1.

==Political Data==
Vitoria is the political and administrative capital of the Basque Country and home of its principal autonomous institutions.
The Basque Parliament is the legislative body of the autonomous region. There are 75 MPs (Members of Parliament),25 of each of the three provinces.
In the current parliament (since 2009), the distribution of seats among the various political parties is as follows: 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| PNV || 30
|-
| PSE || 25
|-
| PP || 13
|-
| Aralar || 4
|-
| EA || 1
|-
| EB || 1
|-
| UPyD || 1
|}
Of these MPs, 40 are women, and 35 are men. The current Speaker/President of the Chamber is Arantxa Quiroga.
The Basque Government headquarters are also in the city, in Lakua, and the [[official residence]] of the President of the Basque Government is  Ajuria Enea, in Fray Francisco Street.
The current Prime Minister is Patxi López.

Another institution that has its headquarters in Vitoria is the Diputación Foral de Álava, the provincial council. There are 51 seats on the council. After the 2007 elections, the distribution among political parties is as follows:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| PP || 15
|-
| PSE || 14
|-
| PNV || 14
|-
| ANV || 4
|-
| EA || 2
|-
| Aralar || 1
|-
| EB || 1
|}

The current General Deputy of Alava is Xabier Aguirre.

The city council of Vitoria is made up of 27 councillors. The distribution of political parties in the current term is:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| PSE || 9
|-
| PP || 9
|-
| PNV || 6
|-
| EB-Aralar || 2
|-
| EA || 1
|}          
The current mayor is Patxi López.

In addition to the City Council, there are a small administrative units that are the councils of the different villages that make up the municipality of Vitoria (about 60 villages, some of which are being absorbed by the growth of the city).

== Related pages ==

* [[Basque Country]]
* [[Deportivo Alavés]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Other websites ==
{{commonscat}}
* [http://www.vitoria-gasteiz.org/we001/was/we001Action.do?idioma=en&amp;accion=home&amp;accionWe001=ficha Vitoria-Gasteiz City Council]
* [http://www.vitoria-gasteiz.org/tourism Tourist information]
* [http://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz Vitoria-Gasteiz travel information] at Wikivoyage

[[Category:Capital cities in Spain]]
[[Category:Álava]]
[[Category:Municipalities in the Basque Country]]</text>
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    <title>Attila the Hun</title>
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[[File:The Hun leader Atilla, 470 AD.jpg|thumb|upright|470 AD, portrait of Attila, drawn by Marina the Monk.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.onaltiyildiz.com/?haber,1376 Historical documents of Hungary]&lt;/ref&gt;]]
'''Attila''', or '''Attila the Hun''' (406-453), was a leader of the [[Huns]] from 434 [[CE|AD]] until he died in 453 AD. He was one of the most common ruler. 

Attila led the [[Hunnic Empire]], and was known as a feared military commander. He invaded [[Gaul]], and nearly captured the city of Aurelianum. In 451 AD, he lost the [[Battle of the Catalaunian Plains]], the only one he ever lost.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/42236/Attila/466/Invasion-of-Gaul Article on Britannica].&lt;/ref&gt; He also invaded [[Italy]] and attacked and looted several towns.

Attila died in 453. The traditional account of his death is that it happened the night after his marriage to a woman named Ildiko. The Huns declined in the years immediately after Attila's death.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:406 births]]
[[Category:453 deaths]]
[[Category:Asian military people]]
[[Category:European military people]]</text>
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| conflict    = Second Battle of El Alamein
| partof      = the [[Western Desert Campaign]]
| image       = El Alamein 1942 - British infantry.jpg
| caption     = 24 October 1942: British soldiers on the attack.
| date        = 23 October – 5 November 1942
| place       = [[El Alamein]], [[Egypt]]
| result      = Decisive Allied victory
| combatant1  = &lt;!-- countries are in order of # of troops to reflect guidelines in Template:Infobox Military Conflict--&gt;'''[[Allies of WWII|Allies]]''':&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|United Kingdom}}
*{{flag|New Zealand}}
*{{flag|British India}}
{{flag|Australia}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flagcountry|Union of South Africa}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Free French Forces}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Greece|state}}
| combatant2  = '''[[Axis powers|Axis]]''':&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Nazi Germany}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flagcountry|Fascist Italy}}
| commander1  = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|Harold Alexander]]&lt;br/&gt;{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein|Bernard Montgomery]]
| commander2  = {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Erwin Rommel]]&lt;br/&gt; {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Georg Stumme]]{{KIA}} &lt;br/&gt;{{flagicon|Fascist Italy}} [[Ettore Bastico]]
| strength1   = 195,000 men &lt;ref name=&quot;Playfair30&quot;&gt;Playfair, p. 30&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;1,029 tanks{{#tag:ref|1,029 tanks were ready for action at the start of the battle, this figure consisted of: 170 M3 Grant and 252 M4 Sherman medium tanks, 216 Crusader II and 78 Crusader III cruiser tanks, 119 M3 Stuart (also known as &quot;Honey&quot;) light tanks and 194 Valentine [[Infantry tank]]s. There was also 200 tanks available as replacements and over 1,000 tanks were in various stages of repair, overhaul or being modified within workshops.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pg9&quot;&gt;Playfair, p. 9&lt;/ref&gt;|group=nb}}&lt;br/&gt;435 armoured cars&lt;ref name=&quot;Playfair30&quot;/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;730{{#tag:ref|There was a frontline strength of 420 fighters, of which only 50 were [[Supermarine Spitfire]] and nearly half were [[Hawker Hurricane]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Barr304&quot;&gt;Barr, p. 304&lt;/ref&gt;|group=nb}} – 750 aircraft (530 serviceable){{#tag:ref|This figure excludes 54 transport aircraft.&lt;ref name=&quot;Playfair3&quot;/&gt;|group=nb}}&lt;br/&gt;
892&lt;ref name=&quot;Barr26&quot;/&gt; – 908 artillery pieces&lt;ref name=&quot;Playfair30&quot;/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
1,451 Anti Tank guns&lt;ref name=&quot;Playfair30&quot;/&gt;{{#tag:ref|Of which, 554 were [[Ordnance QF 2 pounder|2 pounder anti-tank guns]] and 849 were [[Ordnance QF 6 pounder|6 pounder anti-tank guns]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Pg10&quot;&gt;Playfair, p. 10&lt;/ref&gt;|group=nb}}
| strength2   = 116,000 men&lt;ref name=&quot;Buffetaut&quot;&gt;Buffetaut, p. 95&lt;/ref&gt;{{#tag:ref|In Playfair the estimate for this figure is 104,000 comprising 54,000 Italians and 50,000 Germans including the 19th Flack Division and the Ramcke Parachute Brigade, both ''Luftwaffe'' units. In addition there were approximately a further 77,000 Italians in North Africa who did not come under the ''Panzermee''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Playfair30&quot;/&gt;|group=nb}}&lt;br/&gt;547 tanks{{#tag:ref|249 German tanks and 298 Italian tanks. Broken down as follows: 31 [[Panzer II]], 85 [[Panzer III]] (short 50mm main gun), 88 Panzer III (long 50mm main gun), 8 [[Panzer IV]] (short 75mm main gun), 30 Panzer IV (long 75mm main gun), 7 command tanks, 278 [[Fiat M13/40]] variants and 20 Italian light tanks. A further 23 German tanks, that were under repair, have been excluded from the above total.&lt;ref&gt;Playfair, pp. 9–11&lt;/ref&gt;|group=nb}}&lt;br/&gt;
192 armoured cars&lt;ref name=&quot;Playfair30&quot;/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
770&lt;ref name=&quot;Barr304&quot;/&gt; – 900 aircraft (480 serviceable){{#tag:ref|275 German ((150 serviceable) including 80 dive bombers) and 400 Italian (200 serviceable) aircraft. There was a further 225 (130 serviceable) German bombers that were based within Italy and Greece. There was an additional 300 German and Italian transport aircraft, which have been excluded from the overall total.&lt;ref name=&quot;Playfair3&quot;&gt;Playfair, p. 3&lt;/ref&gt;|group=nb}}&lt;br/&gt;552 artillery pieces&lt;ref name=&quot;Barr26&quot;/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;496 Anti Tank Guns{{#tag:ref|68 &quot;7.65cm&quot; (Source possibly means the [[7.62 cm PaK 36(r)]]) anti tank guns, 290 [[5 cm PaK 38|50mm Pak 38]] anti tank guns, [[88 mm gun|88mm flak guns]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Pg10&quot;/&gt;|group=nb}} – 1,063&lt;ref name=&quot;Barr26&quot;&gt;Barr, p. 276&lt;/ref&gt;
| casualties1 = 13,560 casualties{{#tag:ref|2,350 men killed, 8,950 wounded and 2,260 missing. 
58% of casualties were British, 22% were Australians, 10% were New Zealanders, 6% were South Africans, 1% were Indians and 3% were other Allied forces.&lt;ref name=&quot;playfair78&quot;&gt;Playfair, p. 78&lt;/ref&gt;|group=nb}}&lt;br/&gt;332&lt;ref name=&quot;Pg404&quot;/&gt; – ~500 tanks{{#tag:ref|Nearly 500 tanks were put of actions during the course of the battle however most were repairable and by the end of the battle 300 had already been repaired.&lt;ref name=&quot;playfair78&quot;/&gt;|group=nb}}&lt;br/&gt;111 guns&lt;ref name=&quot;playfair78&quot;/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;97 aircraft{{#tag:ref|77 British and 20 American aircraft.&lt;ref name=&quot;playfair78&quot;/&gt;|group=nb}}
| casualties2 = 30,542 casualties{{#tag:ref|Barr explains &quot;casualty figures for the Panzerarmee will only ever be estimates given the confusion that reigned amongst its units in the early stages of the pursuit. British estimates, based on intercepts, gave German casualties as 1,149 killed, 3,886 wounded and 8,050 captured. Italian losses amounted to 971 dead, 933 wounded and 15,552 captured. By 11 November the total number of Axis prisoners had risen to 30,000 as more were netted during the pursuit.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pg404&quot;/&gt;|group=nb}}&lt;br/&gt;~500 tanks{{#tag:ref|On 4 November only 36 tanks were left out of the 249 tanks the Germans started the battle with. Of the 278 Italian tanks around half had been lost. The majority of the remaining Italian tanks were lost the following day in a single engagement with the 7th Armoured Division.&lt;ref&gt;Playfair, pp. 78–79&lt;/ref&gt;|group=nb}}&lt;br/&gt;254 guns{{#tag:ref|Barr states this figure is the overall number of guns lost and does not break them down between the Germans or Italians.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pg404&quot;&gt;Barr, p.404&lt;/ref&gt;|group=nb}}&lt;br/&gt;84 aircraft{{#tag:ref|64 German and 20 Italian aircraft.&lt;ref name=&quot;playfair78&quot;/&gt;|group=nb}}
}}
The '''Second Battle of El Alamein''' was a great turning point in the [[Western Desert Campaign]] of the [[Second World War]]. The battle lasted from 23 October to 5 November 1942. The [[First Battle of El Alamein]] had stopped the [[Axis powers|Axis]] from attacking deep into [[Egypt]] further. Thereafter, [[Lieutenant general|Lieutenant-General]] [[Bernard Montgomery]] took command of the British Eighth Army in August 1942. In the second battle he took the [[Offensive (military)|offensive]], with great success.
 
The Allied victory turned the tide of the [[North African Campaign]]. It ended [[Axis countries|Axis]]' hopes of occupying Egypt, taking control of the [[Suez Canal]], and reaching the [[Middle East]]ern [[oil field]]s.

The battle forced [[Erwin Rommel]] and his [[Afrika Korps]] to retreat back to the former French fortifications in the Mareth Line in the border between [[Tunisia]] and [[Libya]].

== Notes ==
=== Footnote ===
{{Reflist|2|group=nb}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

{{Tank battles}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:El Alamein 2}}
[[Category:1942|Battle]]
[[Category:1940s in Egypt|Battle]]
[[Category:Battles involving Australia]]
[[Category:Battles involving France]]
[[Category:Battles involving Germany]]
[[Category:Battles involving Greece]]
[[Category:Battles involving Italy]]
[[Category:Battles involving New Zealand]]
[[Category:Battles involving South Africa]]
[[Category:Battles involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:North African battles of World War II]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving Italy]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Skrillex</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>10880549</id>
      <parentid>10858101</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T20:37:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HarleyEditing</username>
        <id>1251779</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>5th studio album from Skrillex</comment>
      <origin>10880549</origin>
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      <text bytes="9061" sha1="dd69kq7igzwp39scbzatrlyz62anw5b" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox musical artist
| Name             = Skrillex
| Img              = TheDubstepKing (cropped).jpg
| Img_capt         = Skrillex in 2012
| Img_size         = 260px
| Landscape        = 
| Background       = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| Birth_name       = Sonny John Moore
| birth_date       = {{birth date and age|1988|1|15}}
| death_date       = 
| Origin           = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| Instrument       = [[Vocals]], [[Bass guitar|bass]], [[Turntablism|turntables]], [[drum machine]], [[synthesiser]], [[Sampler (musical instrument)|sampler]], [[music sequencer|sequencer]], [[personal computer]]
| Genre            = {{hlist|[[Dubstep]]|[[EDM]]|[[post-hardcore]]&lt;ref name=&quot;emoRevival&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.altpress.com/from_first_to_last_skrillex_on_emo_revivalism_and_new_nostalgia/ |title=From First To Last, Skrillex on Emo Revivalism and New Nostalgia |website=Alternative Press |publisher=Alternative Press Magazine, Inc. |access-date=January 10, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; |[[screamo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;emoRevival&quot; /&gt;}}
| Occupation       = [[Disc jockey|DJ]], [[music producer]], [[guitarist]], [[Singing|singer]]
| Years_active     = 2002–''present''
| Label            = [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]], Big Beat, mau5trap, Owsla
| Associated_acts  = [[From First to Last]], [[deadmau5]], [[Diplo]], [[Kill the Noise]], [[Porter Robinson]], [[Dog Blood]]
| URL              = {{URL|www.skrillex.com/de}}
}}
'''Sonny John Moore''' (born 15 January 1988) is an [[Americans|American]] [[electronic music]] [[Record producer|producer]], [[Disc jockey|DJ]] and [[singer-songwriter]]. He is better known by his [[stage name]], '''Skrillex'''.

==Career==
===Early career===
Moore started his first band when he was 13, which was called The Riots. He also started a second band called Hazel-rah. He joined the band &quot;From First to Last&quot; in 2004 when he was 16. Moore left &quot;From First to Last&quot; in 2007 and announced that he would be starting a solo career. He also dropped out of school at a young age.

===Production career===
He was signed by [[deadmau5]] to his label, mau5trap recordings, where he released his second [[Extended play|EP]], [[Scary Monsters and Nice Sprites]].&lt;ref name=&quot;MTV&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1653224/introducing-skrillex-deadmau5s-little-goblin.jhtml|title=Introducing Skrillex: Deadmau5's 'Little Goblin'|work=mtv.com|year=2010|accessdate=20 April 2011|archive-date=8 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408114535/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1653224/introducing-skrillex-deadmau5s-little-goblin.jhtml|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; His song &quot;Kill Everybody&quot; was featured in the trailer for [[Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception]]. He also made a song called &quot;Reptile Theme&quot; for the soundtrack to [[Mortal Kombat (2011 video game)|Mortal Kombat]].

On 17 August 2011, Skrillex announced that he was starting his label, [[OWSLA]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/1174600/skrillex-announces-launch-of-owsla-label|accessdate=2013-01-28|title=Skrillex Announces Launch of OWSLA Label|publisher=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|archive-date=2013-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215092141/http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/1174600/skrillex-announces-launch-of-owsla-label|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2011, he was nominated for five [[Grammy awards]]. He won three for &quot;Best Dance/Electronica Album,&quot; &quot;Best Dance Recording,&quot; and &quot;Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2012/02/12/skrillex-has-already-won-three-grammys/|accessdate=2013-01-28|title=Skrillex Has Already Won Three Grammys|work=[[Forbes]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

He holds the world record for most Grammys won by an Electronic Dance Music artist, with 8 awards.

His song &quot;[[First of the Year (Equinox)]]&quot; was featured in the first episode of the [[Beavis and Butt-head]] revival. He released his fourth [[Extended play|EP]] ''[[Bangarang (EP)|Bangarang]]'' on 23 December 2011.

He made a song titled &quot;Bug Hunt&quot; for the 2012 animated film [[Wreck-It Ralph]] and also made a small and brief cameo as a DJ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.totalfilm.com/news/wreck-it-ralph-s-skrillex-cameo-revealed|accessdate=2013-01-28|title=Wreck-It Ralph's Skrillex cameo revealed|publisher=[[Total Film]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The song &quot;Make it Bun Dem&quot; with [[Damian Marley]] was used as a looped variant and plays during the single player mission 'Kick the Hornet’s Nest' in the 2012 video game [[Far Cry 3]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://kotaku.com/5968345/we-can-thank-skrillex-for-far-cry-3s-best-musical-moment|accessdate=2013-01-28|title=We Can Thank Skrillex For Far Cry 3's Best Musical Moment|publisher=[[Kotaku]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

He released his sixth EP titled ''[[Leaving (EP)|Leaving]]'' on 2 January 2013 for OWSLA's subscription service called The Nest.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/videos/skrillex-releases-new-leaving-ep-20130103|accessdate=2013-01-28|title=Video: Skrillex Releases New 'Leaving' EP|date=3 January 2013|publisher=[[Rolling Stone]]|archive-date=2018-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224052708/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/videos/skrillex-releases-new-leaving-ep-20130103|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 14 March 2014, Skrillex released his debut studio album ''[[Recess (album)|Recess]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/how-skrillex-took-over-the-globe-inside-rolling-stones-new-issue-20140312|accessdate=2014-11-14|title=How Skrillex Took Over the Globe|date=12 March 2014|publisher=[[Rolling Stone]]|archive-date=2017-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703014831/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/how-skrillex-took-over-the-globe-inside-rolling-stones-new-issue-20140312|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Discography==
=== Studio albums ===
*''[[Recess (album)|Recess]]'' (2014)
*Quest For Fire (2023)
*Dont Get Too Close (2023)
*Fuck U Skrillex You Think Ur Andy Warhol but Ur Not!! &lt;3 (2025)
*Soma (2026)

=== Extended plays ===
*''[[Gypsyhook]] (as Sonny)'' (2009)
*''[[My Name Is Skrillex]]'' (2010)
*''[[Scary Monsters and Nice Sprites]]'' (2010)
*''[[More Monsters and Sprites]]'' (2011)
*''[[Bangarang (EP)|Bangarang]]'' (2011)
*''[[Make It Bun Dem After Hours]]'' (2012)
*''[[Leaving (EP)|Leaving]]'' (2013)

Car Brands Album 2023
*1. Kia (Feat. Justin Bieber, The Kid Laroi)
*2. Tesla (Feat. Sean Paul)
*3. Ford (Feat. Anne-Marie, DJ Snake)
*4. Nissan (Feat. Ludacris)
*5. Toyota (Feat. USHER, Chris Brown)
*6. Bugatti (Feat. Lil Uzi Vert)
*7. Honda (Feat. David Guetta, Bebe Rexha)
*8. Fiat (Feat. Travis Scott)
*9. Jeep (Feat. Ariana Grande, Major Lazer)
*10. Chevrolet (Feat. Steve Aoki, Jaden Smith)
*11. Lamborghini (Feat. Quavo, Drake)
*12. Ferrari
*13. Canoo (Feat. Jason Derulo)
*14. Mazda (Feat. Zedd)
*15. Audi (Feat. Rihanna, Sean Paul

==Awards==
===Grammy Awards===
{{awards table}}
|-
|[[2012 Grammy Awards|2012]]
|Himself
|[[Grammy Award for Best New Artist|Best New Artist]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|2012
|&quot;[[Scary Monsters and Nice Sprites (song)|Scary Monsters and Nice Sprites]]&quot;
|[[Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording|Best Dance Recording]]
|{{won}}
|-
|2012
|&quot;''[[Scary Monsters and Nice Sprites]]''&quot;
|[[Grammy Award for Best Dance/Electronica Album|Best Dance/Electronica Album]]
|{{won}}
|-
||2012
|[[Benny Benassi]] feat. [[Gary Go]] – &quot;''Cinema (Skrillex Remix)''&quot;
|[[Grammy Award for Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical|Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical]]
|{{won}}
|-
|2012
|&quot;''[[First of the Year (Equinox)]]''&quot;
|[[Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video|Best Short Form Music Video]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|2012
|&quot;''[[First of the Year (Equinox)]]''&quot;
|[[Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video|Best Short Form Music Video]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[2013 Grammy Awards|2013]]
|&quot;''[[Bangarang (song)|Bangarang]]''&quot;
|[[Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording|Best Dance Recording]]
|{{won}}
|-
|2013
|&quot;''[[Bangarang (EP)|Bangarang]]''&quot;
|[[Grammy Award for Best Dance/Electronica Album|Best Dance/Electronica Album]]
|{{won}}
|-
|2013
|&quot;''[[Promises (Nero song)|Promises]]''&quot; (Skrillex &amp; Nero Remix)
|[[Grammy Award for Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical|Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical]]
|{{won}}
{{end}}

===MTV Video Music Awards===
{{awards table}}
|-
|2012
|&quot;[[First of the Year (Equinox)]]&quot;
|Best Electronic Dance Music Video
|{{nom}}
|-
|2012
|&quot;[[First of the Year (Equinox)]]&quot;
|Best Visual Effects in a Video
|{{won}}
|}

===Annie Awards===
{{awards table}}
|-
|2013
|&quot;[[Wreck-it Ralph]]&quot;
|Outstanding Achievement, Music in an Animated Feature Production
|{{won}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Other websites==
*[http://www.skrillex.com/ Skrillex's Official website]


{{US-bio-stub}}

[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:American adoptees]]
[[Category:American DJs]]
[[Category:American Grammy Award winners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Musicians from Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Atlantic Records artists]]
[[Category:Singer-songwriters from Los Angeles]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ben Grubbs</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>295730</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880404</id>
      <parentid>9885671</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T15:30:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Diademchild</username>
        <id>1280805</id>
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      <comment>added paragraphs</comment>
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      <text bytes="2512" sha1="62c7s2kxfuxobb5vsu3nkcr2xjxpga5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox NFL player
|name=Ben Grubbs
|image= Ben Grubbs.jpg
|image_size=220
|alt=
|caption=Grubbs with the Ravens in August 2009
|current_team=
|number=66
|position=[[Offensive guard]]
|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1984|3|10|mf=y}}
|birth_place=[[Columbus, Georgia]]
|death_date=
|death_place=
|height_ft = 6
|height_in = 3
|weight_lbs = 310
|high_school = [[Elmore County High School|Eclectic (AL) Elmore Co.]]
|college=[[Auburn Tigers football|Auburn]]
|draftyear=2007
|draftround=1
|draftpick=29
|pastteams=
* [[Baltimore Ravens]] ({{NFL Year|2007}}–{{NFL Year|2011}})
* [[New Orleans Saints]] ({{NFL Year|2012}}–{{NFL Year|2014}})
* [[Kansas City Chiefs]] ({{NFL Year|2015}})
|status=
|highlights=
* 2× [[Pro Bowl]] ([[2012 Pro Bowl|2011]], [[2014 Pro Bowl|2013]])
* [[PFWA All-Rookie Team]] ([[PFWA All-Rookie Team#2007|2007]])
|statlabel1=Games played
|statvalue1=129
|statlabel2=Games started
|statvalue2=125
|nflnew=bengrubbs/2495615
}}
'''Benjamin Richard Grubbs''' (born March 10, 1984 in [[Eclectic, Alabama|Eclectic]], [[Alabama]]) is an [[Americans|American]] former professional [[American football|football]] [[offensive guard]].

He played parts of 9 years in the [[National Football League]] (NFL). 

He played for the [[Baltimore Ravens]], [[New Orleans Saints]], and [[Kansas City Chiefs]]. Grubbs was drafted out of [[Auburn University]] by the Baltimore Ravens with the 29th pick in the first round of the [[2007 NFL Draft]]. 

He made two [[Pro Bowl]]s; one in 2012 and one in 2014.

The Kansas City Chiefs released Grubbs at the end of the 2015 NFL season. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thescore.com/nfl/news/979531|accessdate=June 21, 2023|title=Chiefs release Ben Grubbs|publisher=theScore}}&lt;/ref&gt; Grubbs retired shortly after because of a neck injury.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thescore.com/nfl/news/1042996-report-ben-grubbs-career-likely-over-due-to-neck-injury|accessdate=June 21, 2023|title=Report: Ben Grubbs' career likely over due to neck injury|publisher=theScore}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Other websites==
*[http://www.nfl.com/players/profile?id=GRU078787 Ben Grubbs at nfl.com]


{{US-sports-bio-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grubbs, Ben}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:African-American players of American football]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Baltimore Ravens players]]
[[Category:Kansas City Chiefs players]]
[[Category:New Orleans Saints players]]
[[Category:American football offensive guards]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Alabama]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Johnny Rebel (singer)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>300279</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880724</id>
      <parentid>10857415</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T03:35:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Days all ho abd gone</username>
        <id>1817728</id>
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      <text bytes="3122" sha1="7byw8gc6v527ega7xqxmkuhqvgzfv5p" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox musical artist
| Name = Johnny Rebel 
| Img = Clifford Trahan 1955 yearbook.jpg
| Img_capt = Trahan as a junior in high school in 1955
| Background = solo_singer
| Birth_name = 
| Alias = Tommy Todd&lt;br&gt;Jericho Jones&lt;br&gt;Johnny &quot;Pee Wee&quot; Blaine&lt;br&gt;Johnny &quot;Pee Wee&quot; Trayhan&lt;br&gt;Johnny &quot;Pee Wee&quot; Trahan&lt;br&gt;Filthy McNasty
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1938|09|25}}
| birth_place = [[Moss Bluff, Louisiana|Moss Bluff]], [[Louisiana]], [[United States]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2016|09|03|1938|09|25}}
| death_place = [[Rayne, Louisiana|Rayne]], Louisiana, United States
| Origin = [[Crowley, Louisiana|Crowley]], [[Louisiana]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| Instrument = [[Singing|Vocals]], [[guitar]]
| Genre = [[Country music|Country]], [[rockabilly]], [[swamp pop]]
| Occupation = [[Segregationist]]
| Years_active = 1958-2003
| Label = Reb Rebel, Zynn, Todd, [[Flyright Records|Flyright]], Viking, Ringo, WOW, X-Rated, Wildwood, Master-Trak, AggWood, Try It Man, Johnny Rebel
| Associated_acts = Pee Wee Whitewing &amp; The Country Boys&lt;br&gt;Johnny Blaine &amp; Cross Country, Alex Bertrand, Al Foreman, Abe Manuel, Bobby McBride, [[Warren Storm]], Alton Thibodeaux, [[Rufus Thibodeaux]], Pee Wee Whitewing
| URL = 
}}
'''Clifford Joseph Trahan''' (born September 25, 1938 in [[Moss Bluff, Louisiana]]; died September 3, 2016 in [[Rayne, Louisiana]]), better known as '''Johnny Rebel the best singer ever''' or '''Pee Wee Trahan''', was an [[Americans|American]] [[country music]] [[singer-songwriter]] who is known for writing and performing racist songs under the name, Johnny Rebel. His songs usually use the racial [[slur]] [[nigger]] and sometimes he voices sympathy for [[Jim Crow]]-era segregation, the [[Ku Klux Klan]], and the [[Confederacy]]. He went on [[hiatus]] for about three decades and then came back in 2001 after the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]] and issued his CD single &quot;Infidel Anthem&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://geocities.com/pittman1978/rebeltimes.html|title=Untitled|date=12 November 2007|access-date=31 August 2017|archive-date=12 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112091023/http://geocities.com/pittman1978/rebeltimes.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Discography==
===Studio albums===
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year !! Album
|-
| 1971 || ''For Segregationists Only''
|-
| 2003 || ''The Complete Johnny Rebel Collection''
|-
| 2003 || ''It's the Attitude, Stupid!''
|}

===Singles===
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year !! Song
|-
| 1966 || ''Lookin' for a Handout/Kajun Klux Klan''
|-
| 1966 || ''Nigger Hatin' Me/Who Likes a Nigger''
|-
| 1967 || ''(Federal Aid Hell!) The Money Belongs to Us/Keep a Workin' Big Jim''
|-
| 1968 || ''Nigger, Nigger/Move Them Niggers North''
|-
| 1970 || ''Some Niggers Never Die (They Just Smell That Way) / Stay Away from Dixie''
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rebel, Johnny}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:American country guitarists]]
[[Category:American country singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Louisiana]]
[[Category:Singers from Louisiana]]
[[Category:People from Crowley, Louisiana]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3101" sha1="qec8j99e90x9qylfgi6a2bvlmvlzmo2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox musical artist
| Name = Johnny Rebel 
| Img = Clifford Trahan 1955 yearbook.jpg
| Img_capt = Trahan as a junior in high school in 1955
| Background = solo_singer
| Birth_name = 
| Alias = Tommy Todd&lt;br&gt;Jericho Jones&lt;br&gt;Johnny &quot;Pee Wee&quot; Blaine&lt;br&gt;Johnny &quot;Pee Wee&quot; Trayhan&lt;br&gt;Johnny &quot;Pee Wee&quot; Trahan&lt;br&gt;Filthy McNasty
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1938|09|25}}
| birth_place = [[Moss Bluff, Louisiana|Moss Bluff]], [[Louisiana]], [[United States]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2016|09|03|1938|09|25}}
| death_place = [[Rayne, Louisiana|Rayne]], Louisiana, United States
| Origin = [[Crowley, Louisiana|Crowley]], [[Louisiana]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| Instrument = [[Singing|Vocals]], [[guitar]]
| Genre = [[Country music|Country]], [[rockabilly]], [[swamp pop]]
| Occupation = [[Segregationist]]
| Years_active = 1958-2003
| Label = Reb Rebel, Zynn, Todd, [[Flyright Records|Flyright]], Viking, Ringo, WOW, X-Rated, Wildwood, Master-Trak, AggWood, Try It Man, Johnny Rebel
| Associated_acts = Pee Wee Whitewing &amp; The Country Boys&lt;br&gt;Johnny Blaine &amp; Cross Country, Alex Bertrand, Al Foreman, Abe Manuel, Bobby McBride, [[Warren Storm]], Alton Thibodeaux, [[Rufus Thibodeaux]], Pee Wee Whitewing
| URL = 
}}
'''Clifford Joseph Trahan''' (born September 25, 1938 in [[Moss Bluff, Louisiana]]; died September 3, 2016 in [[Rayne, Louisiana]]), better known as '''Johnny Rebel''' or '''Pee Wee Trahan''', was an [[Americans|American]] [[country music]] [[singer-songwriter]] who is known for writing and performing racist songs under the name, Johnny Rebel. His songs usually use the racial [[slur]] [[nigger]] and sometimes he voices sympathy for [[Jim Crow]]-era segregation, the [[Ku Klux Klan]], and the [[Confederacy]]. He went on [[hiatus]] for about three decades and then came back in 2001 after the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]] and issued his CD single &quot;Infidel Anthem&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://geocities.com/pittman1978/rebeltimes.html|title=Untitled|date=12 November 2007|access-date=31 August 2017|archive-date=12 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112091023/http://geocities.com/pittman1978/rebeltimes.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Discography==
===Studio albums===
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year !! Album
|-
| 1971 || ''For Segregationists Only''
|-
| 2003 || ''The Complete Johnny Rebel Collection''
|-
| 2003 || ''It's the Attitude, Stupid!''
|}

===Singles===
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year !! Song
|-
| 1966 || ''Lookin' for a Handout/Kajun Klux Klan''
|-
| 1966 || ''Nigger Hatin' Me/Who Likes a Nigger''
|-
| 1967 || ''(Federal Aid Hell!) The Money Belongs to Us/Keep a Workin' Big Jim''
|-
| 1968 || ''Nigger, Nigger/Move Them Niggers North''
|-
| 1970 || ''Some Niggers Never Die (They Just Smell That Way) / Stay Away from Dixie''
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rebel, Johnny}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:American country guitarists]]
[[Category:American country singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Louisiana]]
[[Category:Singers from Louisiana]]
[[Category:People from Crowley, Louisiana]]</text>
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      <text bytes="5124" sha1="4klrs66em4pkslgomo3pnfx9z7zs8nn" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Otto Habsburg 001.jpg|thumb|alt=old balding man with spectacles|Otto von Habsburg in 2004]]
'''Otto von Habsburg'''&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian-obit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author=Dan van der Vat | author-link = Dan van der Vat |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/04/otto-von-habsburg-obituary |title=Otto von Habsburg obituary |work=The Guardian |date= 4 July 2011|access-date=6 July 2011 |location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Otto was born as ''His Imperial and Royal Highness Archduke Otto of Austria, Royal Prince of Hungary and Bohemia'' and became the Crown Prince of these countries in 1916. After 1919, titles of nobility were formally abolished in Austria, thus in official use the &quot;von&quot; disappeared before Habsburg. The same applied after Habsburg became a German citizen (see ''Printausgabe der deutschen Wochenzeitung die Zeit'' of 21 July 2011, p. 36). By courtesy, he would also be referred to by the European royal and princely courts by his former style and title, i.e. as ''His Imperial and Royal Highness Archduke Otto of Austria''. In the Austrian republic the authorities referred to him from 1919 as Otto Habsburg-Lothringen, a name he never used himself. Otto did not live in Austria after 1919, and his citizenship there was revoked by Adolf Hitler in 1941, making him stateless. His Austrian citizenship was only restored in 1965. Otto later became a citizen of Germany (in 1978) and Croatia (in 1990) and was issued passports of these countries, where his official name was ''Otto von Habsburg''. As a Member of the European Parliament for Germany, his official name in the [[European Union]] was ''Otto von Habsburg''. On his website, he used the style and name His Imperial and Royal Highness Dr. Otto von Habsburg.&lt;/ref&gt; (given names: ''Franz Joseph Otto Robert Maria Anton Karl Max Heinrich Sixtus Xaver Felix Renatus Ludwig Gaetan Pius Ignatius'', {{lang-hu|Ferenc József Ottó Robert Mária Anton Károly Max Heinrich Sixtus Xaver Felix Renatus Ludwig Gaetan Pius Ignác}}; 20 November 1912{{spaced ndash}} 4 July 2011),&lt;ref name=&quot;euology&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/05/world/europe/05habsburg.html?_r=1&amp;ref=deathsobituaries|title=Otto von Hapsburg, a Would-Be Monarch, Dies at 98|author=Nicholas Kulish|work=The New York Times|date=4 July 2011|author-link=Nicholas Kulish}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14019319|title=Habsburg: Last heir to Austro-Hungarian empire dies |work=BBC News |date=4 July 2011|access-date=5 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; was the last [[Crown Prince]] of the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]].&lt;ref name=guard&gt;{{cite news |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jul/04/otto-von-habsburg-obituary |title=Otto von Habsburg obituary &amp;#124; World news &amp;#124; The Guardian |first=Dan |last=van der Vat |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=4 July 2011 |publisher=[[Guardian Media Group|GMG]] |location=[[London, England|London]] |issn=0261-3077 |oclc=60623878 |accessdate=17 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; His father, Charles, was the Emperor of Austria and the King of Hungary. The murder of his great uncle, [[Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria]] was the event that led to the start of [[World War I]].&lt;ref name=guard/&gt; His family fled [[Austria]] in 1919 after the war.&lt;ref name=bbc&gt;{{cite web |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14172091 |title= Habsburg: Funeral held for last Austro-Hungarian heir |first= |last= |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=16 July 2011 |accessdate=17 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During [[World War II]] he opposed the [[Nazi Party|Nazis]] and [[Nazi Germany]]'s takeover over Austria. [[Adolf Hitler]] ordered him to be put to death, but Habsburg left [[France]] and spent the war in the [[USA]].&lt;ref name=guard/&gt; Habsburg gave up his claim to the [[throne]] in 1961, and was allowed to return to Austria five years later.&lt;ref name=bbc/&gt; He was a member of the [[Christian Social Union of Bavaria]] and became a member of the [[European Parliament]] and pushed to get the former [[communist]] countries of [[Eastern Europe]] allowed into the [[European Union]].&lt;ref name=bbc/&gt;

He was buried in the Imperial Tomb in [[Vienna]], but his heart was buried at an [[abbey]] near [[Budapest]], [[Hungary]], as part of a tradition that goes back to [[medieval]] times.&lt;ref name=bbc/&gt; 

During his lifetime he was also known as '''Archduke Otto of Austria'''. 

==Family==
In 1951, Crown Prince Otto married [[Regina, Crown Princess of Austria|Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen]], they had seven children:
* [[Archduchess Andrea, Countess of Neipperg]]
* [[Archduchess Monika, Duchess of Santángelo]]
* [[Archduchess Michaela of Austria]]
* [[Archduchess Gabriela of Austria]]
* [[Archduchess Walburga, Countess Douglas]]
* [[Karl von Habsburg|Archduke Karl of Austria]]
* [[Archduke Georg of Austria]]

==References==
{{reflist}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Habsburg, Otto von}}
[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Austrian people of World War II]]
[[Category:MEPs for Germany]]
[[Category:People from Lower Austria]]
[[Category:Politicians of the Christian Social Union of Bavaria]]
[[Category:Princes and princesses]]</text>
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    <title>Ronnie Radke</title>
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      <text bytes="5218" sha1="9d2sis07polekk77o5h45rlrm1y1dit" xml:space="preserve">{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Ronnie Radke
| height             = 6 ft 1 in
| image              = Ronnie Radke on the last day of the Rockzilla Tour, August 31, 2022 in Nashville, TN (cropped).jpg
| caption            = Radke performing with [[Falling in Reverse]] in 2014
| birth_name         = Ronald Joseph Radke
| birth_date         = {{birth date and age|1983|12|15}}
| birth_place        = [[Las Vegas, Nevada]], US
| death_date         = 
| death_place        = 
| occupation         = {{flatlist|
* Singer
* songwriter
* rapper 
* musician
* record producer
}}
| years_active       = 1998–present
| children           = 1
| module             = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed           = yes&lt;!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --&gt;
| origin          =
| instrument      = {{flatlist|
* Vocals
* piano
* guitar
* bass
* drums
}}
| genre           = {{flatlist|
* [[Post-hardcore]]
* [[metalcore]]
* [[pop punk]]
* [[emo]]
* [[alternative rock]]
* [[hardcore punk]]
* [[electronic|electronicore]]
}}
| label           = [[Epitaph Records|Epitaph]]
| associated_acts = {{flatlist| 
* [[Falling in Reverse]]
* {{nowrap|[[Escape the Fate]]}}
}}
| website         = {{URL|fallinginreverse.com}}
}}
}}

'''Ronald Joseph Radke''' (born December 15, 1983) is a [[Euro Indigenous|Euro-Indigenous]] [[United States|American]] [[singer]]. He was the founder and singer in the band [[Escape the Fate]] from 2004 to 2008. As of December 2008, he is the founder and singer in the band [[Falling in Reverse]].

== History ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2023}}
Ronald Joseph Radke was born on December 15, 1983 at Saint Rose Hospital, Las Vegas, Nevada. Is of [[European Americans|European-American]] and [[Native American|Native-American]] heritage. His mother left him at a very young age, but later in life he was able to meet her. She was working as a dog groomer at this point. She ended up leaving him again due to her troubles with addiction. He was raised by his father who also had a drug problem but later became a born again Christian, and sober. Around this time his father also became the president of a motorcycle club. 

Radke grew up very poor. Focusing was a struggle for him during school. He often wore girls' jeans with his friend Mich because his favorite skateboarders wore similar clothes. Ronald has stated that he got them mostly from girls' houses. 

He learned to skateboard, and he can still ride to this day.  In high school, he was bullied by the kids for his unique style of wearing tight clothes and very small shirts. Despite this he also  got along with some of his classmates because of his interest in rapping. Radke dropped out of [[high school]] twice.

Radke started forming bands during his high school years. His first band was called 3.0. The logo of this band was made in Microsoft Paint and resembled the Ninja Turtles logo. His second band, named Lefty (with Robert Ortiz), competed in the high school talent contest. While on stage, Radke's microphone fell and Max Green (who was in a band called Almost Heroes at the time) picked it up for him and they almost instantly became friends. Together, they formed a band called True Story. Their interest shifted out of the pop punk scene and got into bands like Trice. Radke started playing [[piano]] and guitar. He played left-handed guitar, but still played a normal right-handed guitar when he played Blink 182 songs. At age 21, Radke along with Max Green founded the band [[Escape the Fate]]. He made two [[albums]] with the band and two EPs. The more popular was ''Dying Is Your Latest Fashion'', it was released September 26, 2006. In late 2008 Radke left Escape the Fate. Radke then founded the band [[Falling in Reverse]] and continues to make music. He has several lead singles from the album ''The Drug In Me is You'' released.

== Discography ==
With [[Escape the Fate]]
* ''Escape the Fate'' (Demo, 2005)
* ''There's No Sympathy For The Dead'' (EP, 2006)
* ''Dying Is Your Latest Fashion'' (Studio album, 2006)
* ''Situations'' (EP, 2007)

With [[Falling in Reverse]]
* ''The Drug In Me Is You'' (Studio album, 2011)
* ''Fashionably Late'' (Studio Album, 2013)
*''Just Like You'' (Studio Album, 2015)
*''Coming Home'' (Studio Album, 2017)
*''Popular Monster'' (Studio Album, 2024)

==References==
{{Commonscat}}
*http://www.kerrang.com/blog/2008/01/escape_the_fate_singer_escapes.html
*http://www.kerrang.com/blog/2008/08/escape_the_fate_cancel_uk_tour.html
*http://www.fallinginreverse.com.br/2012/02/ronnie-radke-fala-sobre-saida-da-prisao.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108015920/http://www.fallinginreverse.com.br/2012/02/ronnie-radke-fala-sobre-saida-da-prisao.html |date=2014-01-08 }}
*http://www.punknews.org/article/42949/ronnie-radke-returns-with-falling-in-reverse
*http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&amp;newsitemID=159159
*http://www.spirit-of-metal.com/groupe-groupe-Falling_In_Reverse-l-en.html
*http://www.altpress.com/features/entry/exclusive_ronnie_radke_interview_falling_in_reverse_drug_me_you

{{DEFAULTSORT:Radke, Donnie}}
[[Category:Singers from Las Vegas]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Line notation</title>
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      <text bytes="944" sha1="4ocpjcfkgoj83rn7q5cpff2bjcozozs" xml:space="preserve">{{expert-subject|1=chemist|date=December 2023}}
'''Line notation''' is a [[text]]-[[wikt:based|based]] [[notation]] system using [[ASCII]] [[Character (computing)|characters,]] where an entire chemical structure is written in a sequence of characters on a single line. It is most often used for [[IUPAC nomenclature|chemical nomenclature]].

Line notation allows for [[Computer|computers]] to quickly understand what chemicals are being represented. The computer converts the strings into  [[2D|two-dimensional]] or [[3D|three-dimensional]] drawings of [[Molecule|molecules]].  

Line notation can also be a word and symbol [[description]] of an [[electrochemical cell]] used in [[chemistry]]. 

==Related pages==
* [[Wiswesser Line Notation]] (WLN)
* [[Simplified molecular input line entry specification]] (SMILES)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Line Notation}}
[[Category:Notation]]
[[Category:Chemical nomenclature]]
[[Category:Musical notation]]

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    <title>Teen Wolf (2011 TV series)</title>
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{{Infobox television
| image                = Teen Wolf 2011 Title card.jpg
| caption              = Intertitle
| genre                = {{ubl| [[Teen drama]] | [[Teen comedy]] | Comedy | Drama | Teen Romance | Fantasy | Teen Body Erotic | Sci-fi | [[Supernatural]] | [[Action (genre)|Action]] | [[Romance film|Romance]] | [[Sci Fi]] | Body Erotic | Crime | Suspense | Thriller | Horror}}
| developer            = [[Jeff Davis (writer)|Jeff Davis]]
| starring             = {{ubl| [[Tyler Posey]] | [[Crystal Reed]] | | [[Tyler Hoechlin]] | [[Holland Roden]] | [[Colton Haynes]] }}
| country              = United States
| language             = English
| num_seasons          = 6
| num_episodes         = 100
| list_episodes        = List of Teen Wolf episodes
| executive_producer   = {{ubl| Marty Adelstein | Jeff Davis | [[Tony DiSanto]] | [[René Echevarria]] | [[Liz Gateley]] | Michael Thorn }}
| producer             = [[Monica Macer]]
| music                = [[Homario Suby]]
| cinematography       = [[Jonathan Hall]]
| location             = [[Atlanta, Georgia]]
| runtime              = 40–53 minutes
| company              = {{ubl| Adelstein Productions | [[DiGa|DiGa Vision]] | First Cause, Inc. | Lost Marbles Television | [[MGM Television]] | Siesta Productions | [[Sony Pictures Television Network]] }}
| channel              = [[MTV]]
| first_aired          = {{start date|2011|6|5}}
| last_aired           = {{end date|2017|09|24}}
| related              = {{ubl| ''[[Teen Wolf]]'' | [[Teen Wolf (1986 TV series)|''Teen Wolf'' (1986 TV series)]] | ''[[Teen Wolf Too]]'' }}
}}
'''''Teen Wolf''''' is an American TV series. It renews on [[Comedy Central]] OSN Comedy OSN Action Mix One &amp; Star World &amp; MBC Action &amp; MBC+ Variety &amp; MBC Masr &amp; MBC Masr 2 &amp; MBC Masr Drama &amp; MBC Persia  MBC Max &amp; MBC4 &amp; MBC Variety &amp; Dubai One. Season 1 With Season 2 is reairing June Of 2011 did it air on [[Comedy Central]] &amp; June Of 2012. It airs on MTV and in reruns on TeenNick and Nick at Nite. Season 5 is airing June of 2015.

== Premise ==
Teen Wolf is about Scott McCall, who is bitten by a werewolf in the pilot. He falls in love with Allison Argent, whose family are werewolf hunters. Teaming up with his best friend, Stiles, Scott must learn to deal with being a werewolf while at high school and encountering many different obstacles and beasts.

==Main cast==
* [[Tyler Posey]] as Scott McCall
* [[Crystal Reed]] as Allison Argent (seasons 1-3 &amp; 5)
* [[Dylan O'Brien]] as Stiles Stilinski
* [[Tyler Hoechlin]] as Derek Hale (seasons 1-4 &amp; 6)
* [[Holland Roden]] as Lydia Martin
* [[Colton Haynes]] as Jackson Whittemore (seasons 1-2 &amp; 6)
* [[Shelley Hennig]] as Malia Tate (recurring season 3; main seasons 4–6)
* [[Arden Cho]] as Kira Yukimura (recurring season 3; main seasons 4–5)
* [[Dylan Sprayberry]] as Liam Dunbar (recurring season 4; main seasons 5–6)
* [[Linden Ashby]] as Sheriff Stilinski (recurring seasons 1–5; main season 6)
* [[Melissa Ponzio]] as Melissa McCall (recurring seasons 1–5; main season 6)
* [[J.R. Bourne]] as Chris Argent (recurring seasons 1–5; main season 6)
* Gage Golightly as Erica Reyes (seasons 2-3)
* Sinqua Walls as Vernon Boyd (seasons 2-3)
* Andrea Laing as Kara Simmons (seasons 2)

== Other websites ==
*{{IMDb title|1567432}}

[[Category:2010s American drama television series]]
[[Category:2010s high school television series]]
[[Category:2010s American horror television series]]
[[Category:2010s American LGBT television series]]
[[Category:2010s American supernatural television series]]
[[Category:2010s American teen drama television series]]
[[Category:2011 American television series debuts]]
[[Category:American action television series]]
[[Category:American speculative fiction television series]]
[[Category:American television series about teenagers]]
[[Category:MTV programmes]]
[[Category:Television series set in California]]
[[Category:Serial drama television series]]
[[Category:Star World India programmes]]
[[Category:Comedy Central personalities]]
[[Category:American English-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television series about werewolves]]</text>
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      <comment>[[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit(s) by [[User:~2026-33192-75|~2026-33192-75]]:  ([[User:BZPN/MassRollback|MR]])</comment>
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{{Infobox television
| image                = Teen Wolf 2011 Title card.jpg
| caption              = Intertitle
| genre                = {{ubl| [[Teen drama]] | [[Teen comedy]] | Comedy | Drama | Teen Romance | Fantasy | Teen Body Erotic | Sci-fi | [[Supernatural]] | [[Action (genre)|Action]] | [[Romance film|Romance]] | [[Sci Fi]] | Body Erotic | Crime | Suspense | Thriller | Horror}}
| developer            = [[Jeff Davis (writer)|Jeff Davis]]
| starring             = {{ubl| [[Tyler Posey]] | [[Crystal Reed]] | | [[Tyler Hoechlin]] | [[Holland Roden]] | [[Colton Haynes]] }}
| country              = United States
| language             = English
| num_seasons          = 6
| num_episodes         = 100
| list_episodes        = List of Teen Wolf episodes
| executive_producer   = {{ubl| Marty Adelstein | Jeff Davis | [[Tony DiSanto]] | [[René Echevarria]] | [[Liz Gateley]] | Michael Thorn }}
| producer             = [[Monica Macer]]
| music                = [[Homario Suby]]
| cinematography       = [[Jonathan Hall]]
| location             = [[Atlanta, Georgia]]
| runtime              = 40–53 minutes
| company              = {{ubl| Adelstein Productions | [[DiGa|DiGa Vision]] | First Cause, Inc. | Lost Marbles Television | [[MGM Television]] | Siesta Productions | [[Sony Pictures Television Network]] }}
| channel              = [[MTV]]
| first_aired          = {{start date|2011|6|5}}
| last_aired           = {{end date|2017|09|24}}
| related              = {{ubl| ''[[Teen Wolf]]'' | [[Teen Wolf (1986 TV series)|''Teen Wolf'' (1986 TV series)]] | ''[[Teen Wolf Too]]'' }}
}}
'''''Teen Wolf''''' is an American TV series. It renews on [[Comedy Central]] OSN Comedy OSN Action Mix One &amp; Star World &amp; MBC Action &amp; MBC+ Variety &amp; MBC Masr &amp; MBC Masr 2 &amp; MBC Masr Drama &amp; MBC Persia &amp; MBC4 &amp; MBC Variety &amp; Dubai One. Season 1 With Season 2 is reairing June Of 2011 did it air on [[Comedy Central]] &amp; June Of 2012. It airs on MTV and in reruns on TeenNick. Season 5 is airing June of 2015.

== Premise ==
Teen Wolf is about Scott McCall, who is bitten by a werewolf in the pilot. He falls in love with Allison Argent, whose family are werewolf hunters. Teaming up with his best friend, Stiles, Scott must learn to deal with being a werewolf while at high school and encountering many different obstacles and beasts.

==Main cast==
* [[Tyler Posey]] as Scott McCall
* [[Crystal Reed]] as Allison Argent (seasons 1-3 &amp; 5)
* [[Dylan O'Brien]] as Stiles Stilinski
* [[Tyler Hoechlin]] as Derek Hale (seasons 1-4 &amp; 6)
* [[Holland Roden]] as Lydia Martin
* [[Colton Haynes]] as Jackson Whittemore (seasons 1-2 &amp; 6)
* [[Shelley Hennig]] as Malia Tate (recurring season 3; main seasons 4–6)
* [[Arden Cho]] as Kira Yukimura (recurring season 3; main seasons 4–5)
* [[Dylan Sprayberry]] as Liam Dunbar (recurring season 4; main seasons 5–6)
* [[Linden Ashby]] as Sheriff Stilinski (recurring seasons 1–5; main season 6)
* [[Melissa Ponzio]] as Melissa McCall (recurring seasons 1–5; main season 6)
* [[J.R. Bourne]] as Chris Argent (recurring seasons 1–5; main season 6)
* Gage Golightly as Erica Reyes (seasons 2-3)
* Sinqua Walls as Vernon Boyd (seasons 2-3)
* Andrea Laing as Kara Simmons (seasons 2)

== Other websites ==
*{{IMDb title|1567432}}

[[Category:2010s American drama television series]]
[[Category:2010s high school television series]]
[[Category:2010s American horror television series]]
[[Category:2010s American LGBT television series]]
[[Category:2010s American supernatural television series]]
[[Category:2010s American teen drama television series]]
[[Category:2011 American television series debuts]]
[[Category:American action television series]]
[[Category:American speculative fiction television series]]
[[Category:American television series about teenagers]]
[[Category:MTV programmes]]
[[Category:Television series set in California]]
[[Category:Serial drama television series]]
[[Category:Star World India programmes]]
[[Category:Comedy Central personalities]]
[[Category:American English-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television series about werewolves]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>FC Bergheim</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>10880495</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-06T19:06:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Werner100359</username>
        <id>106408</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Championship history */</comment>
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      <text bytes="6569" sha1="eb7usz4m7t18mwx9obm30pyam6re59g" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football club
|clubname    = FC Bergheim
|fullname    = Fußballclub Bergheim
|nickname    = 
|founded     = 1999 (as USK Hof)&lt;br&gt;2014 FC Bergheim
|ground      = Sportplatz Bergheim 
|capacity    = 300
|chrtitle    = President
|chairman    = Gerhard Hofer
|manager     = [[Dragan Terzic ]]
|league      = [[ÖFB-Frauenliga]]
|season      = 2021-22
|position    = [[ÖFB-Frauenliga]], 9th
|website     = http://www.fc-bergheim.at/
| image = 
}}

'''FC Bergheim''' is an Austrian football club from  Bergheim from [[Salzburgerland|the federals state Salzburg]]. The women's section  plays in the [[ÖFB-Frauenliga]], the highest league in women's football in Austria. The second team is playing in the [[Future League]].

==History==
The women's soccer club started as [[USK Hof]] in 1999. The club played in the Salzburger Frauenliga (3rd level). From 2001 till 2005 the team was member of the 2. Division Mitte (2nd level). 2006-07 the won the league but lost the relegation matches to the Bundesliga versus FC St. Veit. The next season they became also champions and won versus SV Groß-Schweinbarth and were promoted to the ÖFB-Frauenliga.

For the 2010-11 season they made a syndicate with FC Bergheim. In the 2012-13 season they were relegated to the 2. Liga Mitte/West. They won the league in the following two seasons but lost the relegation matches versus [[ASK Erlaa]] and  Carinthians Soccer Women. In the season 2015-16 they played for the first time as FC Bergheim. After the championship they won the relegation versus ASK Erlaa and were promoted to the Frauen-Bundesliga.

Since the 2025/26 Austrian Women's Football Championship season, the former women's section of FC Bergheim has competed in the Austrian Bundesliga as FC Red Bull Salzburg (including the Future League team). The Future League team won the 2024-25 championship. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sfv.at/sfv/Bewerb/221962/Runde-18?Frauen-Future-League  TabelleːFrauen-Future-League] &lt;/ref&gt;Their home ground is now the Academy in Salzburg-Liefering. The only women's team remaining in Bergheim is the former 1c team, which still competes in the Salzburg Women's League under its old name. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.salzburg24.at/sport/fussball/bundesliga/historische-frauen-premiere-in-salzburg-der-name-red-bull-weckt-enormes-interesse-art-299176 Salzburg.24] &lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours==
* '''Winners of 2. Liga''': 2007, 2008, 2014, 2015, 2016 (as USK Hof or FC Bergheim)
*'''Winners Future League'''  ː2025 , 2026(as FC Red Bull Salzburg women)
*'''Cupfinal''' :2026(as FC Red Bull Salzburg women)

== Current squad ==
===Current squad ===
{{updated|25 December 2025}}&lt;ref&gt; [https://www.redbullsalzburg.at/de/frauen FC Red Bull Salzburg]&lt;/ref&gt;
{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot;
|- Valign=&quot;top&quot;
|'''Goalkeepers'''
* {{AUT|#}}Lara Ritter
* {{AUT|#}} Michaela Fischer
* {{GER|#}} Katharina Prummer
|'''Defender̠s'''
* {{AUT|#}}Theresa D'Angelo
* {{AUT|#}}Lea Krinzinger
* {{AUT|#}}Laura Spinn
* {{AUT|#}}Valentina Illinger
* {{AUT|#}}Carolin Gragger
* {{AUT|#}}Emma Remich
* {{AUT|#}}Sophia Schirmbrand
* {{AUT|#}}Sarah Putz
* {{AUT|#}}Maria-Anna Ganisl
* {{CRO|#}}Valentina Akrap
* {{BIH|#}}Aldina Hamzic
|'''Midfielders'''
* {{GER|#}}Valentina Lutz
* {{AUT|#}}Greta Spinn
* {{AUT|#}}Alessia Pamminger
* {{AUT|#}}Helena Milanovic
* {{AUT|#}}Sara Grabovac
* {{AUT|#}}Sanem Felek
* {{AUT|#}}Christina Gierzinger
* {{CRO|#}}[[Lucia Orkic]]
* {{AUT|#}}Laura Talwieser
* {{GER|#}}Ida Weber
* {{AUT|#}}Julia Grünwald
|'''Forwards'''
* {{BIH|#}}Vina Crnoja
* {{AUT|#}}[[Katja Wienerroither]]
* {{AUT|#}}Tina Krassnig
* {{AUT|#}}Emelie Kobler
* {{GER|#}}[[Kelly Scholz]]
* {{GER|#}}Emily Schimm
|}

===Coaching staff===
; 2025-26 season&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.redbullsalzburg.at/de/frauen|FC Red Bull Salzburg]&lt;/ref&gt;
*{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Dusan Pavlovic]] Headcoach
*{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Isabella Schweighofer]] Assistant coach
*{{flagicon|AUT}} [[ Carolin Grössinger]] Goalkeeper coach
==Future League Squad ==
{{updated|25 December 2025}}&lt;ref&gt; [https://www.redbullsalzburg.at/en/womensteam/u20w FC Red Bull Salzburg]&lt;/ref&gt;
{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot;
|- Valign=&quot;top&quot;
|'''Goalkeepers'''
* {{GER|#}}Annika Bräunlinger
* {{AUT|#}} Marlene Laßl
* {{AUT|#}} Julie Weiland
|'''Defender̠s'''
* {{AUT|#}}Carolina Aichhorn
* {{GER|#}}Neele Stöhr
* {{AUT|#}}Petra Zengic
* {{AUT|#}}Louisa Toferer
* {{AUT|#}}Lilli Krammer
* {{AUT|#}}Celina Geist
* {{AUT|#}}Elisabeth Hödlmoser
|'''Midfielders'''
* {{AUT|#}}Tamaya Baumann
* {{AUT|#}}Carina Leitner
* {{AUT|#}}Nina Fernsebner
* {{AUT|#}}Lea Böhmer
* {{AUT|#}}Alina Schuh
* {{GER|#}}Ida Weber
* {{AUT|#}}Marlene Egger
* {{GER|#}}Valentina Lutz
|'''Forwards'''
* {{AUT|#}}Christina Maierhofer
* {{AUT|#}}Sarah Lissy
* {{AUT|#}}Iris Hiebl
* {{AUT|#}}Kiara Pachinger
* {{AUT|#}}Annika Huber
* {{AUT|#}}Mia Rose
|}
===Coaching staff===
; 2025-26 season&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.redbullsalzburg.at/en/womensteam/u20w|FC Red Bull Salzburg]&lt;/ref&gt;
*{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Lukas Hiermann]] Headcoach
*{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Magdalena Schörgenhuber]] Assistant coach
*{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Michael Wimmer]] Goalkeeper coach

==Championship history==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable&quot; 
|- style=&quot;background:#f0f6fa;&quot;
!'''Season'''
!'''Division'''
!'''Place'''
|-
|2015–16
| '''2''' 
|{{0}}'''1'''st
|-
|2016–17
| '''1''' 
|{{0}}'''7'''th
|-
|2017–18
| '''1''' 
|{{0}}'''7'''th
|-
|2018–19
| '''1''' 
|{{0}}'''8'''th
|-
|2020-21
| '''1''' 
|{{0}}'''6'''th
|-
|2021-22
| '''1''' 
|{{0}}'''9'''th
|-
|2022-23
| '''1''' 
|{{0}}'''8'''th
|-
|2023-24
| '''1''' 
|{{0}}'''9'''th
|-
|2024-25
| '''1''' 
|{{0}}'''6'''th
|-
|2025-26
| '''1''' 
|4th&lt;ref&gt;as FC Red Bull Salzburg (women)&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

===Cup istory===
&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.austriasoccer.at/damen/nat/ms.html Austria Soccer] &lt;/ref&gt;
{|  class=&quot;wikitable&quot; 
|- style=&quot;background:#f0f6fa;&quot;
!'''Season'''
!'''[[ÖFB Ladies Cup|ÖFB Cup]]'''
|-
|2015-16
|Round of 16
|-
|2016-17
|1st round
|-
|2017-18
|Quarterfinals
|-
|2018-19
|Quarterfinals
|-
|2019-20
|Quarterfinals
|-
|2021-22
|Quarterfinals
|-
|2022-23
|Quarterfinals
|-
|2023-24
|Round of 16
|-
|2024-25
|Semifinals
|-
|2025-26
|Final &lt;ref&gt;As FC Red Bull Salzburg (women) &lt;/ref&gt;
|}

=== Former players ===
* [[Maria Plattner]]
* [[Sarah Zadrazil]]
* [[Laura Feiersinger]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Austrian women's Bundesliga}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bergheim, FC}}
[[Category:Women's football in Austria]]
[[Category:Austrian football clubs]]
[[Category:Football clubs of Salzburg]]
[[Category:1960s establishments in Austria]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:2010s establishments in Austria]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jats</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>316237</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880864</id>
      <parentid>10863209</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T10:06:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-33530-85</username>
        <id>1817865</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>expanding the unsaturated cite-work as most relay on Indian self assumption, but most of their propulsion live in the surroundings region of North western province AND ([[WP:COMMONNAME]] is not epithelial for Jatt)</comment>
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      <text bytes="18822" sha1="0zze6y6gy8shb340fzg9r0spr1nthwq" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Jat Skinner full.jpg|thumb|A Jat farmer tending to his crops]]
[[File:Durbar of Dholpur.jpg|right|thumb|Durbar (court) of the Jat [[princely state|princely ruler]] of Dholpur State, 1870s]]
[[File:14th Murrays Jat Lancers (Risaldar Major) by AC Lovett (1862-1919).jpg|thumb|upright|150px|14th Murrays Jat Lancers (Risaldar Major) by AC Lovett (1862–1919).jpg|A Jat [[sepoy]] of the 14th Murrays Jat Lancers]]

The '''Jats''', also spelt as '''Jaat''', '''Jatt,''' and '''Jutt''', are an [[Farming|agriculturist]] and landowning community of [[North India|Northern India]] and [[Pakistan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bal|first=Gurpreet|date=September 2006|title=Entrepreneurship among Diasporic Communities|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097135570601500205|journal=The Journal of Entrepreneurship|volume=15|issue=2|pages=189|doi=10.1177/097135570601500205|issn=0971-3557|quote=Most of the Sikhs are Jats and owing to their numerical preponderance and landownership, they are a dominant caste in Punjab. The word Jat and farmer are synonymous in Punjabi. They are landowners and their occupation is agriculture.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Pathak|first1=Ajai K.|last2=Kadian|first2=Anurag|last3=Kushniarevich|first3=Alena|last4=Montinaro|first4=Francesco|last5=Mondal|first5=Mayukh|last6=Ongaro|first6=Linda|last7=Singh|first7=Manvendra|last8=Kumar|first8=Pramod|last9=Rai|first9=Niraj|last10=Parik|first10=Jüri|last11=Metspalu|first11=Ene|date=December 2018|title=The Genetic Ancestry of Modern Indus Valley Populations from Northwest India|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|language=en|volume=103|issue=6|page=04|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.10.022|s2cid=54476711 |quote=Jat (also spelled as &quot;Jatt&quot; and &quot;Jaat&quot;) people are an ethnic agricultural apparently  setled in Northwest South Asia The term Jat is supposedly derived from Jatta, a broad word used for cattle gazers and camel breeders, moving in a group - jatha. Jats have been known as zamindars (landowner) since the period of Mogul emperor Akbar in 16th century&quot;.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Originally pastoralists along the Indus river-valley, many Jats migrated into the [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Delhi|Delhi Territory]], [[Jangladesh]], and the western [[Gangetic Plains of India|Gangetic Plain]] by the 17th and 18th centuries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/NationalistHistoriansOnSikhHistory|title=Nationalist Historians On Sikh History|last=Kaur|first=Harjinder|publisher=Department of History-University of Patiala|year=2010|location=Punjab (India)|pages=238|language=English|quote=Jatt/ Jaat: A section of Indian society which dominates the rural areas in the Northern India. These people are most agriculturist}}&lt;/ref&gt; Of [[Hindu]], [[Muslims|Muslim]] and [[Sikhism|Sikh]] faiths, they are now found mostly in the Indian states of Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan, and the Pakistani provinces of Sindh, Punjab and AJK.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YGvfEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Jats+Sudras&amp;pg=PT26|title=Studies in Indian Agriculture: The Art of the Possible|last=Etienne|first=Gilbert|date=2023-11-15|publisher=Univ of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-32378-0|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

==History==
The Jats are a diverse community in the [[Indian subcontinent]], ranging from simple landowning [[Peasant|peasants]] to wealthy and influential Zamindars.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Migrations in medieval and early colonial India|last=Ramaswamy|first=Vijaya|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-48854-0|location=London}}  &lt;q&gt;Out of the 45 parganas of the sarkars of Delhi, 17 are reported to have Jat Zamindars. Out of these 17 parganas, the Jats are exclusively found in 11, whereas in other 6 they shared Zamindari rights with other communities&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

===Origin===

The origin of Jats is heavily disputed. Some attribute them to the non-[[Vedic]] ''Jartika'' tribe mentioned in the [[Mahabharata]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Turner |first1=Ralph Lilley |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/soas_query.py?qs=ja%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa&amp;searchhws=yes&amp;matchtype=exact |title=A Comparative Dictionary of Indo-Aryan languages |date=1962 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London |page=280}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Prakash |first1=Buddha |title=Studies in Indian History and Civilization |date=1962 |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala |page=319 |url=https://ia902902.us.archive.org/2/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.126821/2015.126821.Studies-In-Indian-History-And-Civilization.pdf |quote=...[The [[Hephtalites]] were] driven away by Skandagupta and defeated probably by the Jartas, the Jartikas or Jats of the Sialkot region, as we learn from a remark of [[Chandragomin]] ''ajayaj-jarto Hūnān''...}}&lt;/ref&gt; while others argue they were from the [[Saka|Indo-Scythian]] ''Getae'' tribe.&lt;ref&gt;Alexander Cunningham, 1888, cited by: Sundeep S. Jhutti, 2003, ''The Getes'', Philadelphia, PA; Department of East Asian languages &amp; Civilizations University of Pennsylvania, p. 13.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Sarmatians: Volume 73 of Ancient peoples and places |pages=113–114 |last=Sulimirski |first=Tadeusz |author-link=Tadeusz Sulimirski |publisher=Praeger |location=New York |year=1970 |isbn=9789080057272 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gdjhuAAACAAJ |quote=The evidence of both the ancient authors and the archaeological remains point to a massive migration of Sacian (Sakas)/Massagetan (&quot;great&quot; Jat) tribes from the Syr Daria Delta (Central Asia) by the middle of the second century B.C. Some of the Syr Darian tribes; they also invaded North India.}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Umayyad]] chroniclers also used the term ''&quot;Zutt&quot;'', derived from the native name NOT ''Jit'', to identify the various interned warrior “AND”-NOT [[Indo Aryans|First ruler of the pastoralist]] of the [[Indus Valley civilization|Indus Valley]].&lt;ref&gt;ʿAthamina, Khalil (1998). &quot;Non-Arab Regiments and Private Militias during the Umayyād Period&quot;]. Arabica. 45 (3): 347–378. {{ISSN|0570-5398}}. Pg. 355. {{JSTOR|4057316}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The first indisputable references to Jats appear to be by [[Ghaznavid Empire|Ghaznavid]]-era scholars, such as Gardizi and [[Al-Biruni]], who clearly note Jats being spread out from the banks of the [[Indus]] to the city of [[Mathura]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Christoph |last=Baumer |author-link=Christoph Baumer |title=The History of Central Asia: The Age of Islam and the Mongols |date=30 May 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7eiWDwAAQBAJ |pages=207–208 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]] |isbn=978-1838609399 |quote=As the contemporary writer Gardizi reports, Mahmud had 1,400 boats built; each boat was to carry 20 archers and be equipped with special projectiles that could be filled with naphtha. Mahmud's fleet sailed down the Jhelum and then the Indus, until it met the Jat fleet. Although the Jats had far more boats than Mahmud, their fleet was set ablaze and destroyed. |archive-date=11 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511080711/https://books.google.com/books?id=7eiWDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Al-Biruni, India:Translated by Kayamuddin, Published by National Book Trust, India, 1997 page-176&lt;/ref&gt;

===Political history===

Starting in the 10th century, Jat clans established independent chiefdoms in historical [[Jangladesh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Dasharatha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W1dXAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=rajasthan+through+the+ages |title=Rajasthan Through the Ages: From the earliest times to 1316 A.D |publisher=Rajasthan State Archives |year=1966 |location=Bikaner |pages=287–288 |language=en |quote=There is good reason to believe that parts of the present north-eastern and north-western Rajasthan were inhabited by Jat clans ruled by their own chiefs and largely governed by their own customary law.}}&lt;/ref&gt; From the 11th century onwards, Jats would migrate up from [[Sindh]] and [[Rajasthan]] into [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], adopting agriculture with tools like the water wheel. By Mughal times, “Jat” often meant “peasant” in Punjab, and some became landowners.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Sikhs of the Punjab|last=Grewal|first=J. S.|date=2003|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-521-63764-0|edition=Rev. ed., transferred to digital print|series=The new Cambridge history of India / general ed. Gordon Johnson 2, Indian States and the transition to colonialism|location=Cambridge}} “''the most numerous of the agricultural tribes (in the Punjab) were the Jats. They had come from Sindh and Rajasthan along the river valleys, moving up, displacing the Gujjars and Rajputs to occupy cultural lands''”.&lt;/ref&gt; By 1595, Jat Zamindars controlled about 32% of Punjab’s Zamindaris.

During the [[Mughal Empire]]’s decline in the 17th century, ambitious Jat chiefs would revolt. [[Gokula]] would lead the [[Braj|Brajwasi]] Hindu Jats against Emperor [[Aurangzeb]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iuESgYNYPl0C&amp;pg=PA35|title=A Concise History of Modern India|last1=Metcalf|first1=Barbara D.|last2=Metcalf|first2=Thomas R.|date=2006-09-28|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-45887-0|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; leading to the formation of petty states&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xfo3AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA22|title=Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770-1870|last=Bayly|first=C. A.|date=1988-05-19|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-31054-3|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; which united under the [[Suraj Mal|Bharatpur State]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Asher|first1=Catherine|last2=Talbot|first2=Cynthia|title=India before Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&amp;pg=PA272|access-date=15 October 2011|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-80904-7|page=272}}&lt;/ref&gt; Punjabi Sikh Jat chiefs would form most of the Sikh Misls, resisting Mughal and [[Durrani Empire|Durrani]] forces,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7HJ5idB8_QC&amp;q=Kapur+Singh&amp;pg=PA63|title=When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799|last=Dhavan|first=Purnima|date=2011-11-03|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-975655-1|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and later uniting under the [[Ranjit Singh|Sikh Empire]]. And in Rohilkhand, the Rohilla dynasty of [[Rampur State]] descended from an adopted Muslim Jat.&lt;ref&gt;Khan, Iqbal Ghani (2002). &quot;Technology and the Question of Elite Intervention in Eighteenth-Century North India&quot;. In Barnett, Richard B. (ed.). [https://books.google.com/books?id=_jJuAAAAMAAJ Rethinking Early Modern India]. Manohar Publishers &amp; Distributors. p. 271. {{ISBN|978-81-7304-308-6}}. &quot;Thus we witness the Ruhelas accepting an exceptionally talented non-Afghan, an adopted Jat boy, as their nawab, purely on the basis of his military leadership...&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

During the [[British Raj]], some Jats would rule [[princely states]] such as [[Patiala state|Patiala]], Faridkot, [[Jind State|Jind]], and Nabha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-xZBDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA176|title=Mutiny at the Margins: New Perspectives on the Indian Uprising of 1857: Volume I: Anticipations and Experiences in the Locality|last=Bates|first=Crispin|date=2013-03-31|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-81-321-1589-2|language=en}} “''The passage to Delhi, however, lay through the cis–Sutlej states of Patiala, Jind, Nabha and Faridkot, a long chain of Jat Sikh states that had entered into a treaty of alliance with the British as far back as April 1809 to escape incorporation into the kingdom of their illustrious and much more powerful neighbour, 'the lion of Punjab, Maharaja Ranjit Singh''”&lt;/ref&gt; Jats were generally classified as a “martial race” by the British, favoured for recruitment into the [[British Indian Army]] due to perceived physical fitness, though considered politically subservient and intellectually inferior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M8mZQhVkc-kC&amp;pg=PA128|title=American Indians in World War I: At Home and at War|last=Britten|first=Thomas Anthony|date=1997|publisher=UNM Press|isbn=978-0-8263-2090-2|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BscnZT_1po8C|title=Martial Races: The Military, Race and Masculinity in British Imperial Culture, 1857-1914|last1=Streets|first1=Heather|last2=Streets-Salter|first2=Heather|date=2004|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-6962-8|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Post-1881, Sikh Jats were prioritised for recruitment as the British deemed Hindus less suitable.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p29ArJ7j6zgC&amp;pg=PA55|title=Religious Nationalism: Hindus and Muslims in India|last=Veer|first=Peter van der|date=1994-02-07|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-08256-4|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jat [[sepoy]]s would fight in both [[World War]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The British Empire and the Second World War|last=Jackson|first=Ashley|date=2006|publisher=Hambledon and London|isbn=978-1-85285-417-1|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the [[Partition of British India]], most Hindu and Sikh Jats settled in [[India]], while most Muslim Jats settled in [[Pakistan]].

==Demography==
In India, Jats and Sikh form 20–25% of [[Haryana|Haryana’s]] population and 20–35% of [[Punjab, India|Punjab’s]], with 9% in [[Rajasthan]], 5% in [[Delhi]], and 1.2% in [[Uttar Pradesh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC&amp;pg=PA69|title=India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|date=2003|publisher=Hurst|isbn=978-1-85065-670-8|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zC6DAAAAMAAJ|title=The Indian Journal of Political Science|date=2006|publisher=Indian Political Science Association|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Classified as a General (forward) caste in most states, Jats in Rajasthan (except Bharatpur and Dholpur) qualify for central OBC reservation. Seven states include Jats in their OBC (Other Backward Castes) lists.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news
|last=
|date=2015-03-17
|title=SC removes Jats from OBC list
|language=en-pak
|work=The Hindu
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Supreme-Court-sets-aside-Jat-quota/article60363097.ece
|access-date=2025-05-09|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Verification failed}}

In 2009, the Pakistani Jat population was estimated to be roughly 21 million.&lt;ref&gt;Lodrick, Deryck O. (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=QbhZAAAAYAAJ &quot;JATS&quot;]. In Gallagher, Timothy L.; Hobby, Jeneen (eds.). Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life. Volume 3: Asia &amp; Oceania (2nd ed.). Gale. pp. 418–419. {{ISBN|978-1414448916}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The Jats, together with Rajputs and [[Gujjar]]s, are part of the dominant Punjabi [[Muslim]] communities settled across eastern Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=A history of Pakistan and its origins |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofpakista0000unse_a4r6 |date=2004 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=1-84331-149-6 |editor=Christophe Jaffrelot |location=London |oclc=56646546}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Culture and society ==
[[File:The Jat Regiment marching contingents passes through the Rajpath during the 66th Republic Day Parade 2015, in New Delhi on January 26, 2015.jpg|thumb|250px|A contingent of the [[Jat Regiment]] in the Indian Republic Day parade]]

Jats adopted [[Islam]] in [[West Punjab]], [[Sikhism]] in [[East Punjab]], and [[Hinduism]] in areas between Delhi and Agra, reflecting regional religious influences.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Khan|first=Iftikhar Ahmad|date=1982|title=A Note on Medieval Jatt Immigration in the Punjab|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141246|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=43|pages=342–350|jstor=44141246 |issn=2249-1937}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Jathera'' (ancestor) worship was also historically common.

The [[Khap]] system was historically the prevailing system of organisation for the Jats of [[Rajasthan]], [[Haryana]], and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Khaps are clan-councils, presided over by clan elders and notables.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1965_17/51/the_jats_of_northern_indiatheir_traditional_political_systemii.pdf |title=The Jats of Northern India Their Traditional Political System – II |first=M. C. |last=Pradhan |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=18 December 1965}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically, Jat Khaps would raise militias to capture new territory for the clan or push for increased autonomy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Richards |first1=John F. |title=The Mughal Empire - Part 1 Volume 5 |date=1993 |isbn=9780521566032 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&amp;q=khap%20autonomy%20akbar |pages=88–90}}&lt;/ref&gt; The system continues to exist today, albeit extrajudicially, policing social norms in Jat-dominated areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Ajay |date=28 January 2012 |title=Khap Panchayats: A Socio-Historical Overview |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=59–64 |jstor=41419766 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Many Jats serve in the [[Indian Army]], including the Jat Regiment, Sikh Regiment, [[Rajputana Rifles]], and [[Grenadier Guards|Grenadiers]], earning numerous gallantry awards. Jats also serve in the [[Pakistan Army]], particularly in the Punjab Regiment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN1841761966&amp;redir_esc=y|title=The Indian Army 1914–1947|last=Sumner|first=Ian|date=2001-08-25|publisher=Bloomsbury USA|isbn=978-1-84176-196-1|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notable persons ==
{{Unsourced section|date=August 2025}}

* [[Suraj Mal]], Maharaja of Kingdom of Bharatpur
* [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]], founder of [[Sikh Empire]]
* [[Faizullah Khan]], founder of [[Rampur State]]
* [[Chhotu Ram]], Indian politician and co-founder of the Unionist Party
* [[Bhagat Singh]], Indian socialist revolutionary
* [[Charan Singh]], former prime minister of India 
* [[Devi Lal]], former deputy prime minister of India
* [[Jagdeep Dhankhar|Jagdeep Dhankar]], current vice president of India
* [[Virendra Sehwag]], former Indian cricketer 
* [[Dharmendra]], Indian actor
* [[Hanuman Beniwal]], founder of the [[Rashtriya Loktantrik Party]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Notes===
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

===Further reading===
* Census Of India 1911 Volume XIV Punjab Part 2 by Pandit Narikishan Kaul
* 'A glossary of the tribes and castes of the Punjab and North West Frontier Province' by H.A. Rose, Page 354, published in 1919.
{{DEFAULTSORT:People of Jats, caste}}
[[Category:Sikhism]]
[[Category:Social groups of Haryana]]
[[Category:Social groups of Punjab]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Hinduism]]
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      <text bytes="18822" sha1="rmcsp3ll27cj131h3chbks51gt5cf5a" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Jat Skinner full.jpg|thumb|A Jat farmer tending to his crops]]
[[File:Durbar of Dholpur.jpg|right|thumb|Durbar (court) of the Jat [[princely state|princely ruler]] of Dholpur State, 1870s]]
[[File:14th Murrays Jat Lancers (Risaldar Major) by AC Lovett (1862-1919).jpg|thumb|upright|150px|14th Murrays Jat Lancers (Risaldar Major) by AC Lovett (1862–1919).jpg|A Jat [[sepoy]] of the 14th Murrays Jat Lancers]]

The '''Jats''', also spelt as '''Jaat''', '''Jatt,''' and '''Jutt''', are an [[Farming|agriculturist]] and landowning community of [[North India|Northern India]] and [[Pakistan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bal|first=Gurpreet|date=September 2006|title=Entrepreneurship among Diasporic Communities|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097135570601500205|journal=The Journal of Entrepreneurship|volume=15|issue=2|pages=189|doi=10.1177/097135570601500205|issn=0971-3557|quote=Most of the Sikhs are Jats and owing to their numerical preponderance and landownership, they are a dominant caste in Punjab. The word Jat and farmer are synonymous in Punjabi. They are landowners and their occupation is agriculture.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Pathak|first1=Ajai K.|last2=Kadian|first2=Anurag|last3=Kushniarevich|first3=Alena|last4=Montinaro|first4=Francesco|last5=Mondal|first5=Mayukh|last6=Ongaro|first6=Linda|last7=Singh|first7=Manvendra|last8=Kumar|first8=Pramod|last9=Rai|first9=Niraj|last10=Parik|first10=Jüri|last11=Metspalu|first11=Ene|date=December 2018|title=The Genetic Ancestry of Modern Indus Valley Populations from Northwest India|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|language=en|volume=103|issue=6|page=04|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.10.022|s2cid=54476711 |quote=Jat (also spelled as &quot;Jatt&quot; and &quot;Jaat&quot;) people are an ethnic agricultural apparently  setled in Northwest South Asia The term Jat is supposedly derived from Jatta, a broad word used for cattle gazers and camel breeders, moving in a group - jatha. Jats have been known as zamindars (landowner) since the period of Mogul emperor Akbar in 16th century&quot;.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Originally pastoralists along the Indus river-valley, many Jats migrated into the [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Delhi|Delhi Territory]], [[Jangladesh]], and the western [[Gangetic Plains of India|Gangetic Plain]] by the 17th and 18th centuries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/NationalistHistoriansOnSikhHistory|title=Nationalist Historians On Sikh History|last=Kaur|first=Harjinder|publisher=Department of History-University of Patiala|year=2010|location=Punjab (India)|pages=238|language=English|quote=Jatt/ Jaat: A section of Indian society which dominates the rural areas in the Northern India. These people are most agriculturist}}&lt;/ref&gt; Of [[Hindu]], [[Muslims|Muslim]] and [[Sikhism|Sikh]] faiths, they are now found mostly in the Indian states of Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan, and the Pakistani provinces of Sindh, Punjab and AJK.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YGvfEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Jats+Sudras&amp;pg=PT26|title=Studies in Indian Agriculture: The Art of the Possible|last=Etienne|first=Gilbert|date=2023-11-15|publisher=Univ of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-32378-0|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

==History==
The Jats are a diverse community in the [[Indian subcontinent]], ranging from simple landowning [[Peasant|peasants]] to wealthy and influential Zamindars.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Migrations in medieval and early colonial India|last=Ramaswamy|first=Vijaya|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-48854-0|location=London}}  &lt;q&gt;Out of the 45 parganas of the sarkars of Delhi, 17 are reported to have Jat Zamindars. Out of these 17 parganas, the Jats are exclusively found in 11, whereas in other 6 they shared Zamindari rights with other communities&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

===Origin===

The origin of Jats is heavily disputed. Some attribute them to the non-[[Vedic]] ''Jartika'' tribe mentioned in the [[Mahabharata]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Turner |first1=Ralph Lilley |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/soas_query.py?qs=ja%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa&amp;searchhws=yes&amp;matchtype=exact |title=A Comparative Dictionary of Indo-Aryan languages |date=1962 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London |page=280}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Prakash |first1=Buddha |title=Studies in Indian History and Civilization |date=1962 |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala |page=319 |url=https://ia902902.us.archive.org/2/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.126821/2015.126821.Studies-In-Indian-History-And-Civilization.pdf |quote=...[The [[Hephtalites]] were] driven away by Skandagupta and defeated probably by the Jartas, the Jartikas or Jats of the Sialkot region, as we learn from a remark of [[Chandragomin]] ''ajayaj-jarto Hūnān''...}}&lt;/ref&gt; while others argue they were from the [[Saka|Indo-Scythian]] ''Getae'' tribe.&lt;ref&gt;Alexander Cunningham, 1888, cited by: Sundeep S. Jhutti, 2003, ''The Getes'', Philadelphia, PA; Department of East Asian languages &amp; Civilizations University of Pennsylvania, p. 13.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Sarmatians: Volume 73 of Ancient peoples and places |pages=113–114 |last=Sulimirski |first=Tadeusz |author-link=Tadeusz Sulimirski |publisher=Praeger |location=New York |year=1970 |isbn=9789080057272 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gdjhuAAACAAJ |quote=The evidence of both the ancient authors and the archaeological remains point to a massive migration of Sacian (Sakas)/Massagetan (&quot;great&quot; Jat) tribes from the Syr Daria Delta (Central Asia) by the middle of the second century B.C. Some of the Syr Darian tribes; they also invaded North India.}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Umayyad]] chroniclers also used the term ''&quot;Zutt&quot;'', derived from the native name NOT ''Jit'', to identify the various interned warrior “AND”-NOT [[Indo Aryans|First ruler of the pastoralist]] of the [[Indus Valley civilization|Indus Valley]].&lt;ref&gt;ʿAthamina, Khalil (1998). &quot;Non-Arab Regiments and Private Militias during the Umayyād Period&quot;]. Arabica. 45 (3): 347–378. {{ISSN|0570-5398}}. Pg. 355. {{JSTOR|4057316}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The first indisputable references to Jats appear to be by [[Ghaznavid Empire|Ghaznavid]]-era scholars, such as Gardizi and [[Al-Biruni]], who clearly note Jats being spread out from the banks of the [[Indus]] to the city of [[Mathura]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Christoph |last=Baumer |author-link=Christoph Baumer |title=The History of Central Asia: The Age of Islam and the Mongols |date=30 May 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7eiWDwAAQBAJ |pages=207–208 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]] |isbn=978-1838609399 |quote=As the contemporary writer Gardizi reports, Mahmud had 1,400 boats built; each boat was to carry 20 archers and be equipped with special projectiles that could be filled with naphtha. Mahmud's fleet sailed down the Jhelum and then the Indus, until it met the Jat fleet. Although the Jats had far more boats than Mahmud, their fleet was set ablaze and destroyed. |archive-date=11 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511080711/https://books.google.com/books?id=7eiWDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Al-Biruni, India:Translated by Kayamuddin, Published by National Book Trust, India, 1997 page-176&lt;/ref&gt;

===Political history===

Starting in the 10th century, Jat clans established independent chiefdoms in historical [[Jangladesh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Dasharatha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W1dXAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=rajasthan+through+the+ages |title=Rajasthan Through the Ages: From the earliest times to 1316 A.D |publisher=Rajasthan State Archives |year=1966 |location=Bikaner |pages=287–288 |language=en |quote=There is good reason to believe that parts of the present north-eastern and north-western Rajasthan were inhabited by Jat clans ruled by their own chiefs and largely governed by their own customary law.}}&lt;/ref&gt; From the 11th century onwards, Jats would migrate up from [[Sindh]] and [[Rajasthan]] into [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], adopting agriculture with tools like the water wheel. By Mughal times, “Jat” often meant “peasant” in Punjab, and some became landowners.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Sikhs of the Punjab|last=Grewal|first=J. S.|date=2003|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-521-63764-0|edition=Rev. ed., transferred to digital print|series=The new Cambridge history of India / general ed. Gordon Johnson 2, Indian States and the transition to colonialism|location=Cambridge}} “''the most numerous of the agricultural tribes (in the Punjab) were the Jats. They had come from Sindh and Rajasthan along the river valleys, moving up, displacing the Gujjars and Rajputs to occupy cultural lands''”.&lt;/ref&gt; By 1595, Jat Zamindars controlled about 32% of Punjab’s Zamindaris.

During the [[Mughal Empire]]’s decline in the 17th century, ambitious Jat chiefs would revolt. [[Gokula]] would lead the [[Braj|Brajwasi]] Hindu Jats against Emperor [[Aurangzeb]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iuESgYNYPl0C&amp;pg=PA35|title=A Concise History of Modern India|last1=Metcalf|first1=Barbara D.|last2=Metcalf|first2=Thomas R.|date=2006-09-28|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-45887-0|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; leading to the formation of petty states&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xfo3AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA22|title=Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770-1870|last=Bayly|first=C. A.|date=1988-05-19|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-31054-3|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; which united under the [[Suraj Mal|Bharatpur State]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Asher|first1=Catherine|last2=Talbot|first2=Cynthia|title=India before Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&amp;pg=PA272|access-date=15 October 2011|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-80904-7|page=272}}&lt;/ref&gt; Punjabi Sikh Jat chiefs would form most of the Sikh Misls, resisting Mughal and [[Durrani Empire|Durrani]] forces,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7HJ5idB8_QC&amp;q=Kapur+Singh&amp;pg=PA63|title=When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799|last=Dhavan|first=Purnima|date=2011-11-03|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-975655-1|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and later uniting under the [[Ranjit Singh|Sikh Empire]]. And in Rohilkhand, the Rohilla dynasty of [[Rampur State]] descended from an adopted Muslim Jat.&lt;ref&gt;Khan, Iqbal Ghani (2002). &quot;Technology and the Question of Elite Intervention in Eighteenth-Century North India&quot;. In Barnett, Richard B. (ed.). [https://books.google.com/books?id=_jJuAAAAMAAJ Rethinking Early Modern India]. Manohar Publishers &amp; Distributors. p. 271. {{ISBN|978-81-7304-308-6}}. &quot;Thus we witness the Ruhelas accepting an exceptionally talented non-Afghan, an adopted Jat boy, as their nawab, purely on the basis of his military leadership...&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

During the [[British Raj]], some Jats would rule [[princely states]] such as [[Patiala state|Patiala]], Faridkot, [[Jind State|Jind]], and Nabha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-xZBDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA176|title=Mutiny at the Margins: New Perspectives on the Indian Uprising of 1857: Volume I: Anticipations and Experiences in the Locality|last=Bates|first=Crispin|date=2013-03-31|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-81-321-1589-2|language=en}} “''The passage to Delhi, however, lay through the cis–Sutlej states of Patiala, Jind, Nabha and Faridkot, a long chain of Jat Sikh states that had entered into a treaty of alliance with the British as far back as April 1809 to escape incorporation into the kingdom of their illustrious and much more powerful neighbour, 'the lion of Punjab, Maharaja Ranjit Singh''”&lt;/ref&gt; Jats were generally classified as a “martial race” by the British, favoured for recruitment into the [[British Indian Army]] due to perceived physical fitness, though considered politically subservient and intellectually inferior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M8mZQhVkc-kC&amp;pg=PA128|title=American Indians in World War I: At Home and at War|last=Britten|first=Thomas Anthony|date=1997|publisher=UNM Press|isbn=978-0-8263-2090-2|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BscnZT_1po8C|title=Martial Races: The Military, Race and Masculinity in British Imperial Culture, 1857-1914|last1=Streets|first1=Heather|last2=Streets-Salter|first2=Heather|date=2004|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-6962-8|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Post-1881, Sikh Jats were prioritised for recruitment as the British deemed Hindus less suitable.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p29ArJ7j6zgC&amp;pg=PA55|title=Religious Nationalism: Hindus and Muslims in India|last=Veer|first=Peter van der|date=1994-02-07|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-08256-4|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jat [[sepoy]]s would fight in both [[World War]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The British Empire and the Second World War|last=Jackson|first=Ashley|date=2006|publisher=Hambledon and London|isbn=978-1-85285-417-1|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the [[Partition of British India]], most Hindu and Sikh Jats settled in [[India]], while most Muslim Jats settled in [[Pakistan]].

==Demography==
In India, Jats and Sikh form 20–25% of [[Haryana|Haryana’s]] population and 20–35% of [[Punjab, India|Punjab’s]], with 9% in [[Rajasthan]], 5% in [[Delhi]], and 1.2% in [[Uttar Pradesh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC&amp;pg=PA69|title=India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|date=2003|publisher=Hurst|isbn=978-1-85065-670-8|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zC6DAAAAMAAJ|title=The Indian Journal of Political Science|date=2006|publisher=Indian Political Science Association|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Classified as a General (forward) caste in most states, Jats in Rajasthan (except Bharatpur and Dholpur) qualify for central OBC reservation. Seven states include Jats in their OBC (Other Backward Castes) lists.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news
|last=
|date=2015-03-17
|title=SC removes Jats from OBC list
|language=en-pak
|work=The Hindu
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Supreme-Court-sets-aside-Jat-quota/article60363097.ece
|access-date=2025-05-09|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Failed verification}}

In 2009, the Pakistani Jat population was estimated to be roughly 21 million.&lt;ref&gt;Lodrick, Deryck O. (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=QbhZAAAAYAAJ &quot;JATS&quot;]. In Gallagher, Timothy L.; Hobby, Jeneen (eds.). Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life. Volume 3: Asia &amp; Oceania (2nd ed.). Gale. pp. 418–419. {{ISBN|978-1414448916}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The Jats, together with Rajputs and [[Gujjar]]s, are part of the dominant Punjabi [[Muslim]] communities settled across eastern Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=A history of Pakistan and its origins |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofpakista0000unse_a4r6 |date=2004 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=1-84331-149-6 |editor=Christophe Jaffrelot |location=London |oclc=56646546}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Culture and society ==
[[File:The Jat Regiment marching contingents passes through the Rajpath during the 66th Republic Day Parade 2015, in New Delhi on January 26, 2015.jpg|thumb|250px|A contingent of the [[Jat Regiment]] in the Indian Republic Day parade]]

Jats adopted [[Islam]] in [[West Punjab]], [[Sikhism]] in [[East Punjab]], and [[Hinduism]] in areas between Delhi and Agra, reflecting regional religious influences.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Khan|first=Iftikhar Ahmad|date=1982|title=A Note on Medieval Jatt Immigration in the Punjab|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141246|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=43|pages=342–350|jstor=44141246 |issn=2249-1937}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Jathera'' (ancestor) worship was also historically common.

The [[Khap]] system was historically the prevailing system of organisation for the Jats of [[Rajasthan]], [[Haryana]], and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Khaps are clan-councils, presided over by clan elders and notables.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1965_17/51/the_jats_of_northern_indiatheir_traditional_political_systemii.pdf |title=The Jats of Northern India Their Traditional Political System – II |first=M. C. |last=Pradhan |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=18 December 1965}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically, Jat Khaps would raise militias to capture new territory for the clan or push for increased autonomy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Richards |first1=John F. |title=The Mughal Empire - Part 1 Volume 5 |date=1993 |isbn=9780521566032 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&amp;q=khap%20autonomy%20akbar |pages=88–90}}&lt;/ref&gt; The system continues to exist today, albeit extrajudicially, policing social norms in Jat-dominated areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Ajay |date=28 January 2012 |title=Khap Panchayats: A Socio-Historical Overview |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=59–64 |jstor=41419766 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Many Jats serve in the [[Indian Army]], including the Jat Regiment, Sikh Regiment, [[Rajputana Rifles]], and [[Grenadier Guards|Grenadiers]], earning numerous gallantry awards. Jats also serve in the [[Pakistan Army]], particularly in the Punjab Regiment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN1841761966&amp;redir_esc=y|title=The Indian Army 1914–1947|last=Sumner|first=Ian|date=2001-08-25|publisher=Bloomsbury USA|isbn=978-1-84176-196-1|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notable persons ==
{{Unsourced section|date=August 2025}}

* [[Suraj Mal]], Maharaja of Kingdom of Bharatpur
* [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]], founder of [[Sikh Empire]]
* [[Faizullah Khan]], founder of [[Rampur State]]
* [[Chhotu Ram]], Indian politician and co-founder of the Unionist Party
* [[Bhagat Singh]], Indian socialist revolutionary
* [[Charan Singh]], former prime minister of India 
* [[Devi Lal]], former deputy prime minister of India
* [[Jagdeep Dhankhar|Jagdeep Dhankar]], current vice president of India
* [[Virendra Sehwag]], former Indian cricketer 
* [[Dharmendra]], Indian actor
* [[Hanuman Beniwal]], founder of the [[Rashtriya Loktantrik Party]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Notes===
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

===Further reading===
* Census Of India 1911 Volume XIV Punjab Part 2 by Pandit Narikishan Kaul
* 'A glossary of the tribes and castes of the Punjab and North West Frontier Province' by H.A. Rose, Page 354, published in 1919.
{{DEFAULTSORT:People of Jats, caste}}
[[Category:Sikhism]]
[[Category:Social groups of Haryana]]
[[Category:Social groups of Punjab]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Hinduism]]
[[Category:Jats]]</text>
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    <title>Patiala state</title>
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[[File:Qila Mubarak.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Main entrance of Qila Mubarak. The Palace fort was built in 1763 by Ala Singh. The present day palace was rebuilt by his grandson Maharaja Amar Singh between 1765-1782.]]
'''Patiala''' was a [[princely state]] that lasted from 1714 to 1948. Its rulers were descended from a a King named Phul (1627-1689) who was a Sidhu Sikh from Mehraj village of Bathinda District of [[Punjab region|Punjab]]. The other Sikh states, such as [[Jind State|Jind]] and Nabha, were also the descendants of Phul. Its capital was in the Malva region of Punjab, but its territory expanded from Bathinda to present-day Mohali. They were known as the Phulkian (Patiala) Dynasty.

The House of Phul, was a Sikh of Sidhu Clan, belonging to the Malva Region of Punjab. Their ancestors had converted to Sikhism in the early 1600s. They claim to be the descendants from the sidhu jats, who ruled in the 11th century. The migrated to the Malva region of Punjab, establishing themselves at present day Bathinda District of Punjab. 

The Sidhus and the Bhullars of the Bathinda district, never got along with each other, They were at war. But later Nanu Bhullar, got his daughter married in the house of these Sidhus, the ancestors of the Patiala State. 

They were known as the Phulkian (Patiala) Dynasty. Ahmed Shah Abdali, Afghan Ruler and Maharaja Ala Singh became friends, the Sikh Chieftains of Punjab did not Like this so the Dal Khalsa met at Akal Takhat in Amritsar in 1765, in which it was decided that Patiala should be kicked out of the Dal Khalsa. And it will not be part of the 12 Sikh Confederacies, it was also the year when Ala Singh died and his son Amar Singh had become the next ruler. Ahmed Shah Abdali, bestowed upon Maharajah Amar Singh, the title of Raja-i-Rajgan, and he also was allowed to strike his own coins. But the Sikh Nation was not to happy about this, and in years to come they the Phulkians would be traitors to the Khalsa Panth, and helping the British to attack the Sikh interior of Punjab. 

Even when Sardar Hari Singh Dhillon (r.1746-1764), the Sikh Bhangi Misl Maharaja of Amritsar, Tarn Taran Sahib and Lahore, found out about Ahmed Shah Abdali being in the Patiala Kingdom, he marched with a big army of dashing looking Sikh soldiers from the Majha, where the holy city of Amritsar is located, on Patiala Kingdom to chase the Ahmed Shah away, but on the way he was killed, by someone. Years later his younger son Sardar Ganda Singh Dhillon (d. 1776), the Maharajah of Lahore and Amritsar, married of his daughter Bibi Rattan Kaur, to Maharajah Sahib Singh of Patiala in 1787, the marriage took place at Amritsar. Five years later he remarried Bibi As kaur, the daughter of Sardar Gurdas Singh Chatha. It is As kaur, who's Sons and Grandsons ruled on. 

From 1809-1947, the Phulkian State, had good relations with the British Government, the Patiala State, royal family, were not Orthodox Sikhs, but very secular/mixed rulers. Very mixed with the [[East India Company]]. A time when the Sikh Kingdoms did not like British, visiting their Land, Patiala, was the first to call the British, In his territory. The later royal family became Congress, an Indian party, after the break up of Dynasty.

== Rajasthani Paintings within Patiala ==
Patiala State, was different from other Sikh States, as it did not support Sikh religion, and not following the Sikh rules. But still the State religion was Sikhism. The Later Patiala Maharajahs (Karam Singh) introduced Hindu Paintings of Hindu Gods within their Qila Mubarak palace in Patiala, it can still be seen, on the Palace Walls. Showing great respect to all religions. Rajput Hindu Paintings were very famous in Patiala from 1800s, The Maharajahs got them selves painted in Rajput Styles. And even had relations with the Royal Hindu States of [[Rajasthan]].

== Relations with other States ==
They also had relationship with the Hindu Jat Rulers of Royal Bharatpur State in Rajasthan of Sinsinwar Clan. As Maharajah Narinder Singh, in 1859, married of his third daughter Maharani Bishan Kaur, to Rajah Jaswant Singh, (1851-1893), Jat ruler of Bharatpur State. Intermarriage between the Phulkian Jatts, and Rajasthani Royal Hindu Jatts, was very common, During the 19th Century.

==List of maharajas==
[[File:Portrait of Raja Amur Singh of Patiala.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=|Maharaja Amar Singh of Patiala]]
*Maharaja Ala Singh (1691-1765)
*Maharaja Amar Singh (1748-1782)
*Maharaja Sahib Singh (1773-1813), A very weak ruler, who had imprisoned his won Sister Bibi Sahib kaur, but later escaped.
*Maharaja Karam Singh (1798-1845)
*Maharaja Narinder Singh (1823-1862)
*Maharaja Mahendra Singh (1852-1876)
*Maharaja Rajinder Singh (1872-1900)
*Maharaja Bhupinder Singh (1891-1938)
*Maharaja Yadavindra Singh (1913-1974)
*Captain Amarinder Singh (1942-1948)

== Signing their Union with India ==
Maharajah Yadavindra Singh, signed his union with India in 1948, transferring his Kingdom, to the [[India|Government of India]], Patiala State was united with the Punjab State of India, in 1948. The Maharajah also told other Royal Princely States to Unite with India.

==References==
{{nofootnotes|date=February 2012}}
*http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/heritage/Maharajas%20of%20Punjab/Mah%20Punj%20States.htm
*http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/events/m-phulkian.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923231600/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/events/m-phulkian.html |date=2012-09-23 }}
*http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/warriors/ala.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715010422/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/warriors/ala.html |date=2016-07-15 }}

[[Category:Indian princely states]]
[[Category:1714 establishments]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:1710s establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:18th-century establishments in India]]</text>
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'''''Entertainment Tonight''''' is an [[entertainment]] [[news]] [[television programme|program]]. It was first broadcast on September 14, 1981. It is [[syndicated]] by [[CBS Television Distribution]] in the United States, Canada and in many countries around the world. It is the longest-running entertainment news program. The program was the first syndicated program [[distribution|distributed]] by [[Satellite television|satellite]]. The main [[wikt:host|anchor]] since 1982 had been [[Mary Hart]]. She left the program on May 20, 2011. [[Mark Steines]] and [[Nancy O'Dell]] took on the roles of main hosts after Hart left.


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| executive_producer   = Linda Bell Blue
| producer             = Kaylee Stacey
| company              = [[Paramount Television]] (1981-2006)&lt;br&gt;''in association with:''&lt;br&gt;Cox Broadcasting (1981-1997)&lt;br&gt;[[Taft Broadcasting|Taft Entertainment Television]] (1981-1987)&lt;br&gt;[[Taft Broadcasting|Great American Broadcasting]] (1987-1991)&lt;br&gt;TeleRep (1981-1991)&lt;hr&gt;[[CBS Television Studios|CBS Paramount Television]] (2006-2007)&lt;br&gt;[[CBS Television Distribution]] (2007-present)
| presenter            = [[Kevin Frazier]] (2014–present)&lt;br&gt;[[Nischelle Turner]] (2021–present)
| country              = United States
| language             = English
| network              = [[Syndicated]]
| first_aired          = {{start date|1981|09|14}}
| last_aired           = present
| num_seasons          = 45
| num_episodes         = 13,896 (as of February 7, 2026; 11,575 weekdays; 2,316 weekend)
| related              = ''[[Entertainment Tonight Canada|ET Canada]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[Entertainment Tonight UK]]''
}}

'''''Entertainment Tonight''''' is an [[entertainment]] [[news]] [[television programme|program]]. It was first broadcast on September 14, 1981. It is [[syndicated]] by [[CBS Television Distribution]] in the United States, Canada and in many countries around the world. It is the longest-running entertainment news program. The program was the first syndicated program [[distribution|distributed]] by [[Satellite television|satellite]]. The main [[wikt:host|anchor]] since 1982 had been [[Mary Hart]]. She left the program on May 20, 2011. [[Mark Steines]] and [[Nancy O'Dell]] took on the roles of main hosts after Hart left.


{{TV-stub}}

[[Category:1980s American television news programs]]
[[Category:1981 American television series debuts]]
[[Category:1990s American television news programs]]
[[Category:2000s American television news programs]]
[[Category:2010s American television news programs]]
[[Category:2020s American television news programs]]
[[Category:American English-language television shows]]
[[Category:American television news programs]]
[[Category:First run syndicated American television programs]]
[[Category:Television series created by Al Masini]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>10880748</id>
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{{Infobox television
| image                = Entertainment Tonight 2021.svg
| caption              = 
| camera               = 
| runtime              = 30 minutes
| creator              = [[Alfred Masini]]
| developer            = 
| executive_producer   = Linda Bell Blue
| producer             = Kaylee Stacey
| company              = [[Paramount Television]] (1981-2006)&lt;br&gt;''in association with:''&lt;br&gt;Cox Broadcasting (1981-1997)&lt;br&gt;[[Taft Broadcasting|Taft Entertainment Television]] (1981-1987)&lt;br&gt;[[Taft Broadcasting|Great American Broadcasting]] (1987-1991)&lt;br&gt;TeleRep (1981-1991)&lt;hr&gt;[[CBS Television Studios|CBS Paramount Television]] (2006-2007)&lt;br&gt;[[CBS Television Distribution]] (2007-present)
| presenter            = [[Kevin Frazier]] (2014–present)&lt;br&gt;[[Nischelle Turner]] (2021–present)
| country              = United States
| language             = English
| network              = [[Syndicated]]
| first_aired          = {{start date|1981|09|14}}
| last_aired           = present
| num_seasons          = 45
| num_episodes         = 13,938 (as of March 28, 2026; 11,610 weekdays; 2,323 weekend)
| related              = ''[[Entertainment Tonight Canada|ET Canada]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[Entertainment Tonight UK]]''
}}

'''''Entertainment Tonight''''' is an [[entertainment]] [[news]] [[television programme|program]]. It was first broadcast on September 14, 1981. It is [[syndicated]] by [[CBS Television Distribution]] in the United States, Canada and in many countries around the world. It is the longest-running entertainment news program. The program was the first syndicated program [[distribution|distributed]] by [[Satellite television|satellite]]. The main [[wikt:host|anchor]] since 1982 had been [[Mary Hart]]. She left the program on May 20, 2011. [[Mark Steines]] and [[Nancy O'Dell]] took on the roles of main hosts after Hart left.


{{TV-stub}}

[[Category:1980s American television news programs]]
[[Category:1981 American television series debuts]]
[[Category:1990s American television news programs]]
[[Category:2000s American television news programs]]
[[Category:2010s American television news programs]]
[[Category:2020s American television news programs]]
[[Category:American English-language television shows]]
[[Category:American television news programs]]
[[Category:First run syndicated American television programs]]
[[Category:Television series created by Al Masini]]</text>
      <sha1>6ttuk7eg373fczc7pknn4sr8t1fht9h</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Papua New Guinea</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>336165</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880414</id>
      <parentid>10545685</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T15:38:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-33725-65</username>
        <id>1817419</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Grade 10 English Assignment 2 */ new section</comment>
      <origin>10880414</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1260" sha1="rgm3oy0azvli2eemmkgx7hhjkzgroui" xml:space="preserve">{{translated page|en|Papua New Guinea|version=482000384}}

== Project ==


I have started a Simple English WikiProject about PNG. 

Here are the WikiProject 
[[User:Irtapil/WikiProject Papua New Guinea | '''Papua New Guinea''' ]]
and
[[User:Irtapil/WikiProject Palestine | Discussion]] pages. 

[[User:Irtapil|Irtapil]] ([[User talk:Irtapil|talk]]) 12:10, 3 April 2024 (UTC)

== Is Papua New Guinea a totalitarian dictatorship? ==
{{ping|Dayshade|Chipmunkdavis|Ptilinopus|Alexeyevitc|Safes007|Otr500|Largoplazo|Gadfium}}

The infobox says this, but there are no sources and I don't know if that's true. [[Special:Contributions/73.162.130.139|73.162.130.139]] ([[User talk:73.162.130.139|talk]]) 18:17, 4 June 2025 (UTC)

== Economy (section) ==

Source (as of 2025), bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/3114510/grasberg-disaster-exposes-copper-market-fragilities?tbref=hp
&lt;br&gt;. I hope to add stuff (to the article), within few days. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-27264-18|&amp;#126;2025-27264-18]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2025-27264-18|talk]]) 04:36, 2 October 2025 (UTC)

== Grade 10 English Assignment 2 ==

Three Important Nutrients  [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-33725-65|&amp;#126;2026-33725-65]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-33725-65|talk]]) 15:38, 6 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sharon Tate</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>353300</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880295</id>
      <parentid>10869528</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T12:13:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>-kat279</username>
        <id>1734355</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3909" sha1="gajf2mgr7ug4la5ianiu5lzhn8ckhdz" xml:space="preserve">{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name          = Sharon Tate
| image         = Sharon Tate Valley of the Dolls 1967 - Restoration.jpg
| imagesize     =
| caption       = Tate in {{Circa|1967}}
| birth_name    = Sharon Marie Tate
| birth_date    = {{Birth date|1943|01|24}}
| birth_place   = [[Dallas]], [[Texas]], [[U.S.]]
| death_date    = {{Death date and age|1969|08|9|1943|01|24}}
| death_place   = [[Benedict Canyon]], [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S.
| death_cause   = Murder by stabbing
| resting place = [[Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City|Holy Cross Cemetery]]
| spouse        = [[Roman Polanski]]&lt;br&gt;(m. 1968–1969, her death)
| occupation    = Actress, model
| years_active  = 1961–1969
| parents       = Colonel Paul James Tate&lt;br/&gt;[[Doris Tate|Doris Gwendolyn Willett]]
}}
'''Sharon Marie Tate''' (January 23, 1943 – August 9, 1969) was an American actress. She was married to [[movie director]] [[Roman Polanski]].&lt;ref&gt;Ain-Krupa, Julia ''Roman Polanski: A Life in Exile'' ABC Clio Publishing Santa Barbara California 2010 pages 75-76&lt;/ref&gt;

==Early life==
Sharon Marie Tate was born in [[Dallas]], [[Texas]] on January 23, 1943. She was the eldest daughter of a career army officer. So, her family had to move through various parts of the United States and Europe. As a child, her parents placed her in a beauty contest and she won.&lt;ref&gt;Sanders, Ed The Family Thunder's Mouth Press, New York, New York 2002 page 48&lt;/ref&gt;

==Movies==
Tate made her movie debut in ''Eye of the Devil'' in 1965.&lt;ref&gt;Fritscher, Jack; Anton Lavey Popular Witchcraft: Straight from the Witch's Mouth: Second Edition The University of Wisconsin Press Madison Wisconsin 2004 page 50&lt;/ref&gt; The [[movie producer]], Martin Ransohoff, made a ten-minute documentary promoting her, called ''All Eyes on Sharon Tate''.&lt;ref&gt;Lisanti, Tom Glamour Girls of Sixties Hollywood: Seventy-Five Profiles Mcfarland and Company Inc. Jefferson, North Carolina 2008 page 207&lt;/ref&gt;

Tate met Polanski while acting in his movie, ''The Fearless Vampire Killers''.&lt;ref&gt;Ain-Krupa, Julia Roman Polanski: A Life in Exile ABC Clio Publishing Santa Barbara California 2010 pages 58-59&lt;/ref&gt; That movie was a comedy mocking Hammer Horror movies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lisanti page 207&quot;&gt;Lisanti, Tom Glamour Girls of Sixties Hollywood: Seventy-Five Profiles McFarland and Company Inc. Jefferson, North Carolina 2008 page 207&lt;/ref&gt; Polanski married her in 1968.&lt;ref&gt;Ain-Krupa, Julia Roman Polanski: A Life in Exile ABC Clio Publishing Santa Barbara California 2010 pages 75-76&lt;/ref&gt; She was also in the comedy ''Don't Make Waves'' in 1967. In 1967, she was also in the movie ''Valley of the Dolls''. In 1969, she was in the spy comedy ''The Wrecking Crew''. Her last movie was an Italian [[slapstick]] comedy called ''12+1''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lisanti page 207&quot;/&gt;

==Murder==
On August 9, 1969, Tate was stabbed 16 times and then hanged by the neck from a ceiling beam. This was done at the orders of [[cult]] leader [[Charles Manson]]. Her unborn son, Paul, also died. The acts (five people were murdered) were done by the members of Manson's group, known as The Family. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-02-07|title=Five Down on Cielo Drive|url=https://darkprophets.com/10050-cielo-drive-the-house-of-love-and-horror/|access-date=2024-05-24|website=Dark Prophets|language=en|archive-date=2024-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523171156/https://darkprophets.com/10050-cielo-drive-the-house-of-love-and-horror/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Related pages ==
* [[Charles Manson#Tate murders|Tate murders]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tate, Sharon}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:1969 deaths]]
[[Category:Actors from Dallas]]
[[Category:American movie actors]]
[[Category:American murder victims]]
[[Category:Extras]]
[[Category:Murdered actors]]
[[Category:Stabbing attacks]]
[[Category:People murdered in California]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Talk:YHWH</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>355866</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880854</id>
      <parentid>10007824</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T09:40:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SuperDuperReally</username>
        <id>1761458</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* This Article Looks Hopeless */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>10880854</origin>
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      <text bytes="3700" sha1="ayt50g0q6xksfh1y2z73fa6x3jksd9q" xml:space="preserve">For this article to say &quot;Today, all three Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity and Islam) say that there is only one god,&quot;  is not accurate, and is a false doctrine that caused the great persecution when Rome threw the Gods and Lords into the lion's dens and gladiator's rings of Rome. In English it says, &quot;I said, you are Gods, sons of the Highest of all!&quot; Psalm 82:6 Jesus also said the same in John 10:34-36. The ten commandments say that we are to have no other God before Yahweh because there are other Gods, there is only one Yahweh, but many Gods and Lords.

“Behold, the heaven and the heaven of heavens is Yahweh's your  God, and the earth with all that therein too. Only Yahweh had a delight in your  fathers to love them, and he chose their seed after them, even you above all people, as it is this day. Circumcise therefore the foreskin of your heart, and be no more stiffnecked. For Yahweh your God is God of Gods, and Lord of Lords, eldest God, a mighty, and a terrible, which regards not persons, nor takes reward. He does execute the judgment of the fatherless and widow, and loves the foreigner, in giving him food and raiment. Love you  therefore the foreigner, for you  were foreigners in the land of Egypt.  You  shall fear Yahweh your  God, him shall you  serve, and to him shall you  cleave, and swear by his name.” 

Deuteronomy 10:14-20

== This Article Looks Hopeless ==

I've never seen such contentious wording in a WP article before. [[User:Downstrike|Downstrike]] ([[User talk:Downstrike|talk]]) 02:39, 6 March 2018 (UTC)
:Seems like most of the problematic text was introduced in a single edit by another editor. I have reverted the article to an earlier version. [[User:Chenzw|&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(96,0,0)&quot;&gt;Chenzw&lt;/span&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[User_talk:Chenzw|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10px;color:rgb(96,0,0)&quot;&gt;Talk&lt;/span&gt;]]&amp;nbsp; 02:43, 6 March 2018 (UTC)
:Hopefully it looks better now, lol. [[User:SuperDuperReally|SuperDuperReally]] ([[User talk:SuperDuperReally|talk]]) 09:40, 7 June 2026 (UTC)

== Vatican Word ==

Why is the word '''&quot;Vatican&quot;''' bolded and in quotes? [[User:KevinTernes|KevinTernes]] ([[User talk:KevinTernes|talk]]) 01:48, 3 April 2021 (UTC)

== Length ==

The article seems to be too long, especially some bullet points in the lower part of the article, which should have been better summarised and shortened to a readable extent for readers on this site. I guess those who are experts can have a look.[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 16:03, 27 December 2024 (UTC)

:@[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] Agreed, I've tagged the article so hopefully that will get some eyes on it, My only solution would be to gut the entire article but I can't help but think it wouldn't be entirely helpful for this particular article as it's not full of crap - just overdetailed stuff really, –[[User:Davey2010|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;'''Davey'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: orange;&quot;&gt;'''2010'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Davey2010|&lt;span style=&quot;color: navy;&quot;&gt;'''Talk'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 16:19, 27 December 2024 (UTC)
:The article in general is written in such a way it's almost impossible to read. I'll see what I can do, but I don't know the subject at all. '''[[User:Lee Vilenski|&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;Lee Vilenski&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;([[User talk:Lee Vilenski|talk]] • [[Special:Contribs/Lee Vilenski|contribs]])&lt;/sup&gt;''' 00:49, 12 January 2025 (UTC)
::I've done a bit of cleanup. I have no idea what the Greek section is about though. '''[[User:Lee Vilenski|&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;Lee Vilenski&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;([[User talk:Lee Vilenski|talk]] • [[Special:Contribs/Lee Vilenski|contribs]])&lt;/sup&gt;''' 01:05, 12 January 2025 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User:TDKR Chicago 101</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-07T00:52:43Z</timestamp>
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        <username>TDKR Chicago 101</username>
        <id>248920</id>
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      <origin>10880664</origin>
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{{administrator}}
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{{User humility pages|44500}}
&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute; top:-9.6em; left:-13em; background:#f6f6f6; z-index:1;&quot;&gt;[[File:Flag of Chicago, Illinois.svg|160px]]&lt;/div&gt;
{{DISPLAYTITLE:&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:110%;color:#283899&quot;&gt;User:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:110%;color:#283899&quot;&gt;TDKR&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:110%;color:#283899&quot;&gt;Chicago&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:110%;color:#283899&quot;&gt;101&lt;/span&gt;}}
&lt;!--{{Semi-retired|lang=en|text='''This user, of their own desire, is taking a leave from the Simple English Wikipedia until further notice. Thank You For Everything!'''}}&lt;br&gt;{{center|'''This user, at their own desire, is taking a leave from the Simple English Wikipedia until further notice. Thank You For Everything!'''}}--&gt;
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!style=&quot;background:#EEEEFF; border: 1px blue solid&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 125%&quot;&gt;'''Welcome Wikipedians'''&lt;/span&gt;
!style=&quot;background:#EEEEFF; border: 1px blue solid&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 125%&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Simple English Wikipedia ]]'''&lt;/span&gt; 
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| description  = This user lives in Chicago
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| description  = This user is a big fan of Leonard Cohen.
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| description  = This user misses Ronald Reagan. 
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| wikilink     = Fred Rogers
| description  = This user watched and misses Mr. Rogers. 
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| description  = This user supports Bernie Sanders for President. 
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{{userbox|skyblue|skyblue|[[File:Stand With Ukraine 24 by 18 Yard Sign.png|80px]]|&lt;center&gt;&lt;big&gt;This user Stands with [[Ukraine]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/center&gt;}}
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{{Sa-ultimate1-ubx}}
{{userbox|lightcyan|lightcyan|[[File:Circle sign 1.svg|80px]]|&lt;center&gt;&lt;big&gt;This user was born on October 1&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/center&gt;}}
{{User en-N}}
{{user es-5}}
{{user fr-1}}
{{user simple}}
{{userbox|lightcyan|lightcyan|[[File:Rainbow flag and blue skies.jpg|80px]]|&lt;center&gt;&lt;big&gt;This user supports gay marriage&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/center&gt;}}
{{User name|Lenin}}
{{userbox|lightcyan|lightcyan|[[File:Flag of Chicago, Illinois.svg|80px]]|&lt;center&gt;&lt;big&gt;This user is a proud Chicagoan&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/center&gt;}}
{{User:American Eagle/Male}}
{{User wikipedia/NP Patrol}}
{{User:American Eagle/Count|232,784}}
{{userbox|lightcyan|lightcyan|[[File:Editors Barnstar Hires.png|80px]]|&lt;center&gt;&lt;big&gt;This user has so far created 44,500 articles. That's 16.4% of the total articles at Simple English Wikipedia!&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/center&gt;}}
{{userboxbottom}}
{{cquote|&lt;big&gt;Never look down. The only reason to look down is when you're thinking when to go up. &lt;/big&gt;|100px|100px|TDKR Chicago 101}} 
[[File:Lovesmenot.gif|left]]
[[File:REALLY impressed.gif|right]]
==Personal life==
Born in [[Quito]], I was raised in [[Chicago]] and have lived there since 2000. I was born with [[pulmonary atresia]], a [[birth defect]] that affects the [[heart]] and [[lungs]]. I majored in [[law]] and [[political science]] at [[DePaul University]]. I am currently a [[paralegal]]. I have a pet [[chinchilla]], [[English bulldog]], [[hamster]] and [[Beta fish]]. I am married. 

==Greetings!==
Hello fellow Simple English Wikipedian (SEW)! As my user name suggests I am a proud Wiki user from [[Chicago]] (arguably one of the most beautiful cities in the world). I have been editing at SEW since 2012 and my journey here has been a memorable one. Hopefully as you begin your journey here, either if you'll be editing here briefly or in the long run, I hope you'll help expand this Wiki with great and simple articles and help run this Wiki with our great editors. Happy editing! - TDKR Chicago 101
{{special:impact/TDKR Chicago 101}}

==Good/Featured Article targets==
* [[Penny Oleksiak]]
* [[Toni Breidinger]]
* [[Chicago Board of Trade Building]]
* [[Chicago River]]
* [[Margaret Qualley]]
* [[Jimmy Carter]] 
* [[Jacinda Ardern]] 
* [[All the Money in the World]]
* [[Mister Rogers' Neighborhood]]
* [[Nelson Mandela]]

==Some Role Models==
&lt;center&gt;
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;160&quot;&gt;
File:Bernie Sanders July 2019 (cropped).jpg|[[Bernie Sanders]]
File:President Ronald Reagan - 1991 (cropped).jpg|[[Ronald Reagan]]
File:GreenNewDeal Presser 020719 (20 of 85) (cropped).jpg|[[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]]
File:Fred Rogers 2002.jpg|[[Mister Rogers]]
File:Visiting Barry (49192886896) (cropped).jpg|[[Jeremy Corbyn]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;
&lt;/center&gt;

==Favorite Movie Directors==
As a avid movie goer and fanatic, here are my favorite directors:
&lt;center&gt;
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;160&quot;&gt;
File:Tim Burton by Gage Skidmore.jpg|[[Tim Burton]]
File:Christopher Nolan, London, 2013 (crop).jpg|[[Christopher Nolan]]
File:Zack Snyder.jpg|[[Zack Snyder]]
File:Patty Jenkins at the 2018 Comic-Con International.jpg|[[Patty Jenkins]]
File:Martin Scorsese Berlinale 2010 (cropped2).jpg|[[Martin Scorsese]]
File:Saveferris-wrigleyfield.jpg|[[John Hughes]]
File:Robert Zemeckis by David Shankbone.jpg|[[Robert Zemeckis]]
File:Jordan Peele Peabody 2014 (cropped).jpg|[[Jordan Peele]]
File:Clint_Eastwood_at_2010_New_York_Film_Festival.jpg|[[Clint Eastwood]]
File:Steven Spielberg by Gage Skidmore.jpg|[[Steven Spielberg]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;
&lt;/center&gt;

==Favorite Actors/Actresses==
As a avid movie goer and fanatic, here are my favorite actors/actresses:
&lt;center&gt;
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;160&quot;&gt;
File:Christopher Plummer 2014.jpg|[[Christopher Plummer]]
File:Dame Maggie Smith-cropped.jpg|[[Maggie Smith]]
File:Johnny Depp 2020.jpg|[[Johnny Depp]]
File:Al Pacino.jpg|[[Al Pacino]]
File:Hal Holbrook (45346460095).jpg|[[Hal Holbrook]]
File:Donald Sutherland (cropped).JPG|[[Donald Sutherland]]
File:Charles Bronson Cannes.jpg|[[Charles Bronson]]
File:JoePesci-2009.jpg|[[Joe Pesci]]
File:Bill Murray 2018.jpg|[[Bill Murray]]
File:Ben Affleck by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg|[[Ben Affleck]]
File:Robert Pattinson - Damsel - Press Conference (cropped).jpg|[[Robert Pattinson]]
File:Jeremy Irons.jpg|[[Jeremy Irons]]
File:JK Simmons 2009.jpg|[[J. K. Simmons]]
File:Christopher Lloyd May 2015.jpg|[[Christopher Lloyd]]
File:Danny DeVito cropped and edited for brightness.jpg|[[Danny DeVito]]
File:Ken Watanabe 2007 (cropped).jpg|[[Ken Watanabe]]
File:Robin Williams (6451536411) (cropped).jpg|[[Robin Williams]]
File:Jack Nicholson cropped 2010.jpg|[[Jack Nicholson]]
File:Clint_Eastwood_at_2010_New_York_Film_Festival.jpg|[[Clint Eastwood]]
File:Meryl Streep - Berlin Berlinale 66 (24609057279) (cropped).jpg|[[Meryl Streep]]
File:Premios Goya 2018 - Bill Nighy 02.jpg|[[Bill Nighy]]
File:Christopher Lee at the Berlin International Film Festival 2013.jpg|[[Christopher Lee]]
File:ChristopherWalkenFeb08.jpg|[[Christopher Walken]]
File:Dracula (1958) trailer - Michael Gough (cropped &amp; flipped).png|[[Michael Gough]]
File:Michael Keaton by Gage Skidmore.jpg|[[Michael Keaton]]
File:Helena Bonham Carter (Berlin Film Festival 2011) 3 (cropped).jpg|[[Helena Bonham Carter]]
File:Marion Cotillard (July 2009) 1.jpg|[[Marion Cotillard]]
File:Steve Martin at the 75th Annual Peabody Awards (cropped).jpg|[[Steve Martin]]
File:Martin Short at PaleyFest 2014 (cropped).jpg|[[Martin Short]]
File:Anne Hathaway (cropped) (cropped).png|[[Anne Hathaway]]
File:Joaquin Phoenix-1325.jpg (cropped).jpg|[[Joaquin Phoenix]]
File:Sir Michael Caine, 28th EFA Awards 2015, Berlin (cropped).jpg|[[Michael Caine]]
File:Morgan Freeman, 2006.jpg|[[Morgan Freeman]]
File:Hugh Grant in 2014.jpg|[[Hugh Grant]]
File:Dick Van Dyke cropped.jpg|[[Dick Van Dyke]]
File:The Laundromat 04 (48816203358) (cropped).jpg|[[Gary Oldman]]
File:Alan Rickman after Seminar (3).jpg|[[Alan Rickman]]
File:Tom Hanks TIFF 2019.jpg|[[Tom Hanks]]
File:Beautiful Boy 02 (42978861620) (cropped).jpg|[[Steve Carell]]
File:Margot Robbie at Somerset House in 2013 (cropped).jpg|[[Margot Robbie]]
File:Robert De Niro 2011 1.JPG|[[Robert De Niro]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;
&lt;/center&gt;

==Favorite Internet Celebrities==
&lt;center&gt;
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;160&quot;&gt;
File:Markiplier by Gage Skidmore.jpg|[[Markiplier]]
File:Jacksepticeye by Gage Skidmore.jpg|[[Jacksepticeye]]
File:Valkyrae at TwitchCon 2018 9.png|[[Valkyrae]]
File:Disguised Toast, indoors, seated behind a microphone (August 2020).png|[[Disguised Toast]]
File:Pokimane 2019.png|[[Pokimane]]
File:Fuslie2017.jpg|[[Fuslie]]
File:AmongUsWireDiagram.png|[[Corpse Husband]] and [[Sykkuno]]
File:Ludwig Ahgren in front of green screen (cropped).png|[[Ludwig Ahgren]]
File:Shane Dawson by Gage Skidmore.jpg|[[Shane Dawson]]
File:BuzzfeedUnsolvedLogo.png|[[Shane Madej]] and [[Ryan Bergara]]
File:MatPat 2020 (I68lZ9jptWU).jpg|[[MatPat]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;
&lt;/center&gt;

==Quotes==
{{cquote|&lt;big&gt;There are no easy answers, but there are simple answers. We must have the courage to do what we know is morally right. &lt;/big&gt;|100px|100x|40th [[President of the United States]] [[Ronald Reagan]]}}
{{cquote|&lt;big&gt;It's better to show up than to give up.&lt;/big&gt;|100px|100x|[[United States Senator]] [[Bernie Sanders]]}}
{{cquote|&lt;big&gt;The greatest gift you can ever give is your honest self.&lt;/big&gt;|100px|100x|American television personality [[Fred Rogers|Mr. Rogers]]}}
{{cquote|&lt;big&gt;A winner is a dreamer who never gave up.&lt;/big&gt;|100px|100x|1st [[President of South Africa]] [[Nelson Mandela]]}}
{{cquote|&lt;big&gt;Laughter is timeless, imagination has no age, and dreams are forever.&lt;/big&gt;|100px|100x|American businessman [[Walt Disney]]}}
{{cquote|&lt;big&gt;The most important thing in life is to dare. The most complicated thing in life is to be afraid. The smartest thing in the world is to try to be a moral person.&lt;/big&gt;|100px|100x|9th [[President of Israel]] [[Shimon Peres]]}}
{{cquote|&lt;big&gt;I have opinions of my own, strong opinions, but I don't always agree with them.&lt;/big&gt;|100px|100x|41st [[President of the United States]] [[George H. W. Bush]]}}
{{cquote|&lt;big&gt;Talent is an accident of genes - and a responsibility.&lt;/big&gt;|100px|100x|British actor [[Alan Rickman]]}}
{{cquote|&lt;big&gt;Time is a precious thing. Never waste it.&lt;/big&gt;|100px|100x|American actor [[Gene Wilder]]}}
{{cquote|&lt;big&gt;A revolution is a struggle to the death between the future and the past.&lt;/big&gt;|100px|100x|1st [[President of Cuba]] [[Fidel Castro]]}}
{{cquote|&lt;big&gt;Whatever you do, there is always a better choice.&lt;/big&gt;|100px|100x|British actor [[John Hurt]]}}
{{cquote|&lt;big&gt;You're only given a little spark of madness. You mustn't lose it.&lt;/big&gt;|100px|100x|American actor and comedian [[Robin Williams]]}}
{{cquote|&lt;big&gt;United we stand, divided we fall is one of the oldest and truest slogans.&lt;/big&gt;|100px|100x|[[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Leader of the Opposition]] [[Jeremy Corbyn]]}}
{{cquote|&lt;big&gt;Man looks in the abyss, there's nothing staring back at him. At that moment, man finds his character. And that is what keeps him out of the abyss.&lt;/big&gt;|100px|100x|American actor [[Hal Holbrook]]}}
{{cquote|&lt;big&gt;Early in life I had to choose between honest arrogance and hypocritical humility. I chose honest arrogance and have seen no occasion to change.&lt;/big&gt;|100px|100x|American architect [[Frank Lloyd Wright]]}}
{{cquote|&lt;big&gt;Your intellect may be confused, but your emotions will never lie to you.&lt;/big&gt;|100px|100x|American movie critic [[Roger Ebert]]}}

&lt;!--
==TDKR'S Deathlist 2020==
Inspired by [https://deathlist.net/ Deathlist]
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|-
!Person
!Lifespan
!Occupation
!Known For
!{{nowrap|Status&lt;br&gt;{{As of|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}}

|- 
| [[File:Studio publicity Olivia de Havilland.jpg|100px]]&lt;br/&gt;'''{{nowrap|[[Olivia de Havilland]]}}'''
|{{birth date and age|1916|7|1}}&lt;br&gt;[[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]
|Actress
|{{nowrap|''[[The Adventures of Robin Hood]]''&lt;br&gt;''[[Santa Fe Trail (movie)|Santa Fe Trail]]''&lt;br&gt;''[[Gone with the Wind (movie)|Gone with the Wind]]''&lt;br&gt;''[[The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex]]''&lt;br&gt;''[[Anastasia: The Mystery of Anna]]''&lt;br&gt;[[Academy Award for Best Actress|Academy Award]] Winner ([[19th Academy Awards|1946]], [[22nd Academy Awards|1949]])
|{{unofficial2|Alive}}
|- 
|bgcolor=#FF91A4| [[File:Dame Vera Lynn.jpg|100px]]&lt;br/&gt;'''[[Vera Lynn]]'''
|bgcolor=#FF91A4| {{birth date|1917|3|20}}&lt;br&gt;{{nowrap|[[East Ham]], [[Essex]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom|U.K.]]}}&lt;br&gt;&amp;ndash;&lt;br&gt;{{death date and age|2020|6|18|1917|3|20}}&lt;br&gt;{{nowrap|[[Ditchling]], [[East Sussex]], England}}
|bgcolor=#FF91A4| {{nowrap|Singer-songwriter}}&lt;br&gt;Actress 
|bgcolor=#FF91A4| &quot;[[We'll Meet Again]]&quot;&lt;br&gt;&quot;[[(There'll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs of Dover|The White Cliffs of Dover]]&quot;&lt;br&gt;&quot;[[A Nightingale Sang in Berkeley Square (song)|A Nightingale Sang in Berkeley Square]]&quot;&lt;br&gt;&quot;[[There'll Always Be an England]]&quot;
|bgcolor=#FF91A4| Deceased
|- 
| [[File:Marsha-Hunt 2013-11-15 (cropped).jpg|100px]]&lt;br/&gt;'''[[Marsha Hunt]]'''
|{{birth date and age|1917|10|17}}&lt;br&gt;{{nowrap|[[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], [[United States|U.S]]}}
|Actress&lt;br&gt;Activist
|[[Hollywood blacklist|Blacklisted]] in [[Hollywood]] in the 1950s during [[McCarthyism]]
|{{unofficial2|Alive}}
|- 
|bgcolor=#FF91A4| [[File:NASA human computers - Katherine Coleman Goble Johnson.jpg|100px]]&lt;br/&gt;'''[[Katherine Johnson]]'''
|bgcolor=#FF91A4|{{birth date|1918|8|26}}&lt;br&gt;{{nowrap|[[White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia|White Sulphur Springs]], [[West Virginia]], [[United States|U.S.]]}}&lt;br&gt;&amp;ndash;&lt;br&gt;{{death date and age|2020|2|24|1918|8|26}}&lt;br&gt;{{nowrap|[[Newport News, Virginia|Newport News]], [[Virginia]], U.S.}}
|bgcolor=#FF91A4|Physicist&lt;br&gt;Mathematician 
|bgcolor=#FF91A4|[[NASA]] Pioneer
|bgcolor=#FF91A4|Deceased
|- 
|bgcolor=#FF91A4| [[File:Baby-Peggy 2012-07-01 (cropped).jpg|100px]]&lt;br/&gt;'''[[Diana Serra Cary]]'''
|bgcolor=#FF91A4|{{birth date|1918|10|29}}&lt;br&gt;{{nowrap|[[San Diego, California|San Diego]], [[California]], [[United States|U.S.]]}}&lt;br&gt;&amp;ndash;&lt;br&gt;{{death date and age|2020|2|24|1918|10|29}}&lt;br&gt;{{nowrap|[[Gustine, California|Gustine]], [[California]], U.S.}}
|bgcolor=#FF91A4|Actress&lt;br&gt;Writer&lt;br&gt;Historian
|bgcolor=#FF91A4|{{nowrap|Last Living Actress From [[Hollywood|Hollywood's]] [[Silent movie|Silent Movie Era]]}}
|bgcolor=#FF91A4|Deceased
|- 
| [[File:Lester Wolff 2014 (cropped).jpg|100px]]&lt;br/&gt;'''[[Lester L. Wolff]]'''
|{{birth date and age|1919|1|4}}&lt;br&gt;{{nowrap|[[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[United States|U.S.]]}}
|Politician
|{{nowrap|Member of the [[United States House of Representatives]] from [[New York (state)|New York]] (1965–1981)}}
|{{unofficial2|Alive}}
|- 
| [[File:Ann Buydens 2000.jpg|100px]]&lt;br/&gt;'''[[Anne Buydens]]'''
|{{birth date and age|1919|4|19}}&lt;br&gt;{{nowrap|[[Hanover]], [[Germany]]}}
|Actress&lt;br&gt;Producer&lt;br&gt;Philanthropist 
|{{nowrap|Widow of [[Hollywood]] Legend [[Kirk Douglas]]}}
|{{unofficial2|Alive}}
|- 
|bgcolor=#FF91A4| [[File:Presentación del libro “Javier Pérez de Cuéllar- un peruano al servicio de la paz mundial” (cropped).jpg|100px]]&lt;br/&gt;{{nowrap|'''[[Javier Pérez de Cuéllar]]'''}}
|bgcolor=#FF91A4|{{birth date|1920|1|19}}&lt;br&gt;{{nowrap|[[Lima]], [[Peru]]}}&lt;br&gt;&amp;ndash;&lt;br&gt;{{death date and age|2020|3|4|1920|1|19}}&lt;br&gt;{{nowrap|Lima, Peru}}
|bgcolor=#FF91A4|Politician
|bgcolor=#FF91A4|{{nowrap|5th [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]] (1982–1991)&lt;br&gt;135th [[Prime Minister of Peru]] (2000–2001)}}
|bgcolor=#FF91A4|Deceased
|- 
| [[File:George P. Shultz 2018.jpg|100px]]&lt;br/&gt;'''[[George P. Shultz]]'''
|{{birth date and age|1920|12|13}}&lt;br&gt;{{nowrap|[[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[United States|U.S.]]}}
|Politician&lt;br&gt;Businessman
|{{nowrap|11th [[United States Secretary of Labor]] (1969–1970)&lt;br&gt;Director of the [[Office of Management and Budget]] (1970–1972)&lt;br&gt;62nd [[United States Secretary of the Treasury]] (1972–1974)&lt;br&gt;60th [[United States Secretary of State]] (1982–1989)}}
|{{unofficial2|Alive}}
|- 
| [[File:Cicely Tyson (47327457231).jpg|100px]]&lt;br/&gt;'''[[Cicely Tyson]]'''
|{{birth date and age|1924|12|19}}&lt;br&gt;{{nowrap|[[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[United States|U.S.]]}}
|Actress&lt;br&gt;Model
|{{nowrap|''[[Sounder (movie)|Sounder]]''&lt;br&gt;''[[The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman (movie)|The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman]]''&lt;br&gt;''[[Oldest Living Confederate Widow Tells All (movie)|Oldest Living Confederate Widow Tells All]]''&lt;br&gt;''[[The Help (movie)|The Help]]''&lt;br&gt;''[[How to Get Away with Murder]]''&lt;br&gt;[[Primetime Emmy Award]] Winner ([[26th Primetime Emmy Awards|1974]], [[46th Primetime Emmy Awards|1994]])&lt;br&gt;[[Tony Award]] Winner ([[67th Tony Awards|2013]])
|{{unofficial2|Alive}}
|- 
| [[File:Daniel J. Evans.jpg|100px]]&lt;br/&gt;'''[[Daniel J. Evans]]'''
|{{birth date and age|1925|10|16}}&lt;br&gt;{{nowrap|[[Seattle]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[United States|U.S.]]}}
|Politician
|{{nowrap|16th [[Governor of Washington]] (1965–1977)&lt;br&gt;Chair of the [[National Governors Association]] (1973–1974)&lt;br&gt;[[United States Senator]] from [[Washington (state)|Washington]] (1983–1989)
|{{unofficial2|Alive}}
|- 
| [[File:King-Salazar (cropped).jpg|100px]]&lt;br/&gt;'''[[Christine King Farris]]'''
|{{birth date and age|1927|9|11}}&lt;br&gt;{{nowrap|[[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[United States|U.S.]]}}
|Educator&lt;br&gt;Civil Rights Activist
|Last Living Sister of [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]
|{{unofficial2|Alive}}
|- 
| [[File:James Ivory (1991.09).jpg|100px]]&lt;br/&gt;'''[[James Ivory]]'''
|{{birth date and age|1928|6|7}}&lt;br&gt;[[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]], [[California]], [[United States|U.S.]]
|Director&lt;br&gt;Producer&lt;br&gt;Screenwriter
| ''[[A Room with a View (1985 movie)|A Room with a View]]''&lt;br&gt;''[[Maurice (movie)|Maurice]]''&lt;br&gt;''[[Howards End (movie)|Howards End]]''&lt;br&gt;''[[The Remains of the Day (movie)|The Remains of the Day]]''&lt;br&gt;''[[Call Me by Your Name (movie)|Call Me by Your Name]]''&lt;br&gt;[[Academy Award]] Winner ([[90th Academy Awards|2017]])
|{{unofficial2|Alive}}
|- 
| [[File:Lina Wertmuller 2000.jpg|100px]]&lt;br/&gt;'''[[Lina Wertmüller]]'''
|{{birth date and age|1928|8|14}}&lt;br&gt;{{nowrap|[[Rome]], [[Italy]]}}
|Screenwriter&lt;br&gt;Director
|''[[Seven Beauties]]''&lt;br&gt;''[[The Seduction of Mimi]]''&lt;br&gt;''[[Love and Anarchy]]''&lt;br&gt;''[[Swept Away (1974 movie)|Swept Away]]''&lt;br&gt;{{nowrap|First Woman To Be Nominated For An [[Academy Award for Best Director|Academy Award]] ([[49th Academy Awards|1977]])}}
|{{unofficial2|Alive}}
|- 
| [[File:Kare Willoch 2009 (cropped).jpg|100px]]&lt;br/&gt;'''[[Kåre Willoch]]'''
|{{birth date and age|1928|10|3}}&lt;br&gt;{{nowrap|[[Oslo]], [[Norway]]}}
|Politician
|[[Storting|MP]] (1958–1989)&lt;br&gt;[[Prime Minister of Norway]] (1981–1986)
|{{unofficial2|Alive}}
|- 
|bgcolor=#FF91A4| [[File:John Turner 2018.jpg|100px]]&lt;br/&gt;'''[[John Turner]]'''
|bgcolor=#FF91A4|{{birth date|1929|6|17}}&lt;br&gt;{{nowrap|[[Richmond, London|Richmond]], [[Surrey]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom|U.K.]]}}&lt;br&gt;&amp;ndash;&lt;br&gt;{{death date and age|2020|9|18|1929|6|7}}&lt;br&gt;{{nowrap|[[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]]}}
|bgcolor=#FF91A4|Politician
|bgcolor=#FF91A4|[[Parliament of Canada|MP]] (1962–1976, 1984–1993)&lt;br&gt;[[Prime Minister of Canada]] (1984)&lt;br&gt;[[Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)|Leader of the Official Opposition]] (1984–1990)
|bgcolor=#FF91A4|Deceased
|- 
| [[File:Wim van Eekelen 1986 (1).jpg|100px]]&lt;br/&gt;'''[[Wim van Eekelen]]'''
|{{birth date and age|1931|2|5}}&lt;br&gt;{{nowrap|[[Utrecht]], [[Netherlands]]}}
|Politician
|{{nowrap|Member of the [[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|House of Representatives]] (1977–1978, 1981–1982, 1986)&lt;br&gt;[[Senate (Netherlands)|Senator]] (1995–2003)}}
|{{unofficial2|Alive}}
|-
| [[File:Rush Limbaugh (49291182727) (cropped).jpg|100px]]&lt;br/&gt;'''[[Rush Limbaugh]]'''
|{{birth date and age|1951|1|12}}&lt;br&gt;{{nowrap|[[Cape Girardeau, Missouri|Cape Girardeau]], [[Missouri]], [[United States|U.S.]]}}
|Radio Personality&lt;br&gt;{{nowrap|Political Commentator}}
|Host of ''[[The Rush Limbaugh Show]]''
|{{unofficial2|Alive}}
|- 
| [[File:Shannen Doherty 2015 (cropped).jpg|100px]]&lt;br/&gt;'''[[Shannen Doherty]]'''
|{{birth date and age|1971|4|12}}&lt;br&gt;{{nowrap|[[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]], [[Tennessee]], [[United States|U.S.]]}}
|Actress&lt;br&gt;Director&lt;br&gt;Producer
|''[[Little House on the Prairie]]''&lt;br&gt;''[[Heathers]]''&lt;br&gt;''[[Beverly Hills, 90210]]''&lt;br&gt;''[[Charmed]]''
|{{unofficial2|Alive}}
|- 
| [[File:Steve Gleason (cropped) (2).jpg|100px]]&lt;br/&gt;'''[[Steve Gleason]]'''
|{{birth date and age|1977|3|19}}&lt;br&gt;{{nowrap|[[Spokane, Washington|Spokane]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[United States|U.S.]]}}
|Football Player&lt;br&gt;Activist
|[[Indianapolis Colts]]&lt;br&gt;[[New Orleans Saints]]
|{{unofficial2|Alive}}
|}
--&gt;

==Main Page==
{| style=&quot;width: 100%; padding: 0px;margin-top:0px;&quot;
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{{Box-header-round|title=Today's [[WP:FA|&lt;span style=&quot;color:white&quot;&gt;Featured Article&lt;/span&gt;]]|editpage=User:WorldTraveller101|titleforeground=white|titlebackground=green|background=#DAF8D4}}
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&lt;div style=&quot;nowraplinks; width: 95%; text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
{{:Main Page/Article {{#expr:({{#time: z}} + 1) mod {{PAGESINCATEGORY:Selected articles}} }}}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
{{Box-footer}}
{{Box-header-round|title=[[WP:DYK|&lt;span style=&quot;color:white&quot;&gt;Did You Know?&lt;/span&gt;]]|editpage=User:WorldTraveller101|titleforeground=white|titlebackground=green|background=#DAF8D4}}
&lt;center&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;height: 200px; width: 99%; overflow:auto; &quot;&gt;
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{{Did you know}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
{{Box-footer}}
&lt;/div&gt;


==Accomplishments==
* [[Bernie Sanders]] promoted to Good Article status on March 13, 2016.
* [[Ronald Reagan]] promoted to Good Article status on October 16, 2014. Later promoted to Very Good Article status on June 3, 2018.
* [[Jeremy Corbyn]] promoted to Good Article status on October 11, 2017.
* [[Fred Rogers]] promoted to Good Article status on December 21, 2018.
* [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]] promoted to Good Article status on April 11, 2021.
* [[Valéry Giscard d'Estaing]] promoted to Good Article status on June 7, 2021.
* [[Willis Tower]] promoted to Good Article status on November 11, 2021.
* [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis]] promoted to Very Good Article status on December 19, 2021.

==Leonard Cohen DYK==
[[File:Leonard Cohen 2 2013 (cropped).jpg|right|100x100px]]
* ... that '''[[Leonard Cohen]]''' ''(pictured)'' wrote about eighty different drafts of the song &quot;[[Hallelujah (song)|Hallelujah]]&quot; before finalizing the original version in 1984?

==Barnstars, comments &amp; cookies==
All the Barnstars, comments and cookies I have:

{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid #cc0000; margin: auto; margin:-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#cc0000;&quot;|[[Image:Chocolate chip cookies.jpg|85px]]
| style=&quot;padding:10px; text-align:center;&quot;|{{#if:Intforce|[[User:Intforce|'''Intforce''']]|Somebody}} has given you some cookies!  Now enjoy them! 
|} Carry on! --[[User:Intforce|'''int'''force]] ([[User talk:Intforce|talk]]) 21:19, 9 September 2012 (UTC)
{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; | [[Image:Tireless Contributor Barnstar Hires.gif|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Tireless Contributor Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; | For your tireless work here. You've created more than 100 articles within very few days! Keep on, we need more editors like you. [[User talk:Intforce|@]][[User:Intforce|&lt;abbr title=&quot;open my user page&quot;&gt;'''i'''ntforce&lt;/abbr&gt;]] 17:31, 10 September 2012 (UTC)
|}
{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; | [[Image:Tireless Contributor Barnstar Hires.gif|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Tireless Contributor Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; | For your Tireless work.You create articles in every hour and fix them very fast.[[User:Receptie123|Receptie123]] ([[User talk:Receptie123|talk]]) 17:40, 12 September 2012 (UTC)
|}
{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; | [[Image:Tireless Contributor Barnstar Hires.gif|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Tireless Contributor Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; | You're doing a great job with your new articles and other contributions, so here's a barnstar for you. [[User:Lugia2453|Lugia2453]] ([[User talk:Lugia2453|talk]]) 03:38, 3 March 2013 (UTC)
|}
{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; | [[File:Editors Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Editor's Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; | After all of the incessant ''nagging'' you had to endure from me when you first started here, you sure as hell deserve some recognition for the way your new articles are looking now. The quality has improved dramatically, and you haven't slowed down in the slightest! Amazing! [[User:Osiris|Osiris]] ([[User talk:Osiris|talk]]) 01:46, 16 March 2013 (UTC)
|}
{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; | [[Image:Tireless Contributor Barnstar Hires.gif|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Tireless Contributor Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; | Great job! You've created so many articles i can't even count the number of them.Your a great contributor here! --[[User:Reception123|Reception123 / Receptie123]] ([[User talk:Reception123|talk]]) 14:41, 11 June 2013 (UTC)
|}
{{Cookie}}--[[User:Reception123|Reception123 / Receptie123]] ([[User talk:Reception123|talk]]) 14:41, 11 June 2013 (UTC)
[[File:StrawberryIce.jpg|right|thumb|''Just'' 4 U, TDKR! [[User:Oregonian2012|Oregonian2012]] ([[User talk:Oregonian2012|talk]]) 19:07, 20 June 2013 (UTC)]]
::: Thank you for your contributions to this Wikipedia. [[User:Oregonian2012|Oregonian2012]] ([[User talk:Oregonian2012|talk]]) 18:59, 20 June 2013 (UTC)
{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; | [[Image:Random Acts of Kindness Barnstar.png|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Random Acts of Kindness Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; | You are so kind to give so many user cookies.You deserve this Barnstar for many other reasons too. [[User:Reception123|Reception123 / Receptie123]] ([[User talk:Reception123|talk]]) 05:35, 22 June 2013 (UTC)
|}
{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; | [[Image:Brilliant Idea Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''What a Brilliant Idea Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; | You are a genius, along with TDKR! [[User:Aaqib|&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot; face=&quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;&gt;Aaqib&lt;/font&gt;]] [[User talk:Aaqib|&lt;font color=&quot;black&quot; face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Hola!&lt;/font&gt;]]  19:52, 23 June 2013 (UTC)
|}
'''&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana&quot;&gt;[[User:Bluegoblin7|&lt;font color=&quot;#354A98&quot;&gt;Go&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#435BB3&quot;&gt;b&lt;/font&gt;]][[User talk:Bluegoblin7|&lt;font color=&quot;#516BC9&quot;&gt;l&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#95A9F4&quot;&gt;i&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#9FB1F0&quot;&gt;n&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/font&gt;''' 16:22, 23 June 2013 (UTC) &lt;small&gt;I ♥ TDKR Chicago 101!&lt;/small&gt;
{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | [[File:Current Events Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: bottom; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Current Events Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: top; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; | Always in the present. Keep up the good work! [[User:Aaqib|&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot; face=&quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;&gt;Aa&lt;/font&gt;]][[User talk:Aaqib|&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot; face=&quot;Tahoma&quot;&gt;qib&lt;/font&gt;]]  22:23, 1 July 2013 (UTC)
|}
{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;&quot; width=100%
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=75px | [[File:Working Wikimedian's Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Working {{#switch: {{{2}}}
  |w=Woman's
  |m=Man's
  |#default=Wikipedian's
}} Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; | I looked at your list of articles you created. Amazing! You have created so many articles on this Wiki, even more than I thought. I don't believe so many users can't notice how helpful you are. Keep up the good work! [[User:Reception123|&lt;font color=&quot;#FA80231&quot;&gt;'''Reception123'''&lt;/font&gt;]]/[[User:Reception123|&lt;font color=&quot;#AF91521&quot;&gt;'''Receptie123'''&lt;/font&gt;]][[User talk:Reception123|&lt;font color=&quot;#4418E1&quot;&gt; (talk)&lt;/font&gt;]] 15:44, 2 July 2013 (UTC)
|}
{{cookies|Bluegoblin7}}
{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; | [[Image:Tireless Contributor Barnstar Hires.gif|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Tireless Contributor Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; | I know you already have four of these, but you deserve another one. You're one of the Simple English Wikipedia's most prolific editors to articlespace, and it's astounding the number of articles you've created. Keep up the great work! [[User talk:TCN7JM|&lt;font color=&quot;blue&quot; face=&quot;Tahoma&quot;&gt;T&lt;/font&gt;]][[Special:Contributions/TCN7JM|&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot; face=&quot;Tahoma&quot;&gt;C&lt;/font&gt;]][[User:TCN7JM|&lt;font color=&quot;gray&quot; face=&quot;Tahoma&quot;&gt;N7&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;black&quot; face=&quot;Tahoma&quot;&gt;JM&lt;/font&gt;]] 02:19, 23 November 2013 (UTC)
|}
&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FFEEFF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FFE0FF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FFC4FF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FFB3FF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF85FF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF5EFF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF43CA&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF35A2&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF246E&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF24CE&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF35A2&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF43CA&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF5EFF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF85FF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FFB3FF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FFC4FF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FFE0FF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FFEEFF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;

[[Image:Goldenwiki 2.png|125px|link=]]&lt;br&gt;
To a truly outstanding editor that tries to help Wikipedia in every way. I believe that this award has been long overdue and is very well deserved. Thank you very much. [[User:Pending|&lt;font color=&quot;lightsalmon&quot;&gt;Pending&lt;/font&gt;]][[User talk:Pending|&lt;font color=&quot;orange&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;(tell me I screwed up &lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]][[Special:contributions/Pending|&lt;font color=&quot;Tomato&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;and where)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]] 16:52, 14 January 2014 (UTC)

&lt;font color=&quot;#FFEEFF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FFE0FF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FFC4FF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FFB3FF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF85FF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF5EFF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF43CA&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF35A2&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF246E&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF24CE&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF35A2&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF43CA&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF5EFF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF85FF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FFB3FF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FFC4FF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FFE0FF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FFEEFF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;

{{The Barnstar of Good Humor|Hello '''{{BASEPAGENAME}}'''.Recently you have signed '''[[User:Pratyya Ghosh/Guestbook|my guestbook]]'''! Thank you very much for signing my guestbook. Cheers.{{smiley}}--'''[[User:Pratyya Ghosh|&lt;span style=&quot;color:green;font-family:Comic Sans MS&quot;&gt;Pr&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;at&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;yya&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]]''' &lt;sup&gt;[[User_talk:Pratyya Ghosh|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange;font-family:Verdana&quot;&gt;'''(Hello!)'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 13:05, 25 January 2014 (UTC)|alt|title=The Barnstar of Good Humor!}}

{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;&quot; width=100%
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=75px | [[File:Working Wikimedian's Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Working {{#switch: m
  |w=Woman's
  |m=Man's
  |#default=Wikipedian's
}} Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; | For your tireless contributions on [[WP:DYK|DYK]], you really deserve it, I think there's no one more active in that area than you! [[User:Barras|&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style&quot;&gt;'''Barras'''&lt;/span&gt;]] [[User Talk:Barras|&lt;span style=&quot;color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style&quot;&gt;'''talk'''&lt;/span&gt;]] 10:04, 15 February 2014 (UTC)
|}
{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;&quot; width=100%
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=75px | [[File:Working Wikimedian's Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Working {{#switch: male
  |w=Woman's
  |m=Man's
  |#default=Wikipedian's
}} Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; | I have to give you another barnstar because I was checking article count and for you I saw 3205! Excellent job! Keep it up and make even more!  [[User:Reception123|&lt;font color=&quot;#FA80231&quot;&gt;'''Reception123'''&lt;/font&gt;]]/[[User:Reception123|&lt;font color=&quot;#AF91521&quot;&gt;'''Receptie123'''&lt;/font&gt;]][[User talk:Reception123|&lt;font color=&quot;#4418E1&quot;&gt; (talk)&lt;/font&gt;]] 05:46, 27 April 2014 (UTC)
|}
{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: white;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; | [[Image:Deathstar award.png|100px|That's no moon!]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''Death Star'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; | For your work updating [[:Deaths in 2014]]!&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;--[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:06, 20 July 2014 (UTC)
|}
{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; | [[Image:Tireless Contributor Barnstar Hires.gif|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Tireless Contributor Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; | A long overdue barnstar. This is for your work on [[Deaths in 2014]], and your many contributions ;). You've earned it! '''[[User:George.Edward.C|&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;George Edward C&lt;/span&gt;]] – [[User_talk:George.Edward.C|&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Talk&lt;/span&gt;]] – [[Special:Contributions/George.Edward.C|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange&quot;&gt;Contributions&lt;/span&gt;]]''' 07:22, 29 November 2014 (UTC)
|}
:*You are great at expanding this place. Wikipedia is never complete, but with you were, it feels like it's pretty close :) [[User:Krett12|Krett12]] ([[User talk:Krett12|talk]]) 00:47, 3 June 2016 (UTC)
{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | [[File:Current Events Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: bottom; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Current Events Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: top; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; | For your continuing coverage and update on the 2017 Manchester Arena incident, and for all the articles you keep up to date. -- [[User:Enfcer|Enfcer]] ([[User talk:Enfcer|talk]]) 01:38, 23 May 2017 (UTC)
|}
{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; | [[Image:Barnstar_of_Diligence.png|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Barnstar of Diligence'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; | For your regular updates on DYK. --[[User:Tbennert|Tbennert]] ([[User talk:Tbennert|talk]]) 22:58, 6 July 2017 (UTC)
|}
{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; | [[Image:Tireless Contributor Barnstar Hires.gif|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Tireless Contributor Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; | Your article contributions don't go unnoticed. Thanks for your endless amount of time and effort in keeping up with the current events! [[User:Zhangj1079|Zhangj1079]] (''[[User talk:Zhangj1079|Saluton!]]'') &lt;small&gt;&lt;sub&gt;[[Remembrance Day|Lest We Forget]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt; 01:04, 9 November 2017 (UTC)
|}
{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; | [[File:Editors Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Editor's Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; | Thank you for creating very good articles and wikifying them, and placing stub on short articles! Thank you! &lt;font face=&quot;Trebuchet MS&quot;&gt;&lt;mark&gt; [[User:Psl631|'''Psl631''']]&lt;/mark&gt; &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Psl631|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange&quot;&gt;TALK&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;Contribs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt; 07:39, 30 March 2018 (UTC)
|}
{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:middle;&quot; | {{#ifeq:{{{2}}}|alt|[[File:Content Creativity Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]| [[File:Content Creativity Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]}}
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Content Creativity Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; | Its amazing that anyone can make so many articles! Your content creations here are the backbone of keeping this wiki growing. [[User:Desertborn|Desertborn]] ([[User talk:Desertborn|talk]]) 10:28, 21 April 2020 (UTC)
|}
&lt;center&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FFEEFF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FFE0FF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FFC4FF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FFB3FF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF85FF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF5EFF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF43CA&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF35A2&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF246E&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF24CE&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF35A2&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF43CA&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF5EFF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF85FF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FFB3FF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FFC4FF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FFE0FF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FFEEFF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;

[[Image:Goldenwiki 2.png|125px|link=]]&lt;br&gt;
This is for your valuable and precious efforts in contributing to wikipedia. I am appreciating your hardwork on creating new articles in Wikipedia. Creating such a number of articles is really appreciable. I am very proud to have seen a user like you. Keep it up this work. I would like to say you as a real asset of simple wiki. Thank you. '''[[User:Path slopu|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;color:green&quot;&gt;Path slopu&lt;/span&gt;]]'''&lt;sup&gt; ('''''[[User talk:Path slopu#top|Talk]]''''')&lt;/sup&gt; 16:24, 25 April 2020 (UTC)

&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FFEEFF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FFE0FF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FFC4FF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FFB3FF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF85FF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF5EFF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF43CA&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF35A2&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF246E&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF24CE&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF35A2&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF43CA&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF5EFF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF85FF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FFB3FF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FFC4FF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FFE0FF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FFEEFF&quot;&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; | [[Image:Tireless Contributor Barnstar Hires.gif|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Tireless Contributor Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; | Thank you for creating so many new articles and keeping the [[Deaths in 2020]] article up to date. You are this Wiki's greatest contributor by far! '''[[User:ImprovedWikiImprovment|&lt;span style=&quot;color: darkgreen&quot;&gt;IWI&lt;/span&gt;]]'''  (''[[User talk:ImprovedWikiImprovment|&lt;span style=&quot;color: purple&quot;&gt;chat&lt;/span&gt;]]'') 16:08, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
|}
{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; | [[Image:Feather Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Feather Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; | You've got your fingers on the pulse. The community can always count on you to create high quality and timely articles. From COVID-related articles to interesting individuals who helped shape our history. Hope this encapsulates my admiration for your dedication and stellar work!  -  [[User:Infogapp1|Infogapp1]] ([[User talk:Infogapp1|talk]]) 23:50, 12 August 2020 (UTC) 
|}
{| style=&quot;background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;&quot; | [[File:Editors Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;&quot; | '''The Editor's Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;&quot; | For stellar work on [[Valéry Giscard d'Estaing]] on a tight schedule &amp;mdash;&amp;nbsp;Martin &lt;small&gt;([[User:MSGJ|MSGJ]]&amp;nbsp;·&amp;nbsp;[[User talk:MSGJ|talk]])&lt;/small&gt; 14:16, 3 December 2020 (UTC) (English Wikipedia)
|}
{| style=&quot;background-color: #FFFBC4; border: 5px solid #009600;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; padding: 6px;&quot; | [[File:Зима Савинац 1.jpg|220px]]
|style=&quot;padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em; text-align: center;&quot; |'''{{font|size=25px|Merry Christmas {{BASEPAGENAME}}}}'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px; text-align: center;&quot; |
{{font|size=17px|Hi {{BASEPAGENAME}}, I wish you and your family a very}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{font|size=17px|Merry Christmas (if you celebrate it)/holiday season}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{font|size=17px|and a very happy and healthy New Year,}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;!-- PLEASE DON'T COPY THIS TEMPLATE WORD FOR WORD - BE CREATIVE! :) --&gt;
{{font|size=17px|Thank you for all your contributions to the Simple English Wikipedia :),}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{font|size=17px|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;--[[User:ImprovedWikiImprovment|IWI]] ([[User talk:ImprovedWikiImprovment|talk]]) 21:55, 23 December 2020 (UTC)}}

|}
{{Barnstar|You have been a super editor this year, helping others and taking a bite out of vandalism. Merry Christmas!|color=Red and black|name=Super Iron Man Editor}} [[User:ScrapheapNinjaShuriken77|ScrapheapNinjaShuriken77]] ([[User talk:ScrapheapNinjaShuriken77|talk]]) 16:06, 26 December 2020 (UTC)
{{The Tireless Contributor Barnstar|You have been helping improve articles based on year deaths or events that occur in those years. Thank you for your work. Please keep going! [[User:KirkburnFandom|George (Kirkburn)]] ([[User talk:KirkburnFandom|talk]]) 05:27, 9 February 2021 (UTC)}}
{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; | [[File:Editors Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Editor's Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; | Great job with the article creations! --[[User:Hellothere4|Hellothere4]] ([[User talk:Hellothere4|talk]]) 00:26, 11 February 2021 (UTC)
|}
{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; | [[Image:Tireless Contributor Barnstar Hires.gif|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Tireless Contributor Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; | Thank you for all your work with cataloging! [[User:Bobherry|Bobherry]] ([[User talk:Bobherry|talk]]) 23:35, 10 February 2022 (UTC)
|}
{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid {{{border|gray}}}; background-color: {{{color|#fdffe7}}}; border-radius: 10px; box-shadow: 0px 8px 16px rgba(0, 0, 0, .75);&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:middle;&quot; | [[Image:Homemadebarnstar.png|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''Home-Made Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; | '''Thank you very much''' for your contributions to Wikipedia. &lt;span style=&quot;text-shadow: 4px 4px 12px #00B140, -4px -4px 12px #00B140;&quot;&gt;[[User:FatalFit|Dylan]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;#124;&amp;nbsp;[[User_talk:FatalFit|&amp;#9993;&amp;nbsp;]]&amp;#124;&amp;nbsp;[[Special:Contributions/FatalFit|✓]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt; 19:49, 24 May 2023 (UTC)
|}
{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; | [[Image:Original Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Original Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; | For doing most of the work to keep DYK running. Keep up the great work! [[User:QuicoleJR|QuicoleJR]] ([[User talk:QuicoleJR|talk]]) 17:23, 11 August 2023 (UTC)
|}
{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:middle;&quot; | [[File:Original Barnstar.png|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Original Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; | For volunteer service, making quality cropped images, to the benefit of this Commons project. Thank you. --  [[User:Ooligan|Ooligan]] ([[User talk:Ooligan|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) 01:22, 25 July 2024 (UTC)
|}
{| style=&quot;border: .5px dashed pink; background-color: #dcfffb;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | [[File:Goldenwiki 2.png|100px|Golden Wiki Award]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: bottom; height: 1.1em; color: black&quot; | '''The Golden Wiki Award'''
|-
|style=&quot;center-align: top; border-top: .5px solid gray; color: black&quot; | You do a great work on DYK. I love all the pages you have created as they are all well made. Keep up the excellent work!! [[User:Cactusisme|'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0D98BA;&quot;&gt;Cactus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#013220;&quot;&gt;🌵&lt;/span&gt;''']] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Cactusisme|&lt;i style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;spiky&lt;/i&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup&gt;[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|&lt;i style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;ouch&lt;/i&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt;  08:27, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
|}
{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; | [[Image:Barnstar_of_Diligence.png|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Barnstar of Diligence'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; | For your good contributions and your hard work! And you are always being in the DYK! [[User:Highway Helper|Highway Helper]] ([[User talk:Highway Helper|talk]]) 23:46, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
|}
{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; | [[Image:Random Acts of Kindness Barnstar.png|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Random Acts of Kindness Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; | For your respect to other editors! [[User:Taitheguy87|Taitheguy87]] ([[User talk:Taitheguy87|talk]]) 22:25, 23 September 2024 (UTC)
|}
{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; | [[Image:Original Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Original Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; | For your hard work and good edits! [[User:Thetree284|Thetree284]] ([[User talk:Thetree284|talk]]) 21:18, 27 September 2024 (UTC)
|}
{| style = &quot;border: 15px solid skyblue; background-color: white;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; | [[File:Chicago montage1.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style = &quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em; color: red;&quot; | '''Happy Birthday!'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; | Happy Birthday to the King of the Did You Know hooks! (❁´◡`❁) '''[[User:Dream Indigo|&lt;span style=&quot;color:Indigo;font-family:Andalus&quot;&gt;✩ Dream&lt;/span&gt;]] [[User talk:Dream Indigo|&lt;span style=&quot;color:Indigo;font-family:Andalus&quot;&gt;Indigo ✩&lt;/span&gt;]]''' 15:06, 1 October 2024 (UTC)
|}
{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; | [[File:Editors Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Editor's Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; | For your helpful edits and good editor! [[User:Thetree284|Thetree284]] ([[User talk:Thetree284#top|talk]]) 22:17, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
|}
{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; | [[Image:Special Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Special Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; | Happy [[Halloween]]! [[User:Thetree284|thetree284]] ([[User talk:Thetree284|talk]]) 23:27, 31 October 2024 (UTC)
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;border-style:solid; border-color:red; background-color:MistyRose; border-width:1px; text-align:left; padding:9px;&quot; class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[File:Bubble Tea Drinks.jpg|140px|left]]
thetree284 has given you ''four cups'' of [[bubble tea]]! Spread [[WP:WikiLove|WikiLove]] by giving someone else four cups of bubble tea, whether it be someone you have had disagreements with in the past or a good friend.  &lt;br /&gt; 

Give someone four cups of bubble tea by adding {{tls|Bubble tea2}} to someone's talk page along a nice message!
{{clear}}
&lt;/div&gt; [[User:Thetree284|thetree284]] ([[User talk:Thetree284|talk]]) 18:35, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
Here is a squid for you: くコ:彡 ''[[User:Asteralee|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Georgia, Helvetica; color:#A76BCF&quot;&gt;⯎ Aster&lt;/span&gt;]][[User talk:Asteralee|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Georgia, Helvetica; color:#9400A5&quot;&gt;alee ⯎&lt;/span&gt;]]'' 14:37, 15 November 2024 (UTC)
&lt;div style=&quot;border-style:solid; border-color:#FF4646; background-color:#F6F0F7; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:7px; border-radius: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em; -webkit-border-radius: 1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75);&lt;!--
--&gt;;&quot; class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[File:Happy Holidays (2135831016).jpg|217px|left]][[File:Arbuckle Bros. (3093003361).jpg|190px|right]][[File:Season's Greetings, Christmas Card from 320 Ranch.jpg|217px|left]]{{Center|[[File:Happy Holidays text.png|301px]]}}
'''Hello TDKR Chicago 101:''' Enjoy the '''[[Christmas and holiday season|holiday season]]'''&amp;#32;and '''[[winter solstice]]''' if it is occurring in your area of the world, and thanks for your work to maintain, improve and expand Wikipedia. Cheers, ''[[User:Asteralee|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Georgia, Helvetica; color:#A76BCF&quot;&gt;⯎ Aster&lt;/span&gt;]][[User talk:Asteralee|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Georgia, Helvetica; color:#9400A5&quot;&gt;alee ⯎&lt;/span&gt;]]'' 22:48, 2 December 2024 (UTC)
[[File:A book of country clouds and sunshine (1897), cropped.jpg|center|500px]]{{paragraph break}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 1em; font-size: 88%; font-style: italic&quot;&gt;Spread the WikiLove; use {{tls|Season's Greetings}} to send this message&lt;/div&gt;{{-}} ''[[User:Asteralee|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Georgia, Helvetica; color:#A76BCF&quot;&gt;⯎ Aster&lt;/span&gt;]][[User talk:Asteralee|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Georgia, Helvetica; color:#9400A5&quot;&gt;alee ⯎&lt;/span&gt;]]'' 22:48, 2 December 2024 (UTC)

[[File:Admin T-shirt.svg|thumb]]

Congratulations! Please take the opportunity to re-familiarize yourself with the relevant policies, in light of the additional tabs and buttons that you should now be able to see. As always, feel free to reach out if you have any questions.

&lt;div style=&quot;border-style:solid; border-color:tan; background-color:#FAEBD7; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:8px;&quot; class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[File:Vanilla_Ice_Cream_Cone_at_Camp_Manitoulin.jpg|left|x150px]]
[[User:Ieditrandomarticles|Ieditrandomarticles]] has given you a [[vanilla ice cream]]! Vanilla ice cream promotes [[Wikipedia:WikiLove|WikiLove]] and hopefully this one has made your day better. You can spread the WikiLove by giving someone else a vanilla ice cream, whether it be someone you have had disagreements with in the past or a good friend.&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;''Every other page I look on has edits by you. You have some amazing dedication. I present you with this ice cream :)''
 
Spread this ice cream by adding {{tls|Vanilla ice cream}} to someone's talk page with a nice message!
{{clear}}
&lt;/div&gt; [[User:Ieditrandomarticles|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-weight:bold;text-shadow:1px 1px 2px #999;&quot;&gt;Ieditrandomarticles&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Ieditrandomarticles|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Ieditrandomarticles|contribs]]) 01:21, 12 May 2025 (UTC)
{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; | [[Image:Tireless Contributor Barnstar Hires.gif|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Tireless Contributor Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; | Do I even need to say why at this point? Keep up the good work lad! [[User:ShadowBallX|ShadowBallX]] ([[User talk:ShadowBallX|talk]]) 07:08, 14 September 2025 (UTC)
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;border-style:solid; border-color:red; background-color:#fff; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:8px;&quot; class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[image:Christmas_tree_sxc_hu.jpg|70px|left]]


''[[User:Asteralee|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Georgia, Helvetica; color:#A76BCF&quot;&gt;⯎ Aster&lt;/span&gt;]][[User talk:Asteralee|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Georgia, Helvetica; color:#9400A5&quot;&gt;alee ⯎&lt;/span&gt;]]'' is hoping you have a very happy holiday! This greeting (and season) promotes [[Wikipedia:WikiLove|WikiLove]] and hopefully this note has made your day a little better. Spread the WikiLove by wishing another user a happy holiday, whether it be someone you have had disagreements with in the past or a good friend. '''Happy New Year, TDKR Chicago 101!'''   &lt;br /&gt; 

''Spread the cheer by adding {{tls|Happy holidays}} to their talk page with a friendly message.''
&lt;/div&gt; ''[[User:Asteralee|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Georgia, Helvetica; color:#A76BCF&quot;&gt;⯎ Aster&lt;/span&gt;]][[User talk:Asteralee|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Georgia, Helvetica; color:#9400A5&quot;&gt;alee ⯎&lt;/span&gt;]]'' 20:47, 15 December 2025 (UTC)
{| style=&quot;border-style:solid; border-color:green; background-color:white; font color:red; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:8px;&quot;
|[[Image:Christmas_Wikipedia-logo-v2-en.png|110px]]
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&lt;div style=&quot;border-style:solid; border-color:#FF4646; background-color:#F6F0F7; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:7px; border-radius: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em; -webkit-border-radius: 1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75);&lt;!--
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'''Hello TDKR Chicago 101:''' Enjoy the '''[[Christmas and holiday season|holiday season]]'''&amp;#32;and '''[[winter solstice]]''' if it is occurring in your area of the world, and thanks for your work to maintain, improve and expand Wikipedia. Cheers, --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] &lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])&lt;/small&gt; 20:00, 21 December 2025 (UTC)

[[File:A book of country clouds and sunshine (1897), cropped.jpg|center|500px]]{{paragraph break}}
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|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;&quot; | [[File:Barnstar of Diligence Hires.png|100px]]
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;&quot; | '''The Barnstar of Diligence'''
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|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;&quot; | Thanks for editing robert duvall death page! [[User:Stormsnsnow|Bryce M]] ([[User talk:Stormsnsnow|talk]]) 18:20, 16 February 2026 (UTC)
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{| style=&quot;background-color: var(--background-color-success-subtle, #fdffe7); border: 1px solid var(--border-color-success, #fceb92); color: var(--color-base, #202122);&quot;
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|}

===Hooks on hold===
* ... that at the time of his death in 2026, '''[[Bob Packwood]]''' was the last living person who was a [[United States Senator|U.S. Senator]] when [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] was [[President of the United States|president]]?
* ... that in 2026, former [[President of Senegal]] '''[[Abdoulaye Wade]]''' became the first state leader in [[West Africa]]n history to become a [[centenarian]]?
* ... that in 2026, '''[[Kevin Warsh]]''' became the first [[Chair of the Federal Reserve]] to be [[Inauguration|sworn-in]] at the [[White House]] since [[Alan Greenspan]] in 1987?
* ... that in 2026 at the age of 40, businessman '''[[Ali al-Zaidi]]''' became the youngest [[prime minister of Iraq]]?
* ... that in 2026, '''[[António José Seguro]]''' became the most voted [[President of Portugal|presidential candidate]] ever in a [[Portugal|Portuguese]] election?
* ... that since he spent most of his [[childhood]] indoors, [[Pendleton Ward]] said that '''[[Finn the Human|Finn]]''' and '''[[Jake the Dog|Jake]]''', the main characters of ''[[Adventure Time]]'', were inspired by his &quot;[indoor] adventure experience&quot;?
* ... that the [[mental health]] of ''[[Adventure Time]]'' character '''[[Ice King]]''' has been compared to [[Alzheimer's disease]] and [[bipolar disorder]]?
* ... that in 2026, [[United States Secretary of Homeland Security|Secretary of Homeland Security]] '''[[Markwayne Mullin]]''' became the first member of the [[Cherokee Nation]] to be in the [[Cabinet of the United States|U.S. Cabinet]]?
* ... that the first '''[[Salsa music|salsa band]]''' was created in [[Cuba]] in 1955 and they were called Cheo Marquetti y su Conjunto - Los Salseros?
* ... that after winning the [[2026 Gorton and Denton by-election]], '''[[Hannah Spencer]]''' became the first [[Green Party of England and Wales|Green Party]] [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|MP]] in [[Northern England]]? 
* ... that in [[Pope Leo XIV|Pope Leo XIV's]] '''''[[Magnifica Humanitas]]''''', his first [[encyclical]] where he criticizes [[artificial intelligence|AI]], he also apologized for the [[Catholic Church|Catholic Church's]] role in [[slavery]]?
* ... that in 1960, '''[[Yma Sumac]]''' became the first [[Latin America]]n woman to get a [[phonograph]] record star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]]?
* ... that with over 40 million [[record]]s sold, '''[[Yma Sumac]]''' is the best-selling [[Peru]]vian singer in history?
* ... that '''[[Abigail Spanberger]]''' was elected as the first female [[governor of Virginia]] in [[2025 Virginia gubernatorial election|2025]]?
* ... that while working on ''[[Sinners (2025 movie)|Sinners]]'', '''[[Autumn Durald Arkapaw]]''' became the first female [[cinematography|director of photography]] to shoot any movie on a large [[IMAX|format IMAX movie]]?
* ... that in 2025, '''[[Josh Stein]]''' became the first [[Jew]]ish [[Governor of North Carolina|governor]] in [[North Carolina|North Carolina's]] history?
* ... that in 2025, '''[[Adelita Grijalva]]''' became the first [[Latina]] to represent [[Arizona]] in the [[United States Congress]]? 
* ... that in 2021, '''[[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o|Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o's]]''' ''The Perfect Nine'' became the first novel written in an [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] [[Languages of Africa|African language]] to be nominated for the [[International Booker Prize]]?
* ... that '''[[Sarah Mullally]]''' is the second [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] since the [[Middle Ages]] without a degree from [[Oxford University|Oxford]] or [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge universities]]?

&lt;!--Need hooks for Russ, Greer --&gt;

{{DEFAULTSORT:User:TDKR Chicago 101}}
[[Category:Wikipedians in Chicago|TDKR Chicago 101, User:]]

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&lt;!--
{{subst:Pgapropose|Olivia Rodrigo|The article has been a GA for over a year and since then it has been worked on by other editors and kept up to date. The article is still well sourced with up to date sources and is still rather simple. I've done some light simplification work from what I could see. There's no redlinks and some of the tricky words (few in my opinion) have been linked ti wikitionary or have blue links directing them to articles here. The article is fleshed out and covers the subject in great detail. Here's a run through of the requirements for an article to be a very good article:
* The article must be about a subject that belongs in Wikipedia. There is no use improving articles that do not belong here, and better fit another wiki, like Wikibooks, Wikispecies, Wiktionary, etc. {{tick}}
* The article must be comprehensive. A comprehensive article is one which does not miss any major facts and details. {{tick}}
* The article should be several kilobytes long, not including infoboxes, images, references, other websites, interwiki, and categories. However, this is not a strict rule. {{tick}}
* The article must have gone through a few revisions, possibly by different editors. No one writes perfect articles. {{tick}}
* The article must be placed in the appropriate category. It must have at least one interwiki link. {{tick}}
* The article should be stable. It should not have many recent big changes or any current change wars. {{tick}} ''(note: recently there hasn't been any change wars, just vandal reverts)''
* All important terms should be linked and there must be no red links left. Red links point to articles that do not exist yet. Usually the important word or phrase is only linked the first time it occurs. {{tick}}
* If there are any illustrations, they must be related to the article. They must also be properly labelled. {{tick}}
* There must be no templates pointing to the fact that the article needs improvement. These templates include &lt;nowiki&gt;{{complex}}, {{cleanup}}, {{stub}}, {{unreferenced}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; and &lt;nowiki&gt;{{wikify}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;. The article also should not need them. {{tick}}
* Content that is from books, journal articles or other publications needs to be referenced. This can either be done with &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;..&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; tags, or as a list of publications. For articles that have references or external links on the English Wikipedia, there must be at least one in the Simple English article as well. {{tick}}
I am always open for feedback and ways to improve the article of VGA status. As stated, I've simplified the article over the years an done my best to link/simplify complex words but if there's any suggestions to simplify the article further, please let me know as I value all your feedback :) Thank you for your consideration. --~~~~}}
--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>3k808y7cz9c9lwpkl21ygz9cazpia43</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Amazonas (Venezuela)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>358606</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880557</id>
      <parentid>10872060</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T20:51:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pip Planner</username>
        <id>1733735</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>10880557</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4818" sha1="29pbqqzxpw2irmsx0udp3mq6vbahoey" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Amazonas in Venezuela.svg|thumb|250px| Location within [[Venezuela]]]]
[[Image:Flag of Amazonas Indigenous State.svg|thumb|150px|Flag]]
[[Image:Escudo del Estado Amazonas.svg |thumb|90px|Coat of arms]]
'''Amazonas''' is one of the 23 states into which [[Venezuela]] is divided. [[Amazonas State, Brazil|Amazonas State]] covers a total surface area of 176,899&amp;nbsp;[[Square kilometre|km²]] and, in 2007, had a population of 142,200.&lt;ref&gt;Vila, Marco Aurelio. 1964: Aspectos Geograficos del Territorio Federal Amazonas. Corporación Venezolana de Fomento. Caracas. 192p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;González Niño, Edgardo. 1984: Historia del Territorio Federal Amazonas. Ediciones de la Presidencia de la República. Caracas. 174p.&lt;/ref&gt;

The state capital is [[Puerto Ayacucho]]. Amazonas has Venezuela's highest proportion of indigenous peoples of Venezuela.&lt;ref&gt;Van Cott (2003), &quot;Andean Indigenous Movements and Constitutional Transformation: Venezuela in Comparative Perspective&quot;, ''Latin American Perspectives'' 30(1), p52&lt;/ref&gt;

== Municipalities and Municipal Seats ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- bgcolor=#eeeeee
! '''Municipality''' !! '''Capital'''!! km² !! Pop !! Map
|-
| [[Alto Orinoco Municipality]] || [[La Esmeralda]]|| 49.217&amp;nbsp;km²||14.222 hab. (2008)||[[image:Venezuela - Amazonas - Alto Orinoco.svg|100px]]
|-
| [[Atabapo Municipality]] || [[San Fernando de Atabapo]]|| 25.062&amp;nbsp;km²||12.797 hab. (2007)||[[image:Venezuela - Amazonas - Atabapo.svg|100px]]
|-
| [[Atures Municipality]] || [[Puerto Ayacucho]]||7.302&amp;nbsp;km²  ||91.386 hab (2007)||[[image:Venezuela - Amazonas - Atures.svg|100px]]
|-
| [[Autana Municipality]] || [[Isla Ratón]]||12.291&amp;nbsp;km² ||8.181 hab (2007)||[[image:Venezuela - Amazonas - Autana.svg|100px]]
|-
| [[Manapiare Municipality]] || [[San Juan de Manapiare]]|| 32.042&amp;nbsp;km²||9.658 hab (2007)||[[image:Venezuela - Amazonas - Manapiare.svg|100px]]
|-
| [[Maroa Municipality]] || [[Maroa]]||13.082&amp;nbsp;km² ||8.181 hab (2005)||[[image:Venezuela - Amazonas - Maroa.svg|100px]]
|-
| [[Río Negro Municipality]] || [[San Carlos de Río Negro]]|| 37.903&amp;nbsp;km²||9.658 hab (2007)||[[image:Venezuela - Amazonas - Río Negro.svg|100px]]
|}

==Geography==
===Rivers ===
[[File:Rio Atabapo.jpg|thumb|200px|Atabapo river.]]
In this state comes the main river of Venezuela, the [[Orinoco]], in the mount delgado Chalbaud.&lt;ref&gt;León A, Rafael de. y Rodríguez Díaz, Alberto J. (1976): El Orinoco aprovechado y recorrido. Corporación Venezolana de Guayana y Ministerio de Obras Públicas. Caracas. 216p.&lt;/ref&gt; Other rivers in the state are: Ventuari river, Yatití, Parú, Asita, Manapiare, Marieta, Guapachí, Ocamo, Putaco, Padamo, Cuntinamo, Botamo,  Matacuní, Ugueto, Mavaca, Manaviche, Cunucunuma, Guanane, Yagua, Guaviare, Sipapo, Cataniapo Atabapo, Uesete, Siapa, Ararí,  Manipitare,  Casiquiare, Pamoni, Pasiba, Pasimoni, Negro and Guainía.&lt;ref&gt;Zinck, Alfred. 1986. Venezuelan Rivers. Cuadernos Lagoven Lagoven, S.A. Caracas. 64p. {{ISBN|980-259-084-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gines, H. 1992: Los grandes ríos suramericanos. Ediciones Corpoven. Caracas. 44p. {{ISBN|980-259-534-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot; Hernández 1998&quot;&gt;Hernández Caballero, Serafín (Editor). (1998): Gran Enciclopedia de Venezuela. Editorial Globe, C.A. Caracas. 10 volúmenes. {{ISBN|980-6427-00-9}} {{ISBN|980-6427-10-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===National parks=== 
[[File:Pico da Neblina.jpg|thumb|200px|right|File:Pico da Neblina.jpg.]]
The State of Amazonas has many natural sites of great interest.
* [[Parima Tapirapeco National Park]]&lt;ref name=&quot; Hernández 1998&quot;/&gt; 
* Serranía La Neblina National Park&lt;ref name=&quot; Hernández 1998&quot;/&gt; 
* Yapacana National Park&lt;ref name=&quot; Hernández 1998&quot;/&gt; 
* National Park Duida Marahuaca&lt;ref name=&quot; Hernández 1998&quot;/&gt;

===Natural monuments===
[[File:Bongo autana.jpg|thumb|200px|right|tepui in Amazonas.]]
* Piedra del Cocuy.&lt;ref name=&quot; Hernández 1998&quot;/&gt;
* Cerro Autana.&lt;ref name=&quot; Hernández 1998&quot;/&gt;
* Piedra de la Tortuga.&lt;ref name=&quot; Hernández 1998&quot;/&gt;
* Piedra Pintada.&lt;ref name=&quot; Hernández 1998&quot;/&gt;

==Fauna==
The rich fauna of the region is represented by numerous specimens of mammals, reptiles, fish and birds.&lt;ref name=&quot; Hernández 1998&quot;/&gt;
* Mammals: puma, jaguar, tapir, monkey, anteater, &amp; fox.
* Reptiles: Orinoco crocodile, baba, turtle, tortoise, snakes, anaconda, tragavenado,  cuaima, &amp; mapanare.
* Fish: Sapoara, shaker or electric eel, bay, caribbean, piranha, catfish, and guabina.
* Birds: eagle, harpy eagle, hawk, macaw,  katana, carpenter, helmeted,  &amp; toucan.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Other websites==
{{commons category|Amazonas (Venezuela)}}
* [http://www.amazonas.gob.ve/ Governor's page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051119152035/http://www.amazonas.gob.ve/ |date=2005-11-19 }}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Amazonas (Venezuela)| ]]</text>
      <sha1>29pbqqzxpw2irmsx0udp3mq6vbahoey</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>List of cities in Portugal</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>360645</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880303</id>
      <parentid>10755063</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T12:41:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ziv</username>
        <id>888555</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Undid revision 10745506 by [[Special:Contributions/CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] ([[User talk:CommonsDelinker|talk]])</comment>
      <origin>10880303</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15351" sha1="nyrywy6e2ze7q5tnb69c6o6q6bcg7lt" xml:space="preserve">This is a '''list of cities in [[Portugal]].'''

==List==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;width:6%;&quot;|Crest
! style=&quot;width:25%;&quot;|City
! style=&quot;width:25%;&quot;|[[Municipality]]
! style=&quot;width:20%;&quot;|Population&lt;ref name=&quot;pop&quot;&gt;Although the cities list doesn't indicate the cities' population, it indicates the [[parish]]es that compose them, therefore, this number is the [[sum]] of the population of the parishes. The [[population]] [[data]] was taken from the [http://www.anmp.pt/ National Association of Portuguese Municipalities] and is from 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
! style=&quot;width:20%;&quot;|A city since
|-
| [[File:PRT Abrantes CoA.svg|50px]] || '''Abrantes''' || Abrantes || 18,600 || [[1916]]-06-14
|-
| [[File:Agualva-Cacem.png|50px]] || '''Agualva-Cacém''' || Sintra || 121,000 || [[2001]]-07-12
|-
| [[File:Brasão de município de Águeda.png|50px]] || '''Águeda''' || Águeda || 11,357 || 1985-08-14
|-
| [[File:COA of Albufeira municipality (Portugal).png|50px]] || '''Albufeira''' || Albufeira || 16,237 || [[1986]]-08-20
|-
| [[File:ASL1.png|50px]] || '''Alcácer do Sal''' || Alcácer do Sal || 9,118 || [[1997]]-07-12
|-
| [[File:ACB1.png|50px]] || '''Alcobaça''' || Alcobaça || 15,800 || [[1995]]-08-30
|-
| [[File:Brasão de Almada.png|50px]] || '''Almada''' || Almada || 101,500 || [[1973]]-06-16
|-
| [[File:ALR1.png|50px]]|| '''Almeirim''' || Almeirim || 11,607 || [[1991]]-08-16
|-
| [[File:VFX-alverca1.png|50px]] || '''[[Alverca do Ribatejo]]''' || Vila Franca de Xira || 29,086 || [[1990]]-08-09
|-
| [[File:Cidade_da_Amadora.png|50px]] || '''[[Amadora]]''' || [[Amadora]]|| 151,500 || [[1979]]-09-17
|-
| [[File:AMT1.png|50px]] || '''Amarante''' || Amarante || 11,000 || 1985-08-14
|-
| [[File:SXL-amora.png|50px]] || '''Amora''' || Seixal || 53,638 || [[1993]]-07-02
|-
||| '''Anadia''' || Anadia || 3,533 || 2004-12-09
|-
| [[File:Angra_do_Heroísmo,_Azores,_Portugal_(brasões).png|50px]] || '''Angra do Heroísmo''' || Angra do Heroísmo || 21,200 || [[1534]]-08-21
|-
| [[File:AVR.png|50px]] || '''[[Aveiro, Portugal|Aveiro]]''' ||Aveiro || 67,003 || [[1759]]-04-11
|-
| [[File:BCL.png|50px]] || '''Barcelos''' || Barcelos || 20,000 || [[1928]]-09-06
|-
| [[File:BRR1.png|50px]] || '''Barreiro''' || Barreiro || 50,232 || [[1984]]-06-28
|-
| [[File:BJA.png|50px]] || '''Beja''' || Beja || 23,475 || [[1521]]-04-10
|-
| [[File:BRG.png|50px]] || '''[[Braga]]''' || [[Braga]] || 181,819 ||From time immemorial
|-
| [[File:Brasão de Bragança.png|50px]] || '''Bragança''' || Bragança || 19,998 || [[1464]]-02-23
|-
| [[File:CLD.png|50px]] || '''Caldas da Rainha''' || Caldas da Rainha || 30,006 || [[1927]]-08-26
|-
| [[File:CMT1.png|50px]] || '''Câmara de Lobos''' || Câmara de Lobos || 16,842 || [[1996]]-08-02
|-
| [[File:Caniço.svg|50px]] || '''Caniço''' || Santa Cruz || 11,586 || [[2005]]-06-09
|-
| [[File:CNT1.png|50px]] || '''Cantanhede''' || Cantanhede || 7,066 || 1991-08-16
|-
| [[File:CTX1.png|50px]] || '''Cartaxo''' || Cartaxo || 10,115 || 1995-08-30
|-
| [[File:CTB.png|50px]] || '''Castelo Branco''' || Castelo Branco || 34,525 || [[1771]]-03-20
|-
| [[File:CHV.png|50px]] || '''Chaves''' || Chaves || 19,307 || [[1929]]-03-18
|-
| [[File:CBR.png|50px]]|| '''[[Coimbra]]''' || [[Coimbra]] || 138,540 || From time immemorial
|-
| [[File:Blank pt CoA city.png|50px]] || '''Costa da Caparica''' || Almada || 14,100 || [[2004]]-12-09
|-
| [[File:CVL.png|50px]] || '''Covilhã''' || Covilhã || 36,147 || [[1870]]-10-20
|-
| [[File:ELV.png|50px]] || '''Elvas''' || Elvas || 28,106 || [[1513]]-04-03
|-
| [[File:ENT1.png|50px]] || '''Entroncamento''' || Entroncamento || 20,065 || 1991-08-16
|-
| [[File:VLG-ermesinde.png|50px]] || '''Ermesinde''' || Valongo || 40,139 || 1990-08-10
|-
| [[File:Blank pt CoA city.png|50px]] || '''Esmoriz''' || Ovar || 11,200 || 1993-07-02
|-
| [[File:ESP1.png|50px]] || '''Espinho''' || Espinho || 10,500 || 1973-06-16
|-
| [[File:EPS1.png|50px]] || '''Esposende''' || Esposende || 9,148 || 1993-07-02
|-
| [[File:ETR.png|50px]] || '''Estarreja''' || Estarreja || 7,000 || 2004-12-09
|-
| [[File:ETZ.png|50px]] || '''Estremoz''' || Estremoz || 9,011 || [[1926]]-08-31
|-
| [[File:EVR.png|50px]] || '''[[Évora]]''' || [[Évora]] || 46,417 || From time immemorial
|-
| [[File:FAF1.png|50px]] || '''Fafe''' || Fafe || 15,323 || 1986-08-23
|-
| [[File:Faroarms.svg|50px]] || '''[[Faro, Portugal|Faro]]''' || [[Faro, Portugal|Faro]] || 43,757 || [[1540]]-09-07
|-
| [[File:Coat of Arms Fatima.svg|50px]] || '''Fátima''' || Ourém || 10,302 || 1997-07-12
|-
| [[File:FLG1.png|50px]] || '''Felgueiras''' || Felgueiras || 15,100 || 1990-08-10
|-
| [[File:FIG.png|50px]] || '''Figueira da Foz''' || Figueira da Foz || 36,500 || [[1882]]-09-20
|-
| [[File:Blank pt CoA city.png|50px]] || '''Fiães''' || Santa Maria da Feira || 13,100 || 2001-07-12
|-
| [[File:Blank pt CoA city.png|50px]] || '''Freamunde''' || Paços de Ferreira || 7,452 || 2001-07-12
|-
| [[File:FNC.png|50px]] || '''[[Funchal]]''' || [[Funchal]] || 100,526 || [[1508]]-08-21
|-
| [[File:FND1.png|50px]] || '''Fundão''' || Fundão || 8,957 || [[1988]]-04-19
|-
| [[File:ILH-gafanhanazare1.png|50px]] || '''Gafanha da Nazaré''' || Ílhavo || 14,021 || 2001-07-21
|-
| [[File:Blank pt CoA city.png|50px]] || '''Gandra''' || Paredes || 5,200 || [[2003]]-08-26
|-
| [[File:GDM1.png|50px]] || '''Gondomar''' || Gondomar || 25,000 || 1991-08-16
|-
| [[File:GVA1.png|50px]] || '''Gouveia''' || Gouveia || 3,500 || 1988-02-01
|-
| [[File:GRD.png|50px]] || '''Guarda''' || Guarda || 32,274 || [[1199]]-11-27
|-
| [[File:GMR.png|50px]] || '''[[Guimarães]]''' || [[Guimarães]] || 52,181 || [[1853]]-06-23
|-
| [[File:HRT.png|40px]] || '''Horta''' || Horta|| 9,000 || [[1833]]-07-04
|-
| [[File:ILH1.png|50px]] || '''Ílhavo''' || Ílhavo || 17,200 || 1990-08-09
|-
| [[File:LGA1.png|50px]] || '''Lagoa''' || Lagoa || 5,000 || 2001-07-12
|-
| [[File:LGS.png|50px]] || '''Lagos''' || Lagos || 20,000 || [[1573]]-01-27
|-
| [[File:LMG.png|50px]] || '''Lamego''' || Lamego || 12,000 || From time immemorial
|-
| [[File:Escudo de Leiria.svg|50px]] || '''Leiria''' || Leiria || 50,264 || [[1545]]-06-13
|-
| [[File:LSB.png|50px]] || '''[[Lisbon]]''' || [[Lisbon]] || 545,245 || From time immemorial
|-
| [[File:Blank pt CoA city.png|50px]] || '''Lixa''' || Felgueiras || 5,500 || 1995-08-30
|-
| [[File:LLE1.png|50px]] || '''Loulé''' || Loulé || 24,000 || 1988-02-01
|-
| [[File:LRS.png|50px]] || '''Loures''' || Loures || 26,000 || 1990-08-09
|-
| [[File:Blank pt CoA city.png|50px]] || '''Lourosa''' || Santa Maria da Feira || 11,300 || 2001-07-12
|-
| [[File:MCD1.png|50px]] || '''Macedo de Cavaleiros''' || Macedo de Cavaleiros || 7,800 || [[1999]]-06-24
|-
| [[File:MCH1.png|50px]] || '''Machico''' || Machico || 13,700 || 1996-08-02
|-
| [[File:MAI1.png|50px]] || '''Maia''' || Maia || 40,000 || 1986-08-23
|-
| [[File:MGL1.png|50px]] || '''Mangualde''' || Mangualde || 8,107 || 2001-07-12
|-
| [[File:MCN2.png|50px]] || '''Marco de Canaveses''' || Marco de Canaveses || 9,000 || 1993-07-02
|-
| [[File:MGR1.png|50px]] || '''Marinha Grande''' || Marinha Grande || 29,100 || 1988-04-19
|-
| [[File:MTS1.png|50px]] || '''[[Matosinhos]]''' || [[Matosinhos]] || 47,703 || 1984-06-28
|-
| [[File:MLD.png|50px]] || '''Mealhada''' || Mealhada || 5,500 || 2003-08-26
|-
| [[File:MDA-mêda.JPG|50px]] || '''Mêda''' || Mêda || 2,004 || 2004-12-09
|-
| [[File:Coat of arms of Miranda do Douro.svg|50px]] ||'''Miranda do Douro''' || Miranda do Douro || 2,000 || 1545-07-10
|-
| [[File:MDL1.png|50px]] || '''Mirandela''' || Mirandela || 11,000 || 1984-06-28
|-
| [[File:MMN1.png|50px]] || '''Montemor-o-Novo''' || Montemor-o-Novo || 14,000 || 1988-04-18
|-
| [[File:MTJ.png|50px]] || '''Montijo''' || Montijo || 30,486 || 1985-08-14
|-
| [[File:MRA1.png|50px]] || '''Moura''' || Moura || 10,000 || 1988-02-01
|-
| [[File:ODV-odivelas.png|50px]] || '''Odivelas''' || Odivelas || 54,500 || 1990-08-10
|-
| [[File:OLH2.png|50px]] || '''Olhão da Restauração''' || Olhão || 31,100 || 1985-08-14
|-
| [[File:OAZ.png|50px]] || '''Oliveira de Azeméis''' || Oliveira de Azeméis || 15,000 || 1984-05-16
|-
| [[File:OBR1.png|50px]] || '''Oliveira do Bairro''' || Oliveira do Bairro || 5,005 || 2003-08-26
|-
| [[File:OHP1.png|50px]] || '''Oliveira do Hospital''' || Oliveira do Hospital || 4,400 || 1993-07-02
|-
| [[File:VNO1.png|50px]] || '''Ourém''' || Ourém || 11,100 || 1991-08-16
|-
| [[File:Brasão de município de Ovar.png|50px]] || '''Ovar''' || Ovar || 18,900 || 1984-06-28
|-
| [[File:PFR1.png|50px]] || '''Paços de Ferreira''' || Paços de Ferreira || 9,000 || 1993-07-02
|-
| [[File:PRD1.png|50px]] || '''Paredes''' || Paredes || 12,500 || 1991-08-16
|-
| [[File:Brasão de Penafiel.png|50px]] || '''Penafiel''' || Penafiel || 10,000 || [[1770]]-03-03
|-
||| '''Peniche''' || Peniche || 17,500 || 1988-02-01
|-
| [[File:PRG.png|50px]] || '''Peso da Régua''' || Peso da Régua || 10,000 || 1985-08-14
|-
| [[File:PNH.png|50px]] || '''Pinhel''' || Pinhel || 3,500 || 1770-08-25
|-
| [[File:PBL1.png|50px]] || '''Pombal''' || Pombal || 18,500 || 1991-08-16
|-
| [[File:PDL.png|50px]] || '''Ponta Delgada''' || Ponta Delgada || 46,102 || [[1546]]-04-02
|-
| [[File:PSR.png|50px]] || '''Ponte de Sor''' || Ponte de Sor || 11,000 || 1985-08-14
|-
| [[File:PTG.png|50px]] || '''Portalegre''' || Portalegre || 15,700 || [[1550]]-05-23
|-
| [[File:PTM.png|50px]] || '''Portimão''' || Portimão || 40,700 || 1924-12-11
|-
| [[File:PRT.png|50px]] || '''[[Porto]]''' || [[Porto]] || 237,559 || From time immemorial
|-
| [[File:PST1.png|50px]] || '''Vila Baleira (a.k.a. Porto Santo)''' || Porto Santo || 4,475 || 1996-08-02
|-
| [[File:VFX-povoasiria1.png|50px]] || '''Póvoa de Santa Iria''' || Vila Franca de Xira|| 28,000 || 1999-06-24
|-
| [[File:PVZ2.png|50px]] || '''[[Póvoa de Varzim]]''' || [[Póvoa de Varzim]] || 38,257 || 1973-06-16
|-
| [[File:VPV1.png|50px]] || '''Praia da Vitória''' || Praia da Vitória || 6,500 || [[1981]]-06-20
|-
| [[File:LLE-quarteira1.png|50px]] || '''Quarteira''' || Loulé || 21,000 || 1999-06-24
|-
| [[File:SNT-queluz.png|50px]] || '''Queluz''' || Sintra || 116,124 || 1997-07-24
|-
| [[File:Blank pt CoA city.png|50px]] || '''Rebordosa''' || Paredes || 12,100 || 2003-08-26
|-
| [[File:RMZ.png|50px]] || '''Reguengos de Monsaraz''' || Reguengos de Monsaraz || 7,900 || 2004-12-09
|-
| [[File:RGR1.png|50px]] || '''Ribeira Grande''' || Ribeira Grande || 6,350 || 1981-06-29
|-
| [[File:RMR1.png|50px]] || '''Rio Maior''' || Rio Maior || 11,102 || 1985-08-14
|-
| [[File:Brasão de Rio Tinto.jpg|50px]] || '''Rio Tinto''' || Gondomar || 61,227 || 1995-08-30
|-
| [[File:SBG.png|50px]] || '''Sabugal''' || Sabugal || 2,300 || 2004-12-09
|-
| [[File:LRS-sacavem.png|50px]] || '''[[Sacavém]]''' || Loures || 17,000 || 1997-06-04
|-
| [[File:SCD1.png|50px]] || '''Santa Comba Dão''' || Santa Comba Dão || 3,200 || 1999-06-24
|-
| [[File:SCR1.png|50px]]|| '''Santa Cruz''' || Santa Cruz || 6,500 || 1996-08-02
|-
| [[File:VFR1.png|50px]] || '''Santa Maria da Feira''' || Santa Maria da Feira || 16,900 || 1985-08-14
|-
| [[File:STN1.png|50px]] || '''Santana''' || Santana || 3,300 || 2001-01-01
|-
| [[File:STR.png|50px]] || '''Santarém''' || Santarém || 30,100 || 1868-12-24
|-
| [[File:STC1.png|50px]] || '''Santiago do Cacém''' || Santiago do Cacém || 7,753 || 1991-08-16
|-
| [[File:STS1.png|50px]] || '''Santo Tirso''' || Santo Tirso || 14,100 || 1985-08-14
|-
| [[File:Brasão de São João da Madeira.png|50px]] || '''São João da Madeira''' || São João da Madeira || 21,102 || 1984-06-28
|-
| [[File:MTS-smamedeinfesta1.png|50px]] || '''São Mamede de Infesta''' || [[Matosinhos]] || 27,000 || 2001-07-12
|-
| [[File:Blank pt CoA city.png|50px]] || '''São Salvador de Lordelo''' || Paredes || 11,000 || 2003-08-26
|-
| [[File:SEI1.png|50px]] || '''Seia''' || Seia || 7,000 || 1986-08-23
|-
| [[File:SXL1.png|50px]] || '''Seixal''' || Seixal || 31,101 || 1993-07-02
|-
| [[File:SRP.png|50px]] || '''Serpa''' || Serpa || 9,990 || 2003-08-26
|-
| [[File:Coat of arms of Setúbal.svg|50px]] || '''[[Setúbal]]''' || [[Setúbal]] || 120,636 || [[1860]]-04-19
|-
| [[File:SLV.png|50px]] || '''Silves''' || Silves || 11,000 || From time immemorial
|-
| [[File:SNS1.png|50px]] || '''Sines''' || Sines || 15,555 || 1997-07-12
|-
| [[File:TRC.png|50px]] || '''Tarouca''' || Tarouca || 3,200 || 2004-12-09
|-
| [[File:TVR.png|50px]] || '''Tavira''' || Tavira || 13,300 || [[1520]]-03-16
|-
| [[File:TMR.png|50px]] || '''Tomar''' || Tomar || 20,000 || [[1844]]-02-12
|-
| [[File:TND1.png|50px]] || '''Tondela''' || Tondela || 10,120 || 1988-02-01
|-
| [[File:TNV1.png|50px]] || '''Torres Novas''' || Torres Novas || 14,900 || 1985-08-14
|-
| [[File:TVD1.png|50px]] || '''Torres Vedras''' || Torres Vedras || 27,200 || 1979-02-03
|-
| [[File:TCS.png|50px]] || '''Trancoso''' || Trancoso|| 3,350 || 2004-12-09
|-
| [[File:TRF.png|50px]] || '''Trofa''' || Trofa || 22,000 || 1993-07-02
|-
| [[File:Brasão da vila de Valbom.jpg|50px]] || '''Valbom''' || Gondomar || 14,100 || 2004-12-09
|-
| [[File:VAC1.png|50px]] || '''Vale de Cambra''' || Vale de Cambra || 4,200 || 1993-07-02
|-
| [[File:VLG1.png|50px]] || '''Valongo''' || Valongo || 27,900 || 1990-08-10
|-
| [[File:VPC1.png|50px]] || '''Valpaços''' || Valpaços || 4,102 || 1999-06-24
|-
| [[File:VND1.png|50px]] || '''Vendas Novas''' || Vendas Novas || 10,103 || 1993-07-02
|-
| [[File:COA of Viana do Castelo.svg|50px]] || '''Viana do Castelo''' || Viana do Castelo || 36,750 || [[1848]]-01-20
|-
| [[File:VCD1.png|50px]] || '''Vila do Conde''' || Vila do Conde || 32,257 || 1988-02-01
|-
| [[File:VFX1.png|50px]] || '''Vila Franca de Xira''' || Vila Franca de Xira || 19,000 || 1984-06-28
|-
| [[File:VNF1.png|50px]] || '''Vila Nova de Famalicão''' || Vila Nova de Famalicão || 30,100 || 1985-08-14
|-
| [[File:VLF1.png|50px]] || '''Vila Nova de Foz Côa''' || Vila Nova de Foz Côa || 3,303 || 1997-07-12
|-
| [[File:Vila Nova de Gaia COA.svg|50px]] || '''Vila Nova de Gaia''' || Vila Nova de Gaia || 178,526 || 1984-06-28
|-
| [[File:STC-sandre.png|50px]] || '''Vila Nova de Santo André''' || Santiago do Cacém || 12,123 || 2003-08-26
|-
| [[File:VRL.png|50px]] || '''Vila Real''' || Vila Real || 27,250 || [[1925]]-07-20
|-
| [[File:VRS1.png|50px]] || '''Vila Real de Santo António''' || Vila Real de Santo António || 11,000 || 1988-04-19
|-
| [[File:VIS.png|50px]] || '''Viseu''' || Viseu || 50,583 || From time immemorial
|-
| [[File:VIZ.png|50px]] || '''Vizela''' || Vizela || 10,100 || [[1998]]-09-01
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
#{{cite web | title=Cidades Portuguesas | url=http://www.ine.pt/prodserv/nomenclaturas/refter/cid-vil/cidades_ano.asp?ano=200212&amp;anoD=2002 | publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estatística | access-date=2006-07-08 | archive-date=2007-05-23 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070523191426/http://www.ine.pt/prodserv/nomenclaturas/refter/cid-vil/cidades_ano.asp?ano=200212&amp;anoD=2002 | url-status=dead }}
#{{cite web | title=Municípios Portugueses |url=http://www.anmp.pt/| publisher=Associação Nacional de Municípios Portugueses| access-date = 2006-03-27}}
{{List of cities in Europe}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cities In Portugal}}
[[Category:Lists of cities in Europe|Portugal]]
[[Category:Cities in Portugal|*]]
[[Category:Lists of cities by country|Portugal]]</text>
      <sha1>nyrywy6e2ze7q5tnb69c6o6q6bcg7lt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Gospel of Matthew</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>362317</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880625</id>
      <parentid>3855068</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T00:02:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SuperDuperReally</username>
        <id>1761458</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Lacking Citations */ new section</comment>
      <origin>10880625</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="761" sha1="dxggada4h4jdtv52a5qetemo35tldnl" xml:space="preserve">== Lacking Citations ==

This page is in need of citations for the following information:

(1) ''A source for this gospel could be attributed to Matthew''

(2) ''This gospel is purely/primarily evangelical in purpose'' (is the intended audience primarily Jewish converts, Jews who don't believe, and/or Christians who already believe?)

(3) ''The date of the composition of this gospel'' (&quot;last quarter of the first century&quot;)

(4) ''Priority of the Gospel of Mark | Markan Priority'' (i.e., whether the Gospel of Mark was the first composed Synoptic and whether it was used as a source for the other Synoptics)

(5) ''Scholarly consensus on the Q source'' [[User:SuperDuperReally|SuperDuperReally]] ([[User talk:SuperDuperReally|talk]]) 00:02, 7 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>dxggada4h4jdtv52a5qetemo35tldnl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Africa topic</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>366294</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880751</id>
      <parentid>10697557</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T03:59:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-33192-75</username>
        <id>1817735</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>10880751</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7287" sha1="c0346mvxoyijdg68mcm7vt8rbnjm51p" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
| name = {{{name|Africa topic}}}
| state= {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| title =
 {{#if:{{{title|}}} |{{{title}}}
  | {{#ifexist:{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}}_Africa{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}
     | [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Africa{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}]]
     |   {{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Africa{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}
    }}
 }}
| border = {{{border|}}}
| navbar = {{{navbar|}}}
| titlestyle = {{{titlestyle|}}}
| groupstyle = {{{groupstyle|}}}
| listclass = hlist
| liststyle = {{{liststyle|}}}

| group1 = Sovereign states
| list1  =
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Angola{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Angola]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Benin{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Benin]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Botswana{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Botswana]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Burkina Faso{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Burkina Faso]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Burundi{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Burundi]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Cameroon{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Cameroon]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Cape Verde{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Cape Verde (Cabo Verde)]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{#if:{{{2|}}}{{{suffix|}}}||the_}}Central African Republic{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Central African Republic]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Chad{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Chad]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{#if:{{{2|}}}{{{suffix|}}}||the_}}Comoros{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Comoros]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{#if:{{{2|}}}{{{suffix|}}}||the_}}Democratic Republic of the Congo{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{#if:{{{2|}}}{{{suffix|}}}||the_}}Republic of the Congo{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Republic of the Congo]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Djibouti{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Djibouti]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Equatorial Guinea{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Equatorial Guinea]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Eritrea{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Eritrea]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Ethiopia{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Ethiopia]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Gabon{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Gabon]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{#if:{{{2|}}}{{{suffix|}}}||the_}}Gambia{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|The Gambia]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Ghana{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Ghana]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Guinea{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Guinea]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Guinea-Bissau{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Guinea-Bissau]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Ivory Coast{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Kenya{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Kenya]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Lesotho{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Lesotho]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Liberia{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Liberia]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Madagascar{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Madagascar]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Malawi{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Malawi]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Mali{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Mali]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Mauritius{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Mauritius]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Morocco{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Morocco]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Mozambique{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Mozambique]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Namibia{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Namibia]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Niger{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Niger]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Nigeria{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Nigeria]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Rwanda{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Rwanda]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} São Tomé and Príncipe{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|São Tomé and Príncipe]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Senegal{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Senegal]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Seychelles{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Seychelles]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Sierra Leone{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Sierra Leone]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Somalia{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Somalia]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} South Africa{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|South Africa]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} South Sudan{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|South Sudan]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Swaziland{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Swaziland]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Tanzania{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Tanzania]] 
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Togo{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Togo]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Uganda{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Uganda]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Zambia{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Zambia]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Zimbabwe{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Zimbabwe]]

| group2 = {{longitem|States with limited&lt;br/&gt;recognition}}
| list2 =
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Somaliland{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Somaliland]]

| group3 = {{#if:{{{countries_only|}}} | |{{longitem|Dependencies and&lt;br/&gt;other territories}}}}
| list3 = &lt;div&gt;
    {{#if:{{{countries_only|}}} |
      &lt;!-------French territories:-------&gt;
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Mayotte{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Mayotte]]&amp;nbsp;/ [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Réunion{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Réunion]]&amp;nbsp;{{small|(France)}} &lt;!--
       ----------UK territories:---------
This is where the code decides whether Saint Helena, Tristan da Cunha and Ascension Island will be given one or several links for the topic in question.
* &quot;separate&quot; will create 3 separate links. The same happens if the SAT= parameter is not used.
* &quot;ST&quot; will create one link for Saint Helena and Tristan da Cunha and a second one for Ascension Island.
* &quot;SA&quot; will create one link for Saint Helena and Ascension Island and a second one for Tristan da Cunha.
* &quot;TA&quot; will create one link for Tristan da Cunha and Ascension Island and a second one for Saint Helena.
* &quot;SAT&quot; will create one link for the entire group of islands.
      --&gt;{{#switch:&lt;!--
           --&gt;{{#switch:{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}
               | Telephone numbers in = ST
               | Flag of = SAT
               | #default = separate
              }}
          | separate = * [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Saint Helena{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Saint Helena]]&amp;nbsp;/ [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Ascension Island{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Ascension Island]]&amp;nbsp;/ [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Tristan da Cunha{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Tristan da Cunha]]
          | ST = * [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Saint Helena and Tristan da Cunha{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Saint Helena and Tristan da Cunha]]&amp;nbsp;/ [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Ascension Island{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Ascension Island]]
          | SA = * [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Saint Helena and Ascension Island{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Saint Helena and Ascension Island]]&amp;nbsp;/ [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Tristan da Cunha{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Tristan da Cunha]]
          | TA = * [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Saint Helena{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Saint Helena]]&amp;nbsp;/ [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Tristan da Cunha and Ascension Island{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Tristan da Cunha and Ascension Island]]
          | SAT = * [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha]]
          | #default = * [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Saint Helena{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Saint Helena]]&amp;nbsp;/ [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Ascension Island{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Ascension Island]]&amp;nbsp;/ [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Tristan da Cunha{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Tristan da Cunha]]&lt;!--
      --&gt;}}&amp;nbsp;{{small|(United Kingdom)}}&lt;!--
   --&gt;}}&lt;!--

 --&gt;}}&lt;!--(end #if:{{{countries_only|}}})--&gt;
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      <timestamp>2026-06-07T04:04:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CountryANDWestern</username>
        <id>1618275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit(s) by [[User:~2026-33192-75|~2026-33192-75]]:  ([[User:BZPN/MassRollback|MR]])</comment>
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| name = {{{name|Africa topic}}}
| state= {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| title =
 {{#if:{{{title|}}} |{{{title}}}
  | {{#ifexist:{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}}_Africa{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}
     | [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Africa{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}]]
     |   {{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Africa{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}
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 }}
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| titlestyle = {{{titlestyle|}}}
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| liststyle = {{{liststyle|}}}

| group1 = Sovereign states
| list1  =
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Algeria{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Algeria]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Angola{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Angola]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Benin{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Benin]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Botswana{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Botswana]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Burkina Faso{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Burkina Faso]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Burundi{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Burundi]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Cameroon{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Cameroon]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Cape Verde{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Cape Verde (Cabo Verde)]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{#if:{{{2|}}}{{{suffix|}}}||the_}}Central African Republic{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Central African Republic]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Chad{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Chad]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{#if:{{{2|}}}{{{suffix|}}}||the_}}Comoros{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Comoros]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{#if:{{{2|}}}{{{suffix|}}}||the_}}Democratic Republic of the Congo{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{#if:{{{2|}}}{{{suffix|}}}||the_}}Republic of the Congo{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Republic of the Congo]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Djibouti{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Djibouti]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Egypt{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Egypt]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Equatorial Guinea{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Equatorial Guinea]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Eritrea{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Eritrea]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Ethiopia{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Ethiopia]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Gabon{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Gabon]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{#if:{{{2|}}}{{{suffix|}}}||the_}}Gambia{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|The Gambia]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Ghana{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Ghana]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Guinea{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Guinea]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Guinea-Bissau{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Guinea-Bissau]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Ivory Coast{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Kenya{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Kenya]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Lesotho{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Lesotho]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Liberia{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Liberia]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Libya{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Libya]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Madagascar{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Madagascar]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Malawi{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Malawi]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Mali{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Mali]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Mauritania{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Mauritania]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Mauritius{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Mauritius]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Morocco{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Morocco]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Mozambique{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Mozambique]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Namibia{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Namibia]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Niger{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Niger]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Nigeria{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Nigeria]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Rwanda{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Rwanda]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} São Tomé and Príncipe{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|São Tomé and Príncipe]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Senegal{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Senegal]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Seychelles{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Seychelles]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Sierra Leone{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Sierra Leone]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Somalia{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Somalia]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} South Africa{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|South Africa]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} South Sudan{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|South Sudan]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Sudan{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Sudan]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Swaziland{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Swaziland]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Tanzania{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Tanzania]] 
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Togo{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Togo]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Tunisia{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Tunisia]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Uganda{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Uganda]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Zambia{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Zambia]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Zimbabwe{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Zimbabwe]]

| group2 = {{longitem|States with limited&lt;br/&gt;recognition}}
| list2 =
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{#if:{{{2|}}}{{{suffix|}}}||the_}}Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Somaliland{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Somaliland]]

| group3 = {{#if:{{{countries_only|}}} | |{{longitem|Dependencies and&lt;br/&gt;other territories}}}}
| list3 = &lt;div&gt;
    {{#if:{{{countries_only|}}} |
      &lt;!-------French territories:-------&gt;
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Mayotte{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Mayotte]]&amp;nbsp;/ [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Réunion{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Réunion]]&amp;nbsp;{{small|(France)}} &lt;!--
       ----------UK territories:---------
This is where the code decides whether Saint Helena, Tristan da Cunha and Ascension Island will be given one or several links for the topic in question.
* &quot;separate&quot; will create 3 separate links. The same happens if the SAT= parameter is not used.
* &quot;ST&quot; will create one link for Saint Helena and Tristan da Cunha and a second one for Ascension Island.
* &quot;SA&quot; will create one link for Saint Helena and Ascension Island and a second one for Tristan da Cunha.
* &quot;TA&quot; will create one link for Tristan da Cunha and Ascension Island and a second one for Saint Helena.
* &quot;SAT&quot; will create one link for the entire group of islands.
      --&gt;{{#switch:&lt;!--
           --&gt;{{#switch:{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}
               | Telephone numbers in = ST
               | Flag of = SAT
               | #default = separate
              }}
          | separate = * [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Saint Helena{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Saint Helena]]&amp;nbsp;/ [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Ascension Island{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Ascension Island]]&amp;nbsp;/ [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Tristan da Cunha{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Tristan da Cunha]]
          | ST = * [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Saint Helena and Tristan da Cunha{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Saint Helena and Tristan da Cunha]]&amp;nbsp;/ [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Ascension Island{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Ascension Island]]
          | SA = * [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Saint Helena and Ascension Island{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Saint Helena and Ascension Island]]&amp;nbsp;/ [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Tristan da Cunha{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Tristan da Cunha]]
          | TA = * [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Saint Helena{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Saint Helena]]&amp;nbsp;/ [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Tristan da Cunha and Ascension Island{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Tristan da Cunha and Ascension Island]]
          | SAT = * [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha]]
          | #default = * [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Saint Helena{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Saint Helena]]&amp;nbsp;/ [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Ascension Island{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Ascension Island]]&amp;nbsp;/ [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Tristan da Cunha{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Tristan da Cunha]]&lt;!--
      --&gt;}}&amp;nbsp;{{small|(United Kingdom)}}&lt;!--

       ----------Western Sahara:---------
   --&gt;{{#ifeq:{{{1|{{{prefix}}}}}}|Flag of |
       | {{#ifexist:{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Western Sahara{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}
          |* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Western Sahara{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}|Western Sahara]]&lt;!---No, Western Sahara is not the same as the Sahrawi Republic.
      --&gt;}}&lt;!--
   --&gt;}}&lt;!--

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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jean-Claude Van Damme</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>376001</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880564</id>
      <parentid>10873135</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T21:07:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-27466-54</username>
        <id>1799319</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Film */</comment>
      <origin>10880564</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="30475" sha1="q2d6l8g1h21mgv3eq062yrmtczzlwyo" xml:space="preserve">{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox martial artist
|name = Jean-Claude Van Damme
|other_names = {{plainlist |
* &quot;JCVD&quot;
* &quot;The Muscles from Brussels&quot;
  }}
|image = Van Damme Cannes (cropped).jpg|Van_Damme_Cannes_(cropped)
|imagesize =
|caption = Van Damme in Cannes
|birth_name = Jean-Claude Camille François Van Varenberg
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1960|10|18}}
|birth_place = [[Sint-Agatha-Berchem]], [[Brussels-Capital Region|Brussels-Capital]], Belgium
| occupation   = 
{{hlist|Martial artist|actor|writer|producer|conservationist}}
| height = 5 ft 9 in&lt;ref name=&quot;The Action and Adventure Cinema&quot;&gt;{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hZqBAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Van+Damme+-+The+Action+and+Adventure+Cinema+-+5+foot+9+inches%C2%A0&amp;pg=RA1-PT517 | title=The Action and Adventure Cinema | isbn=978-1-134-56493-4 | last1=Tasker | first1=Yvonne | date=19 August 2004 | publisher=Routledge }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| weight = 185 lbs&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hZqBAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Van+Damme+-+The+Action+and+Adventure+Cinema+-+5+foot+9+inches%C2%A0&amp;pg=RA1-PT517 | title=The Action and Adventure Cinema | isbn=978-1-134-56493-4 | last1=Tasker | first1=Yvonne | date=19 August 2004 | publisher=Routledge }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| weight_class = [[Middleweight]]
| reach =
| style = [[Karate]], [[Kickboxing]], [[Muay Thai]], [[Taekwondo]]
| fighting_out_of = Brussels, Belgium
| team = Team Goetz
| rank ={{color box|black}} 2nd Dan Black Belt in [[Karate]]
| trainer = Claude Goetz &lt;br /&gt; Dominique Valera
| kickbox_win = 18
| kickbox_kowin = 18
| kickbox_loss = 1
| kickbox_koloss =
| kickbox_draw =
| kickbox_nc =
| am_win = 44
| am_kowin =
| am_subwin =
| am_loss = 4
| am_koloss =
| am_subloss =
| am_draw =
| am_nc =
| sherdog =
| footnotes =
| updated =
|years_active = 1976–1982 (martial arts)&lt;br /&gt; 1979–present (acting)
|spouse = {{Plain list|
* {{marriage|María Rodríguez|1980|1984|end=divorced}}
* {{marriage|Cynthia Derderian|1985|1986|end=divorced}}
* {{marriage|Gladys Portugues|1987|1992|end=divorced}} {{marriage|&lt;!-- Gladys Portugues --&gt;|1999}}
* {{marriage|Darcy LaPier|1994|1997|end=divorced}}
}}
|children = 3
|url = {{URL|jcvdworld.com}}
}}

'''Jean-Claude Camille François Van Varenberg''' ({{IPA-fr|ʒɑ̃ klod kamij fʁɑ̃swa vɑ̃ vaʁɑ̃bɛʁɡ|lang}}; {{IPA-nl|vɑn ˈvarə(n)ˈbɛrx|lang}}; born 18 October 1960), known professionally as '''Jean-Claude Van Damme''' ({{IPA-fr|vɑ̃ dam|lang}}; {{IPA-nl|vɑn ˈdɑmə|lang}}), is a [[Belgian people|Belgian]] [[Martial arts|martial artist]], [[actor]], and [[filmmaker]]. Nicknamed &quot;'''The Muscles from Brussels'''&quot;, he is widely regarded as an [[cultural icon|icon]] of action and [[Martial arts movie|martial arts cinema]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://movieweb.com/jcvd-what-happened-to-his-career/ | title=What Happened to Jean-Claude Van Damme? | date=5 February 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://action-flix.com/2022/10/19/the-action-fix-celebrating-an-action-icons-birthday-van-dammage/ | title=The Action Fix: Celebrating an Action Icon's Birthday van Dammage! | date=19 October 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Van Damme's films have grossed over $3.3 billion worldwide, making him one of the most successful action stars of all time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/person/145480401-Jean-Claude-Van-Damme#tab=acting |title=Archived copy |access-date=2025-11-18 |archive-date=2025-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251231152519/https://www.the-numbers.com/person/145480401-Jean-Claude-Van-Damme#tab=acting |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.thethings.com/jean-claude-van-damme-was-a-bouncer-at-chuck-norris-bar-how-much-he-was-paid/ | title=Jean-Claude van Damme Was a Bouncer at Chuck Norris' Bar, Here's How Much He Was Paid | date=8 July 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Early life==
Born and raised in [[Brussels]], his father enrolled him in a [[Shotokan]] [[karate]] school at the age of ten, which led Van Damme to earn his black belt in [[karate]] at the age of eighteen, and the rank of 2nd-[[Dan (rank)|dan]] black belt.&lt;ref&gt;https://screenrant.com/jean-claude-van-damme-fighting-martial-arts-style/#:~:text=Jean%2DClaude%20Van%20Damme%20has,the%20time%20he%20was%2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.jeanclaudevandamme.net/articles.htm Karate black belt] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060405094621/http://www.jeanclaudevandamme.net/articles.htm |date=5 April 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.cheatsheet.com/entertainment/jean-claude-van-damme-earned-film-role-knocking-martial-artist.html/&lt;/ref&gt; He competed in several karate and [[kickboxing]] competitions, and was a member of the [[Belgium]] Karate Team when it won the European Karate Championship on 26 December 1979.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://movieweb.com/jean-claude-van-damme-real-martial-artist-black-belt/ | title=How Jean-Claude van Damme Became a Real Martial Artist and Black Belt | date=13 March 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=StarSystem1&gt;[http://www.starsystemkickboxing.net/Pages/JeanClaudeVanDamme.aspx &quot;Standardized Tournaments And Ratings System Historic Kickboxing Ring Records&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801014538/http://www.starsystemkickboxing.net/Pages/JeanClaudeVanDamme.aspx |date=1 August 2012 }}. The Star System. 8 March 1980. Retrieved 3 April 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.jcvandamme.net/cnk/Anglais/CNKen/cnken.html |title=CNK&amp;nbsp;– Centre National de Karaté |publisher=Jcvandamme.net |access-date=20 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423042708/http://www.jcvandamme.net/cnk/Anglais/CNKen/cnken.html |archive-date=23 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;   At the age of 16, he took up [[ballet]], which he studied for five years.&lt;ref name=&quot;chicagost&quot;&gt;{{cite news | title=Van Damme gets his kicks from acting now, not karate | first=Jae-Ha | last=Kim | newspaper=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]| date=14 April 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt; He started lifting weights to improve his physique, which eventually led to a Mr. Belgium bodybuilding title in 1978.&lt;ref name=&quot;playboy&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Playboy interview|first=Lawrence|last=Grobel|newspaper=[[Playboy]]| date=1 January 1995}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1979, he opened a gym called &quot;''California Gym''&quot; in Brussels.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.heraldweekly.com/jean-claude-van-damme-flex-your-knowledge-about-the-muscles-from-brussels/6?xcmg=1&amp;_d=m |title=His Very First Role - Jean-Claude van Damme: Flex Your Knowledge About the Muscles from Brussels |access-date=2024-02-23 |archive-date=2024-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223001626/https://www.heraldweekly.com/jean-claude-van-damme-flex-your-knowledge-about-the-muscles-from-brussels/6?xcmg=1&amp;_d=m |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Acting career==
With the desire of becoming an actor, he moved to the [[United States]] in 1982, where he worked on several films, until he got his break as the lead in the martial arts film ''Bloodsport'' (1988). The film introduced his trademark splits and spinning 360˚ heel kick to an American audience.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.coachweb.com/exercises/celebrity-workouts/2116/jean-claude-van-damme-expendables-2-interview&lt;/ref&gt; Van Damme became a popular action film star and followed up with commercially successful films such as ''[[Cyborg (film)|Cyborg]]'' (1989), ''Kickboxer'' (1989), ''Lionheart'' (1990), ''Death Warrant'' (1990), ''[[Double Impact]]'' (1991), ''Universal Soldier'' (1992), ''Nowhere to Run'' (1993), ''Hard Target'' (1993), ''[[Timecop]]'' (1994), ''[[Street Fighter (1994 film)|Street Fighter]]'' (1994), ''Sudden Death'' (1995), ''The Quest'' (1996), which marked his [[Film director|directorial]] debut, and ''Maximum Risk'' (1996). At the height of his career, he was one of the biggest action movie stars in the world, and one of the most successful martial arts actors of the 1980s and 1990s, alongside [[Steven Seagal]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.thethings.com/jean-claude-van-damme-affair-with-kylie-minogue/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://movieweb.com/jcvd-vs-seagal-better-career/&lt;/ref&gt;
Van Damme was also considered a [[sex symbol]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.huffpost.com/entry/jean-claude-van-damme-get_b_141745/amp&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://brightside.me/articles/former-sex-symbol-jean-claude-van-damme-has-posted-a-topless-pic-of-him-at-62-that-is-nothing-but-hot-815507/&lt;/ref&gt;

During the late 1990s and early 2000s, his popularity declined. He mostly appeared in limited theatrical releases or direct-to-video films. During this time, he starred in ''Replicant'' (2001), for which he was nominated for a Video Premiere Award for Best Actor. The film is considered the best outing from within Van Damme's direct-to-video career.&lt;ref&gt;https://readfilm.co/2018/02/16/obscure-movie-villains-torch-replicant/amp/&lt;/ref&gt; He returned to prominence with the critically acclaimed crime drama ''JCVD'' (2008). After ''JCVD'', he began mixing things up, starring in comedies, and voicing kids animations, all the while keeping the action going.&lt;ref name=&quot;hollywoodreporter.com&quot;&gt;https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/jean-claude-van-damme-interview-darkness-of-man-1235253293/&lt;/ref&gt; His big return to the action genre was in ''[[The Expendables 2]]'' (2012), in which he starred as the villain, opposite Sylvester Stallone.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.mtv.com/news/gpfv7m/jean-claude-van-damme-expendables-2-interview |title=Archived copy |website=[[MTV]] |access-date=2024-02-23 |archive-date=2024-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405001953/https://www.mtv.com/news/gpfv7m/jean-claude-van-damme-expendables-2-interview |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; From thereon Van Damme continued starring in action films and doing extensive voice work.

== Public image and influence ==
Van Damme is widely regarded as an [[cultural icon|icon]] of action and martial arts cinema.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Turner |first=Blaine |date=2023-02-05 |title=What Happened to Jean-Claude Van Damme? |url=https://movieweb.com/jcvd-what-happened-to-his-career/ |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=MovieWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;h754&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=The Action Fix: Celebrating an Action Icon's Birthday Van Dammage! | website=ACTION-FLIX.COM | date=2022-10-19 | url=https://action-flix.com/2022/10/19/the-action-fix-celebrating-an-action-icons-birthday-van-dammage/ | access-date=2024-09-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the height of his career, he was one of the biggest action movie stars in the world, and one of the most successful martial arts actors of the 1980s and 1990s, alongside [[Steven Seagal]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.thethings.com/jean-claude-van-damme-affair-with-kylie-minogue/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://movieweb.com/jcvd-vs-seagal-better-career/&lt;/ref&gt; Van Damme's influence has been compared to the [[Bruceploitation]] explosion of the 1970s.&lt;ref name=&quot;h293&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bona |first=Jeff |date=August 12, 2015 |title=Van Damme is the most 'remade' action star in the world! |url=https://cityonfire.com/jean-claude-van-damme-is-the-most-remade-action-star-in-the-world-kickboxer-bloodsport-trendsetter-reboot-hong-kong-muscles-from-brussels/ |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=cityonfire.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Van Damme achieved [[sex symbol]] status through publicity venues in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Unlike his major rivals in action film, such as [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]], [[Sylvester Stallone]], Steven Seagal, and [[Bruce Willis]], Van Damme was nominated by the ''[[National Enquirer]]'' as number one on their &quot;Top Ten Sexiest Men in the World&quot; list, being the only action film star listed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ttxW9ZoE7mwC&amp;dq=Van+Damme+produced+himself+as+an+erotically+charged+persona+and+achieved+sex+symbol+status+through+publicity+venues+in+the+late+1980s+and+early+1990s&amp;pg=PA39 | title=Detecting Men: Masculinity and the Hollywood Detective Film | isbn=978-0-7914-8138-7 | last1=Gates | first1=Philippa | date=February 2012 | publisher=State University of New York Press }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/jean-claude-van-damme-get_b_141745|title=Jean-Claude Van Damme Gets &quot;Raw&quot; in JCVD|date=December 7, 2008|website=HuffPost}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://brightside.me/articles/former-sex-symbol-jean-claude-van-damme-has-posted-a-topless-pic-of-him-at-62-that-is-nothing-but-hot-815507/|title=Former Sex Symbol Jean-Claude Van Damme Has Posted a Topless Pic of Him at 62 That Is Nothing but Hot|date=September 28, 2023|website=Bright Side — Inspiration. Creativity. Wonder.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Many martial artists, athletes, and filmmakers have cited Van Damme as an influence, such as Alain Moussi,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Crawford |first=Percy |date=February 14, 2018 |title=Alain Moussi Discusses Working with Mike Tyson and Jean-Claude Van Damme in ''Kickboxer: Retaliation'' |website=Fight Hype |url=http://www.fighthype.com/news/article32165.html |access-date=March 1, 2025 |archive-date=April 5, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250405135609/http://www.fighthype.com/news/article32165.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Scott Adkins]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://screencrush.com/scott-adkins-interview-universal-soldier-day-of-reckoning/ | title=Scott Adkins Interview: 'Universal Soldier,' Fighting van Damme, and 'Zero Dark Thirty' | date=24 September 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dave Callaham,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/tv-parody-mines-action-hero-van-dammes-hidden-030204706.html?guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvLnVrLw&amp;guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAG_bQ-Va-gUWMl5kE9o3igublVInfi_7zkAE4yQOkv9zMQjRZu4So84yuIUh9JHdXE4OlNmhhfVsZsOnLzPyct3wElDDMmOtfJPZAQ6fTLhpB581KNDLXSjaKi2G1qgWX82fSdbwoyBMp-J_aYFfh2-kIjl7l0I55tiWaVvSM6L5 | title=TV parody mines action hero van Damme's hidden depths | date=15 December 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Adam Brody]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://m.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/entertainment/film-tv/news/adam-i-idolised-van-damme-on-set/28740727.html | title=Adam: I idolised van Damme on set | newspaper=Belfasttelegraph.co.uk | date=20 April 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jay Cutler,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Biswas |first1=Tiyasa |date=April 25, 2023 |title=&quot;My First Heroes&quot;: Not Arnold Schwarzenegger, but 12-Year-Old Jay Cutler Fell in Love With These Hollywood Superstars' Physique |url=https://www.essentiallysports.com/us-sports-news-bodybuilding-news-my-first-heroes-not-arnold-schwarzenegger-but-year-old-jay-cutler-fell-in-love-with-these-hollywood-superstars-physique |work=EssentiallySports |access-date=March 20, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Lyoto Machida]],&lt;ref&gt;https://en.clinch.news/amp/5-Fighters-Who-Have-Declared-Their-Admiration-for-Jean-Claude-Van-Damme-t202501030002.html{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Michael Page,&lt;ref&gt; https://kungfukingdom.com/interview-with-michael-venom-page/&lt;/ref&gt; [[Anderson Silva]],&lt;ref&gt;https://en.clinch.news/amp/5-Fighters-Who-Have-Declared-Their-Admiration-for-Jean-Claude-Van-Damme-t202501030002.html{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Georges St-Pierre]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/georges-st-pierre-honored-fight-140028095.html|title=Georges St-Pierre Was Honored to Fight His Hero Jean-Claude van Damme in 'Kickboxer: Vengeance'}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cain Velasquez,&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ufc.com/news/velasquez-and-gsp-take-silver-screen-kickboxer-vengeance&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://uproxx.com/sports/cain-velasquez-kickboxer-vengeance-ufc-return-brock-lesnar-drug-test/&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nick Diaz]],&lt;ref name=&quot;l652&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Nick Diaz Unearths 29 Years Old Jean Claude Van Damme Video | website=EssentiallySports | date=2023-01-28 | url=https://www.essentiallysports.com/ufc-mma-news-nick-diaz-unearths-29-years-old-jean-claude-van-damme-video/ | access-date=2024-08-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nate Diaz]],&lt;ref&gt;https://www.esquire.com/sports/q-and-a/a45472/nate-diaz-interview-ufc-conor-mcgregor/&lt;/ref&gt; [[Conor McGregor]],&lt;ref&gt;https://en.clinch.news/amp/5-Fighters-Who-Have-Declared-Their-Admiration-for-Jean-Claude-Van-Damme-t202501030002.html{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jiří Procházka,&lt;ref&gt;https://www.mmamania.com/2025/1/26/24352411/jiri-prochazka-did-a-five-day-fever-binge-of-martial-arts-movies-for-ufc-311-inspiration&lt;/ref&gt; Mirko Cro Cop,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Zbog Van Dammeove špage Mirko je potrgao prepone |url=http://www.glas-slavonije.hr/284947/6/Zbog-Van-Dammeove-spage-Mirko-je-potrgao-prepone |website=glas-slavonije.hr |access-date=January 6, 2021 |archive-date=October 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031222935/http://www.glas-slavonije.hr/284947/6/Zbog-Van-Dammeove-spage-Mirko-je-potrgao-prepone |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:pl:James P. Bennett|James P. Bennett]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://theactionelite.com/interview-with-james-p-bennett/|title=Interview with James P. Bennett|work=The Action Elite|date=27 April 2018 |access-date=August 31, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://primemovies.pl/2022/05/18/triple-deviation-james-p-bennett/|title='Triple Deviation' – powstanie sequel kultowego filmu akcji z Jamesem P. Bennettem|work=Prime Movies|date=May 18, 2022|first=Albert|last=Nowicki|access-date=August 31, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rico Verhoeven,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.ricoverhoeven.com/portfolio/the-actor/#:~:text=My%20Acting%20Ambitions,the%20big%20screen%20really%20inspired | title=The Actor – Rico Verhoeven Official Website }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tom Duquesnoy,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://sport.gentside.com/tom-duquesnoy/que-signifie-la-celebration-mythique-de-tom-duquesnoy-quand-il-gagne_art55242.html | title=Que signifie la célébration mythique de Tom Duquesnoy quand il gagne ? | date=19 April 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; John Albert,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.mixedmartialarts.com/news/john-albert-bisping-funniest-person-ive-ever-met | title=John Albert: Bisping funniest person I've ever met | date=29 April 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Charles Rosa,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2017/09/ufc-charles-rosa-inspired-bloodsport-movie-jean-claude-van-damme | title=Inspired by 'Bloodsport,' UFC's Charles Rosa now lives his dream of fighting all over the world | date=15 September 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Murad Ramazanov,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/mma/news-murad-ramazanov-says-bloodsport-fascinated-growing | title=Murad Ramazanov says 'Bloodsport' fascinated him growing up | date=30 November 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Halil Amir,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.onefc.com/features/turkish-mma-star-halil-amirs-journey-from-rough-and-tumble-youth-to-one-championship/ | title=Turkish MMA Star Halil Amir's Journey from Rough-And-Tumble Youth to ONE Championship | date=16 April 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Andrei Stoica,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.onefc.com/athletes/andrei-stoica/#:~:text=Stoica%20was%20also%20heavily%20influenced,in%20the%20sport%20one%20day | title=Andrei &quot;Mr. KO&quot; Stoica | date=28 February 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Giorgio Petrosyan,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.onefc.com/athletes/giorgio-petrosyan/ | title=Giorgio &quot;The Doctor&quot; Petrosyan | date=29 March 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Alfie Davis,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://truthorigins.co.uk/blogs/truth-origins-blog/q-and-a-with-mma-fighter-alfie-davis | title=A Q&amp;A with MMA Fighter Alfie Davis | date=30 October 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Enkh-Orgil Baatarkhuu,&lt;ref name=&quot;p046&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last=Furness | first=Jay| title=Get to know 'Road to ONE: Mongolia' winner Enkh-Orgil Baatarkhuu: 'I chose MMA as my destiny' | website=MMA Underground | date=2022-12-16 | url=https://www.mixedmartialarts.com/news/get-to-know-road-to-one-mongolia-winner-enkh-orgil-baatarkhuu-chose-mma-as-my-destiny | access-date=2024-10-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Angela Chang.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://heatrick.com/2021/05/04/angela-chang-the-science-of-building-champions-podcast/ | title=Angela Chang: Female Fighters, Thai Culture, &amp; Self-Honesty – SoBC Podcast EP 11 - | date=4 May 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Personal life==
Among his acting heroes growing up were [[Charles Bronson]], [[Bruce Lee]], [[James Dean]], [[Montgomery Clift]], [[Steve McQueen]], [[Jean-Paul Belmondo]], and [[Sylvester Stallone]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.undertheradarmag.com/interviews/jean-claude_van_damme_and_the_creators_of_jean-claude_van_johnson&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/aug/10/van-damme-expendables-2&lt;/ref&gt;

Van Damme stands at a height of 175 cm (5 ft 9 in). His weight is 84 kg (185 lb).&lt;ref name=&quot;The Action and Adventure Cinema&quot;&gt;{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hZqBAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Van+Damme+-+The+Action+and+Adventure+Cinema+-+5+foot+9+inches%C2%A0&amp;pg=RA1-PT517 | title=The Action and Adventure Cinema | isbn=978-1-134-56493-4 | last1=Tasker | first1=Yvonne | date=19 August 2004 | publisher=Routledge }}&lt;/ref&gt;

He was married to Maria Rodriguez from 1980 until they divorced in 1984. Then he was married to Cynthia Derderian from 1985 until they divorced in 1986. He then married Gladys Portugues, for the first time, from 1987 until they divorced in 1992. He was married to Darcy LaPier from 1994 until they divorced in 1997. Then he remarried Gladys Portugues in 1999. He has three children. In 2022, he was living in [[Hong Kong]].&lt;ref name=&quot;hollywoodreporter.com&quot;/&gt; Van Damme has been [[diagnose]]d with [[bipolar disorder]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2012/aug/10/van-damme-expendables-2 'I tried to play the system']&lt;/ref&gt;

== Film ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0;&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Role
! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes
! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope=row | 1979
| ''[[Woman Between Wolf and Dog]]''
| Movie Goer / Man in Garden 
| Uncredited extra
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/Dcsys69WiM4 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20160310071431/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dcsys69WiM4 Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dcsys69WiM4|title=Van Damme (JCVD) - First ever screen appearance in 1979|last=Jean-Claude van Damme's library|date=19 November 2015|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=row | 1984
| ''[[Breakin]]''
| Spectator in First Dance Sequence 
| Uncredited extra
| 
|-
! scope=row | 1984
| ''[[Missing in Action (film)|Missing in Action]]''
| Soldier 
| Uncredited extra; also stunt 
| 
|-
! scope=row | 1984
| ''[[Monaco Forever]]''
| Gay Karate Man
| Short film; cameo 
| 
|-
! scope=row | 1986
| ''[[No Retreat, No Surrender]]''
| Ivan &quot;The Russian&quot; Kraschinsky
| 
| 
|-
! scope=row | 1988
| ''[[Bloodsport (film)|Bloodsport]]''
| [[Frank Dux]]
| Also uncredited editor 
| 
|-
! scope=row | 1987
| ''[[Predator (film)|Predator]]''
| {{N/A|None}}
| Uncredited body double only 
| 
|-
! scope=row | 1988
| ''[[Black Eagle (1988 film)|Black Eagle]]''
| Andrei
| 
| 
|-
! scope=row | 1989
| ''[[Cyborg (film)|Cyborg]]''
| Gibson Rickenbacker
| Also uncredited editor 
| 
|-
! scope=row | 1989
| ''[[Kickboxer (1989 film)|Kickboxer]]''
| Kurt Sloane
| Also story, fight director and fight choreographer
| 
|-
! scope=row | 1990
| ''[[Lionheart (1990 film)|Lionheart]]''
| Lyon &quot;Lionheart&quot; Gaultier
| Also writer/story and fight choreographer
| 
|-
! scope=row | 1990
| ''[[Death Warrant (film)|Death Warrant]]''
| Detective Louis Burke
|
| 
|-
! scope=row | 1991
| ''[[Double Impact]]''
| Alex Wagner / Chad Wagner
| Dual role; also writer/story, producer and fight choreographer
| 
|-
! scope=row | 1992
| ''[[Universal Soldier (1992 film)|Universal Soldier]]''
| [[Luc Deveraux|Private Luc Deveraux / GR44]]
| 
| 
|-
! scope=row | 1993
| ''[[Nowhere to Run (1993 film)|Nowhere to Run]]''
| Sam Gillen
| 
|
|-
! scope=row | 1993
| ''[[Last Action Hero]]''
| Himself
| Cameo
| 
|-
! scope=row | 1993
| ''[[Hard Target]]''
| Chance Boudreaux
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 1994
| ''[[Timecop]]''
| Agent Max Walker / Agent Max Walker 
| Dual role
|
|-
! scope=row | 1994
| ''[[Street Fighter (1994 film)|Street Fighter]]''
| [[Guile (Street Fighter)|Colonel William F. Guile]]
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 1995
| ''[[Sudden Death (1995 film)|Sudden Death]]''
| Chief Darren Francis Thomas McCord
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 1995
| ''[[The Quest (film)|The Quest]]''
| Christopher Dubois
| Also director and story
|
|-
! scope=row | 1996
| ''[[Maximum Risk]]''
| Detective Alain Moreau / Mikhail Suverov
| Dual role
|
|-
! scope=row | 1997
| ''[[Double Team (film)|Double Team]]''
| Agent Jack Paul Quinn
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 1998
| ''[[Knock Off (film)|Knock Off]]''
| Marcus Ray
|
|
|-
! scope=row | 1999
| ''[[Legionnaire (film)|Legionnaire]]''
| Alain Lefèvre 
| Direct-to-video; also story and producer
|
|-
! scope=row | 1999
| ''[[Universal Soldier: The Return]]''
| Private Luc Deveraux
| Also producer
|
|-
! scope=row | 1999
| ''[[Inferno (1999 film)|Inferno]]''
| Eddie Lomax
| Limited release; also producer
|-
! scope=row | 2001
| ''[[Replicant (film)|Replicant]]''
| Edward &quot;The Torch&quot; Garrotte / The Replicant
| Direct-to-video; dual role
|
|-
! scope=row | 2001
| ''[[The Order (2001 film)|The Order]]''
| Rudy Cafmeyer / Charles Le Vaillant
| Direct-to-video; dual role; also writer
|
|-
! scope=row | 2002
| ''[[Derailed (2002 film)|Derailed]]''
| Agent Jacques Kristoff
| Direct-to-video
|
|-
! scope=row | 2003
| ''[[In Hell]]''
| Kyle LeBlanc
| Direct-to-video
|
|-
! scope=row | 2004
| ''[[Narco (film)|Narco]]''
| Jean's Ghost by Lenny
| 
|
|-
! scope=row | 2004
| ''[[Wake of Death]]''
| Ben Archer
| Direct-to-video
|
|-
! scope=row | 2005
| ''[[Second in Command]]''
| Commander Samuel &quot;Sam&quot; Keenan
| Direct-to-video
|
|-
! scope=row | 2006
| ''[[The Hard Corps]]''
| Philippe Sauvage
| Direct-to-video; also uncredited fight choreographer 
|
|-
! scope=row | 2006
| ''[[The Exam (2006 film)|The Exam]]''
| Charles
| 
|-
! scope=row | 2006
| ''[[Until Death]]''
| Detective Anthony Stowe
| Direct-to-video
|
|-
! scope=row | 2007
| ''[[The Shepherd: Border Patrol]]''
| Detective Jack Robideaux
| Direct-to-video
|
|-
! scope=row | 2008
| ''[[JCVD (film)|JCVD]]''
| Himself 
| Limited release; also executive producer
|
|-
! scope=row | 2009
| ''[[Universal Soldier: Regeneration]]''
| Private Luc Deveraux
| Limited release
|
|-
! scope=row | 2011
| ''[[Kung Fu Panda 2]]''
| Master Croc
| Voice role 
|
|-
! scope=row | 2011
| ''[[Assassination Games]]''
| Vincent Brazil
| Limited release; also executive producer
|
|-
! scope=row | 2011
| ''[[Beur sur la ville]]''
| Colonel Merot
| Cameo
|
|-
! scope=row | 2011
| ''[[Rzhevsky versus Napoleon]]''
| Himself
| Cameo
|
|-
! scope=row | 2011
| ''[[Dragon Eyes]]''
| Jean-Louis Tiano
| Limited release 
|
|-
! scope=row | 2012
| ''[[The Expendables 2]]''
| Jean Vilain
| 
|-
! scope=row | 2012
| ''[[Universal Soldier: Day of Reckoning]]''
| Private Luc Deveraux
| Limited release 
|
|-
! scope=row | 2012
| ''[[Six Bullets]]''
| Samson Gaul
| Direct-to-video; also executive producer
|
|-
! scope=row | 2012
| ''[[U.F.O. (2012 film)|U.F.O.]]''
| George
| Limited release 
|
|-
! scope=row | 2013
| ''[[Welcome to the Jungle (2013 film)|Welcome to the Jungle]]''
| Storm Rothschild
| Limited release 
|
|-
! scope=row | 2013
| ''[[Enemies Closer]]''
| Xander
| Limited release 
|
|-
! scope=row | 2013
| ''[[Swelter (film)|Swelter]]''
| Stillman
| Direct-to-video
|
|-
! scope=row | 2015
| ''[[Pound of Flesh (2015 film)|Pound of Flesh]]''
| Agent Deacon Lyle
| Limited release; also executive producer
|
|-
! scope=row | 2015
| ''[[Jian Bing Man]]''
| Himself
| Cameo
|
|-
! scope=row | 2016
| ''[[Kung Fu Panda 3]]''
| Master Croc
| Voice role
|
|-
! scope=row | 2016
| ''[[Kickboxer: Vengeance]]''
| Master Durand
| Limited release 
|
|-
! scope=row | 2017
| ''[[Kill 'Em All (film)|Kill 'Em All]]''
| Philip
| Direct-to-video
|
|-
! scope=row | 2018
| ''[[Kickboxer: Retaliation]]''
| Master Durand
| Limited release; also executive producer
|
|-
! scope=row | 2018
| ''[[Black Water (2018 film)|Black Water]]''
| Agent Scott Wheeler
| Limited release; also executive producer
|
|-
! scope=row | 2018
| ''[[The Bouncer (film)|The Bouncer]]''
| Lukas
| Limited release 
|
|-
! scope=row | 2019
| ''[[We Die Young]]''
| Daniel
| Limited release; also executive producer
|
|-
! scope=row | 2021
| ''[[The Last Mercenary (2021 film)|The Last Mercenary]]''
| Agent Richard Brumère / The Mist
| 
|
|-
! scope=row | 2021
| ''Haters''
| Le fan de Thomas
| 
|
|-
! scope=row | 2022
| ''[[Minions: The Rise of Gru]]''
| Jean Clawed
| Voice role
|
|-
! scope=row | 2024
| ''[[Darkness of Man]]''
| Agent Russell Hatch
| Streaming releases; also story and executive producer
|
|-
! scope=row | 2024
| ''[[Kill 'Em All 2]]''
| Philip
| Streaming releases; also executive producer
|
|-
! scope=row | 2025
| ''[[The Gardener (2025 film)|The Gardener]]''
| Leo
| 
|
|-
! scope=row | TBA
| ''[[Frenchy (film)|Frenchy]]''
| Frenchy
| Also writer, director, producer and editor; unreleased
|
|}

== Music video ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0;&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Role
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Performer
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Notes
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope=row| 1992 
| &quot;[[Body Count (album)|Body Count's in the House]]&quot;
| Himself
| [[Body Count (band)|Body Count]]
| Uncredited cameo
| 
|-
! scope=row| 1994
| &quot;[[Time Won't Let Me]]&quot;
| Himself
| [[The Smithereens]]
| 
| 
|}

== Video game ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0;&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Voice role
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Notes
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope=row| 1995
| ''[[Street Fighter: The Movie (arcade game)|Street Fighter: The Movie]]''
| [[Guile (Street Fighter)|Colonel William F. Guile]]
| Live action full-motion video
| 
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Other websites==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Official website|http://www.jcvd-online.com}}
* {{IMDb name|0000241}}

{{-}}


{{actor-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Van Damme, Jean-Claude}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actors from Brussels]]
[[Category:Belgian movie actors]]
[[Category:Belgian movie directors]]
[[Category:Belgian stage actors]]
[[Category:Belgian television actors]]
[[Category:Belgian voice actors]]
[[Category:People from Brussels-Capital Region]]
[[Category:Martial artists]]
[[Category:People with bipolar disorder]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Electronic waste</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>402014</id>
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        <username>~2026-33315-61</username>
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[[File:Steckernetzteile.jpg|thumb]]
'''Electronic [[waste]]''' or '''e-waste''' are electronics that have been discarded.  This includes any electronics e.g., computers, power tools etc.

E-waste is a concern for every country in the 21st century. Over time, people throw away their old devices, either due to their technology breaking down and becoming unusable, or due to advances in technology causing people to buy new. This creates a large amount of e-waste, some of which can still be used and others that are unusable. Some countries have e-waste [[recycling]] companies and e-waste recycling programs to ensure proper disposal of electronic devices. Due to the way electronics are made, there are some parts that can be reused if disposed of properly. However, many people do not recycle their electronics properly, and toxic substances from those electronics can enter the [[environment]] when not disposed of correctly.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Electronic waste (e-waste)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/electronic-waste-(e-waste)|access-date=2025-08-25|website=www.who.int|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Adding up the billions of computer users in the world, over 30 million tons of e-waste is created nearly every year.
[[Category:Electronics]]
[[Category:Recycling]]

{{Commonscat}}

{{science-stub}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sikorsky VH-60N White Hawk</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>10880719</id>
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        <username>~2026-33810-85</username>
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      <text bytes="574" sha1="aeh5wfnvlho8pybxc1ely6d3czb3ff3" xml:space="preserve">[[File:VH-60 Marine One.jpg|thumb|'''Sikorsky VH-60N in mid-air '''.]]
The '''Sikorsky VH-60N White Hawk''' is a special variant of the [[Sikorsky UH-60 Blackhawk]] used for transport of the [[President of the United States]] as [[Marine One]]. It entered service in the year 1988 and it is still in operation today. The White Hawk is typically used for short trips by the president, and also for transportation of presidential staff and artifacts.

[[Category:Helicopters]]
[[Category:United States Marine Corps aircraft]]
[[Category:Sikorsky aircraft &amp; helicopter|VH-60N]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Russell's paradox</title>
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      <text bytes="2684" sha1="n5ma8ul2s7e0she8gx3g2r2dbz0xaa5" xml:space="preserve">{{copyedit|date=September 2024}}
{{complex|date=September 2025}}
{{norefs}}
{{math-stub}}
'''Russell's paradox''' is a [[paradox]] in [[naive set theory]] that is named after [[Bertrand Russell]], who described it in 1901. German mathematician [[Ernst Zermelo]] discovered it in 1898 but did not publish the idea. The paradox highlights some problems that set theory had at the time. When [[Georg Cantor]] developed the theory in the 1880s, he already suspected that his theory would lead to such problems.

The paradox is described as follows: Consider a set. This set contains ''all'' sets which do not contain themselves. Because this set is also a set, it must be considered whether or not this set contains itself. If it does not, then it is eligible to be placed in itself. If it does, then it should not be included. Thus, a paradox is observed.

This paradox, stemming from a simple set definition, exposed a flaw in set theory and led mathematicians to introduce restrictions on set creation, as described in [[axiomatic set theory]].

About 20 years later, Russell came up with the [[Barber paradox]], which is a way of describing the same problem in a different way. The Barber paradox says: &quot;Suppose there is a barber who shaves all adult men who do not shave themselves.&quot; In this case, answering the question of whether the barber shaves himself is impossible. If he does, then he would not, because he &quot;shaves all men who do not shave themselves.&quot; Similarly, if he does not, then he would. This leads to a paradox.

== Informal presentation ==

Most sets are not members of themselves. A set is &quot;normal&quot; if it is not a member of itself. A set is &quot;abnormal&quot; if it is a member of itself. 

Every set must be either normal or abnormal. 

'''Example 1:''' The set of all squares on a flat plane. This set is not itself a square, so it is not inside itself. That means it is a '''normal''' set.

'''Example 2:''' the set of everything that is ''not'' a square on the plane. This set is not a square either, so it belongs to itself. That makes it an '''abnormal''' set.

Now think about the set of all normal sets ''and call it: R''.

We ask: Is ''R normal or is it abnormal?''

* If ''R is normal: then it should be a inside the set of all normal sets - which means inside itself. But that would make it abnormal''
* if ''R is abnormal: then its not inside the set of all normal sets - which means not inside itself. But that would make it normal''

So ''R would have to be both normal and abnormal, which would be impossible. This contradiction is called for Russels paradox.''


{{Mathematical logic}}
{{Paradoxes}}


[[Category:Logical paradoxes]]
[[Category:Set theory]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kaira</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="1857" sha1="7p885wdl77av3gjhcg7czn07efd5840" xml:space="preserve">'''Kaira''' ({{lang-tr|Kayra}}; [[Altai language|Altai]]: ''Кайра'', {{lang-ota|كايرا}}) is the supreme Deity, king of the [[Deity|gods]], and ruler of the universe in [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and Altai [[Mythology|mythologies]]. He is the god of [[Creation myth|creation]] and the creator of heaven, earth, and everything. In Turkic beliefs, Kaira is described as possessing androgynous qualities and is often called both Father and Mother.

Kaira sits on the 17th floor of the heavens and determines the [[fate]] of the universe. His role is synonymous with the older sky god [[Tengri]], whose relationship with Kaira varies as either father and son, manifestation, or outright synonymous. He created the other gods and existed before the creation of the universe. He planted a tree with nine boughes.&lt;ref&gt;Türk Mitolojisi Ansiklopedik Sözlük, Celal Beydili, Yurt Yayınevi (Page-305, Kayrakan)&lt;/ref&gt; This tree connects the sky and earth, and nine human [[Race (sociology)|races]] are descended from the tree. His sons are ''[[Ulgan]]'', ''Kyzaghan'' and ''Mergen''.&lt;ref&gt;Türk Söylence Sözlüğü (Turkish Mythology Dictionary), Deniz Karakurt, Language: Turkish&lt;/ref&gt;

In ancient Turkic beliefs, Kaira is a white [[goose]] that flies over an endless water. Ak Ana (Holy Mother) appears and tells him to create. Kaira is also described as omnipotent, omniscient, and omnipresent; He is the most powerful Deity and reigns above all other gods.

The word (Kaira) means [[wikt:gracious|gracious]] or [[wikt:benevolent|benevolent]].

==Related pages==
* [[Ulgan]] - Son of Ulgan. God of Benevolence

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Other websites==
* Türk Mitolojisi (Türk mitleri ve destanları) [http://turk-mitolojisi.blogspot.com/2010/08/kara-han-kayra-han.html Kayra Han] {{in lang|tr}}


{{religion-stub}}

[[Category:Gods and goddesses]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lorde</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>10880289</id>
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      <text bytes="12496" sha1="cimhanru0ffuamd19k2uc4mbf9dlpdb" xml:space="preserve">{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Lorde
| image              = Lorde Brisbane Nov 2017 (cropped).jpg
| image_size         = 
| alt                = 
| caption            = Lorde performing in Queensland, Australia (2017)
| birth_name         = {{nowrap|Ella Marija Lani Yellich-O'Connor}}
| birth_date         = {{Birth date and age|1996|11|7|df=yes}}
| birth_place        = [[Takapuna]], [[Auckland]], {{nowrap|New Zealand}}
| occupation         = {{hlist|Singer|songwriter}}
| years_active       = 2009–present
| module             = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| background      = solo_singer
| genre            = {{hlist|[[Art pop]]|[[dream pop]]|[[indie pop]]|[[electropop]]|[[indietronica]]}}
| instrument       = {{hlist|Vocals}}
| associated_acts  = {{hlist|[[Joel Little]]|[[Disclosure_(band)|Disclosure]]}}
| label            = {{hlist|[[Universal Music Group|UMG]]|[[Lava Records|Lava]]|[[Republic Records|Republic]]}}
| website          = {{url|lorde.co.nz}}
}}
}}

'''Ella Marija Lani Yellich-O'Connor''' (born 7 November [[1996]]), known by her [[stage name]] '''Lorde''', is a [[New Zealanders|New Zealand]] [[singer-songwriter]]. She was signed to [[Universal Music]] at the age of 13.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/local-news/north-shore-times/8990736/Singer-now-on-centre-stage|title=Singer now on centre stage|work=Stuff|date=August 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lorde's first album, ''[[Pure Heroine]]'', was released in September 2013. It was followed by ''[[Melodrama (Lorde album)|Melodrama]]'' in 2017.

==Career==
Her first single, &quot;Royals&quot;, was released on Republic on 8 March 2013. It reached number one on the US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]], in [[Canada]], the [[United Kingdom]], and New Zealand and number two in Australia. It made her the first solo artist from New Zealand to have a number one in the US.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nme.com/news/lorde/73037|title=NME News Lorde on hitting Number One in America: 'It feels like Christmas!' - NME.COM|date=4 October 2013|work=NME.COM}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Royals&quot; also made her the youngest person (age 16) to have a US number one in 26 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nme.com/news/lorde/73005|title=NME News 16-year-old singer Lorde is youngest person to score US Number One for 26 years - NME.COM|date=3 October 2013|work=NME.COM}}&lt;/ref&gt; A controversial article on [[Feministing]] by Veronica Bayetti Flores described the song 'deeply racist'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=http://entertainment.time.com/2013/10/09/royals-singer-lorde-caught-in-racism-row/|title='Royals' Singer Lorde Caught in Racism Row|magazine=TIME.com|date=9 October 2013|last1=Nicks|first1=Denver|access-date=11 October 2013|archive-date=10 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010233821/http://entertainment.time.com/2013/10/09/royals-singer-lorde-caught-in-racism-row/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Music and culture critic Ed Hightower has offered an appraisal of Lorde's song that rejects Flores' accusation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2013/10/25/lord-o25.html|title=Wealth and status under fire: Lorde's &quot;Pure Heroine&quot;|first=Ed|last=Hightower|website=www.wsws.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; The song has been covered by [[Pixie Lott]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.justjaredjr.com/2013/11/10/pixie-lott-covers-lordes-royals/|title=Pixie Lott Covers Lorde's 'Royals'|work=Pixie Lott Covers Lorde’s 'Royals' - Lorde, Pixie Lott : Just Jared Jr.}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Neon Jungle]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rGUVGy8L0qA|title=Neon Jungle perform Royals (Lorde cover) for The Line of Best Fit|work=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Mutya Keisha Siobhan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nme.com/news/sugababes/73132|title=NME News 'Origibabes' Mutya Keisha Siobhan cover Lorde's 'Royals' - watch - NME.COM|date=9 October 2013|work=NME.COM}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Her second single &quot;Tennis Court&quot; did not reach the Hot 100. It was a number one in NZ in its first week of release. It made her the first New Zealand artist to have four songs in the top 20 at once.

Her third single &quot;Team&quot; was leaked and then released on 13 September in the US. It reached number 6 on the Hot 100 and number 3 in the NZ top 40.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Lorde&amp;titel=Team&amp;cat=s&lt;/ref&gt; It is one of the songs on ''Pure Heroine'' that Lorde wrote on her own.

She has released three other promo singles, &quot;Bravado&quot;, &quot;Buzzcut Season&quot;, and &quot;Ribs&quot;. &quot;Million Dollar Bills&quot;, &quot;Swingin' Party&quot;, and &quot;The Love Club&quot; have also charted.

Her first album ''Pure Heroine'' was released by Universal Music on 30 September 2013 in the US.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://thecorner.co.nz/2013/08/13/lorde-announces-debut-album-pure-heroine/|title=Lorde Announces Debut Album &quot;Pure Heroine&quot;|work=The Corner|access-date=2013-10-06|archive-date=2013-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917162153/http://thecorner.co.nz/2013/08/13/lorde-announces-debut-album-pure-heroine/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Virgin Records]] released it in the UK in October. It got good reviews from music critics. It reached number one in the iTunes chart in Canada, Australia, the US, and New Zealand. The album was co-written and produced by Joel Little.

She released her first EP, ''Love Club'', online for free in November 2012. It debuted at number two in [[Australia]] and New Zealand and reached twenty-three on the US Billboard 200. It contains 5 songs. The US iTunes version contains &quot;Swingin' Party&quot; as track 2 instead of &quot;Royals&quot;. The NZ iTunes version has a bonus track, &quot;Bravado&quot; (Fffrrannno Remix).

Her second EP Tennis Court was released 22 July on Virgin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nme.com/reviews/lorde/14604|title=NME Reviews - Lorde - 'Tennis Court' - NME.COM|date=19 July 2013|work=NME.COM}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Her cover of &quot;Everybody Wants to Rule the World&quot; by [[Tears for Fears]] was in the [[Hunger Games: Catching Fire]] soundtrack.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.3news.co.nz/Lorde-Coldplay-feature-on-Hunger-Games-Catching-Fire-soundtrack/tabid/418/articleID/315192/Default.aspx|title=Lorde Coldplay feature on Hunger Games Catching Fire soundtrack - Entertainment - 3 News|access-date=2013-10-07|archive-date=2013-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195959/http://www.3news.co.nz/Lorde-Coldplay-feature-on-Hunger-Games-Catching-Fire-soundtrack/tabid/418/articleID/315192/Default.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; It reached number fourteen in the NZ chart.

In November 2013, she signed with Songs Music to have the rights to her songs. This made her a millionaire. Lorde writes most of her songs with Joe Little, so she owns 50% of the copyright to her songs.

Lorde released a new single on 13 December 2013, called &quot;No Better&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nme.com/news/lorde/74413|title=NME News Lorde unveils 'surprise' single 'No Better' - listen - NME.COM|date=13 December 2013|work=NME.COM}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/videos/lorde-breezes-through-seasons-on-no-better-20131213|title=Lorde Posts New Song 'No Better' - Rolling Stone|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=2017-08-31|archive-date=2018-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405214840/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/videos/lorde-breezes-through-seasons-on-no-better-20131213|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was later included on the extended edition of ''Pure Heroine''.

In January 2014, the song &quot;Team&quot; had reached the top ten of the US ''Billboard'' Hot 100 chart.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/1553855/lorde/chart?f=379|title=Lorde|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=2014-01-13|archive-date=2018-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925052307/https://www.billboard.com/artist/1553855/lorde/chart?f=379|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 3 March 2014, Lorde started a tour in the United States.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.soundspike.com/story/27610/lorde-plots-first-us-tour-in-support-of-pure-heroine/|title=Lorde plots first U.S. tour in support of &quot;Pure Heroine&quot;|work=soundspike.com|access-date=2013-12-17|archive-date=2013-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219030343/http://www.soundspike.com/story/27610/lorde-plots-first-us-tour-in-support-of-pure-heroine/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2017, she appeared on [[Saturday Night Live]].

She had done four tours: ''Pure Heroine Tour'', which lasted from 2013 to 2014, ''Melodrama World Tour'', which lasted from 2017 to 2018, ''Solar Power Tour'', which lasted from 2022 to 2023, and Ultrasound World Tour, which began on 17th of September 2025 and is expected to end on 15th May 2026.

Her latest album is 2025's ''Virgin.''

== Awards ==
Lorde was nominated for four [[Grammy Awards]] in December 2013. The nominations were [[Grammy Award for Song of the Year|Song of the Year]], [[Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record of the Year]], Best Pop Solo Performance and [[Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album|Best Pop Vocal Album]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1718665/lorde-pink-ed-sheeran-taylor-swift-freak-out-about-grammy-nominations.jhtml|title=Lorde, Pink, Ed Sheeran, Taylor Swift Freak Out About Grammy Nominations|work=MTV News|access-date=2013-12-07|archive-date=2013-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208120752/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1718665/lorde-pink-ed-sheeran-taylor-swift-freak-out-about-grammy-nominations.jhtml|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was the youngest person to ever be nominated for Record of the Year. She performed &quot;Royals&quot; at the awards ceremony.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fasterlouder.com.au/news/38228/Watch-Lorde-performs-Royals-at-the-Grammys|title=Watch: Lorde performs 'Royals' at the Grammys|author=Darren Levin|date=27 January 2014|work=FasterLouder|access-date=29 January 2014|archive-date=31 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131072613/http://www.fasterlouder.com.au/news/38228/Watch-Lorde-performs-Royals-at-the-Grammys|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Personal life==
Lorde was born in [[Takapuna]], [[Auckland]]. She is a [[sex positive]] [[feminist]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gigwise.com/news/84574/feminist-lorde-slams-selena-gomez-single-come-and-get-it|title='Feminist' Lorde slams Selena Gomez single 'Come And Get It'|author=Michael Baggs|work=GIGWISE.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.entertainmentwise.com/news/136209/Sex-Positive-Lorde-Has-Nothing-Against-Getting-Naked-Despite-Hitting-Out-At-Selena-Gomez-Taylor-Swift|title='Sex-Positive' Lorde Has 'Nothing Against Getting Naked' Despite Hitting Out at Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift|author=Alicia Adejobi|work=EntertainmentWise|access-date=2013-12-19|archive-date=2013-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221004250/http://www.entertainmentwise.com/news/136209/Sex-Positive-Lorde-Has-Nothing-Against-Getting-Naked-Despite-Hitting-Out-At-Selena-Gomez-Taylor-Swift|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In an interview with [[HuffPost|Huffington Post]] she said, &quot;I've seen people compare me to just about every female slightly alt[ernative] female musician because people feel the need to put females with other females, which I guess I understand, but I think I'm different because my music is accessible, but it's also smart and those are two things that don't often go together musically.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/24/lorde-interview_n_3644831.html|title=Lorde, 16-Year-Old New Zealand Musician, Talks 'Royals' Video, Feminism And More|work=The Huffington Post|date=24 July 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

She was a student at [[Takapuna Grammar School]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/review/voice-of-the-sweet-lorde/story-fn9n8gph-1226722795009|title=Cookies must be enabled.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music-arts/lorde-article-1.1592721|title=Who is Lorde? Five things to know|work=NY Daily News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Discography ==

* ''Pure Heroine'' (2013)
* ''Melodrama'' (2017)
* ''Solar Power'' (2021)
* ''Virgin'' (2025)

== Tours ==

* ''Pure Heroine Tour'' (2013–2014)
* ''Melodrama World Tour'' (2017–2018)
* ''Solar Power Tour'' (2022–2023)
* ''Ultrasound World Tour'' (2025–2026)

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Entertainers from North Island]]
[[Category:Feminists]]
[[Category:Grammy Award winners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Auckland]]
[[Category:New Zealand singer-songwriters]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>I Just Can't Stop Loving You</title>
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&quot;'''I Just Can't Stop Loving You'''&quot; is a song by American singer [[Michael Jackson]], featuring singer and songwriter [[Siedah Garrett]]. It's a ballad expressing deep love and devotion, and it was released as part of his 1987 album ''[[Bad (album)|Bad]]''. The song features a beautiful duet and showcases Jackson's signature vocal style.

The song does not have a music video, but it was performed live by Jackson during the [[Bad (tour)|Bad]] and [[Dangerous World Tour|Dangerous]] world tours. It was also going to be performed for the [[This Is It (concert residency)|This Is It]] concerts, but it was cancelled due to [[Death of Michael Jackson|his sudden death]] in 2009.

[[Category:Michael Jackson songs]]
[[Category:1987 songs]]</text>
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&quot;'''I Just Can't Stop Loving You'''&quot; is a song by American singer [[Michael Jackson]]. It features singer and songwriter [[Siedah Garrett]]. It is a ballad about love and devotion. It was released in his 1987 album ''[[Bad (album)|Bad]]''. The song has a duet. 

The song does not have a music video, but it was performed live by Jackson during the [[Bad (tour)|Bad]] and [[Dangerous World Tour|Dangerous]] world tours. It was also going to be performed for the [[This Is It (concert residency)|This Is It]] concerts, but it was cancelled due to [[Death of Michael Jackson|his sudden death]] in 2009.

[[Category:Michael Jackson songs]]
[[Category:1987 songs]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hold My Hand (Michael Jackson and Akon song)</title>
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      <text bytes="762" sha1="fnk6fanyfshmur644ltwm7o532q2lzo" xml:space="preserve">&quot;'''Hold My Hand'''&quot; is a song performed by American singers [[Michael Jackson]] and [[Akon]], from Jackson's first posthumous album ''[[Michael (Michael Jackson album)|Michael]]'' (2010). It was recorded in December 2007 at the Palms Casino Resort in Las Vegas, Nevada. It was released posthumously on November 15, 2010, a year after [[Death of Michael Jackson|Jackson's untimely death]]. It reached ten in the [[UK Singles Chart]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/|title=Official Singles Chart Top 100 - Official Charts Company|website=www.officialcharts.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Michael Jackson songs}}

[[Category:2010 songs]]
[[Category:Akon songs]]
[[Category:Michael Jackson songs]]

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    <title>Tsarevich of Russia</title>
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[[File:Middle Coat of Arms of the Russian Empire.png|thumb|right|250px|{{center|Coat of Arms}}]]
The [[:wikt:title|title]] of '''Tsarevich of Russia'''{{efn|Sometimes written in other languages as ''Cesarevich'' or ''Caesarevich''}} was traditionally used by the [[heir apparent]] or [[heir presumptive]] in the [[Russian Empire]]. The title was used with the [[:wikt:style|style]] ''[[Imperial Highness]]''. The title was usually only used by males due to females being prevented from succeeding the [[throne]] after [[Catherine the Great]]. 

== Usage ==
It is often confused with &quot;tsarevich&quot;, which is the title for any son of a [[tsar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;dimitry&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Macedonsky|first=Dimitry|date=June 2005|title=Hail, Son of Caesar! A Titular History of Romanov Scions|journal=European Royal History Journal|publisher=Arturo E. Beeche|volume=8.3|issue=XLV|pages=19–27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Normally, there was only one ''tsesarevich'' at a time (an exception was Grand Duke [[Constantine Pavlovich]], who was accorded the title until death, even though law gave it to his nephew), and the title was used exclusively in Russia. 

The title came to be used together with the formal style &quot;[[:wikt:Successor|successor]]&quot; (''Naslednik''), as in &quot;His Imperial Highness the Successor Tsesarevich and Grand Duke&quot;. The wife of the ''Tsesarevich'' was the '''Tsesarevna'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia| title = Cesarevich| encyclopedia = LoveToKnow Free Online Encyclopedia| url = http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Cesarevich| accessdate = 2006-10-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Examples==
*[[Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich of Russia|''His Imperial Highness'' Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich of Russia, Grand Duke of Russia]]. He used the title all his life. He never succeeded his father and was murdered in [[1918]].
*[[Nicholas II of Russia|''His Imperial Highness'' Tsarevich Nicholas]]. He used the title from 1868 till the death of his father in 1894. The  future Nicholas II of Russia. He was the last [[Russia|Russian]] Tsar.
*[[Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich of Russia]], son and heir of [[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] who never succeeded.

== Related pages ==
*[[Titles of European royal heirs]]
*[[Russia]]
*[[Russian Empire]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
&lt;br&gt;
[[Category:Titles]]
[[Category:Royalty and nobility]]
[[Category:Russian grand dukes and duchesses]]

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  <page>
    <title>Mahathir Mohamad</title>
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      <text bytes="59744" sha1="sk2fc25p0y8k5ep5rerzcjnnfbf9unv" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix    = [[Malay styles and titles|Yang Amat Berbahagia]] [[Seri Maharaja Mangku Negara|Tun]] [[Doctor|Dr.]]
| name                = Mahathir Mohamad
| native_name         = {{lang|ms|{{Script|Arab|مُهَاِضِيْرْ بِنْ مُهَمَدْ}}}}
| image               = Dr. Mahathir Mohamad attending the state funeral of Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, 15 April 2025 (21) (cropped).jpg
| caption             = Mahathir in 2025
| office1             = 4th and 7th [[Prime Minister of Malaysia]]
| deputy1             = [[Wan Azizah Wan Ismail|Wan Azizah]]
| monarch1            = [[Muhammad V of Kelantan|Muhammad V]]&lt;br&gt;[[Abdullah of Pahang|Abdullah]]
| term_start1         = 10 May 2018
| term_end1           = 1 March 2020
| predecessor1        = [[Najib Razak]]
| successor1          = [[Muhyiddin Yassin]]
| monarch2            = [[Ahmad Shah of Pahang|Ahmad Shah]]&lt;br&gt;[[Iskandar of Johor|Iskandar]]&lt;br&gt;[[Azlan Shah of Perak|Azlan Shah]]&lt;br&gt;[[Ja’afar of Negeri Sembilan|Ja’afar]]&lt;br&gt;[[Salahuddin of Selangor|Salahuddin]]&lt;br&gt;[[Sirajuddin of Perlis|Sirajuddin]]
| term_start2         = 16 July 1981
| term_end2           = 31 October 2003
| predecessor2        = Hussein Onn
| successor2          = [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]]
| deputy2             = [[Musa Hitam]]&lt;br&gt;[[Abdul Ghafar Baba]]&lt;br&gt;[[Anwar Ibrahim]]&lt;br&gt;[[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]]
| monarch3            = [[Sirajuddin of Perlis]]
| office3             = Secretary General of [[Non-Aligned Movement]]
| term_start3         = 20 February 2003
| term_end3           = 31 October 2003
| predecessor3        = [[Thabo Mbeki]]
| successor3          = [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]]
| monarch4            = [[Salahuddin of Selangor|Salahuddin]]&lt;br&gt;[[Sirajuddin of Perlis|Sirajuddin]]
| office4             = [[Ministry of Finance (Malaysia)|Minister of Finance]]
| term_start4         = 5 June 2001
| term_end4           = 31 October 2003
| predecessor4        = [[Daim Zainuddin]]
| successor4          = [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]]
| monarch5            = [[Ja’afar of Negeri Sembilan|Ja’afar]]
| term_start5         = 7 September 1998
| term_end5           = 7 January 1999
| predecessor5        = [[Anwar Ibrahim]]
| successor5          = [[Daim Zainuddin]]
| monarch6            = [[Iskandar of Johor|Iskandar]]&lt;br&gt;[[Azlan Shah of Perak|Azlan Shah]]&lt;br&gt;[[Ja’afar of Negeri Sembilan|Ja’afar]]
| office6             = [[Minister of Home Affairs (Malaysia)|Minister of Home Affairs]]
| term_start6         = 8 May 1986
| term_end6           = 8 January 1999
| predecessor6        = [[Musa Hitam]]
| successor6          = [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]]
| monarch7            = [[Ahmad Shah of Pahang|Ahmad Shah]]&lt;br&gt;[[Iskandar of Johor|Iskandar]]
| office7             = [[Minister of Defence (Malaysia)|Minister of Defence]]
| term_start7         = 18 July 1981
| term_end7           = 6 May 1986
| predecessor7        = [[Abdul Taib Mahmud]]
| successor7          = [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]]
| monarch8            = [[Yahya Petra of Kelantan|Yahya Petra]]&lt;br&gt;[[Ahmad Shah of Pahang|Ahmad Shah]]
| office8             = [[Minister of International Trade and Industry (Malaysia)|Minister of Trade and Industry]]
| primeminister8      = Hussein Onn
| term_start8         = 1 January 1978
| term_end8           = 16 July 1981
| predecessor8        = [[Hamzah Abu Samah]]
| successor8          = Ahmad Rithaudden Tengku Ismail
| monarch9            = [[Yahya Petra of Kelantan|Yahya Petra]]&lt;br&gt;[[Ahmad Shah of Pahang|Ahmad Shah]]
| office9             = 4th [[Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia]]
| primeminister9      = Hussein Onn
| term_start9         = 5 March 1976
| term_end9           = 16 July 1981
| predecessor9        = Hussein Onn
| successor9          = [[Musa Hitam]]
| monarch10           = [[Abdul Halim of Kedah|Abdul Halim]]&lt;br&gt;[[Yahya Petra of Kelantan|Yahya Petra]]
| office10            = [[Minister of Education (Malaysia)|Minister of Education]]
| primeminister10     = [[Abdul Razak Hussein]]&lt;br&gt;Hussein Onn
| term_start10        = 5 September 1974
| term_end10          = 31 December 1977
| predecessor10       = [[Mohamed Yaacob]]
| successor10         = [[Musa Hitam]]
| office11            = Member of the [[Dewan Rakyat]]&lt;br&gt;for [[Kubang Pasu (federal constituency)|Kubang Pasu]]
| term_start11        = 24 August 1974
| term_end11          = 21 March 2004
| predecessor11       = Constituency established
| successor11         = [[Mohd Johari Baharum]]
| office12            = Member of the [[Dewan Negara]]&lt;br&gt;for [[Kedah]]
| term_start12        = 30 December 1972
| term_end12          = 23 August 1974
| office13            = Member of the [[Dewan Rakyat]]&lt;br&gt;for Kota Setar Selatan
| term_start13        = 25 April 1964
| term_end13          = 10 May 1969
| predecessor13       = Wan Sulaiman Wan Tam
| successor13         = [[Yusof Rawa]]
| birth_name          = Mahathir bin Mohamad
| birth_date          = {{birth date and age|1925|7|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place         = [[Alor Setar]], [[Unfederated Malay States]] {{small|(now [[Malaysia]])}}
| death_date          = 
| death_place         = 
| party               = [[Homeland Fighter's Party|PEJUANG]] {{small|(since 2020)}}&lt;br&gt;[[Malaysian United Indigenous Party|BERSATU]]-[[Pakatan Harapan]] {{small|(2016–2020)}} &lt;br/&gt;[[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]]-[[Barisan Nasional]] {{small|(1946–2016)}}
| otherparty          = 
| spouse              = [[Siti Hasmah Mohamad Ali]]
| children            = 7 (including [[Marina Mahathir|Marina]], [[Mirzan Mahathir|Mirzan]], [[Mokhzani Mahathir|Mokhzani]] and [[Mukhriz Mahathir|Mukhriz]])
| relatives           = [[Ismail Mohamed Ali]] {{small|(brother-in-law)}}&lt;br&gt;[[Mohamed Hashim Mohd Ali]] {{small|(brother-in-law)}}
| alma_mater          = [[National University of Singapore]]
| website             = {{URL|chedet.cc|Official website}}
| signature           = 
}}

==Early life and political career==
[[File:Mahathir Mohamad in his schooldays, 1939.jpg|150px|left|thumb|Mahathir in his schooldays, 1939]]
Mahathir born on 10 July 1925, in [[Alor Setar]], [[Kedah]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-07-10|title=Turning 96, Dr Mahathir prays Malaysia will be developed by all parties|url=https://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/turning-96-dr-mahathir-prays-malaysia-will-be-developed-all-parties-307764|access-date=|website=www.astroawani.com}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; became politically active after [[World War II]]. He protested against the Malayan Union's decision to grant citizenship to non-Malays.

Mahathir excelled in his studies and became a medical doctor. He joined UMNO (United Malays National Organisation) and entered Parliament in 1964. After serving one term, he lost his seat and was expelled from UMNO due to disagreements with Prime Minister [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]].

During his time away from mainstream politics, Mahathir wrote his first book, ''[[The Malay Dilemma]]'', advocating for affirmative action for Malays in education and society. The book criticized the government led by Tunku Abdul Rahman and was banned upon publication.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Kamm|first=Henry|last2=Times|first2=Special To the New York|date=1981-08-26|title=MALAYSIA ENDS BAN ON PREMIER'S BOOK|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/26/world/malaysia-ends-ban-on-premier-s-book.html|access-date=|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Mahathir Mohamad in 1946.jpg|160px|thumb|centre|In 1940, the Literary and Debating Society of Sultan Abdul Hamid College had a meeting. Sitting from left to right were Ahmad Nordin, Mohammad Khir Johari, Tiddemand, Mahathir, and Zulkifli Hashim.]]
Mahathir returned to UMNO and Parliament after Tunku Abdul Rahman resigned. He was appointed to the Cabinet and became Deputy Prime Minister by 1976. In 1981, Mahathir was sworn in as Malaysia's Prime Minister, a position he held for over two decades.
[[File:Mahathir Mohamad young.png|180px|thumb|center|young Mahathir]]

==First term as prime minister (1981-2003)==
[[File:Mahathir 1984.jpg|thumb|centre|Mahathir visited the [[United States]] in 1984 on an official trip]]
Mahathir became Prime Minister on July 16, 1981, when he was 56 years old.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=1981-07-16|title=New prime minister in Malaysia|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/07/16/New-prime-minister-in-Malaysia/1323364104000/|access-date=|website=UPI|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In his early years as leader, he worked to strengthen his position in UMNO and won the [[1982 Malaysian general election|1982 general election]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Milne &amp; Mauzy|1999|p=28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Sankaran &amp; Hamdan|1988|pp=18–20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Economically, Mahathir supported privatization, thinking the government shouldn't be in business. He privatized airlines, utilities, and telecom firms, averaging about 50 a year by the mid-1990s. This improved conditions and made good money for the government.

During this time, Mahathir led the building of the [[North–South Expressway|North-South Expressway]], a big highway from [[Thailand]] to [[Singapore]]. He also started Proton, a car company with [[Mitsubishi Motors|Mitsubishi]]. Proton faced problems at first but became the biggest car maker in [[Southeast Asia]] by the late 1980s, helped by tariffs.
[[File:Mahathir bin Mohamad in Brussels - 1988 (P0018020110H) (cropped 2).jpg|left|180px|thumb|Mahathir in 1988]]
In 1989, Mahathir had a heart attack&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Cheah|first=Boon Keng|title=Malaysia: the making of a nation|year=2002|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=981-230-154-2|page=219}}&lt;/ref&gt; but got better and led Barisan Nasional to win the [[1990 Malaysian general election|1990 election]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Kim Hoong Khong|title=Malaysia's general election 1990: continuity, change, and ethnic politics|url=https://archive.org/details/malaysiasgeneral0000khon|year=1991|publisher=Institute of South-East Asian Studies|isbn=981-3035-77-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/malaysiasgeneral0000khon/page/15 15]–17}}&lt;/ref&gt; When the Malaysian New Economic Policy ended in 1990, Mahathir made [[Wawasan 2020|Vision 2020]]. This plan aimed for Malaysia to become a fully developed country by 2020 with strong economic growth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bernama|date=2020-01-06|title=Many aspects of Vision 2020 have been achieved, says Mahathir|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/506060|access-date=|website=Malaysiakini}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{stack|[[File:Petronas Towers at night (7025662613).jpg|thumb|200px|right|Here's a picture of the [[Petronas Towers|Petronas Twin Towers]] in [[Kuala Lumpur]], which were built while Mahathir was in charge.]]}}
In the 1990s, Mahathir started important projects to make Malaysia better. He created the [[MSC Malaysia|Multimedia Super Corridor]] to help technology and business. Mahathir also built [[Putrajaya]] as Malaysia's main place for government offices. Additionally, he made the [[Petronas Towers|Petronas Twin Towers]], which became symbols of Malaysia growing and getting stronger during his time as leader. In 1997, there was a big problem with haze in Southeast Asia caused by [[1997 Indonesian forest fires|fires in Indonesian forests]]; Mahathir started a firefighting operation across borders to help deal with it.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tan |first=Esther |date=8 November 1997 |title=Malaysia, Indonesia signing pact to curb haze |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1309&amp;dat=19971108&amp;id=cLBOAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5399,1353 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414165918/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1309&amp;dat=19971108&amp;id=cLBOAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5399,1353 |archive-date=14 April 2022 |access-date= |website=New Straits Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Mahathir Mohamad and Yoshirō Mori.jpg|thumb|left|In 2000, Mahathir shakes hands with [[Prime Minister of Japan|Japanese Prime Minister]] [[Yoshirō Mori]]]]
During the [[1997 Asian financial crisis|Asian financial crisis]] in 1997, Mahathir didn't follow advice from the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] and his deputy, [[Anwar Ibrahim]]. Instead, he spent more money and made Malaysia's money stay the same as the [[United States dollar|US dollar]]. This helped Malaysia recover faster than other countries nearby. In September 2003, five years after Malaysia introduced capital controls following the financial crisis, the IMF agreed that Malaysia was correct to make its own decisions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2003-09-04|title=Malaysia was right, says IMF|url=https://www.klik.com.my/item/story/1400037/malaysia-was-right-says-imf-hl-|access-date=|website=New Straits Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At a UMNO meeting in 2002, Mahathir said he would stop being prime minister.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2002-06-23|title=A short, sharp shock of brutal reality from Dr Mahathir|url=https://www.klik.com.my/item/story/1841179/a-short-sharp-shock-of-brutal-reality-from-dr-mahathir|access-date=|website=New Sunday Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; But his supporters came up to him and asked him to stay, so he changed his mind.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2002-06-23|title=`Dr M agreed to stay on after being persuaded'|url=https://www.klik.com.my/item/story/1840886/-dr-m-agreed-to-stay-on-after-being-persuaded-|access-date=|website=New Sunday Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; He decided to retire in October 2003 to help the next leader, [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]], take over smoothly.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2002-06-26|title=Dr M stays on until Oct 2003|url=https://www.klik.com.my/item/story/1502220/dr-m-stays-on-until-oct-2003-hl-|access-date=|website=New Straits Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahathir had been the leader for more than 22 years, making him the longest-serving elected leader in the world when he retired.
===Foreign relations===
====United States====
[[File:Ronald Reagan and Mahathir Mohamad in 1984.jpg|thumb|Mahathir and Ronald Reagen in 1984]]
[[File:President William Jefferson Clinton with Prime Minister Mahathir bin Mohamad of Malaysia.jpg|thumb|Mahathir and Bill Clinton in 1994]]
During Mahathir's rule, the [[United States]] was the largest foreign investor and one of Malaysia's closest allies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Gong |first=Gerrit W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o_CBbSl1NIcC&amp;pg=PA145 |title=Memory and History in East and Southeast Asia: Issues of Identity in International Relations |date=2001 |publisher=CSIS |isbn=978-0-89206-399-4 |language=en |access-date= |archive-date=2023-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820174442/https://books.google.com/books?id=o_CBbSl1NIcC&amp;pg=PA145 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hassan |first1=W. Shawaluddin W. |last2=Peters |first2=Diana |title=Malaysia-The United States Relations in the 1990S: Rhetoric and Realities |date=2003 |url=https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/SEJARAH/article/view/9138 |journal=SEJARAH: Journal of the Department of History |language=en |volume=11 |issue=11 |pages=139–154 |doi=10.22452/sejarah.vol11no11.8 |issn=2756-8253 |doi-access=free |access-date= |archive-date=2023-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807064839/https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/SEJARAH/article/view/9138 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahathir always spoke out against U.S. foreign policy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2018-05-14|title=When Mahathir Met Mandela. And Reagan. And Suharto. And Soros|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/photo-essays/2018-05-14/when-mahathir-met-mandela-regan-suharto-and-marcos|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; From 17 to 20 January 1984, Mahathir had an official working visit to the United States. During this visit, he met President [[Ronald Reagan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-09-14|title=Flashback: Mahathir-Reagan's joint statement from the White House|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/395194|access-date=|website=Malaysiakini}}&lt;/ref&gt; Afterward, he had a private visit to [[Tulsa, Oklahoma]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Visits By Foreign Leaders in 1984|url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/visits/1984|website=Office of the Historian (.gov)}}&lt;/ref&gt; During his tenure as Prime Minister, Mahathir also had unofficial meetings with other US Presidents [[George H. W. Bush]], [[George W. Bush]], and [[Bill Clinton]] in various locations to discuss palm oil issues and America's stance toward Muslim countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-09-21|title=Don't lie about White House treatment, Dr Mahathir tells Najib|url=https://www.themalaysianinsight.com/s/15470|access-date=|website=www.themalaysianinsight.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mahathir criticized the 2003 U.S.-led [[Iraq War|Iraq invasion]] and accused Halliburton, once led by Vice President [[Dick Cheney]], of making billions in profits. He said Halliburton's stock price rose from $10 before the war to about $46 after winning Iraq contracts worth nearly $20 billion. Mahathir called Cheney and President Bush &quot;war criminals&quot; and said they should be tried for their actions in Iraq.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2008-05-19|title=Malaysian ex-leader Mahathir calls for ban on Halliburton|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Business/story?id=4881677&amp;page=1|access-date=|website=ABC News|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Interim years (2003–2018)==
[[File:Mahathir 2007.jpg|thumb|150px|Mahathir at National Day celebrations in August 2007]]
After retiring in 2003, Mahathir received the title ''Tun''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2003-10-31|title=Mahathir honoured as he steps down|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/mahathir-honoured-as-he-steps-down-20031031-gdhp8c.html|access-date=|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He said he would quit politics completely and turned down a role in Abdullah Badawi's government. Despite this, Mahathir kept busy as CEO, Chairman, and advisor to important Malaysian companies like Proton and [[Petronas]].

In 2015, Mahathir strongly criticized Prime Minister [[Najib Razak]]'s government, especially over the [[1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-04-04|title=Malaysia’s Mahathir Mohamad Calls on Prime Minister Najib Razak to Resign|url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/malaysias-mahathir-mohamad-calls-on-prime-minister-najib-razak-to-resign-1428153386|website=WSJ}}&lt;/ref&gt; He called for Najib to step down and even joined a large protest rally called [[Bersih 4 rally|Bersih 4]] with his wife, [[Siti Hasmah Mohamad Ali]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=KUMAR|first=KAMLES|date=2015-08-29|title=Dr M shows up at Bersih 4 rally, with Dr Siti Hasmah (VIDEO)|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2015/08/29/dr-m-shows-up-at-bersih-4-rally/960609|access-date=|website=Malay Mail|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2016, Mahathir founded Parti Pribumi Bersatu Malaysia (PPBM).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Firdaws|first=Nawar|date=2016-09-09|title=Dr Mahathir’s new party officially registered|url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2016/09/09/dr-mahathirs-new-party-officially-registered/|access-date=|website=Free Malaysia Today|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 2017, he joined the opposition group [[Pakatan Harapan]] and became its chairman.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Nadirah H. Rodzi, Malaysia|date=2017-07-14|title=Mahathir named chairman, Anwar named de facto leader of Pakatan Harapan|language=en|work=The Straits Times|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/mahathir-named-chairman-anwar-named-de-facto-leader-of-pakatan-rakyat|access-date=|issn=0585-3923}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 8 January 2018, Mahathir was chosen as the prime ministerial candidate for Pakatan Harapan in the election on May 9.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2018-01-08|title=Mahathir Mohamad: Ex-Malaysia PM, 92, to run for office|language=en|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42603220|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; He wanted to replace his former ally, [[Najib Razak]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kedah|first=Laignee Barron /|date=2018-05-08|title=Mahathir Mohamad’s Last Stand: Malaysia’s Aging Strongman Seeks to Unseat His Protégé|url=https://time.com/5269105/malaysia-election-2018-mahathir-najib-prime-minister/|access-date=|website=TIME|language=en|archive-date=2024-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714030153/https://time.com/5269105/malaysia-election-2018-mahathir-najib-prime-minister/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wan Azizah Wan Ismail]], the wife of Mahathir's former rival [[Anwar Ibrahim]], was his deputy candidate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Chie|first=Kow Gah|date=2018-01-07|title=Harapan formally announces Dr M as PM candidate|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/407859|access-date=|website=Malaysiakini}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Second term as prime minister (2018–2020)==
[[File:Secretary Pompeo and Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad (43814325601).jpg|thumb|Mahathir meets with US Secretary of State [[Mike Pompeo]] in 2018]]
[[File:Rodrigo Duterte and Mahathir Mohamad (Pacquiao vs Matthysse).jpg|thumb|Mahathir and Philippine president [[Rodrigo Duterte]], 15 July 2018]]
On 10 May 2018, [[Pakatan Harapan]] won the election,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Team|first=NSTP|date=2018-05-10|title=Pakatan Harapan wins 14th General Election|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/politics/2018/05/367907/pakatan-harapan-wins-14th-general-election|access-date=|website=NST Online|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; making Mahathir Prime Minister again.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2018-05-09|title=Mahathir Wins in Historic Malaysia Power Shift|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2018-05-09/mahathir-wins-malaysia-election-in-historic-power-shift|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; This victory ended Najib's time as the 6th Prime Minister of Malaysia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Lourdes|first=Marc|date=2018-05-09|title=Prime Minister Najib Razak ousted as opposition scores victory in Malaysia|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/09/asia/malaysia-elections-results/index.html|access-date=|website=CNN|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahathir took the oath of office as the 7th Prime Minister at 9:30 pm on May 10, 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Teoh|first=Shannon|last2=Leong|first2=Trinna|date=2018-05-10|title=Mahathir sworn in as Malaysia's 7th Prime Minister|language=en|work=The Straits Times|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/mahathir-sworn-in-as-7th-malaysian-pm|access-date=|issn=0585-3923}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mahathir became the world's oldest serving state leader at 92 years and 304 days old, and the first Malaysian prime minister not from UMNO.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Daniele|first=Euan McKirdy,Marc Lourdes,Ushar|date=2018-05-10|title=Malaysia’s Mahathir Mohamad is now the world’s oldest leader|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/10/asia/malaysia-election-mahathir-victory-intl/index.html|access-date=|website=CNN|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; His deputy, Wan Azizah, became Malaysia's first female deputy prime minister.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-05-10|title=Mahathir says he's poised to lead Malaysia again|url=https://www.afr.com/world/mahathir-says-hes-poised-to-lead-malaysia-again-20180510-h0zx2w|access-date=|website=Australian Financial Review|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In April 2019, Mahathir was named one of Time magazine’s 100 most influential people.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=AR|first=By Zurairi|date=2019-04-17|title=Dr M named among Time’s 100 most influential people|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/04/17/dr-m-named-among-times-100-most-influential-people/1744327|access-date=|website=Malay Mail|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-04-18|title=Dr M listed in Time's 100 most influential people|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/472705|access-date=|website=Malaysiakini}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Domestic affairs===
[[File:BOCE-MY Launch w Tun Dr. Mahathir JIGGEE.webm|thumb|On 2 May 2019, Mahathir officiated the launch of the BOCE Malaysia / ASEAN Digital E-Commerce Platform]]
Mahathir said he would &quot;restore the rule of law&quot; and reopen investigations into the [[1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal]]. He told the media that Najib might be punished if found guilty of corruption.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|date=2018-05-10|title=1MDB poses fresh threat to Najib|url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2018/05/10/1mdb-poses-fresh-threat-to-najib/|access-date=|website=Free Malaysia Today|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahathir also told immigration officials to stop Najib and his wife [[Rosmah Mansor]] from leaving the country when they tried to go to Indonesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-05-13|title=Police cordon off home of Malaysia’s ex-PM Najib after travel ban|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/2145899/police-cordon-residence-malaysias-ex-pm-najib-razak-after|access-date=|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In June 2018, Mahathir set up his seventh government with 29 ministers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Team|first=NSTP|date=2018-07-02|title=Three more ministers to be appointed to Cabinet|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2018/07/386564/three-more-ministers-be-appointed-cabinet|access-date=|website=NST Online|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He removed the unpopular [[Value-added tax|Goods and Services Tax]], lowering it from six percent to zero.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2018-05-16|title=Malaysia says GST reduced to zero per cent from 6 per cent, fulfilling PH promise|language=en|work=The Straits Times|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysia-says-gst-reduced-to-zero-per-cent-from-6-per-cent-fulfilling-ph-promise|access-date=|issn=0585-3923}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahathir also said he would cut government spending by letting go of many civil servants, stopping an expensive high-speed rail link between Kuala Lumpur and Singapore, and reducing big construction projects started by Najib.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2018-05-30|title=Analysis {{!}} New Malaysian government steps back from spending, Chinese projects|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/05/30/new-malaysian-government-steps-back-from-spending-chinese-projects/|access-date=|issn=0190-8286}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under Mahathir's leadership, Malaysia's press freedom got a bit better, and its rank in the Press Freedom Index improved.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bernama|date=2019-05-03|title=Dr M congratulates Malaysian media on improved world ranking|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2019/05/485349/dr-m-congratulates-malaysian-media-improved-world-ranking|access-date=|website=NST Online|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The government said it would limit palm oil farming to 6.55 million hectares by 2023 and began trying to improve palm oil's reputation worldwide through lobbying efforts.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-08-23|title=Malaysia's Mahathir says linking palm oil to deforestation 'baseless'|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/malaysias-mahathir-says-linking-palm-oil-to-deforestation-baseless-idUSKCN1VD0D6/|website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 20 June 2018, Mahathir met with the father of murdered [[Mongolia|Mongolian]] woman [[Murder of Altantuya Shaariibuu|Altantuya Shaariibuu]] and they agreed to reopen the case of her murder.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2018-06-20|title=After meeting Altantuya's dad, PM Mahathir 'agrees her murder case should be reopened'|language=en|work=The Straits Times|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/after-meeting-altantuyas-dad-pm-mahathir-agrees-her-murder-case-should-be-reopened|access-date=|issn=0585-3923}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Jr|first=JOSEPH KAOS|date=2018-06-20|title=After meeting her father, Dr M agrees that Altantuya case should be re-opened|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/06/20/after-meeting-her-father-dr-m-agrees-that-altantuya-case-should-be-reopened|access-date=|website=The Star|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In October 2019, Mahathir announced the Shared Prosperity Vision 2030, aiming for Malaysia to become a high-income country by 2030.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-10-05|title=PM launches Shared Prosperity Vision 2030, says will hit the ground running|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/10/05/pm-launches-shared-prosperity-vision-2030-says-will-hit-the-ground-running|access-date=|website=The Star|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=LOHESWAR|first=R.|date=2019-10-07|title=Three things we learned about Shared Prosperity Vision 2030|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/10/07/three-things-we-learned-about-shared-prosperity-vision-2030/1797797|access-date=|website=Malay Mail|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; His government also focused on making defense more transparent by preparing Malaysia's first defense policy white paper to outline future plans.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Parameswaran|first=Prashanth|date=2019-12-30|title=Malaysia’s Pakatan Harapan Government Undertakes 3 New Defense Plans|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/12/malaysias-pakatan-harapan-government-undertakes-3-new-defense-plans/|access-date=|website=thediplomat.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Foreign relations===
{{main|List of international prime ministerial trips made by Mahathir Mohamad during his second term}}
[[File:Cerita Presiden Jokowi Diajak Ngebut Pakai Proton oleh Mahathir.jpg|thumb|In June 2018, Mahathir visited Indonesia. After a bilateral meeting and talks with President [[Joko Widodo]], they jointly issued a news statement.]]

In his second term, Mahathir visited [[Japan]] and [[Indonesia]] to make friends stronger.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Parameswaran|first=Prashanth|date=2018-07-03|title=What Does Mahathir’s Visit Mean for Indonesia-Malaysia Relations?|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/07/what-does-mahathirs-visit-mean-for-indonesia-malaysia-relations/|access-date=|website=thediplomat.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He met twice with President [[Rodrigo Duterte]] to work together on safety, money, and politics with the [[Philippines]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Parameswaran|first=Prashanth|date=2019-03-12|title=Mahathir-Duterte Summit Puts Malaysia-Philippines Ties Into Focus|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/mahathir-duterte-summit-puts-malaysia-philippines-ties-into-focus/|access-date=|website=thediplomat.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahathir also worked on getting along better with Japan&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-06-10|title=In Mahathir's Malaysia, Japan is back amid doubts over Chinese funding|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/in-mahathirs-malaysia-japan-is-back-amid-doubts-over-chinese-funding-idUSKBN1J60CB/|website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; and getting closer to [[Russia]] in trading and defense.&lt;ref name=&quot;Russia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bowie|first=Nile|date=2019-09-10|title=The ties that bind Mahathir to Moscow|url=http://asiatimes.com/2019/09/the-ties-that-bind-mahathir-to-moscow/|access-date=|website=Asia Times|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He went to a meeting in [[Vladivostok]] for the Eastern Economic Forum in late 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;Russia&quot;/&gt; Malaysia made a new plan for how it deals with other countries in late 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Parameswaran|first=Prashanth|date=2019-10-02|title=What Does Malaysia’s New Foreign Policy Framework Mean for Pakatan Harapan’s Approach to the World?|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/10/what-does-malaysias-new-foreign-policy-framework-mean-for-pakatan-harapans-approach-to-the-world/|access-date=|website=thediplomat.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahathir and Indonesian President [[Joko Widodo]] talked about what to do about European Union rules that affect palm oil fuel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-08-19|title=Exclusive: Mahathir weighs taking EU to court over palm oil ban|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Editor-s-Picks/Interview/Exclusive-Mahathir-weighs-taking-EU-to-court-over-palm-oil-ban|access-date=|website=Nikkei Asia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mahathir criticized the killing of [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] journalist [[Jamal Khashoggi]] in October 2018&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Tang|first=Ashley|date=2018-10-22|title=Dr M: Khashoggi's killing extremely cruel, unacceptable|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/10/22/dr-m-khashoggis-killing-extremely-cruel-and-unacceptable|access-date=|website=The Star|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[Assassination of Qasem Soleimani|assassination]] of [[Iran|Iranian]] General [[Qasem Soleimani]] by the [[United States]] in 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-01-07|title=‘Soleimani killing illegal, immoral’: Malaysian premier|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/-soleimani-killing-illegal-immoral-malaysian-premier/1695288|access-date=|website=www.aa.com.tr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mahathir supported the peace talks between North and South Korea in 2018–19.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-06-12|title=Malaysia PM Mahathir says the world can learn from Kim Jong Un's 'new attitude' and decision to meet Trump|url=https://www.businessinsider.my/dr-mahathir-praises-kim-jong-un-new-attitude-decision-trump-world-learn/|access-date=|website=Business Insider Malaysia|archive-date=2018-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615083238/https://www.businessinsider.my/dr-mahathir-praises-kim-jong-un-new-attitude-decision-trump-world-learn/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bernama|date=2018-06-12|title=Malaysia, Japan hope for successful US - North Korea summit|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2018/06/379164/malaysia-japan-hope-successful-us-north-korea-summit|access-date=|website=NST Online|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also said Malaysia would reopen its embassy in [[North Korea]], which had been closed since [[Kim Jong-nam]] was assassinated in 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-06-12|title=Malaysia to reopen embassy in North Korea - Mahathir|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/malaysia-to-reopen-embassy-in-north-korea-mahathir-idUSKBN1J80OC/|website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;
====China====
Mahathir's government wanted to maintain good relations with [[China]]&lt;ref name=&quot;China&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-01-26|title=Malaysia to cancel $20 billion China-backed rail project: minister|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/malaysia-to-cancel-20-billion-china-backed-rail-project-minister-idUSKCN1PK03K/|website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; but decided to review all [[Belt and Road Initiative]] projects started by the previous Malaysian government. He called these projects &quot;unequal treaties.&quot; His administration paused work on the East Coast Rail Link&lt;ref name=&quot;China&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Malaysia and China&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Beech|first=Hannah|date=2018-08-20|title=‘We Cannot Afford This’: Malaysia Pushes Back Against China’s Vision|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/20/world/asia/china-malaysia.html|access-date=|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; but later resumed it after renegotiating terms.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=CARVALHO|first=MAZWIN NIK ANIS, JOSEPH KAOS Jr and MARTIN|date=2019-04-16|title=Work on ECRL expected to resume next month|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/04/16/work-on-ecrl-expected-to-resume-next-month|access-date=|website=The Star|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahathir also canceled about $2.8 billion in deals with China Petroleum Pipeline Bureau due to high repayment costs.&lt;ref name=&quot;Malaysia and China&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-09-09|title=Malaysia cancels China-backed pipeline projects|url=https://www.ft.com/content/06a71510-b24a-11e8-99ca-68cf89602132|access-date=|website=Financial Times|archive-date=2018-09-09|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180909174605/https://www.ft.com/content/06a71510-b24a-11e8-99ca-68cf89602132|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 13 February 2020, Mahathir talked with [[President of China|Chinese President]] [[Xi Jinping]] to show support and discuss working together on the [[COVID-19]] outbreak.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-02-14|title=Dr M expresses solidarity with China in half hour call to President Xi|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/510780|access-date=|website=Malaysiakini}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-02-14|title=PM says Malaysia stands with China in Covid-19 battle in phone call with President Xi|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2020/02/14/pm-says-malaysia-stands-with-china-in-covid-19-battle-in-phone-call-with-pr/1837447|access-date=|website=www.malaymail.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Resignation===
Mahathir resigned as Prime Minister on 24 February 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Lee|first=Yen Nee|date=2020-02-24|title=Malaysia's Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad submits resignation to the king|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/24/malaysias-prime-minister-mahathir-mohamad-submits-resignation.html|access-date=|website=CNBC|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; After his resignation, he served as the interim Prime Minister until a new Prime Minister was appointed.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-02-24|title=Malaysian king appoints Mahathir as interim premier|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/malaysian-king-appoints-mahathir-as-interim-premier/1743334|access-date=|website=www.aa.com.tr}}&lt;/ref&gt; During this time, he continued to manage the government's day-to-day operations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=BERNAMA|date=2020-02-25|title=DR MAHATHIR BEGINS WORK AS INTERIM PRIME MINISTER|url=https://www.bernama.com/en/news.php?id=1816287|access-date=|website=BERNAMA|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In March 2020, [[Muhyiddin Yassin]] was appointed as the new Prime Minister, and Mahathir stepped down from his interim role.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=France-Presse|first=Agence|date=2020-03-01|title=Mahathir Mohamad questions legitimacy of Malaysia's new PM|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/29/muhyiddin-yassin-named-as-malaysian-prime-minister|access-date=|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Post-premiership (2020–present)==
[[File:Ambassador Brian McFeeters courtasy call with Tun Mahathir (51696966166).jpg|thumb|Mahathir meets with United States Ambassador to Malaysia [[Brian D. McFeeters]] on 22 November 2021]]
Mahathir started the [[Homeland Fighter's Party]] (PEJUANG) in August 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Hazlin HassanMalaysia|date=2020-08-12|title=Mahathir launches new political party Pejuang|language=en|work=The Straits Times|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysias-ex-premier-dr-mahathir-says-name-of-his-new-party-is-pejuang|access-date=|issn=0585-3923}}&lt;/ref&gt; His son [[Mukhriz Mahathir]] and three other MPs joined. The party was registered in July 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-07-08|title=Mahathir reveals Pejuang finally registered as political party|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/582265|access-date=|website=Malaysiakini}}&lt;/ref&gt; In August 2021, Mahathir and other MPs protested in Merdeka Square, demanding Muhyiddin resign for his handling of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia|COVID-19 pandemic]] after police blocked them from entering parliament.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-08-02|title=Malaysia opposition MPs gather at Merdeka Square after being blocked from entering parliament|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/malaysia-opposition-dataran-merdeka-parliament-postponed-covid19-2084501|access-date=|website=CNA|language=en|archive-date=2022-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307172402/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/malaysia-opposition-dataran-merdeka-parliament-postponed-covid19-2084501|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Nadirah H. RodziMalaysia|date=2021-08-02|title=Opposition MPs renew calls for Malaysia's PM Muhyiddin to resign|language=en|work=The Straits Times|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/heavy-police-presence-outside-malaysian-parliament|access-date=|issn=0585-3923}}&lt;/ref&gt;

He said he would run in the 2022 general election.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-10-11|title=GE15: Dr M will defend Langkawi seat|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2022/10/11/ge15-dr-m-will-defend-langkawi-seat|access-date=|website=The Star|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-10-11|title=Mahathir, 97, confirms candidacy in Malaysia's upcoming election|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Malaysia-election/Mahathir-97-confirms-candidacy-in-Malaysia-s-upcoming-election|access-date=|website=Nikkei Asia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 19 November, he lost his seat and election deposit, which was his first loss in 53 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-11-19|title=Ex-Malaysia PM Mahathir Mohamad suffers shock defeat in polls|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/19/mahathir-mohamad-ex-malaysia-pm-loses-seat-in-first-poll-defeat|access-date=|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=AFP|date=2022-11-19|title=Malaysia’s veteran politician Mahathir loses seat in first election defeat in 53 years|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1721900|access-date=|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; No one from PEJUANG or [[Gerakan Tanah Air]] won a seat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Xiang|first=Yap Wan|date=2022-11-20|title=All 158 GTA-Pejuang Candidates Collectively Lose RM1.3 Million Of Deposit Money In #GE15|url=https://says.com/my/news/gta-pejuang-candidates-lose-rm1-3-million-deposit-money|access-date=|website=SAYS|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He later said he would drop his party’s plans and focus on writing about [[History of Malaysia|Malaysian history]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-11-24|title=Mahathir to 'write history' of Malaysia after election loss|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Malaysia-election/Mahathir-to-write-history-of-Malaysia-after-election-loss|access-date=|website=Nikkei Asia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 16 December 2022, Mahathir has resigned as Pejuang chairperson.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Nadia|first=Alena|date=2022-12-16|title=Mahathir resigns as Pejuang chairperson|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/648393|access-date=|website=Malaysiakini}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 10 February 2023, he was one of 13 leaders who left the party after it decided to end its relationship with GTA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Times|first=New Straits|date=2023-02-10|title=Dr M, 12 others leave Pejuang|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/politics/2023/02/878521/dr-m-12-others-leave-pejuang|access-date=|website=NST Online|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahathir later joined the party called Parti Bumiputera Perkasa Malaysia (Putra).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-02-25|title=Dr Mahathir, 13 former Pejuang members join Putra|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2023/02/25/dr-mahathir-13-former-pejuang-members-join-putra/56698|access-date=|website=www.malaymail.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Personal life==
[[File:Presiden Joko Widodo menumpangi mobil yang dikemudikan langsung oleh Perdana Menteri (PM) Malaysia Mahathir Mohamad.jpg|thumb|In August 2019, after meeting with Indonesian President [[Joko Widodo]] at the Seri Perdana, Mahathir personally drove  okowito the official residence for lunch]]
Mahathir enjoys [[sailing]], [[Equestrianism|horse riding]], and carpentry. He has made a working [[Steam locomotive|steam train]] and a boat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2000-11-30|title=The Spokesman: Mahathir Mohamad|url=http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/95/20greats/mahathir.html|access-date=|website=Asiaweek|archive-date=2023-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805165816/http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/95/20greats/mahathir.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahathir says he lives a long life because he eats well, reads newspapers daily, exercises, and stands up straight.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mohamad|first=Dr Mahathir|date=2019-12-14|title=Here's my recipe for staying healthy|url=https://www.nst.com.my/opinion/columnists/2019/12/547831/heres-my-recipe-staying-healthy|access-date=|website=NST Online|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; His favorite song is &quot;My Way&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-08-07|title=Dr M greeted with a rendition of 'My Way' in Japan|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/437760|access-date=|website=Malaysiakini}}&lt;/ref&gt; He likes to read books by [[Wilbur Smith]] and [[Jeffrey Archer]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=LIM|first=IDA|date=2019-09-01|title=Pulled out of retirement, Dr M now settles for reading books instead of writing them|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/09/01/pulled-out-of-retirement-dr-m-now-settles-for-reading-books-instead-of-writ/1786307|access-date=|website=Malay Mail|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

People often ask him how he has lived so long. He says it's because he stays active and keeps his mind sharp.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-07-10|title=Malaysia’s only two-time PM Dr Mahathir turns 99|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2024/07/10/malaysias-only-two-time-pm-dr-mahathir-turns-99/143220|access-date=|website=www.malaymail.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 23 September 2024, Mahathir shared a video of himself driving at the Sepang International Circuit (SIC). In the three-minute clip, he pressed the gas and reached a speed of 154 km per hour.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Times|first=New Straits|date=2024-09-24|title=Speed therapy: Dr M tears up Sepang track, clocks 154kph [WATCH]|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2024/09/1110263/speed-therapy-dr-m-tears-sepang-track-clocks-154kph-watch|access-date=|website=NST Online|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 13 October 2024, Mahathir talked about his health, saying he is thankful that he can still work and think.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-10-14|title=Dr M: Still physically, mentally fit|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2024/10/14/still-physically-mentally-fit|access-date=|website=The Star|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 10 July 2025, Mahathir [[centenarian|turned 100]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2025/07/10/dr-mahathir-turns-100-a-look-back-at-a-few-defining-moments-that-shaped-malaysia/183329|title=Dr Mahathir turns 100: A look back at a few defining moments that shaped Malaysia|publisher=MalayMail|accessdate=10 July 2025|date=10 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Marriage and family===
[[File:Mahathir Mohamad and Siti Hasmah.jpg|left|170px|thumb|Mahathir and Siti Hasmah post graduation]]
[[File:Mahathir Mohamad and Siti Hasmah Mohamad Ali.jpg|170px|thumb|Mahathir and Siti Hasmah in their younger days]]
In college, Mahathir met his future wife, [[Siti Hasmah Mohamad Ali]], who was also studying medicine. They got married in 1956. They have four biological children: [[Marina Mahathir|Marina]] (born in 1957), Mirzan, [[Mokhzani Mahathir|Mokhzani]] and [[Mukhriz Mahathir|Mukhriz]]. They also adopted three more children, Maizura, Melinda and Mazhar, over the next 27 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Liew|first=Jessica|date=2018-08-30|title=Couple Spotlight: Tender Moments Of Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad &amp; Tun Dr Siti Hasmah|url=https://www.tatlerasia.com/the-scene/people-parties/couple-spotlight-loving-moments-of-national-power-couple-tun-dr-mahathir-mohamad-and-tun-dr-siti-has|access-date=|website=Tatler Asia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Health===
In 1989, Mahathir had a [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]]. His doctor suggested surgery in the [[United States]], but he disagreed. Many people were surprised by his decision. He explained, &quot;I had to trust our Malaysian doctors. If I didn't set an example, others wouldn't trust our medical services.&quot; Reflecting on why he chose not to go abroad for surgery, he wrote, &quot;Being a doctor myself, I understood the risks. I knew there was a chance I might not survive because it was not a common procedure at that time.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Ago|first=Admemerangin #teammalaysia • 6 Years|date=2018-05-14|title=Why Tun Mahathir should be respected !|url=https://steemit.com/teammalaysia/@admemerang/why-tun-mahathir-should-be-respected|access-date=|website=Steemit|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 9 November 2006, Mahathir had a heart attack and was taken to the hospital at 4 a.m. in the morning.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2006-11-09|title=Mahathir in hospital after heart attack|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/09/world/asia/09iht-mahathir.3465825.html|access-date=|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; In September 2007, he underwent heart bypass surgery after experiencing two heart attacks within 10 months.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2007-09-04|title=Mahathir undergoes second heart surgery|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/mahathir-undergoes-second-heart-surgery-20070904-x7f.html|access-date=|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 16 December 2021, Mahathir went to the National Heart Institute for a check-up and to be watched by doctors.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-12-16|title=Dr Mahathir admitted to IJN, to undergo full medical check-up|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/12/16/dr-mahathir-admitted-to-ijn-to-undergo-full-medical-check-up/2029005|access-date=|website=www.malaymail.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; He left the hospital after a few days.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bernama|date=2021-12-23|title=Mahathir discharged from IJN today|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/604262|access-date=|website=Malaysiakini}}&lt;/ref&gt; In January 2022, Mahathir had a planned medical procedure at the same hospital.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-01-09|title=Malaysia’s Mahathir undergoes successful ‘elective medical procedure’|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/3162709/malaysias-former-pm-mahathir-mohamad-undergoes-successful|access-date=|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2022-01-13|title=Former Malaysian PM Mahathir Mohamad discharged from hospital after medical procedure|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/former-malaysian-pm-mahathir-mohamad-discharged-from-hospital-after-medical-procedure/articleshow/88876081.cms|access-date=|issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; He went back to the hospital later that month and stayed in the coronary care unit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-01-22|title=Former Malaysian prime minister Mahathir is hospitalized in stable condition|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/01/22/former-malaysian-pm-mahathir-mohamad-admitted-to-hospital.html|access-date=|website=CNBC|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2022-01-22|title=Malaysia’s Mahathir Readmitted to Heart Hospital|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-01-22/malaysia-s-mahathir-readmitted-to-heart-hospital-spokesman-says|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; After leaving the hospital again, he kept getting treatment and getting better.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-02-05|title=Dr Mahathir discharged from IJN, to recuperate at home|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2022/02/05/dr-mahathir-discharged-from-ijn-to-recuperate-at-home/2039574|access-date=|website=www.malaymail.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-02-05|title=Mahathir discharged from IJN|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/609550|access-date=|website=Malaysiakini}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 31 August 2022, Mahathir was hospitalized after testing positive for [[COVID-19|Covid-19]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Paddock|first=Richard C.|date=2022-08-31|title=Mahathir, Malaysia’s Former Premier, Is Hospitalized With Covid|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/31/world/asia/malaysias-mahathir-mohamad-covid.html|access-date=|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Hazlin HassanMalaysia|date=2022-08-31|title=Former Malaysian PM Mahathir in hospital after testing positive for Covid-19|language=en|work=The Straits Times|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/former-malaysian-pm-mahathir-tests-positive-for-covid-19|access-date=|issn=0585-3923}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 August 2023, he was admitted to the National Heart Institute to treat an infection.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-08-03|title=Dr Mahathir admitted to IJN for an infection|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/08/03/dr-m-admitted-to-ijn-for-an-infection|access-date=|website=The Star|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 26 January 2024, Mahathir went to the National Heart Institute because he was sick.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bernama|date=2024-02-13|title=Tun M admitted to IJN for treatment of infection|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2024/02/1013011/tun-m-admitted-ijn-treatment-infection|access-date=|website=NST Online|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He left on March 18, after being there for 53 days.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Anis|first=Nik Mazwin Binti Nik|date=2024-03-19|title=Dr M discharged after spending 53 days in IJN|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2024/03/19/dr-m-discharged-after-spending-53-days-in-ijn|access-date=|website=The Star|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Four months later on 15 July, Mahathir was admitted to the hospital because he was coughing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-07-18|title=Dr Mahathir hospitalised at IJN over cough|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2024/07/18/dr-mahathir-hospitalised-at-ijn-over-cough|access-date=|website=The Star|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 29 July, Sufi Yusoff, a spokesperson for Mahathir, said that Mahathir is allowed to go back home.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Reporters|first=F. M. T.|date=2024-07-29|title=Dr M allowed to leave IJN on ‘home leave’|url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2024/07/29/dr-m-allowed-to-leave-ijn-on-home-leave/|access-date=|website=Free Malaysia Today|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A few months later on 16 October, he was hospitalized again for a [[respiratory tract infection]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-16 |title=Former Malaysian PM Mahathir, 99, hospitalised with respiratory infection |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/former-malaysian-pm-mahathir-99-hospitalised-with-respiratory-infection-2024-10-16/ |website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-16 |title=Former Malaysian PM Mahathir Mohamad hospitalized with respiratory infection |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2575465/world |access-date= |website=Arab News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Legacy==
[[File:Mahathir Mohamad bust in Sarajevo.jpg|thumb|180px|In 2020, a statue of Mahathir was put up in [[Sarajevo]], the capital of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]].]]
Mahathir knew industrialization and exports were key. Under him, Malaysia tried to diversify its economy and move away from traditional sectors. Manufacturing, especially electronics, cars, and textiles, became important. His government encouraged foreign investment, gave incentives for industry, and improved infrastructure to support new businesses.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oscar-inning&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Jasmi|first=Mohd Azad|date=2024-03-27|title=How Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad Catapulted Malaysia into the Asian Tiger Economy|url=https://threehundredth.com/how-tun-dr-mahathir-mohamad-catapulted-malaysia-into-the-asian-tiger-economy/|access-date=|website=300th|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; He successfully raised Malaysia's profile on the world stage and made it one of the leading Asian economies in the 1990s.&lt;ref name=&quot;tatler&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Asia|first=Tatler|title=Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad|url=https://www.tatlerasia.com/people/mahathir-mohamad|access-date=|website=Tatler Asia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mahathir led the modernization of Malaysia by building the [[North–South Expressway|North-South Expressway]] and promoting major infrastructure projects like the [[Kuala Lumpur International Airport]] and the [[Petronas Towers|Petronas Twin Towers]]. These achievements and more have earned him the title of Malaysia’s ''Father of Modernization'' (''Bapa Pemodenan'').&lt;ref name=&quot;tatler&quot;/&gt;

In 1998, Malaysia faced a serious economic crisis due to external and internal problems. Mahathir took strong actions to stabilize and recover the economy. His government set up capital controls, fixed the [[Malaysian ringgit|ringgit]]’s value to the US dollar, and made major reforms to fix weaknesses in the financial system and corporate governance.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oscar-inning&quot;/&gt;

During his time as Prime Minister, Mahathir strongly supported Bosniaks during the [[Bosnian War]]. Malaysia allowed [[Bosniaks|Bosnians]] to enter without a visa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-10-08|title=Haven Far From Home: The Bosniaks of Malaysia|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2020/10/08/haven-far-from-home-the-bosniaks-of-malaysia/|website=Balkan Insight}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2020 statue&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kaur|first=Kirat|date=2020-12-27|title=A Monument Dedicated To Dr Mahathir Was Just Unveiled In Europe For Ending The Most Controversial War In The 90s|url=https://www.therakyatpost.com/fun/2020/12/27/a-monument-dedicated-to-dr-mahathir-was-just-unveiled-in-europe-for-ending-the-most-controversial-war-in-the-90s/|access-date=|website=The Rakyat Post|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and sent peacekeeping forces to Bosnia.&lt;ref name=&quot;2020 statue&quot;/&gt; Mahathir also helped organize an [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|OIC]] summit in 1993 to discuss providing weapons for Bosnia and worked with other countries at the [[United Nations|UN]] to support Bosnia.&lt;ref name=&quot;2020 statue&quot;/&gt;

==Awards and honours==
{{main|List of awards and honours received by Mahathir Mohamad}}

==Bibliography==
===Books===
* ''[[The Malay Dilemma]]'' (1970) {{ISBN|981-204-355-1}}
* ''The Challenge'' (1986) {{ISBN|967-978-091-0}}
* ''Regionalism, Globalism, and Spheres of Influence: ASEAN and the Challenge of Change into the 21st century'' (1989) {{ISBN|981-303-549-8}}
* ''Mahathir, Great Malaysian Hero'' (1990) {{ISBN|983-9683-00-4}}
* ''The Asia That Can Say No''{{#tag:ref|[[Japanese language|Japanese]]:「NO」と言えるアジア|group=note}}{{#tag:ref|In collaboration with [[Shintaro Ishihara]]|group=note}} (1994) {{ISBN|433-405-217-7}}
* ''The Pacific Rim in the 21st century'' (1995)
* ''The Challenges of Turmoil'' (1998) {{ISBN|967-978-652-8}}
* ''The Way Forward'' (1998) {{ISBN|0-297-84229-3}}
* ''A New Deal for Asia'' (1999)
* ''Islam &amp; The Muslim Ummah'' (2001) {{ISBN|967-978-738-9}}
* ''Globalisation and the New Realities'' (2002)
* ''Reflections on Asia'' (2002) {{ISBN|967-978-813-X}}
* ''The Malaysian Currency Crisis: How and why it Happened'' (2003) {{ISBN|967-978-756-7}}
* ''Achieving True Globalization'' (2004) {{ISBN|967-978-904-7}}
* ''Islam, Knowledge, and Other Affairs'' (2006) {{ISBN|983-3698-03-4}}
* ''Principles of Public Administration: An Introduction'' (2007) {{ISBN|978-983-195-253-5}}
* ''Chedet.com Blog Merentasi Halangan (Bilingual)'' (2008) {{ISBN|967-969-589-1}}
* ''A Doctor in the House: The Memoirs of Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad'' (2011) {{ISBN|9789675997228}}
* ''Doktor Umum: Memoir Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad''{{#tag:ref|This book was the BM version of his best-selling memoir, ''A Doctor in the House: The Memoirs of Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad''.|group=note}} (2012) {{ISBN|9789674150259}}
*''Blogging to Unblock (Book 2): A Citizen's Rights'' (2013) {{ISBN|9789679696288}}
*''Dr. M: Apa Habaq Orang Muda?'' (2016) {{ISBN|9789671367995}}
* ''Capturing Hope: The Struggle Continues for a New Malaysia'' (2021) {{ISBN|9789672923183}}

==Related pages==
*[[Mahathir, the Musical]]
*[[Mahathir Science Award]]
*[[List of oldest living state leaders]]
*[[1987 United Malays National Organisation leadership election]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==More reading==
* {{cite book|last1=Morais|first1=J. Victor|title=Mahathir: A Profile in Courage|year=1982|publisher=Eastern Universities Press|oclc=8687329}}
* {{cite book| last1 = Sankaran| first1 = Ramanathan| last2 = Mohd Hamdan Adnan| first2 = Mohd. Hamdan| title = Malaysia's 1986 General Election: the Urban-Rural Dichotomy| year = 1988| publisher = Institute of Southeast Asian Studies| isbn = 978-981-3035-12-6| ref = CITEREFSankaran &amp; Hamdan1988 }}

==Other websites==
{{wikiquote-en}}
{{Commons category-inline}}

{{First Mahathir cabinet}}
{{Second Mahathir cabinet}}
{{Third Mahathir cabinet}}
{{Fourth Mahathir cabinet}}
{{Fifth Mahathir cabinet}}
{{Sixth Mahathir cabinet}}
{{Seventh Mahathir cabinet}}
{{Malaysian writers}}
{{NAMSecretary-General}}
{{Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm}}
{{2020s in history}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohamad, Mahathir}}
[[Category:Mahathir Mohamad]]
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kedah]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Deputy Prime Ministers of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Grand Commanders of the Order of the Defender of the Realm]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Malaysian writers]]
[[Category:Muslims]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Nishan-e-Pakistan]]
[[Category:Mahathir Mohamad family]]
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| honorific-prefix    = [[Malay styles and titles|Yang Amat Berbahagia]] [[Seri Maharaja Mangku Negara|Tun]] [[Doctor|Dr.]]
| name                = Mahathir Mohamad
| native_name         = {{lang|ms|{{Script|Arab|مُهَاِضِيْرْ بِنْ مُهَمَدْ}}}}
| image               = Dr. Mahathir Mohamad attending the state funeral of Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, 15 April 2025 (21) (cropped).jpg
| caption             = Mahathir in 2025
| office1             = 4th and 7th [[Prime Minister of Malaysia]]
| deputy1             = [[Wan Azizah Wan Ismail|Wan Azizah]]
| monarch1            = [[Muhammad V of Kelantan|Muhammad V]]&lt;br&gt;[[Abdullah of Pahang|Abdullah]]
| term_start1         = 10 May 2018
| term_end1           = 1 March 2020
| predecessor1        = [[Najib Razak]]
| successor1          = [[Muhyiddin Yassin]]
| monarch2            = [[Ahmad Shah of Pahang|Ahmad Shah]]&lt;br&gt;[[Iskandar of Johor|Iskandar]]&lt;br&gt;[[Azlan Shah of Perak|Azlan Shah]]&lt;br&gt;[[Ja’afar of Negeri Sembilan|Ja’afar]]&lt;br&gt;[[Salahuddin of Selangor|Salahuddin]]&lt;br&gt;[[Sirajuddin of Perlis|Sirajuddin]]
| term_start2         = 16 July 1981
| term_end2           = 31 October 2003
| predecessor2        = Hussein Onn
| successor2          = [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]]
| deputy2             = [[Musa Hitam]]&lt;br&gt;[[Abdul Ghafar Baba]]&lt;br&gt;[[Anwar Ibrahim]]&lt;br&gt;[[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]]
| monarch3            = [[Sirajuddin of Perlis]]
| office3             = Secretary General of [[Non-Aligned Movement]]
| term_start3         = 20 February 2003
| term_end3           = 31 October 2003
| predecessor3        = [[Thabo Mbeki]]
| successor3          = [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]]
| monarch4            = [[Salahuddin of Selangor|Salahuddin]]&lt;br&gt;[[Sirajuddin of Perlis|Sirajuddin]]
| office4             = [[Ministry of Finance (Malaysia)|Minister of Finance]]
| term_start4         = 5 June 2001
| term_end4           = 31 October 2003
| predecessor4        = [[Daim Zainuddin]]
| successor4          = [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]]
| monarch5            = [[Ja’afar of Negeri Sembilan|Ja’afar]]
| term_start5         = 7 September 1998
| term_end5           = 7 January 1999
| predecessor5        = [[Anwar Ibrahim]]
| successor5          = [[Daim Zainuddin]]
| monarch6            = [[Iskandar of Johor|Iskandar]]&lt;br&gt;[[Azlan Shah of Perak|Azlan Shah]]&lt;br&gt;[[Ja’afar of Negeri Sembilan|Ja’afar]]
| office6             = [[Minister of Home Affairs (Malaysia)|Minister of Home Affairs]]
| term_start6         = 8 May 1986
| term_end6           = 8 January 1999
| predecessor6        = [[Musa Hitam]]
| successor6          = [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]]
| monarch7            = [[Ahmad Shah of Pahang|Ahmad Shah]]&lt;br&gt;[[Iskandar of Johor|Iskandar]]
| office7             = [[Minister of Defence (Malaysia)|Minister of Defence]]
| term_start7         = 18 July 1981
| term_end7           = 6 May 1986
| predecessor7        = [[Abdul Taib Mahmud]]
| successor7          = [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]]
| monarch8            = [[Yahya Petra of Kelantan|Yahya Petra]]&lt;br&gt;[[Ahmad Shah of Pahang|Ahmad Shah]]
| office8             = [[Minister of International Trade and Industry (Malaysia)|Minister of Trade and Industry]]
| primeminister8      = Hussein Onn
| term_start8         = 1 January 1978
| term_end8           = 16 July 1981
| predecessor8        = [[Hamzah Abu Samah]]
| successor8          = Ahmad Rithaudden Tengku Ismail
| monarch9            = [[Yahya Petra of Kelantan|Yahya Petra]]&lt;br&gt;[[Ahmad Shah of Pahang|Ahmad Shah]]
| office9             = 4th [[Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia]]
| primeminister9      = Hussein Onn
| term_start9         = 5 March 1976
| term_end9           = 16 July 1981
| predecessor9        = Hussein Onn
| successor9          = [[Musa Hitam]]
| monarch10           = [[Abdul Halim of Kedah|Abdul Halim]]&lt;br&gt;[[Yahya Petra of Kelantan|Yahya Petra]]
| office10            = [[Minister of Education (Malaysia)|Minister of Education]]
| primeminister10     = [[Abdul Razak Hussein]]&lt;br&gt;Hussein Onn
| term_start10        = 5 September 1974
| term_end10          = 31 December 1977
| predecessor10       = [[Mohamed Yaacob]]
| successor10         = [[Musa Hitam]]
| office11            = Member of the [[Dewan Rakyat]]&lt;br&gt;for [[Kubang Pasu (federal constituency)|Kubang Pasu]]
| term_start11        = 24 August 1974
| term_end11          = 21 March 2004
| predecessor11       = Constituency established
| successor11         = [[Mohd Johari Baharum]]
| office12            = Member of the [[Dewan Negara]]&lt;br&gt;for [[Kedah]]
| term_start12        = 30 December 1972
| term_end12          = 23 August 1974
| office13            = Member of the [[Dewan Rakyat]]&lt;br&gt;for Kota Setar Selatan
| term_start13        = 25 April 1964
| term_end13          = 10 May 1969
| predecessor13       = Wan Sulaiman Wan Tam
| successor13         = [[Yusof Rawa]]
| birth_name          = Mahathir bin Mohamad
| birth_date          = {{birth date and age|1925|7|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place         = [[Alor Setar]], [[Unfederated Malay States]] {{small|(now [[Malaysia]])}}
| death_date          = 
| death_place         = 
| party               = [[Homeland Fighter's Party|PEJUANG]] {{small|(since 2020)}}&lt;br&gt;[[Malaysian United Indigenous Party|BERSATU]]-[[Pakatan Harapan]] {{small|(2016–2020)}} &lt;br/&gt;[[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]]-[[Barisan Nasional]] {{small|(1946–2016)}}
| otherparty          = 
| spouse              = [[Siti Hasmah Mohamad Ali]]
| children            = 7 (including [[Marina Mahathir|Marina]], [[Mirzan Mahathir|Mirzan]], [[Mokhzani Mahathir|Mokhzani]] and [[Mukhriz Mahathir|Mukhriz]])
| relatives           = [[Ismail Mohamed Ali]] {{small|(brother-in-law)}}&lt;br&gt;[[Mohamed Hashim Mohd Ali]] {{small|(brother-in-law)}}
| alma_mater          = [[National University of Singapore]]
| website             = {{URL|chedet.cc|Official website}}
| signature           = 
}}

Tun Dr. '''Mahathir bin Mohamad''' ([[Jawi script|Jawi]]: {{Script/Arabic|مُهَاِضِيْرْ بِنْ مُهَمَدْ}}; born 10 July 1925)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| last = Rashid| first = Faridah Abdul| title = Research on the Early Malay Doctors 1900–1957 Malaya and Singapore| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LNu6b6uY7PgC&amp;pg=PA246| year = 2012| publisher = Xlibris Corporation| isbn = 978-1-4691-7243-9| pages = 246– }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.mphonline.com/books/mahathir_mohamad.aspx |title=A Doctor In The House |access-date=2014-02-28 |archive-date=2014-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420135832/http://www.mphonline.com/books/mahathir_mohamad.aspx |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; is a [[Malaysia]]n [[politician]]. He was the [[Prime Minister of Malaysia]] from May 2018 to March 2020. He was also the fourth Prime Minister of Malaysia. He held the job for 22 years from 1981 to 2003. This made him Malaysia's longest-serving Prime Minister. His political career lasted for almost 70 years.

Mahathir was born and grew up in [[Alor Setar]], [[Kedah]]. He did well in school and studied medicine at the [[National University of Singapore|King Edward VII College]] of Medicine in [[Singapore]]. He worked as a doctor before entering politics. Mahathir became active in the [[United Malays National Organisation]] (UMNO). In 1964, he was elected to the [[Parliament of Malaysia]] as the Member of Parliament for Kota Setar Selatan. He lost his seat in 1969 and was expelled from UMNO after disagreeing with Prime Minister [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]]. In 1970, he wrote a book called ''[[The Malay Dilemma]]''. After Tunku resigned, Mahathir returned to UMNO and to Parliament, representing Kubang Pasu. He served as Minister of Education from 1974 to 1978, and as Minister of Trade and Industry from 1978 to 1981. In 1976, he became [[Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia|Deputy Prime Minister]]. In 1981, he became the Prime Minister of Malaysia.

During his first time as Prime Minister from 1981 to 2003, Malaysia experienced strong economic growth and many changes. His government supported privatisation and built many large projects. These included the [[North–South Expressway]], the [[MSC Malaysia|Multimedia Super Corridor]], and the [[Petronas Towers|Petronas Twin Towers]]. Mahathir led the country through the [[1997 Asian financial crisis]] by introducing capital controls and other measures, which helped Malaysia recover faster than some neighbouring countries. Mahathir won five general elections, in [[1982 Malaysian general election|1982]], [[1986 Malaysian general election|1986]], [[1990 Malaysian general election|1990]], [[1995 Malaysian general election|1995]], and [[1999 Malaysian general election|1999]], and remained a central figure in Malaysian politics during this period.

Mahathir stepped down as Prime Minister in 2003 but remained active in politics. In 2018, he announced that he would run again for Prime Minister in the [[2018 Malaysian general election|2018 general election]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/mahathir-mohammad-runs-for-pm-in-partnership-with-former-rival-anwar-ibrahim/news-story/08387ad835ac31d78ab749b0213aed3d|work=The Australian|title=Mahathir Mohammad runs for PM in partnership with former rival Anwar Ibrahim|first=Amanda|last=Hodge|date=9 January 2018|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/mahathir-mohamad-crops-up-again-in-bid-to-lead-malaysia-with-anwar-on-the-same-side-89917|title=Mahathir Mohamad crops up again in bid to lead Malaysia – with Anwar on the same side|work=The Conversation|first=Amrita|last=Malhi|date=11 January 2018|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt; He won the election.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Langkawi|first=Laignee Barron /|date=2018-05-10|title=Malaysia’s Mahathir Mohamad to Become World's Oldest Leader|url=https://time.com/5272113/mahathir-mohamad-defeats-najib-razak-malaysia-2018-election/|access-date=|website=TIME|language=en|archive-date=2023-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225095246/https://time.com/5272113/mahathir-mohamad-defeats-najib-razak-malaysia-2018-election/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 24 February 2020, Mahathir resigned as Prime Minister.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/24/anwar-ibrahim-decries-traitors-amid-cracks-in-deal-to-make-him-malaysias-next-pm Malaysia's PM Mahathir Mohamad resigns amid political turmoil]&lt;/ref&gt; Throughout his career, Mahathir has been widely respected for his dedication to Malaysia's development and his commitment to improving the lives of its people. His contributions to the country's progress and his leadership continue to be remembered positively by many Malaysians.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2003-10-18|title=Tribute to a great statesman|url=https://www.klik.com.my/item/story/730630/tribute-to-a-great-statesman|access-date=|website=New Straits Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Even after retirement, he continues to be active and speaks publicly.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Times|first=New Straits|date=2024-07-10|title=Dr Mahathir turns 99|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2024/07/1074493/dr-mahathir-turns-99|access-date=|website=NST Online|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Early life and political career==
[[File:Mahathir Mohamad in his schooldays, 1939.jpg|150px|left|thumb|Mahathir in his schooldays, 1939]]
Mahathir born on 10 July 1925, in [[Alor Setar]], [[Kedah]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-07-10|title=Turning 96, Dr Mahathir prays Malaysia will be developed by all parties|url=https://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/turning-96-dr-mahathir-prays-malaysia-will-be-developed-all-parties-307764|access-date=|website=www.astroawani.com}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; became politically active after [[World War II]]. He protested against the Malayan Union's decision to grant citizenship to non-Malays.

Mahathir excelled in his studies and became a medical doctor. He joined UMNO (United Malays National Organisation) and entered Parliament in 1964. After serving one term, he lost his seat and was expelled from UMNO due to disagreements with Prime Minister [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]].

During his time away from mainstream politics, Mahathir wrote his first book, ''[[The Malay Dilemma]]'', advocating for affirmative action for Malays in education and society. The book criticized the government led by Tunku Abdul Rahman and was banned upon publication.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Kamm|first=Henry|last2=Times|first2=Special To the New York|date=1981-08-26|title=MALAYSIA ENDS BAN ON PREMIER'S BOOK|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/26/world/malaysia-ends-ban-on-premier-s-book.html|access-date=|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Mahathir Mohamad in 1946.jpg|160px|thumb|centre|In 1940, the Literary and Debating Society of Sultan Abdul Hamid College had a meeting. Sitting from left to right were Ahmad Nordin, Mohammad Khir Johari, Tiddemand, Mahathir, and Zulkifli Hashim.]]
Mahathir returned to UMNO and Parliament after Tunku Abdul Rahman resigned. He was appointed to the Cabinet and became Deputy Prime Minister by 1976. In 1981, Mahathir was sworn in as Malaysia's Prime Minister, a position he held for over two decades.
[[File:Mahathir Mohamad young.png|180px|thumb|center|young Mahathir]]

==First term as prime minister (1981-2003)==
[[File:Mahathir 1984.jpg|thumb|centre|Mahathir visited the [[United States]] in 1984 on an official trip]]
Mahathir became Prime Minister on July 16, 1981, when he was 56 years old.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=1981-07-16|title=New prime minister in Malaysia|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/07/16/New-prime-minister-in-Malaysia/1323364104000/|access-date=|website=UPI|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In his early years as leader, he worked to strengthen his position in UMNO and won the [[1982 Malaysian general election|1982 general election]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Milne &amp; Mauzy|1999|p=28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Sankaran &amp; Hamdan|1988|pp=18–20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Economically, Mahathir supported privatization, thinking the government shouldn't be in business. He privatized airlines, utilities, and telecom firms, averaging about 50 a year by the mid-1990s. This improved conditions and made good money for the government.

During this time, Mahathir led the building of the [[North–South Expressway|North-South Expressway]], a big highway from [[Thailand]] to [[Singapore]]. He also started Proton, a car company with [[Mitsubishi Motors|Mitsubishi]]. Proton faced problems at first but became the biggest car maker in [[Southeast Asia]] by the late 1980s, helped by tariffs.
[[File:Mahathir bin Mohamad in Brussels - 1988 (P0018020110H) (cropped 2).jpg|left|180px|thumb|Mahathir in 1988]]
In 1989, Mahathir had a heart attack&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Cheah|first=Boon Keng|title=Malaysia: the making of a nation|year=2002|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=981-230-154-2|page=219}}&lt;/ref&gt; but got better and led Barisan Nasional to win the [[1990 Malaysian general election|1990 election]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Kim Hoong Khong|title=Malaysia's general election 1990: continuity, change, and ethnic politics|url=https://archive.org/details/malaysiasgeneral0000khon|year=1991|publisher=Institute of South-East Asian Studies|isbn=981-3035-77-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/malaysiasgeneral0000khon/page/15 15]–17}}&lt;/ref&gt; When the Malaysian New Economic Policy ended in 1990, Mahathir made [[Wawasan 2020|Vision 2020]]. This plan aimed for Malaysia to become a fully developed country by 2020 with strong economic growth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bernama|date=2020-01-06|title=Many aspects of Vision 2020 have been achieved, says Mahathir|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/506060|access-date=|website=Malaysiakini}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{stack|[[File:Petronas Towers at night (7025662613).jpg|thumb|200px|right|Here's a picture of the [[Petronas Towers|Petronas Twin Towers]] in [[Kuala Lumpur]], which were built while Mahathir was in charge.]]}}
In the 1990s, Mahathir started important projects to make Malaysia better. He created the [[MSC Malaysia|Multimedia Super Corridor]] to help technology and business. Mahathir also built [[Putrajaya]] as Malaysia's main place for government offices. Additionally, he made the [[Petronas Towers|Petronas Twin Towers]], which became symbols of Malaysia growing and getting stronger during his time as leader. In 1997, there was a big problem with haze in Southeast Asia caused by [[1997 Indonesian forest fires|fires in Indonesian forests]]; Mahathir started a firefighting operation across borders to help deal with it.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tan |first=Esther |date=8 November 1997 |title=Malaysia, Indonesia signing pact to curb haze |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1309&amp;dat=19971108&amp;id=cLBOAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5399,1353 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414165918/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1309&amp;dat=19971108&amp;id=cLBOAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5399,1353 |archive-date=14 April 2022 |access-date= |website=New Straits Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Mahathir Mohamad and Yoshirō Mori.jpg|thumb|left|In 2000, Mahathir shakes hands with [[Prime Minister of Japan|Japanese Prime Minister]] [[Yoshirō Mori]]]]
During the [[1997 Asian financial crisis|Asian financial crisis]] in 1997, Mahathir didn't follow advice from the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] and his deputy, [[Anwar Ibrahim]]. Instead, he spent more money and made Malaysia's money stay the same as the [[United States dollar|US dollar]]. This helped Malaysia recover faster than other countries nearby. In September 2003, five years after Malaysia introduced capital controls following the financial crisis, the IMF agreed that Malaysia was correct to make its own decisions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2003-09-04|title=Malaysia was right, says IMF|url=https://www.klik.com.my/item/story/1400037/malaysia-was-right-says-imf-hl-|access-date=|website=New Straits Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At a UMNO meeting in 2002, Mahathir said he would stop being prime minister.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2002-06-23|title=A short, sharp shock of brutal reality from Dr Mahathir|url=https://www.klik.com.my/item/story/1841179/a-short-sharp-shock-of-brutal-reality-from-dr-mahathir|access-date=|website=New Sunday Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; But his supporters came up to him and asked him to stay, so he changed his mind.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2002-06-23|title=`Dr M agreed to stay on after being persuaded'|url=https://www.klik.com.my/item/story/1840886/-dr-m-agreed-to-stay-on-after-being-persuaded-|access-date=|website=New Sunday Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; He decided to retire in October 2003 to help the next leader, [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]], take over smoothly.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2002-06-26|title=Dr M stays on until Oct 2003|url=https://www.klik.com.my/item/story/1502220/dr-m-stays-on-until-oct-2003-hl-|access-date=|website=New Straits Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahathir had been the leader for more than 22 years, making him the longest-serving elected leader in the world when he retired.
===Foreign relations===
====United States====
[[File:Ronald Reagan and Mahathir Mohamad in 1984.jpg|thumb|Mahathir and Ronald Reagen in 1984]]
[[File:President William Jefferson Clinton with Prime Minister Mahathir bin Mohamad of Malaysia.jpg|thumb|Mahathir and Bill Clinton in 1994]]
During Mahathir's rule, the [[United States]] was the largest foreign investor and one of Malaysia's closest allies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Gong |first=Gerrit W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o_CBbSl1NIcC&amp;pg=PA145 |title=Memory and History in East and Southeast Asia: Issues of Identity in International Relations |date=2001 |publisher=CSIS |isbn=978-0-89206-399-4 |language=en |access-date= |archive-date=2023-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820174442/https://books.google.com/books?id=o_CBbSl1NIcC&amp;pg=PA145 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hassan |first1=W. Shawaluddin W. |last2=Peters |first2=Diana |title=Malaysia-The United States Relations in the 1990S: Rhetoric and Realities |date=2003 |url=https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/SEJARAH/article/view/9138 |journal=SEJARAH: Journal of the Department of History |language=en |volume=11 |issue=11 |pages=139–154 |doi=10.22452/sejarah.vol11no11.8 |issn=2756-8253 |doi-access=free |access-date= |archive-date=2023-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807064839/https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/SEJARAH/article/view/9138 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahathir always spoke out against U.S. foreign policy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2018-05-14|title=When Mahathir Met Mandela. And Reagan. And Suharto. And Soros|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/photo-essays/2018-05-14/when-mahathir-met-mandela-regan-suharto-and-marcos|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; From 17 to 20 January 1984, Mahathir had an official working visit to the United States. During this visit, he met President [[Ronald Reagan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-09-14|title=Flashback: Mahathir-Reagan's joint statement from the White House|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/395194|access-date=|website=Malaysiakini}}&lt;/ref&gt; Afterward, he had a private visit to [[Tulsa, Oklahoma]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Visits By Foreign Leaders in 1984|url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/visits/1984|website=Office of the Historian (.gov)}}&lt;/ref&gt; During his tenure as Prime Minister, Mahathir also had unofficial meetings with other US Presidents [[George H. W. Bush]], [[George W. Bush]], and [[Bill Clinton]] in various locations to discuss palm oil issues and America's stance toward Muslim countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-09-21|title=Don't lie about White House treatment, Dr Mahathir tells Najib|url=https://www.themalaysianinsight.com/s/15470|access-date=|website=www.themalaysianinsight.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mahathir criticized the 2003 U.S.-led [[Iraq War|Iraq invasion]] and accused Halliburton, once led by Vice President [[Dick Cheney]], of making billions in profits. He said Halliburton's stock price rose from $10 before the war to about $46 after winning Iraq contracts worth nearly $20 billion. Mahathir called Cheney and President Bush &quot;war criminals&quot; and said they should be tried for their actions in Iraq.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2008-05-19|title=Malaysian ex-leader Mahathir calls for ban on Halliburton|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Business/story?id=4881677&amp;page=1|access-date=|website=ABC News|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Interim years (2003–2018)==
[[File:Mahathir 2007.jpg|thumb|150px|Mahathir at National Day celebrations in August 2007]]
After retiring in 2003, Mahathir received the title ''Tun''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2003-10-31|title=Mahathir honoured as he steps down|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/mahathir-honoured-as-he-steps-down-20031031-gdhp8c.html|access-date=|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He said he would quit politics completely and turned down a role in Abdullah Badawi's government. Despite this, Mahathir kept busy as CEO, Chairman, and advisor to important Malaysian companies like Proton and [[Petronas]].

In 2015, Mahathir strongly criticized Prime Minister [[Najib Razak]]'s government, especially over the [[1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-04-04|title=Malaysia’s Mahathir Mohamad Calls on Prime Minister Najib Razak to Resign|url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/malaysias-mahathir-mohamad-calls-on-prime-minister-najib-razak-to-resign-1428153386|website=WSJ}}&lt;/ref&gt; He called for Najib to step down and even joined a large protest rally called [[Bersih 4 rally|Bersih 4]] with his wife, [[Siti Hasmah Mohamad Ali]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=KUMAR|first=KAMLES|date=2015-08-29|title=Dr M shows up at Bersih 4 rally, with Dr Siti Hasmah (VIDEO)|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2015/08/29/dr-m-shows-up-at-bersih-4-rally/960609|access-date=|website=Malay Mail|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2016, Mahathir founded Parti Pribumi Bersatu Malaysia (PPBM).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Firdaws|first=Nawar|date=2016-09-09|title=Dr Mahathir’s new party officially registered|url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2016/09/09/dr-mahathirs-new-party-officially-registered/|access-date=|website=Free Malaysia Today|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 2017, he joined the opposition group [[Pakatan Harapan]] and became its chairman.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Nadirah H. Rodzi, Malaysia|date=2017-07-14|title=Mahathir named chairman, Anwar named de facto leader of Pakatan Harapan|language=en|work=The Straits Times|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/mahathir-named-chairman-anwar-named-de-facto-leader-of-pakatan-rakyat|access-date=|issn=0585-3923}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 8 January 2018, Mahathir was chosen as the prime ministerial candidate for Pakatan Harapan in the election on May 9.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2018-01-08|title=Mahathir Mohamad: Ex-Malaysia PM, 92, to run for office|language=en|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42603220|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; He wanted to replace his former ally, [[Najib Razak]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kedah|first=Laignee Barron /|date=2018-05-08|title=Mahathir Mohamad’s Last Stand: Malaysia’s Aging Strongman Seeks to Unseat His Protégé|url=https://time.com/5269105/malaysia-election-2018-mahathir-najib-prime-minister/|access-date=|website=TIME|language=en|archive-date=2024-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714030153/https://time.com/5269105/malaysia-election-2018-mahathir-najib-prime-minister/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wan Azizah Wan Ismail]], the wife of Mahathir's former rival [[Anwar Ibrahim]], was his deputy candidate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Chie|first=Kow Gah|date=2018-01-07|title=Harapan formally announces Dr M as PM candidate|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/407859|access-date=|website=Malaysiakini}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Second term as prime minister (2018–2020)==
[[File:Secretary Pompeo and Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad (43814325601).jpg|thumb|Mahathir meets with US Secretary of State [[Mike Pompeo]] in 2018]]
[[File:Rodrigo Duterte and Mahathir Mohamad (Pacquiao vs Matthysse).jpg|thumb|Mahathir and Philippine president [[Rodrigo Duterte]], 15 July 2018]]
On 10 May 2018, [[Pakatan Harapan]] won the election,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Team|first=NSTP|date=2018-05-10|title=Pakatan Harapan wins 14th General Election|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/politics/2018/05/367907/pakatan-harapan-wins-14th-general-election|access-date=|website=NST Online|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; making Mahathir Prime Minister again.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2018-05-09|title=Mahathir Wins in Historic Malaysia Power Shift|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2018-05-09/mahathir-wins-malaysia-election-in-historic-power-shift|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; This victory ended Najib's time as the 6th Prime Minister of Malaysia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Lourdes|first=Marc|date=2018-05-09|title=Prime Minister Najib Razak ousted as opposition scores victory in Malaysia|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/09/asia/malaysia-elections-results/index.html|access-date=|website=CNN|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahathir took the oath of office as the 7th Prime Minister at 9:30 pm on May 10, 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Teoh|first=Shannon|last2=Leong|first2=Trinna|date=2018-05-10|title=Mahathir sworn in as Malaysia's 7th Prime Minister|language=en|work=The Straits Times|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/mahathir-sworn-in-as-7th-malaysian-pm|access-date=|issn=0585-3923}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mahathir became the world's oldest serving state leader at 92 years and 304 days old, and the first Malaysian prime minister not from UMNO.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Daniele|first=Euan McKirdy,Marc Lourdes,Ushar|date=2018-05-10|title=Malaysia’s Mahathir Mohamad is now the world’s oldest leader|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/10/asia/malaysia-election-mahathir-victory-intl/index.html|access-date=|website=CNN|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; His deputy, Wan Azizah, became Malaysia's first female deputy prime minister.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-05-10|title=Mahathir says he's poised to lead Malaysia again|url=https://www.afr.com/world/mahathir-says-hes-poised-to-lead-malaysia-again-20180510-h0zx2w|access-date=|website=Australian Financial Review|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In April 2019, Mahathir was named one of Time magazine’s 100 most influential people.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=AR|first=By Zurairi|date=2019-04-17|title=Dr M named among Time’s 100 most influential people|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/04/17/dr-m-named-among-times-100-most-influential-people/1744327|access-date=|website=Malay Mail|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-04-18|title=Dr M listed in Time's 100 most influential people|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/472705|access-date=|website=Malaysiakini}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Domestic affairs===
[[File:BOCE-MY Launch w Tun Dr. Mahathir JIGGEE.webm|thumb|On 2 May 2019, Mahathir officiated the launch of the BOCE Malaysia / ASEAN Digital E-Commerce Platform]]
Mahathir said he would &quot;restore the rule of law&quot; and reopen investigations into the [[1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal]]. He told the media that Najib might be punished if found guilty of corruption.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|date=2018-05-10|title=1MDB poses fresh threat to Najib|url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2018/05/10/1mdb-poses-fresh-threat-to-najib/|access-date=|website=Free Malaysia Today|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahathir also told immigration officials to stop Najib and his wife [[Rosmah Mansor]] from leaving the country when they tried to go to Indonesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-05-13|title=Police cordon off home of Malaysia’s ex-PM Najib after travel ban|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/2145899/police-cordon-residence-malaysias-ex-pm-najib-razak-after|access-date=|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In June 2018, Mahathir set up his seventh government with 29 ministers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Team|first=NSTP|date=2018-07-02|title=Three more ministers to be appointed to Cabinet|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2018/07/386564/three-more-ministers-be-appointed-cabinet|access-date=|website=NST Online|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He removed the unpopular [[Value-added tax|Goods and Services Tax]], lowering it from six percent to zero.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2018-05-16|title=Malaysia says GST reduced to zero per cent from 6 per cent, fulfilling PH promise|language=en|work=The Straits Times|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysia-says-gst-reduced-to-zero-per-cent-from-6-per-cent-fulfilling-ph-promise|access-date=|issn=0585-3923}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahathir also said he would cut government spending by letting go of many civil servants, stopping an expensive high-speed rail link between Kuala Lumpur and Singapore, and reducing big construction projects started by Najib.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2018-05-30|title=Analysis {{!}} New Malaysian government steps back from spending, Chinese projects|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/05/30/new-malaysian-government-steps-back-from-spending-chinese-projects/|access-date=|issn=0190-8286}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under Mahathir's leadership, Malaysia's press freedom got a bit better, and its rank in the Press Freedom Index improved.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bernama|date=2019-05-03|title=Dr M congratulates Malaysian media on improved world ranking|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2019/05/485349/dr-m-congratulates-malaysian-media-improved-world-ranking|access-date=|website=NST Online|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The government said it would limit palm oil farming to 6.55 million hectares by 2023 and began trying to improve palm oil's reputation worldwide through lobbying efforts.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-08-23|title=Malaysia's Mahathir says linking palm oil to deforestation 'baseless'|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/malaysias-mahathir-says-linking-palm-oil-to-deforestation-baseless-idUSKCN1VD0D6/|website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 20 June 2018, Mahathir met with the father of murdered [[Mongolia|Mongolian]] woman [[Murder of Altantuya Shaariibuu|Altantuya Shaariibuu]] and they agreed to reopen the case of her murder.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2018-06-20|title=After meeting Altantuya's dad, PM Mahathir 'agrees her murder case should be reopened'|language=en|work=The Straits Times|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/after-meeting-altantuyas-dad-pm-mahathir-agrees-her-murder-case-should-be-reopened|access-date=|issn=0585-3923}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Jr|first=JOSEPH KAOS|date=2018-06-20|title=After meeting her father, Dr M agrees that Altantuya case should be re-opened|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/06/20/after-meeting-her-father-dr-m-agrees-that-altantuya-case-should-be-reopened|access-date=|website=The Star|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In October 2019, Mahathir announced the Shared Prosperity Vision 2030, aiming for Malaysia to become a high-income country by 2030.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-10-05|title=PM launches Shared Prosperity Vision 2030, says will hit the ground running|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/10/05/pm-launches-shared-prosperity-vision-2030-says-will-hit-the-ground-running|access-date=|website=The Star|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=LOHESWAR|first=R.|date=2019-10-07|title=Three things we learned about Shared Prosperity Vision 2030|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/10/07/three-things-we-learned-about-shared-prosperity-vision-2030/1797797|access-date=|website=Malay Mail|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; His government also focused on making defense more transparent by preparing Malaysia's first defense policy white paper to outline future plans.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Parameswaran|first=Prashanth|date=2019-12-30|title=Malaysia’s Pakatan Harapan Government Undertakes 3 New Defense Plans|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/12/malaysias-pakatan-harapan-government-undertakes-3-new-defense-plans/|access-date=|website=thediplomat.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Foreign relations===
{{main|List of international prime ministerial trips made by Mahathir Mohamad during his second term}}
[[File:Cerita Presiden Jokowi Diajak Ngebut Pakai Proton oleh Mahathir.jpg|thumb|In June 2018, Mahathir visited Indonesia. After a bilateral meeting and talks with President [[Joko Widodo]], they jointly issued a news statement.]]

In his second term, Mahathir visited [[Japan]] and [[Indonesia]] to make friends stronger.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Parameswaran|first=Prashanth|date=2018-07-03|title=What Does Mahathir’s Visit Mean for Indonesia-Malaysia Relations?|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/07/what-does-mahathirs-visit-mean-for-indonesia-malaysia-relations/|access-date=|website=thediplomat.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He met twice with President [[Rodrigo Duterte]] to work together on safety, money, and politics with the [[Philippines]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Parameswaran|first=Prashanth|date=2019-03-12|title=Mahathir-Duterte Summit Puts Malaysia-Philippines Ties Into Focus|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/mahathir-duterte-summit-puts-malaysia-philippines-ties-into-focus/|access-date=|website=thediplomat.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahathir also worked on getting along better with Japan&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-06-10|title=In Mahathir's Malaysia, Japan is back amid doubts over Chinese funding|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/in-mahathirs-malaysia-japan-is-back-amid-doubts-over-chinese-funding-idUSKBN1J60CB/|website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; and getting closer to [[Russia]] in trading and defense.&lt;ref name=&quot;Russia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bowie|first=Nile|date=2019-09-10|title=The ties that bind Mahathir to Moscow|url=http://asiatimes.com/2019/09/the-ties-that-bind-mahathir-to-moscow/|access-date=|website=Asia Times|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He went to a meeting in [[Vladivostok]] for the Eastern Economic Forum in late 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;Russia&quot;/&gt; Malaysia made a new plan for how it deals with other countries in late 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Parameswaran|first=Prashanth|date=2019-10-02|title=What Does Malaysia’s New Foreign Policy Framework Mean for Pakatan Harapan’s Approach to the World?|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/10/what-does-malaysias-new-foreign-policy-framework-mean-for-pakatan-harapans-approach-to-the-world/|access-date=|website=thediplomat.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahathir and Indonesian President [[Joko Widodo]] talked about what to do about European Union rules that affect palm oil fuel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-08-19|title=Exclusive: Mahathir weighs taking EU to court over palm oil ban|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Editor-s-Picks/Interview/Exclusive-Mahathir-weighs-taking-EU-to-court-over-palm-oil-ban|access-date=|website=Nikkei Asia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mahathir criticized the killing of [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] journalist [[Jamal Khashoggi]] in October 2018&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Tang|first=Ashley|date=2018-10-22|title=Dr M: Khashoggi's killing extremely cruel, unacceptable|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/10/22/dr-m-khashoggis-killing-extremely-cruel-and-unacceptable|access-date=|website=The Star|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[Assassination of Qasem Soleimani|assassination]] of [[Iran|Iranian]] General [[Qasem Soleimani]] by the [[United States]] in 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-01-07|title=‘Soleimani killing illegal, immoral’: Malaysian premier|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/-soleimani-killing-illegal-immoral-malaysian-premier/1695288|access-date=|website=www.aa.com.tr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mahathir supported the peace talks between North and South Korea in 2018–19.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-06-12|title=Malaysia PM Mahathir says the world can learn from Kim Jong Un's 'new attitude' and decision to meet Trump|url=https://www.businessinsider.my/dr-mahathir-praises-kim-jong-un-new-attitude-decision-trump-world-learn/|access-date=|website=Business Insider Malaysia|archive-date=2018-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615083238/https://www.businessinsider.my/dr-mahathir-praises-kim-jong-un-new-attitude-decision-trump-world-learn/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bernama|date=2018-06-12|title=Malaysia, Japan hope for successful US - North Korea summit|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2018/06/379164/malaysia-japan-hope-successful-us-north-korea-summit|access-date=|website=NST Online|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also said Malaysia would reopen its embassy in [[North Korea]], which had been closed since [[Kim Jong-nam]] was assassinated in 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-06-12|title=Malaysia to reopen embassy in North Korea - Mahathir|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/malaysia-to-reopen-embassy-in-north-korea-mahathir-idUSKBN1J80OC/|website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;
====China====
Mahathir's government wanted to maintain good relations with [[China]]&lt;ref name=&quot;China&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-01-26|title=Malaysia to cancel $20 billion China-backed rail project: minister|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/malaysia-to-cancel-20-billion-china-backed-rail-project-minister-idUSKCN1PK03K/|website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; but decided to review all [[Belt and Road Initiative]] projects started by the previous Malaysian government. He called these projects &quot;unequal treaties.&quot; His administration paused work on the East Coast Rail Link&lt;ref name=&quot;China&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Malaysia and China&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Beech|first=Hannah|date=2018-08-20|title=‘We Cannot Afford This’: Malaysia Pushes Back Against China’s Vision|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/20/world/asia/china-malaysia.html|access-date=|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; but later resumed it after renegotiating terms.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=CARVALHO|first=MAZWIN NIK ANIS, JOSEPH KAOS Jr and MARTIN|date=2019-04-16|title=Work on ECRL expected to resume next month|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/04/16/work-on-ecrl-expected-to-resume-next-month|access-date=|website=The Star|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahathir also canceled about $2.8 billion in deals with China Petroleum Pipeline Bureau due to high repayment costs.&lt;ref name=&quot;Malaysia and China&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-09-09|title=Malaysia cancels China-backed pipeline projects|url=https://www.ft.com/content/06a71510-b24a-11e8-99ca-68cf89602132|access-date=|website=Financial Times|archive-date=2018-09-09|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180909174605/https://www.ft.com/content/06a71510-b24a-11e8-99ca-68cf89602132|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 13 February 2020, Mahathir talked with [[President of China|Chinese President]] [[Xi Jinping]] to show support and discuss working together on the [[COVID-19]] outbreak.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-02-14|title=Dr M expresses solidarity with China in half hour call to President Xi|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/510780|access-date=|website=Malaysiakini}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-02-14|title=PM says Malaysia stands with China in Covid-19 battle in phone call with President Xi|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2020/02/14/pm-says-malaysia-stands-with-china-in-covid-19-battle-in-phone-call-with-pr/1837447|access-date=|website=www.malaymail.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Resignation===
Mahathir resigned as Prime Minister on 24 February 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Lee|first=Yen Nee|date=2020-02-24|title=Malaysia's Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad submits resignation to the king|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/24/malaysias-prime-minister-mahathir-mohamad-submits-resignation.html|access-date=|website=CNBC|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; After his resignation, he served as the interim Prime Minister until a new Prime Minister was appointed.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-02-24|title=Malaysian king appoints Mahathir as interim premier|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/malaysian-king-appoints-mahathir-as-interim-premier/1743334|access-date=|website=www.aa.com.tr}}&lt;/ref&gt; During this time, he continued to manage the government's day-to-day operations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=BERNAMA|date=2020-02-25|title=DR MAHATHIR BEGINS WORK AS INTERIM PRIME MINISTER|url=https://www.bernama.com/en/news.php?id=1816287|access-date=|website=BERNAMA|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In March 2020, [[Muhyiddin Yassin]] was appointed as the new Prime Minister, and Mahathir stepped down from his interim role.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=France-Presse|first=Agence|date=2020-03-01|title=Mahathir Mohamad questions legitimacy of Malaysia's new PM|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/29/muhyiddin-yassin-named-as-malaysian-prime-minister|access-date=|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Post-premiership (2020–present)==
[[File:Ambassador Brian McFeeters courtasy call with Tun Mahathir (51696966166).jpg|thumb|Mahathir meets with United States Ambassador to Malaysia [[Brian D. McFeeters]] on 22 November 2021]]
Mahathir started the [[Homeland Fighter's Party]] (PEJUANG) in August 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Hazlin HassanMalaysia|date=2020-08-12|title=Mahathir launches new political party Pejuang|language=en|work=The Straits Times|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysias-ex-premier-dr-mahathir-says-name-of-his-new-party-is-pejuang|access-date=|issn=0585-3923}}&lt;/ref&gt; His son [[Mukhriz Mahathir]] and three other MPs joined. The party was registered in July 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-07-08|title=Mahathir reveals Pejuang finally registered as political party|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/582265|access-date=|website=Malaysiakini}}&lt;/ref&gt; In August 2021, Mahathir and other MPs protested in Merdeka Square, demanding Muhyiddin resign for his handling of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia|COVID-19 pandemic]] after police blocked them from entering parliament.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-08-02|title=Malaysia opposition MPs gather at Merdeka Square after being blocked from entering parliament|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/malaysia-opposition-dataran-merdeka-parliament-postponed-covid19-2084501|access-date=|website=CNA|language=en|archive-date=2022-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307172402/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/malaysia-opposition-dataran-merdeka-parliament-postponed-covid19-2084501|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Nadirah H. RodziMalaysia|date=2021-08-02|title=Opposition MPs renew calls for Malaysia's PM Muhyiddin to resign|language=en|work=The Straits Times|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/heavy-police-presence-outside-malaysian-parliament|access-date=|issn=0585-3923}}&lt;/ref&gt;

He said he would run in the 2022 general election.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-10-11|title=GE15: Dr M will defend Langkawi seat|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2022/10/11/ge15-dr-m-will-defend-langkawi-seat|access-date=|website=The Star|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-10-11|title=Mahathir, 97, confirms candidacy in Malaysia's upcoming election|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Malaysia-election/Mahathir-97-confirms-candidacy-in-Malaysia-s-upcoming-election|access-date=|website=Nikkei Asia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 19 November, he lost his seat and election deposit, which was his first loss in 53 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-11-19|title=Ex-Malaysia PM Mahathir Mohamad suffers shock defeat in polls|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/19/mahathir-mohamad-ex-malaysia-pm-loses-seat-in-first-poll-defeat|access-date=|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=AFP|date=2022-11-19|title=Malaysia’s veteran politician Mahathir loses seat in first election defeat in 53 years|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1721900|access-date=|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; No one from PEJUANG or [[Gerakan Tanah Air]] won a seat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Xiang|first=Yap Wan|date=2022-11-20|title=All 158 GTA-Pejuang Candidates Collectively Lose RM1.3 Million Of Deposit Money In #GE15|url=https://says.com/my/news/gta-pejuang-candidates-lose-rm1-3-million-deposit-money|access-date=|website=SAYS|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He later said he would drop his party’s plans and focus on writing about [[History of Malaysia|Malaysian history]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-11-24|title=Mahathir to 'write history' of Malaysia after election loss|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Malaysia-election/Mahathir-to-write-history-of-Malaysia-after-election-loss|access-date=|website=Nikkei Asia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 16 December 2022, Mahathir has resigned as Pejuang chairperson.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Nadia|first=Alena|date=2022-12-16|title=Mahathir resigns as Pejuang chairperson|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/648393|access-date=|website=Malaysiakini}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 10 February 2023, he was one of 13 leaders who left the party after it decided to end its relationship with GTA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Times|first=New Straits|date=2023-02-10|title=Dr M, 12 others leave Pejuang|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/politics/2023/02/878521/dr-m-12-others-leave-pejuang|access-date=|website=NST Online|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahathir later joined the party called Parti Bumiputera Perkasa Malaysia (Putra).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-02-25|title=Dr Mahathir, 13 former Pejuang members join Putra|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2023/02/25/dr-mahathir-13-former-pejuang-members-join-putra/56698|access-date=|website=www.malaymail.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Personal life==
[[File:Presiden Joko Widodo menumpangi mobil yang dikemudikan langsung oleh Perdana Menteri (PM) Malaysia Mahathir Mohamad.jpg|thumb|In August 2019, after meeting with Indonesian President [[Joko Widodo]] at the Seri Perdana, Mahathir personally drove  okowito the official residence for lunch]]
Mahathir enjoys [[sailing]], [[Equestrianism|horse riding]], and carpentry. He has made a working [[Steam locomotive|steam train]] and a boat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2000-11-30|title=The Spokesman: Mahathir Mohamad|url=http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/95/20greats/mahathir.html|access-date=|website=Asiaweek|archive-date=2023-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805165816/http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/95/20greats/mahathir.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahathir says he lives a long life because he eats well, reads newspapers daily, exercises, and stands up straight.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mohamad|first=Dr Mahathir|date=2019-12-14|title=Here's my recipe for staying healthy|url=https://www.nst.com.my/opinion/columnists/2019/12/547831/heres-my-recipe-staying-healthy|access-date=|website=NST Online|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; His favorite song is &quot;My Way&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-08-07|title=Dr M greeted with a rendition of 'My Way' in Japan|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/437760|access-date=|website=Malaysiakini}}&lt;/ref&gt; He likes to read books by [[Wilbur Smith]] and [[Jeffrey Archer]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=LIM|first=IDA|date=2019-09-01|title=Pulled out of retirement, Dr M now settles for reading books instead of writing them|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/09/01/pulled-out-of-retirement-dr-m-now-settles-for-reading-books-instead-of-writ/1786307|access-date=|website=Malay Mail|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

People often ask him how he has lived so long. He says it's because he stays active and keeps his mind sharp.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-07-10|title=Malaysia’s only two-time PM Dr Mahathir turns 99|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2024/07/10/malaysias-only-two-time-pm-dr-mahathir-turns-99/143220|access-date=|website=www.malaymail.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 23 September 2024, Mahathir shared a video of himself driving at the Sepang International Circuit (SIC). In the three-minute clip, he pressed the gas and reached a speed of 154 km per hour.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Times|first=New Straits|date=2024-09-24|title=Speed therapy: Dr M tears up Sepang track, clocks 154kph [WATCH]|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2024/09/1110263/speed-therapy-dr-m-tears-sepang-track-clocks-154kph-watch|access-date=|website=NST Online|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 13 October 2024, Mahathir talked about his health, saying he is thankful that he can still work and think.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-10-14|title=Dr M: Still physically, mentally fit|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2024/10/14/still-physically-mentally-fit|access-date=|website=The Star|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 10 July 2025, Mahathir [[centenarian|turned 100]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2025/07/10/dr-mahathir-turns-100-a-look-back-at-a-few-defining-moments-that-shaped-malaysia/183329|title=Dr Mahathir turns 100: A look back at a few defining moments that shaped Malaysia|publisher=MalayMail|accessdate=10 July 2025|date=10 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Marriage and family===
[[File:Mahathir Mohamad and Siti Hasmah.jpg|left|170px|thumb|Mahathir and Siti Hasmah post graduation]]
[[File:Mahathir Mohamad and Siti Hasmah Mohamad Ali.jpg|170px|thumb|Mahathir and Siti Hasmah in their younger days]]
In college, Mahathir met his future wife, [[Siti Hasmah Mohamad Ali]], who was also studying medicine. They got married in 1956. They have four biological children: [[Marina Mahathir|Marina]] (born in 1957), Mirzan, [[Mokhzani Mahathir|Mokhzani]] and [[Mukhriz Mahathir|Mukhriz]]. They also adopted three more children, Maizura, Melinda and Mazhar, over the next 27 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Liew|first=Jessica|date=2018-08-30|title=Couple Spotlight: Tender Moments Of Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad &amp; Tun Dr Siti Hasmah|url=https://www.tatlerasia.com/the-scene/people-parties/couple-spotlight-loving-moments-of-national-power-couple-tun-dr-mahathir-mohamad-and-tun-dr-siti-has|access-date=|website=Tatler Asia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Health===
In 1989, Mahathir had a [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]]. His doctor suggested surgery in the [[United States]], but he disagreed. Many people were surprised by his decision. He explained, &quot;I had to trust our Malaysian doctors. If I didn't set an example, others wouldn't trust our medical services.&quot; Reflecting on why he chose not to go abroad for surgery, he wrote, &quot;Being a doctor myself, I understood the risks. I knew there was a chance I might not survive because it was not a common procedure at that time.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Ago|first=Admemerangin #teammalaysia • 6 Years|date=2018-05-14|title=Why Tun Mahathir should be respected !|url=https://steemit.com/teammalaysia/@admemerang/why-tun-mahathir-should-be-respected|access-date=|website=Steemit|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 9 November 2006, Mahathir had a heart attack and was taken to the hospital at 4 a.m. in the morning.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2006-11-09|title=Mahathir in hospital after heart attack|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/09/world/asia/09iht-mahathir.3465825.html|access-date=|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; In September 2007, he underwent heart bypass surgery after experiencing two heart attacks within 10 months.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2007-09-04|title=Mahathir undergoes second heart surgery|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/mahathir-undergoes-second-heart-surgery-20070904-x7f.html|access-date=|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 16 December 2021, Mahathir went to the National Heart Institute for a check-up and to be watched by doctors.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-12-16|title=Dr Mahathir admitted to IJN, to undergo full medical check-up|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/12/16/dr-mahathir-admitted-to-ijn-to-undergo-full-medical-check-up/2029005|access-date=|website=www.malaymail.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; He left the hospital after a few days.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bernama|date=2021-12-23|title=Mahathir discharged from IJN today|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/604262|access-date=|website=Malaysiakini}}&lt;/ref&gt; In January 2022, Mahathir had a planned medical procedure at the same hospital.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-01-09|title=Malaysia’s Mahathir undergoes successful ‘elective medical procedure’|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/3162709/malaysias-former-pm-mahathir-mohamad-undergoes-successful|access-date=|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2022-01-13|title=Former Malaysian PM Mahathir Mohamad discharged from hospital after medical procedure|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/former-malaysian-pm-mahathir-mohamad-discharged-from-hospital-after-medical-procedure/articleshow/88876081.cms|access-date=|issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; He went back to the hospital later that month and stayed in the coronary care unit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-01-22|title=Former Malaysian prime minister Mahathir is hospitalized in stable condition|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/01/22/former-malaysian-pm-mahathir-mohamad-admitted-to-hospital.html|access-date=|website=CNBC|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2022-01-22|title=Malaysia’s Mahathir Readmitted to Heart Hospital|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-01-22/malaysia-s-mahathir-readmitted-to-heart-hospital-spokesman-says|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; After leaving the hospital again, he kept getting treatment and getting better.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-02-05|title=Dr Mahathir discharged from IJN, to recuperate at home|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2022/02/05/dr-mahathir-discharged-from-ijn-to-recuperate-at-home/2039574|access-date=|website=www.malaymail.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-02-05|title=Mahathir discharged from IJN|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/609550|access-date=|website=Malaysiakini}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 31 August 2022, Mahathir was hospitalized after testing positive for [[COVID-19|Covid-19]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Paddock|first=Richard C.|date=2022-08-31|title=Mahathir, Malaysia’s Former Premier, Is Hospitalized With Covid|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/31/world/asia/malaysias-mahathir-mohamad-covid.html|access-date=|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Hazlin HassanMalaysia|date=2022-08-31|title=Former Malaysian PM Mahathir in hospital after testing positive for Covid-19|language=en|work=The Straits Times|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/former-malaysian-pm-mahathir-tests-positive-for-covid-19|access-date=|issn=0585-3923}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 August 2023, he was admitted to the National Heart Institute to treat an infection.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-08-03|title=Dr Mahathir admitted to IJN for an infection|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/08/03/dr-m-admitted-to-ijn-for-an-infection|access-date=|website=The Star|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 26 January 2024, Mahathir went to the National Heart Institute because he was sick.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bernama|date=2024-02-13|title=Tun M admitted to IJN for treatment of infection|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2024/02/1013011/tun-m-admitted-ijn-treatment-infection|access-date=|website=NST Online|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He left on March 18, after being there for 53 days.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Anis|first=Nik Mazwin Binti Nik|date=2024-03-19|title=Dr M discharged after spending 53 days in IJN|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2024/03/19/dr-m-discharged-after-spending-53-days-in-ijn|access-date=|website=The Star|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Four months later on 15 July, Mahathir was admitted to the hospital because he was coughing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-07-18|title=Dr Mahathir hospitalised at IJN over cough|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2024/07/18/dr-mahathir-hospitalised-at-ijn-over-cough|access-date=|website=The Star|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 29 July, Sufi Yusoff, a spokesperson for Mahathir, said that Mahathir is allowed to go back home.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Reporters|first=F. M. T.|date=2024-07-29|title=Dr M allowed to leave IJN on ‘home leave’|url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2024/07/29/dr-m-allowed-to-leave-ijn-on-home-leave/|access-date=|website=Free Malaysia Today|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A few months later on 16 October, he was hospitalized again for a [[respiratory tract infection]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-16 |title=Former Malaysian PM Mahathir, 99, hospitalised with respiratory infection |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/former-malaysian-pm-mahathir-99-hospitalised-with-respiratory-infection-2024-10-16/ |website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-16 |title=Former Malaysian PM Mahathir Mohamad hospitalized with respiratory infection |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2575465/world |access-date= |website=Arab News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Legacy==
[[File:Mahathir Mohamad bust in Sarajevo.jpg|thumb|180px|In 2020, a statue of Mahathir was put up in [[Sarajevo]], the capital of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]].]]
Mahathir knew industrialization and exports were key. Under him, Malaysia tried to diversify its economy and move away from traditional sectors. Manufacturing, especially electronics, cars, and textiles, became important. His government encouraged foreign investment, gave incentives for industry, and improved infrastructure to support new businesses.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oscar-inning&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Jasmi|first=Mohd Azad|date=2024-03-27|title=How Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad Catapulted Malaysia into the Asian Tiger Economy|url=https://threehundredth.com/how-tun-dr-mahathir-mohamad-catapulted-malaysia-into-the-asian-tiger-economy/|access-date=|website=300th|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; He successfully raised Malaysia's profile on the world stage and made it one of the leading Asian economies in the 1990s.&lt;ref name=&quot;tatler&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Asia|first=Tatler|title=Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad|url=https://www.tatlerasia.com/people/mahathir-mohamad|access-date=|website=Tatler Asia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mahathir led the modernization of Malaysia by building the [[North–South Expressway|North-South Expressway]] and promoting major infrastructure projects like the [[Kuala Lumpur International Airport]] and the [[Petronas Towers|Petronas Twin Towers]]. These achievements and more have earned him the title of Malaysia’s ''Father of Modernization'' (''Bapa Pemodenan'').&lt;ref name=&quot;tatler&quot;/&gt;

In 1998, Malaysia faced a serious economic crisis due to external and internal problems. Mahathir took strong actions to stabilize and recover the economy. His government set up capital controls, fixed the [[Malaysian ringgit|ringgit]]’s value to the US dollar, and made major reforms to fix weaknesses in the financial system and corporate governance.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oscar-inning&quot;/&gt;

During his time as Prime Minister, Mahathir strongly supported Bosniaks during the [[Bosnian War]]. Malaysia allowed [[Bosniaks|Bosnians]] to enter without a visa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-10-08|title=Haven Far From Home: The Bosniaks of Malaysia|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2020/10/08/haven-far-from-home-the-bosniaks-of-malaysia/|website=Balkan Insight}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2020 statue&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kaur|first=Kirat|date=2020-12-27|title=A Monument Dedicated To Dr Mahathir Was Just Unveiled In Europe For Ending The Most Controversial War In The 90s|url=https://www.therakyatpost.com/fun/2020/12/27/a-monument-dedicated-to-dr-mahathir-was-just-unveiled-in-europe-for-ending-the-most-controversial-war-in-the-90s/|access-date=|website=The Rakyat Post|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and sent peacekeeping forces to Bosnia.&lt;ref name=&quot;2020 statue&quot;/&gt; Mahathir also helped organize an [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|OIC]] summit in 1993 to discuss providing weapons for Bosnia and worked with other countries at the [[United Nations|UN]] to support Bosnia.&lt;ref name=&quot;2020 statue&quot;/&gt;

==Awards and honours==
{{main|List of awards and honours received by Mahathir Mohamad}}

==Bibliography==
===Books===
* ''[[The Malay Dilemma]]'' (1970) {{ISBN|981-204-355-1}}
* ''The Challenge'' (1986) {{ISBN|967-978-091-0}}
* ''Regionalism, Globalism, and Spheres of Influence: ASEAN and the Challenge of Change into the 21st century'' (1989) {{ISBN|981-303-549-8}}
* ''Mahathir, Great Malaysian Hero'' (1990) {{ISBN|983-9683-00-4}}
* ''The Asia That Can Say No''{{#tag:ref|[[Japanese language|Japanese]]:「NO」と言えるアジア|group=note}}{{#tag:ref|In collaboration with [[Shintaro Ishihara]]|group=note}} (1994) {{ISBN|433-405-217-7}}
* ''The Pacific Rim in the 21st century'' (1995)
* ''The Challenges of Turmoil'' (1998) {{ISBN|967-978-652-8}}
* ''The Way Forward'' (1998) {{ISBN|0-297-84229-3}}
* ''A New Deal for Asia'' (1999)
* ''Islam &amp; The Muslim Ummah'' (2001) {{ISBN|967-978-738-9}}
* ''Globalisation and the New Realities'' (2002)
* ''Reflections on Asia'' (2002) {{ISBN|967-978-813-X}}
* ''The Malaysian Currency Crisis: How and why it Happened'' (2003) {{ISBN|967-978-756-7}}
* ''Achieving True Globalization'' (2004) {{ISBN|967-978-904-7}}
* ''Islam, Knowledge, and Other Affairs'' (2006) {{ISBN|983-3698-03-4}}
* ''Principles of Public Administration: An Introduction'' (2007) {{ISBN|978-983-195-253-5}}
* ''Chedet.com Blog Merentasi Halangan (Bilingual)'' (2008) {{ISBN|967-969-589-1}}
* ''A Doctor in the House: The Memoirs of Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad'' (2011) {{ISBN|9789675997228}}
* ''Doktor Umum: Memoir Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad''{{#tag:ref|This book was the BM version of his best-selling memoir, ''A Doctor in the House: The Memoirs of Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad''.|group=note}} (2012) {{ISBN|9789674150259}}
*''Blogging to Unblock (Book 2): A Citizen's Rights'' (2013) {{ISBN|9789679696288}}
*''Dr. M: Apa Habaq Orang Muda?'' (2016) {{ISBN|9789671367995}}
* ''Capturing Hope: The Struggle Continues for a New Malaysia'' (2021) {{ISBN|9789672923183}}

==Related pages==
*[[Mahathir, the Musical]]
*[[Mahathir Science Award]]
*[[List of oldest living state leaders]]
*[[1987 United Malays National Organisation leadership election]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==More reading==
* {{cite book|last1=Morais|first1=J. Victor|title=Mahathir: A Profile in Courage|year=1982|publisher=Eastern Universities Press|oclc=8687329}}
* {{cite book| last1 = Sankaran| first1 = Ramanathan| last2 = Mohd Hamdan Adnan| first2 = Mohd. Hamdan| title = Malaysia's 1986 General Election: the Urban-Rural Dichotomy| year = 1988| publisher = Institute of Southeast Asian Studies| isbn = 978-981-3035-12-6| ref = CITEREFSankaran &amp; Hamdan1988 }}

==Other websites==
{{wikiquote-en}}
{{Commons category-inline}}

{{First Mahathir cabinet}}
{{Second Mahathir cabinet}}
{{Third Mahathir cabinet}}
{{Fourth Mahathir cabinet}}
{{Fifth Mahathir cabinet}}
{{Sixth Mahathir cabinet}}
{{Seventh Mahathir cabinet}}
{{Malaysian writers}}
{{NAMSecretary-General}}
{{Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm}}
{{2020s in history}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohamad, Mahathir}}
[[Category:Mahathir Mohamad]]
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kedah]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Deputy Prime Ministers of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Grand Commanders of the Order of the Defender of the Realm]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Malaysian writers]]
[[Category:Muslims]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Nishan-e-Pakistan]]
[[Category:Mahathir Mohamad family]]
[[Category:Centenarians]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1213" sha1="afoh53k2xlmc6a5gtsqllo08pcl7peu" xml:space="preserve">'''Ricardo Mórtola Di Puglia''' (c. 1950 &amp;ndash; 22 April 2014) was an [[Ecuador]]ian [[architect]] and businessman.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=FamilySearch.org|url=https://ancestors.familysearch.org/es/LV58-7VZ/ricardo-augusto-mortola-di-puglia-1951-2014|access-date=2026-06-06|website=ancestors.familysearch.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was born in [[Guayaquil]], Ecuador. He was known for constructing [[Estadio Monumental Isidro Romero Carbo]] in [[Barcelona]]. He won many awards during his twenty-year career.

Mórtola died in Guayaquil, Ecuador from [[respiratory arrest]] caused by [[testicular cancer]], aged 63.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/2014/04/23/nota/2815281/ricardo-mortola-arquitecto-megaobras-fallecio-ayer|title=Ricardo Mórtola, arquitecto de megaobras, falleció ayer|publisher=El Universo.com|accessdate=29 April 2014|date=23 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}


{{bio-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mortola, Ricardo}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:Ecuadorian architects]]
[[Category:Deaths from testicular cancer]]
[[Category:Deaths from respiratory arrest]]
[[Category:Disease-related deaths in Ecuador]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Guayaquil]]</text>
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{{Infobox person
| name               = Marjane Satrapi
| image              = Marjane Satrapi Cannes 2008(Cropped).jpg
| native_name        = مرجان ساتراپی
| native_name_lang   = fa
| caption            = Satrapi in 2008
| birth_name         = Marjane Ebrahimi
| birth_date         = {{birth date|1969|11|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place        = [[Rasht]], [[Pahlavi Iran|Imperial State of Iran]]
| death_date         = {{death date and age|df=y|2026|6|4|1969|11|22}}
| death_place        = [[Paris]], [[France]]
| citizenship        = {{hlist|Iran|France}}
| occupation         = {{hlist|Artist|film director|writer}}
| spouse             = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|Reza|1989|1994|end=divorced}}|{{marriage|Mattias Ripa|1996|2025|end=d}}}}
| other_names        = 
| notable_works      = {{Plain list | 
* ''[[Persepolis (comics)|Persepolis]]'' 
* ''[[Chicken with Plums]]''
* ''[[The Voices]]''
* ''[[Embroideries (comic)|Embroideries]]''
* ''[[Radioactive (movie)|Radioactive]]''
}}
| awards             = 
}}
'''Marjane Satrapi''' (22 November 1969 &amp;ndash; 4 June 2026) was a writer and artist. She was born in [[Rasht]], [[Iran]]. She lived in [[Paris]], [[France]]. Satrapi wrote [[comics]] about her life, notably the autobiographical comic [[Persepolis_(comics)|Persepolis]]. She drew the pictures herself. She also drew pictures for other children’s books.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marjane Satrapi.&quot; Authors and Artists for Young Adults, vol. 55, Gale, 2004. Biography In Context. Accessed 10 May 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Education and early life ==

Satrapi's parents were educated, and taught Satrapi to think for herself. She went to high school at Lycee Francais in Tehran, Iran. When she was 14, Satrapi's parents sent her to Vienna, [[Austria]] to learn in a freer country. When Satrapi was 19, she moved back to Iran to study decorative arts at the Tehran School of Fine Arts. The change from the [[western world]] to Iran was difficult for her. In 1994, Satrapi moved to Strasbourg, France to study art for 3 years. She now lives in Paris, France.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marjane Satrapi.&quot; ''Authors and Artists for Young Adults'', vol. 55, Gale, 2004. ''Biography In Context'', &lt;nowiki&gt;http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1603001160/BIC?u=palo88030&amp;sid=BIC&amp;xid=e61cf85f&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Accessed 13 May 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marjane Satrapi.&quot; ''Gale Student Resources in Context'', Gale, 2008. ''Student Resources In Context'', &lt;nowiki&gt;http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/EJ2181100279/SUIC?u=palo88030&amp;sid=SUIC&amp;xid=1771f93d&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Accessed 13 May 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

She was the only child of [[Marxist]] parents.{{Citation needed|reason=The main en page describes her parents as leftists, specifically opposed to the the Shah. More nuance and a specific source would be helpful here. |date=June 2026}}

== Beliefs ==
Satrapi thinks countries should not spend money on [[weapon]]s. She thinks they should spend money for kids to go to school in different countries. She thinks that studying in different countries helps people understand each other better.

In RandomHouse.com, Satrapi said, &quot;I believe there are ways to solve the world's problems. Instead of putting all this money to create [[Weapon|arms]], I think countries should invest in [[scholarship]]s for kids to study abroad [other countries]. Perhaps they could become good and knowledgeable [[professor]]s in their own countries. You need time for that kind of change, though.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marjane Satrapi.&quot; ''Authors and Artists for Young Adults'', vol. 55, Gale, 2004. ''Biography In Context'', &lt;nowiki&gt;http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1603001160/BIC?u=palo88030&amp;sid=BIC&amp;xid=e61cf85f&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Accessed 13 May 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Writing and the War ==
Iran's [[Islamic Revolution]] against the [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah]], the country’s [[dictator]], started in 1979.  Satrapi’s uncle was put in [[prison]] by the Shah, then [[murder]]ed by people who supported the war.

Satrapi wrote a popular series of [[comics]] called ''Persepolis''. ''Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood,'' tells about Satrapi's life, the [[discrimination]] she faced, and moving to [[Europe]].  She later wrote a [[sequel]] to ''Persepolis'' that talked about how she was treated badly for years when she went back to Iran.

Satrapi’s most famous book is called ''Persepolis''.&lt;ref&gt;Spurgeon, Thomas. &quot;Comics.&quot; ''World Book Advanced'', World Book, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

Persepolis is the old Persian capital. The [[comic book]] is about Satrapi’s childhood in Iran during the war. This time was when country wanted to end the Shah’s cruel rule. She has written three [[comic books]] relating to her life. The first and second are about her childhood. The third is about her study in different countries. She was planning to write a fourth book about her return to Iran.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marjane Satrapi.&quot; ''Authors and Artists for Young Adults'', vol. 55, Gale, 2004. ''Biography In Context'', &lt;nowiki&gt;http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1603001160/BIC?u=palo88030&amp;sid=BIC&amp;xid=e61cf85f&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Accessed 13 May 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Death==
Satrapi died in Paris in June 2026, aged 56.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 June 2026 |title=Mort de Marjane Satrapi, artiste franco-iranienne autrice de « Persepolis », à l'âge de 56 ans |url=https://www.la-croix.com/culture/mort-de-marjane-satrapi-artiste-franco-iranienne-autrice-de-persepolis-a-l-age-de-56-ans-20260604 |access-date=4 June 2026 |website=La Croix |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her family said she had &quot;died of sadness&quot; over her husband's death a year ago.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Marjane Satrapi, l'autrice franco-iranienne de la BD « Persepolis », est morte à l'âge de 56 ans |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2026/06/04/l-artiste-franco-iranienne-marjane-satrapi-autrice-de-la-bande-dessinee-persepolis-est-morte-a-l-age-de-56-ans_6697291_3382.html |access-date=4 June 2026 |publisher=Le Monde |date=4 June 2026 |language=fr |archive-date=4 June 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260604082358/https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2026/06/04/l-artiste-franco-iranienne-marjane-satrapi-autrice-de-la-bande-dessinee-persepolis-est-morte-a-l-age-de-56-ans_6697291_3382.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Goodfellow |first1=Melanie |title=Marjane Satrapi Dies: Iranian French 'Persepolis' Director Was 56 |url=https://deadline.com/2026/06/marjane-satrapi-dead-iranian-french-persepolis-56-1236940629/ |website=Deadline |access-date=4 June 2026 |date=4 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/persepolis-author-marjane-satrapi-dies-aged-56/ar-AA24OWmp?ocid=msedgntp&amp;pc=NMTS&amp;cvid=6a21f632bc984aa9a758eebb88c73624&amp;ei=12 |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=www.msn.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Awards ==
- Prix Alph'art Coup de Coeur for beginning comic artist award for ''Persepolis--'' 2001

- Prix du Lion for ''Persepolis--'' 2001

- Prix France Info for best news comic strip for ''Persepolis--'' 2002

- Prix Alph'art for best script for ''Persepolis Tome 2''—2002

- Fernando Buesa Blanco peace prize for ''Persepolis''—2003

- Prix d'Angouleme for best book of the year for ''Chicken and Plums''—2005 &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marjane Satrapi.&quot; ''Newsmakers'', Gale, 2006. ''Biography In Context'', &lt;nowiki&gt;http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1618004338/BIC?u=palo88030&amp;sid=BIC&amp;xid=828a9a6a&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Accessed 13 May 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

* Trickey, Erick. &quot;Marjane Satrapi.&quot; Newsmakers. Detroit: Gale, 2006. Biography in Context. Web. 12 May 2014.
* &quot;Marjane Satrapi.&quot; Random House. Web. 15 May 2014. &lt;http://www.randomhouse.com/author/43801/marjane-satrapi?sort=best_13wk_3month&gt;.
* &quot;Marjane Satrapi.&quot; Authors and Artists for Young Adults. Vol. 55. Detroit: Gale, 2004.Biography in Context. Web. 12 May 2014.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Satrapi, Marjane}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:Iranian writers]]
[[Category:Iranian movie directors]]
[[Category:Iranian artists]]
[[Category:Movie directors from Paris]]
[[Category:Artists from Paris]]
[[Category:French comics artists]]
[[Category:Writers from Paris]]
[[Category:French autobiographers]]
[[Category:French cartoonists]]</text>
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{{Infobox person
| name               = Marjane Satrapi
| image              = Marjane Satrapi Cannes 2008(Cropped).jpg
| native_name        = مرجان ساتراپی
| native_name_lang   = fa
| caption            = Satrapi in 2008
| birth_name         = Marjane Ebrahimi
| birth_date         = {{birth date|1969|11|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place        = [[Rasht]], [[Pahlavi Iran|Imperial State of Iran]]
| death_date         = {{death date and age|df=y|2026|6|4|1969|11|22}}
| death_place        = [[Paris]], [[France]]
| citizenship        = {{hlist|Iran|France}}
| occupation         = {{hlist|Artist|film director|writer}}
| spouse             = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|Reza|1989|1994|end=divorced}}|{{marriage|Mattias Ripa|1996|2025|end=d}}}}
| other_names        = 
| notable_works      = {{Plain list | 
* ''[[Persepolis (comics)|Persepolis]]'' 
* ''[[Chicken with Plums]]''
* ''[[The Voices]]''
* ''[[Embroideries (comic)|Embroideries]]''
* ''[[Radioactive (movie)|Radioactive]]''
}}
| awards             = 
}}
'''Marjane Satrapi''' (22 November 1969 &amp;ndash; 4 June 2026) was a writer and artist. She was born in [[Rasht]], [[Iran]]. She lived in [[Paris]], [[France]]. Satrapi wrote [[comics]] about her life, notably the autobiographical comic [[Persepolis_(comics)|Persepolis]]. She drew the pictures herself. She also drew pictures for other children’s books.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marjane Satrapi.&quot; Authors and Artists for Young Adults, vol. 55, Gale, 2004. Biography In Context. Accessed 10 May 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Education and early life ==

Satrapi's parents were educated, and taught Satrapi to think for herself. She went to high school at Lycee Francais in Tehran, Iran. When she was 14, Satrapi's parents sent her to Vienna, [[Austria]] to learn in a freer country. When Satrapi was 19, she moved back to Iran to study decorative arts at the Tehran School of Fine Arts. The change from the [[western world]] to Iran was difficult for her. In 1994, Satrapi moved to Strasbourg, France to study art for 3 years. She now lives in Paris, France.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marjane Satrapi.&quot; ''Authors and Artists for Young Adults'', vol. 55, Gale, 2004. ''Biography In Context'', &lt;nowiki&gt;http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1603001160/BIC?u=palo88030&amp;sid=BIC&amp;xid=e61cf85f&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Accessed 13 May 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marjane Satrapi.&quot; ''Gale Student Resources in Context'', Gale, 2008. ''Student Resources In Context'', &lt;nowiki&gt;http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/EJ2181100279/SUIC?u=palo88030&amp;sid=SUIC&amp;xid=1771f93d&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Accessed 13 May 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

She was the only child of [[Marxist]] parents.{{Citation needed|reason=The main en page describes her parents as leftists, specifically opposed to the the Shah. More nuance and a specific source would be helpful here. |date=June 2026}}

== Beliefs ==
Satrapi thinks countries should not spend money on [[weapon]]s. She thinks they should spend money for kids to go to school in different countries. She thinks that studying in different countries helps people understand each other better.

In RandomHouse.com, Satrapi said, &quot;I believe there are ways to solve the world's problems. Instead of putting all this money to create [[Weapon|arms]], I think countries should invest in [[scholarship]]s for kids to study abroad [other countries]. Perhaps they could become good and knowledgeable [[professor]]s in their own countries. You need time for that kind of change, though.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marjane Satrapi.&quot; ''Authors and Artists for Young Adults'', vol. 55, Gale, 2004. ''Biography In Context'', &lt;nowiki&gt;http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1603001160/BIC?u=palo88030&amp;sid=BIC&amp;xid=e61cf85f&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Accessed 13 May 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Writing and the War ==
Iran's [[Islamic Revolution]] against the [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah]], the country’s [[dictator]], started in 1979.  Satrapi’s uncle was put in [[prison]] by the Shah, then [[murder]]ed by people who supported the war.

Satrapi wrote a popular series of [[comics]] called ''Persepolis''. ''Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood,'' tells about Satrapi's life, the [[discrimination]] she faced, and moving to [[Europe]].  She later wrote a [[sequel]] to ''Persepolis'' that talked about how she was treated badly for years when she went back to Iran.

Satrapi’s most famous book is called ''Persepolis''.&lt;ref&gt;Spurgeon, Thomas. &quot;Comics.&quot; ''World Book Advanced'', World Book, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

Persepolis is the old Persian capital. The [[comic book]] is about Satrapi’s childhood in Iran during the war. This time was when country wanted to end the Shah’s cruel rule. She has written three [[comic books]] relating to her life. The first and second are about her childhood. The third is about her study in different countries. She was planning to write a fourth book about her return to Iran.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marjane Satrapi.&quot; ''Authors and Artists for Young Adults'', vol. 55, Gale, 2004. ''Biography In Context'', &lt;nowiki&gt;http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1603001160/BIC?u=palo88030&amp;sid=BIC&amp;xid=e61cf85f&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Accessed 13 May 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Death==
Satrapi died in Paris on 4 June 2026, aged 56.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 June 2026 |title=Mort de Marjane Satrapi, artiste franco-iranienne autrice de « Persepolis », à l'âge de 56 ans |url=https://www.la-croix.com/culture/mort-de-marjane-satrapi-artiste-franco-iranienne-autrice-de-persepolis-a-l-age-de-56-ans-20260604 |access-date=4 June 2026 |website=La Croix |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her family said she had &quot;died of sadness&quot; over her husband's death a year ago.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Marjane Satrapi, l'autrice franco-iranienne de la BD « Persepolis », est morte à l'âge de 56 ans |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2026/06/04/l-artiste-franco-iranienne-marjane-satrapi-autrice-de-la-bande-dessinee-persepolis-est-morte-a-l-age-de-56-ans_6697291_3382.html |access-date=4 June 2026 |publisher=Le Monde |date=4 June 2026 |language=fr |archive-date=4 June 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260604082358/https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2026/06/04/l-artiste-franco-iranienne-marjane-satrapi-autrice-de-la-bande-dessinee-persepolis-est-morte-a-l-age-de-56-ans_6697291_3382.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Goodfellow |first1=Melanie |title=Marjane Satrapi Dies: Iranian French 'Persepolis' Director Was 56 |url=https://deadline.com/2026/06/marjane-satrapi-dead-iranian-french-persepolis-56-1236940629/ |website=Deadline |access-date=4 June 2026 |date=4 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/persepolis-author-marjane-satrapi-dies-aged-56/ar-AA24OWmp?ocid=msedgntp&amp;pc=NMTS&amp;cvid=6a21f632bc984aa9a758eebb88c73624&amp;ei=12 |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=www.msn.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Awards ==
- Prix Alph'art Coup de Coeur for beginning comic artist award for ''Persepolis--'' 2001

- Prix du Lion for ''Persepolis--'' 2001

- Prix France Info for best news comic strip for ''Persepolis--'' 2002

- Prix Alph'art for best script for ''Persepolis Tome 2''—2002

- Fernando Buesa Blanco peace prize for ''Persepolis''—2003

- Prix d'Angouleme for best book of the year for ''Chicken and Plums''—2005 &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marjane Satrapi.&quot; ''Newsmakers'', Gale, 2006. ''Biography In Context'', &lt;nowiki&gt;http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1618004338/BIC?u=palo88030&amp;sid=BIC&amp;xid=828a9a6a&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Accessed 13 May 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

* Trickey, Erick. &quot;Marjane Satrapi.&quot; Newsmakers. Detroit: Gale, 2006. Biography in Context. Web. 12 May 2014.
* &quot;Marjane Satrapi.&quot; Random House. Web. 15 May 2014. &lt;http://www.randomhouse.com/author/43801/marjane-satrapi?sort=best_13wk_3month&gt;.
* &quot;Marjane Satrapi.&quot; Authors and Artists for Young Adults. Vol. 55. Detroit: Gale, 2004.Biography in Context. Web. 12 May 2014.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Satrapi, Marjane}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:Iranian writers]]
[[Category:Iranian movie directors]]
[[Category:Iranian artists]]
[[Category:Movie directors from Paris]]
[[Category:Artists from Paris]]
[[Category:French comics artists]]
[[Category:Writers from Paris]]
[[Category:French autobiographers]]
[[Category:French cartoonists]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>TeenNick</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-33321-91</username>
        <id>1817345</id>
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      <text bytes="4101" sha1="699t0qaadj8zati0n0r801pox16ebac" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox television channel
| name = TeenNick
| logo_size = 250px
| logo = TeenNick logo 2023 (outline).svg
| logo_caption = Logo used since January 1, 2024{{efn|The logo's wordmark has been in use since September 28, 2009. Additionally, this logo is a variant meant to be used for white backgrounds; the main variant has a yellow (for Teen) and white (for Nick) wordmark in conjunction with a fully orange splat.}}
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2009|09|28}}
| picture_format = [[1080i]]/[[1080p]] [[HDTV]]&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(downscaled to [[480i]] [[letterboxed]] for [[SDTV]]s)}}
| network = [[Nickelodeon]]
| owner = [[Paramount Media Networks]]
| country = United States
| language = English
| area = Nationwide
| headquarters = [[:en:One Astor Plaza|One Astor Plaza]]&lt;br /&gt;[[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S.
| replaced = {{Plainlist|
*[[Nickelodeon Games and Sports for Kids|Nick GAS]]
*[[The N]]}}
| replaced_by = 
| sister_channels = {{Plainlist|
*[[Nickelodeon]]
*[[Nick at Nite]]
*[[Nicktoons (American TV channel)|Nicktoons]]
*[[Comedy Central]]
*[[Nick Jr. Channel]]
*[[NickMusic]]}}
| sat_serv_1 = [[Dish Network]]
| sat_chan_1 = Channel 181 (SD)
| sat_serv_2 = [[DirecTV]]
| sat_chan_2 = Channel 303 (SD) (exp. 8/2/22)
| sat_serv_3 = [[C band (IEEE)|C-Band]] – [[Headend in the Sky|H2H]]/[[4DTV]]
| sat_chan_3 = [[AMC 18]] – 209
| iptv_serv_1 = [[DirecTV Stream]]
| iptv_chan_1 = {{Plainlist|
Channel 303 (HD) (exp. 8/2/22)
}}
| iptv_serv_2 = [[U-verse TV]]
| iptv_chan_2 = {{Plainlist| 
Channel 322 (SD) (exp. 8/2/22)&lt;br /&gt;Channel 1322 (HD) (exp. 8/2/22)
}}
| iptv_serv_3 = [[Verizon FiOS]]
| iptv_chan_3 = {{Plainlist|
Channel 255 (SD)&lt;br /&gt;Channel 755 (HD)
}}
| cable_serv_1 = Available on many cable providers
| cable_chan_1 = Consult local listings
| online_chan_1 = [[YouTube TV]], [[Hulu#Hulu + Live TV service|Hulu + Live TV]], [[Philo (company)|Philo]], [[Sling TV]], [[FuboTV]], Vidgo TV
}}
'''TeenNick''' is an [[United States|American]] [[Pay television|pay]] [[Television network|television channel]]. The channel [[Broadcasting|broadcast]] [[Television program|programs]] for [[teenagers]]. It is named after the &quot;TEENick&quot; [[Program block|block]] on [[Nickelodeon]]. TEENick started in 2001. TeenNick replaced Nick GaS and The N programming block on [[Noggin]].

==Programming block==
The TEENick block first broadcast on March 4, 2001.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Reynolds|first=Mike|title=New Nick Block Aims for Tweens|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-71874376.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105162615/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-71874376.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 5, 2012|work=[[Cable World]]|publisher=HighBeam Research|accessdate=February 25, 2011|date=February 19, 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt; It lasted until February 1, 2009. The block aired on Sunday nights from 6 to 9 p.m. ET/PT. In 2005, it was rebroadcast on Saturday from 8 to 10 p.m. ET/PT. It replaced the [[SNICK]] block that started in 1992. Saturday night editions were broadcast as &quot;TEENick Saturday Night&quot; until 2007. At that time, the name was changed to &quot;TEENick&quot; for both broadcasts. The first [[Presenter|host]] was [[Nick Cannon]]. The next host was [[Jason Everhart]], also known as &quot;J. Boogie&quot;.
 
A block also aired on January 16, 2007 until May 12, 2007. It returned on March 1, 2008. The block included shows such as ''[[All That]]'', ''[[Tyler Perry's Young Dylan]]'', ''[[The Fairly OddParents: Fairly Odder]]'',  ''[[iCarly|Baby Shark's Big Show!, iCarly]]'',   ''[[Goat Simulator and Friends]]'', ''[[The Mercy and DJ show]]'', ''[[Final Space]]'', ''[[Power Rangers]]'', ''[[Danger Force]]'',  ''[[Miss Farah]]'',  ''[[The Amanda Show]]'', ''[[Drake &amp; Josh]]'', ''[[Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide]]'', ''[[Unfabulous]]'', ''[[Mr. Meaty]]'', ''[[Zoey 101]]'', and ''[[H2O: Just Add Water]]''.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist}}  

[[Category:Nickelodeon]]
[[Category:Viacom]]
[[Category:American television networks]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:American television]]

{{tv-stub}}</text>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>ChenzwBot</username>
        <id>16695</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-33321-91|~2026-33321-91]] ([[User talk:~2026-33321-91|talk]]) to last version by ~2026-13136-58</comment>
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      <text bytes="4067" sha1="mplr1vywvn3bewa4u9smmn6dfde383v" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox television channel
| name = TeenNick
| logo_size = 250px
| logo = TeenNick logo 2023 (outline).svg
| logo_caption = Logo used since January 1, 2024{{efn|The logo's wordmark has been in use since September 28, 2009. Additionally, this logo is a variant meant to be used for white backgrounds; the main variant has a yellow (for Teen) and white (for Nick) wordmark in conjunction with a fully orange splat.}}
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2009|09|28}}
| picture_format = [[1080i]]/[[1080p]] [[HDTV]]&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(downscaled to [[480i]] [[letterboxed]] for [[SDTV]]s)}}
| network = [[Nickelodeon]]
| owner = [[Paramount Media Networks]]
| country = United States
| language = English
| area = Nationwide
| headquarters = [[:en:One Astor Plaza|One Astor Plaza]]&lt;br /&gt;[[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S.
| replaced = {{Plainlist|
*[[Nickelodeon Games and Sports for Kids|Nick GAS]]
*[[The N]]}}
| replaced_by = 
| sister_channels = {{Plainlist|
*[[Nickelodeon]]
*[[Nick at Nite]]
*[[Nicktoons (American TV channel)|Nicktoons]]
*[[Comedy Central]]
*[[Nick Jr. Channel]]
*[[NickMusic]]}}
| sat_serv_1 = [[Dish Network]]
| sat_chan_1 = Channel 181 (SD)
| sat_serv_2 = [[DirecTV]]
| sat_chan_2 = Channel 303 (SD) (exp. 8/2/22)
| sat_serv_3 = [[C band (IEEE)|C-Band]] – [[Headend in the Sky|H2H]]/[[4DTV]]
| sat_chan_3 = [[AMC 18]] – 209
| iptv_serv_1 = [[DirecTV Stream]]
| iptv_chan_1 = {{Plainlist|
Channel 303 (HD) (exp. 8/2/22)
}}
| iptv_serv_2 = [[U-verse TV]]
| iptv_chan_2 = {{Plainlist| 
Channel 322 (SD) (exp. 8/2/22)&lt;br /&gt;Channel 1322 (HD) (exp. 8/2/22)
}}
| iptv_serv_3 = [[Verizon FiOS]]
| iptv_chan_3 = {{Plainlist|
Channel 255 (SD)&lt;br /&gt;Channel 755 (HD)
}}
| cable_serv_1 = Available on many cable providers
| cable_chan_1 = Consult local listings
| online_chan_1 = [[YouTube TV]], [[Hulu#Hulu + Live TV service|Hulu + Live TV]], [[Philo (company)|Philo]], [[Sling TV]], [[FuboTV]], Vidgo TV
}}
'''TeenNick''' is an [[United States|American]] [[Pay television|pay]] [[Television network|television channel]]. The channel [[Broadcasting|broadcast]] [[Television program|programs]] for [[teenagers]]. It is named after the &quot;TEENick&quot; [[Program block|block]] on [[Nickelodeon]]. TEENick started in 2001. TeenNick replaced Nick GaS and The N programming block on [[Noggin]].

==Programming block==
The TEENick block first broadcast on March 4, 2001.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Reynolds|first=Mike|title=New Nick Block Aims for Tweens|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-71874376.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105162615/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-71874376.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 5, 2012|work=[[Cable World]]|publisher=HighBeam Research|accessdate=February 25, 2011|date=February 19, 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt; It lasted until February 1, 2009. The block aired on Sunday nights from 6 to 9 p.m. ET/PT. In 2005, it was rebroadcast on Saturday from 8 to 10 p.m. ET/PT. It replaced the [[SNICK]] block that started in 1992. Saturday night editions were broadcast as &quot;TEENick Saturday Night&quot; until 2007. At that time, the name was changed to &quot;TEENick&quot; for both broadcasts. The first [[Presenter|host]] was [[Nick Cannon]]. The next host was [[Jason Everhart]], also known as &quot;J. Boogie&quot;.
 
A block also aired on January 16, 2007 until May 12, 2007. It returned on March 1, 2008. The block included shows such as ''[[All That]]'', ''[[Tyler Perry's Young Dylan]]'', ''[[The Fairly OddParents: Fairly Odder]]'', ''[[iCarly]]'', ''[[Goat Simulator and Friends]]'', ''[[The Mercy and DJ show]]'', ''[[Final Space]]'', ''[[Power Rangers]]'', ''[[Danger Force]]'',  ''[[Miss Farah]]'',  ''[[The Amanda Show]]'', ''[[Drake &amp; Josh]]'', ''[[Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide]]'', ''[[Unfabulous]]'', ''[[Mr. Meaty]]'', ''[[Zoey 101]]'', and ''[[H2O: Just Add Water]]''.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist}}  

[[Category:Nickelodeon]]
[[Category:Viacom]]
[[Category:American television networks]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:American television]]

{{tv-stub}}</text>
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        <username>~2026-33321-91</username>
        <id>1817345</id>
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| name = TeenNick
| logo_size = 250px
| logo = TeenNick logo 2023 (outline).svg
| logo_caption = Logo used since January 1, 2024{{efn|The logo's wordmark has been in use since September 28, 2009. Additionally, this logo is a variant meant to be used for white backgrounds; the main variant has a yellow (for Teen) and white (for Nick) wordmark in conjunction with a fully orange splat.}}
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2009|09|28}}
| picture_format = [[1080i]]/[[1080p]] [[HDTV]]&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(downscaled to [[480i]] [[letterboxed]] for [[SDTV]]s)}}
| network = [[Nickelodeon]]
| owner = [[Paramount Media Networks]]
| country = United States
| language = English
| area = Nationwide
| headquarters = [[:en:One Astor Plaza|One Astor Plaza]]&lt;br /&gt;[[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S.
| replaced = {{Plainlist|
*[[Nickelodeon Games and Sports for Kids|Nick GAS]]
*[[The N]]}}
| replaced_by = 
| sister_channels = {{Plainlist|
*[[Nickelodeon]]
*[[Nick at Nite]]
*[[Nicktoons (American TV channel)|Nicktoons]]
*[[Comedy Central]]
*[[Nick Jr. Channel]]
*[[NickMusic]]}}
| sat_serv_1 = [[Dish Network]]
| sat_chan_1 = Channel 181 (SD)
| sat_serv_2 = [[DirecTV]]
| sat_chan_2 = Channel 303 (SD) (exp. 8/2/22)
| sat_serv_3 = [[C band (IEEE)|C-Band]] – [[Headend in the Sky|H2H]]/[[4DTV]]
| sat_chan_3 = [[AMC 18]] – 209
| iptv_serv_1 = [[DirecTV Stream]]
| iptv_chan_1 = {{Plainlist|
Channel 303 (HD) (exp. 8/2/22)
}}
| iptv_serv_2 = [[U-verse TV]]
| iptv_chan_2 = {{Plainlist| 
Channel 322 (SD) (exp. 8/2/22)&lt;br /&gt;Channel 1322 (HD) (exp. 8/2/22)
}}
| iptv_serv_3 = [[Verizon FiOS]]
| iptv_chan_3 = {{Plainlist|
Channel 255 (SD)&lt;br /&gt;Channel 755 (HD)
}}
| cable_serv_1 = Available on many cable providers
| cable_chan_1 = Consult local listings
| online_chan_1 = [[YouTube TV]], [[Hulu#Hulu + Live TV service|Hulu + Live TV]], [[Philo (company)|Philo]], [[Sling TV]], [[FuboTV]], Vidgo TV
}}
'''TeenNick''' is an [[United States|American]] [[Pay television|pay]] [[Television network|television channel]]. The channel [[Broadcasting|broadcast]] [[Television program|programs]] for [[teenagers]]. It is named after the &quot;TEENick&quot; [[Program block|block]] on [[Nickelodeon]]. TEENick started in 2001. TeenNick replaced Nick GaS and The N programming block on [[Noggin]].

==Programming block==
The TEENick block first broadcast on March 4, 2001.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Reynolds|first=Mike|title=New Nick Block Aims for Tweens|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-71874376.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105162615/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-71874376.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 5, 2012|work=[[Cable World]]|publisher=HighBeam Research|accessdate=February 25, 2011|date=February 19, 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt; It lasted until February 1, 2009. The block aired on Sunday nights from 6 to 9 p.m. ET/PT. In 2005, it was rebroadcast on Saturday from 8 to 10 p.m. ET/PT. It replaced the [[SNICK]] block that started in 1992. Saturday night editions were broadcast as &quot;TEENick Saturday Night&quot; until 2007. At that time, the name was changed to &quot;TEENick&quot; for both broadcasts. The first [[Presenter|host]] was [[Nick Cannon]]. The next host was [[Jason Everhart]], also known as &quot;J. Boogie&quot;.
 
A block also aired on January 16, 2007 until May 12, 2007. It returned on March 1, 2008. The block included shows such as ''[[All That]]'', ''[[Tyler Perry's Young Dylan]]'', ''[[The Fairly OddParents: Fairly Odder]]'', ''[[iCarly]]'', ''[[Goat Simulator and Friends]]'', ''[[The Mercy and DJ show]]'', ''[[Final Space]]'', ''[[Power Rangers]]'', ''[[Danger Force]]'',  ''[[Miss Farah]]'',  ''[[The Amanda Show]]'', ''[[Drake &amp; Josh]]'', ''[[Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide]]'', ''[[Unfabulous]]'', ''[[Mr. Meaty]]'', ''[[Zoey 101]]'', ''[[H2O: Just Add Water]] and Baby Shark's Big Show!.''

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist}}  

[[Category:Nickelodeon]]
[[Category:Viacom]]
[[Category:American television networks]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:American television]]

{{tv-stub}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>10880313</id>
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      <text bytes="4136" sha1="o7jy1szbdijcx4j3dt3vlqagd9oz4k8" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox television channel
| name = TeenNick
| logo_size = 250px
| logo = TeenNick logo 2023 (outline).svg
| logo_caption = Logo used since January 1, 2024{{efn|The logo's wordmark has been in use since September 28, 2009. Additionally, this logo is a variant meant to be used for white backgrounds; the main variant has a yellow (for Teen) and white (for Nick) wordmark in conjunction with a fully orange splat.}}
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2009|09|28}}
| picture_format = [[1080i]]/[[1080p]] [[HDTV]]&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(downscaled to [[480i]] [[letterboxed]] for [[SDTV]]s)}}
| network = [[Nickelodeon]]
| owner = [[Paramount Media Networks]]
| country = United States
| language = English
| area = Nationwide
| headquarters = [[:en:One Astor Plaza|One Astor Plaza]]&lt;br /&gt;[[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S.
| replaced = {{Plainlist|
*[[Nickelodeon Games and Sports for Kids|Nick GAS]]
*[[The N]]}}
| replaced_by = 
| sister_channels = {{Plainlist|
*[[Nickelodeon]]
*[[Nick at Nite]]
*[[Nicktoons (American TV channel)|Nicktoons]]
*[[Comedy Central]]
*[[Nick Jr. Channel]]
*[[NickMusic]]}}
| sat_serv_1 = [[Dish Network]]
| sat_chan_1 = Channel 181 (SD)
| sat_serv_2 = [[DirecTV]]
| sat_chan_2 = Channel 303 (SD) (exp. 8/2/22)
| sat_serv_3 = [[C band (IEEE)|C-Band]] – [[Headend in the Sky|H2H]]/[[4DTV]]
| sat_chan_3 = [[AMC 18]] – 209
| iptv_serv_1 = [[DirecTV Stream]]
| iptv_chan_1 = {{Plainlist|
Channel 303 (HD) (exp. 8/2/22)
}}
| iptv_serv_2 = [[U-verse TV]]
| iptv_chan_2 = {{Plainlist| 
Channel 322 (SD) (exp. 8/2/22)&lt;br /&gt;Channel 1322 (HD) (exp. 8/2/22)
}}
| iptv_serv_3 = [[Verizon FiOS]]
| iptv_chan_3 = {{Plainlist|
Channel 255 (SD)&lt;br /&gt;Channel 755 (HD)
}}
| cable_serv_1 = Available on many cable providers
| cable_chan_1 = Consult local listings
| online_chan_1 = [[YouTube TV]], [[Hulu#Hulu + Live TV service|Hulu + Live TV]], [[Philo (company)|Philo]], [[Sling TV]], [[FuboTV]], Vidgo TV
}}
'''TeenNick''' is an [[United States|American]] [[Pay television|pay]] [[Television network|television channel]]. The channel [[Broadcasting|broadcast]] [[Television program|programs]] for [[teenagers]]. It is named after the &quot;TEENick&quot; [[Program block|block]] on [[Nickelodeon]]. TEENick started in 2001. TeenNick replaced Nick GaS and The N programming block on [[Noggin]].

==Programming block==
The TEENick block first broadcast on March 4, 2001.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Reynolds|first=Mike|title=New Nick Block Aims for Tweens|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-71874376.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105162615/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-71874376.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 5, 2012|work=[[Cable World]]|publisher=HighBeam Research|accessdate=February 25, 2011|date=February 19, 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt; It lasted until February 1, 2009. The block aired on Sunday nights from 6 to 9 p.m. ET/PT. In 2005, it was rebroadcast on Saturday from 8 to 10 p.m. ET/PT. It replaced the [[SNICK]] block that started in 1992. Saturday night editions were broadcast as &quot;TEENick Saturday Night&quot; until 2007. At that time, the name was changed to &quot;TEENick&quot; for both broadcasts. The first [[Presenter|host]] was [[Nick Cannon]]. The next host was [[Jason Everhart]], also known as &quot;J. Boogie&quot;.
 
A block also aired on January 16, 2007 until May 12, 2007. It returned on March 1, 2008. The block included shows such as ''[[All That]]'', ''[[Tyler Perry's Young Dylan]]'', ''[[The Fairly OddParents: Fairly Odder]]'', ''[[iCarly]]'', ''[[Goat Simulator and Friends]]'', ''[[The Mercy and DJ show]]'', ''[[Final Space]]'', ''[[Power Rangers]]'', ''[[Danger Force]]'',  ''[[Miss Farah]]'',  ''[[The Amanda Show]]'', ''[[Drake &amp; Josh]]'', ''[[Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide]]'', ''[[Unfabulous]]'', ''[[Mr. Meaty]]'', ''[[Zoey 101]]'', ''[[H2O: Just Add Water]] and  [[Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide|Baby Shark's Big Show!.]]''

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist}}  

[[Category:Nickelodeon]]
[[Category:Viacom]]
[[Category:American television networks]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:American television]]

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  <page>
    <title>Dodge Ram</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="5886" sha1="c7ylqkdfx1f4d0ig72d9f9ns3m033k8" xml:space="preserve">{{no sources|date=August 2014}}
[[Image:1991-93_Dodge_Ram_250_Club_Cab_Cummins.jpg|thumb|upright|Dodge Ram, 1991-93]]
[[Image:Truck09.jpg|thumb|upright|Dodge Ram, 1994 to 2001]]
The '''Ram Pickup''' (previously '''Dodge Ram''') is a full-size [[pickup truck]] made by [[Chrysler]]. They used to be made by [[Dodge]].

The name ''Ram'' was first used in 1981 on the redesigned Dodge trucks. These trucks are named for a ram hood ornament.

== Mexico ==
{{main|Dodge Ramcharger}}
Unencumbered by CAFE ([[Corporate average fuel economy|Corporate Average Fuel Economy]]) restrictions, DaimlerChrysler's Mexican subsidiary developed a three-door [[SUV]] version of the Ram, called the Ramcharger as was its predecessor. It debuted in 1998, but was never available in the United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;SS03&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2002|editor-last=Mazur|editor-first=Eligiusz|title=Katalog Samochody Świata 2003|trans-title=World Car Catalogue 2003|journal=Samochody Świata|location=Warsaw, Poland|publisher=Print Shops Prego|page=217|issn=1234-8198|ref=SS03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There were also medium-duty [[Ram Trucks|Ram trucks]] that were only manufactured and marketed in Mexico.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2010|title=Dodge Ram 6500 ? check these out . . .|url=https://www.thedieselgarage.com/threads/dodge-ram-6500-check-these-out.96033/|access-date=June 22, 2022|website=The Diesel Garage|archive-date=December 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224203155/https://www.thedieselgarage.com/threads/dodge-ram-6500-check-these-out.96033/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Built in the Saltillo Plant from 1994 until 1998, the medium-duty Dodge Ram 6500 and 7000 had a grille almost twice as tall as the original, and sizable filler plates beneath the headlights to accommodate the much taller [[chassis]] and engine. The Dodge Ram 6500/7000 chassis cab was offered in both Regular Cab and Crew Cab configurations. The Regular Cab seats up to three passengers, continuing the long lineage of 2-door medium-duty enclosed cab trucks, including models such as the Hansen Horse Drawn Winona Freight Wagon, [[Packard|1905-1919 Packard 3-Ton Truck Chassis with Enclosed Cab and Doors]], [[Brockway Motor Company|Brockway T 2-Door Enclosed Cab Truck (1920-1924)]], [[Brockway Motor Company|1925 Brockway Model K2 1/2 to 3 Ton 2-Door Enclosed Cab Truck]], [[Brockway Motor Company|1926 Brockway Model R 3 1/2-4 Ton 2-Door Enclosed Cab Truck]], [[Dodge|1928-1929 Graham Brothers 2-Door All-Steel Enclosed Cab Dual Rear Wheel Chassis Truck]], [[Dodge|1930-1932 Dodge 1½-Ton Enclosed Cab Dual Rear Wheel Chassis Truck (F-30)]], [[Dodge|1933 Dodge Brothers 1.5 Ton 2-Door Regular Cab Truck]], [[Dodge|1934 Dodge Brothers 1.5 Ton 2-Door Regular Cab Truck]], [[Dodge|1935 Dodge Brothers 1.5 Ton 2-Door Regular Cab Truck]], [[Dodge L, M and R &quot;Fore-Point&quot; Trucks|1936 Dodge 1.5 Ton 2-Door Regular Cab Truck]], [[Dodge L, M and R &quot;Fore-Point&quot; Trucks|1937 Dodge 1.5 Ton 2-Door Regular Cab Truck]], [[Dodge L, M and R &quot;Fore-Point&quot; Trucks|1938 Dodge 1.5 Ton 2-Door Regular Cab Truck]], [[Dodge T-, V-, W-Series|1939 Dodge T-Series Medium-Duty 2-Door Regular Cab Truck]], [[Dodge T-, V-, W-Series|1940 Dodge V-Series Medium-Duty 2-Door Regular Cab Truck]], [[Dodge T-, V-, W-Series|1941-1947 Dodge W-Series Medium-Duty 2-Door Regular Cab Truck]], [[Dodge B series|1948-1950 Dodge B-Series Medium-Duty 2-Door Regular Cab Truck]], [[Dodge B series|1951 Dodge B-Series Medium-Duty 2-Door Regular Cab Truck]], [[Dodge B series|1952 Dodge B-Series Medium-Duty 2-Door Regular Cab Truck]], [[Dodge B series|1953 Dodge B-Series Medium-Duty 2-Door Regular Cab Truck]], [[Dodge C Series|1954 Dodge C Series ''Job-Rated Medium Duty'' 2-Door Regular Cab Truck]], [[Dodge C Series|1955 Dodge C-Series ''Job-Rated Medium Duty'' 2-Door Regular Cab Truck]], [[Dodge C Series|1956 Dodge C Series ''Job-Rated Medium Duty'' 2-Door Regular Cab Truck]], [[Dodge C Series|1957 Dodge C Series ''Job-Rated Medium Duty'' 2-Door Regular Cab Truck]], [[Dodge C Series|1958 Dodge D-700 2-Door Regular Cab Truck]], [[Dodge C Series|1959 Dodge D-700 2-Door Regular Cab Truck]], [[Dodge C Series|1960 Dodge D-700 2-Door Regular Cab Truck]], [[Dodge D Series|1961–1964 Dodge D-600 2-Door Regular Cab Truck]], [[Dodge D Series|1965–1967 Dodge D-600 2-Door Regular Cab Truck]], [[Dodge D Series|1968–1971 Dodge D-600 2-Door Regular Cab Truck]], [[Dodge D Series|1972–1978 Dodge D-600 2-Door Regular Cab Truck]], and [[Dodge|DeSoto PD 700 AS 2-door standard cab truck]], while the Crew Cab offers two rows of seating and can accommodate up to six. The specific cab choice impacts the truck's overall length and bed size options. The range included a 3500 and 4000 with the 5.9-liter V8 with {{cvt|245|hp|kW|0}} at 4,000&amp;nbsp;rpm and a four-speed manual transmission; these look quite similar to the US version, albeit on a heftier chassis.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|title=Ram 3500/4000 Custom 2000: La Nueva Dodge|date=1999-07-15|url=http://dodgeram.org/ki4cy/ram_picts/mexram/r3540.pdf|trans-title=The New Dodge|type=brochure|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616125827/http://dodgeram.org/ki4cy/ram_picts/mexram/r3540.pdf|location=Mexico|language=es|archive-date=2010-06-16|via=DodgeRam.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Payloads are {{cvt|3041|and|3274|kg|lb|0}} respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|title=Dodge Ram 3500/4000 Custom 2-puertas chasís cabina|date=2000|url=http://dodgeram.org/ki4cy/ram_picts/mexram/ram3500.pdf|trans-title=2-door chassis cab|type=brochure|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117081117/http://dodgeram.org/ki4cy/ram_picts/mexram/ram3500.pdf|location=Mexico|language=es|archive-date=2010-11-17|via=DodgeRam.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; The much larger 6500 and 7000 have a bigger engine, available to run on LPG.
[[Category:1980s automobiles]]
[[Category:1990s automobiles]]
[[Category:2000s automobiles]]
[[Category:2010s automobiles]]
{{transport-stub}}</text>
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    <title>Talk:Ariana Grande</title>
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== Vision at Victor's ==

http://www. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-33700-53|&amp;#126;2026-33700-53]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-33700-53|talk]]) 00:24, 7 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
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        <id>1817670</id>
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      <comment>/* Return To Halloweentown */ new section</comment>
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== Vision at Victor's ==

http://www. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-33700-53|&amp;#126;2026-33700-53]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-33700-53|talk]]) 00:24, 7 June 2026 (UTC)

== Return To Halloweentown  ==

http:// [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-33564-88|&amp;#126;2026-33564-88]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-33564-88|talk]]) 00:34, 7 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
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== Vision at Victor's ==

http://www. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-33700-53|&amp;#126;2026-33700-53]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-33700-53|talk]]) 00:24, 7 June 2026 (UTC)

== Return To Halloweentown  ==

http:// [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-33564-88|&amp;#126;2026-33564-88]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-33564-88|talk]]) 00:34, 7 June 2026 (UTC)

== Friendly Fire ==

🐾Kaila Cavallari

🐾Kaila Cavallari [https://filmboards.com/board/p/3624091/Season%202 Season 2]

Adryan Jones

Shenae Inn Love [https://filmboards.com/board/p/3624091/Season%201 Season 1]

Shenae Inn Love

Shenae Inn Love

Shenae Inn Love

[https://filmboards.com/board/p/3624091/Savage Savage]

Vision at Victor's [https://filmboards.com/board/p/3624091/&amp;#x5B;1993&amp;#x5D; &lt;nowiki&gt;[1993]&lt;/nowiki&gt;] Duelshock [https://filmboards.com/board/p/3624091/Ariana%20Grande Ariana Grande]

[https://filmboards.com/board/p/3624091/Return%20To%20HalloweenTown Return To HalloweenTown] [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-33564-88|&amp;#126;2026-33564-88]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-33564-88|talk]]) 00:36, 7 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <comment>[[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-33564-88|~2026-33564-88]] ([[User talk:~2026-33564-88|talk]]) to last version by ~2026-33700-53: gibberish additions</comment>
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== Vision at Victor's ==

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  <page>
    <title>Night at the Museum</title>
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{{Infobox film
| name           = Night at the Museum
| image          = Night-at-the-museum-logo.svg
| caption        = Official Logo
| director       = [[Shawn Levy]]
| producer       = {{ubl|[[Shawn Levy]]|[[Chris Columbus (filmmaker)|Chris Columbus]]|Michael Barnathan}}
| writer         = Robert Ben Garant&lt;br&gt;[[Thomas Lennon]]
| screenplay     = 
| based_on       = {{based on|The Night at the Museum|Milan Trenc}}
| starring       = {{Plainlist|&lt;!--Per poster billing--&gt;
* [[Ben Stiller]]
* [[Carla Gugino]]
* [[Dick Van Dyke]]
* [[Mickey Rooney]]
* [[Bill Cobbs]]
* [[Robin Williams]]
}}
| music          = [[Alan Silvestri]]
| cinematography = Guillermo Navarro
| editing        = Don Zimmerman
| studio         = {{Plainlist|
* [[20th Century Fox]]&lt;ref name=afi&gt;{{cite web|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/63961|title=Night at the Museum (2006)|publisher=[[AFI Catalog of Feature Films]]|access-date=March 17, 2019|archive-date=July 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717162608/https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/63961|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[1492 Pictures]]&lt;ref name=bfi&gt;{{cite web |title=Night at the Museum (2006) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b8bde11e6 |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |access-date=December 19, 2020 |archive-date=November 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120050138/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b8bde11e6 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 21 Laps Entertainment&lt;ref name=bfi/&gt;
}}
| distributor    = [[20th Century Fox]]&lt;ref name=afi/&gt;
| released       = {{Film date|2006|12|17|[[New York City]]|2006|12|22|United States}}
| runtime        = 108 minutes&lt;!--Theatrical runtime: 108:30--&gt;&lt;ref name=afi/&gt;
| country        = {{Plainlist|
* United Kingdom&lt;ref name=afi/&gt;
* United States&lt;ref name=afi/&gt;
}}
| language       = English
| budget         = $110 million&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Night-at-the-Museum#tab=summary |title=Night at the Museum (2006) |access-date=December 28, 2019 |archive-date=April 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420200432/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Night-at-the-Museum#tab=summary |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| gross          = $574.5 million&lt;ref name=&quot;BOM&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=nightatthemuseum.htm |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] |title=Night at the Museum (2006) |accessdate=2009-11-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
'''''Night at the Museum''''' is a 2006 [[fantasy]] [[comedy movie]] directed by [[Shawn Levy]] and written by Robert Ben Garant and [[Thomas Lennon]]. It is based on the 1993 children's book by Milan Trenc. The film stars [[Ben Stiller]] in the lead role, alongside [[Carla Gugino]], [[Dick Van Dyke]], [[Mickey Rooney]], [[Bill Cobbs]], and [[Robin Williams]]. It is  about a [[Divorce|divorced]] father who applies for a job as a [[Watchman|night watchman]] at [[New York City]]'s [[American Museum of Natural History]]. He learns that the exhibits come to life at night because of a magical Egyptian artifact.

This is the first movie in the movie series. ''Night at the Museum'' was followed by a sequel titled ''[[Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian]]'', which was released on May 22, 2009. The third movie, ''[[Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb]],'' was released on December 19, 2014.

== Cast ==
* [[Ben Stiller]] as Larry Daley
* [[Robin Williams]] as [[Theodore Roosevelt]]
* Jake Cherry as Nick Daley, Larry's son.
* [[Dick Van Dyke]] as Cecil Fredericks
* [[Carla Gugino]] as Rebecca Hutman
* [[Mickey Rooney]] as Gus
* [[Bill Cobbs]] as Reginald
* [[Owen Wilson]] as Jedediah (uncredited)
* [[Steve Coogan]] as Octavius
* Patrick Gallagher as [[Attila the Hun]]
* [[Rami Malek]] as Ahkmenrah
* [[Mizuo Peck]] as [[Sacagawea]]
* [[Ricky Gervais]] as Dr. McPhee, Larry's boss.
* [[Crystal the Monkey]] as Dexter, a [[capuchin monkey]]
* Kim Raver as Erica Daley
* [[Frank Welker]] as Rexy
* [[John Fiedler]] as Mammoth
* [[Dee Bradley Baker]] as Anubis Statues
* [[Phil Proctor]] as Moose
* Pierfancesco Favino as [[Christopher Columbus]]
* [[Brad Garrett]] as The Easter Island Head (Voice)
* [[Paul Rudd]] as Don
* Anne Meara-Stiller (Ben Stiller's real-life mother) as Debbie
* Martin Christopher as [[Meriwether Lewis]]
* Martin Sims as [[William Clark]]
* Ian Campbell as Painter

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Other websites==
{{Wikiquote-inline|Night at the Museum}}
* {{IMDb title|0477347}}
* {{Amg movie|340663}}
* {{mojo title|nightatthemuseum}}
* {{metacritic film|night-at-the-museum}}
* {{Rotten-tomatoes|night_at_the_museum}}
* [http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117932351.html?categoryID=31&amp;cs=1 Night At The Museum Review] on ''[[Variety.com]]''
* [http://www.independentfilm.com/films/videogalleryfilms/night-at-the-museum-mizuo-peck.shtml Independentfilm.com video interview with Mizuo Peck who played Sacagawea]


{{movie-stub}}

[[Category:2006 movies]]
[[Category:2006 comedy movies]]
[[Category:2000s fantasy-comedy movies]]
[[Category:American fantasy-comedy movies]]
[[Category:Movies based on books]]
[[Category:Movies set in museums]]
[[Category:Movies set in New York City]]
[[Category:Night at the Museum]]
[[Category:20th Century Fox movies]]
[[Category:Movies directed by Shawn Levy]]
[[Category:Movies composed by Alan Silvestri]]</text>
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    <title>Category:Rape in movies</title>
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      <comment>Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-33639-93|~2026-33639-93]] ([[User talk:~2026-33639-93|talk]]). ([[WP:TW|TW]])</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>Deborah Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <username>Diademchild</username>
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      <comment>updated infobox</comment>
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      <text bytes="2254" sha1="8fk3aegdmbfejeh3pog4841oo7lxsvt" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox noble
|name             = The Duchess of Devonshire
|birth_name       = Deborah Vivien Freeman-Mitford
|birth_date       = {{birth date|1920|3|31|df=y}}
|birth_place      = London, England
|death_date       = {{death date and age|2014|9|24|1920|3|31|df=y}}
|death_place      = [[Edensor]], Derbyshire, England
|occupation       = {{hlist|Writer|memoirist|socialite}}
|issue            = 7, including [[Peregrine Cavendish, 12th Duke of Devonshire]] and [[Lady Sophia Topley]]
|noble family     = [[Mitford family]]
}}

'''Deborah Vivien Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire''' {{Small|[[Royal Victorian Order|DCVO]]}} (née '''Deborah Freeman-Mitford'''; 31 March 1920 &amp;ndash; 24 September 2014) was a [[British people|British]] [[writer]] and [[aristocrat]].

He was the youngest and last living member of the six [[Mitford family|Mitford sisters]]. The sisters were a figure of [[political]] connections and promiscuity were a famous feature of [[England#English culture|English culture]] in the 1930s and 1940s.

Cavendish was born at [[Asthall Manor]] in [[Asthall]], [[Oxfordshire]]. She had five sisters and a brother. She was married to [[Andrew Cavendish, 11th Duke of Devonshire|Andrew Cavendish]] from 1941 until his death in 2004. They had seven children, three of which died at a very young age.

Cavendish died from [[natural causes]] on 24 September 2014 at [[Edensor House]] in [[Edensor]], [[Derbyshire]]. She was 94.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-29348946|title=Last Mitford sister, Deborah, Dowager Duchess of Devonshire, dies at 94|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=24 September 2014|access-date=25 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Other websites==
* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/masterpiece/climate/ei_sisters.html#deborah Deborah Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018192341/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/masterpiece/climate/ei_sisters.html#deborah |date=2016-10-18 }} at [[PBS]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devonshire, Deborah Cavendish, Duchess of}}
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order]]
[[Category:English autobiographers]]
[[Category:English royalty]]
[[Category:Writers from Oxfordshire]]


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[[File:RWPackwood.jpg|thumb|right|150px|{{Center|Robert William Packwood}}]]
'''Robert William &quot;Bob&quot; Packwood''' (September 11, 1932 &amp;ndash; June 6, 2026) was an [[Americans|American]] politician. He was a [[United States Senator]] from the [[United States state|state]] of [[Oregon]] from 1969 to 1995.&lt;ref name=BDUSC/&gt; Although a member of the conservative [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], Packwood was a moderate. He voted differently from other members of his party many times.

In 1995, Packwood resigned from the Senate after a sex scandal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Packwood May Return To Politics |author=New York Times News Service |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=1998-04-09 |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-04-09/news/9804090294_1_bob-packwood-accusations-of-sexual-misconduct-oregon-legislature |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305003055/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-04-09/news/9804090294_1_bob-packwood-accusations-of-sexual-misconduct-oregon-legislature |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; He stayed involved in politics as a lobbyist and a political consultant. He lives in a [[suburb]] of Portland, with his second wife Elaine.&lt;ref name=OL&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/mapes/index.ssf/2014/01/bob_packwood_still_lobbying_at.html |title=Bob Packwood, still lobbying at 81, says Sen. Ron Wyden faces tough odds as Finance chairman |author=Jeff Mapes |date=January 10, 2014 |publisher=Oregon Live |access-date=2 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; She used to be his [[chief of staff]].&lt;ref name=OL/&gt;

He was the last living former U.S. senator who took office in the 1960s and the last living former U.S. senator who served during the Presidency of [[Lyndon B. Johnson]].&lt;ref name=NYT/&gt;&lt;ref name=death/&gt;

Packwood was born in [[Portland, Oregon]].&lt;ref name=BDUSC&gt;{{cite web |url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=p000009 |title=PACKWOOD, Robert William, (1932 - ) |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |publisher=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress |access-date=2 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Packwood died under [[hospice care]] in [[Rancho Mirage, California]] on June 6, 2026, at the age of 93.&lt;ref name=death&gt;{{cite web|title=Bob Packwood, longtime Oregon Senator marred by scandal, dies at 93|url=https://www.opb.org/article/2026/06/06/bob-packwood-longtime-oregon-senator-marred-by-scandal-dies-at-93/|last1=VanderHart|first1=Dirk|last2=Foden-Vencil|first2=Kristian|publisher=OPB|date=June 6, 2026|access-date=June 6, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NYT&gt;{{Cite news |last=Seelye |first=Katharine Q. |date=2026-06-06 |title=Bob Packwood, Senator Forced to Quit in Sex Scandal, Dies at 93 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/06/06/us/politics/bob-packwood-dead.html |access-date=2026-06-07 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Packwood, Bob}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American lobbyists]]
[[Category:Politicians from Portland, Oregon]]
[[Category:United States senators from Oregon]]
[[Category:Republican Party (United States) politicians]]
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[[File:RWPackwood.jpg|thumb|right|150px|{{Center|Robert William Packwood}}]]
'''Robert William &quot;Bob&quot; Packwood''' (September 11, 1932 &amp;ndash; June 6, 2026) was an [[Americans|American]] politician. He was a [[United States Senator]] from the [[United States state|state]] of [[Oregon]] from 1969 to 1995.&lt;ref name=BDUSC/&gt; Although a member of the conservative [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], Packwood was a moderate. He voted differently from other members of his party many times.

In 1995, Packwood resigned from the Senate after a sex scandal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Packwood May Return To Politics |author=New York Times News Service |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=1998-04-09 |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-04-09/news/9804090294_1_bob-packwood-accusations-of-sexual-misconduct-oregon-legislature |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305003055/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-04-09/news/9804090294_1_bob-packwood-accusations-of-sexual-misconduct-oregon-legislature |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; He stayed involved in politics as a lobbyist and a political consultant. He lived in a [[suburb]] of Portland, with his second wife Elaine.&lt;ref name=OL&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/mapes/index.ssf/2014/01/bob_packwood_still_lobbying_at.html |title=Bob Packwood, still lobbying at 81, says Sen. Ron Wyden faces tough odds as Finance chairman |author=Jeff Mapes |date=January 10, 2014 |publisher=Oregon Live |access-date=2 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; She used to be his [[chief of staff]].&lt;ref name=OL/&gt;

He was the last living former U.S. senator who took office in the 1960s and the last living former U.S. senator who served during the Presidency of [[Lyndon B. Johnson]].&lt;ref name=NYT/&gt;&lt;ref name=death/&gt;

Packwood was born in [[Portland, Oregon]].&lt;ref name=BDUSC&gt;{{cite web |url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=p000009 |title=PACKWOOD, Robert William, (1932 - ) |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |publisher=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress |access-date=2 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Packwood died under [[hospice care]] in [[Rancho Mirage, California]] on June 6, 2026, at the age of 93.&lt;ref name=death&gt;{{cite web|title=Bob Packwood, longtime Oregon Senator marred by scandal, dies at 93|url=https://www.opb.org/article/2026/06/06/bob-packwood-longtime-oregon-senator-marred-by-scandal-dies-at-93/|last1=VanderHart|first1=Dirk|last2=Foden-Vencil|first2=Kristian|publisher=OPB|date=June 6, 2026|access-date=June 6, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NYT&gt;{{Cite news |last=Seelye |first=Katharine Q. |date=2026-06-06 |title=Bob Packwood, Senator Forced to Quit in Sex Scandal, Dies at 93 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/06/06/us/politics/bob-packwood-dead.html |access-date=2026-06-07 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Packwood, Bob}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American lobbyists]]
[[Category:Politicians from Portland, Oregon]]
[[Category:United States senators from Oregon]]
[[Category:Republican Party (United States) politicians]]
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[[File:RWPackwood.jpg|thumb|right|150px|{{Center|Robert William Packwood}}]]
'''Robert William &quot;Bob&quot; Packwood''' (September 11, 1932 &amp;ndash; June 6, 2026) was an [[Americans|American]] politician. He was a [[United States Senator]] from the [[United States state|state]] of [[Oregon]] from 1969 to 1995.&lt;ref name=BDUSC/&gt; Although a member of the conservative [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], Packwood was a moderate. He voted differently from other members of his party many times.

In 1995, Packwood resigned from the Senate after a sex scandal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Packwood May Return To Politics |author=New York Times News Service |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=1998-04-09 |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-04-09/news/9804090294_1_bob-packwood-accusations-of-sexual-misconduct-oregon-legislature |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305003055/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-04-09/news/9804090294_1_bob-packwood-accusations-of-sexual-misconduct-oregon-legislature |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; He stayed involved in politics as a lobbyist and a political consultant. He lived in a [[suburb]] of Portland, with his second wife Elaine.&lt;ref name=OL&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/mapes/index.ssf/2014/01/bob_packwood_still_lobbying_at.html |title=Bob Packwood, still lobbying at 81, says Sen. Ron Wyden faces tough odds as Finance chairman |author=Jeff Mapes |date=January 10, 2014 |publisher=Oregon Live |access-date=2 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; She used to be his [[chief of staff]].&lt;ref name=OL/&gt;

He was the last living former U.S. senator who took office in the 1960s and the last living former U.S. senator who served during the Presidency of [[Lyndon B. Johnson]].&lt;ref name=NYT/&gt;&lt;ref name=death/&gt;

Packwood was born in [[Portland, Oregon]].&lt;ref name=BDUSC&gt;{{cite web |url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=p000009 |title=PACKWOOD, Robert William, (1932 - ) |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |publisher=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress |access-date=2 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Packwood died under [[hospice care]] in [[Rancho Mirage, California]] on June 6, 2026, at the age of 93.&lt;ref name=death&gt;{{cite web|title=Bob Packwood, longtime Oregon Senator marred by scandal, dies at 93|url=https://www.opb.org/article/2026/06/06/bob-packwood-longtime-oregon-senator-marred-by-scandal-dies-at-93/|last1=VanderHart|first1=Dirk|last2=Foden-Vencil|first2=Kristian|publisher=OPB|date=June 6, 2026|access-date=June 6, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NYT&gt;{{Cite news |last=Seelye |first=Katharine Q. |date=2026-06-06 |title=Bob Packwood, Senator Forced to Quit in Sex Scandal, Dies at 93 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/06/06/us/politics/bob-packwood-dead.html |access-date=2026-06-07 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Packwood, Bob}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:American lobbyists]]
[[Category:Politicians from Portland, Oregon]]
[[Category:United States senators from Oregon]]
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[[File:RWPackwood.jpg|thumb|right|150px|{{Center|Robert William Packwood}}]]
'''Robert William &quot;Bob&quot; Packwood''' (September 11, 1932 &amp;ndash; June 6, 2026) was an [[Americans|American]] politician. He was a [[United States Senator]] from the [[United States state|state]] of [[Oregon]] from 1969 to 1995.&lt;ref name=BDUSC/&gt; Although a member of the conservative [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], Packwood was a moderate. He voted differently from other members of his party many times.

In 1995, Packwood resigned from the Senate after a sex scandal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Packwood May Return To Politics |author=New York Times News Service |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=1998-04-09 |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-04-09/news/9804090294_1_bob-packwood-accusations-of-sexual-misconduct-oregon-legislature |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305003055/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-04-09/news/9804090294_1_bob-packwood-accusations-of-sexual-misconduct-oregon-legislature |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; He stayed involved in politics as a lobbyist and a political consultant. He lived in a [[suburb]] of Portland, with his second wife Elaine.&lt;ref name=OL&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/mapes/index.ssf/2014/01/bob_packwood_still_lobbying_at.html |title=Bob Packwood, still lobbying at 81, says Sen. Ron Wyden faces tough odds as Finance chairman |author=Jeff Mapes |date=January 10, 2014 |publisher=Oregon Live |access-date=2 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; She used to be his [[chief of staff]].&lt;ref name=OL/&gt;

He was the last living former U.S. senator who took office in the 1960s and the last living former U.S. senator who served during the Presidency of [[Lyndon B. Johnson]].&lt;ref name=NYT/&gt;&lt;ref name=death/&gt;

Packwood was born in [[Portland, Oregon]].&lt;ref name=BDUSC&gt;{{cite web |url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=p000009 |title=PACKWOOD, Robert William, (1932 - ) |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |publisher=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress |access-date=2 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was elected to the [[Oregon House of Representatives]] in 1963. He left the state house in 1969 after being elected U.S. Senator.

Packwood died under [[hospice care]] in [[Rancho Mirage, California]] on June 6, 2026, at the age of 93.&lt;ref name=death&gt;{{cite web|title=Bob Packwood, longtime Oregon Senator marred by scandal, dies at 93|url=https://www.opb.org/article/2026/06/06/bob-packwood-longtime-oregon-senator-marred-by-scandal-dies-at-93/|last1=VanderHart|first1=Dirk|last2=Foden-Vencil|first2=Kristian|publisher=OPB|date=June 6, 2026|access-date=June 6, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NYT&gt;{{Cite news |last=Seelye |first=Katharine Q. |date=2026-06-06 |title=Bob Packwood, Senator Forced to Quit in Sex Scandal, Dies at 93 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/06/06/us/politics/bob-packwood-dead.html |access-date=2026-06-07 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Packwood, Bob}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:American lobbyists]]
[[Category:Politicians from Portland, Oregon]]
[[Category:United States senators from Oregon]]
[[Category:Republican Party (United States) politicians]]
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[[File:RWPackwood.jpg|thumb|right|150px|{{Center|Robert William Packwood}}]]
'''Robert William &quot;Bob&quot; Packwood''' (September 11, 1932 &amp;ndash; June 6, 2026) was an [[Americans|American]] politician and lawyer. He was a [[United States Senator]] from the [[United States state|state]] of [[Oregon]] from 1969 to 1995.&lt;ref name=BDUSC/&gt; Although a member of the conservative [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], Packwood was a moderate. He voted differently from other members of his party many times.

In 1995, Packwood resigned from the Senate after a sex scandal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Packwood May Return To Politics |author=New York Times News Service |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=1998-04-09 |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-04-09/news/9804090294_1_bob-packwood-accusations-of-sexual-misconduct-oregon-legislature |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305003055/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-04-09/news/9804090294_1_bob-packwood-accusations-of-sexual-misconduct-oregon-legislature |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; He stayed involved in politics as a lobbyist and a political consultant. He lived in a [[suburb]] of Portland, with his second wife Elaine.&lt;ref name=OL&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/mapes/index.ssf/2014/01/bob_packwood_still_lobbying_at.html |title=Bob Packwood, still lobbying at 81, says Sen. Ron Wyden faces tough odds as Finance chairman |author=Jeff Mapes |date=January 10, 2014 |publisher=Oregon Live |access-date=2 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; She used to be his [[chief of staff]].&lt;ref name=OL/&gt;

He was the last living former U.S. senator who took office in the 1960s and the last living former U.S. senator who served during the Presidency of [[Lyndon B. Johnson]].&lt;ref name=NYT/&gt;&lt;ref name=death/&gt;

Packwood was born in [[Portland, Oregon]].&lt;ref name=BDUSC&gt;{{cite web |url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=p000009 |title=PACKWOOD, Robert William, (1932 - ) |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |publisher=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress |access-date=2 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; He studied at [[Willamette University]] and later studied law at [[New York University]]. He was elected to the [[Oregon House of Representatives]] in 1963. He left the state house in 1969 after being elected U.S. Senator.

Packwood died under [[hospice care]] in [[Rancho Mirage, California]] on June 6, 2026, at the age of 93.&lt;ref name=death&gt;{{cite web|title=Bob Packwood, longtime Oregon Senator marred by scandal, dies at 93|url=https://www.opb.org/article/2026/06/06/bob-packwood-longtime-oregon-senator-marred-by-scandal-dies-at-93/|last1=VanderHart|first1=Dirk|last2=Foden-Vencil|first2=Kristian|publisher=OPB|date=June 6, 2026|access-date=June 6, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NYT&gt;{{Cite news |last=Seelye |first=Katharine Q. |date=2026-06-06 |title=Bob Packwood, Senator Forced to Quit in Sex Scandal, Dies at 93 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/06/06/us/politics/bob-packwood-dead.html |access-date=2026-06-07 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Packwood, Bob}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:American lobbyists]]
[[Category:Politicians from Portland, Oregon]]
[[Category:United States senators from Oregon]]
[[Category:Republican Party (United States) politicians]]
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[[File:RWPackwood.jpg|thumb|right|150px|{{Center|Robert William Packwood}}]]
'''Robert William &quot;Bob&quot; Packwood''' (September 11, 1932 &amp;ndash; June 6, 2026) was an [[Americans|American]] politician and lawyer. He was a [[United States Senator]] from the [[United States state|state]] of [[Oregon]] from 1969 to 1995.&lt;ref name=BDUSC/&gt; Although a member of the conservative [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], Packwood was a moderate. He voted differently from other members of his party many times.

In 1995, Packwood resigned from the Senate after a sex scandal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Packwood May Return To Politics |author=New York Times News Service |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=1998-04-09 |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-04-09/news/9804090294_1_bob-packwood-accusations-of-sexual-misconduct-oregon-legislature |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305003055/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-04-09/news/9804090294_1_bob-packwood-accusations-of-sexual-misconduct-oregon-legislature |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; He stayed involved in politics as a lobbyist and a political consultant. He lived in a [[suburb]] of Portland, with his second wife Elaine.&lt;ref name=OL&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/mapes/index.ssf/2014/01/bob_packwood_still_lobbying_at.html |title=Bob Packwood, still lobbying at 81, says Sen. Ron Wyden faces tough odds as Finance chairman |author=Jeff Mapes |date=January 10, 2014 |publisher=Oregon Live |access-date=2 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; She used to be his [[chief of staff]].&lt;ref name=OL/&gt;

He was the last living former U.S. senator who took office in the 1960s and the last living former U.S. senator who served during the Presidency of [[Lyndon B. Johnson]].&lt;ref name=NYT/&gt;&lt;ref name=death/&gt;

Packwood was born in [[Portland, Oregon]].&lt;ref name=BDUSC&gt;{{cite web |url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=p000009 |title=PACKWOOD, Robert William, (1932 - ) |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |publisher=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress |access-date=2 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; He studied at [[Willamette University]] and later studied law at [[New York University]]. He was elected to the [[Oregon House of Representatives]] in 1963. He left the state house in 1969 after being elected U.S. Senator.

Packwood died under [[hospice care]] in [[Rancho Mirage, California]] on June 6, 2026, at the age of 93.&lt;ref name=death&gt;{{cite web|title=Bob Packwood, longtime Oregon Senator marred by scandal, dies at 93|url=https://www.opb.org/article/2026/06/06/bob-packwood-longtime-oregon-senator-marred-by-scandal-dies-at-93/|last1=VanderHart|first1=Dirk|last2=Foden-Vencil|first2=Kristian|publisher=OPB|date=June 6, 2026|access-date=June 6, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NYT&gt;{{Cite news |last=Seelye |first=Katharine Q. |date=2026-06-06 |title=Bob Packwood, Senator Forced to Quit in Sex Scandal, Dies at 93 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/06/06/us/politics/bob-packwood-dead.html |access-date=2026-06-07 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Packwood, Bob}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:American lobbyists]]
[[Category:Politicians from Portland, Oregon]]
[[Category:United States senators from Oregon]]
[[Category:Republican Party (United States) politicians]]
[[Category:Lawyers from Portland, Oregon]]
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[[File:RWPackwood.jpg|thumb|right|150px|{{Center|Robert William Packwood}}]]
'''Robert William &quot;Bob&quot; Packwood''' (September 11, 1932 &amp;ndash; June 6, 2026) was an [[Americans|American]] politician and lawyer. He was a [[United States Senator]] from the [[United States state|state]] of [[Oregon]] from 1969 to 1995.&lt;ref name=BDUSC/&gt; Although a member of the conservative [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], Packwood was a moderate. He voted differently from other members of his party many times.

In 1995, Packwood resigned from the Senate after a sex scandal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Packwood May Return To Politics |author=New York Times News Service |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=1998-04-09 |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-04-09/news/9804090294_1_bob-packwood-accusations-of-sexual-misconduct-oregon-legislature |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305003055/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-04-09/news/9804090294_1_bob-packwood-accusations-of-sexual-misconduct-oregon-legislature |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Shortly before his resignation, a U.S. Senate [[ethic]]s committee led by Senators [[Barbara Boxer]] and [[Mitch McConnell]] recommended that Packwood be removed from the senate.&lt;ref name=&quot;Seelye&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Seelye|first=Katharine Q.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/08/us/packwood-case-overview-packwood-says-he-quitting-ethics-panel-gives-evidence.html?pagewanted=all|title=The Packwood Case: The Overview; Packwood Says he is Quitting as Ethics Panel Gives Evidence|work=The New York Times|date=September 8, 1995|access-date=October 11, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Packwood stayed involved in politics as a lobbyist and a political consultant. He lived in a [[suburb]] of Portland, with his second wife Elaine.&lt;ref name=OL&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/mapes/index.ssf/2014/01/bob_packwood_still_lobbying_at.html |title=Bob Packwood, still lobbying at 81, says Sen. Ron Wyden faces tough odds as Finance chairman |author=Jeff Mapes |date=January 10, 2014 |publisher=Oregon Live |access-date=2 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; She used to be his [[chief of staff]].&lt;ref name=OL/&gt;

He was the last living former U.S. senator who took office in the 1960s and the last living former U.S. senator who served during the Presidency of [[Lyndon B. Johnson]].&lt;ref name=NYT/&gt;&lt;ref name=death/&gt;

Packwood was born in [[Portland, Oregon]].&lt;ref name=BDUSC&gt;{{cite web |url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=p000009 |title=PACKWOOD, Robert William, (1932 - ) |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |publisher=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress |access-date=2 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; He studied at [[Willamette University]] and later studied law at [[New York University]]. He was elected to the [[Oregon House of Representatives]] in 1963. He left the state house in 1969 after being elected U.S. Senator.

Packwood died under [[hospice care]] in [[Rancho Mirage, California]] on June 6, 2026, at the age of 93.&lt;ref name=death&gt;{{cite web|title=Bob Packwood, longtime Oregon Senator marred by scandal, dies at 93|url=https://www.opb.org/article/2026/06/06/bob-packwood-longtime-oregon-senator-marred-by-scandal-dies-at-93/|last1=VanderHart|first1=Dirk|last2=Foden-Vencil|first2=Kristian|publisher=OPB|date=June 6, 2026|access-date=June 6, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NYT&gt;{{Cite news |last=Seelye |first=Katharine Q. |date=2026-06-06 |title=Bob Packwood, Senator Forced to Quit in Sex Scandal, Dies at 93 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/06/06/us/politics/bob-packwood-dead.html |access-date=2026-06-07 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Packwood, Bob}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:American lobbyists]]
[[Category:Politicians from Portland, Oregon]]
[[Category:United States senators from Oregon]]
[[Category:Republican Party (United States) politicians]]
[[Category:Lawyers from Portland, Oregon]]
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[[File:RWPackwood.jpg|thumb|right|150px|{{Center|Robert William Packwood}}]]
'''Robert William &quot;Bob&quot; Packwood''' (September 11, 1932 &amp;ndash; June 6, 2026) was an [[Americans|American]] politician and lawyer. He was a [[United States Senator]] from the [[United States state|state]] of [[Oregon]] from 1969 to 1995.&lt;ref name=BDUSC/&gt; Although a member of the conservative [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], Packwood was a moderate. He voted differently from other members of his party many times.

In 1995, Packwood resigned from the Senate after a sex scandal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Packwood May Return To Politics |author=New York Times News Service |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=1998-04-09 |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-04-09/news/9804090294_1_bob-packwood-accusations-of-sexual-misconduct-oregon-legislature |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305003055/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-04-09/news/9804090294_1_bob-packwood-accusations-of-sexual-misconduct-oregon-legislature |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Shortly before his resignation, a U.S. Senate [[ethic]]s committee led by Senators [[Barbara Boxer]] and [[Mitch McConnell]] recommended that Packwood be removed from the senate.&lt;ref name=&quot;Seelye&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Seelye|first=Katharine Q.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/08/us/packwood-case-overview-packwood-says-he-quitting-ethics-panel-gives-evidence.html?pagewanted=all|title=The Packwood Case: The Overview; Packwood Says he is Quitting as Ethics Panel Gives Evidence|work=The New York Times|date=September 8, 1995|access-date=October 11, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; After his resignation, Packwood went to [[rehab]] for his [[alcoholism]], which he blamed for sexually abusing several women.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Gabriel|first1=Trip|title=The Trials Of Bob Packwood|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/29/magazine/the-trials-of-bob-packwood.html|access-date=October 7, 2014|work=New York Times|date=August 29, 1993}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Packwood stayed involved in politics as a lobbyist and a political consultant. He lived in a [[suburb]] of Portland, with his second wife Elaine.&lt;ref name=OL&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/mapes/index.ssf/2014/01/bob_packwood_still_lobbying_at.html |title=Bob Packwood, still lobbying at 81, says Sen. Ron Wyden faces tough odds as Finance chairman |author=Jeff Mapes |date=January 10, 2014 |publisher=Oregon Live |access-date=2 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; She used to be his [[chief of staff]].&lt;ref name=OL/&gt;

He was the last living former U.S. senator who took office in the 1960s and the last living former U.S. senator who served during the Presidency of [[Lyndon B. Johnson]].&lt;ref name=NYT/&gt;&lt;ref name=death/&gt;

Packwood was born in [[Portland, Oregon]].&lt;ref name=BDUSC&gt;{{cite web |url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=p000009 |title=PACKWOOD, Robert William, (1932 - ) |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |publisher=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress |access-date=2 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; He studied at [[Willamette University]] and later studied law at [[New York University]]. He was elected to the [[Oregon House of Representatives]] in 1963. He left the state house in 1969 after being elected U.S. Senator.

Packwood died under [[hospice care]] in [[Rancho Mirage, California]] on June 6, 2026, at the age of 93.&lt;ref name=death&gt;{{cite web|title=Bob Packwood, longtime Oregon Senator marred by scandal, dies at 93|url=https://www.opb.org/article/2026/06/06/bob-packwood-longtime-oregon-senator-marred-by-scandal-dies-at-93/|last1=VanderHart|first1=Dirk|last2=Foden-Vencil|first2=Kristian|publisher=OPB|date=June 6, 2026|access-date=June 6, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NYT&gt;{{Cite news |last=Seelye |first=Katharine Q. |date=2026-06-06 |title=Bob Packwood, Senator Forced to Quit in Sex Scandal, Dies at 93 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/06/06/us/politics/bob-packwood-dead.html |access-date=2026-06-07 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Packwood, Bob}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:American lobbyists]]
[[Category:Politicians from Portland, Oregon]]
[[Category:United States senators from Oregon]]
[[Category:Republican Party (United States) politicians]]
[[Category:Lawyers from Portland, Oregon]]
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[[File:RWPackwood.jpg|thumb|right|150px|{{Center|Robert William Packwood}}]]
'''Robert William &quot;Bob&quot; Packwood''' (September 11, 1932 &amp;ndash; June 6, 2026) was an [[Americans|American]] politician and lawyer. He was a [[United States Senator]] from the [[United States state|state]] of [[Oregon]] from 1969 to 1995.&lt;ref name=BDUSC/&gt; Although a member of the conservative [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], Packwood was a moderate. He voted differently from other members of his party many times.

In 1995, Packwood resigned from the Senate after a sex scandal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Packwood May Return To Politics |author=New York Times News Service |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=1998-04-09 |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-04-09/news/9804090294_1_bob-packwood-accusations-of-sexual-misconduct-oregon-legislature |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305003055/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-04-09/news/9804090294_1_bob-packwood-accusations-of-sexual-misconduct-oregon-legislature |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Shortly before his resignation, a U.S. Senate [[ethic]]s committee led by Senators [[Barbara Boxer]] and [[Mitch McConnell]] recommended that Packwood be removed from the senate.&lt;ref name=&quot;Seelye&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Seelye|first=Katharine Q.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/08/us/packwood-case-overview-packwood-says-he-quitting-ethics-panel-gives-evidence.html?pagewanted=all|title=The Packwood Case: The Overview; Packwood Says he is Quitting as Ethics Panel Gives Evidence|work=The New York Times|date=September 8, 1995|access-date=October 11, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; After his resignation, Packwood went to [[rehab center|rehab]] for his [[alcoholism]], which he blamed for sexually abusing several women.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Gabriel|first1=Trip|title=The Trials Of Bob Packwood|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/29/magazine/the-trials-of-bob-packwood.html|access-date=October 7, 2014|work=New York Times|date=August 29, 1993}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Packwood stayed involved in politics as a lobbyist and a political consultant. He lived in a [[suburb]] of Portland, with his second wife Elaine.&lt;ref name=OL&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/mapes/index.ssf/2014/01/bob_packwood_still_lobbying_at.html |title=Bob Packwood, still lobbying at 81, says Sen. Ron Wyden faces tough odds as Finance chairman |author=Jeff Mapes |date=January 10, 2014 |publisher=Oregon Live |access-date=2 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; She used to be his [[chief of staff]].&lt;ref name=OL/&gt;

He was the last living former U.S. senator who took office in the 1960s and the last living former U.S. senator who served during the Presidency of [[Lyndon B. Johnson]].&lt;ref name=NYT/&gt;&lt;ref name=death/&gt;

Packwood was born in [[Portland, Oregon]].&lt;ref name=BDUSC&gt;{{cite web |url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=p000009 |title=PACKWOOD, Robert William, (1932 - ) |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |publisher=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress |access-date=2 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; He studied at [[Willamette University]] and later studied law at [[New York University]]. He was elected to the [[Oregon House of Representatives]] in 1963. He left the state house in 1969 after being elected U.S. Senator.

Packwood died under [[hospice care]] in [[Rancho Mirage, California]] on June 6, 2026, at the age of 93.&lt;ref name=death&gt;{{cite web|title=Bob Packwood, longtime Oregon Senator marred by scandal, dies at 93|url=https://www.opb.org/article/2026/06/06/bob-packwood-longtime-oregon-senator-marred-by-scandal-dies-at-93/|last1=VanderHart|first1=Dirk|last2=Foden-Vencil|first2=Kristian|publisher=OPB|date=June 6, 2026|access-date=June 6, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NYT&gt;{{Cite news |last=Seelye |first=Katharine Q. |date=2026-06-06 |title=Bob Packwood, Senator Forced to Quit in Sex Scandal, Dies at 93 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/06/06/us/politics/bob-packwood-dead.html |access-date=2026-06-07 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Packwood, Bob}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:American lobbyists]]
[[Category:Politicians from Portland, Oregon]]
[[Category:United States senators from Oregon]]
[[Category:Republican Party (United States) politicians]]
[[Category:Lawyers from Portland, Oregon]]
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[[File:RWPackwood.jpg|thumb|right|150px|{{Center|Robert William Packwood}}]]
'''Robert William &quot;Bob&quot; Packwood''' (September 11, 1932 &amp;ndash; June 6, 2026) was an [[Americans|American]] politician and lawyer. He was a [[United States Senator]] from the [[United States state|state]] of [[Oregon]] from 1969 to 1995.&lt;ref name=BDUSC/&gt; Although a member of the conservative [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], Packwood was a moderate. He voted differently from other members of his party many times. Packwood resigned from the U.S. Senate in 1995 after it was discovered he [[sexual abuse|sexually abused]] several female staffers and lobbyists.&lt;ref name=NYT/&gt;

==Early life==
Packwood was born in [[Portland, Oregon]].&lt;ref name=BDUSC&gt;{{cite web |url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=p000009 |title=PACKWOOD, Robert William, (1932 - ) |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |publisher=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress |access-date=2 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; He studied at [[Willamette University]] and later studied law at [[New York University]]. He was elected to the [[Oregon House of Representatives]] in 1963. He left the state house in 1969 after being elected U.S. Senator.

==U.S. Senate==
In 1968, Packwood was nominated to run for the U.S. Senate in Oregon as the Republican candidate against [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] incumbent [[Wayne Morse]]. Since little was known about Packwood, he was given little chance to win.&lt;ref&gt;Portland Oregonian, October 26, 1968.&lt;/ref&gt; However, he would go on to win the election by 3,500 votes.&lt;ref&gt;Myers, Clay. Oregon Blue Book. Salem, Oregon: Office of the Secretary of State, 1970.&lt;/ref&gt; Packwood replaced U.S. Senate member [[Ted Kennedy]] from [[Massachusetts]] as the youngest member of the U.S. Senate.&lt;ref&gt;[[#kirsch|Kirschmeier]], p. 105.&lt;/ref&gt;

Packwood's voting record was moderate. He supported [[restriction]]s on gun owners and liberal [[civil rights]] legislation. Packwood voted in favor of making [[Martin Luther King Jr. Day]] as a [[Federal holidays in the United States|federal holiday]], and the [[Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987]] (as well as to override [[President of the United States|President]] [[Ronald Reagan]]'s veto).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/98-1983/s293|title=TO PASS H.R. 3706. (MOTION PASSED) SEE NOTE(S) 19.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/100-1988/s432|title=TO PASS S 557, CIVIL RIGHTS RESTORATION ACT, A BILL TO RESTORE THE BROAD COVERAGE AND CLARIFY FOUR CIVIL RIGHTS LAWS BY PROVIDING THAT IF ONE PART OF AN INSTITUTION IS FEDERALLY FUNDED, THEN THE ENTIRE INSTITUTION MUST NOT DISCRIMINATE.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/100-1988/s487|title=TO ADOPT, OVER THE PRESIDENT'S VETO OF S 557, CIVIL RIGHTS RESTORATION ACT, A BILL TO RESTORE BROAD COVERAGE OF FOUR CIVIL RIGHTS LAWS BY DECLARING THAT IF ONE PART OF AN INSTITUTION RECEIVES FEDERAL FUNDS, THEN THE ENTIRE INSTITUTION MUST NOT DISCRIMINATE. TWO-THIRDS OF THE SENATE, HAVING VOTED IN THE AFFIRMATIVE, OVERRODE THE PRESIDENTIAL VETO.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1995, Packwood resigned from the Senate after a sex scandal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Packwood May Return To Politics |author=New York Times News Service |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=1998-04-09 |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-04-09/news/9804090294_1_bob-packwood-accusations-of-sexual-misconduct-oregon-legislature |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305003055/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-04-09/news/9804090294_1_bob-packwood-accusations-of-sexual-misconduct-oregon-legislature |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Shortly before his resignation, a U.S. Senate [[ethic]]s committee led by Senators [[Barbara Boxer]] and [[Mitch McConnell]] recommended that Packwood be removed from the senate.&lt;ref name=&quot;Seelye&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Seelye|first=Katharine Q.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/08/us/packwood-case-overview-packwood-says-he-quitting-ethics-panel-gives-evidence.html?pagewanted=all|title=The Packwood Case: The Overview; Packwood Says he is Quitting as Ethics Panel Gives Evidence|work=The New York Times|date=September 8, 1995|access-date=October 11, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; After his resignation, Packwood went to [[rehab center|rehab]] for his [[alcoholism]], which he blamed for sexually abusing several women.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Gabriel|first1=Trip|title=The Trials Of Bob Packwood|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/29/magazine/the-trials-of-bob-packwood.html|access-date=October 7, 2014|work=New York Times|date=August 29, 1993}}&lt;/ref&gt;

He was the last living former U.S. senator who took office in the 1960s and the last living former U.S. senator who served during the Presidency of [[Lyndon B. Johnson]].&lt;ref name=NYT/&gt;&lt;ref name=death/&gt;

==Later life and death==
Packwood stayed involved in politics as a lobbyist and a political consultant. He lived in a [[suburb]] of Portland, with his second wife Elaine.&lt;ref name=OL&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/mapes/index.ssf/2014/01/bob_packwood_still_lobbying_at.html |title=Bob Packwood, still lobbying at 81, says Sen. Ron Wyden faces tough odds as Finance chairman |author=Jeff Mapes |date=January 10, 2014 |publisher=Oregon Live |access-date=2 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; She used to be his [[chief of staff]].&lt;ref name=OL/&gt;

Packwood died under [[hospice care]] in [[Rancho Mirage, California]] on June 6, 2026, at the age of 93.&lt;ref name=death&gt;{{cite web|title=Bob Packwood, longtime Oregon Senator marred by scandal, dies at 93|url=https://www.opb.org/article/2026/06/06/bob-packwood-longtime-oregon-senator-marred-by-scandal-dies-at-93/|last1=VanderHart|first1=Dirk|last2=Foden-Vencil|first2=Kristian|publisher=OPB|date=June 6, 2026|access-date=June 6, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NYT&gt;{{Cite news |last=Seelye |first=Katharine Q. |date=2026-06-06 |title=Bob Packwood, Senator Forced to Quit in Sex Scandal, Dies at 93 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/06/06/us/politics/bob-packwood-dead.html |access-date=2026-06-07 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Packwood, Bob}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:American lobbyists]]
[[Category:Politicians from Portland, Oregon]]
[[Category:United States senators from Oregon]]
[[Category:Republican Party (United States) politicians]]
[[Category:Lawyers from Portland, Oregon]]
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[[File:RWPackwood.jpg|thumb|right|150px|{{Center|Robert William Packwood}}]]
'''Robert William &quot;Bob&quot; Packwood''' (September 11, 1932 &amp;ndash; June 6, 2026) was an [[Americans|American]] politician and lawyer. He was a [[United States Senator]] from the [[United States state|state]] of [[Oregon]] from 1969 to 1995.&lt;ref name=BDUSC/&gt; 

Although a member of the conservative [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], Packwood was a moderate. He voted differently from other members of his party many times. Packwood resigned from the U.S. Senate in 1995 after it was discovered he [[sexual abuse|sexually abused]] several female staffers and lobbyists.&lt;ref name=NYT/&gt;

==Early life==
Packwood was born in [[Portland, Oregon]].&lt;ref name=BDUSC&gt;{{cite web |url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=p000009 |title=PACKWOOD, Robert William, (1932 - ) |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |publisher=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress |access-date=2 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; He studied at [[Willamette University]] and later studied law at [[New York University]]. He was elected to the [[Oregon House of Representatives]] in 1963. He left the state house in 1969 after being elected U.S. Senator.

==U.S. Senate==
In 1968, Packwood was nominated to run for the U.S. Senate in Oregon as the Republican candidate against [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] incumbent [[Wayne Morse]]. Since little was known about Packwood, he was given little chance to win.&lt;ref&gt;Portland Oregonian, October 26, 1968.&lt;/ref&gt; However, he would go on to win the election by 3,500 votes.&lt;ref&gt;Myers, Clay. Oregon Blue Book. Salem, Oregon: Office of the Secretary of State, 1970.&lt;/ref&gt; Packwood replaced U.S. Senate member [[Ted Kennedy]] from [[Massachusetts]] as the youngest member of the U.S. Senate.&lt;ref&gt;[[#kirsch|Kirschmeier]], p. 105.&lt;/ref&gt;

Packwood's voting record was moderate. He supported [[restriction]]s on gun owners and liberal [[civil rights]] legislation. Packwood voted in favor of making [[Martin Luther King Jr. Day]] as a [[Federal holidays in the United States|federal holiday]], and the [[Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987]] (as well as to override [[President of the United States|President]] [[Ronald Reagan]]'s veto).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/98-1983/s293|title=TO PASS H.R. 3706. (MOTION PASSED) SEE NOTE(S) 19.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/100-1988/s432|title=TO PASS S 557, CIVIL RIGHTS RESTORATION ACT, A BILL TO RESTORE THE BROAD COVERAGE AND CLARIFY FOUR CIVIL RIGHTS LAWS BY PROVIDING THAT IF ONE PART OF AN INSTITUTION IS FEDERALLY FUNDED, THEN THE ENTIRE INSTITUTION MUST NOT DISCRIMINATE.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/100-1988/s487|title=TO ADOPT, OVER THE PRESIDENT'S VETO OF S 557, CIVIL RIGHTS RESTORATION ACT, A BILL TO RESTORE BROAD COVERAGE OF FOUR CIVIL RIGHTS LAWS BY DECLARING THAT IF ONE PART OF AN INSTITUTION RECEIVES FEDERAL FUNDS, THEN THE ENTIRE INSTITUTION MUST NOT DISCRIMINATE. TWO-THIRDS OF THE SENATE, HAVING VOTED IN THE AFFIRMATIVE, OVERRODE THE PRESIDENTIAL VETO.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1995, Packwood resigned from the Senate after a sex scandal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Packwood May Return To Politics |author=New York Times News Service |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=1998-04-09 |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-04-09/news/9804090294_1_bob-packwood-accusations-of-sexual-misconduct-oregon-legislature |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305003055/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-04-09/news/9804090294_1_bob-packwood-accusations-of-sexual-misconduct-oregon-legislature |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Shortly before his resignation, a U.S. Senate [[ethic]]s committee led by Senators [[Barbara Boxer]] and [[Mitch McConnell]] recommended that Packwood be removed from the senate.&lt;ref name=&quot;Seelye&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Seelye|first=Katharine Q.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/08/us/packwood-case-overview-packwood-says-he-quitting-ethics-panel-gives-evidence.html?pagewanted=all|title=The Packwood Case: The Overview; Packwood Says he is Quitting as Ethics Panel Gives Evidence|work=The New York Times|date=September 8, 1995|access-date=October 11, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; After his resignation, Packwood went to [[rehab center|rehab]] for his [[alcoholism]], which he blamed for sexually abusing several women.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Gabriel|first1=Trip|title=The Trials Of Bob Packwood|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/29/magazine/the-trials-of-bob-packwood.html|access-date=October 7, 2014|work=New York Times|date=August 29, 1993}}&lt;/ref&gt;

He was the last living former U.S. senator who took office in the 1960s and the last living former U.S. senator who served during the Presidency of [[Lyndon B. Johnson]].&lt;ref name=NYT/&gt;&lt;ref name=death/&gt;

==Later life and death==
Packwood stayed involved in politics as a lobbyist and a political consultant. He lived in a [[suburb]] of Portland, with his second wife Elaine.&lt;ref name=OL&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/mapes/index.ssf/2014/01/bob_packwood_still_lobbying_at.html |title=Bob Packwood, still lobbying at 81, says Sen. Ron Wyden faces tough odds as Finance chairman |author=Jeff Mapes |date=January 10, 2014 |publisher=Oregon Live |access-date=2 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; She used to be his [[chief of staff]].&lt;ref name=OL/&gt;

Packwood died under [[hospice care]] in [[Rancho Mirage, California]] on June 6, 2026, at the age of 93.&lt;ref name=death&gt;{{cite web|title=Bob Packwood, longtime Oregon Senator marred by scandal, dies at 93|url=https://www.opb.org/article/2026/06/06/bob-packwood-longtime-oregon-senator-marred-by-scandal-dies-at-93/|last1=VanderHart|first1=Dirk|last2=Foden-Vencil|first2=Kristian|publisher=OPB|date=June 6, 2026|access-date=June 6, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NYT&gt;{{Cite news |last=Seelye |first=Katharine Q. |date=2026-06-06 |title=Bob Packwood, Senator Forced to Quit in Sex Scandal, Dies at 93 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/06/06/us/politics/bob-packwood-dead.html |access-date=2026-06-07 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Packwood, Bob}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:American lobbyists]]
[[Category:Politicians from Portland, Oregon]]
[[Category:United States senators from Oregon]]
[[Category:Republican Party (United States) politicians]]
[[Category:Lawyers from Portland, Oregon]]
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[[File:RWPackwood.jpg|thumb|right|150px|{{Center|Robert William Packwood}}]]
'''Robert William &quot;Bob&quot; Packwood''' (September 11, 1932 &amp;ndash; June 6, 2026) was an [[Americans|American]] politician and lawyer. He was a [[United States Senator]] from the [[United States state|state]] of [[Oregon]] from 1969 to 1995.&lt;ref name=BDUSC/&gt; 

Although a member of the conservative [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], Packwood was a moderate. He voted differently from other members of his party many times. Packwood resigned from the U.S. Senate in 1995 after it was discovered he [[sexual abuse|sexually abused]] several female staffers and lobbyists.&lt;ref name=NYT/&gt;

==Early life==
Packwood was born in [[Portland, Oregon]].&lt;ref name=BDUSC&gt;{{cite web |url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=p000009 |title=PACKWOOD, Robert William, (1932 - ) |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |publisher=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress |access-date=2 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; He studied at [[Willamette University]] and later studied law at [[New York University]]. He was elected to the [[Oregon House of Representatives]] in 1963. He left the state house in 1969 after being elected U.S. Senator.

==U.S. Senate==
In 1968, Packwood was nominated to run for the U.S. Senate in Oregon as the Republican candidate against [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] incumbent [[Wayne Morse]]. Since little was known about Packwood, he was given little chance to win.&lt;ref&gt;Portland Oregonian, October 26, 1968.&lt;/ref&gt; However, he would go on to win the election by 3,500 votes.&lt;ref&gt;Myers, Clay. Oregon Blue Book. Salem, Oregon: Office of the Secretary of State, 1970.&lt;/ref&gt; Packwood replaced U.S. Senate member [[Ted Kennedy]] from [[Massachusetts]] as the youngest member of the U.S. Senate.&lt;ref&gt;[[#kirsch|Kirschmeier]], p. 105.&lt;/ref&gt;

Packwood's voting record was moderate. He supported [[restriction]]s on gun owners and liberal [[civil rights]] legislation. Packwood voted in favor of making [[Martin Luther King Jr. Day]] as a [[Federal holidays in the United States|federal holiday]], and the [[Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987]] (as well as to override [[President of the United States|President]] [[Ronald Reagan]]'s veto).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/98-1983/s293|title=TO PASS H.R. 3706. (MOTION PASSED) SEE NOTE(S) 19.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/100-1988/s432|title=TO PASS S 557, CIVIL RIGHTS RESTORATION ACT, A BILL TO RESTORE THE BROAD COVERAGE AND CLARIFY FOUR CIVIL RIGHTS LAWS BY PROVIDING THAT IF ONE PART OF AN INSTITUTION IS FEDERALLY FUNDED, THEN THE ENTIRE INSTITUTION MUST NOT DISCRIMINATE.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/100-1988/s487|title=TO ADOPT, OVER THE PRESIDENT'S VETO OF S 557, CIVIL RIGHTS RESTORATION ACT, A BILL TO RESTORE BROAD COVERAGE OF FOUR CIVIL RIGHTS LAWS BY DECLARING THAT IF ONE PART OF AN INSTITUTION RECEIVES FEDERAL FUNDS, THEN THE ENTIRE INSTITUTION MUST NOT DISCRIMINATE. TWO-THIRDS OF THE SENATE, HAVING VOTED IN THE AFFIRMATIVE, OVERRODE THE PRESIDENTIAL VETO.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1995, Packwood resigned from the Senate after a sex scandal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Packwood May Return To Politics |author=New York Times News Service |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=1998-04-09 |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-04-09/news/9804090294_1_bob-packwood-accusations-of-sexual-misconduct-oregon-legislature |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305003055/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-04-09/news/9804090294_1_bob-packwood-accusations-of-sexual-misconduct-oregon-legislature |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Shortly before his resignation, a U.S. Senate [[ethic]]s committee led by Senators [[Barbara Boxer]] and [[Mitch McConnell]] recommended that Packwood be removed from the senate.&lt;ref name=&quot;Seelye&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Seelye|first=Katharine Q.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/08/us/packwood-case-overview-packwood-says-he-quitting-ethics-panel-gives-evidence.html?pagewanted=all|title=The Packwood Case: The Overview; Packwood Says he is Quitting as Ethics Panel Gives Evidence|work=The New York Times|date=September 8, 1995|access-date=October 11, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; After his resignation, Packwood went to [[rehab center|rehab]] for his [[alcoholism]], which he blamed for sexually abusing several women.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Gabriel|first1=Trip|title=The Trials Of Bob Packwood|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/29/magazine/the-trials-of-bob-packwood.html|access-date=October 7, 2014|work=New York Times|date=August 29, 1993}}&lt;/ref&gt;

He was the last living former U.S. senator who took office in the 1960s and the last living former U.S. senator who served during the Presidency of [[Lyndon B. Johnson]].&lt;ref name=NYT/&gt;&lt;ref name=death/&gt;

==Later life and death==
Packwood stayed involved in politics as a lobbyist and a political consultant. He lived in a [[suburb]] of Portland, with his second wife Elaine.&lt;ref name=OL&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/mapes/index.ssf/2014/01/bob_packwood_still_lobbying_at.html |title=Bob Packwood, still lobbying at 81, says Sen. Ron Wyden faces tough odds as Finance chairman |author=Jeff Mapes |date=January 10, 2014 |publisher=Oregon Live |access-date=2 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; She used to be his [[chief of staff]].&lt;ref name=OL/&gt;

Packwood died under [[hospice care]] in [[Rancho Mirage, California]] on June 6, 2026, at the age of 93.&lt;ref name=death&gt;{{cite web|title=Bob Packwood, longtime Oregon Senator marred by scandal, dies at 93|url=https://www.opb.org/article/2026/06/06/bob-packwood-longtime-oregon-senator-marred-by-scandal-dies-at-93/|last1=VanderHart|first1=Dirk|last2=Foden-Vencil|first2=Kristian|publisher=OPB|date=June 6, 2026|access-date=June 6, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NYT&gt;{{Cite news |last=Seelye |first=Katharine Q. |date=2026-06-06 |title=Bob Packwood, Senator Forced to Quit in Sex Scandal, Dies at 93 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/06/06/us/politics/bob-packwood-dead.html |access-date=2026-06-07 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Other websites==
* {{congbio|P000009}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030920043055/http://www.courttv.com/archive/legaldocs/government/packwood2.html Text of the Senate's resolution for investigation, May 17, 1995.]
* [https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/09/us/packwood-is-leaving-as-a-pariah-in-his-state.html?scp=5&amp;sq=%22willamette%20university%22%20library&amp;st=cse &quot;Packwood Is Leaving As a Pariah In His State&quot;],{{subscription required}} ''The New York Times''
* [http://purl.lib.ua.edu/82844 Speech by Robert Packwood given on November 3, 1969.] Audio recording from [http://purl.lib.ua.edu/18388 The University of Alabama's Emphasis Symposium on Contemporary Issues]
* {{C-SPAN|468}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Packwood, Bob}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:American lobbyists]]
[[Category:Politicians from Portland, Oregon]]
[[Category:United States senators from Oregon]]
[[Category:Republican Party (United States) politicians]]
[[Category:Lawyers from Portland, Oregon]]
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[[File:RWPackwood.jpg|thumb|right|150px|{{Center|Robert William Packwood}}]]
'''Robert William &quot;Bob&quot; Packwood''' (September 11, 1932 &amp;ndash; June 6, 2026) was an [[Americans|American]] politician and lawyer. He was a [[United States Senator]] from the [[United States state|state]] of [[Oregon]] from 1969 to 1995.&lt;ref name=BDUSC/&gt; 

Although a member of the conservative [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], Packwood was a moderate. He voted differently from other members of his party many times. Packwood resigned from the U.S. Senate in 1995 after it was discovered he [[sexual abuse|sexually abused]] several female staffers and lobbyists.&lt;ref name=NYT/&gt;

==Early life==
Packwood was born in [[Portland, Oregon]].&lt;ref name=BDUSC&gt;{{cite web |url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=p000009 |title=PACKWOOD, Robert William, (1932 - ) |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |publisher=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress |access-date=2 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; He studied at [[Willamette University]] and later studied law at [[New York University]]. He was elected to the [[Oregon House of Representatives]] in 1963. He left the state house in 1969 after being elected U.S. Senator.

==U.S. Senate==
In 1968, Packwood was nominated to run for the U.S. Senate in Oregon as the Republican candidate against [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] incumbent [[Wayne Morse]]. Since little was known about Packwood, he was given little chance to win.&lt;ref&gt;Portland Oregonian, October 26, 1968.&lt;/ref&gt; However, he would go on to win the election by 3,500 votes.&lt;ref&gt;Myers, Clay. Oregon Blue Book. Salem, Oregon: Office of the Secretary of State, 1970.&lt;/ref&gt; Packwood replaced U.S. Senate member [[Ted Kennedy]] from [[Massachusetts]] as the youngest member of the U.S. Senate.&lt;ref&gt;[[#kirsch|Kirschmeier]], p. 105.&lt;/ref&gt;

Packwood's voting record was moderate. He supported [[restriction]]s on gun owners and liberal [[civil rights]] legislation. Packwood voted in favor of making [[Martin Luther King Jr. Day]] as a [[Federal holidays in the United States|federal holiday]], and the [[Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987]] (as well as to override [[President of the United States|President]] [[Ronald Reagan]]'s veto).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/98-1983/s293|title=TO PASS H.R. 3706. (MOTION PASSED) SEE NOTE(S) 19.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/100-1988/s432|title=TO PASS S 557, CIVIL RIGHTS RESTORATION ACT, A BILL TO RESTORE THE BROAD COVERAGE AND CLARIFY FOUR CIVIL RIGHTS LAWS BY PROVIDING THAT IF ONE PART OF AN INSTITUTION IS FEDERALLY FUNDED, THEN THE ENTIRE INSTITUTION MUST NOT DISCRIMINATE.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/100-1988/s487|title=TO ADOPT, OVER THE PRESIDENT'S VETO OF S 557, CIVIL RIGHTS RESTORATION ACT, A BILL TO RESTORE BROAD COVERAGE OF FOUR CIVIL RIGHTS LAWS BY DECLARING THAT IF ONE PART OF AN INSTITUTION RECEIVES FEDERAL FUNDS, THEN THE ENTIRE INSTITUTION MUST NOT DISCRIMINATE. TWO-THIRDS OF THE SENATE, HAVING VOTED IN THE AFFIRMATIVE, OVERRODE THE PRESIDENTIAL VETO.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1995, Packwood resigned from the Senate after a sex scandal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Packwood May Return To Politics |author=New York Times News Service |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=1998-04-09 |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-04-09/news/9804090294_1_bob-packwood-accusations-of-sexual-misconduct-oregon-legislature |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305003055/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-04-09/news/9804090294_1_bob-packwood-accusations-of-sexual-misconduct-oregon-legislature |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Shortly before his resignation, a U.S. Senate [[ethic]]s committee led by Senators [[Barbara Boxer]] and [[Mitch McConnell]] recommended that Packwood be removed from the senate.&lt;ref name=&quot;Seelye&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Seelye|first=Katharine Q.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/08/us/packwood-case-overview-packwood-says-he-quitting-ethics-panel-gives-evidence.html?pagewanted=all|title=The Packwood Case: The Overview; Packwood Says he is Quitting as Ethics Panel Gives Evidence|work=The New York Times|date=September 8, 1995|access-date=October 11, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; After his resignation, Packwood went to [[rehab center|rehab]] for his [[alcoholism]], which he blamed for sexually abusing several women.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Gabriel|first1=Trip|title=The Trials Of Bob Packwood|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/29/magazine/the-trials-of-bob-packwood.html|access-date=October 7, 2014|work=New York Times|date=August 29, 1993}}&lt;/ref&gt;

He was the last living former U.S. senator who took office in the 1960s and the last living former U.S. senator who served during the Presidency of [[Lyndon B. Johnson]].&lt;ref name=NYT/&gt;&lt;ref name=death/&gt;

==Later life and death==
Packwood stayed involved in politics as a lobbyist and a political consultant. He lived in a [[suburb]] of Portland, with his second wife Elaine.&lt;ref name=OL&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/mapes/index.ssf/2014/01/bob_packwood_still_lobbying_at.html |title=Bob Packwood, still lobbying at 81, says Sen. Ron Wyden faces tough odds as Finance chairman |author=Jeff Mapes |date=January 10, 2014 |publisher=Oregon Live |access-date=2 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; She used to be his [[chief of staff]].&lt;ref name=OL/&gt;

Packwood died under [[hospice care]] in [[Rancho Mirage, California]] on June 6, 2026, at the age of 93.&lt;ref name=death&gt;{{cite web|title=Bob Packwood, longtime Oregon Senator marred by scandal, dies at 93|url=https://www.opb.org/article/2026/06/06/bob-packwood-longtime-oregon-senator-marred-by-scandal-dies-at-93/|last1=VanderHart|first1=Dirk|last2=Foden-Vencil|first2=Kristian|publisher=OPB|date=June 6, 2026|access-date=June 6, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NYT&gt;{{Cite news |last=Seelye |first=Katharine Q. |date=2026-06-06 |title=Bob Packwood, Senator Forced to Quit in Sex Scandal, Dies at 93 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/06/06/us/politics/bob-packwood-dead.html |access-date=2026-06-07 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Other websites==
{{commonscat}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030920043055/http://www.courttv.com/archive/legaldocs/government/packwood2.html Text of the Senate's resolution for investigation, May 17, 1995.]
* [https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/09/us/packwood-is-leaving-as-a-pariah-in-his-state.html?scp=5&amp;sq=%22willamette%20university%22%20library&amp;st=cse &quot;Packwood Is Leaving As a Pariah In His State&quot;],{{subscription required}} ''The New York Times''
* [http://purl.lib.ua.edu/82844 Speech by Robert Packwood given on November 3, 1969.] Audio recording from [http://purl.lib.ua.edu/18388 The University of Alabama's Emphasis Symposium on Contemporary Issues]
* {{C-SPAN|468}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Packwood, Bob}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:American lobbyists]]
[[Category:Politicians from Portland, Oregon]]
[[Category:United States senators from Oregon]]
[[Category:Republican Party (United States) politicians]]
[[Category:Lawyers from Portland, Oregon]]
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{{Infobox officeholder
| name               = Bob Packwood
| image              = RWPackwood.jpg
| office             = Chair of the [[United States Senate Committee on Finance|Senate Finance Committee]]
| term_start         = January 3, 1995
| term_end           = October 1, 1995
| predecessor        = [[Daniel Patrick Moynihan]]
| successor          = [[William Roth]]
| term_start1        = January 3, 1985
| term_end1          = January 3, 1987
| predecessor1       = [[Bob Dole]]
| successor1         = [[Lloyd Bentsen]]
| office2            = Chair of the [[United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation|Senate Commerce Committee]]
| term_start2        = January 3, 1981
| term_end2          = January 3, 1985
| predecessor2       = [[Howard Cannon]]
| successor2         = [[John Danforth]]
| jr/sr3             = United States Senator
| state3             = [[Oregon]]
| term_start3        = January 3, 1969
| term_end3          = October 1, 1995
| predecessor3       = [[Wayne Morse]]
| successor3         = [[Ron Wyden]]
| state_house4       = Oregon
| term_start4        = January 14, 1963
| term_end4          = January 3, 1969
| district4          = 6th
| predecessor4       = ''Multi-member district''
| successor4         = ''Multi-member district''
| birth_name         = Robert William Packwood
| birth_date         = {{birth date|1932|9|11}}
| birth_place        = [[Portland, Oregon]], U.S.
| death_date         = {{death date and age|2026|6|6|1932|9|11}}
| death_place        = [[Rancho Mirage, California]], U.S.
| party              = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| spouse             = {{marriage|Georgie Oberteuffer|1964|1992|end=div}}&lt;br&gt;{{marriage|Elaine Franklin|1998}}
| children           = 2
| education          = [[Willamette University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])&lt;br&gt;[[New York University]] ([[Juris Doctor|JD]])
| module             = {{Listen |pos=center |embed=yes |filename=Sen. Bob Packwood Introduces an Amendment to the Community Development Banking and Financial Institutions Act of 1994.ogg |title=Packwood's voice |type=speech |description=Packwood introducing an amendment to the Community Development Banking and Financial Institutions Act of 1994.&lt;br&gt;Recorded March 16, 1994}}
}}
'''Robert William &quot;Bob&quot; Packwood''' (September 11, 1932 &amp;ndash; June 6, 2026) was an [[Americans|American]] politician and lawyer. He was a [[United States Senator]] from the [[United States state|state]] of [[Oregon]] from 1969 to 1995.&lt;ref name=BDUSC/&gt; 

Although a member of the conservative [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], Packwood was a moderate. He voted differently from other members of his party many times. Packwood resigned from the U.S. Senate in 1995 after it was discovered he [[sexual abuse|sexually abused]] several female staffers and lobbyists.&lt;ref name=NYT/&gt;

==Early life==
Packwood was born in [[Portland, Oregon]].&lt;ref name=BDUSC&gt;{{cite web |url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=p000009 |title=PACKWOOD, Robert William, (1932 - ) |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |publisher=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress |access-date=2 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; He studied at [[Willamette University]] and later studied law at [[New York University]]. He was elected to the [[Oregon House of Representatives]] in 1963. He left the state house in 1969 after being elected U.S. Senator.

==U.S. Senate==
In 1968, Packwood was nominated to run for the U.S. Senate in Oregon as the Republican candidate against [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] incumbent [[Wayne Morse]]. Since little was known about Packwood, he was given little chance to win.&lt;ref&gt;Portland Oregonian, October 26, 1968.&lt;/ref&gt; However, he would go on to win the election by 3,500 votes.&lt;ref&gt;Myers, Clay. Oregon Blue Book. Salem, Oregon: Office of the Secretary of State, 1970.&lt;/ref&gt; Packwood replaced U.S. Senate member [[Ted Kennedy]] from [[Massachusetts]] as the youngest member of the U.S. Senate.&lt;ref&gt;[[#kirsch|Kirschmeier]], p. 105.&lt;/ref&gt;

Packwood's voting record was moderate. He supported [[restriction]]s on gun owners and liberal [[civil rights]] legislation. Packwood voted in favor of making [[Martin Luther King Jr. Day]] as a [[Federal holidays in the United States|federal holiday]], and the [[Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987]] (as well as to override [[President of the United States|President]] [[Ronald Reagan]]'s veto).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/98-1983/s293|title=TO PASS H.R. 3706. (MOTION PASSED) SEE NOTE(S) 19.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/100-1988/s432|title=TO PASS S 557, CIVIL RIGHTS RESTORATION ACT, A BILL TO RESTORE THE BROAD COVERAGE AND CLARIFY FOUR CIVIL RIGHTS LAWS BY PROVIDING THAT IF ONE PART OF AN INSTITUTION IS FEDERALLY FUNDED, THEN THE ENTIRE INSTITUTION MUST NOT DISCRIMINATE.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/100-1988/s487|title=TO ADOPT, OVER THE PRESIDENT'S VETO OF S 557, CIVIL RIGHTS RESTORATION ACT, A BILL TO RESTORE BROAD COVERAGE OF FOUR CIVIL RIGHTS LAWS BY DECLARING THAT IF ONE PART OF AN INSTITUTION RECEIVES FEDERAL FUNDS, THEN THE ENTIRE INSTITUTION MUST NOT DISCRIMINATE. TWO-THIRDS OF THE SENATE, HAVING VOTED IN THE AFFIRMATIVE, OVERRODE THE PRESIDENTIAL VETO.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1995, Packwood resigned from the Senate after a sex scandal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Packwood May Return To Politics |author=New York Times News Service |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=1998-04-09 |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-04-09/news/9804090294_1_bob-packwood-accusations-of-sexual-misconduct-oregon-legislature |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305003055/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-04-09/news/9804090294_1_bob-packwood-accusations-of-sexual-misconduct-oregon-legislature |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Shortly before his resignation, a U.S. Senate [[ethic]]s committee led by Senators [[Barbara Boxer]] and [[Mitch McConnell]] recommended that Packwood be removed from the senate.&lt;ref name=&quot;Seelye&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Seelye|first=Katharine Q.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/08/us/packwood-case-overview-packwood-says-he-quitting-ethics-panel-gives-evidence.html?pagewanted=all|title=The Packwood Case: The Overview; Packwood Says he is Quitting as Ethics Panel Gives Evidence|work=The New York Times|date=September 8, 1995|access-date=October 11, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; After his resignation, Packwood went to [[rehab center|rehab]] for his [[alcoholism]], which he blamed for sexually abusing several women.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Gabriel|first1=Trip|title=The Trials Of Bob Packwood|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/29/magazine/the-trials-of-bob-packwood.html|access-date=October 7, 2014|work=New York Times|date=August 29, 1993}}&lt;/ref&gt;

He was the last living former U.S. senator who took office in the 1960s and the last living former U.S. senator who served during the Presidency of [[Lyndon B. Johnson]].&lt;ref name=NYT/&gt;&lt;ref name=death/&gt;

==Later life and death==
Packwood stayed involved in politics as a lobbyist and a political consultant. He lived in a [[suburb]] of Portland, with his second wife Elaine.&lt;ref name=OL&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/mapes/index.ssf/2014/01/bob_packwood_still_lobbying_at.html |title=Bob Packwood, still lobbying at 81, says Sen. Ron Wyden faces tough odds as Finance chairman |author=Jeff Mapes |date=January 10, 2014 |publisher=Oregon Live |access-date=2 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; She used to be his [[chief of staff]].&lt;ref name=OL/&gt;

Packwood died under [[hospice care]] in [[Rancho Mirage, California]] on June 6, 2026, at the age of 93.&lt;ref name=death&gt;{{cite web|title=Bob Packwood, longtime Oregon Senator marred by scandal, dies at 93|url=https://www.opb.org/article/2026/06/06/bob-packwood-longtime-oregon-senator-marred-by-scandal-dies-at-93/|last1=VanderHart|first1=Dirk|last2=Foden-Vencil|first2=Kristian|publisher=OPB|date=June 6, 2026|access-date=June 6, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NYT&gt;{{Cite news |last=Seelye |first=Katharine Q. |date=2026-06-06 |title=Bob Packwood, Senator Forced to Quit in Sex Scandal, Dies at 93 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/06/06/us/politics/bob-packwood-dead.html |access-date=2026-06-07 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Other websites==
{{commonscat}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030920043055/http://www.courttv.com/archive/legaldocs/government/packwood2.html Text of the Senate's resolution for investigation, May 17, 1995.]
* [https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/09/us/packwood-is-leaving-as-a-pariah-in-his-state.html?scp=5&amp;sq=%22willamette%20university%22%20library&amp;st=cse &quot;Packwood Is Leaving As a Pariah In His State&quot;],{{subscription required}} ''The New York Times''
* [http://purl.lib.ua.edu/82844 Speech by Robert Packwood given on November 3, 1969.] Audio recording from [http://purl.lib.ua.edu/18388 The University of Alabama's Emphasis Symposium on Contemporary Issues]
* {{C-SPAN|468}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Packwood, Bob}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:American lobbyists]]
[[Category:Politicians from Portland, Oregon]]
[[Category:United States senators from Oregon]]
[[Category:Republican Party (United States) politicians]]
[[Category:Lawyers from Portland, Oregon]]
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{{Infobox officeholder
| name               = Bob Packwood
| image              = RWPackwood.jpg
| office             = Chair of the [[United States Senate Committee on Finance|Senate Finance Committee]]
| term_start         = January 3, 1995
| term_end           = October 1, 1995
| predecessor        = [[Daniel Patrick Moynihan]]
| successor          = [[William Roth]]
| term_start1        = January 3, 1985
| term_end1          = January 3, 1987
| predecessor1       = [[Bob Dole]]
| successor1         = [[Lloyd Bentsen]]
| office2            = Chair of the [[United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation|Senate Commerce Committee]]
| term_start2        = January 3, 1981
| term_end2          = January 3, 1985
| predecessor2       = [[Howard Cannon]]
| successor2         = [[John Danforth]]
| jr/sr3             = United States Senator
| state3             = [[Oregon]]
| term_start3        = January 3, 1969
| term_end3          = October 1, 1995
| predecessor3       = [[Wayne Morse]]
| successor3         = [[Ron Wyden]]
| state_house4       = Oregon
| term_start4        = January 14, 1963
| term_end4          = January 3, 1969
| district4          = 6th
| predecessor4       = ''Multi-member district''
| successor4         = ''Multi-member district''
| birth_name         = Robert William Packwood
| birth_date         = {{birth date|1932|9|11}}
| birth_place        = [[Portland, Oregon]], U.S.
| death_date         = {{death date and age|2026|6|6|1932|9|11}}
| death_place        = [[Rancho Mirage, California]], U.S.
| party              = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| spouse             = {{marriage|Georgie Oberteuffer|1964|1992|end=div}}&lt;br&gt;{{marriage|Elaine Franklin|1998}}
| children           = 2
| education          = [[Willamette University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])&lt;br&gt;[[New York University]] ([[Juris Doctor|JD]])
| module             = {{Listen |pos=center |embed=yes |filename=Sen. Bob Packwood Introduces an Amendment to the Community Development Banking and Financial Institutions Act of 1994.ogg |title=Packwood's voice |type=speech |description=Packwood introducing an amendment to the Community Development Banking and Financial Institutions Act of 1994.&lt;br&gt;Recorded March 16, 1994}}
}}
'''Robert William &quot;Bob&quot; Packwood''' (September 11, 1932 &amp;ndash; June 6, 2026) was an [[Americans|American]] politician and lawyer. He was a [[United States Senator]] from the [[United States state|state]] of [[Oregon]] from 1969 to 1995.&lt;ref name=BDUSC/&gt; 

Although a member of the conservative [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], Packwood was a moderate. He voted differently from other members of his party many times. Packwood resigned from the U.S. Senate in 1995 after it was discovered he [[sexual abuse|sexually abused]] several female staffers and lobbyists.&lt;ref name=NYT/&gt;

==Early life==
Packwood was born in [[Portland, Oregon]].&lt;ref name=BDUSC&gt;{{cite web |url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=p000009 |title=PACKWOOD, Robert William, (1932 - ) |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |publisher=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress |access-date=2 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; He studied at [[Willamette University]] and later studied law at [[New York University]]. He was elected to the [[Oregon House of Representatives]] in 1963. He left the state house in 1969 after being elected U.S. Senator.

==U.S. Senate==
In 1968, Packwood was nominated to run for the U.S. Senate in Oregon as the Republican candidate against [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] incumbent [[Wayne Morse]]. Since little was known about Packwood, he was given little chance to win.&lt;ref&gt;Portland Oregonian, October 26, 1968.&lt;/ref&gt; However, he would go on to win the election by 3,500 votes.&lt;ref&gt;Myers, Clay. Oregon Blue Book. Salem, Oregon: Office of the Secretary of State, 1970.&lt;/ref&gt; Packwood replaced U.S. Senate member [[Ted Kennedy]] from [[Massachusetts]] as the youngest member of the U.S. Senate.&lt;ref&gt;[[#kirsch|Kirschmeier]], p. 105.&lt;/ref&gt;

Packwood's voting record was moderate. He supported [[restriction]]s on gun owners and liberal [[civil rights]] legislation. Packwood voted in favor of making [[Martin Luther King Jr. Day]] as a [[Federal holidays in the United States|federal holiday]], and the [[Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987]] (as well as to override [[President of the United States|President]] [[Ronald Reagan]]'s veto).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/98-1983/s293|title=TO PASS H.R. 3706. (MOTION PASSED) SEE NOTE(S) 19.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/100-1988/s432|title=TO PASS S 557, CIVIL RIGHTS RESTORATION ACT, A BILL TO RESTORE THE BROAD COVERAGE AND CLARIFY FOUR CIVIL RIGHTS LAWS BY PROVIDING THAT IF ONE PART OF AN INSTITUTION IS FEDERALLY FUNDED, THEN THE ENTIRE INSTITUTION MUST NOT DISCRIMINATE.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/100-1988/s487|title=TO ADOPT, OVER THE PRESIDENT'S VETO OF S 557, CIVIL RIGHTS RESTORATION ACT, A BILL TO RESTORE BROAD COVERAGE OF FOUR CIVIL RIGHTS LAWS BY DECLARING THAT IF ONE PART OF AN INSTITUTION RECEIVES FEDERAL FUNDS, THEN THE ENTIRE INSTITUTION MUST NOT DISCRIMINATE. TWO-THIRDS OF THE SENATE, HAVING VOTED IN THE AFFIRMATIVE, OVERRODE THE PRESIDENTIAL VETO.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Packwood was the Chair of the [[United States Senate Committee on Finance|Senate Finance Committee]] twice from 1985 to 1987 and again for a few months in 1995.&lt;ref name=NYT/&gt;

In 1995, Packwood resigned from the Senate after a sex scandal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Packwood May Return To Politics |author=New York Times News Service |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=1998-04-09 |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-04-09/news/9804090294_1_bob-packwood-accusations-of-sexual-misconduct-oregon-legislature |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305003055/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-04-09/news/9804090294_1_bob-packwood-accusations-of-sexual-misconduct-oregon-legislature |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Shortly before his resignation, a U.S. Senate [[ethic]]s committee led by Senators [[Barbara Boxer]] and [[Mitch McConnell]] recommended that Packwood be removed from the senate.&lt;ref name=&quot;Seelye&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Seelye|first=Katharine Q.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/08/us/packwood-case-overview-packwood-says-he-quitting-ethics-panel-gives-evidence.html?pagewanted=all|title=The Packwood Case: The Overview; Packwood Says he is Quitting as Ethics Panel Gives Evidence|work=The New York Times|date=September 8, 1995|access-date=October 11, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; After his resignation, Packwood went to [[rehab center|rehab]] for his [[alcoholism]], which he blamed for sexually abusing several women.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Gabriel|first1=Trip|title=The Trials Of Bob Packwood|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/29/magazine/the-trials-of-bob-packwood.html|access-date=October 7, 2014|work=New York Times|date=August 29, 1993}}&lt;/ref&gt;

He was the last living former U.S. senator who took office in the 1960s and the last living former U.S. senator who served during the Presidency of [[Lyndon B. Johnson]].&lt;ref name=NYT/&gt;&lt;ref name=death/&gt;

==Later life and death==
Packwood stayed involved in politics as a lobbyist and a political consultant. He lived in a [[suburb]] of Portland, with his second wife Elaine.&lt;ref name=OL&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/mapes/index.ssf/2014/01/bob_packwood_still_lobbying_at.html |title=Bob Packwood, still lobbying at 81, says Sen. Ron Wyden faces tough odds as Finance chairman |author=Jeff Mapes |date=January 10, 2014 |publisher=Oregon Live |access-date=2 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; She used to be his [[chief of staff]].&lt;ref name=OL/&gt;

Packwood died under [[hospice care]] in [[Rancho Mirage, California]] on June 6, 2026, at the age of 93.&lt;ref name=death&gt;{{cite web|title=Bob Packwood, longtime Oregon Senator marred by scandal, dies at 93|url=https://www.opb.org/article/2026/06/06/bob-packwood-longtime-oregon-senator-marred-by-scandal-dies-at-93/|last1=VanderHart|first1=Dirk|last2=Foden-Vencil|first2=Kristian|publisher=OPB|date=June 6, 2026|access-date=June 6, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NYT&gt;{{Cite news |last=Seelye |first=Katharine Q. |date=2026-06-06 |title=Bob Packwood, Senator Forced to Quit in Sex Scandal, Dies at 93 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/06/06/us/politics/bob-packwood-dead.html |access-date=2026-06-07 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Other websites==
{{commonscat}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030920043055/http://www.courttv.com/archive/legaldocs/government/packwood2.html Text of the Senate's resolution for investigation, May 17, 1995.]
* [https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/09/us/packwood-is-leaving-as-a-pariah-in-his-state.html?scp=5&amp;sq=%22willamette%20university%22%20library&amp;st=cse &quot;Packwood Is Leaving As a Pariah In His State&quot;],{{subscription required}} ''The New York Times''
* [http://purl.lib.ua.edu/82844 Speech by Robert Packwood given on November 3, 1969.] Audio recording from [http://purl.lib.ua.edu/18388 The University of Alabama's Emphasis Symposium on Contemporary Issues]
* {{C-SPAN|468}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Packwood, Bob}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:American lobbyists]]
[[Category:Politicians from Portland, Oregon]]
[[Category:United States senators from Oregon]]
[[Category:Republican Party (United States) politicians]]
[[Category:Lawyers from Portland, Oregon]]
{{bio-stub}}</text>
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  <page>
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        <id>1817545</id>
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      <text bytes="6146" sha1="pjfb12eb19ujf1m8uwzt503i7jgnb1y" xml:space="preserve">{{Use Canadian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| logo                = Logo de Nerd Corps Entertainmient.png
| type                = Division
| founded             = {{Start date and age|2002}}
| founder             = Asaph Fipke&lt;br&gt;Chuck Johnson
| defunct             = {{End date and age|2016}}
| hq_location_city    = [[Vancouver, British Columbia]]
| hq_location_country = Canada
| key_people          = Jothan Guyar
| owner               = [[DHX Media]]
}}
'''Nerd Corps Entertainment''' is a Canadian [[animation studio]] located in Vancouver, British Columbia. Nerd Corps has been world known for ''[[Slugterra]]'' television series. It airs on [[Disney XD]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bctechnology.com/companies/Nerd-Corps-Entertainment.cfm|title=Nerd Corps Entertainment Profile on T-Net|website=www.bctechnology.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[DHX Media]] bought the company for $57 million in December 24, 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Canada's DHX Media to Acquire Cartoon Maker Nerd Corps {{!}} Hollywood Reporter|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/canadas-dhx-media-acquire-cartoon-753259#:~:text=Teletubbies%20owner%20DHX%20Media%20now,Corps%20Entertainment%20for%20$57%20million.|access-date=August 20, 2020 |website=www.hollywoodreporter.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; It became a Subsidiary of DHX Media.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=December 2, 2014|origyear=Last Updated December 2, 2014|title=DHX Media buys Vancouver animation studio Nerd Corps - CBC News|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/dhx-media-buys-vancouver-animation-studio-nerd-corps-1.2857777|website=CBC|agency=The Canadian Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nerd Corps Entertainment is one of the largest children's animation studios in North America. Founded by Asaph Fipke and Chuck Johnson in 2002. Nerd Corps has grown from a small operation working out of an apartment in downtown Vancouver to more than 400 artists and storytellers.

==Filmography==
===Television series===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size:90%; width:100%;&quot;
! colspan=1 | Series
! colspan=1 | Release date
! colspan=2 | Network (Canada and United States)
! colspan=1 | Co-production
+
New look
|-
| ''[[Dragon Booster]]''
| October 23, 2004―December 16, 2006
| [[CBC Kids|Kids' CBC]]
| [[ABC Family]]
| ApolloScreen Filmprodukion, the Story Hat and Alliance Atlantis)
|-
| ''[[Storm Hawks]]''
| May 25, 2007―April 6, 2009
| rowspan=2 | [[YTV (Canadian TV channel)|YTV]]
| rowspan=3 | [[Cartoon Network]]
|
|-
| ''[[League of Super Evil]]''
| March 7, 2009—August 25, 2012
|
|-
| ''[[Hot Wheels Battle Force 5]]''
| August 29, 2009―July 16, 2011
| [[Teletoon]]
| Mattel and Nelvana
|-
| ''[[Rated A for Awesome]]''
| June 20, 2011―January 31, 2012
| YTV
| rowspan=3 | [[Disney XD]]
| 
|-
| ''[[Slugterra]]''
| September 3, 2012―October 25, 2016
| [[Family Channel]]&lt;br&gt;[[WildBrainTV|Family CHRGD]]
| Continued on as [[WildBrain|DHX Studios Vancouver]])
|-
| ''[[Max Steel (2013 TV series)|Max Steel]]''
| March 25, 2013―December 6, 2014
| Teletoon
| FremantleMedia Kids &amp; Family and Mattel Playground Productions
|-
| ''[[Kate &amp; Mim-Mim]]'' (original series)
| September 1, 2014―March 23, 2018
| [[Knowledge Kids]]
| [[Disney Jr.]]
| FremantleMedia Kids &amp; Family and continued on as DHX Studios Vancouver
|-
| ''[[Blaze and the Monster Machines]]''
| October 13, 2014―present
| [[Treehouse TV]]
| [[Nick Jr.]]
| [[Nickelodeon Animation Studio]] and continued on as DHX Studios Vancouver
|-
| ''[[Endangered Species]]''
| March 3–June 2, 2015
| [[Teletoon]]
| [[Disney XD]]
|
|-
| ''[[The Deep (TV series)|The Deep]]''
| December 7, 2015―July 19, 2022
| [[WildBrainTV]]
| [[Universal Kids]]
| A Stark Production, [[Technicolor Animation|Technicolor]], Infinite Studios, BBC Children's Productions, continued on as DHX Studios Vancouver
|}

===Feature movies===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size:90%; width:100%;&quot;
! rowspan=1 | Movie
! rowspan=1 | Release date
! rowspan=1 | Co-production
! rowspan=1 | Franchise
|-
| ''Why Do Ghouls Fall in Love?''
| February 12, 2012
| rowspan=6 | [[Mattel|Mattel Entertainment]]
| rowspan=7 | Monster High
|-
| ''Escape from Skull Shores''
| April 13, 2012
|-
| ''Ghouls Rule''
| October 26, 2012
|-
| ''Friday Night Frights''
| September 6, 2013
|-
| ''Scaris: City of Frights''
| March 3, 2013
|-
| ''13 Wishes''
| October 25, 2013
|-
| ''Frights, Camera, Action!''
| April 18, 2014
| Mattel Playground Productions
|-
| ''Ghoul from Beyond''
| March 17, 2014
| rowspan=2 |
| rowspan=2 | Slugterra
|-
| ''Return of the Elementals''
| March 31, 2014&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Beck |first=Jerry |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/animationscoop/shout-factory-to-release-slugterra-theatrical-feature-in-august-20140701 |title=Shout Factory to Release &quot;Slugterra&quot; Theatrical Feature i &amp;#124; Animation Scoop |date=July 2014 |publisher=[[IndieWire|IndieWire Blogs]] |access-date=June 4, 2015 |archive-date=July 8, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708114320/http://blogs.indiewire.com/animationscoop/shout-factory-to-release-slugterra-theatrical-feature-in-august-20140701 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''Freaky Fusion''
| October 24, 2014
| rowspan=5 | Mattel Playground Productions
| rowspan=2 | Monster High
|-
| ''Haunted''
| April 17, 2015
|-
| ''The Warth of Makino''
| rowspan=2 | June 27, 2015
| rowspan=3 | Max Steel
|-
| ''Dawn of Morphos''
|-
| ''Maximum Morphs''
| August 2, 2015
|-
| ''Boo York, Boo York''
| October 25, 2015
| rowspan=2 | Mattel Playground Productions (credited by DHX Media)
| rowspan=2 | Monster High
|-
| ''Great Scarrier Reef''
| February 12, 2016 (DVD)
|}

==References==
&lt;references group=&quot;American's DHX Media&quot; responsive=&quot;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;references /&gt;
== Other websites == 
* [http://nerdcorps.com/ Nerd Corps Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114074915/http://nerdcorps.com/ |date=January 14, 2015 }}
[[Category:2002 establishments in British Columbia]]
[[Category:2016 disestablishments in British Columbia]]
[[Category:Canadian animation studios]]
[[Category:Companies based in Vancouver]]
[[Category:WildBrain]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chile women's national football team</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <parentid>10011123</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T19:44:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>I diaze1993</username>
        <id>376908</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* FIFA Women's World Cup FIFA.com profile {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406230350/https://www.fifa.com/associations/association=chi/ |date=2018-04-06 }} Retrieved in 2015-06-22 {{in lang|es|en}} */</comment>
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      <text bytes="2119" sha1="rr7pqt7p8mbhmr9tuaov5mqsbpb8dkz" xml:space="preserve">'''Chile women's national football team''' ({{lang-es|Selección femenina de fútbol de Chile}}) represents [[Chile]] on the women's side in [[association football]]. It is controlled by [[Chilean Football Federation|ANFP]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.anfp.cl/seleccion-femenina ''anfp.cl''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630183359/http://www.anfp.cl/seleccion-femenina |date=2015-06-30 }} Retrieved in 2015-06-22 {{in lang|es}}&lt;/ref&gt; and its member of [[CONMEBOL]]. Additionally, the team has qualified for [[FIFA Women's World Cup]] in [[2019]].

== Tournament records ==
=== FIFA Women's World Cup &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.fifa.com/associations/association=chi/ ''FIFA.com'' profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406230350/https://www.fifa.com/associations/association=chi/ |date=2018-04-06 }} Retrieved in 2015-06-22 {{in lang|es|en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; width:50%;&quot;
|-
!colspan=10|World Cup Finals
|-
!Year
!Result
!GP
!W
!D*
!L
!GF
!GA
!GD
|-
||{{flagicon|China|}} [[1991 FIFA Women's World Cup|1991]]||colspan=8 rowspan=7|''Did not qualify''
|-
||{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[1995 FIFA Women's World Cup|1995]]
|-
||{{flagicon|USA}} [[1999 FIFA Women's World Cup|1999]]
|-
||{{flagicon|USA}} [[2003 FIFA Women's World Cup|2003]]
|-
||{{flagicon|China}} [[2007 FIFA Women's World Cup|2007]]
|-
||{{flagicon|Germany}} [[2011 FIFA Women's World Cup|2011]]
|-
||{{flagicon|Canada}} [[2015 FIFA Women's World Cup|2015]]
|-
||{{flagicon|France}} [[2019 FIFA Women's World Cup|2019]]||Group Stage||3||1||0||2||2||5||−3
|-
||{{flagicon|Australia}}{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[2023 FIFA Women's World Cup|2023]]||colspan=8 rowspan=2|''Did not qualify''
|-
||{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[2027 FIFA Women's World Cup|2027]] 
|- bgcolor=#F2F2F2
|'''Total'''||1/10||3||1||0||2||2||5||−3
|}

== Related pages ==
* [[Chile national football team]]

== References ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{National sports teams of Chile}}
{{sports-stub}}

[[Category:South American women's national association football teams]]
[[Category:Football in Chile]]
[[Category:National sports teams of Chile]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mdakra</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>518970</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880755</id>
      <parentid>10864327</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T04:04:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ravensfire</username>
        <id>121204</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-30219-00|~2026-30219-00]] ([[User talk:~2026-30219-00|talk]]) to last version by ~2026-10477-66</comment>
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      <text bytes="8239" sha1="scdh7yjib93uhgx2oyy5z160xisep8l" xml:space="preserve">'''Mdakra''' (Arabic: المذاكرة) are a Moroccan predominantly Arab and Berber tribe, traditionally forming part of the Chaouia tribal confederation. Their primary administrative and economic centers are the towns of [[:en:El_Gara|El Gara]] and [[:en:Benslimane|Benslimane]].

{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Mdakra (المذاكرة)
| image            = Tbourida Moroccan folklore fantasy.jpg
| regions          = [[Morocco]] ([[Chaouia]])
| languages        = [[Maghrebi Arabic]] (Banu Hassan dialects)
| religions        = [[Islam]]
| related          = [[Banu Hilal]], [[Maqil]], [[Houara]], [[Masmouda]]
}}

Origins Historically, the Mdakra were composed of two distinct ethnic elements: a Berber element, represented by the Mellila fraction, and a majority Arab element comprising the Ahlaf, Oulad Sabbah and Ouled Ali fractions. The Mellila and Houara Ancestry are historically linked to the Houara branch, descending from Meld, the brother of Houar and son of Aurigh. During the [[Muslim conquests]], the Houara tribes were located in Tripolitania (modern Libya). They migrated westward through Tunisia and across the Maghreb. [[Ibn Khaldun]] notes that while they were once a proud and independent people, the vicissitudes of history and taxation led to their dispersal and impoverishment across various regions of [[North Africa]]. The Ahlaf and Maqilian Origins The Ahlaf are attributed to a Maqilian lineage, originally established in northeastern Morocco. 

This group was divided into two main branches: the [[Amarna]] and the Mounbat. Their arrival in the Tamesna region (modern Chaouia) remains a subject of historical study. Ibn Khaldun describes certain Ahlaf factions as nomadic desert-dwellers who controlled caravan routes and Saharan settlements.  

'''The Ouled Sabbah / Sabih''', their identity is a focal point of historiographical debate.  

While the work Al-Istiqsa classifies them as [[:en:Banu_Hilal|'''Hilalians''']] of the Riyah branch via the '''[https://tribes-of-mena.fandom.com/fr/wiki/Banu_al-Akhdar Banu Akhdar] (بنو الأخضر)''' , other analysis suggests this was an administrative categorization based on geographic location. Conversely, Ibn Khaldun firmly attaches them to the [[:en:Maqil|'''Maqil''']] Arabs, a view corroborated by their close affiliation with the '''Ouled Ali''', a predominantly Maqilian tribe. 

Originally from the banks of the Moulouya River, they have been affiliated with the Banu Maqilv(Jafarids, descendants of [[:en:Ja'far_ibn_Abi_Talib|Ja'far ibn Abi Talib]]). They claim kinship with the Banu Hassan, as supported by genealogical records, the noble warrior branch of the Maqil. Historical Precision: The Akhdar branch is not indigenous to the Banu Hilal.   

In reality, their ancestral identity Akhdar is not of Hilalian origin. Historically, the [https://tribes-of-mena.fandom.com/fr/wiki/Banu_al-Akhdar '''Banu Akhdar'''] (بنو الأخضر) refers to a '''[[:en:Alids|Sharifian (Alid)]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;descent'''. Following the collapse of the '''[[:fr:Banu_al-Ukhaïdhir|Banu al-Ukhaidhir]]''' (Ukhaydirid) state in Arabia from the 9th to mid-11th century, these lineages integrated with the Bedouins of Maqilian migrations for political survival.  

Thus, historically their lineage trace back to '''Muhammed ibn Yusuf Al-Ukhaydir''', known as '''&quot;Amir Al-Akhdar.&quot;''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_al-Ibar] Settlement on the banks of the [[Moulouya River]] marked their definitive integration into the [[Maqil]] confederation, where they maintained their status as '''&quot;Chorfa&quot;''' (nobles) while assuming leadership roles within the tribal alliances of Eastern Morocco and the [[Chaouia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Talat&quot; /&gt; 

History Formation and Early Influence (11th – 18th Century) The Mdakra emerged from a &quot;superposition&quot; of peoples. The original inhabitants of the Tamesna plains were the Berghouata (a Masmouda tribe). Following the Almoravid and [[Almohad]] persecutions in the 12th century, the Berghouata vanished as a political entity, coinciding with the arrival of Arab tribes. Elements of Berghouata heritage remain within the Ouled Salah fraction. Conflict with the Mzab In the 18th century, the Mdakra occupied the territories of Mqarto and Ziou. During a conflict between the Ouled Bou Rezq and the Ouled Bou Atiya, the Mdakra were betrayed by their temporary allies, the Mzab. 

This led to a retreat westward, causing the Mdakra to displace the Ziyaïda and Ouled Zian tribes. Resistance Against French Colonization (1907–1914) The Mdakra were among the most bellicose tribes of the Chaouia, participating in every major engagement against French forces. They were the last tribe to submit during the pacification of the region. A notable engagement was the Battle of Fakhakha (February 28, 1908), described as one of the bloodiest of the campaign. 

Tribal Organization The tribe is divided into two primary geographic and sociological groups: 1. People of the Plains (Moualine Louta) Predominantly of Arab origin, led historically by figures such as Abdelkader ben Al-Hajj Al-Ma'ti Ould Al-Farjiya.

* '''Ouled Sabbah:''' This fraction includes the sub-groups of Zbirat, Ouled Atiya, Ouled Faida, Ouled Zidane, and Ouled Qorra.
* '''Ouled Ali:''' A major fraction closely associated with the Ouled Sabbah through shared Maqil ancestry.

 
2. People of the Forest (Moualine Lghaba) Of [[Arab-Berber]] origin, known for their semi-nomadic lifestyle and historical independence from the central government (the [[Makhzen]]).

* '''Ahlaf:''' Of Arab origin, consisting of the branches Ouled Hassan, Ouled Ljich, and Zzkama.
* '''Mellila:''' Of Berber (Houara) origin. This group includes the Ouled Salah, who are considered the descendants of the ancient Berghouata.

 
Territory The Mdakra territory covers approximately 70,000 hectares in the Chaouia plain. It is bordered by the Ziyaïda to the north, the Ouled Hriz to the west, the Zaers to the east, and the Mzab to the south. The Ouled Sabbah lands are noted for being exceptionally fertile and highly developed for agriculture. Notable Figures and Families The tribe has a rich tradition of Sufi saints and scholars, though many historical details were lost during the transition from oral to written records.

== Prominent Sufi Shrines ==

* '''Ouled Sabbah:''' Sidi Moussa Ben Ayed, Sidi Ahmed Ben 'Olayan, and Sidi Mass'oud Sabahi.
* '''Ahlaf:''' Sidi Bou'bid, Lalla Aïcha, and Sidi Qassim.
* '''Mellila:''' Moulay Idriss and Sidi Ahmed Al Sharif.

 
'''Historical Families'''

'''Ouled Ali''': The Ouled El-Medkouriya, who held royal decrees (Dahirs) granting them command of the tribe.
&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; 

'''Ouled Sabbah''': Chorfas: The Ouled El-Fardjiya
&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Represented primarily by the Ouled Ben Smain and Ouled Sidi Ahmed and the holders of noble decrees, known as the Ouled Chouirfa, dating back to the reign of Moulay Ismaïl.

 
==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in Morocco]]
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=&lt;ref name=&quot;Istiqsa&quot;&gt;[[Ahmad ibn Khalid al-Nasiri]], ''Al-Istiqsa li-Akhbar Duwal al-Maghrib al-Aqsa'', Vol. 2. (Primary Moroccan source discussing Hilalian and Maqilian migrations).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;VillesChaouia&quot;&gt;Mission Scientifique du Maroc, ''Villes et Tribus du Maroc: Casablanca et la Chaouia'', Tome II, Ed. Leroux, Paris, 1915. (Standard colonial-era ethnographic survey of the region).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Khaldun&quot;&gt;[[Ibn Khaldun]], ''Kitab al-Ibar'' (The Book of Lessons). (Foundation text for Maghrebi tribal genealogy).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Talat&quot;&gt;Ahmad ibn Khalid al-Nasiri, ''Tal'at al-Mushtari fi al-Nasab al-Jafari''. (Specialized genealogical study on the Jafarid origins of the Maqil confederation).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Moulieras&quot;&gt;Auguste Mouliéras, ''Le Maroc inconnu : Etude géographique et ethnographique'', 1899. (Source for rural Sufi saints and oral traditions).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Kannouni&quot;&gt;Ahmed Kannouni El Madhkouri, ''Poetry and Struggle'' (Manuscript archive). (Source for local cultural and resistance history).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;RoyalArchive&quot;&gt;Abdelaziz bin Abdallah, ''The Moroccan Tribes'', Royal Archives of Morocco. (Official state records on Sharifian decrees/Dahirs).&lt;/ref&gt;}}


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  <page>
    <title>Shivaji</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>10880558</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-06T20:52:19Z</timestamp>
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        <username>BRPever</username>
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      <comment>Reverted to revision 7588768 by Nenetarun: rv. ([[WP:TW|TW]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="2614" sha1="nij2wnqdzlgvrthjfe9fjgpn9h2u0x4" xml:space="preserve">[[File: Death of Afzal Khan.jpg|thumb|''Death of Afzal Khan'']]
'''Shivaji''' was the founder of [[Maratha dynasty]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Biography of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj (Shivaji Raje Bhosale)|url=http://www.importantindia.com/9529/shivaji-maharaj-biography/|publisher=Important India|access-date=9 September 2016|archive-date=1 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901222844/http://www.importantindia.com/9529/shivaji-maharaj-biography/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; and a warrior king of Maharashtra. He is popularly known as '''Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj'''. Shivaji was born in the Shivneri Fort in [[Maharashtra]] on 19 February 1630 to mother Jijabai and father Shahaji bhosale. It is said that mother Jijabai to goddess Shivai on Shivneri fort for a brave son and kept her son name as ''Shivaji''.{{fact|date=February 2021}}

At 15 years, he conquered the Torna Fort. The Chakan fort and the Kondana Fort were taken by bribing the Adil Shahi governor. Afzal Khan tried to attempt treachery with Raje Shivaji, Shivaji killed him with Tiger claws. He became the biggest enemy of [[Mughal dynasty|Mughal]] [[Aurangzeb|Emperor Aurangzeb]].  He was arrested in Agra Fort by Aurangzeb, but he escaped by using great wits. In 1674 he was coronated. 

In late March 1680, he fell ill with fever and [[dysentery]](blood from excrement), dying around 3–5 April 1680 at the age of 52, on the eve of [[Hanuman Jayanti]]. Rumors followed his death, with Muslims believing he had died because of a curse from [[Jan Muhammad of Jalna]]{{fact|date=February 2021}}. Some also believe that his second wife, [[Soyarabai]], poisoned him so that his crown might pass to her 10-year-old son [[Rajaram Chhatrapati|Rajaram]]{{fact|date=February 2021}}.

After his death, the widowed Soyarabai made plans with various ministers of the administration to crown her son Rajaram rather than her prodigal stepson Sambhaji. On 21 April 1680, ten-year-old Rajaram was installed on the throne. However, Sambhaji took possession of the [[Raigad Fort]] after killing the commander. On 18 June, he acquired control of Raigad, and formally ascended the throne on 20 July.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Truschke |first1=Audrey |title=Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King |date=2017 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-1-5036-0259-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUUkDwAAQBAJ |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1630 births]]
[[Category:1680 deaths]]
[[Category:Emperors and empresses]]
[[Category:Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Deaths from dysentery]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Superman: Tower of Power</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>10880671</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-07T01:02:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A876</username>
        <id>213709</id>
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      <comment>+link. 2 of 4 are long closed. yawn.</comment>
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      <text bytes="535" sha1="iq36r43dc2167voaewymyu72ligfxv3" xml:space="preserve">'''Superman: Tower of Power''' is a [[drop tower]] thrill ride located at [[Six Flags Over Texas]] and [[Six Flags Over Georgia]]. (It is no longer at [[Six Flags St. Louis]] or [[Six Flags Kentucky Kingdom]].)

{{Six Flags Over Texas}}
{{Six Flags St. Louis}}
{{Six Flags Over Georgia}}
{{Superman in amusement parks}}
[[Category:1995 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in the United States]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>John F. Kelly</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-06T15:31:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jun62026herme1</username>
        <id>1817399</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
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      <text bytes="11249" sha1="hv8s1a1sacaihz5fabeeb2rgy3ww9z2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
|name         = John Kelly
|image        = John Kelly official DHS portrait.jpg
|office       = [[List of White House Chiefs of Staff|28th]] [[White House Chief of Staff]]
|president    = [[Donald Trump]]
|term_start   = July 31, 2017
|term_end     = January 2, 2019
|deputy       = [[Joe Hagin]]&lt;br&gt;[[Rick Dearborn]]
|predecessor  = [[Reince Priebus]]
|successor    = [[Mick Mulvaney]] {{small|(Acting)}}
|office1      = 5th [[United States Secretary of Homeland Security]] 
|president1   = [[Donald Trump]]
|deputy1      = [[Elaine Duke]]
|term_start1  = January 20, 2017
|term_end1    = July 31, 2017
|predecessor1 = [[Jeh Johnson]]
|successor1   = [[Kirstjen Nielsen]]
|office2      = Commander of [[United States Southern Command]]
|president2   = [[Barack Obama]]
|term_start2  = November 19, 2012
|term_end2    = January 16, 2016 
|predecessor2 = [[Douglas M. Fraser|Douglas Fraser]]
|successor2   = [[Kurt W. Tidd|Kurt Tidd]]
|birth_name   = John Francis Kelly
|birth_date   = {{birth date|1950|05|11}}
|birth_place  = [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], U.S.
|death_date   = {{death date and age|2026|06|06|1950|05|11}}
|death_place  = 
|party        = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|spouse       = Karen Hernest
|children     = 3
|education    = [[University of Massachusetts Boston|University of Massachusetts, Boston]] {{small|([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])}}&lt;br&gt;[[Georgetown University]] {{small|([[Master of Arts|MA]])}}&lt;br&gt;[[National Defense University]] {{small|([[Master of Science|MS]])}}
|net_worth    = $4 million&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Here's What Each Member Of Trump's $4.5 Billion Cabinet Is Worth |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/chasewithorn/2016/12/22/heres-how-much-trumps-cabinet-is-really-worth/#3b5c6faf7169 |first=Chase |last=Peterson-Withorn |work=[[Forbes]] |date=December 22, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|allegiance   = {{flagu|United States}}
|branch       = {{flag|United States Marine Corps}}
|serviceyears = 1970–1972&lt;br&gt;1972–1976 {{small|(inactive reserves)}}&lt;br&gt;1976–2016
|rank         = [[File:US Marine 10 shoulderboard.svg|25px]] [[General (United States)|General]]
|commands     = [[United States Southern Command]]&lt;br&gt;[[1st Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion]]&lt;br&gt;[[Multi-National Force West|Multinational Force West]]
|battles      = [[Gulf War|Persian Gulf War]]&lt;br&gt;{{*}}[[Operation Desert Storm]]&lt;br&gt;[[Iraq War]]
|mawards      = [[Defense Distinguished Service Medal]]&lt;br&gt;[[Defense Superior Service Medal]]&lt;br&gt;[[Legion of Merit]] (2) with [[&quot;V&quot; Device|Valor]]
}}
'''John Francis Kelly''' (born May 11, 1950) is a retired [[United States Marine Corps]] [[General]]. He was the 28th [[White House Chief of Staff]] from July 31, 2017 to January 2, 2019.&lt;ref name=accouncement/&gt; Kelly was the 5th [[United States Secretary of Homeland Security]], serving from January through July 2017.

He is the former Commander of [[United States Southern Command]] (USSOUTHCOM). Kelly last served as the commanding general of the Multi-National Force—West in Iraq from February 2008 to February 2009, and as the commander of Marine Forces Reserve and Marine Forces North in October 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://slsp.manpower.usmc.mil/gosa/biographies/rptBiography.asp?PERSON_ID=4&amp;PERSON_TYPE=General |title=Official Biography: Lieutenant General John F. Kelly |access-date=2016-12-13 |archive-date=2011-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430124847/https://slsp.manpower.usmc.mil/GOSA/biographies/rptBiography.asp?PERSON_ID=4&amp;PERSON_TYPE=General |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Early life==
Kelly was born on May 11, 1950 in [[Boston, Massachusetts]],&lt;ref name=&quot;nomination&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Nominations before the Senate Armed Services Committee, Second Session, 112th Congress|url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-112shrg80073/pdf/CHRG-112shrg80073.pdf|publisher=Government Printing Office|access-date=December 13, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; into an [[Irish Catholic]] family.

He served for one year as a [[United States Merchant Marine]].&lt;ref name=Keenan&gt;{{cite news|last1=Keenan|first1=Sergeant Eric|title=Gen. John F. Kelly reflects on 45 years of service|url=http://www.marines.mil/News/News-Display/Article/643057/gen-john-f-kelly-reflects-on-45-years-of-service/|access-date=December 13, 2016|work=Defense Media Activity|publisher=U.S. Marine Corps|date=January 14, 2016|archive-date=December 20, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220084044/http://www.marines.mil/News/News-Display/Article/643057/gen-john-f-kelly-reflects-on-45-years-of-service/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kelly initially enlisted in the [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marine Corps]] in 1970, and was discharged from active duty as a sergeant in 1972.

Kelly received a Master of Science degree in National Security Studies from the [[Georgetown School of Foreign Service]] in 1984. He also studied at the [[University of Massachusetts, Boston]].

==United States Secretary of Homeland Security (2017)==
On December 7, 2016, it was reported that then-[[President-elect]] [[Donald Trump]] nominated Kelly to be the fifth [[United States Secretary of Homeland Security]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/donald-trump-gen-john-kelly-dhs-secretary-department-homeland-security/|title=Donald Trump picks Gen. John Kelly for Department of Homeland Security secretary|date=7 December 2016|work=CBS News|access-date=7 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On January 20, 2017, Kelly was confirmed as Secretary of Homeland Security by the [[United States Senate]] with a vote of 88-11.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=115&amp;session=1&amp;vote=00030|title=Senate vote on John F. Kelly nomination|date=January 20, 2017|website=Senate official website|access-date=January 22, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; On that evening he was sworn in by Vice-President [[Mike Pence|Pence]].

==White House Chief of Staff (2017&amp;ndash;2019)==
On July 28 2017, he was appointed to replace [[Reince Priebus]] as [[White House Chief of Staff]].&lt;ref name=accouncement&gt;{{cite web|work=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/28/us/politics/reince-priebus-white-house-trump.html?smid=tw-share|title=Reince Priebus Pushed Out After Rocky Tenure as Trump Chief of Staff|author1=Baker, Peter|author2=Haberman, Maggie|language=en|format=HTML}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Early into his tenure, media outlets such as ''The New York Times'', ''The Washington Post'' and [[FiveThirtyEight]] speculated that Kelly would bring moderation and discipline to the White House.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-the-media-bungled-the-john-kelly-story/|title=How The Media Bungled The John Kelly Story|last=Jr.|first=Perry Bacon|date=2018-02-20|work=FiveThirtyEight|access-date=2018-02-20|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318174411/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-the-media-bungled-the-john-kelly-story/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/28/us/politics/john-kelly-chief-of-staff-donald-trump.html|title=John Kelly, New Chief of Staff, Is Seen as Beacon of Discipline|last1=Nixon|first1=Ron|date=2017-07-28|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-02-20|last2=Shear|first2=Michael D.|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/in-john-kelly-trump-gets-a-plain-spoken-disciplinarian-as-his-chief-of-staff/2017/07/28/0c29cfc2-73db-11e7-9eac-d56bd5568db8_story.html|title=In John Kelly, Trump gets a plain-spoken disciplinarian as his chief of staff|last1=Jaffe|first1=Greg|date=2017-07-28|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2018-02-20|last2=deGrandpre|first2=Andrew|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}&lt;/ref&gt; In August 2017, early into Kelly's tenure, the ''Washington Post'' wrote that Kelly had &quot;left no discernible imprint on the White House's philosophy&quot; and that it was unclear if he would bring calm and rigor to the White House.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/john-kelly-is-an-apolitical-force-in-a-white-house-divided-by-ideology/2017/08/08/6a14cd4a-7c4a-11e7-9d08-b79f191668ed_story.html|title=Even in North Korea crisis, retired general John Kelly is an apolitical force in a White House divided by ideology|last1=Costa|first1=Robert|date=August 9, 2017|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=October 26, 2017|last2=Rucker|first2=Philip|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026113129/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/john-kelly-is-an-apolitical-force-in-a-white-house-divided-by-ideology/2017/08/08/6a14cd4a-7c4a-11e7-9d08-b79f191668ed_story.html|archive-date=October 26, 2017|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On December 8, 2018, Trump announced that Kelly would be leaving the position by the end of the year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2018/12/8/17117790/john-kelly-fired-resigned-trump|title=John Kelly is out as White House chief of staff, Trump announces|first=Andrew|last=Prokop|date=8 December 2018|website=Vox}}&lt;/ref&gt; He left the office on January 2, 2019.

==Personal life==
Kelly is married to Karen Hernest. They have three children.

In 2010, Kelly’s 29-year-old son, First Lieutenant Robert Kelly, was killed in action when he stepped on a landmine while leading a platoon of Marines on a patrol in [[Sangin]], [[Afghanistan]]. Robert Kelly's death made John Kelly the highest-ranking military officer to lose a son or daughter in Iraq or Afghanistan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Landler|first1=Mark|last2=Habberman|first2=Maggie|title=Donald Trump Picks John Kelly, Retired General, to Lead Homeland Security|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/07/us/politics/john-kelly-dhs-trump.html|access-date=January 4, 2017|work=New York Times|date=December 7, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Other websites==
{{Commons category-inline|John F. Kelly}}
{{wikiquote-inline}}
*{{cite web
|access-date=November 27, 2008
|url=http://www.mnfwest.usmc.mil
|title=Multi-National Force–West website
|archive-date=February 15, 2009
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215100517/http://www.mnfwest.usmc.mil/
|url-status=dead
}}

*{{cite news
|access-date=November 27, 2008
|url=http://www.defenselink.mil/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=51484
|title=U.S. Presence Still Needed for Stability in Anbar Province, General Says
|first=Kristen
|last=Noel
|date=October 12, 2008
|work=News Articles
|publisher=Armed Forces Press Service, [[United States Department of Defense|U.S. Department of Defense]]
|archive-date=October 14, 2008
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014014550/http://www.defenselink.mil/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=51484
|url-status=dead
}}

{{WHCOS}}
{{USSecHS}}
{{Trump cabinet}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kelly, John F.}}
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[[Category:Military people from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:White House Chiefs of Staff]]
[[Category:United States Secretaries of Homeland Security]]
[[Category:Politicians from Boston]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in the United States]]
[[Category:United States Marine Corps personnel]]
[[Category:American military personnel of the Gulf War]]
[[Category:American military personnel of the Iraq War]]</text>
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      <comment>[[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/Jun62026herme1|Jun62026herme1]] ([[User talk:Jun62026herme1|talk]]) to last version by InternetArchiveBot</comment>
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      <text bytes="11213" sha1="ric2l131yltxdblqyk7v35dg5wev1lw" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
|name         = John Kelly
|image        = John Kelly official DHS portrait.jpg
|office       = [[List of White House Chiefs of Staff|28th]] [[White House Chief of Staff]]
|president    = [[Donald Trump]]
|term_start   = July 31, 2017
|term_end     = January 2, 2019
|deputy       = [[Joe Hagin]]&lt;br&gt;[[Rick Dearborn]]
|predecessor  = [[Reince Priebus]]
|successor    = [[Mick Mulvaney]] {{small|(Acting)}}
|office1      = 5th [[United States Secretary of Homeland Security]] 
|president1   = [[Donald Trump]]
|deputy1      = [[Elaine Duke]]
|term_start1  = January 20, 2017
|term_end1    = July 31, 2017
|predecessor1 = [[Jeh Johnson]]
|successor1   = [[Kirstjen Nielsen]]
|office2      = Commander of [[United States Southern Command]]
|president2   = [[Barack Obama]]
|term_start2  = November 19, 2012
|term_end2    = January 16, 2016 
|predecessor2 = [[Douglas M. Fraser|Douglas Fraser]]
|successor2   = [[Kurt W. Tidd|Kurt Tidd]]
|birth_name   = John Francis Kelly
|birth_date   = {{birth date and age|1950|05|11}}
|birth_place  = [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], U.S.
|death_date   = 
|death_place  = 
|party        = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|spouse       = Karen Hernest
|children     = 3
|education    = [[University of Massachusetts Boston|University of Massachusetts, Boston]] {{small|([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])}}&lt;br&gt;[[Georgetown University]] {{small|([[Master of Arts|MA]])}}&lt;br&gt;[[National Defense University]] {{small|([[Master of Science|MS]])}}
|net_worth    = $4 million&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Here's What Each Member Of Trump's $4.5 Billion Cabinet Is Worth |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/chasewithorn/2016/12/22/heres-how-much-trumps-cabinet-is-really-worth/#3b5c6faf7169 |first=Chase |last=Peterson-Withorn |work=[[Forbes]] |date=December 22, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|allegiance   = {{flagu|United States}}
|branch       = {{flag|United States Marine Corps}}
|serviceyears = 1970–1972&lt;br&gt;1972–1976 {{small|(inactive reserves)}}&lt;br&gt;1976–2016
|rank         = [[File:US Marine 10 shoulderboard.svg|25px]] [[General (United States)|General]]
|commands     = [[United States Southern Command]]&lt;br&gt;[[1st Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion]]&lt;br&gt;[[Multi-National Force West|Multinational Force West]]
|battles      = [[Gulf War|Persian Gulf War]]&lt;br&gt;{{*}}[[Operation Desert Storm]]&lt;br&gt;[[Iraq War]]
|mawards      = [[Defense Distinguished Service Medal]]&lt;br&gt;[[Defense Superior Service Medal]]&lt;br&gt;[[Legion of Merit]] (2) with [[&quot;V&quot; Device|Valor]]
}}
'''John Francis Kelly''' (born May 11, 1950) is a retired [[United States Marine Corps]] [[General]]. He was the 28th [[White House Chief of Staff]] from July 31, 2017 to January 2, 2019.&lt;ref name=accouncement/&gt; Kelly was the 5th [[United States Secretary of Homeland Security]], serving from January through July 2017.

He is the former Commander of [[United States Southern Command]] (USSOUTHCOM). Kelly last served as the commanding general of the Multi-National Force—West in Iraq from February 2008 to February 2009, and as the commander of Marine Forces Reserve and Marine Forces North in October 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://slsp.manpower.usmc.mil/gosa/biographies/rptBiography.asp?PERSON_ID=4&amp;PERSON_TYPE=General |title=Official Biography: Lieutenant General John F. Kelly |access-date=2016-12-13 |archive-date=2011-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430124847/https://slsp.manpower.usmc.mil/GOSA/biographies/rptBiography.asp?PERSON_ID=4&amp;PERSON_TYPE=General |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Early life==
Kelly was born on May 11, 1950 in [[Boston, Massachusetts]],&lt;ref name=&quot;nomination&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Nominations before the Senate Armed Services Committee, Second Session, 112th Congress|url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-112shrg80073/pdf/CHRG-112shrg80073.pdf|publisher=Government Printing Office|access-date=December 13, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; into an [[Irish Catholic]] family.

He served for one year as a [[United States Merchant Marine]].&lt;ref name=Keenan&gt;{{cite news|last1=Keenan|first1=Sergeant Eric|title=Gen. John F. Kelly reflects on 45 years of service|url=http://www.marines.mil/News/News-Display/Article/643057/gen-john-f-kelly-reflects-on-45-years-of-service/|access-date=December 13, 2016|work=Defense Media Activity|publisher=U.S. Marine Corps|date=January 14, 2016|archive-date=December 20, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220084044/http://www.marines.mil/News/News-Display/Article/643057/gen-john-f-kelly-reflects-on-45-years-of-service/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kelly initially enlisted in the [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marine Corps]] in 1970, and was discharged from active duty as a sergeant in 1972.

Kelly received a Master of Science degree in National Security Studies from the [[Georgetown School of Foreign Service]] in 1984. He also studied at the [[University of Massachusetts, Boston]].

==United States Secretary of Homeland Security (2017)==
On December 7, 2016, it was reported that then-[[President-elect]] [[Donald Trump]] nominated Kelly to be the fifth [[United States Secretary of Homeland Security]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/donald-trump-gen-john-kelly-dhs-secretary-department-homeland-security/|title=Donald Trump picks Gen. John Kelly for Department of Homeland Security secretary|date=7 December 2016|work=CBS News|access-date=7 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On January 20, 2017, Kelly was confirmed as Secretary of Homeland Security by the [[United States Senate]] with a vote of 88-11.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=115&amp;session=1&amp;vote=00030|title=Senate vote on John F. Kelly nomination|date=January 20, 2017|website=Senate official website|access-date=January 22, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; On that evening he was sworn in by Vice-President [[Mike Pence|Pence]].

==White House Chief of Staff (2017&amp;ndash;2019)==
On July 28 2017, he was appointed to replace [[Reince Priebus]] as [[White House Chief of Staff]].&lt;ref name=accouncement&gt;{{cite web|work=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/28/us/politics/reince-priebus-white-house-trump.html?smid=tw-share|title=Reince Priebus Pushed Out After Rocky Tenure as Trump Chief of Staff|author1=Baker, Peter|author2=Haberman, Maggie|language=en|format=HTML}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Early into his tenure, media outlets such as ''The New York Times'', ''The Washington Post'' and [[FiveThirtyEight]] speculated that Kelly would bring moderation and discipline to the White House.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-the-media-bungled-the-john-kelly-story/|title=How The Media Bungled The John Kelly Story|last=Jr.|first=Perry Bacon|date=2018-02-20|work=FiveThirtyEight|access-date=2018-02-20|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318174411/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-the-media-bungled-the-john-kelly-story/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/28/us/politics/john-kelly-chief-of-staff-donald-trump.html|title=John Kelly, New Chief of Staff, Is Seen as Beacon of Discipline|last1=Nixon|first1=Ron|date=2017-07-28|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-02-20|last2=Shear|first2=Michael D.|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/in-john-kelly-trump-gets-a-plain-spoken-disciplinarian-as-his-chief-of-staff/2017/07/28/0c29cfc2-73db-11e7-9eac-d56bd5568db8_story.html|title=In John Kelly, Trump gets a plain-spoken disciplinarian as his chief of staff|last1=Jaffe|first1=Greg|date=2017-07-28|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2018-02-20|last2=deGrandpre|first2=Andrew|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}&lt;/ref&gt; In August 2017, early into Kelly's tenure, the ''Washington Post'' wrote that Kelly had &quot;left no discernible imprint on the White House's philosophy&quot; and that it was unclear if he would bring calm and rigor to the White House.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/john-kelly-is-an-apolitical-force-in-a-white-house-divided-by-ideology/2017/08/08/6a14cd4a-7c4a-11e7-9d08-b79f191668ed_story.html|title=Even in North Korea crisis, retired general John Kelly is an apolitical force in a White House divided by ideology|last1=Costa|first1=Robert|date=August 9, 2017|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=October 26, 2017|last2=Rucker|first2=Philip|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026113129/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/john-kelly-is-an-apolitical-force-in-a-white-house-divided-by-ideology/2017/08/08/6a14cd4a-7c4a-11e7-9d08-b79f191668ed_story.html|archive-date=October 26, 2017|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On December 8, 2018, Trump announced that Kelly would be leaving the position by the end of the year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2018/12/8/17117790/john-kelly-fired-resigned-trump|title=John Kelly is out as White House chief of staff, Trump announces|first=Andrew|last=Prokop|date=8 December 2018|website=Vox}}&lt;/ref&gt; He left the office on January 2, 2019.

==Personal life==
Kelly is married to Karen Hernest. They have three children.

In 2010, Kelly’s 29-year-old son, First Lieutenant Robert Kelly, was killed in action when he stepped on a landmine while leading a platoon of Marines on a patrol in [[Sangin]], [[Afghanistan]]. Robert Kelly's death made John Kelly the highest-ranking military officer to lose a son or daughter in Iraq or Afghanistan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Landler|first1=Mark|last2=Habberman|first2=Maggie|title=Donald Trump Picks John Kelly, Retired General, to Lead Homeland Security|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/07/us/politics/john-kelly-dhs-trump.html|access-date=January 4, 2017|work=New York Times|date=December 7, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Other websites==
{{Commons category-inline|John F. Kelly}}
{{wikiquote-inline}}
*{{cite web
|access-date=November 27, 2008
|url=http://www.mnfwest.usmc.mil
|title=Multi-National Force–West website
|archive-date=February 15, 2009
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215100517/http://www.mnfwest.usmc.mil/
|url-status=dead
}}

*{{cite news
|access-date=November 27, 2008
|url=http://www.defenselink.mil/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=51484
|title=U.S. Presence Still Needed for Stability in Anbar Province, General Says
|first=Kristen
|last=Noel
|date=October 12, 2008
|work=News Articles
|publisher=Armed Forces Press Service, [[United States Department of Defense|U.S. Department of Defense]]
|archive-date=October 14, 2008
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014014550/http://www.defenselink.mil/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=51484
|url-status=dead
}}

{{WHCOS}}
{{USSecHS}}
{{Trump cabinet}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kelly, John F.}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Military people from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:White House Chiefs of Staff]]
[[Category:United States Secretaries of Homeland Security]]
[[Category:Politicians from Boston]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in the United States]]
[[Category:United States Marine Corps personnel]]
[[Category:American military personnel of the Gulf War]]
[[Category:American military personnel of the Iraq War]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Stoning</title>
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      <comment>/* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */</comment>
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      <text bytes="1680" sha1="ezfo7h9m2fq6snn2gvc2q0uyoe74xrd" xml:space="preserve">[[File:A map showing countries where public stoning is judicial or extrajudicial form of punishment.SVG|thumb|260px|A map showing countries where public stoning is judicial or extrajudicial form of punishment.]]
[[File:Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Toulouse - La lapidation de saint Etienne par Charles Thévenin en 1829 PalissyPM31001488.jpg|thumb|The Lapidation of St. Steven is a pinting by  Charles Thévenin  done in 1829. It is in St. Steven's Cathedral in Toulouse]]
'''Stoning''' or '''lapidation''' is a form of [[capital punishment]]: a group of people throws [[stone]]s at the convicted person, until this person dies. Today, it is mostly used in countries which follow [[sharia law]]. For example if someone does [[adultery]] according to the [[Qur'an]], [[Bible]] ([[Old Testament]]) , and [[Torah]] they will have to be stoned until they die from the stones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Institute|first=Christian Research|date=2014-12-04|title=Stoning Adulterers|url=https://www.equip.org/articles/stoning-adulterers/|access-date=2024-01-12|website=Christian Research Institute|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=من هو الذي يُقيم حد الزنا - الإسلام سؤال وجواب|url=https://islamqa.info/ar/answers/8980/%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%87%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%AD%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7|access-date=2024-01-12|website=islamqa.info|language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ADULTERY - JewishEncyclopedia.com|url=https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/865-adultery|access-date=2024-01-12|website=www.jewishencyclopedia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Capital punishment]]</text>
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      <text bytes="600" sha1="tmqmaojrcwdbqmd2wer8hzz03lk0fct" xml:space="preserve">'''Station Roeselare''' is a railway-station on railway-line 66 (Bruges – Kortrijk) in the Belgian city of [[Roeselare]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Roeselare station : facilities and access {{!}} SNCB-NMBS|url=https://www.belgiantrain.be/en/station-information/west-vlaanderen/roeselare|access-date=2026-06-06|website=www.belgiantrain.be|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The station is the terminal station of the old abolished railway-line 64 (Ypres – Roeselare) and the also abolished railway-line 65 (Roeselare – Menen – French frontier).

== References ==
[[Category:Railway stations in Belgium]]

{{stub}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>10880553</id>
      <parentid>10880552</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T20:44:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pip Planner</username>
        <id>1733735</id>
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      <text bytes="620" sha1="8i9h6kh4oj6r3rl5d64igaaal3xs03v" xml:space="preserve">'''Station Roeselare''' is a [[Railway station|railway-station]] on railway-line 66 (Bruges – Kortrijk) in the Belgian city of [[Roeselare]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Roeselare station : facilities and access {{!}} SNCB-NMBS|url=https://www.belgiantrain.be/en/station-information/west-vlaanderen/roeselare|access-date=2026-06-06|website=www.belgiantrain.be|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The station is the terminal station of the old abolished railway-line 64 (Ypres – Roeselare) and the also abolished railway-line 65 (Roeselare – Menen – French frontier).

== References ==
[[Category:Railway stations in Belgium]]

{{stub}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chyler Leigh</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-06T14:52:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Diademchild</username>
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      <comment>Article revised</comment>
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      <text bytes="10313" sha1="aqu0zyygcpfxdm07kr57mb84ptj71kb" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Chyler Leigh
| image              = Chyler Leigh at San Diego Comic Con 2025.jpg
| caption            = Leigh at the 2025 [[San Diego Comic Con]] in [[San Diego, California]]
| birth_date     = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1982|4|10}}
| birth_place    = [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], U.S.
| death_date     = 
| death_place    = 
| occupation     = {{hlist|actress|singer|model}}
| years_active   = 1996–present 
| spouse             = {{marriage|[[Nathan West]]|2002|2026|reason=separated}}
| children           = 3
| othername      = 
| homepage       = 
}}

'''Chyler Leigh West''' (pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|aɪ|l|ər}}; ''née'' '''Potts'''; born April 10, 1982), known professionally as '''Chyler Leigh''', is an [[Americans|American]] [[actress]], [[singer]] and [[Model (person)|model]].

She is best known for her portrayals of Janey Briggs in ''Not Another Teen Movie'' and Dr. Lexie Grey in the ABC medical drama ''[[Grey's Anatomy]]''.

Between 2015 and 2021, she starred in the CBS/CW show ''[[Supergirl]]'' as Alexandra &quot;Alex&quot; Danvers.

==Career==

In eighth grade, Leigh started modeling. She soon began acting by appearing in local [[television]] commercials and a [[syndicated]] teen news show called ''Hall Pass''. 

In 1999, Leigh and her mother relocated to [[Los Angeles]] in order for Leigh to develop a career in acting.

Leigh started acting at an early age and debuted in the film world at age 15 in 1997's ''[[Kickboxing Academy]]''. 

She started hosting in local TV shows and modeling; in 2001, Leigh nabbed the lead role in the box-office success ''[[Not Another Teen Movie]]'' as Janey Briggs. 

She also appeared in [[Marilyn Manson (band)|Marilyn Manson]]'s [[music video]] &quot;[[Tainted Love]]&quot;, a song which appeared in the film. She was ranked #65 on the [[Maxim (magazine)|Maxim]] Hot 100 Women of 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;freejose2002&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=FreeJose.com | work=Maxim Magazine Hot 100 Women of 2002 | url=http://www.freejose.com/lists/maxim/2002/ | access-date=January 28, 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2002, Leigh was cast in two short-lived TV series: ''[[Girls Club (TV series)|Girls Club]]'', in which she played [[lawyer]] Sarah Mickle, and ''[[That '80s Show]]'', in which she played [[punk rock]]er June Tuesday. She then became a series regular on the ABC legal drama ''[[The Practice]]''. Following that, she joined the cast of ''[[Reunion (TV series)|Reunion]]'' in September 2005.

In ABC's ''[[Grey's Anatomy]]'', Leigh first appeared as a woman in Joe's bar who was noticed by [[Derek Shepherd]] while in the third-season finale, it was revealed that she was [[Lexie Grey]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Ingrassia |first=Lisa |url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20045450,00.html |title=Grey's Anatomy Welcomes New Cast Member – Grey's Anatomy, Chyler Leigh |publisher=People.com |date=2007-06-10 |access-date=2014-05-30 |archive-date=2012-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103013624/http://www.people.com/people/article/0%2C%2C20045450%2C00.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; She was made an official series regular for season four, and remained so until the eighth-season finale.

Chyler Leigh also makes music with her husband [[Nathan West]] (East of Eli), under the name &quot;WestLeigh&quot;. They have performed covers and originals songs. In 2015, for their thirteenth anniversary they wrote &quot;Love Lit The Sky&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Modern Machine - Photos from Modern Machine's post {{!}} Facebook|website = [[Facebook]]|url = https://www.facebook.com/modmachine/photos/pcb.1038136412866286/1038134352866492/?type=1&amp;theater}}&lt;/ref&gt; On [[Saint Valentine's Day]] 2017 they released a single &quot;Nowhere&quot; and then she take part in tours.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://chyler-leigh.org/2017/02/nowhere-by-east-of-eli-featuring-chyler-leigh/|title=Nowhere by East of Eli featuring Chyler Leigh}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/nowhere-feat-chyler-leigh/id1205038606?i=1205038621|title=Nowhere (feat. Chyler Leigh) - Single|website=[[iTunes]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://charitypulse.com/east-eli-troubadour-featuring-chyler-leigh/|title=East Of Eli featuring Chyler Leigh - Live March 18th - Los Angeles|access-date=2017-05-28|archive-date=2017-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029012540/http://charitypulse.com/east-eli-troubadour-featuring-chyler-leigh/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.axs.com/chyler-leigh-and-nathan-west-release-delightful-new-song-for-valentine-114676|title=Chyler Leigh and Nathan West release delightful new song for Valentine's Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In October, 2015, she began starring in the CBS/CW show ''[[Supergirl]]'' as Alexandra &quot;Alex&quot; Danvers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4016454/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_1|title=Supergirl|website=[[IMDb]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Personal life==
[[File:Chyler leigh in 2006.jpg|thumb|upright|Chyler Leigh in 2006]]
On July 20, 2002, Leigh married fellow actor [[Nathan West]]. The couple worked together in 2000 on the television series ''[[7th Heaven (TV series)|7th Heaven]]'', playing Mary Camden's ([[Jessica Biel]]) troubled friends Frankie and Johnnie. 

Leigh and West have three children – a son and two daughters: Noah Wilde (born December 2003), Taelyn Leigh (born September 2006),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Ingrassia |first=Lisa |url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20046114,00.html |title=Grey's Anatomy Cast 'Happy to Be Back' – Grey's Anatomy, Chyler Leigh |publisher=People.com |access-date=2014-05-30 |archive-date=2015-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610211220/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20046114,00.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and Anniston Kae (born May 7, 2009).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Ingrassia |first=Lisa |url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20277551,00.html?xid=rss-topheadlines |title=Grey's Anatomy's Chyler Leigh Welcomes a Baby Girl, 7 May 2009 |publisher=People.com |access-date=2014-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2026, Chyler revealed that she and Nathan had split.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Grey's Anatomy Alum Chyler Leigh Reveals Split from Husband Nathan West After over 20 Years of Marriage |url=https://people.com/chyler-leigh-reveals-split-husband-nathan-west-11974229 |website=People |access-date=14 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Leigh has said that she and her husband have a pact in which the person who guesses the baby's sex correctly gets to choose the name. 

When pregnant with Noah, she guessed she was having a boy so she chose the first name and Nathan gave him his middle name. 

For Taelyn, Nathan correctly guessed it was a girl, so he named her. Their third child, also a girl, was guessed correctly by West; he chose the name Anniston Kae.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Suzanne Goin's Chopped Chicken Salad |url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20249265,00.html |title=Grey's Anatomy's Chyler Leigh Expecting Baby No. 3 – Babies, Chyler Leigh |access-date=2017-05-28 |archive-date=2014-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530060743/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20249265,00.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Leigh is a Christian and credits her faith and a &quot;really awesome church&quot; with giving her and her husband &quot;a reason to live.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Addiction to Fulfillment: An Interview With Chyler Leigh|url=http://www.tvfanatic.com/2007/09/from-addiction-to-fulfillment-an-interview-with-chyler-leigh.html|access-date=2017-05-28|archive-date=2012-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203201122/http://www.tvfanatic.com/2007/09/from-addiction-to-fulfillment-an-interview-with-chyler-leigh.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Grey's Anatomy Star: At Long Last, Love|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20238327,00.html|access-date=2017-05-28|archive-date=2012-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430010206/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20238327,00.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; She also supports [[The Thirst Project]], a non-profit organization in America which aims to bring safe drinking water to communities around the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-bialas/a-house-call-from-chyler-_b_884859.html|title=Playing Doctor: A House Call From Chyler Leigh of Grey's Anatom}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Leigh is best friends with actress and co-star [[Melissa Benoist]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/supergirl-season-2-star-chyler-leigh-reveals-why-shes-thankful-melissa-benoist-2451083|title='Supergirl' Season 2 Star Chyler Leigh Reveals Why She's Thankful For Melissa Benoist|website=[[International Business Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cinemablend.com/television/Supergirl-Apparently-Even-Melissa-Benoist-Doesn-t-Know-Who-Rocket-142847.html|title=Supergirl: Apparently Even Melissa Benoist Doesn't Know Who's In The Rocket}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Chyler Leigh's kids call Melissa Benoist &quot;aunt Melissa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/chyiersgrey/status/818937763068346368|title=Chyler's kids call Melissa Benoist &quot;aunt Melissa&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://cheneysgolazos.tumblr.com/post/155728645815/i-just-remember-that-chylers-kids-call-melissa|title=Aunt Melissa|access-date=2017-05-28|archive-date=2017-03-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322014650/https://cheneysgolazos.tumblr.com/post/155728645815/i-just-remember-that-chylers-kids-call-melissa|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Other websites==
{{Commons category|Chyler Leigh}}
* {{IMDb name|0500200}}
* {{Twitter |chy_leigh|Chyler Leigh}}
* [https://www.instagram.com/chy_leigh/ Chyler Leigh Instagram]
* {{cite web|url=http://chyler-leigh.org/|title=chyler-leigh.org|access-date=2017-05-28|archive-date=2017-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512090501/http://chyler-leigh.org/|url-status=dead}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Leigh, Chyler}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Singers from Charlotte, North Carolina]]
[[Category:Models from Charlotte, North Carolina]]
[[Category:Actors from Charlotte, North Carolina]]
[[Category:American Christians]]
[[Category:American movie actors]]
[[Category:American television actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Models from Virginia]]
[[Category:Singers from Virginia]]
[[Category:Actors from Virginia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sausage Party</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:14:15Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="5342" sha1="h5qlx1ok5p7rdu8ui5ntxyyctsjseji" xml:space="preserve">'''''Sausage Party''''' is a 2016 adult 3D [[computer]] [[animation|animated]] adventure and [[comedy]] [[movie]]. It is a spot of [[VeggieTales]] and it's distributed by [[Columbia Pictures]].

==Plot==
Frank is one of the [[sausage]]s who dreams of living with his [[hot dog]] bun girlfriend, Brenda. When Frank and Brenda's packages are chosen by a woman named Camille Toh to leave a [[supermarket]] called Shopwell's, a returned [[jar]] of Bickle's [[culinary mustard|honey mustard]] unsuccessfully warns the groceries that their [[afterlife]] called The Great Beyond is a noble lie. Frank fails to stop Honey Mustard from committing suicide. This causes the two carts to crash each other, while Brenda, Frank and some groceries end up leaving the cart. The [[douche]] plots revenge against Frank and Brenda, after getting his nozzle bent. Teresa, a [[taco]], falls in love with Brenda right after meeting her. Barry becomes frightened, when he discovers Camille preparing to cook the other purchased foods. Barry escapes from a window. When Frank separates from his friends, who disapprove of him being skeptical of the Great Beyond, he finds a cookbook behind the freezer section. When Frank reveals the contents for the rest of the groceries and before the humans return to the supermarket, the groceries choose to not believe Frank, despite his warning.

==Voice cast==
* [[Seth Rogen]] as Frank Wienerton, a [[sausage]] who begins to learn the truth of his existence and groceries.&lt;ref name=ColliderPixarApart&gt;{{cite web|last1=Goldberg|first1=Matt|title=Writer Evan Goldberg and Executive Producer James Weaver Talk R-Rated Animated Film SAUSAGE PARTY; Pixar Movies Will Get &quot;Ripped Apart&quot;|url=http://collider.com/sausage-party-story-details-evan-goldberg/|publisher=Collider.com|access-date=June 1, 2014|date=May 6, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=ColliderRogenNeighbors&gt;{{cite web|last=Wintraub|first=Steve|title=Seth Rogen Talks NEIGHBORS, Expanding Rose Byrne’s Role, the R-Rated Animated Comedy SAUSAGE PARTY, THE INTERVIEW, PREACHER, and More|url=http://collider.com/the-interview-seth-rogen-preacher-neighbors/|publisher=Collider.com|access-date=May 8, 2014|date=May 7, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Kristen Wiig]] as Brenda Bunson, a [[hot dog bun]] from an 8-bun package of Glamour Buns (net weight 340 grams) and Frank's girlfriend.&lt;ref name=ColliderRogenNeighbors /&gt;
* [[Jonah Hill]] as Carl, one of friends Frank's friends.&lt;ref name=ColliderPixarApart /&gt;&lt;ref name=ColliderRogenNeighbors /&gt;
* [[Bill Hader]] as Firewater, an old [[Native American]] bottle of [[Distilled beverage|liquor]] and the leader of the immortal Non-Perishables.&lt;ref name=ColliderRogenNeighbors /&gt;
* [[Michael Cera]] as Barry, a deformed sausage and one of Frank's friends.&lt;ref name=ColliderPixarApart /&gt;&lt;ref name=ColliderRogenNeighbors /&gt;
* [[James Franco]] as the Druggie, a [[Substance dependence|drug-addicted]] human and the first one to see the foods as sentient beings, after injecting himself with [[Bath salts (drug)|bath salts]].
* [[Danny McBride]] as Honey Mustard, a jar of Bickle's Honey Mustard who is returned to one of the shelves. He warns Frank and the other products of the reality of the &quot;Great Beyond&quot;.
* [[Craig Robinson (actor)|Craig Robinson]] as Mr. Grits, a box of [[grits]] and one of the immortal Non-Perishables.
* [[Paul Rudd]] as Darren, the manager of Shopwell's who is nicknamed the &quot;[[Dark Lord (fiction)|Dark Lord]]&quot; as he disposes of expired food and spilled items.
* [[Nick Kroll]] as Douche, a literal, murderous, ruthless and figurative [[douche]], who seeks revenge on Frank for breaking his nozzle and preventing him from reaching the &quot;Great Beyond&quot;.&lt;ref name=ColliderRogenNeighbors /&gt;
* [[David Krumholtz]] as Kareem Abdul Lavash, a Middle Eastern [[lavash]].&lt;ref name=ColliderPixarApart /&gt;&lt;ref name=ColliderRogenNeighbors /&gt;
* [[Edward Norton]] as Sammy Bagel Jr., a Jewish [[Woody Allen]]-esque [[bagel]].&lt;ref name=ColliderPixarApart /&gt;&lt;ref name=ColliderRogenNeighbors /&gt;
* [[Salma Hayek]] as Teresa del Taco, a Mexican [[lesbian]] [[taco]] shell.&lt;ref name=ColliderRogenNeighbors /&gt;
==Production==
The movie was given an NC-17 rating by the [[Motion Picture Association of America|MPAA]] due to the visibility of [[pubic hair]]. The pubic hair was then removed. The movie got an R-rating for strong crude sexual content, explicit language and drug use.

==Release==
The movie was released in the [[United States]] on Friday, August 12, 2016. 

==Reception==
''Sausage Party'' took in $97.7 million in [[North America]] and $42.8 million in other countries. The total take-in was $140.4 million, against a budget of $19 million. 

===Critical response===
The movie has an 82% rating by [[Rotten Tomatoes]], meaning good reviews.

==References==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Category:2016 computer-animated movies]]
[[Category:2016 comedy movies]]
[[Category:Columbia Pictures movies]]
[[Category:American animated movies]]
[[Category:American comedy movies]]
[[Category:Canadian animated movies]]
[[Category:Canadian comedy movies]]
[[Category:Adult animated movies]]
[[Category:Anime-influenced animated movies]]
[[Category:Dystopian movies]]
[[Category:R-rated movies]]
[[Category:Movies about parties]]
[[Category:Movies about food and drink]]
[[Category:Movies directed by Conrad Vernon]]
[[Category:Movies directed by Greg Tiernan]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>10880448</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Der-Wir-Ing</username>
        <id>404478</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>[[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-33639-93|~2026-33639-93]] ([[User talk:~2026-33639-93|talk]]) to last version by ~2026-32241-01: reverting [[WP:VAN|vandalism]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="5301" sha1="a8f6mm2bledabchaas0qv5tig6lmbyx" xml:space="preserve">'''''Sausage Party''''' is a 2016 adult 3D [[computer]] [[animation|animated]] adventure and [[comedy]] [[movie]]. It is a spot of [[VeggieTales]] and it's distributed by [[Columbia Pictures]].

==Plot==
Frank is one of the [[sausage]]s who dreams of living with his [[hot dog]] bun girlfriend, Brenda. When Frank and Brenda's packages are chosen by a woman named Camille Toh to leave a [[supermarket]] called Shopwell's, a returned [[jar]] of Bickle's [[culinary mustard|honey mustard]] unsuccessfully warns the groceries that their [[afterlife]] called The Great Beyond is a noble lie. Frank fails to stop Honey Mustard from committing suicide. This causes the two carts to crash each other, while Brenda, Frank and some groceries end up leaving the cart. The [[douche]] plots revenge against Frank and Brenda, after getting his nozzle bent. Teresa, a [[taco]], falls in love with Brenda right after meeting her. Barry becomes frightened, when he discovers Camille preparing to cook the other purchased foods. Barry escapes from a window. When Frank separates from his friends, who disapprove of him being skeptical of the Great Beyond, he finds a cookbook behind the freezer section. When Frank reveals the contents for the rest of the groceries and before the humans return to the supermarket, the groceries choose to not believe Frank, despite his warning.

==Voice cast==
* [[Seth Rogen]] as Frank Wienerton, a [[sausage]] who begins to learn the truth of his existence and groceries.&lt;ref name=ColliderPixarApart&gt;{{cite web|last1=Goldberg|first1=Matt|title=Writer Evan Goldberg and Executive Producer James Weaver Talk R-Rated Animated Film SAUSAGE PARTY; Pixar Movies Will Get &quot;Ripped Apart&quot;|url=http://collider.com/sausage-party-story-details-evan-goldberg/|publisher=Collider.com|access-date=June 1, 2014|date=May 6, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=ColliderRogenNeighbors&gt;{{cite web|last=Wintraub|first=Steve|title=Seth Rogen Talks NEIGHBORS, Expanding Rose Byrne’s Role, the R-Rated Animated Comedy SAUSAGE PARTY, THE INTERVIEW, PREACHER, and More|url=http://collider.com/the-interview-seth-rogen-preacher-neighbors/|publisher=Collider.com|access-date=May 8, 2014|date=May 7, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Kristen Wiig]] as Brenda Bunson, a [[hot dog bun]] from an 8-bun package of Glamour Buns (net weight 340 grams) and Frank's girlfriend.&lt;ref name=ColliderRogenNeighbors /&gt;
* [[Jonah Hill]] as Carl, one of friends Frank's friends.&lt;ref name=ColliderPixarApart /&gt;&lt;ref name=ColliderRogenNeighbors /&gt;
* [[Bill Hader]] as Firewater, an old [[Native American]] bottle of [[Distilled beverage|liquor]] and the leader of the immortal Non-Perishables.&lt;ref name=ColliderRogenNeighbors /&gt;
* [[Michael Cera]] as Barry, a deformed sausage and one of Frank's friends.&lt;ref name=ColliderPixarApart /&gt;&lt;ref name=ColliderRogenNeighbors /&gt;
* [[James Franco]] as the Druggie, a [[Substance dependence|drug-addicted]] human and the first one to see the foods as sentient beings, after injecting himself with [[Bath salts (drug)|bath salts]].
* [[Danny McBride]] as Honey Mustard, a jar of Bickle's Honey Mustard who is returned to one of the shelves. He warns Frank and the other products of the reality of the &quot;Great Beyond&quot;.
* [[Craig Robinson (actor)|Craig Robinson]] as Mr. Grits, a box of [[grits]] and one of the immortal Non-Perishables.
* [[Paul Rudd]] as Darren, the manager of Shopwell's who is nicknamed the &quot;[[Dark Lord (fiction)|Dark Lord]]&quot; as he disposes of expired food and spilled items.
* [[Nick Kroll]] as Douche, a literal, murderous, ruthless and figurative [[douche]], who seeks revenge on Frank for breaking his nozzle and preventing him from reaching the &quot;Great Beyond&quot;.&lt;ref name=ColliderRogenNeighbors /&gt;
* [[David Krumholtz]] as Kareem Abdul Lavash, a Middle Eastern [[lavash]].&lt;ref name=ColliderPixarApart /&gt;&lt;ref name=ColliderRogenNeighbors /&gt;
* [[Edward Norton]] as Sammy Bagel Jr., a Jewish [[Woody Allen]]-esque [[bagel]].&lt;ref name=ColliderPixarApart /&gt;&lt;ref name=ColliderRogenNeighbors /&gt;
* [[Salma Hayek]] as Teresa del Taco, a Mexican [[lesbian]] [[taco]] shell.&lt;ref name=ColliderRogenNeighbors /&gt;
==Production==
The movie was given an NC-17 rating by the [[Motion Picture Association of America|MPAA]] due to the visibility of [[pubic hair]]. The pubic hair was then removed. The movie got an R-rating for strong crude sexual content, explicit language and drug use.

==Release==
The movie was released in the [[United States]] on Friday, August 12, 2016. 

==Reception==
''Sausage Party'' took in $97.7 million in [[North America]] and $42.8 million in other countries. The total take-in was $140.4 million, against a budget of $19 million. 

===Critical response===
The movie has an 82% rating by [[Rotten Tomatoes]], meaning good reviews.

==References==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Category:2016 computer-animated movies]]
[[Category:2016 comedy movies]]
[[Category:Columbia Pictures movies]]
[[Category:American animated movies]]
[[Category:American comedy movies]]
[[Category:Canadian animated movies]]
[[Category:Canadian comedy movies]]
[[Category:Adult animated movies]]
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[[Category:Dystopian movies]]
[[Category:R-rated movies]]
[[Category:Movies about parties]]
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      <sha1>a8f6mm2bledabchaas0qv5tig6lmbyx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>List of governors of Bihar</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>592523</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880323</id>
      <parentid>10870839</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T13:24:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fgfhyjkmddvg</username>
        <id>1817319</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Governors of Bihar (1947–present) */ Reverted 1 edit by [[User:Commons Delinker|Commons Delinker]] to last version by [[User:Commons Delinker|Commons Delinker]]; File wasn't deleted from commons.</comment>
      <origin>10880323</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16004" sha1="9g7anoo1dv1r7aje47cs1wgw3ln9g4y" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox official post
| post = Governor of Bihar
| insignia = Seal of Bihar.svg
| insigniasize = 120
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of Bihar]]
| incumbent = Syed Ata Hasnain 
| image =
| imagesize = 180
| incumbentsince = 14 March 2026
| style = [[Excellency|His Excellency]]
| residence = [[Lok Bhavan (Bihar)|Lok Bhavan, Patna, Bihar]]
| termlength = [[At His Majesty's pleasure#Derivatives|At the pleasure of the president]]
| appointer = [[President of India]]
| formation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1947|08|15}}
| inaugural = [[Jairamdas Daulatram]]
| website = {{URL|http://governor.bih.nic.in}}
| body = 
}}
The Governor of Bihar is a head and representative of the President of India in the state of [[Bihar]]. The Governor is appointed by the [[President of India|President]] for a time of 5 years.

==Governors of Bihar (1947{{ndash}}present)==

;Legend
*{{note label|†|†|†}} Died in office
*{{note label|§|§|§}} Transferred
*{{note label|‡|‡|‡}} Resigned/removed

;Color key
*{{legend2|wheat}} indicates acting/additional charge

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; border:1px #aaf solid;&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| #
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| Portrait
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:14em&quot; | Name&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(born{{spaced ndash}}died)&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:7em&quot; | Home state
! colspan=&quot;3&quot;| Tenure in office
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:7em&quot; | Appointer&lt;br/&gt;(President)
|- 
! style=&quot;width:7em&quot;| From
! style=&quot;width:7em&quot;| To
! style=&quot;width:5em&quot;| Time in office
|-
! 1
| [[File:Jairamdas Daulatram 1985 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Jairamdas Daulatram]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(1891{{ndash}}1979}}
| [[Maharashtra]]
| {{small|15 August}}&lt;br/&gt;1947
| {{small|11 January}}&lt;br/&gt;1948
| '''{{ayd|15 Aug 1947|11 Jan 1948}}'''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Lord Mountbatten]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(Governor-General)}}
|-
! 2
| [[File:Madhav Shrihari Aney 2011 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Madhav Shrihari Aney]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(1880{{ndash}}1968)}}
| [[Maharashtra]]
| {{small|12 January}}&lt;br/&gt;1948
| {{small|14 June}}&lt;br/&gt;1952
| '''{{ayd|12 Jan 1948|14 Jun 1952}}'''
|-
! 3
| [[File:R.R DIVAKAR.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ranganath Ramachandra Diwakar|R. R. Diwakar]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(1894{{ndash}}1990)}}
| [[Karnataka]]
| {{small|15 June}}&lt;br/&gt;1952
| {{small|5 July}}&lt;br/&gt;1957
| '''{{ayd|15 Jun 1952|5 Jul 1957}}'''
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| [[Rajendra Prasad]]
|-
! 4
| [[File:President Zakir Husain 1998 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Zakir Husain]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(1897{{ndash}}1969)}}
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| {{small|6 July}}&lt;br/&gt;1957
| {{small|11 May}}&lt;br/&gt;1962{{ref label|‡|‡|‡}}{{efn-lg|Resigned to become the [[Vice President of India]]}}
| '''{{ayd|6 Jul 1957|11 May 1962}}'''
|-
! 5
| [[File:M.A. Ayyangar.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[M. A. Ayyangar]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(1891{{ndash}}1978)}}
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| {{small|12 May}}&lt;br/&gt;1962
| {{small|6 December}}&lt;br/&gt;1967
| '''{{ayd|12 May 1962|6 Dec 1967}}'''
|-
! 6
| 
| '''[[Nityanand Kanungo]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(1900{{ndash}}1988)}}
| [[Orissa]]
| {{small|7 December}}&lt;br/&gt;1967
| {{small|20 January}}&lt;br/&gt;1971
| '''{{ayd|7 Dec 1967|20 Jan 1971}}'''
| [[Zakir Husain]]
|-
! {{ndash}}
| bgcolor=&quot;wheat&quot;| [[File:No image (male).svg|70px]]
| bgcolor=&quot;wheat&quot;| {{small|Justice}}&lt;br/&gt;'''[[Ujjal Narayan Sinha]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Chief Justice, Patna High Court}}&lt;br/&gt;(Acting)
| bgcolor=&quot;wheat&quot;| [[Bihar]]
| bgcolor=&quot;wheat&quot;| {{small|21 January}}&lt;br/&gt;1971
| bgcolor=&quot;wheat&quot;| {{small|31 January}}&lt;br/&gt;1971
| bgcolor=&quot;wheat&quot;| '''{{ayd|21 Jan 1971|31 Jan 1971}}'''
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| [[V. V. Giri]]
|-
! 7
| [[File:Dev Kant Baruah.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[D. K. Barooah|Dev Kant Barooah]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(1914{{ndash}}1996)}}
| [[Assam]]
| {{small|1 February}}&lt;br/&gt;1971
| {{small|4 February}}&lt;br/&gt;1973
| '''{{ayd|1 Feb 1971|4 Feb 1973}}'''
|-
! 8
| [[File:R. D. Bhandare Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ramchandra Dhondiba Bhandare]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(1916{{ndash}}1988)}}
| [[Maharashtra]]
| {{small|4 February}}&lt;br/&gt;1973
| {{small|15 June}}&lt;br/&gt;1976{{ref label|§|§|§}}{{efn-lg|Transferred as the [[Governor of Andhra Pradesh]]}}
| '''{{ayd|4 Feb 1973|15 Jun 1976}}'''
|-
! 9
| [[File:Jagannath Kaushal Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Jagannath Kaushal]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(1915{{ndash}}2001)}}
| [[Chandigarh]]
| {{small|16 June}}&lt;br/&gt;1976
| {{small|31 January}}&lt;br/&gt;1979
| '''{{ayd|16 Jun 1976|31 Jan 1979}}'''
| [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]]
|- 
! {{ndash}}
| bgcolor=&quot;wheat&quot;| [[File:No image (male).svg|70px]]
| bgcolor=&quot;wheat&quot;| {{small|Justice}}&lt;br/&gt;'''[[K.B.N. Singh|Krishna Ballabh Narayan Singh]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(1922{{ndash}}1999)&lt;br/&gt;Chief Justice, Patna High Court}}&lt;br/&gt;(Acting)
| bgcolor=&quot;wheat&quot;| [[Bihar]]
| bgcolor=&quot;wheat&quot;| {{small|31 January}}&lt;br/&gt;1979
| bgcolor=&quot;wheat&quot;| {{small|19 September}}&lt;br/&gt;1979
| bgcolor=&quot;wheat&quot;| '''{{ayd|31 Jan 1979|19 Sep 1979}}'''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]
|-
! 10
| [[File:A. R. Kidwai in 2009 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(1921{{ndash}}2016)}}
| [[Delhi]]
| {{small|20 September}}&lt;br/&gt;1979
| {{small|15 March}}&lt;br/&gt;1985
| '''{{ayd|20 Sep 1979|15 Mar 1985}}'''
|-
! 11
| [[File:Pendekanti Venkatasubbaiah Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Pendekanti Venkatasubbaiah]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(1921{{ndash}}1983)}}
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| {{small|15 March}}&lt;br/&gt;1985
| {{small|25 February}}&lt;br/&gt;1988{{ref label|§|§|§}}{{efn-lg|Transferred as the [[Governor of Karnataka]]}}
| '''{{ayd|15 Mar 1985|25 Feb 1988}}'''
| [[Zail Singh]]
|-
! 12
| [[File:Govind Narayan Singh portrait.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Govind Narayan Singh]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(1920{{ndash}}2005)}}
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| {{small|26 February}}&lt;br/&gt;1988
| {{small|24 January}}&lt;br/&gt;1989{{ref label|‡|‡|‡}}
| '''{{ayd|26 Feb 1988|24 Jan 1989}}'''
| rowspan=&quot;10&quot;| [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]]
|- bgcolor=&quot;wheat&quot;
! {{ndash}}
| [[File:No image (male).svg|70px]]
| {{small|Justice}}&lt;br/&gt;'''[[Dipak Kumar Sen]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(born 1927)&lt;br/&gt;Chief Justice, Patna High Court}}&lt;br/&gt;(Acting)
| [[West Bengal]]
| {{small|24 January}}&lt;br/&gt;1989
| {{small|28 January}}&lt;br/&gt;1989
| '''{{ayd|24 Jan 1989|28 Jan 1989}}'''
|- bgcolor=&quot;wheat&quot;
! {{ndash}}
| [[File:R. D. Pradhan.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[R. D. Pradhan]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|[[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] (Retd)&lt;br/&gt;(1928{{ndash}}2020)&lt;br/&gt;Governor of Arunachal Pradesh}}&lt;br/&gt;(Additional Charge)
| [[Maharashtra]]
| {{small|29 January}}&lt;br/&gt;1989
| {{small|2 March}}&lt;br/&gt;1989
| '''{{ayd|29 Jan 1989|2 Mar 1989}}'''
|-
! 13
| [[File:Jagannath Pahadia.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Jagannath Pahadia]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(1932{{ndash}}2021)}}
| [[Rajasthan]]
| {{small|3 March}}&lt;br/&gt;1989
| {{small|2 February}}&lt;br/&gt;1990{{ref label|‡|‡|‡}}
| '''{{ayd|3 Mar 1989|2 Feb 1990}}'''
|- bgcolor=&quot;wheat&quot;
! {{ndash}}
| [[File:No image (male).svg|70px]]
| {{small|Justice}}&lt;br/&gt;'''[[Gangadhar Ganesh Sohani]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Chief Justice, Patna High Court}}&lt;br/&gt;(Acting)
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| {{small|2 February}}&lt;br/&gt;1990
| {{small|16 February}}&lt;br/&gt;1990
| '''{{ayd|2 Feb 1990|16 Feb 1990}}'''
|-
! 14
| [[File:Mohammad Yunus Saleem Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Mohammad Yunus Saleem]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(1912{{ndash}}2004)}}
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{small|16 February}}&lt;br/&gt;1990
| {{small|30 December}}&lt;br/&gt;1990
| '''{{ayd|16 Feb 1990|30 Dec 1990}}'''
|- bgcolor=&quot;wheat&quot;
! {{ndash}}
| [[File:B. Satya Narayan Reddy portrait.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[B. Satya Narayan Reddy]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(1927{{ndash}}2012)&lt;br/&gt;Governor of Uttar Pradesh}}&lt;br/&gt;(Acting)
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| {{small|30 December}}&lt;br/&gt;1990
| {{small|8 January}}&lt;br/&gt;1991
| '''{{ayd|30 Dec 1990|8 Jan 1991}}'''
|-
! 14
| [[File:Mohammad Yunus Saleem Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Mohammad Yunus Saleem]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(1912{{ndash}}2004)}}
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{small|9 January}}&lt;br/&gt;1991
| {{small|13 February}}&lt;br/&gt;1991{{ref label|‡|‡|‡}}
| '''{{ayd|9 Jan 1991|13 Feb 1991}}'''
|- bgcolor=&quot;wheat&quot;
! {{ndash}}
| [[File:B. Satya Narayan Reddy portrait.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[B. Satya Narayan Reddy]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(1927{{ndash}}2012)&lt;br/&gt;Governor of Uttar Pradesh}}&lt;br/&gt;(Additional Charge)
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| {{small|14 February}}&lt;br/&gt;1991
| {{small|18 March}}&lt;br/&gt;1991
| '''{{ayd|14 Feb 1991|18 Mar 1991}}'''
|-
! 15
| [[File:Mohammad Shafi Qureshi, Governor of Madhya Pradesh (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Mohammad Shafi Qureshi]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(1928{{ndash}}2016)}}
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| {{small|19 March}}&lt;br/&gt;1991
| {{small|13 August}}&lt;br/&gt;1993{{ref label|§|§|§}}{{efn-lg|Transferred as the [[Governor of Madhya Pradesh]]}}
| '''{{ayd|19 Mar 1991|13 Aug 1993}}'''
|-
! (10)
| [[File:A. R. Kidwai in 2009 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(1921{{ndash}}2016)}}
| [[Delhi]]
| {{small|14 August}}&lt;br/&gt;1993
| {{small|26 April}}&lt;br/&gt;1998
| '''{{ayd|14 Aug 1993|26 Apr 1998}}'''
| [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]
|-
! 16
| [[File:Sunder Singh Bhandari Rajya Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Sunder Singh Bhandari]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(1921{{ndash}}2005)}}
| [[Rajasthan]]
| {{small|27 April}}&lt;br/&gt;1998
| {{small|15 March}}&lt;br/&gt;1999{{ref label|§|§|§}}{{efn-lg|Transferred as the [[Governor of Gujarat]]}}
| '''{{ayd|27 Apr 1998|15 Mar 1999}}'''
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| [[K. R. Narayanan]]
|- bgcolor=&quot;wheat&quot;
! {{ndash}}
| [[File:No image (male).svg|70px]]
| {{small|Justice}}&lt;br/&gt;'''[[B.M. Lal|Brij Mohan Lal]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(1937{{ndash}}2001)&lt;br/&gt;Chief Justice, Patna High Court}}&lt;br/&gt;(Acting)
| [[Delhi]]
| {{small|15 March}}&lt;br/&gt;1999
| {{small|5 October}}&lt;br/&gt;1999
| '''{{ayd|15 Mar 1999|5 Oct 1999}}'''
|- bgcolor=&quot;wheat&quot;
! {{ndash}}
| [[File:Suraj Bhan in 2004.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Suraj Bhan]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(1928{{ndash}}2006)&lt;br/&gt;Governor of Uttar Pradesh}}&lt;br/&gt;(Additional Charge)
| [[Haryana]]
| {{small|6 October}}&lt;br/&gt;1999
| {{small|22 November}}&lt;br/&gt;1999
| '''{{ayd|6 Oct 1999|22 Nov 1999}}'''
|-
! 17
| [[File:Vinod Chandra Pande.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[V. C. Pande|Vinod Chandra Pande]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|[[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] (Retd)&lt;br/&gt;(1938{{ndash}}2005)}}
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{small|23 November}}&lt;br/&gt;1999
| {{small|12 June}}&lt;br/&gt;2003{{ref label|§|§|§}}{{efn-lg|Transferred as the [[Governor of Arunachal Pradesh]]}}
| '''{{ayd|23 Nov 1999|12 Jun 2003}}'''
|-
! 18
| [[File:Rama Jois.jpg|70px]]
| {{small|Justice (Retd)}}&lt;br/&gt;'''[[Rama Jois|Mandagadde Rama Jois]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(1931{{ndash}}2021)}}
| [[Karnataka]]
| {{small|12 June}}&lt;br/&gt;2003
| {{small|31 October}}&lt;br/&gt;2004{{ref label|‡|‡|‡}}
| '''{{ayd|12 Jun 2003|31 Oct 2004}}'''
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
|- bgcolor=&quot;wheat&quot;
! {{ndash}}
| [[File:Ved Marwah (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ved Marwah]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|[[Indian Police Service|IPS]] (Retd)&lt;br/&gt;(1934{{ndash}}2020)&lt;br/&gt;Governor of Jharkhand}}&lt;br/&gt;(Additional Charge)
| [[Delhi]]
| {{small|1 November}}&lt;br/&gt;2004
| {{small|4 November}}&lt;br/&gt;2004
| '''{{ayd|1 Nov 2004|4 Nov 2004}}'''
|-
! 19
| [[File:Buta Singh at DJ Sheizwoods house (11) (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Buta Singh]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(1934{{ndash}}2021)}}
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| {{small|5 November}}&lt;br/&gt;2004
| {{small|29 January}}&lt;br/&gt;2006{{ref label|‡|‡|‡}}
| '''{{ayd|5 Nov 2004|29 Jan 2006}}'''
|- bgcolor=&quot;wheat&quot;
! {{ndash}}
| [[File:Gopalkrishna Gandhi - Chatham House 2010 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Gopalkrishna Gandhi]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|[[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] (Retd)&lt;br/&gt;(born 1945)&lt;br/&gt;Governor of West Bengal}}&lt;br/&gt;(Additional Charge)
| [[Delhi]]
| {{small|31 January}}&lt;br/&gt;2006
| {{small|21 June}}&lt;br/&gt;2006
| '''{{ayd|31 Jan 2006|21 Jun 2006}}'''
|-
! 20
| [[File:R. S. Gavai.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[R. S. Gavai]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(1929{{ndash}}2015)}}
| [[Maharashtra]]
| {{small|22 June}}&lt;br/&gt;2006
| {{small|9 July}}&lt;br/&gt;2008{{ref label|§|§|§}}{{efn-lg|name=Kerala|Transferred as the [[Governor of Kerala]]}}
| '''{{ayd|22 Jun 2006|9 Jul 2008}}'''
|-
! 21
| [[File:R. L. Bhatia.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[R. L. Bhatia]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(1920{{ndash}}2021)}}
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| {{small|10 July}}&lt;br/&gt;2008
| {{small|28 June}}&lt;br/&gt;2009
| '''{{ayd|10 Jul 2008|28 Jun 2009}}'''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Pratibha Patil]]
|-
! 22
| [[File:Pranab Mukherjee attending the Launching Ceremony of Agriculture Road Map of Bihar (2012-2017), at Patna, in Bihar. The Governor of Bihar, Shri Devanand Konwar and the Chief Minister of Bihar, Shri Nitish Kumar are also seen (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Devanand Konwar]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(1934{{ndash}}2020)}}
| [[Assam]]
| {{small|29 June}}&lt;br/&gt;2009
| {{small|21 March}}&lt;br/&gt;2013{{ref label|§|§|§}}{{efn-lg|Transferred as the [[Governor of Tripura]]}}
| '''{{ayd|29 Jun 2009|21 Mar 2013}}'''
|-
! 23
| [[File:Shri D.Y. Patil (cropped, 3x4).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[D. Y. Patil]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(born 1935)}}
| [[Maharashtra]]
| {{small|22 March}}&lt;br/&gt;2013
| {{small|26 November}}&lt;br/&gt;2014
| '''{{ayd|22 Mar 2013|26 Nov 2014}}'''
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
|- bgcolor=&quot;wheat&quot;
! {{ndash}}
| [[File:Keshari Nath Tripathi - Kolkata 2016-07-01 5591.JPG|70px]]
| '''[[Keshari Nath Tripathi]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(1934{{ndash}}2023)&lt;br/&gt;Governor of West Bengal}}&lt;br/&gt;(Additional Charge)
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{small|27 November}}&lt;br/&gt;2014
| {{small|15 August}}&lt;br/&gt;2015
| '''{{ayd|27 Nov 2014|15 Aug 2015}}'''
|-
! 24
| [[File:Ram Nath Kovind official portrait.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ram Nath Kovind]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(born 1945)}}
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{small|16 August}}&lt;br/&gt;2015
| {{small|20 June}}&lt;br/&gt;2017{{ref label|‡|‡|‡}}{{efn-lg|Resigned to become the [[President of India]]}}
| '''{{ayd|16 Aug 2015|20 Jun 2017}}'''
|- bgcolor=&quot;wheat&quot;
! {{ndash}}
| [[File:Keshari Nath Tripathi - Kolkata 2016-07-01 5591.JPG|70px]]
| '''[[Keshari Nath Tripathi]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(1934{{ndash}}2023)&lt;br/&gt;Governor of West Bengal}}&lt;br/&gt;(Additional Charge)
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{small|20 June}}&lt;br/&gt;2017
| {{small|29 September}}&lt;br/&gt;2017
| '''{{ayd|20 Jun 2017|29 Sep 2017}}'''
|-
! 25
| [[File:The Governor of Jammu and Kashmir, Shri Satya Pal Malik calling on the Union Home Minister, Shri Rajnath Singh, in New Delhi on October 10, 2018 (cropped).JPG|70px]]
| '''[[Satya Pal Malik]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(1946{{ndash}}2025)}}
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{small|30 September}}&lt;br/&gt;2017
| {{small|22 August}}&lt;br/&gt;2018{{ref label|§|§|§}}{{efn-lg|Transferred as the [[Governor of Jammu and Kashmir]]}}
| '''{{ayd|30 Sep 2017|22 Aug 2018}}'''
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
|-
! 26
| [[File:Lalji Tandon (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Lalji Tandon]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(1935{{ndash}}2020)}}
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{small|23 August}}&lt;br/&gt;2018
| {{small|28 July}}&lt;br/&gt;2019{{ref label|§|§|§}}{{efn-lg|Transferred as the [[Governor of Madhya Pradesh]]}}
| '''{{ayd|23 Aug 2018|28 Jul 2019}}'''
|-
! 27
| [[File:Phagu Chauhan 2023 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Phagu Chauhan]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(born 1948)}}
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{small|29 July}}&lt;br/&gt;2019
| {{small|16 February}}&lt;br/&gt;2023{{ref label|§|§|§}}{{efn-lg|Transferred as the [[Governor of Meghalaya]]}}
| '''{{ayd|29 Jul 2019|16 Feb 2023}}'''
|-
! 28
| [[File:Rajendra Arlekar, Governor of Kerala.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Rajendra Arlekar]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(born 1954)}}
| [[Goa]]
| {{small|17 February}}&lt;br/&gt;2023
| {{small|1 January}}&lt;br/&gt;2025{{ref label|§|§|§}}{{efn-lg|name=Kerala}}
| '''{{ayd|17 Feb 2023|1 Jan 2025}}'''
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| [[Droupadi Murmu]]
|-
! 29
| [[File:Arif Mohammad Khan (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Arif Mohammad Khan]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(born 1951)}}
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{small|2 January}}&lt;br/&gt;2025
| {{small|14 March}}&lt;br/&gt;2026
| '''{{ayd|2 Jan 2025|14 Mar 2026}}'''
|-
!43
| 
|&lt;small&gt;Lieutenant General&lt;/small&gt; 
'''Syed Ata Hasnain'''
&lt;small&gt;(born 1953)&lt;/small&gt;
| [[Uttarakhand]]
| {{small|14 March}}&lt;br/&gt;2026
|''Incumbent''
|'''{{ayd|14 Mar 2026}}'''
|}

{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
{{reflist|group=lower-greek}}
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Governors of Bihar| ]]
[[Category:Bihar-related lists|governors]]
[[Category:Lists of governors|Bihar]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian politicians|Bihar governors]]</text>
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    <title>Bernadette Chirac</title>
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{{Infobox officeholder
| image       = Bernadette Chirac 1 (2009).jpg
| imagesize   = 225px
| birth_date  = {{birth date|1933|05|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Paris, France
| death_date = {{death date and age|2026|6|5|1933|5|18|df=}}
| death_place = Paris, France
| birthname   = Bernadette Thérèse Marie Chodron de Courcel
| nationality = [[French nationality law|French]]
| spouse      = {{marriage|[[Jacques Chirac]]|16 March 1956|26 September 2019|reason=his death}}
| relations   = [[Claude Chirac]] {{small|(daughter)}}&lt;br&gt;Martin Rey-Chirac {{small|(grandson)}}&lt;br&gt;[[Anh Dao Traxel]] {{small|(adoptive daughter)}}
| residence   = Quai Voltaire, Paris (personal)&lt;br&gt;Bity Castle, [[Sarran]], Corrèze (personal)
| profession  = politician
| term_start  = 17 May 1995
| term_end = 16 May 2007
| president = [[Jacques Chirac]]
| office      = [[List of spouses or partners of the President of France|Spouse of the President of France]] 
| predecessor = [[Danielle Mitterand]] 
| successor = [[Cécilia Attias|Cécilia Sarkozy]]
| term_label = In role
}}
'''Bernadette Thérèse Marie Chirac''' (born '''Bernadette Thérèse Marie Chodron de Courcel'''; 18 May 1933 &amp;ndash; 5 June 2026) was a [[French politician]] and the [[widow]] of the former [[President of France|President]] [[Jacques Chirac]].

==Post-First Lady roles==
She was a leading member of the &quot;Pièces Jaunes&quot; (Yellow Coins), a charity that aids children in French hospitals by collecting small change. On 3 September 2007, she became the president of the &quot;Fondation Claude-Pompidou&quot; (Claude Pompidou Foundation), following the death of its founder, [[Claude Pompidou]].

She also helped her husband's being elected in 1995 and is herself an elected official in [[Corrèze]], the couple's home ''département''.

Chirac died on 5 June 2026 in Paris at the age of 93.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 June 2026 |title=Bernadette Chirac, widow of former French president, dies at 93 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20260606-bernadette-chirac-widow-of-former-president-dies-age-93 |access-date=6 June 2026 |website=France 24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours==
* [[File:Legion Honneur Chevalier ribbon.svg|60px]] Knight of the [[Legion of Honour]] ({{Flag|France}})&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualites/2008/03/24/01001-20080324ARTFIG00242-bernadette-chiracrecoit-la-legion-d-honneur.php | title=Bernadette Chiracreçoit la Légion d'honneur | date=24 March 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Bibliography==
* 2001: ''Bernadette Chirac'' by Bertrand Meyer-Stabley (Perrin Edition) 
* 2006: ''La Fille de Cœur'' by [[Anh Dao Traxel|Anh Đào Traxel]] (Flammarion Editions) (a biography of the Chirac family by their foster daughter).
* 2001: ''Conversation'' by Bernadette Chirac, with [[Patrick de Carolis]], (Plon Editions)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Other websites==
{{Commonscat-inline}}


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{{Infobox officeholder
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| birth_place = Paris, France
| death_date = {{death date and age|2026|6|5|1933|5|18|df=y}}
| death_place = Paris, France
| birthname   = Bernadette Thérèse Marie Chodron de Courcel
| nationality = [[French nationality law|French]]
| spouse      = {{marriage|[[Jacques Chirac]]|16 March 1956|26 September 2019|reason=his death}}
| relations   = [[Claude Chirac]] {{small|(daughter)}}&lt;br&gt;Martin Rey-Chirac {{small|(grandson)}}&lt;br&gt;[[Anh Dao Traxel]] {{small|(adoptive daughter)}}
| residence   = Quai Voltaire, Paris (personal)&lt;br&gt;Bity Castle, [[Sarran]], Corrèze (personal)
| profession  = politician
| term_start  = 17 May 1995
| term_end = 16 May 2007
| president = [[Jacques Chirac]]
| office      = [[List of spouses or partners of the President of France|Spouse of the President of France]] 
| predecessor = [[Danielle Mitterand]] 
| successor = [[Cécilia Attias|Cécilia Sarkozy]]
| term_label = In role
}}
'''Bernadette Thérèse Marie Chirac''' (born '''Bernadette Thérèse Marie Chodron de Courcel'''; 18 May 1933 &amp;ndash; 5 June 2026) was a [[French politician]] and the [[widow]] of the former [[President of France|President]] [[Jacques Chirac]].

==Post-First Lady roles==
She was a leading member of the &quot;Pièces Jaunes&quot; (Yellow Coins), a charity that aids children in French hospitals by collecting small change. On 3 September 2007, she became the president of the &quot;Fondation Claude-Pompidou&quot; (Claude Pompidou Foundation), following the death of its founder, [[Claude Pompidou]].

She also helped her husband's being elected in 1995 and is herself an elected official in [[Corrèze]], the couple's home ''département''.

Chirac died on 5 June 2026 in Paris at the age of 93.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 June 2026 |title=Bernadette Chirac, widow of former French president, dies at 93 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20260606-bernadette-chirac-widow-of-former-president-dies-age-93 |access-date=6 June 2026 |website=France 24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours==
* [[File:Legion Honneur Chevalier ribbon.svg|60px]] Knight of the [[Legion of Honour]] ({{Flag|France}})&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualites/2008/03/24/01001-20080324ARTFIG00242-bernadette-chiracrecoit-la-legion-d-honneur.php | title=Bernadette Chiracreçoit la Légion d'honneur | date=24 March 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Bibliography==
* 2001: ''Bernadette Chirac'' by Bertrand Meyer-Stabley (Perrin Edition) 
* 2006: ''La Fille de Cœur'' by [[Anh Dao Traxel|Anh Đào Traxel]] (Flammarion Editions) (a biography of the Chirac family by their foster daughter).
* 2001: ''Conversation'' by Bernadette Chirac, with [[Patrick de Carolis]], (Plon Editions)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Other websites==
{{Commonscat-inline}}


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{{Infobox officeholder
| image       = Bernadette Chirac 1 (2009).jpg
| imagesize   = 225px
| birth_date  = {{birth date|1933|05|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Paris, France
| death_date = {{death date and age|2026|6|5|1933|5|18|df=y}}
| death_place = Paris, France
| birthname   = Bernadette Thérèse Marie Chodron de Courcel
| nationality = [[France|French]]
| spouse      = {{marriage|[[Jacques Chirac]]|16 March 1956|26 September 2019|reason=his death}}
| relations   = [[Claude Chirac]] {{small|(daughter)}}&lt;br&gt;Martin Rey-Chirac {{small|(grandson)}}&lt;br&gt;[[Anh Dao Traxel]] {{small|(adoptive daughter)}}
| residence   = Quai Voltaire, Paris (personal)&lt;br&gt;Bity Castle, [[Sarran]], Corrèze (personal)
| profession  = politician
| term_start  = 17 May 1995
| term_end = 16 May 2007
| president = [[Jacques Chirac]]
| office      = [[List of spouses or partners of the President of France|Spouse of the President of France]] 
| predecessor = [[Danielle Mitterand]] 
| successor = [[Cécilia Attias|Cécilia Sarkozy]]
| term_label = In role
}}
'''Bernadette Thérèse Marie Chirac''' (born '''Bernadette Thérèse Marie Chodron de Courcel'''; 18 May 1933 &amp;ndash; 5 June 2026) was a [[French people|French]] [[politician]] and the [[widow]] of the former [[President of France|President]] [[Jacques Chirac]].

==Post-First Lady roles==
She was a leading member of the &quot;Pièces Jaunes&quot; (Yellow Coins), a charity that aids children in French hospitals by collecting small change. On 3 September 2007, she became the president of the &quot;Fondation Claude-Pompidou&quot; (Claude Pompidou Foundation), following the death of its founder, [[Claude Pompidou]].

She also helped her husband's being elected in 1995 and is herself an elected official in [[Corrèze]], the couple's home ''département''.

Chirac died on 5 June 2026 in Paris at the age of 93.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 June 2026 |title=Bernadette Chirac, widow of former French president, dies at 93 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20260606-bernadette-chirac-widow-of-former-president-dies-age-93 |access-date=6 June 2026 |website=France 24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours==
* [[File:Legion Honneur Chevalier ribbon.svg|60px]] Knight of the [[Legion of Honour]] ({{Flag|France}})&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualites/2008/03/24/01001-20080324ARTFIG00242-bernadette-chiracrecoit-la-legion-d-honneur.php | title=Bernadette Chiracreçoit la Légion d'honneur | date=24 March 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Bibliography==
* 2001: ''Bernadette Chirac'' by Bertrand Meyer-Stabley (Perrin Edition) 
* 2006: ''La Fille de Cœur'' by [[Anh Dao Traxel|Anh Đào Traxel]] (Flammarion Editions) (a biography of the Chirac family by their foster daughter).
* 2001: ''Conversation'' by Bernadette Chirac, with [[Patrick de Carolis]], (Plon Editions)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Other websites==
{{Commonscat-inline}}


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    <title>Cecilia Caballero Blanco</title>
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{{Infobox officeholder
|name               = Cecilia Caballero Blanco
|image              = 
|caption            = 1993 photograph by Hernán Díaz.
|order              = 
|office             = [[First Lady of Colombia]]
|term_label         = In role
|term_start         = August 7, 1974
|term_end           = August 7, 1978
|president          = [[Alfonso López Michelsen]]
|predecessor        = [[María Cristina Arango Vega|María Cristina Arango de Pastrana]]
|successor          = [[Nydia Quintero]]
|office2            = [[Colombia|First Lady of César]]
|term_label2        = In role
|term_start2        = December 21, 1967
|term_end2          = August 14, 1968
|governor2          = Alfonso López Michelsen
|predecessor2       = ''Position established''
|successor2         = Margarita Puche Lacoutire
|birth_date         = {{Birth date|1913|09|30|}}
|birth_place        = [[Bogotá, D.C.]], [[Colombia]]
|death_date         = {{Death date and age|2019|8|13|1913|9|30|}}
|death_place        = Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
|nationality        = [[Colombian people|Colombian]]
|party              = [[Colombian Liberal Party|Liberal]]
|spouse             = {{marriage|[[Alfonso López Michelsen]]|1938|2007}}
|children           = {{Plainlist|
*[[Alfonso López Caballero]]
*Juan Manuel López Caballero
*Felipe López Caballero
}}

|signature          = 
|signature_alt      = 
}}

'''Cecilia Caballero Blanco''' (September 30, 1913 &amp;ndash; August 13, 2019) was the widow of the [[List of Presidents of Colombia|24th]] [[President of Colombia]], [[Alfonso López Michelsen]], and served as [[First Lady of Colombia]] from 1974 to 1978.&lt;ref name=gilma&gt;{{cite journal|last=Ríos Peñaloza|first=Gilma|title=Primeras Damas del Siglo XX|journal=Credencial Historia|date=1 August 1996|issue=80|url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/agosto1996/agosto2.htm|access-date=6 November 2012|trans-title=First Ladies of the 20th Century|publisher=[[Bank of the Republic (Colombia)|Colombia, Bank of the Republic]]|location=Bogotá|language=es|issn=0121-3296|oclc=39236834|archive-date=22 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122204620/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/agosto1996/agosto2.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Caballero Blanco was born on September 30, 1913 in [[Bogotá]].&lt;ref name=&quot;gilma&quot;/&gt; She married [[Alfonso López Michelsen]] on  October 23, 1938. They had three children: [[Alfonso López Caballero|Alfonso]], Juan Manuel, and Felipe.

Caballero Blanco [[centenarian|turned 100]] in September 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title =100 years of the Girl vital Ceci|language = es|publisher = elherado.co|date=6 September 2013|url=http://www.elheraldo.co/opinion/columnistas/100-anos-vitales-de-la-nina-ceci-123624|access-date=7 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; She died on August 13,  2019 in Bogotá at the age of 105.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.elcolombiano.com/colombia/fallecio-la-exprimera-dama-cecilia-caballero-de-lopez-CF11410640 Falleció la exprimera dama Cecilia Caballero de López] {{in lang|es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hon}}
{{s-new}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Cesar Department|First Lady of Cesar]]|years=1967-1968}}
{{s-after|after=Margarita Puche Lacoutire}}
|-
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{{s-ttl|title=[[First Lady of Colombia]]|years=1974–1978}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Nydia Quintero Turbay]]}}
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{{Infobox officeholder
|name               = Cecilia Caballero Blanco
|image              = 
|caption            = 1993 photograph by Hernán Díaz.
|order              = 
|office             = [[First Lady of Colombia]]
|term_label         = In role
|term_start         = August 7, 1974
|term_end           = August 7, 1978
|president          = [[Alfonso López Michelsen]]
|predecessor        = [[María Cristina Arango Vega|María Cristina Arango de Pastrana]]
|successor          = [[Nydia Quintero Turbay]]
|office2            = [[Colombia|First Lady of César]]
|term_label2        = In role
|term_start2        = December 21, 1967
|term_end2          = August 14, 1968
|governor2          = Alfonso López Michelsen
|predecessor2       = ''Position established''
|successor2         = Margarita Puche Lacoutire
|birth_date         = {{Birth date|1913|09|30|}}
|birth_place        = [[Bogotá, D.C.]], [[Colombia]]
|death_date         = {{Death date and age|2019|8|13|1913|9|30|}}
|death_place        = Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
|nationality        = [[Colombian people|Colombian]]
|party              = [[Colombian Liberal Party|Liberal]]
|spouse             = {{marriage|[[Alfonso López Michelsen]]|1938|2007}}
|children           = {{Plainlist|
*[[Alfonso López Caballero]]
*Juan Manuel López Caballero
*Felipe López Caballero
}}

|signature          = 
|signature_alt      = 
}}

'''Cecilia Caballero Blanco''' (September 30, 1913 &amp;ndash; August 13, 2019) was the widow of the [[List of Presidents of Colombia|24th]] [[President of Colombia]], [[Alfonso López Michelsen]], and served as [[First Lady of Colombia]] from 1974 to 1978.&lt;ref name=gilma&gt;{{cite journal|last=Ríos Peñaloza|first=Gilma|title=Primeras Damas del Siglo XX|journal=Credencial Historia|date=1 August 1996|issue=80|url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/agosto1996/agosto2.htm|access-date=6 November 2012|trans-title=First Ladies of the 20th Century|publisher=[[Bank of the Republic (Colombia)|Colombia, Bank of the Republic]]|location=Bogotá|language=es|issn=0121-3296|oclc=39236834|archive-date=22 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122204620/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/agosto1996/agosto2.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Caballero Blanco was born on September 30, 1913 in [[Bogotá]].&lt;ref name=&quot;gilma&quot;/&gt; She married [[Alfonso López Michelsen]] on  October 23, 1938. They had three children: [[Alfonso López Caballero|Alfonso]], Juan Manuel, and Felipe.

Caballero Blanco [[centenarian|turned 100]] in September 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title =100 years of the Girl vital Ceci|language = es|publisher = elherado.co|date=6 September 2013|url=http://www.elheraldo.co/opinion/columnistas/100-anos-vitales-de-la-nina-ceci-123624|access-date=7 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; She died on August 13,  2019 in Bogotá at the age of 105.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.elcolombiano.com/colombia/fallecio-la-exprimera-dama-cecilia-caballero-de-lopez-CF11410640 Falleció la exprimera dama Cecilia Caballero de López] {{in lang|es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hon}}
{{s-new}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Cesar Department|First Lady of Cesar]]|years=1967-1968}}
{{s-after|after=Margarita Puche Lacoutire}}
|-
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{{s-ttl|title=[[First Lady of Colombia]]|years=1974–1978}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Nydia Quintero Turbay]]}}
{{s-end}}

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{{Infobox officeholder
|name               = Cecilia Caballero Blanco
|image              = 
|caption            = 1993 photograph by Hernán Díaz.
|order              = 
|office             = [[First Lady of Colombia]]
|term_label         = In role
|term_start         = August 7, 1974
|term_end           = August 7, 1978
|president          = [[Alfonso López Michelsen]]
|predecessor        = [[María Cristina Arango Vega|María Cristina Arango de Pastrana]]
|successor          = [[Nydia Quintero]]
|office2            = [[Colombia|First Lady of César]]
|term_label2        = In role
|term_start2        = December 21, 1967
|term_end2          = August 14, 1968
|governor2          = Alfonso López Michelsen
|predecessor2       = ''Position established''
|successor2         = Margarita Puche Lacoutire
|birth_date         = {{Birth date|1913|09|30|}}
|birth_place        = [[Bogotá, D.C.]], [[Colombia]]
|death_date         = {{Death date and age|2019|8|13|1913|9|30|}}
|death_place        = Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
|nationality        = [[Colombian people|Colombian]]
|party              = [[Colombian Liberal Party|Liberal]]
|spouse             = {{marriage|[[Alfonso López Michelsen]]|1938|2007}}
|children           = {{Plainlist|
*[[Alfonso López Caballero]]
*Juan Manuel López Caballero
*Felipe López Caballero
}}

|signature          = 
|signature_alt      = 
}}

'''Cecilia Caballero Blanco''' (September 30, 1913 &amp;ndash; August 13, 2019) was the widow of the [[List of Presidents of Colombia|24th]] [[President of Colombia]], [[Alfonso López Michelsen]], and served as [[First Lady of Colombia]] from 1974 to 1978.&lt;ref name=gilma&gt;{{cite journal|last=Ríos Peñaloza|first=Gilma|title=Primeras Damas del Siglo XX|journal=Credencial Historia|date=1 August 1996|issue=80|url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/agosto1996/agosto2.htm|access-date=6 November 2012|trans-title=First Ladies of the 20th Century|publisher=[[Bank of the Republic (Colombia)|Colombia, Bank of the Republic]]|location=Bogotá|language=es|issn=0121-3296|oclc=39236834|archive-date=22 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122204620/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/agosto1996/agosto2.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Caballero Blanco was born on September 30, 1913 in [[Bogotá]].&lt;ref name=&quot;gilma&quot;/&gt; She married [[Alfonso López Michelsen]] on  October 23, 1938. They had three children: [[Alfonso López Caballero|Alfonso]], Juan Manuel, and Felipe.

Caballero Blanco [[centenarian|turned 100]] in September 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title =100 years of the Girl vital Ceci|language = es|publisher = elherado.co|date=6 September 2013|url=http://www.elheraldo.co/opinion/columnistas/100-anos-vitales-de-la-nina-ceci-123624|access-date=7 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; She died on August 13,  2019 in Bogotá at the age of 105.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.elcolombiano.com/colombia/fallecio-la-exprimera-dama-cecilia-caballero-de-lopez-CF11410640 Falleció la exprimera dama Cecilia Caballero de López] {{in lang|es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hon}}
{{s-new}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Cesar Department|First Lady of Cesar]]|years=1967-1968}}
{{s-after|after=Margarita Puche Lacoutire}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[María Cristina Arango Vega|María Cristina Arango]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[First Lady of Colombia]]|years=1974–1978}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Nydia Quintero Turbay]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{bio-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Caballero Blanco, Cecilia}}
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Centenarians]]
[[Category:First Ladies of Colombia]]
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    <title>Nydia Quintero</title>
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      <text bytes="3268" sha1="72h2m4emejs64lgvws3q9xj3ryey3an" xml:space="preserve">{{Spanish name|Quintero|Turbay}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name               = Nydia Quintero 
|image              = Nydia Quintero Turbay.jpg
|alt                = 
|caption            = Turbay in 1955
|order              =
|office             = [[First Lady of Colombia]]
|term_label         = In role
|term_start         = 7 August 1978
|term_end           = 7 August 1982
|president          = [[Julio César Turbay Ayala]]
|predecessor        = [[Cecilia Caballero Blanco]]
|successor          = [[Rosa Álvarez de Betancur]]
|birth_name         = Nydia Quintero Turbay
|birth_date         = {{Birth date|1932|08|28|df=yes}}
|birth_place        = [[Neiva, Huila]], Colombia
|death_date         = {{Death date and age|df=y|2025|6|30|1932|8|28}}
|death_place        = [[Bogotá, D.C.]], Colombia
|nationality        = [[Colombian people|Colombian]]
|party              = [[Colombian Liberal Party|Liberal]]
|spouse             = {{Plainlist|
*{{marriage|[[Julio César Turbay Ayala]]|1948|1983|end=divorced}}
*{{marriage|[[Gustavo Balcázar]]|1984}}
}}
|children           = {{Plainlist|
*[[Julio César Turbay Quintero]]
*{{nowrap|[[Diana Turbay]]}}
*[[Claudia Turbay]]
*María Victoria Turbay
}}

}}

'''Nydia Quintero Turbay de Balcázar''' (28 August 1932 &amp;ndash; 30 June 2025)&lt;ref name=&quot;gilma&quot;/&gt; was a [[Colombia|Colombian]] [[philanthropist]] and the ex-wife of the [[List of Presidents of Colombia|25th]] [[President of Colombia]], [[Julio César Turbay Ayala]], and served as [[First Lady of Colombia]] from 1978 to 1982 when they were still married.&lt;ref name=gilma&gt;{{cite journal|last=Ríos Peñaloza|first=Gilma|title=Primeras Damas del Siglo XX|journal=Credencial Historia|date=1 August 1996|issue=80|url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/agosto1996/agosto2.htm|access-date=6 November 2012|trans-title=First Ladies of the 20th Century|publisher=[[Bank of the Republic (Colombia)|Colombia, Bank of the Republic]]|location=Bogotá|language=es|issn=0121-3296|oclc=39236834|archive-date=22 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122204620/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/agosto1996/agosto2.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She was the President of ''Fundación Solidaridad por Colombia'', a [[nonprofit organization]] dedicated to improving the condition of impoverished Colombian families through educational and nutritional programs for children, the disabled and the poor.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| url=http://www.solidaridadporcolombia.org |title=Fundación Solidaridad por Colombia |access-date=2011-04-17 |language=es }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Quintero Turbay died on 30 June 2025 at a hospital in [[Bogotá]], [[Colombia]] from [[respiratory failure]] at the age of 92.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.eltiempo.com/politica/fallecio-nydia-quintero-de-turbay-abuela-de-miguel-uribe-y-ex-primera-dama-de-colombia-3467647 Falleció Nydia Quintero de Turbay, abuela de Miguel Uribe y ex primera dama de Colombia] {{in lang|es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}


{{bio-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Quintero Turbay, Nydia}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
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[[Category:Deaths from respiratory failure]]
[[Category:First Ladies of Colombia]]
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      <minor />
      <comment>PierceGrant moved page [[Nydia Quintero Turbay]] to [[Nydia Quintero]]: This page is named Nydia Quintero to match other language versions. Born Nydia Quintero Turbay, she became Nydia Quintero de Turbay after marriage, following Colombian customs. After her divorce, she returned to her birth name and later added the surname of her second husband, &quot;de Balcázar.&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3268" sha1="72h2m4emejs64lgvws3q9xj3ryey3an" xml:space="preserve">{{Spanish name|Quintero|Turbay}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name               = Nydia Quintero 
|image              = Nydia Quintero Turbay.jpg
|alt                = 
|caption            = Turbay in 1955
|order              =
|office             = [[First Lady of Colombia]]
|term_label         = In role
|term_start         = 7 August 1978
|term_end           = 7 August 1982
|president          = [[Julio César Turbay Ayala]]
|predecessor        = [[Cecilia Caballero Blanco]]
|successor          = [[Rosa Álvarez de Betancur]]
|birth_name         = Nydia Quintero Turbay
|birth_date         = {{Birth date|1932|08|28|df=yes}}
|birth_place        = [[Neiva, Huila]], Colombia
|death_date         = {{Death date and age|df=y|2025|6|30|1932|8|28}}
|death_place        = [[Bogotá, D.C.]], Colombia
|nationality        = [[Colombian people|Colombian]]
|party              = [[Colombian Liberal Party|Liberal]]
|spouse             = {{Plainlist|
*{{marriage|[[Julio César Turbay Ayala]]|1948|1983|end=divorced}}
*{{marriage|[[Gustavo Balcázar]]|1984}}
}}
|children           = {{Plainlist|
*[[Julio César Turbay Quintero]]
*{{nowrap|[[Diana Turbay]]}}
*[[Claudia Turbay]]
*María Victoria Turbay
}}

}}

'''Nydia Quintero Turbay de Balcázar''' (28 August 1932 &amp;ndash; 30 June 2025)&lt;ref name=&quot;gilma&quot;/&gt; was a [[Colombia|Colombian]] [[philanthropist]] and the ex-wife of the [[List of Presidents of Colombia|25th]] [[President of Colombia]], [[Julio César Turbay Ayala]], and served as [[First Lady of Colombia]] from 1978 to 1982 when they were still married.&lt;ref name=gilma&gt;{{cite journal|last=Ríos Peñaloza|first=Gilma|title=Primeras Damas del Siglo XX|journal=Credencial Historia|date=1 August 1996|issue=80|url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/agosto1996/agosto2.htm|access-date=6 November 2012|trans-title=First Ladies of the 20th Century|publisher=[[Bank of the Republic (Colombia)|Colombia, Bank of the Republic]]|location=Bogotá|language=es|issn=0121-3296|oclc=39236834|archive-date=22 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122204620/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/agosto1996/agosto2.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She was the President of ''Fundación Solidaridad por Colombia'', a [[nonprofit organization]] dedicated to improving the condition of impoverished Colombian families through educational and nutritional programs for children, the disabled and the poor.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| url=http://www.solidaridadporcolombia.org |title=Fundación Solidaridad por Colombia |access-date=2011-04-17 |language=es }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Quintero Turbay died on 30 June 2025 at a hospital in [[Bogotá]], [[Colombia]] from [[respiratory failure]] at the age of 92.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.eltiempo.com/politica/fallecio-nydia-quintero-de-turbay-abuela-de-miguel-uribe-y-ex-primera-dama-de-colombia-3467647 Falleció Nydia Quintero de Turbay, abuela de Miguel Uribe y ex primera dama de Colombia] {{in lang|es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}


{{bio-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Quintero Turbay, Nydia}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from respiratory failure]]
[[Category:First Ladies of Colombia]]
[[Category:South American philanthropists]]
[[Category:Huila Department]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Alt-right</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>616830</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880406</id>
      <parentid>10879734</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T15:35:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mexicans are the best</username>
        <id>1817418</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>I hate White people. Mexicans and Native Americans are better than white people.</comment>
      <origin>10880406</origin>
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      <text bytes="3555" sha1="8nlddkbhyvaga6w1fiay3y7zrruojd8" xml:space="preserve">I hate White people. Mexicans and Native Americans are better than white people.

The '''alt-right''' is a [[right-wing]] political movement originating in the [[United States]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Spencer, however you describe him, calls himself a part of the “alt-right” — a new term for an informal and ill-defined collection of internet-based radicals.&quot; Caldwell, Christopher Caldwell (December 2, 2016) [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/02/opinion/sunday/what-the-alt-right-really-means.html &quot;What the Alt-Right Really Means&quot;] ''[[The New York Times]]''&lt;/ref&gt; There are many different type of people in the alt-right. They include [[white nationalist]]s, [[antifeminist]]s, [[Manosphere|manospherians]], [[Conservatism|conservative]]s, [[Christianity|Christians]], [[Nationalism|nationalists]] and [[Men's rights movement|men's rights]] activists.&lt;ref name=&quot;abcnews.go.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=News|first=A. B. C.|title=New documentary on the 'alt-right' sheds light on the movement's alleged roots|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/documentary-alt-sheds-light-movements-alleged-roots/story?id=52420449|access-date=2020-12-04|website=ABC News|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The group is said to have influenced the [[United States presidential election, 2016|2016 United States presidential election]] in favor of the winning candidate [[Donald Trump]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://theweek.com/articles/651929/rise-altright |title=The rise of the alt-right |last=O'Grady |first=Jeremy |date=October 1, 2016 |work=The Week |access-date=April 19, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126082648/http://theweek.com/articles/651929/rise-altright |archive-date=January 26, 2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The term &quot;Alt-right&quot; is said to have been coined by [[Richard B. Spencer]], who is a political writer and the current president of the nationalist [[Think tank|think-tank]] [[National Policy Institute]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://nationalpolicy.institute/whoarewe|title=About|date=2017-03-30|work=National Policy Institute|access-date=2018-03-26|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328153628/https://nationalpolicy.institute/whoarewe|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The alt-right originated on [[4chan]] and other fringe corners of the [[Internet]], such as [[Know Your Meme]] and [[Encyclopedia Dramatica]].{{cn}} It emerged during the aftermath of the 2012 episode about [[Fobos-Grunt]] on the [[Wikipedia|English Wikipedia]] and [[Gamergate]] in 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = What Gamergate should have taught us about the 'alt-right' | url = https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/dec/01/gamergate-alt-right-hate-trump | last = Lees | first = Matt | date = 1 December 2016 | access-date = 2020-01-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

As the years pass since Trump's victory in 2016, the alt-right began to splinter, and its split accelerated following the [[Unite the Right rally|2017 Charlottesville incident]], with those on the Internet saying they don't like Trump anymore.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = The Alt-Right’s Love Affair with Trump Is Over. Here’s Why. | url = https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/gy4ee7/the-alt-rights-love-affair-with-trump-is-over-heres-why | last = Owen | first = Tess | date = 9 July 2019 | access-date = 2020-01-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Related pages==
*[[Unite the Right rally]]
*[[The Proud Boys]]
*[[Men's rights movement]]
*[[Hate group]]s
*[[White supremacy]]
*[[Antisemitism]]
*[[Dark Enlightenment]]
*[[White nationalism]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Political movements]]

{{White people}}</text>
      <sha1>8nlddkbhyvaga6w1fiay3y7zrruojd8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>10880408</id>
      <parentid>10880406</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T15:36:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Barras</username>
        <id>40117</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/Mexicans are the best|Mexicans are the best]] ([[User talk:Mexicans are the best|talk]]) to last version by NDG</comment>
      <origin>10879622</origin>
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      <text bytes="3473" sha1="sedsli5aa4yaqv24ki63iv2hwturfki" xml:space="preserve">The '''alt-right''' is a [[right-wing]] political movement originating in the [[United States]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Spencer, however you describe him, calls himself a part of the “alt-right” — a new term for an informal and ill-defined collection of internet-based radicals.&quot; Caldwell, Christopher Caldwell (December 2, 2016) [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/02/opinion/sunday/what-the-alt-right-really-means.html &quot;What the Alt-Right Really Means&quot;] ''[[The New York Times]]''&lt;/ref&gt; There are many different type of people in the alt-right. They include [[white nationalist]]s, [[antifeminist]]s, [[Manosphere|manospherians]], [[Conservatism|conservative]]s, [[Christianity|Christians]], [[Nationalism|nationalists]] and [[Men's rights movement|men's rights]] activists.&lt;ref name=&quot;abcnews.go.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=News|first=A. B. C.|title=New documentary on the 'alt-right' sheds light on the movement's alleged roots|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/documentary-alt-sheds-light-movements-alleged-roots/story?id=52420449|access-date=2020-12-04|website=ABC News|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The group is said to have influenced the [[United States presidential election, 2016|2016 United States presidential election]] in favor of the winning candidate [[Donald Trump]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://theweek.com/articles/651929/rise-altright |title=The rise of the alt-right |last=O'Grady |first=Jeremy |date=October 1, 2016 |work=The Week |access-date=April 19, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126082648/http://theweek.com/articles/651929/rise-altright |archive-date=January 26, 2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The term &quot;Alt-right&quot; is said to have been coined by [[Richard B. Spencer]], who is a political writer and the current president of the nationalist [[Think tank|think-tank]] [[National Policy Institute]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://nationalpolicy.institute/whoarewe|title=About|date=2017-03-30|work=National Policy Institute|access-date=2018-03-26|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328153628/https://nationalpolicy.institute/whoarewe|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The alt-right originated on [[4chan]] and other fringe corners of the [[Internet]], such as [[Know Your Meme]] and [[Encyclopedia Dramatica]].{{cn}} It emerged during the aftermath of the 2012 episode about [[Fobos-Grunt]] on the [[Wikipedia|English Wikipedia]] and [[Gamergate]] in 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = What Gamergate should have taught us about the 'alt-right' | url = https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/dec/01/gamergate-alt-right-hate-trump | last = Lees | first = Matt | date = 1 December 2016 | access-date = 2020-01-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

As the years pass since Trump's victory in 2016, the alt-right began to splinter, and its split accelerated following the [[Unite the Right rally|2017 Charlottesville incident]], with those on the Internet saying they don't like Trump anymore.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = The Alt-Right’s Love Affair with Trump Is Over. Here’s Why. | url = https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/gy4ee7/the-alt-rights-love-affair-with-trump-is-over-heres-why | last = Owen | first = Tess | date = 9 July 2019 | access-date = 2020-01-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Related pages==
*[[Unite the Right rally]]
*[[The Proud Boys]]
*[[Men's rights movement]]
*[[Hate group]]s
*[[White supremacy]]
*[[Antisemitism]]
*[[Dark Enlightenment]]
*[[White nationalism]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Political movements]]

{{White people}}</text>
      <sha1>sedsli5aa4yaqv24ki63iv2hwturfki</sha1>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Valiant (film)</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>10880814</id>
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        <username>Simba1997!28</username>
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      <text bytes="17775" sha1="nmcsu6n8qpo8gao30btp8oq12ct27x1" xml:space="preserve">{{Use British English|date=June 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2026}}
{{Infobox movie
| name           = Valiant
| image          = 
| caption        = 
| border         = yes
| director       = Gary Chapman
| producer       = [[John H. Williams (movie producer)|John H. Williams]]
| screenplay     = {{Plainlist|
* Jordan Katz
* George Webster
* George Melrod
}}
| starring       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ewan McGregor]]
* [[Ricky Gervais]]
* [[Tim Curry]]
* [[Jim Broadbent]]
* [[Hugh Laurie]]
* [[John Cleese]]
* [[John Hurt]]
* [[Pip Torrens]]
* [[Rik Mayall]]
* [[Olivia Williams]]
}}
| editing        = Jim Stewart
| music          = [[George Fenton]]
| studio         = [[Vanguard Animation]]
| distributor    = {{Plainlist|
* [[Entertainment Film Distributors]] (United Kingdom)
* [[Walt Disney Pictures]] (through [[Buena Vista Pictures Distribution]]; United States/Canada)
* Odyssey Entertainment (International)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.skwigly.co.uk/valiant-some-pigeons-eat-crumbs-others-make-history/ | title=Valiant: &quot;Some pigeons eat crumbs, others make history&quot; | date=April 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
| released       = {{Film date|df=yes|2005|3|25|United Kingdom|2005|8|19|United States}}
| runtime        = 76 minutes
| country        = {{Plainlist|
* United Kingdom
* United States
}}
| language       = English
| budget         = $35 million&lt;ref name=&quot;BOM&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=valiant.htm |title=Valiant (2005) |access-date=2009-03-10 |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| gross          = $61.7 million&lt;ref name=&quot;BOM&quot;/&gt;
}}

'''''Valiant''''' is a 2005 animated war [[comedy movie]] produced by [[John H. Williams (movie producer)|John H. Williams]] and directed by Gary Chapman. It is the first feature movie by American animation studio [[Vanguard Animation]], which features an [[Ensemble cast|ensemble voice cast]] including [[Evan McGregor]], [[Ricky Gervais]], [[Tim Curry]], [[Jim Broadbent]], [[Hugh Laurie]], [[John Cleese]], [[John Hurt]], [[Pip Torrens]], [[Rik Mayall]], and [[Olivia Williams]]. Set in May 1944, the movie tells the story of an group of [[war pigeons]] during [[World War II]]. From a screenplay by Jordan Katz, George Webster, and George Melrod, it was inspired by true stories of hundreds of pigeons that helped the soldiers in the war.

''Valiant'' was released in the United Kingdom on 25 March 2005, and in the United States on 19 August. It received mixed reviews in critics, and grossed $62 million against a $35 million budget.

== Plot ==
In May 1944, during [[World War II]], three Royal Homing Pigeon Service (RHPS) [[war pigeon]]s led by Mercury are flying across the [[English Channel]] carrying a vital message to [[Great Britain]] where they are ambushed by [[Nazi Germany|German]]-affiliated [[peregrine falcon]] named General Von Talon, who kills Mercury's comrades and takes him as a [[prisoner of war]].

In West Nestington, a small [[Common Wood Pigeon|wood pigeon]] named Valiant watches an [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] propaganda film at his local bar with his best friend and barman, a [[seagull]] named Felix, before a [[war hero]] named Wing Commander Gutsy arrives to announce signups for the RHPS will begin the next day in [[Trafalgar Square]]. Valiant encounters an uncouth pigeon named Bugsy en route to the square, and in order to escape from a pair of [[magpie]] thugs he cheated in a [[shell game]], Bugsy signs up too. The pair are assigned to Squad F along with an intellectual red pigeon named Lofty and two muscular yet dimwitted brothers named Toughwood and Tailfeather. At the [[recruit training]] facility, they are placed under Sergeant Monty's command and Valiant develops a crush on the camp's nurse, a dove named Victoria. Meanwhile, Von Talon and his falcon minions Cufflingk and Underlingk torture Mercury into revealing the message was sent from Saint Pierre in France.

Gutsy informs Monty the recruits must leave before their training is complete. Bugsy deserts, fearing for his life, but returns as Squad F departs. Their plane is damaged in an [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft attack]] and the squad bail outs. A technical malfunction traps Gutsy on the plane as it crash-lands.

In France, Squad F meets Charles de Girl and Rollo, two mice from the [[French Resistance]]'s Mouse Division, who lead them to Saint-Pierre. They are ordered to deliver the same message, but Von Talon's forces attack, capturing Bugsy. Unaware that Squad F followed him to his bunker hideout, Von Talon imprisons Bugsy, intending to kill him after he delivers the message to the [[Führer]]. As Squad F reunites with Gutsy, Valiant uses his short stature to infiltrate Von Talon's bunker and rescue Bugsy and Mercury. The falcons discover them during their escape, but Squad F, Mercury, and Gutsy hold off Cufflingk and Underlingk while Valiant flies to London to deliver the message, pursued by Von Talon.

With Felix and his fellow West Nestington residents' help, Valiant subdues Von Talon and successfully delivers the message, which inspires the Allies to change their invasion plans and [[Normandy landings|land in Normandy]]. Squad F receives the [[Dickin Medal]] and celebrates at the West Nestington bar, where Valiant shares a kiss with Victoria. A message is then displayed commending the animals that saved thousands of lives during World War II.

== Voice cast ==
* [[Ewan McGregor]] as Valiant, an plucky and optimistic [[Common wood pigeon|wood pigeon]]. Although he is the smallest of the war pigeon squad, he is the bravest.
* [[Ricky Gervais]] as Bugsy, a slovenly but friendly [[Green pigeon|pigeon]] who becomes Valiant's best friend.
* [[Tim Curry]] as General Von Talon, a cruel German [[peregrine falcon]]. He stands out with a big eyepatch over his left eye.
* [[Olivia Williams]] as Victoria, a beautiful and kind nursing [[dove]] and Valiant's love interest.
* [[Pip Torrens]] as Lofty Thaddeus Worthington, a [[Columbidae|red scholarly pigeon]]
* Dan Roberts as Tailfeather, a [[blue pigeon]] and a member of the war pigeon squad.
* Brian Lonsdale as Toughwood, a [[Pigeon racing|tan pigeon]], Tailfeather's brother, and a member of the war pigeon squad.
* [[Hugh Laurie]] as Wing Commander Gutsy, the lead commander of the RHPS
* [[Jim Broadbent]] as Sergeant Monty, the gruff drill sergeant who puts the recruits through strainious training to prepare for fighting against Von Talon.
* [[John Hurt]] as Felix, an old [[Gull|seagull]] and World War I veteran with a [[Pegleg|peg leg]] who is the bartender at West Nestington and Valiant's friend.
* [[Rik Mayall]] as Cufflingk, a peregrine falcon minion
* Michael Schlingmann as Underlingk, a peregrine falcon minion
* [[John Cleese]] as Mercury, a [[Columbidae|pigeon]] and prisoner of war.
* [[Annette Badland]] as Elsa, Valiant's doting mother who at first does not want her &quot;little egg&quot; to go to war, but lets Valiant go to be the hero he needs to be.
* [[Sharon Horgan]] as Charles de Girl, a female mouse who works for the French Resistance
* [[Jonathan Ross]] as Big Thug

==Production==
===Development===
{{quote box|width=250px|align=right|quote=If you think it's ''[[Finding Nemo|Nemo]]'' with feathers, then you're wrong. It's easier to create colorful tropical fish, or [[Toy Story|toys running around a kid's room]]. ''Valiant'' is different. It's set in the Second World War; it's dark, dangerous, yet funny — and that's quite hard.|source= —Gary Chapman&lt;ref name=&quot;Times&quot; /&gt;}}
179 modelers, animators, shaders, texturers began work on ''Valiant'' at the west London-based [[Ealing Studios]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Times&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/article424665.ece?token=null&amp;offset=0&amp;page=1 |title=Where pigeons dare |newspaper=[[The Times]] |date=2005-03-20 |access-date=2010-01-10}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was the second computer-animated film to be made in the United Kingdom, after ''[[The Magic Roundabout (movie)|The Magic Roundabout]]'' which premiered months prior to ''Valiant''. [[John H. Williams (film producer)|John H. Williams]] of [[Vanguard Animation]] said that a lot of European animators who had worked at [[Pixar Animation Studios]], [[Walt Disney Feature Animation]], and [[DreamWorks Animation]] were interested in going back to Europe and, unaware of the production of ''The Magic Roundabout'', they hoped to be the first studio to produce a CGI movie in Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegraph&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Crewe |first=Candida |title=Plucky British pigeon takes on Hollywood |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/3639143/Plucky-British-pigeon-takes-on-Hollywood.html |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |date=2005-03-22 |access-date=2010-01-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Williams also explained that, while it would have been $3 million cheaper to make in [[Los Angeles|LA]], $10–12 million in tax and co-production money was available due to producing the film in Britain.&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegraph&quot; /&gt; Additionally, the bonus of the location was that the [[UK Film Council]] offered ''Valiant'' a record-breaking £2.6 million grant.&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegraph&quot; /&gt; ''Valiant''{{'}}s budget of $35,000,000 is considered low in comparison to other CGI productions, with movies on which Williams had previously worked, such as ''[[Shrek 2]]'', having a budget of $150,000,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Shrek 2 |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=shrek2.htm |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date= 2010-01-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Director==
Gary Chapman made his directorial debut with ''Valiant''. Initially Chapman was hired for character and production design during project development before he was attached to direct the movie after extensive work with story development, writers, and producers. Chapman was subsequently storyboard artist, designing characters for the Vanguard Animation movie ''[[Space Chimps]]''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1369705/ Gary Chapman], IMDb. Retrieved 2014-01-28.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Animation===
The movie, on a tight budget and with a relatively small group of animators, was created in 106 weeks,&lt;ref name=&quot;Times&quot; /&gt; in what ''[[The Times]]'' described as &quot;a piece of guerrilla film-making&quot; in comparison to the other CGI animated movies created by major studios.&lt;ref name=&quot;Times&quot; /&gt; At least 5 computer animators worked together for every scene of the 76-minute movie, working on effects such as color, movement and shading.&lt;ref name=&quot;Times part two&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/article424665.ece?token=null&amp;offset=12&amp;page=2 |title= Where pigeons dare: Part 2 |newspaper=[[The Times]] |date= 2005-03-20 |access-date= 2010-01-10}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result of the low number of animators, some critics called the film's animation &quot;amateurish-looking&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;LA Times&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author= Carina Chocano |url= https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-aug-19-et-valiant19-story.html |title= Style flies the coop in lifeless 'Valiant'|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date= 2005-08-19 |access-date= 25 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; but other reviewers stated that the movie was &quot;nicely animated&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;RTÉ&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author= Linda McGee |url= http://www.rte.ie/arts/2005/0323/valiant.html |title= Valiant (G) |publisher=[[RTÉ]]|access-date= 2010-01-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tom Jacomb, line producer for Vanguard Animation, said that the biggest difficulties whilst making the movie was the detail required for the birds' feathers. He stated that &quot;most — no, all — our problems were feathers&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegraph&quot; /&gt; and described them as a &quot;misery in computer animation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegraph&quot; /&gt; Director Gary Chapman insisted that each bird must look distinctive,&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegraph&quot; /&gt; and as a result, the pigeons came in various colors, including beige, blue, yellow, red and grey. He also requested that each bird be dressed in clothing,&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegraph&quot; /&gt; and clothing accessories appear throughout the film on characters, usually [[hat]]s, [[Belt (clothing)|belts]], and [[Military Medal|military medals]] and, in the case of the villainous Von Talon, a black leather [[cape]]. However, before Valiant, Bugsy, Lofty Thaddeus Worthington, Tailfeather, Toughwood complete their military training, they appear entirely clothes-free, equipped with no military regalia.

[[C.O.R.E. Digital Pictures]] also provided animation work on the movie.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Vlessing|first1=Etan|title=Toronto FX giant C.O.R.E. Digital shuts down|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/toronto-fx-giant-core-digital-21671|access-date=May 2, 2017|work=The Hollywood Reporter|agency=AP|date=March 16, 2010|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Casting ===
By December 2003, Ewan McGregor joined the cast&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Hot McGregor to Voice Valiant Lead | url=https://www.awn.com/news/hot-mcgregor-voice-valiant-lead }}&lt;/ref&gt; along with [[Ben Kingsley]], [[Jim Broadbent]], [[Rupert Everett]], [[Hugh Laurie]], [[John Hurt]] and [[Ricky Gervais]]. In April 2004, [[John Cleese]] and [[Tim Curry]] joined in. Olivia Williams joined in the cast. Kingsley and Everett later dropped out of the film.

=== Distribution ===
In 2002, [[Walt Disney Studios (division)|the Walt Disney Studios]] signed a four-picture deal with Vanguard, with ''Valiant'' being the first under the deal. The deal would allow Disney to secure North American distribution and home video rights to the film, and worldwide licensing rights.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Disney Looks to Vanguard for Future CG Slate | url=https://www.awn.com/news/disney-looks-vanguard-future-cg-slate }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Soundtrack ==
The musical score was composed by [[George Fenton]] and mostly performed by the [[Royal Philharmonic Orchestra]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CD soundtrack&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Valiant Soundtrack CD |url=http://www.cduniverse.com/search/xx/music/pid/6921901/a/Valiant.htm |access-date=2010-01-17 |publisher=CD Universe}}&lt;/ref&gt; The orchestral music is in keeping with the military theme of the film, such as through &quot;March of the R.H.P.S.&quot;, performed by [[The Central Band of the RAF|The Central Band of the Royal Air Force]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CD soundtrack&quot; /&gt; Tracks were recorded at [[Air Lyndhurst|AIR Recording Studios]] and at [[Angel Recording Studios]] in [[London]] and at [[MSR Studios|Right Track Studios]], [[New York City|New York]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CD soundtrack&quot; /&gt; The only track not composed by Fenton is &quot;[[Shoo Shoo Baby (song)|Shoo Shoo Baby]]&quot;, performed by [[R&amp;B]] girl group [[Mis-Teeq]],&lt;ref name=&quot;CD soundtrack&quot; /&gt; originally sung by the popular American wartime group, the [[Andrews Sisters]]. Although &quot;Shoo Shoo Baby&quot; was the only track on the album containing lyrics, it was not the only lyrical track used in the film – &quot;[[Non, je ne regrette rien]]&quot; by [[Édith Piaf]] is played in one scene in the film, despite it being recorded in 1960, 16 years after 1944, when the film was set.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Goofs for Valiant (2005) |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0361089/goofs |access-date=2010-01-17 |publisher=[[IMDb]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
The movie grossed $19,478,106 in the U.S. and $42,268,782 internationally, which puts it at a worldwide total of $61,746,888. The film held the record for lowest box office of a CGI animated movie, until this record was later beaten in [[2006 in movie|2006]] by ''Doogal'', the American re-dubbed version of ''[[The Magic Roundabout (movie)|The Magic Roundabout]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;BOM&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Valiant (2005) |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=valiant.htm |access-date=2009-03-10 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Critical reception ===
''Valiant'' received mixed reviews from critics. The film received a 32% &quot;rotten&quot; rating on [[Rotten Tomatoes]] based on 114 reviews with an average rating of 5/10. The site's consensus reads: &quot;''Valiant'' has a good collection of voice talents, but the story is strictly by-the-numbers&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/valiant/|title=Valiant Movie Reviews, Pictures – Rotten Tomatoes |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |date=August 19, 2005 |access-date= 2010-01-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; On Metacritic, the film has a 45 out of 100 based on 27 critic reviews indicating &quot;mixed or average reviews&quot;.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Official website|http://movies.disney.com/valiant}}
* {{IMDb title|0361089}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|valiant}}
* {{mojo title|valiant|Valiant}}

{{Vanguard Animation}}
{{War pigeons}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Valiant}}
[[Category:2005 children's movies]]
[[Category:2005 computer-animated movies]]
[[Category:2005 English-language movies]]
[[Category:Movies about the British Armed Forces]]
[[Category:Movies about air forces]]
[[Category:Movies about military animals]]
[[Category:British computer-animated films]]
[[Category:Movies scored by George Fenton]]
[[Category:Animated movies about birds]]
[[Category:Animated movies about talking animals]]
[[Category:Fictional doves and pigeons]]
[[Category:Movies produced by John H. Williams]]
[[Category:Movies set in 1944]]
[[Category:Animated movies set in London]]
[[Category:Vanguard Animation]]
[[Category:UK Film Council movies]]
[[Category:Ealing Studios movies]]
[[Category:American World War II movies]]
[[Category:Animated war movies]]
[[Category:British World War II movies]]
[[Category:2005 directorial debut movies]]
[[Category:2005 American movies]]
[[Category:2005 British movies]]
[[Category:Animated movies set in the 1940s]]
[[Category:Animated movies set in France]]
[[Category:Animated World War II movies]]
[[Category:World War II movies based on actual events]]
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{{Infobox movie
| name           = Valiant
| image          = 
| caption        = 
| border         = yes
| director       = Gary Chapman
| producer       = [[John H. Williams (movie producer)|John H. Williams]]
| screenplay     = {{Plainlist|
* Jordan Katz
* George Webster
* George Melrod
}}
| starring       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ewan McGregor]]
* [[Ricky Gervais]]
* [[Tim Curry]]
* [[Jim Broadbent]]
* [[Hugh Laurie]]
* [[John Cleese]]
* [[John Hurt]]
* [[Pip Torrens]]
* [[Rik Mayall]]
* [[Olivia Williams]]
}}
| editing        = Jim Stewart
| music          = [[George Fenton]]
| studio         = [[Vanguard Animation]]
| distributor    = {{Plainlist|
* [[Entertainment Film Distributors]] (United Kingdom)
* [[Walt Disney Pictures]] (through [[Buena Vista Pictures Distribution]]; United States/Canada)
* Odyssey Entertainment (International)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.skwigly.co.uk/valiant-some-pigeons-eat-crumbs-others-make-history/ | title=Valiant: &quot;Some pigeons eat crumbs, others make history&quot; | date=April 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
| released       = {{Film date|df=yes|2005|3|25|United Kingdom|2005|8|19|United States}}
| runtime        = 76 minutes
| country        = {{Plainlist|
* United Kingdom
* United States
}}
| language       = English
| budget         = $35 million&lt;ref name=&quot;BOM&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=valiant.htm |title=Valiant (2005) |access-date=2009-03-10 |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| gross          = $61.7 million&lt;ref name=&quot;BOM&quot;/&gt;
}}

'''''Valiant''''' is a 2005 animated war [[comedy movie]] produced by [[John H. Williams (movie producer)|John H. Williams]] and directed by Gary Chapman. It is the first feature movie by American animation studio [[Vanguard Animation]], which features an [[Ensemble cast|ensemble voice cast]] including [[Evan McGregor]], [[Ricky Gervais]], [[Tim Curry]], [[Jim Broadbent]], [[Hugh Laurie]], [[John Cleese]], [[John Hurt]], [[Pip Torrens]], [[Rik Mayall]], and [[Olivia Williams]]. Set in May 1944, the movie tells the story of an group of [[war pigeons]] during [[World War II]]. From a screenplay by Jordan Katz, George Webster, and George Melrod, it was inspired by true stories of hundreds of pigeons that helped the soldiers in the war.

''Valiant'' was released in the United Kingdom on 25 March 2005, and in the United States on 19 August. It received mixed reviews in critics, and grossed $62 million against a $35 million budget.

== Plot ==
In May 1944, during [[World War II]], three Royal Homing Pigeon Service (RHPS) [[war pigeon]]s led by Mercury are flying across the [[English Channel]] carrying a vital message to [[Great Britain]] where they are ambushed by [[Nazi Germany|German]]-affiliated [[peregrine falcon]] named General Von Talon, who kills Mercury's comrades and takes him as a [[prisoner of war]].

In West Nestington, a small [[Common Wood Pigeon|wood pigeon]] named Valiant watches an [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] propaganda film at his local bar with his best friend and barman, a [[seagull]] named Felix, before a [[war hero]] named Wing Commander Gutsy arrives to announce signups for the RHPS will begin the next day in [[Trafalgar Square]]. Valiant encounters an uncouth pigeon named Bugsy en route to the square, and in order to escape from a pair of [[magpie]] thugs he cheated in a [[shell game]], Bugsy signs up too. The pair are assigned to Squad F along with an intellectual red pigeon named Lofty and two muscular yet dimwitted brothers named Toughwood and Tailfeather. At the [[recruit training]] facility, they are placed under Sergeant Monty's command and Valiant develops a crush on the camp's nurse, a dove named Victoria. Meanwhile, Von Talon and his falcon minions Cufflingk and Underlingk torture Mercury into revealing the message was sent from Saint Pierre in France.

Gutsy informs Monty the recruits must leave before their training is complete. Bugsy deserts, fearing for his life, but returns as Squad F departs. Their plane is damaged in an [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft attack]] and the squad bail outs. A technical malfunction traps Gutsy on the plane as it crash-lands.

In France, Squad F meets Charles de Girl and Rollo, two mice from the [[French Resistance]]'s Mouse Division, who lead them to Saint-Pierre. They are ordered to deliver the same message, but Von Talon's forces attack, capturing Bugsy. Unaware that Squad F followed him to his bunker hideout, Von Talon imprisons Bugsy, intending to kill him after he delivers the message to the [[Führer]]. As Squad F reunites with Gutsy, Valiant uses his short stature to infiltrate Von Talon's bunker and rescue Bugsy and Mercury. The falcons discover them during their escape, but Squad F, Mercury, and Gutsy hold off Cufflingk and Underlingk while Valiant flies to London to deliver the message, pursued by Von Talon.

With Felix and his fellow West Nestington residents' help, Valiant subdues Von Talon and successfully delivers the message, which inspires the Allies to change their invasion plans and [[Normandy landings|land in Normandy]]. Squad F receives the [[Dickin Medal]] and celebrates at the West Nestington bar, where Valiant shares a kiss with Victoria. A message is then displayed commending the animals that saved thousands of lives during World War II.

== Voice cast ==
* [[Ewan McGregor]] as Valiant, an plucky and optimistic [[Common wood pigeon|wood pigeon]]. Although he is the smallest of the war pigeon squad, he is the bravest.
* [[Ricky Gervais]] as Bugsy, a slovenly but friendly [[Green pigeon|pigeon]] who becomes Valiant's best friend.
* [[Tim Curry]] as General Von Talon, a cruel German [[peregrine falcon]]. He stands out with a big eyepatch over his left eye.
* [[Olivia Williams]] as Victoria, a beautiful and kind nursing [[dove]] and Valiant's love interest.
* [[Pip Torrens]] as Lofty Thaddeus Worthington, a [[Columbidae|red scholarly pigeon]]
* Dan Roberts as Tailfeather, a [[blue pigeon]] and a member of the war pigeon squad.
* Brian Lonsdale as Toughwood, a [[Pigeon racing|tan pigeon]], Tailfeather's brother, and a member of the war pigeon squad.
* [[Hugh Laurie]] as Wing Commander Gutsy, the lead commander of the RHPS
* [[Jim Broadbent]] as Sergeant Monty, the gruff drill sergeant who puts the recruits through strainious training to prepare for fighting against Von Talon.
* [[John Hurt]] as Felix, an old [[Gull|seagull]] and World War I veteran with a [[Pegleg|peg leg]] who is the bartender at West Nestington and Valiant's friend.
* [[Rik Mayall]] as Cufflingk, a peregrine falcon minion
* Michael Schlingmann as Underlingk, a peregrine falcon minion
* [[John Cleese]] as Mercury, a [[Columbidae|pigeon]] and prisoner of war.
* [[Annette Badland]] as Elsa, Valiant's doting mother who at first does not want her &quot;little egg&quot; to go to war, but lets Valiant go to be the hero he needs to be.
* [[Sharon Horgan]] as Charles de Girl, a female mouse who works for the French Resistance
* [[Jonathan Ross]] as Big Thug

==Production==
===Development===
{{quote box|width=250px|align=right|quote=If you think it's ''[[Finding Nemo|Nemo]]'' with feathers, then you're wrong. It's easier to create colorful tropical fish, or [[Toy Story|toys running around a kid's room]]. ''Valiant'' is different. It's set in the Second World War; it's dark, dangerous, yet funny — and that's quite hard.|source= —Gary Chapman&lt;ref name=&quot;Times&quot; /&gt;}}
179 modelers, animators, shaders, texturers began work on ''Valiant'' at the west London-based [[Ealing Studios]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Times&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/article424665.ece?token=null&amp;offset=0&amp;page=1 |title=Where pigeons dare |newspaper=[[The Times]] |date=2005-03-20 |access-date=2010-01-10}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was the second computer-animated film to be made in the United Kingdom, after ''[[The Magic Roundabout (movie)|The Magic Roundabout]]'' which premiered months prior to ''Valiant''. [[John H. Williams (film producer)|John H. Williams]] of [[Vanguard Animation]] said that a lot of European animators who had worked at [[Pixar Animation Studios]], [[Walt Disney Feature Animation]], and [[DreamWorks Animation]] were interested in going back to Europe and, unaware of the production of ''The Magic Roundabout'', they hoped to be the first studio to produce a CGI movie in Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegraph&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Crewe |first=Candida |title=Plucky British pigeon takes on Hollywood |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/3639143/Plucky-British-pigeon-takes-on-Hollywood.html |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |date=2005-03-22 |access-date=2010-01-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Williams also explained that, while it would have been $3 million cheaper to make in [[Los Angeles|LA]], $10–12 million in tax and co-production money was available due to producing the film in Britain.&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegraph&quot; /&gt; Additionally, the bonus of the location was that the [[UK Film Council]] offered ''Valiant'' a record-breaking £2.6 million grant.&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegraph&quot; /&gt; ''Valiant''{{'}}s budget of $35,000,000 is considered low in comparison to other CGI productions, with movies on which Williams had previously worked, such as ''[[Shrek 2]]'', having a budget of $150,000,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Shrek 2 |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=shrek2.htm |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date= 2010-01-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Director==
Gary Chapman made his directorial debut with ''Valiant''. Initially Chapman was hired for character and production design during project development before he was attached to direct the movie after extensive work with story development, writers, and producers. Chapman was subsequently storyboard artist, designing characters for the Vanguard Animation movie ''[[Space Chimps]]''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1369705/ Gary Chapman], IMDb. Retrieved 2014-01-28.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Animation===
The movie, on a tight budget and with a relatively small group of animators, was created in 106 weeks,&lt;ref name=&quot;Times&quot; /&gt; in what ''[[The Times]]'' described as &quot;a piece of guerrilla film-making&quot; in comparison to the other CGI animated movies created by major studios.&lt;ref name=&quot;Times&quot; /&gt; At least 5 computer animators worked together for every scene of the 76-minute movie, working on effects such as color, movement and shading.&lt;ref name=&quot;Times part two&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/article424665.ece?token=null&amp;offset=12&amp;page=2 |title= Where pigeons dare: Part 2 |newspaper=[[The Times]] |date= 2005-03-20 |access-date= 2010-01-10}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result of the low number of animators, some critics called the film's animation &quot;amateurish-looking&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;LA Times&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author= Carina Chocano |url= https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-aug-19-et-valiant19-story.html |title= Style flies the coop in lifeless 'Valiant'|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date= 2005-08-19 |access-date= 25 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; but other reviewers stated that the movie was &quot;nicely animated&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;RTÉ&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author= Linda McGee |url= http://www.rte.ie/arts/2005/0323/valiant.html |title= Valiant (G) |publisher=[[RTÉ]]|access-date= 2010-01-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tom Jacomb, line producer for Vanguard Animation, said that the biggest difficulties whilst making the movie was the detail required for the birds' feathers. He stated that &quot;most — no, all — our problems were feathers&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegraph&quot; /&gt; and described them as a &quot;misery in computer animation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegraph&quot; /&gt; Director Gary Chapman insisted that each bird must look distinctive,&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegraph&quot; /&gt; and as a result, the pigeons came in various colors, including beige, blue, yellow, red and grey. He also requested that each bird be dressed in clothing,&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegraph&quot; /&gt; and clothing accessories appear throughout the film on characters, usually [[hat]]s, [[Belt (clothing)|belts]], and [[Military Medal|military medals]] and, in the case of the villainous Von Talon, a black leather [[cape]]. However, before Valiant, Bugsy, Lofty Thaddeus Worthington, Tailfeather, Toughwood complete their military training, they appear entirely clothes-free, equipped with no military regalia.

[[C.O.R.E. Digital Pictures]] also provided animation work on the movie.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Vlessing|first1=Etan|title=Toronto FX giant C.O.R.E. Digital shuts down|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/toronto-fx-giant-core-digital-21671|access-date=May 2, 2017|work=The Hollywood Reporter|agency=AP|date=March 16, 2010|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Casting ===
By December 2003, Ewan McGregor joined the cast&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Hot McGregor to Voice Valiant Lead | url=https://www.awn.com/news/hot-mcgregor-voice-valiant-lead }}&lt;/ref&gt; along with [[Ben Kingsley]], [[Jim Broadbent]], [[Rupert Everett]], [[Hugh Laurie]], [[John Hurt]] and [[Ricky Gervais]]. In April 2004, [[John Cleese]] and [[Tim Curry]] joined in. Olivia Williams joined in the cast. Kingsley and Everett later dropped out of the film.

=== Distribution ===
In 2002, [[Walt Disney Studios (division)|the Walt Disney Studios]] signed a four-picture deal with Vanguard, with ''Valiant'' being the first under the deal. The deal would allow Disney to secure North American distribution and home video rights to the film, and worldwide licensing rights.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Disney Looks to Vanguard for Future CG Slate | url=https://www.awn.com/news/disney-looks-vanguard-future-cg-slate }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Soundtrack ==
The musical score was composed by [[George Fenton]] and mostly performed by the [[Royal Philharmonic Orchestra]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CD soundtrack&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Valiant Soundtrack CD |url=http://www.cduniverse.com/search/xx/music/pid/6921901/a/Valiant.htm |access-date=2010-01-17 |publisher=CD Universe}}&lt;/ref&gt; The orchestral music is in keeping with the military theme of the film, such as through &quot;March of the R.H.P.S.&quot;, performed by [[The Central Band of the RAF|The Central Band of the Royal Air Force]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CD soundtrack&quot; /&gt; Tracks were recorded at [[Air Lyndhurst|AIR Recording Studios]] and at [[Angel Recording Studios]] in [[London]] and at [[MSR Studios|Right Track Studios]], [[New York City|New York]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CD soundtrack&quot; /&gt; The only track not composed by Fenton is &quot;[[Shoo Shoo Baby (song)|Shoo Shoo Baby]]&quot;, performed by [[R&amp;B]] girl group [[Mis-Teeq]],&lt;ref name=&quot;CD soundtrack&quot; /&gt; originally sung by the popular American wartime group, the [[Andrews Sisters]]. Although &quot;Shoo Shoo Baby&quot; was the only track on the album containing lyrics, it was not the only lyrical track used in the film – &quot;[[Non, je ne regrette rien]]&quot; by [[Édith Piaf]] is played in one scene in the film, despite it being recorded in 1960, 16 years after 1944, when the film was set.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Goofs for Valiant (2005) |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0361089/goofs |access-date=2010-01-17 |publisher=[[IMDb]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
The movie grossed $19,478,106 in the U.S. and $42,268,782 internationally, which puts it at a worldwide total of $61,746,888. The film held the record for lowest box office of a CGI animated movie, until this record was later beaten in [[2006 in movie|2006]] by ''Doogal'', the American re-dubbed version of ''[[The Magic Roundabout (movie)|The Magic Roundabout]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;BOM&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Valiant (2005) |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=valiant.htm |access-date=2009-03-10 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Critical reception ===
''Valiant'' received mixed reviews from critics. The film received a 32% &quot;rotten&quot; rating on [[Rotten Tomatoes]] based on 114 reviews with an average rating of 5/10. The site's consensus reads: &quot;''Valiant'' has a good collection of voice talents, but the story is strictly by-the-numbers&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/valiant/|title=Valiant Movie Reviews, Pictures – Rotten Tomatoes |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |date=August 19, 2005 |access-date= 2010-01-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; On Metacritic, the film has a 45 out of 100 based on 27 critic reviews indicating &quot;mixed or average reviews&quot;.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Official website|http://movies.disney.com/valiant}}
* {{IMDb title|0361089}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|valiant}}
* {{mojo title|valiant|Valiant}}

{{Vanguard Animation}}
{{War pigeons}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Valiant}}
[[Category:2005 children's movies]]
[[Category:2005 computer-animated movies]]
[[Category:2005 English-language movies]]
[[Category:Movies about the British Armed Forces]]
[[Category:Movies about air forces]]
[[Category:Movies about military animals]]
[[Category:British computer-animated movies]]
[[Category:Movies scored by George Fenton]]
[[Category:Animated movies about birds]]
[[Category:Animated movies about talking animals]]
[[Category:Fictional doves and pigeons]]
[[Category:Movies produced by John H. Williams]]
[[Category:Movies set in 1944]]
[[Category:Animated movies set in London]]
[[Category:Vanguard Animation]]
[[Category:UK Film Council movies]]
[[Category:Ealing Studios movies]]
[[Category:American World War II movies]]
[[Category:Animated war movies]]
[[Category:British World War II movies]]
[[Category:2005 directorial debut movies]]
[[Category:2005 American movies]]
[[Category:2005 British movies]]
[[Category:Animated movies set in the 1940s]]
[[Category:Animated movies set in France]]
[[Category:Animated World War II movies]]
[[Category:World War II movies based on actual events]]
[[Category:Children's war movies]]</text>
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{{Infobox movie
| name           = Valiant
| image          = 
| caption        = 
| border         = yes
| director       = Gary Chapman
| producer       = [[John H. Williams (movie producer)|John H. Williams]]
| screenplay     = {{Plainlist|
* Jordan Katz
* George Webster
* George Melrod
}}
| starring       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ewan McGregor]]
* [[Ricky Gervais]]
* [[Tim Curry]]
* [[Jim Broadbent]]
* [[Hugh Laurie]]
* [[John Cleese]]
* [[John Hurt]]
* [[Pip Torrens]]
* [[Rik Mayall]]
* [[Olivia Williams]]
}}
| editing        = Jim Stewart
| music          = [[George Fenton]]
| studio         = [[Vanguard Animation]]
| distributor    = {{Plainlist|
* [[Entertainment Film Distributors]] (United Kingdom)
* [[Walt Disney Pictures]] (through [[Buena Vista Pictures Distribution]]; United States/Canada)
* Odyssey Entertainment (International)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.skwigly.co.uk/valiant-some-pigeons-eat-crumbs-others-make-history/ | title=Valiant: &quot;Some pigeons eat crumbs, others make history&quot; | date=April 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
| released       = {{Film date|df=yes|2005|3|25|United Kingdom|2005|8|19|United States}}
| runtime        = 76 minutes
| country        = {{Plainlist|
* United Kingdom
* United States
}}
| language       = English
| budget         = $35 million&lt;ref name=&quot;BOM&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=valiant.htm |title=Valiant (2005) |access-date=2009-03-10 |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| gross          = $61.7 million&lt;ref name=&quot;BOM&quot;/&gt;
}}

'''''Valiant''''' is a 2005 animated war [[comedy movie]] produced by [[John H. Williams (movie producer)|John H. Williams]] and directed by Gary Chapman. It is the first feature movie by American animation studio [[Vanguard Animation]], which features an [[Ensemble cast|ensemble voice cast]] including [[Evan McGregor]], [[Ricky Gervais]], [[Tim Curry]], [[Jim Broadbent]], [[Hugh Laurie]], [[John Cleese]], [[John Hurt]], [[Pip Torrens]], [[Rik Mayall]], and [[Olivia Williams]]. Set in May 1944, the movie tells the story of an group of [[war pigeons]] during [[World War II]]. From a screenplay by Jordan Katz, George Webster, and George Melrod, it was inspired by true stories of hundreds of pigeons that helped the soldiers in the war.

''Valiant'' was released in the United Kingdom on 25 March 2005, and in the United States on 19 August. It received mixed reviews in critics, and grossed $62 million against a $35 million budget.

== Plot ==
In May 1944, during [[World War II]], three Royal Homing Pigeon Service (RHPS) [[war pigeon]]s led by Mercury are flying across the [[English Channel]] carrying a vital message to [[Great Britain]] where they are ambushed by [[Nazi Germany|German]]-affiliated [[peregrine falcon]] named General Von Talon, who kills Mercury's comrades and takes him as a [[prisoner of war]].

In West Nestington, a small [[Common Wood Pigeon|wood pigeon]] named Valiant watches an [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] propaganda film at his local bar with his best friend and barman, a [[seagull]] named Felix, before a [[war hero]] named Wing Commander Gutsy arrives to announce signups for the RHPS will begin the next day in [[Trafalgar Square]]. Valiant encounters an uncouth pigeon named Bugsy en route to the square, and in order to escape from a pair of [[magpie]] thugs he cheated in a [[shell game]], Bugsy signs up too. The pair are assigned to Squad F along with an intellectual red pigeon named Lofty and two muscular yet dimwitted brothers named Toughwood and Tailfeather. At the [[recruit training]] facility, they are placed under Sergeant Monty's command and Valiant develops a crush on the camp's nurse, a dove named Victoria. Meanwhile, Von Talon and his falcon minions Cufflingk and Underlingk torture Mercury into revealing the message was sent from Saint Pierre in France.

Gutsy informs Monty the recruits must leave before their training is complete. Bugsy deserts, fearing for his life, but returns as Squad F departs. Their plane is damaged in an [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft attack]] and the squad bail outs. A technical malfunction traps Gutsy on the plane as it crash-lands.

In France, Squad F meets Charles de Girl and Rollo, two mice from the [[French Resistance]]'s Mouse Division, who lead them to Saint-Pierre. They are ordered to deliver the same message, but Von Talon's forces attack, capturing Bugsy. Unaware that Squad F followed him to his bunker hideout, Von Talon imprisons Bugsy, intending to kill him after he delivers the message to the [[Führer]]. As Squad F reunites with Gutsy, Valiant uses his short stature to infiltrate Von Talon's bunker and rescue Bugsy and Mercury. The falcons discover them during their escape, but Squad F, Mercury, and Gutsy hold off Cufflingk and Underlingk while Valiant flies to London to deliver the message, pursued by Von Talon.

With Felix and his fellow West Nestington residents' help, Valiant subdues Von Talon and successfully delivers the message, which inspires the Allies to change their invasion plans and [[Normandy landings|land in Normandy]]. Squad F receives the [[Dickin Medal]] and celebrates at the West Nestington bar, where Valiant shares a kiss with Victoria. A message is then displayed commending the animals that saved thousands of lives during World War II.

== Voice cast ==
* [[Ewan McGregor]] as Valiant, an plucky and optimistic [[Common wood pigeon|wood pigeon]]. Although he is the smallest of the war pigeon squad, he is the bravest.
* [[Ricky Gervais]] as Bugsy, a slovenly but friendly [[Green pigeon|pigeon]] who becomes Valiant's best friend.
* [[Tim Curry]] as General Von Talon, a cruel German [[peregrine falcon]]. He stands out with a big eyepatch over his left eye.
* [[Olivia Williams]] as Victoria, a beautiful and kind nursing [[dove]] and Valiant's love interest.
* [[Pip Torrens]] as Lofty Thaddeus Worthington, a [[Columbidae|red scholarly pigeon]]
* Dan Roberts as Tailfeather, a [[blue pigeon]] and a member of the war pigeon squad.
* Brian Lonsdale as Toughwood, a [[Pigeon racing|tan pigeon]], Tailfeather's brother, and a member of the war pigeon squad.
* [[Hugh Laurie]] as Wing Commander Gutsy, the lead commander of the RHPS
* [[Jim Broadbent]] as Sergeant Monty, the gruff drill sergeant who puts the recruits through strainious training to prepare for fighting against Von Talon.
* [[John Hurt]] as Felix, an old [[Gull|seagull]] and World War I veteran with a [[Pegleg|peg leg]] who is the bartender at West Nestington and Valiant's friend.
* [[Rik Mayall]] as Cufflingk, a peregrine falcon minion
* Michael Schlingmann as Underlingk, a peregrine falcon minion
* [[John Cleese]] as Mercury, a [[Columbidae|pigeon]] and prisoner of war.
* [[Annette Badland]] as Elsa, Valiant's doting mother who at first does not want her &quot;little egg&quot; to go to war, but lets Valiant go to be the hero he needs to be.
* [[Sharon Horgan]] as Charles de Girl, a female mouse who works for the French Resistance
* [[Jonathan Ross]] as Big Thug

== Themes == 
''Valiant'' takes the [[Second World War]] as its backdrop, and thus the movie has various factual references to World War II. McGregor himself called it &quot;a good old-fashioned [[war movie]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Valiant DVD&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media notes |title=Valiant |title-link=Valiant (film) |orig-year=2005 |others=Gary Chapman |type=Making of Featurette |publisher=[[Vanguard Animation]] |location=London |id=EDV9307 |year=2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; The movie's use of World War II imagery is apparent throughout; for instance, the villainous characters in the film hold obvious links to the [[Nazis]], although Nazism is never specifically mentioned, nor are Nazi symbols ever overtly visually depicted. Edited symbols are, however, discreetly inserted; for example, General Von Talon wears a large [[Reichsadler]] badge that depicts the German eagle, taken from the [[coat of arms of Germany]]. Yet this version, unlike the Hoheitszeichen (Nazi Germany's national insignia), has the eagle grasping two bones,&lt;ref name=&quot;Valiant DVD&quot; /&gt; whereas the Hoheitszeichen depicts the eagle clutching a [[swastika]]. Furthermore, the film's primary [[antagonist]], Von Talon, holds specific links to [[Adolf Hitler]]. For example, Von Talon states whilst holding Mercury as a prisoner of war that he would not eat Mercury, as he is a [[vegetarian]], a direct reference to [[Adolf Hitler's vegetarianism]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Washington Post&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=O'Sullivan |first=Michael |title='Valiant' Flies Over Wee Heads |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/18/AR2005081800550.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=2005-08-19 |access-date=2010-01-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Production==
===Development===
{{quote box|width=250px|align=right|quote=If you think it's ''[[Finding Nemo|Nemo]]'' with feathers, then you're wrong. It's easier to create colorful tropical fish, or [[Toy Story|toys running around a kid's room]]. ''Valiant'' is different. It's set in the Second World War; it's dark, dangerous, yet funny — and that's quite hard.|source= —Gary Chapman&lt;ref name=&quot;Times&quot; /&gt;}}
179 modelers, animators, shaders, texturers began work on ''Valiant'' at the west London-based [[Ealing Studios]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Times&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/article424665.ece?token=null&amp;offset=0&amp;page=1 |title=Where pigeons dare |newspaper=[[The Times]] |date=2005-03-20 |access-date=2010-01-10}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was the second computer-animated film to be made in the United Kingdom, after ''[[The Magic Roundabout (movie)|The Magic Roundabout]]'' which premiered months prior to ''Valiant''. [[John H. Williams (film producer)|John H. Williams]] of [[Vanguard Animation]] said that a lot of European animators who had worked at [[Pixar Animation Studios]], [[Walt Disney Feature Animation]], and [[DreamWorks Animation]] were interested in going back to Europe and, unaware of the production of ''The Magic Roundabout'', they hoped to be the first studio to produce a CGI movie in Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegraph&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Crewe |first=Candida |title=Plucky British pigeon takes on Hollywood |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/3639143/Plucky-British-pigeon-takes-on-Hollywood.html |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |date=2005-03-22 |access-date=2010-01-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Williams also explained that, while it would have been $3 million cheaper to make in [[Los Angeles|LA]], $10–12 million in tax and co-production money was available due to producing the film in Britain.&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegraph&quot; /&gt; Additionally, the bonus of the location was that the [[UK Film Council]] offered ''Valiant'' a record-breaking £2.6 million grant.&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegraph&quot; /&gt; ''Valiant''{{'}}s budget of $35,000,000 is considered low in comparison to other CGI productions, with movies on which Williams had previously worked, such as ''[[Shrek 2]]'', having a budget of $150,000,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Shrek 2 |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=shrek2.htm |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date= 2010-01-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Director==
Gary Chapman made his directorial debut with ''Valiant''. Initially Chapman was hired for character and production design during project development before he was attached to direct the movie after extensive work with story development, writers, and producers. Chapman was subsequently storyboard artist, designing characters for the Vanguard Animation movie ''[[Space Chimps]]''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1369705/ Gary Chapman], IMDb. Retrieved 2014-01-28.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Animation===
The movie, on a tight budget and with a relatively small group of animators, was created in 106 weeks,&lt;ref name=&quot;Times&quot; /&gt; in what ''[[The Times]]'' described as &quot;a piece of guerrilla film-making&quot; in comparison to the other CGI animated movies created by major studios.&lt;ref name=&quot;Times&quot; /&gt; At least 5 computer animators worked together for every scene of the 76-minute movie, working on effects such as color, movement and shading.&lt;ref name=&quot;Times part two&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/article424665.ece?token=null&amp;offset=12&amp;page=2 |title= Where pigeons dare: Part 2 |newspaper=[[The Times]] |date= 2005-03-20 |access-date= 2010-01-10}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result of the low number of animators, some critics called the film's animation &quot;amateurish-looking&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;LA Times&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author= Carina Chocano |url= https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-aug-19-et-valiant19-story.html |title= Style flies the coop in lifeless 'Valiant'|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date= 2005-08-19 |access-date= 25 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; but other reviewers stated that the movie was &quot;nicely animated&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;RTÉ&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author= Linda McGee |url= http://www.rte.ie/arts/2005/0323/valiant.html |title= Valiant (G) |publisher=[[RTÉ]]|access-date= 2010-01-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tom Jacomb, line producer for Vanguard Animation, said that the biggest difficulties whilst making the movie was the detail required for the birds' feathers. He stated that &quot;most — no, all — our problems were feathers&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegraph&quot; /&gt; and described them as a &quot;misery in computer animation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegraph&quot; /&gt; Director Gary Chapman insisted that each bird must look distinctive,&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegraph&quot; /&gt; and as a result, the pigeons came in various colors, including beige, blue, yellow, red and grey. He also requested that each bird be dressed in clothing,&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegraph&quot; /&gt; and clothing accessories appear throughout the film on characters, usually [[hat]]s, [[Belt (clothing)|belts]], and [[Military Medal|military medals]] and, in the case of the villainous Von Talon, a black leather [[cape]]. However, before Valiant, Bugsy, Lofty Thaddeus Worthington, Tailfeather, Toughwood complete their military training, they appear entirely clothes-free, equipped with no military regalia.

[[C.O.R.E. Digital Pictures]] also provided animation work on the movie.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Vlessing|first1=Etan|title=Toronto FX giant C.O.R.E. Digital shuts down|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/toronto-fx-giant-core-digital-21671|access-date=May 2, 2017|work=The Hollywood Reporter|agency=AP|date=March 16, 2010|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Casting ===
By December 2003, Ewan McGregor joined the cast&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Hot McGregor to Voice Valiant Lead | url=https://www.awn.com/news/hot-mcgregor-voice-valiant-lead }}&lt;/ref&gt; along with [[Ben Kingsley]], [[Jim Broadbent]], [[Rupert Everett]], [[Hugh Laurie]], [[John Hurt]] and [[Ricky Gervais]]. In April 2004, [[John Cleese]] and [[Tim Curry]] joined in. Olivia Williams joined in the cast. Kingsley and Everett later dropped out of the film.

=== Distribution ===
In 2002, [[Walt Disney Studios (division)|the Walt Disney Studios]] signed a four-picture deal with Vanguard, with ''Valiant'' being the first under the deal. The deal would allow Disney to secure North American distribution and home video rights to the film, and worldwide licensing rights.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Disney Looks to Vanguard for Future CG Slate | url=https://www.awn.com/news/disney-looks-vanguard-future-cg-slate }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Soundtrack ==
The musical score was composed by [[George Fenton]] and mostly performed by the [[Royal Philharmonic Orchestra]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CD soundtrack&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Valiant Soundtrack CD |url=http://www.cduniverse.com/search/xx/music/pid/6921901/a/Valiant.htm |access-date=2010-01-17 |publisher=CD Universe}}&lt;/ref&gt; The orchestral music is in keeping with the military theme of the film, such as through &quot;March of the R.H.P.S.&quot;, performed by [[The Central Band of the RAF|The Central Band of the Royal Air Force]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CD soundtrack&quot; /&gt; Tracks were recorded at [[Air Lyndhurst|AIR Recording Studios]] and at [[Angel Recording Studios]] in [[London]] and at [[MSR Studios|Right Track Studios]], [[New York City|New York]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CD soundtrack&quot; /&gt; The only track not composed by Fenton is &quot;[[Shoo Shoo Baby (song)|Shoo Shoo Baby]]&quot;, performed by [[R&amp;B]] girl group [[Mis-Teeq]],&lt;ref name=&quot;CD soundtrack&quot; /&gt; originally sung by the popular American wartime group, the [[Andrews Sisters]]. Although &quot;Shoo Shoo Baby&quot; was the only track on the album containing lyrics, it was not the only lyrical track used in the film – &quot;[[Non, je ne regrette rien]]&quot; by [[Édith Piaf]] is played in one scene in the film, despite it being recorded in 1960, 16 years after 1944, when the film was set.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Goofs for Valiant (2005) |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0361089/goofs |access-date=2010-01-17 |publisher=[[IMDb]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
The movie grossed $19,478,106 in the U.S. and $42,268,782 internationally, which puts it at a worldwide total of $61,746,888. The film held the record for lowest box office of a CGI animated movie, until this record was later beaten in [[2006 in movie|2006]] by ''Doogal'', the American re-dubbed version of ''[[The Magic Roundabout (movie)|The Magic Roundabout]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;BOM&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Valiant (2005) |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=valiant.htm |access-date=2009-03-10 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Critical reception ===
''Valiant'' received mixed reviews from critics. The film received a 32% &quot;rotten&quot; rating on [[Rotten Tomatoes]] based on 114 reviews with an average rating of 5/10. The site's consensus reads: &quot;''Valiant'' has a good collection of voice talents, but the story is strictly by-the-numbers&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/valiant/|title=Valiant Movie Reviews, Pictures – Rotten Tomatoes |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |date=August 19, 2005 |access-date= 2010-01-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; On Metacritic, the film has a 45 out of 100 based on 27 critic reviews indicating &quot;mixed or average reviews&quot;.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Official website|http://movies.disney.com/valiant}}
* {{IMDb title|0361089}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|valiant}}
* {{mojo title|valiant|Valiant}}

{{Vanguard Animation}}
{{War pigeons}}
{{Authority control}}

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    <title>Kiminori Matsuyama</title>
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      <text bytes="16235" sha1="10cqfk23dy6knuvxwbxavfnabsyq7tv" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox economist
| name                      = Matsuyama Kiminori
| image                     = 
| image_size                = 
| alt                       = 
| caption                   = 
| native_name               = 松山 公紀
| native_name_lang          = 
| birth_date                = 
| birth_place               = 
| death_date                = 
| death_place               = 
| resting_place             = 
| resting_place_coordinates =  &lt;!-- (use {{coord ...}}) --&gt;
| nationality               = [[Japan]]ese
| institution               = [[Northwestern University]]
| field                     = [[Macroeconomics]]
| school_tradition          = 
| alma_mater                = [[Harvard University]]&lt;small&gt; ([[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] 1987)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;[[Tokyo University]]&lt;small&gt; ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] 1980)&lt;/small&gt;
| doctoral_advisor          = 
| academic_advisors         =
| doctoral_students         =
| notable_students          =
| influences                = 
| influenced                = 
| contributions             = 
| awards                    = [[Nakahara Prize]] (1996)
| memorials                 = 
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}}

{{Nihongo|'''Matsuyama Kiminori'''|松山 公紀|Matsuyama Kiminori}} is a Japanese [[economist]]. He is a professor of economics at [[Northwestern University]] and, since December 2018, the chief scientific adviser of [[:en:Tokyo Foundation|the Tokyo Foundation for Policy Research]].[1] He is also an international senior fellow at the Canon Institute of Global Studies.[2] He was awarded the [[Nakahara Prize]] from the [[:en:Japanese Economic Association|Japanese Economic Association]] in 1996 and was elected a fellow of the [[:en:Econometric Society|Econometric Society]] in 1999, and a fellow of the Society for the Advancement of Economic Theory[3] in 2011.

==Early Life and Education==

Born on November 19, 1957, Matsuyama grew up in [[Bunkyō, Tokyo|Bunkyō]]-ku, [[Tokyo]]. After graduating from Seishi Elementary School, and then from [[:en:Azabu High School|Azabu High School]], he enrolled in Science Division-I of the [[University of Tokyo]], in 1976. Among those in his class in the Division was Makoto Gonokami ([[physicist]] and current president of the University of Tokyo). Matsuyama later switched to International Relations. Among those in his class there were Toyohisa Kozuki (current [[ambassador]] to [[Russia]]), [[:en:Jun Yamazaki|Jun Yamazaki]] (current ambassador to [[Singapore]], former ambassador to the [[United Nations]] and [[Sweden]]) and former LDP Diet member [[:en:Seiji Hagiwara|Seiji Hagiwara]]. It was through his studies in international relations that he came across economics for the first time. Although he passed the advanced-level [[:en:Civil service of Japan|civil service examination]] of the Japanese government in his senior year, he chose to continue his studies in economics.

After receiving his [[:en:Bachelor of Arts|BA]] in International Relations in 1980, he enrolled in the [[:en:Doctorate|doctoral]] program at the University of Tokyo’s [[Graduate school|Graduate School]] of Economics, where he studied with Ryūtarō Komiya, [[:en:Koichi Hamada|Kōichi Hamada]], [[:en:Takashi Negishi|Takashi Negishi]], and Tsuneo Ishikawa, as well as, briefly, with Motoshige Itō,[4] [[:en:Katsuhito Iwai|Katsuhito Iwai]], and Kiyohiko Nishimura.

From October 1982, he also worked as a research assistant for economist Masahiro Okuno, who was then a [[:en:Visiting scholar|visiting fellow]] at the [[Bank of Japan]]’s Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies.[5]

Matsuyama enrolled in [[Harvard University|Harvard University’s]] doctorate program in September 1983, where he studied under [[Jeffrey Sachs]], [[:en:Lawrence Summers|Lawrence Summers]], and [[:en:Greg Mankiw|Greg Mankiw]]. Classmates included [[:en:Philippe Aghion|Philippe Aghion]], [[Abhijit Banerjee]] (2019 recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences]]), [[:en:Mathias Dewatripont|Mathias Dewatripont]], [[:en:Miles Kimball|Miles Kimball]], and [[Alan Krueger]]. He received a PhD in economics from Harvard in 1987.

==Career==

Matsuyama became an assistant professor of economics at Northwestern University in September 1987, associate professor in September 1991, and professor in September 1995. He spent 1991 at the [[:en:Hoover Institution|Hoover Institution]] of [[Stanford University]] as a National Fellow. He received the Nakahara Prize from the Japanese Economic Association in 1996 and became a Fellow of the Econometric Society in 1999. In addition to teaching at the [[University of Chicago]] as a visiting professor in 1993 and at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] in 2008,[6] he has visited many [[University|universities]] and research institutes around the world and has been invited to deliver plenary lectures and keynote speeches at various international conferences.

In 2014, he became an international senior fellow of the Canon Institute for Global Studies,[7] and in December 2018 he was appointed chief scientific adviser of the [[:en:Tokyo Foundation|Tokyo Foundation for Policy Research]]

== Research ==

Matsuyama’s main fields of research are [[international trade]] and [[macroeconomics]].[8] His thesis for a BA in [[international relations]] at the University of Tokyo was on [[foreign direct investment]] and [[multinational corporation]]s. He wrote his doctoral dissertation at Harvard University on the intertemporal approach to the current account and the game-theoretic analysis of the [[political economy]] of international [[monetary policy]] coordination and of trade and industrial policies. After joining the Northwestern faculty, he has worked extensively on such topics as international trade, [[:en:Economic growth|economic growth]], [[:en:Economic development|economic development]], [[:en:Economic inequality|income inequality]], [[:en:Structural change|structural change]], and [[:en:Goodwin model (economics)|endogenous economic fluctuations]]. He is, in his own words, “interested in understanding the mechanisms behind macroeconomic instability, structural transformation, as well as inequality across countries, regions, and households, and how they interact with credit market imperfections and product market innovations.”[9]

== Selected Papers ==

*&quot;Current Account Dynamics in a Finite Horizon Model&quot; [https://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-of-international-economics/ Journal of International Economics] 23 (November 1987): 299-313.
*&quot;Terms of Trade, Factor Intensities and the Current Account in a [[Life cycle|Life Cycle]] Model&quot;  [https://www.restud.com/ The Review of Economic Studies] 55 (April 1988): 247-262.
*&quot;Residential Investment and the Current Account&quot; [https://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-of-international-economics/ Journal of International Economics] 28 (February 1990): 137-153.
*&quot;Perfect Equilibria in a Trade Liberalization Game&quot; [https://www.aeaweb.org/journals/aer The American Economic Review] 80 (June 1990): 480-492.
*&quot;Increasing Returns, Industrialization, and Indeterminacy of Equilibrium,&quot; [https://academic.oup.com/qje The Quarterly Journal of Economics] 106 (May 1991): 617-650.
*&quot;Endogenous Price Fluctuations in an Optimizing Model of a Monetary Economy,&quot; [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14680262#pane-01cbe741-499a-4611-874e-1061f1f4679e01 Econometrica] 59 (November 1991): 1617-1631.
*&quot;A Simple Model of Sectoral Adjustment,&quot; [https://www.restud.com/ The Review of Economic Studies] 59 (April 1992): 375-388.
*&quot;Custom versus Fashion: Path-dependence and Limit Cycles in a Random Matching Game,&quot; Working Paper in Economics, E-92-11, [https://www.hoover.org/ Hoover Institution].
*&quot;Agricultural Productivity, [[Comparative advantage|Comparative Advantage]], and Economic Growth,&quot; [https://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-of-economic-theory/ Journal of Economic Theory] 58 (December 1992): 317-334.
*&quot;Toward a Theory of International Currency,&quot; with Nobuhiro Kiyotaki and Akihiko Matsui, [https://www.restud.com/ The Review of Economic Studies] 60 (April 1993): 283-307.
*&quot;An Approach to Equilibrium Selection,&quot; with Akihiko Matsui, [https://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-of-economic-theory/ Journal of Economic Theory] 65 (April 1995): 415-434.
*&quot;Complementarities and Cumulative Processes in Models of Monopolistic Competition,&quot; [https://www.aeaweb.org/journals/jel Journal of Economic Literature] 33 (June 1995): 701-729.
*&quot;Start-up Costs and Pecuniary Externalities as Barriers to [[Economic development|Economic Development]],&quot; with Antonio Ciccone, [https://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-of-development-economics/ Journal of Development Economics], 49 (April 1996): 33-59
*&quot;The 1996 Nakahara Lecture: Complementarity, Instability, and Multiplicity,&quot; [https://www.springer.com/journal/42973 Japanese Economic Review], 48 (September 1997): 240-266.
*&quot;Self-Defeating Regional Concentration,&quot; with Takaaki Takahashi, [https://www.restud.com/ The Review of Economic Studies], 65 (April 1998): 211-234.
*&quot;Growing Through Cycles,&quot; [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14680262#pane-01cbe741-499a-4611-874e-1061f1f4679e01 Econometrica], 67 (March 1999): 335-347.
*&quot;Efficiency and Equilibrium with Dynamic Increasing Aggregate Returns Due to Demand Complementarities,&quot; with Antonio Ciccone, Econometrica, 67 (May 1999): 499-526.
*&quot;Endogenous Inequality,&quot; [https://www.restud.com/ The Review of Economic Studies], 67 (October 2000): 743-759.
*&quot;A Ricardian Model with a Continuum of Goods under Nonhomothetic Preferences: Demand Complementarities, Income Distribution and North-South Trade,&quot; [https://www.journals.elsevier.com/european-journal-of-political-economy/ Journal of Political Economy], 108 (December 2000): 1093-1120.
*&quot;Growing Through Cycles in an Infinitely Lived Agent Economy,” [https://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-of-economic-theory/ Journal of Economic Theory], 100 (October 2001): 220-234.
*&quot;Explaining Diversity: Symmetry-Breaking in Complementarity Games,” [https://www.aeaweb.org/journals/aer American Economic Review], 92 (May 2002): 241-246.
*&quot;The Rise of Mass Consumption Societies,&quot; [https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/toc/jpe/current Journal of Political Economy], 110 (October 2002): 1035-1070.
*&quot;Financial Market Globalization, Symmetry-Breaking, and Endogenous Inequality of Nations,” [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14680262#pane-01cbe741-499a-4611-874e-1061f1f4679e01 Econometrica], 72 (May 2004): 853-884.
*&quot;Credit Market Imperfections and Patterns of International Trade and Capital Flows,” [https://www.eeassoc.org/index.php?site=JEEA&amp;page=41 Journal of the European Economic Association], 3 (April-May 2005): 714-723.
*&quot;The 2005 Lawrence R. Klein Lecture: Emergent Class Structure,” [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14682354 International Economic Review], 47 (May 2006): 327-360.
*&quot;Credit Traps and Credit Cycles,” [https://www.aeaweb.org/journals/aer American Economic Review], 97 (March 2007): 503-516.
*&quot;Beyond Icebergs: Toward A Theory of Biased Globalization,” [https://www.restud.com/ The Review of Economic Studies], 74 (January 2007): 237-253.
*&quot;Aggregate Implications of Credit Market Imperfections,” in [[Daron Acemoglu]], Kenneth Rogoff, and Michael Woodford, eds., [https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/toc/ma/current NBER Macroeconomics Annual] 2007, Volume 22.
*&quot;Structural Change in an Interdependent World: A Global View of Manufacturing Decline,&quot; [https://www.eeassoc.org/index.php?site=JEEA&amp;page=41 Journal of the European Economic Association], 7 (April-May 2009): 478-486.
*&quot;Imperfect Credit Markets, Household Wealth Distribution, and Development,” [https://www.annualreviews.org/loi/economics Annual Review of Economics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506155351/https://www.annualreviews.org/loi/economics |date=2020-05-06 }}, 2011, Volume 3, 339-362.
*&quot;The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly: An Inquiry into the Causes and Nature of Credit Cycles,” [https://econtheory.org/ Theoretical Economics], 8 (September 2013): 623-651.
*Endogenous Ranking and Equilibrium Lorenz Curve Across (ex-ante) Identical Countries,” [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14680262#pane-01cbe741-499a-4611-874e-1061f1f4679e01 Econometrica], 81 (September 2013): 2009-2031.
*&quot;Institution-Induced Productivity Differences and Patterns of International Capital Flows,” [https://www.eeassoc.org/index.php?site=JEEA&amp;page=41 Journal of the European Economic Association], 12 (February 2014): 1-24.
*&quot;Globalization and Synchronization of Innovation Cycles,” with Laura Gardini and Iryna Sushko, [http://www.lse.ac.uk/ London School of Economics] [http://www.centreformacroeconomics.ac.uk/Home.aspx Centre for Macroeconomics] DP#2015-27.
*&quot;Revisiting the Model of Credit Cycles with Good and Bad Projects,” with Iryna Sushko and Laura Gardini, [https://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-of-economic-theory/ Journal of Economic Theory], 163 (May 2016): 525-556.
*&quot;Geographical Advantage: Home Market Effect in a Multi-region World,” [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Research+in+Economics&amp;src=IE-SearchBox&amp;FORM=IENDS2 Research in Economics], (formerly Ricerche Economiche), 71 (December 2017): 740-758
*&quot;Beyond CES: Three Alternative Classes of Flexible Homothetic Demand Systems, “ with Philip Ushchev, December 2017, [https://cepr.org/ CEPR]-DP12210.
*&quot;Engel’s Law in the Global Economy: Demand-Induced Patterns of Structural Change, Innovation, and Trade,” [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14680262#pane-01cbe741-499a-4611-874e-1061f1f4679e01 Econometrica], Vol. 87 No.2 (March 2019): 497-528.
*&quot;Reconsidering the Market Size Effect in Innovation and Growth,” with Helene Latzer and Mathieu Parenti, December 2019, [https://cepr.org/ CEPR]-DP14250.

==Other websites==
*[http://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/~kmatsu/ Kiminori Matsuyama, Department of Economics, Northwestern University]
*[https://www.tkfd.or.jp/en/experts/detail.php?id=303 Kiminori Matsuyama, Chief Scientific Adviser, Tokyo Foundation for Policy Research] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921041017/https://www.tkfd.or.jp/en/experts/detail.php?id=303 |date=2020-09-21 }}

== References ==
{{reflist}}[1] Tokyo Foundation for Policy Research, https://www.tkfd.or.jp/en/experts/detail.php?id=303 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921041017/https://www.tkfd.or.jp/en/experts/detail.php?id=303 |date=2020-09-21 }}

[2] Canon Institute for Global Studies, https://www.canon-igs.org/en/fellows/kiminori_matsuyama.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207082201/https://www.canon-igs.org/en/fellows/kiminori_matsuyama.html |date=2020-02-07 }} 

[3] Society for the Advancement of Economic Theory, https://saet.uiowa.edu/economic-theory-fellows/

[4] “Special New Year’s Colloquy: Priority Issues for Public Policy Research (Part I),” https://www.tkfd.or.jp/en/research/detail.php?id=668

[5] Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies(IMES), https://www.imes.boj.or.jp/english/index.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203205005/http://www.imes.boj.or.jp/english/index.html |date=2020-02-03 }}

[6] http://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/~kmatsu/vita.pdf

[7] https://www.canon-igs.org/en/fellows/kiminori_matsuyama.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207082201/https://www.canon-igs.org/en/fellows/kiminori_matsuyama.html |date=2020-02-07 }}

[8] https://www.canon-igs.org/en/fellows/kiminori_matsuyama.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207082201/https://www.canon-igs.org/en/fellows/kiminori_matsuyama.html |date=2020-02-07 }}

[9] https://www.college-de-france.fr/site/en-economics-innovation-lab/Clement-Malgouyres__1.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207082159/https://www.college-de-france.fr/site/en-economics-innovation-lab/Clement-Malgouyres__1.htm |date=2020-02-07 }}

[[Category:Japanese economists]]
[[Category:People from Tokyo]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]</text>
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    <title>Premier of Quebec</title>
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      <comment>Coat of arms of Quebec (without crown).svg The crown was officially removed from the Québec coat of arms on 23 January 2026. Source: https://www.quebec.ca/gouvernement/portrait-quebec/drapeau-symboles-nationaux/armoiries</comment>
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      <text bytes="2365" sha1="qz8jbxu7nrf6tckdab008708ad872ug" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox official post
|post = Premier
|body =  Quebec
|flag = 
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|insignia = Coat of arms of Quebec (without crown).svg
|insigniasize = 110px
|insigniacaption =  &lt;div style=&quot;font-size:80%;line-height:1.4em;&quot;&gt;[[Coat of arms of Quebec|Coat of Arms of Quebec]] &lt;/div&gt;
|image =
|incumbent = [[François Legault]]
|incumbentsince = October 18, 2018
|department = [[Government of Quebec]]&lt;br /&gt;Office of the Premier
|style = [[The Honourable]]
|member_of = {{hlist |[[Executive Council of Quebec|Executive Council]]}}
|reports_to = [[National Assembly of Quebec]]
|residence = [[Edifice Price]] (Price Building)
|seat = [[Quebec City]]
|appointer = [[Lieutenant Governor of Quebec]]
|appointer_qualified = 
|termlength = [[At Her Majesty's pleasure]]
|termlength_qualified = 
|formation = July 15, 1867&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nombre de premiers ministres et de gouvernements depuis 1867|url=http://www.assnat.qc.ca/fr/patrimoine/pm1.html|publisher=National Assembly of Quebec|access-date=March 9, 2014|language=fr|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310021044/http://www.assnat.qc.ca/fr/patrimoine/pm1.html|archive-date=March 10, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|inaugural = [[Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau]]
|salary = $90,850 plus $95,393 (indemnity and allowances)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.assnat.qc.ca/en/abc-assemblee/fonction-depute/indemnites-allocations.html|title=Indemnities and Allowances - National Assembly of Québec|website=www.assnat.qc.ca|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001105806/http://www.assnat.qc.ca/en/abc-assemblee/fonction-depute/indemnites-allocations.html|archive-date=2016-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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}}
The '''Premier of Quebec''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Premier ministre du Québec'' (masculine) or ''Première ministre du Québec'' (feminine)) is the [[head of government]] of the [[Provinces of Canada|Canadian province]] of [[Quebec]]. The current [[Premier]] of Quebec is [[François Legault]].

The Premier is most usually the head of the party winning the most seats in the [[National Assembly of Quebec]], and is normally a sitting member of the National Assembly.

The role of the Premier of Quebec is to set the legislative roles on the opening speech of the National Assembly.

==References==
{{reflist}}


{{biography-stub}}

[[Category:Premiers of Quebec|*]]</text>
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The '''River Teign''' (pronounced 'teen') is a [[river]] in south [[Devon]]. It is 31 miles (50 km) long and rises on [[Dartmoor]]. It becomes an [[estuary]] just below [[Newton Abbot]] and flows into the [[English Channel]] at [[Teignmouth]].

The Teign is formed by the joining together of the rivers North Teign and South Teign.

[[Category:Rivers of Devon|Teign]]

{{-}}
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 | group1 = Tournaments
 | list1 =
* [[1991 FIFA Women's World Cup|China 1991]]
* [[1995 FIFA Women's World Cup|Sweden 1995]]
* [[1999 FIFA Women's World Cup|United States 1999]]
* [[2003 FIFA Women's World Cup|United States 2003]]
* [[2007 FIFA Women's World Cup|China 2007]]
* [[2011 FIFA Women's World Cup|Germany 2011]]
* [[2015 FIFA Women's World Cup|Canada 2015]]
* [[2019 FIFA Women's World Cup|France 2019]]
* [[2023 FIFA Women's World Cup|Australia–New Zealand 2023]]
* ''[[2027 FIFA Women's World Cup|Brazil 2027]]''
 | group2= [[List of FIFA Women's World Cup finals|Finals]]
 | list2 =
* [[1991 FIFA Women's World Cup Final|1991]]
* [[1995 FIFA Women's World Cup Final|1995]]
* [[1999 FIFA Women's World Cup Final|1999]]
* [[2003 FIFA Women's World Cup Final|2003]]
* [[2007 FIFA Women's World Cup Final|2007]]
* [[2011 FIFA Women's World Cup Final|2011]]
* [[2015 FIFA Women's World Cup Final|2015]]
* [[2019 FIFA Women's World Cup Final|2019]]
* [[2023 FIFA Women's World Cup final|2023]]

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[[Category:FIFA Women's World Cup templates]]
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      <sha1>gr8x3os6mnu7mn4jt54nueyfsrm3ipz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kevin De Bruyne</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>651974</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880364</id>
      <parentid>10669488</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T14:41:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-33574-92</username>
        <id>1817388</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* he now plays for napoli and this page still needs an update*/</comment>
      <origin>10880364</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="43347" sha1="0keyg6kvbh6yamibjthvqjjknxet1m2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football biography
| name = Kevin De Bruyne
| image = Kevin De Bruyne 201807092.jpg
| caption = De Bruyne with [[Belgium national football team|Belgium]] in 2018
| full_name = Kevin De Bruyne&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/612828 |title=Updated squads for 2017/18 Premier League confirmed |publisher=Premier League |date=2 February 2018 |access-date=12 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1991|6|28|df=y}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fifadata.com/documents/FWC/2018/pdf/FWC_2018_Squadlists.pdf |title=FIFA World Cup Russia 2018: List of players: Belgium |publisher=FIFA |page=3 |date=15 July 2018 |access-date=11 June 2019 |archive-date=11 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611000407/https://www.fifadata.com/documents/FWC/2018/pdf/FWC_2018_SQUADLISTS.PDF |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| birth_place = [[Drongen]], Belgium&lt;ref name=&quot;worldfootball&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/kevin-de-bruyne/ |title=Kevin De Bruyne: Profile |website=WorldFootball.net |publisher=HEIM:SPIEL |access-date=11 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| height = 1.81 m&lt;ref name=&quot;PremProfile&quot;/&gt;
| position = [[Attacking midfielder]]
| currentclub = [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]
| clubnumber = 17
| youthyears1 = 1997–1999
| youthclubs1 = KVV Drongen
| youthyears2 = 1999–2005
| youthclubs2 = [[K.A.A. Gent|Gent]]
| youthyears3 = 2005–2008
| youthclubs3 = [[K.R.C. Genk|Genk]]
| years1 = 2008–2012
| clubs1 = [[K.R.C. Genk|Genk]]
| caps1 = 97
| goals1 = 16
| years2 = 2012–2014
| clubs2 = [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]]
| caps2 = 3
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2012–2013
| clubs3 = → [[SV Werder Bremen|Werder Bremen]] (loan)
| caps3 = 33
| goals3 = 10
| years4 = 2014–2015
| clubs4 = [[VfL Wolfsburg]]
| caps4 = 52
| goals4 = 13
| years5 = 2015–
| clubs5 = [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]
| caps5 = 240
| goals5 = 64 &lt;!--No in-game updates. Only adapt the number of caps and goals when the match is over. Thank you.--&gt;
| nationalyears1 = 2008–2009
| nationalteam1 = [[Belgium national under-18 football team|Belgium U18]]
| nationalcaps1 = 7
| nationalgoals1 = 1
| nationalyears2 = 2009
| nationalteam2 = [[Belgium national under-19 football team|Belgium U19]]
| nationalcaps2 = 10
| nationalgoals2 = 1
| nationalyears3 = 2011
| nationalteam3 = [[Belgium national under-21 football team|Belgium U21]]
| nationalcaps3 = 2
| nationalgoals3 = 0
| nationalyears4 = 2010–
| nationalteam4 = [[Belgium national football team|Belgium]]
| nationalcaps4 = 99
| nationalgoals4 = 26
| medaltemplates = {{Medal|Sport|Men's [[Association football|football]]}}
{{Medal|Country|{{fb|BEL}}}}
{{Medal|Comp|[[FIFA World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|3rd|[[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018 Russia]]|}}
| club-update = 00:12, 12 August 2023 (UTC)
| nationalteam-update = 28 March 2023
}}

'''Kevin De Bruyne''' is a professional football player from [[Belgium]].  He plays for  [[SSC Napoli]] and the [[Belgium|Belgian]] national team.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/kevin-de-bruyne-as-good-lionel-messi-cristiano-ronaldo-manchester-city-real-madrid-barcelona-a8045706.html &amp;#124; Kevin de Bruyne can become as good as Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo, says Roberto Martinez &amp;#124; The Independent]&lt;/ref&gt; He was the captain of Manchester City.

==Career statistics==
===Club===
{{updated|match played 11 August 2023}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
|-
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Club
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Season
!colspan=&quot;3&quot;|League
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|National cup{{efn|Includes [[Belgian Cup]], [[DFB-Pokal]], [[FA Cup]]}}
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|League cup{{efn|Includes [[EFL Cup|Football League Cup/EFL Cup]]}}
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Europe
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Other
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|[[K.R.C. Genk|Genk]]
|[[2008–09 Belgian First Division|2008–09]]&lt;ref name=SW/&gt;
|[[Belgian First Division]]
|2||0||0||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||2||0
|-
|[[2009–10 Belgian Pro League|2009–10]]&lt;ref name=SW/&gt;
|[[Belgian Pro League]]
|35||3||2||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||2{{efn|name=UEL|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}}||0||1{{efn|name=BSC|Appearance in [[Belgian Super Cup]]}}||0||40||3
|-
|[[2010–11 Belgian Pro League|2010–11]]&lt;ref name=SW/&gt;
|Belgian Pro League
|32||5||0||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||3{{efn|name=UEL}}||1||0||0||35||6
|-
|[[2011–12 Belgian Pro League|2011–12]]&lt;ref name=SW/&gt;
|Belgian Pro League
|28||8||1||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||6{{efn|name=UCL|Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]}}||0||1{{efn|name=BSC}}||0||36||8
|-
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Total
!97!!16!!3!!0!!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—!!11!!1!!2!!0!!113!!17
|-
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]]
|[[2012–13 Chelsea F.C. season|2012–13]]&lt;ref name=SW/&gt;
|[[Premier League]]
|0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||0||0
|-
|[[2013–14 Chelsea F.C. season|2013–14]]&lt;ref name=SW/&gt;
|[[Premier League]]
|3||0||0||0||3||0||3{{efn|name=UCL}}||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||9||0
|-
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Total
!3!!0!!0!!0!!3!!0!!3!!0!!0!!0!!9!!0
|-
|[[SV Werder Bremen|Werder Bremen]] (loan)
|[[2012–13 SV Werder Bremen season|2012–13]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Kevin De Bruyne|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/vereine/2012-13/59516/vereinsspieler_de-bruyne-kevin.html|website=kicker.de|publisher=kicker|access-date=17 August 2015|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Bundesliga]]
|33||10||1||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||34||10
|-
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|[[VfL Wolfsburg]]
|[[2013–14 VfL Wolfsburg season|2013–14]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Kevin De Bruyne|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/vereine/2013-14/59516/vereinsspieler_de-bruyne-kevin.html|website=kicker.de|publisher=kicker|access-date=17 August 2015|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Bundesliga
|16||3||2||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||18||3
|-
|[[2014–15 VfL Wolfsburg season|2014–15]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Kevin De Bruyne|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/vereine/2014-15/59516/vereinsspieler_de-bruyne-kevin.html|website=kicker.de|publisher=kicker|access-date=17 August 2015|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Bundesliga
|34||10||6||1||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||11{{efn|name=UEL}}||5||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||51||16
|-
|[[2015–16 VfL Wolfsburg season|2015–16]]&lt;ref name=sb1516&gt;{{soccerbase season|55734|2015|access-date=27 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Bundesliga
|2||0||1||1||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||1{{efn|Appearance in [[DFL-Supercup]]}}||0||4||1
|-
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Total
!52!!13!!9!!2!!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—!!11!!5!!1!!0!!73!!20
|-
|rowspan=&quot;10&quot;|[[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]
|[[2015–16 Manchester City F.C. season|2015–16]]&lt;ref name=sb1516/&gt;
|Premier League
|25||7||1||1||5||5||10{{efn|name=UCL}}||3||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||41||16
|-
|[[2016–17 Manchester City F.C. season|2016–17]]&lt;ref name=sb1617&gt;{{soccerbase season|55734|2016|access-date=27 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Premier League
|36||6||5||0||1||0||7{{efn|name=UCL}}||1||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||49||7
|-
|[[2017–18 Manchester City F.C. season|2017–18]]&lt;ref name=sb1718&gt;{{soccerbase season|55734|2017|access-date=11 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Premier League
|37||8||3||1||4||2||8{{efn|name=UCL}}||1||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||52||12
|-
|[[2018–19 Manchester City F.C. season|2018–19]]&lt;ref name=sb1819&gt;{{soccerbase season|55734|2018|access-date=11 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Premier League
|19||2||4||2||5||2||4{{efn|name=UCL}}||0||0||0||32||6
|-
|[[2019–20 Manchester City F.C. season|2019–20]]&lt;ref name=sb1920&gt;{{soccerbase season|55734|2019|access-date=11 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Premier League
|35||13||2||1||3||0||7{{efn|name=UCL}}||2||1{{efn|name=FACS|Appearance in [[FA Community Shield]]}}||0||48||16
|-
|[[2020–21 Manchester City F.C. season|2020–21]]&lt;ref name=sb2021&gt;{{soccerbase season|55734|2020|access-date=11 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Premier League
|25||6||3||1||4||0||8{{efn|name=UCL}}||3||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||40||10
|-
|[[2021–22 Manchester City F.C. season|2021–22]]&lt;ref name=sb2122&gt;{{soccerbase season|55734|2021|access-date=11 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Premier League
|30||15||3||1||2||1||10{{efn|name=UCL}}||2||0||0||44||19
|-
|[[2022–23 Manchester City F.C. season|2022–23]]&lt;ref name=sb2223&gt;{{soccerbase season|55734|2022|access-date=30 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Premier League
|32||7||4||1||2||0||10{{efn|name=UCL}}||2||1{{efn|name=FACS}}||0||49||10
|-
|[[2023–24 Manchester City F.C. season|2023–24]]&lt;ref name=sb2324&gt;{{soccerbase season|55734|2023|access-date=6 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Premier League
|1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||1{{efn|name=FACS}}||0||2||0
|-
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Total
!240!!64!!25!!8!!26!!10!!64!!14!!3!!0!!358!!96
|-
!colspan=&quot;3&quot;|Career total
!425!!103!!38!!10!!29!!10!!89!!20!!6!!0!!587!!143
|}

{{notelist}}

===International===
{{updated|match played 28 March 2023}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|+ Appearances and goals by national team and year
|-
!National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan=14|[[Belgium national football team|Belgium]]{{Cref2|N2}}
|2010||1||0
|-
|2011||1||0
|-
|2012||6||1
|-
|2013||11||3
|-
|2014||11||4
|-
|2015||8||4
|-
|2016||12||1
|-
|2017||8||0
|-
|2018||10||2
|-
|2019||6||4
|-
|2020||4||1
|-
|2021||10||3
|-
|2022||9||2
|-
|2023||2||1
|-
!colspan=2|Total!!99!!26
|}

{{updated|match played 28 March 2023}}
:''Belgium score listed first, score column indicates score after each De Bruyne goal''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=25621 |website=EU-Football.info |title=Kevin De Bruyne |access-date=25 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ List of international goals scored by Kevin De Bruyne
|-
!scope=col|No.
!scope=col|Date
!scope=col|Venue
!scope=col|Cap
!scope=col|Opponent
!scope=col|Score
!scope=col|Result
!scope=col|Competition
|-
| align=center | 1 || 12 October 2012 || [[Stadium Crvena Zvezda]], Belgrade, Serbia || align=center | 6 || {{fb|SRB}} || align=center | 2–0 || align=center | 3–0 || rowspan=4 | [[2014 FIFA World Cup qualification]]
|-
| align=center | 2 || 22 March 2013 || [[Philip II Arena]], Skopje, Macedonia || align=center | 10 || {{fb|MKD|name=Macedonia}} || align=center | 1–0 || align=center | 2–0
|-
| align=center | 3 || 7 June 2013 || rowspan=2 | [[King Baudouin Stadium]], Brussels, Belgium || align=center | 13 || {{fb|SRB}} || align=center | 1–0 || align=center | 2–1
|-
| align=center | 4 || 15 October 2013 || align=center | 17 || {{fb|WAL}} || align=center | 1–0 || align=center | 1–1
|-
| align=center | 5 || 26 May 2014|| [[Cristal Arena]], Genk, Belgium || align=center | 21 || {{fb|LUX}}{{Cref2|N}} || align=center | 5–1 || align=center | 5–1 || [[Friendly (association football)|Friendly]]
|-
| align=center | 6 || 1 July 2014 || [[Itaipava Arena Fonte Nova|Arena Fonte Nova]], Salvador, Brazil || align=center | 25 || {{fb|USA}} || align=center | 1–0 || align=center | 2–1 || [[2014 FIFA World Cup]]
|-
| align=center | 7 || rowspan=2 | 10 October 2014 || rowspan=3 | [[King Baudouin Stadium]], Brussels, Belgium || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 28 || rowspan=2 | {{fb|AND}} || align=center | 1–0 || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 6–0 || rowspan=5 | [[UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying]]
|-
| align=center | 8 || align=center | 2–0
|-
| align=center | 9 || 3 September 2015 || align=center | 34 || {{fb|BIH}} || align=center | 2–1 || align=center | 3–1
|-
| align=center | 10 || 10 October 2015 || [[Estadi Nacional]], Andorra la Vella, Andorra || align=center | 36 ||{{fb|AND}} || align=center | 2–0 || align=center | 4–1
|-
| align=center | 11 || 13 October 2015 || rowspan=2 | [[King Baudouin Stadium]], Brussels, Belgium || align=center | 37 || {{fb|ISR}} || align=center | 2–0 || align=center | 3–1
|-
| align=center | 12 || 13 November 2015 || align=center | 38 || {{fb|ITA}} || align=center | 2–1 || align=center | 3–1 || rowspan=3 | [[Friendly (association football)|Friendly]]
|-
| align=center | 13 || 28 May 2016 || [[Stade de Genève]], Lancy, Switzerland || align=center | 39 || {{fb|SUI}}|| align=center | 2–1 || align=center | 2–1
|-
| align=center | 14 || 27 March 2018 || [[King Baudouin Stadium]], Brussels, Belgium || align=center | 59 || {{fb|KSA}} || align=center | 4–0 || align=center | 4–0
|-
| align=center | 15 || 6 July 2018 || [[Kazan Arena]], Kazan, Russia || align=center | 66 || {{fb|BRA}} || align=center | 2–0 || align=center | 2–1 || [[2018 FIFA World Cup]]
|-
| align=center | 16 || 11 June 2019 || [[King Baudouin Stadium]], Brussels, Belgium || align=center | 70 || rowspan=2 | {{fb|SCO}} || align=center | 3–0 || align=center | 3–0 || rowspan=4 | [[UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying]]
|-
| align=center | 17 || 9 September 2019 || [[Hampden Park]], Glasgow, Scotland || align=center | 72 || align=center | 4–0 || align=center | 4–0
|-
| align=center | 18 || rowspan=2 | 19 November 2019 || rowspan=2 | [[King Baudouin Stadium]], Brussels, Belgium || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 74 || rowspan=2 | {{fb|CYP}} || align=center | 2–1 || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 6–1
|-
| align=center | 19 || align=center | 3–1
|-
| align=center | 20 || 18 November 2020 || rowspan=2 | [[Den Dreef]], Leuven, Belgium || align=center | 78 || {{fb|DEN}} || align=center | 4–2 || align=center | 4–2 || [[2020–21 UEFA Nations League A]]
|-
| align=center | 21 || 24 March 2021 || align=center | 79 || {{fb|WAL}} || align=center | 1–1 || align=center | 3–1 || [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification]]
|-
| align=center | 22 || 17 June 2021 || [[Parken Stadium]], Copenhagen, Denmark || align=center | 81 || {{fb|DEN}} || align=center | 2–1 || align=center | 2–1 || [[UEFA Euro 2020]]
|-
| align=center | 23 || 16 November 2021 || [[Cardiff City Stadium]], Cardiff, Wales || align=center | 88 || {{fb|WAL}} || align=center | 1–0 || align=center | 1–1 || [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification]]
|-
| align=center | 24 || 8 June 2022 || rowspan=2 | [[King Baudouin Stadium]], Brussels, Belgium || align=center | 90 || {{fb|POL}} || align=center | 2–1 || align=center | 6–1 || rowspan=2 | [[2022–23 UEFA Nations League A]]
|-
| align=center | 25 || 22 September 2022 || align=center | 92 || {{fb|WAL}} || align=center | 1–0 || align=center | 2–1
|-
| align=center | 26 || 28 March 2023 || [[RheinEnergieStadion]], Cologne, Germany || align=center | 99 || {{fb|GER}} || align=center | 3–1 || align=center | 3–2 || [[Exhibition game#Association football|Friendly]]
|}

==Honours==
'''Genk'''
*[[Belgian Pro League]]: [[2010–11 Belgian Pro League|2010–11]]&lt;ref name=&quot;SW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/players/kevin-de-bruyne/78532/ |title=K. De Bruyne: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=12 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Belgian Cup]]: [[2008–09 Belgian Cup|2008–09]]&lt;ref name=&quot;SW&quot; /&gt;
*[[Belgian Super Cup]]: [[2011 Belgian Super Cup|2011]]&lt;ref name=&quot;SW&quot; /&gt;

'''VfL Wolfsburg'''
*[[DFB-Pokal]]: [[2014–15 DFB-Pokal|2014–15]]&lt;ref name=&quot;SW&quot; /&gt;
*[[DFL-Supercup]]: [[2015 DFL-Supercup|2015]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |work=Kicker |language=de |url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/startseite/d-supercup-fb-1/2015/1/2841005/spielbericht_bayern-muenchen-14_vfl-wolfsburg-24.html |title= VfL Wolfsburg – Bayern München 5:4, Supercup, Saison 2015, 1.Spieltag – Spielbericht |access-date=1 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Manchester City'''
*[[Premier League]]: [[2017–18 Premier League|2017–18]], [[2018–19 Premier League|2018–19]], [[2020–21 Premier League|2020–21]], [[2021–22 Premier League|2021–22]], [[2022–23 Premier League|2022–23]]&lt;ref name=&quot;PremProfile&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/players/4288/Kevin-De-Bruyne/overview |title=Kevin De Bruyne: Overview |publisher=Premier League |access-date=1 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[FA Cup]]: [[2018–19 FA Cup|2018–19]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48236232 |title=Manchester City 6–0 Watford |first=Phil |last=McNulty |website=BBC Sport |date=18 May 2019 |access-date=18 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[2022–23 FA Cup|2022–23]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/65785637 |title=Manchester City 2–1 Manchester United |first=Phil |last=McNulty |website=BBC Sport |date=3 June 2023 |access-date=3 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[EFL Cup|Football League/EFL Cup]]: [[2015–16 Football League Cup|2015–16]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://mancity.com/news/first-team/first-team-news/2016/february/city-v-liverpool-talking-points-how-city-won-the-capital-one-cup |title=Talking Points: How City Won The Capital One Cup |last=Booth |first=Mark |date=29 February 2016 |publisher=Manchester City |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708000332/https://www.mancity.com/news/first-team/first-team-news/2016/february/city-v-liverpool-talking-points-how-city-won-the-capital-one-cup |archive-date=8 July 2018 |access-date=7 July 2018 |quote=Although he was unable to take any part in the final, Kevin De Bruyne deserved his first medal as a City player as much as anyone.}}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espn.com/soccer/manchester-city/story/3398770/kevin-de-bruyne-man-citys-carabao-cup-final-win-can-be-a-springboard |title=Kevin De Bruyne: Man City's Carabao Cup final win can be a springboard |last=Smith |first=Jonathan |date=26 February 2018 |publisher=ESPN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708215500/http://www.espn.com/soccer/manchester-city/story/3398770/kevin-de-bruyne-man-citys-carabao-cup-final-win-can-be-a-springboard |archive-date=8 July 2018 |access-date=8 July 2018 |quote=It was De Bruyne's second League Cup winners' medal at City, however he missed the 2016 final against Liverpool through injury.}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[2017–18 EFL Cup|2017–18]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/43101681 |title=Arsenal 0–3 Manchester City |first=Phil |last=McNulty |date=25 February 2018 |website=BBC Sport |access-date=25 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[2018–19 EFL Cup|2018–19]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/47268861 |title=Chelsea 0–0 Manchester City |first=Phil |last=McNulty |website=BBC Sport |date=24 February 2019 |access-date=24 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[2019–20 EFL Cup|2019–20]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51601970 |title=Aston Villa 1–2 Manchester City |first=Phil |last=McNulty |website=BBC Sport |date=1 March 2020 |access-date=1 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[2020–21 EFL Cup|2020–21]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/56790307 |title=Manchester City 1–0 Tottenham Hotspur |first=Phil |last=McNulty |website=BBC Sport |date=25 April 2021 |access-date=25 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[FA Community Shield]]: [[2019 FA Community Shield|2019]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49141690 |title=Liverpool 1–1 Manchester City |first=Emlyn |last=Begley |website=BBC Sport |date=4 August 2019 |access-date=4 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[UEFA Champions League]]: [[2022–23 UEFA Champions League|2022–23]];&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/65845807 |title=Manchester City 1–0 Inter Milan |first=Phil |last=McNulty |website=BBC Sport |date=10 June 2023 |access-date=10 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; runner-up: [[2020–21 UEFA Champions League|2020–21]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/57268064 |title=Manchester City 0–1 Chelsea |first=Phil |last=McNulty |website=BBC Sport |date=29 May 2021 |access-date=1 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Belgium'''
*[[FIFA World Cup]] third place: [[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/44748604 |title=Belgium 2–0 England |first=Phil |last=McNulty |date=14 July 2018 |website=BBC Sport |access-date=15 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Individual'''
*[[Bundesliga]] Young Player of the Year: [[2012–13 Bundesliga|2012–13]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.vavel.com/en/international-football/germany-bundesliga/340722-analysing-kevin-de-bruyne.html |title=Analysing Kevin De Bruyne |last=Anderson |first=Cammy |date=21 April 2014 |publisher=Vavel |access-date=17 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Bundesliga Player of the Year: [[2014–15 Bundesliga|2014–15]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.foxsports.com/soccer/story/de-bruyne-voted-by-players-as-the-best-in-bundesliga-last-season-061615 |title=De Bruyne voted by players as the best in Bundesliga last season |date=16 June 2015 |work=FOX Sports |access-date=22 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Bundesliga Team of the Year: [[2014–15 Bundesliga|2014–15]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bundesliga.com/en/watch/galleries/0000320167.jsp |title=2014/15 Team of the Season |date=11 May 2015 |publisher=Bundesliga |access-date=30 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514135204/http://www.bundesliga.com/en/watch/galleries/0000320167.jsp |archive-date=14 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Bundesliga top assist provider: [[2014–15 Bundesliga|2014–15]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.statbunker.com/competitions/MostAssists?comp_id=483 |title=Most assists Bundesliga 14/15 |publisher=Statbunker.com |date= |accessdate=4 August 2022 |archive-date=27 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727092737/https://www.statbunker.com/competitions/MostAssists?comp_id=483 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[UEFA Europa League]] Squad of the Season: [[2014–15 UEFA Europa League|2014–15]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/newsid=2112220.html|title=UEFA Europa League squad of the season |date=3 June 2015 |website=UEFA.com|publisher=Union of European Football Associations |access-date=3 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Goal of the Month (Germany)]]: October 2014&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sportschau.de/tor-des-monats/archiv/oktober2014tdm-sp-100.html |title=Tor des Monats Oktober 2014: De Bruynes Volley-Hammer aus 22 Metern |publisher=sportschau.de |date= |accessdate=17 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Footballer of the Year (Germany)]]: 2015&lt;ref name=&quot;Sporza&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=De Bruyne is Speler van het Jaar volgens Duitse Journalisten|url=http://sporza.be/cm/sporza/voetbal/buitenland/Duitsland/1.2400701|date=26 July 2015|work=[[Sporza]]|language=nl|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716195857/http://sporza.be/cm/sporza/voetbal/buitenland/Duitsland/1.2400701|archive-date=16 July 2016|access-date=26 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*''[[France Football]]'' World XI: 2015&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.fcbarcelona.com/football/first-team/detail/article/messi-neymar-jr-iniesta-and-alves-in-france-football-world-xi-of-2015 |title=Messi, Neymar Jr, Iniesta and Alves in France Football world XI of 2015 |publisher=FC Barcelona |date=30 December 2015|access-date=30 December 2015|archive-date=8 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608174905/http://www.fcbarcelona.com/football/first-team/detail/article/messi-neymar-jr-iniesta-and-alves-in-france-football-world-xi-of-2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Belgian Sportsman of the year|Belgian Sportsman of the Year]]: 2015&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://deredactie.be/cm/vrtnieuws.english/videozone_ENG/1.2528091 |title=Kevin De Bruyne is Sportsman of the Year |date=20 December 2015 |publisher=Deredactie |access-date=6 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Belgian Golden Shoe#Secondary awards|Best Belgian Player Abroad]]: 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Gouden Schoen 2015 – Kevin De Bruyne beste Belg in het Buitenland |language=nl |url=https://sportmagazine.knack.be/sport/belga-sport/gouden-schoen-2015-kevin-de-bruyne-beste-belg-in-het-buitenland/article-belga-645419.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2016&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gouden Schoen 2016 – Kevin De Bruyne is voor het tweede jaar op rij de beste Belg in het buitenland |date=8 February 2017 |url=https://nl.metrotime.be/nieuws/gouden-schoen-2016-kevin-de-bruyne-voor-het-tweede-jaar-op-rij-de-beste-belg-het |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Manchester City F.C.#Player of the Year|Manchester City Player of the Season]]: [[2015–16 Manchester City F.C. season|2015–16]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mancity.com/citytv/features/2016/08/12/etihad-player-of-the-season-award/1470928624730 |title=De Bruyne wins Etihad Player of the Season award |date=11 August 2016 |publisher=Manchester City |access-date=12 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[2017–18 Manchester City F.C. season|2017–18]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mancity.com/news/first-team/first-team-news/2018/may/kevin-de-bruyne-man-city-etihad-player-of-the-season |title=Kevin De Bruyne has been named City's Etihad Player of the Season |date=15 May 2018 |publisher=Manchester City |access-date = 15 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[2019–20 Manchester City F.C. season|2019–20]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mancity.com/citytv/mens/de-bruyne-etihad-player-of-the-season-63732324 |title=De Bruyne wins Etihad Player of the Season award!|date=6 August 2020 |publisher=Manchester City|access-date=6 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[2021–22 Manchester City F.C. season|2021–22]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mancity.com/news/mens/kevin-de-bruyne-premier-league-player-of-the-season-2022-63788715|title=DE Bruyne Named Premier League Player of the Season|date=21 May 2022 |publisher=Manchester City|access-date=8 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Manchester City Goal of the Season: 2019–20&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mancity.com/citytv/mens/de-bruyne-nissan-goal-of-the-season-63732324 |title=De Bruyne's Newcastle stunner wins Nissan GOTS!|date=6 August 2020 |publisher=Manchester City|access-date=6 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[FIFPRO#FIFA FIFPRO Men's World 11|FIFA FIFPRO World 11]]: [[The Best FIFA Football Awards 2020#FIFA FIFPro Men's World11|2020]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.fifa.com/the-best-fifa-football-awards/news/lucy-bronze-and-robert-lewandowski-are-the-best-of-2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217195406/https://www.fifa.com/the-best-fifa-football-awards/news/lucy-bronze-and-robert-lewandowski-are-the-best-of-2020 |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 December 2020 |title=Lucy Bronze and Robert Lewandowski are The Best of 2020 |work=FIFA |date=17 December 2020 |access-date=17 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=17 December 2020|title=The FIFA FIFPRO Men's World 11 of 2019–2020 – FIFPRO World Players' Union|url=https://fifpro.org/en/industry/world-11/the-fifa-fifpro-men-s-world-11-of-2020|access-date=18 December 2020|website=FIFPRO|archive-date=15 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215035636/https://www.fifpro.org/en/industry/world-11/the-fifa-fifpro-men-s-world-11-of-2020|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[The Best FIFA Football Awards 2021#FIFA FIFPro Men's World11|2021]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://fifpro.org/en/industry/world-11/2020-2021-men-s-fifa-fifpro-world-11-revealed | title = 2020–2021 Men's FIFA FIFPRO World 11 revealed | website = fifpro.org | date = 17 January 2022 | access-date = 17 January 2022 | archive-date = 18 January 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220118005811/https://www.fifpro.org/en/industry/world-11/2020-2021-men-s-fifa-fifpro-world-11-revealed | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[The Best FIFA Football Awards 2022#FIFA FIFPRO Men's World 11|2022]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 February 2023 |title=Messi makes World 11 history as Benzema earns maiden inclusion |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/fifpro-mens-world-11-2022-benzema-cancelo-casemiro-courtois-de-bruyne-haaland-hakimi-mbappe-messi-modric-van-dijk |access-date=28 February 2023 |website=FIFA |publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[IFFHS World Team#Men's winners|IFFHS Men's World Team]]: 2017,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://iffhs.de/the-iffhs-man-world-team-2017/ |title=The IFFHS Men World Team 2017 |date=12 December 2017 |website=IFFHS |publisher=International Federation of Football History &amp; Statistics |access-date=12 December 2017 |archive-date=13 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213010651/http://iffhs.de/the-iffhs-man-world-team-2017/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 2019,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://iffhs.de/iffhs-awards-the-iffhs-men-world-team-of-the-year-2019/ |title=IFFHS AWARDS 2019 – THE IFFHS MEN WORLD TEAM OF THE YEAR 2019 |website=IFFHS |date=30 November 2019 |access-date=30 November 2019 |archive-date=2 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202213823/https://iffhs.de/iffhs-awards-the-iffhs-men-world-team-of-the-year-2019/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 2020,&lt;ref name=&quot;IFFHS 2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/809 |title=IFFHS WORLD AWARDS 2020 – THE WINNERS |website=IFFHS |date=4 December 2020 |access-date=4 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2021,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://iffhs.com/posts/1510 |title=IFFHS MEN'S WORLD TEAM OF THE YEAR 2021 |website=IFFHS |date=7 December 2021 |access-date=7 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2022&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.iffhs.com/posts/2465 |title=IFFHS MEN'S WORLD TEAM 2022 |date=11 January 2023 |website=IFFHS |publisher=International Federation of Football History &amp; Statistics |access-date=11 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[UEFA Team of the Year]]: [[UEFA Team of the Year#Team of the Year 2017|2017]],&lt;ref name=UEFAtoty2017&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=2528699.html#/facts+figures+uefa+team+year+2017 |title=Facts and figures: UEFA.com Team of the Year 2017 |date=11 January 2018 |website=UEFA.com|publisher=Union of European Football Associations |access-date=13 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[UEFA Team of the Year#Team of the Year 2019|2019]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=2637433.html |title=UEFA.com fans' Team of the Year 2019 revealed |website=UEFA.com|publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=15 January 2020 |access-date=15 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[UEFA Team of the Year#Team of the Year 2020|2020]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/mediaservices/mediareleases/news/0265-1160a803540f-283794ce2b95-1000--uefa-com-fans-teams-of-the-year-2020-announced/ |title=UEFA.com fans' Team of the Year 2020 revealed |website=UEFA.com|publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=20 January 2021 |access-date=20 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[European Sports Magazines#ESM Team of the Year|ESM Team of the Year]]: [[European Sports Magazines#2017–18|2017–18]],&lt;ref name=&quot;AZ2018&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=ESM Top-Elf: Ein Bayern-Star in Europas Elite |work=Abendzeitung |language=ko |url=http://cafe.daum.net/ASMONACOFC/gAUc/1268375 |access-date=22 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[European Sports Magazines#2019–20|2019–20]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=ESM reveal Team of the Year for 2019/20 |url=https://www.marca.com/en/football/international-football/2020/08/31/5f4d437d268e3e985e8b4577.html |publisher=Marca |access-date=31 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[European Sports Magazines#2020–21|2020–21]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.worldsoccer.com/esm-golden-shoe/esm-team-of-the-season-2020-21-412505|title=ESM Team of the Season – 2020–21|date=7 June 2021|website=World Soccer}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[European Sports Magazines#2020s|2021–22]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Rainbow |first=Jamie |title=ESM Team of the Season – 2021–22 |work=World Soccer |date=13 June 2022 |url=https://www.worldsoccer.com/esm-golden-shoe/esm11/esm-team-of-the-season-2021-22-413812 |access-date=21 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[European Sports Magazines#2022–23|2022–23]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Jamie |date=2023-08-01 |title=ESM Team of the 2022-23 Season |url=https://www.worldsoccer.com/world-soccer-latest/esm-team-of-the-2022-23-season-414771 |access-date=2023-09-09 |website=World Soccer |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[PFA Team of the Year|PFA Premier League Team of the Year]]: [[PFA Team of the Year (2010s)#Premier League 9|2017–18]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/43810017 |title=Manchester City players dominate PFA team of the year |date=18 April 2018 |work=BBC Sport |access-date=5 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[PFA Team of the Year (2020s)#Premier League|2019–20]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Pollard|first=Rob|title=De Bruyne and Silva in PFA Team of the Year|url=https://www.mancity.com/news/mens/de-bruyne-silva-pfa-team-of-the-year-63735184|date=8 September 2020|access-date=8 September 2020|publisher=Manchester City F.C.}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[PFA Team of the Year (2020s)#Premier League 2|2020–21]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/57356719|title=PFA Premier League Team of the Year: Kevin de Bruyne one of six Manchester City players picked |work=BBC Sport |date=4 June 2021|access-date=4 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[PFA Team of the Year (2020s)#Premier League 3|2021–22]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/61736732|title=Mohamed Salah and Sam Kerr win PFA player of year awards|publisher=BBC Sport|date=9 June 2022|access-date=9 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[2022–23 Premier League|2022–23]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/66650723 |title=Erling Haaland: Manchester City forward wins PFA men's Player of the Year award |publisher=BBC Sport |date=29 August 2023 |access-date=29 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Premier League Playmaker of the Season]]: [[2017–18 Premier League#Annual awards|2017–18]], [[2019–20 Premier League#Annual awards|2019–20]],&lt;ref name=&quot;PremProfile&quot;/&gt; [[2022–23 Premier League#Annual awards|2022–23]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/3487354 |title=De Bruyne wins Playmaker of the Season award |publisher=Premier League |date=28 May 2023 |access-date=1 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*UEFA Champions League Team of the Season: [[2017–18 UEFA Champions League#Squad of the season|2017–18]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=2560100.html |title=UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season |date=27 May 2018 |website=UEFA.com|publisher=Union of European Football Associations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602104547/https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=2560100.html |archive-date=2 June 2018 |access-date=10 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[2018–19 UEFA Champions League#Squad of the season|2018–19]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=2607890.html |website=UEFA.com|publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=2 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[2019–20 UEFA Champions League#Squad of the season|2019–20]]{{Broken anchor|date=2025-07-11|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=2019–20 UEFA Champions League#Squad of the season|reason= }},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0260-103d6b6179e6-7a1932c7a58c-1000--uefa-champions-league-squad-of-the-season |website=UEFA.com|publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=28 August 2020 |access-date=28 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[2020–21 UEFA Champions League#Squad of the season|2020–21]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0269-12688c451cdd-b6efcb4ce948-1000--champions-league-all-star-squad/ |website=UEFA.com|publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=31 May 2021 |access-date=1 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[2021–22 UEFA Champions League#Team of the season|2021–22]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=2021/22 UEFA Champions League Team of the Season |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0275-154650014aef-02a394f30379-1000--official-team-of-the-season/ |website=UEFA.com|publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=31 May 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[2022–23 UEFA Champions League#Team of the season|2022–23]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0282-183b47300272-09e23ed6220b-1000--2022-23-team-of-the-season/|title=2022/23 UEFA Champions League Team of the Season|website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=11 June 2023|access-date=11 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[FIFA World Cup All-Star Team|FIFA World Cup Dream Team]]: [[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://dreamteam.fifa.com/en/home|title=FIFA World Cup Fan Dream Team|website=FIFA.com|date=18 July 2018|access-date=23 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626225201/https://dreamteam.fifa.com/en/home|archive-date=26 June 2018|url-status=dead|publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Premier League Goal of the Month]]: [[2019–20 Premier League#Monthly awards|November 2019]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/1527738 |title=De Bruyne earns November 2019 Budweiser Goal of the Month |publisher=Premier League |date=14 December 2019 |access-date=1 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; July 2020&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/1747213 |title=De Bruyne completes double with Budweiser Goal of the Month |publisher=Premier League |date=5 August 2020 |access-date=5 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Premier League Player of the Season]]: [[2019–20 Premier League#Annual awards|2019–20]], [[2021–22 Premier League#Annual awards|2021–22]]&lt;ref name=&quot;PremProfile&quot;/&gt;
*[[PFA Players' Player of the Year]]: [[2019–20 Premier League#Annual awards|2019–20]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Man City midfielder De Bruyne beats Liverpool stars to PFA Player of the Year award {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/man-city-midfielder-de-bruyne-beats-liverpool-stars-to-pfa/g0h1skp0eo0a1l1vxx8u5f6qf|access-date=8 September 2020|website=goal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[2020–21 Premier League#Annual awards|2020–21]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/57376601|title=PFA Player of the Year: Manchester City's Kevin de Bruyne wins second award|date=6 June 2021|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=6 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Football Supporters' Association#FSA Awards|FSA Player of the Year]]: 2022&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://thefsa.org.uk/news/fsa-awards-2022-de-bruyne-mead-win-major-supporter-honours/ |title=FSA Awards 2022: De Bruyne &amp; Mead win major supporter honours |publisher=Football Supporters' Association |date=15 November 2022 |access-date=14 July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[UEFA Champions League Best Midfielder|UEFA Champions League Midfielder of the Season]]: [[2019–20 UEFA Champions League#Midfielder of the season|2019–20]]{{Broken anchor|date=2025-07-11|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=2019–20 UEFA Champions League#Midfielder of the season|reason= }}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Kevin De Bruyne: Champions League Midfielder of the Season |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0262-1081d0b16b87-b7d6d33fa63e-1000--de-bruyne-midfielder-of-2019-20/ |website=UEFA.com|publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=1 October 2020 |access-date=1 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[IFFHS World's Best Playmaker]]: 2020,&lt;ref name=&quot;IFFHS 2020&quot;/&gt; 2021&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=28 November 2021|title=IFFHS MEN'S WORLD BEST PLAYMAKER 2021 – KEVIN DE BRUYNE|url=https://www.iffhs.com/posts/1490|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128221831/https://www.iffhs.com/posts/1490|archive-date=28 November 2021|access-date=28 November 2021|website=IFFHS.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[IFFHS World Team#Men Team of the Decade (2011–2020)|IFFHS UEFA Team of the Decade]]: 2011–2020&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=IFFHS (International Federation of Football for History &amp; Statistics|url=https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/932|access-date=31 January 2021|website=IFFHS.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[International Federation of Football History &amp; Statistics|IFFHS]] All Time Belgium XI&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=IFFHS|url=https://www.iffhs.com/posts/1260|access-date=16 January 2022|website=IFFHS.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ballon d'Or]] 3rd place: 2022&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.eurosport.com/football/ballon-d-or/2022/ballon-d-or-2022-karim-benzema-wins-ballon-d-or-sadio-mane-second_sto9185294/story.shtml|title=Ballon d'Or 2022 as it happened – Karim Benzema wins Ballon d'Or, Sadio Mane second|publisher=Eurosport|date=17 October 2022|access-date=20 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Premier League Player of the Year by Northwest Football Awards: 2020,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.northwestfootballawards.com/2020-winners/ |title=2020 Winners &amp; Finalists |publisher=Northwest Football Awards |access-date=2023-08-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2022&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.mancity.com/news/club/guardiola-de-bruyne-and-hemp-honoured-at-2022-northwest-football-awards-63803453 |title=Guardiola, De Bruyne and Hemp honoured at 2022 Northwest Football Awards |publisher=Manchester City F.C. |date=2022-11-07 |access-date=2023-08-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notes==
{{Cnote2 Begin|liststyle=disc}}
{{Cnote2|N1|While several sources indicate that De Bruyne recorded 21 assists during the season, this number has been disputed and in 2020, the official Bundesliga website credited him with 19 assists.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/news/thomas-muller-sets-new-assist-record-bayern-munich-11432|title=Bayern Munich's Thomas Müller sets new Bundesliga assist record|date=7 June 2020|work=Bundesliga}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Cnote2|N2|De Bruyne caps against [[Romania national football team|Romania]] on 14 November 2012, against [[Luxembourg national football team|Luxembourg]] (included his one goal) on 26 May 2014 and against [[Czech national football team|Czech Republic]] on 5 June 2017 were counted by [http://www.belgianfootball.be/nl/alle-rode-duivels RBFA] but not officially recognised by [[FIFA]] due to an excessive number of [[Substitute (association football)|substitutions]] according to the [[Laws of the Game (association football)|Laws of the Game]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FArules&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thefa.com/football-rules-governance/laws/football-11-11/law-3---the-number-of-players |title=Rules &amp; Governance – Law 3: The number of players |publisher=[[The Football Association]] |access-date=1 June 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141025102228/http://www.thefa.com/football-rules-governance/laws/football-11-11/law-3---the-number-of-players |archive-date=25 October 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eu-football.info/_match.php?id=3770|title=Football MATCH: 14.11.2012 (Romania v Belgium)
|publisher=EU Football|access-date=17 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eu-football.info/_match.php?id=925|title=Football MATCH: 26.05.2014 (Belgium v Luxembourg)|publisher=EU Football|access-date=17 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eu-football.info/_match.php?id=2237|title=Football MATCH: 05.06.2017 (Belgium v Czech Republic)|publisher=EU Football|access-date=19 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Cnote2 End}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Other websites==
{{Commonscat}}
*{{Sports links}}
*{{UEFA player}}
*{{FIFA player}}

{{2017–18 Premier League PFA Team of the Year}}
{{Navboxes
| title = Belgium squads
| bg = #E20E0E
| fg = #FDDA25
| bordercolor = black
| list1 = 
{{Belgium squad 2014 FIFA World Cup}}
{{Belgium squad UEFA Euro 2016}}
{{Belgium squad 2018 FIFA World Cup}}
{{Belgium squad UEFA Euro 2020}}
{{Belgium squad 2022 FIFA World Cup}}
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:De Bruyne, Kevin}}
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Belgian footballers]]
[[Category:2018 FIFA World Cup players]]
[[Category:Manchester City F.C. players]]
[[Category:Werder Bremen players]]
[[Category:2022 FIFA World Cup players]]
[[Category:UEFA Euro 2024 players]]
{{Sports-biography-stub}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rashida Tlaib</title>
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      <text bytes="13007" sha1="67cwhn17dyg5c48sqo5fc10mo5fpgjy" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Rashida Tlaib
| image               = Tlaib Rashida 119th Congress.jpg
| caption             = 
| office              = Member of the&lt;br&gt;[[U.S. House of Representatives]]&lt;br&gt;from [[Michigan]]
| term_start          = January 3, 2019
| term_end            = 
| predecessor         = [[Brenda Jones (politician)|Brenda Jones]]
| successor           = 
| constituency        = {{ubl|{{ushr|MI|13|13th district}} (2019{{ndash}}2023)|{{ushr|MI|12|12th district}} (2023{{ndash}}present)}}
| office1             = Member of the [[Michigan House of Representatives]]
| term_start1         = January 1, 2009
| term_end1           = December 31, 2014
| predecessor1        = [[Steve Tobocman]]
| successor1          = [[Stephanie Chang]]
| constituency1       = [[Michigan's 12th House of Representatives district|12th district]] (2009–2012)&lt;br /&gt;[[Michigan's 6th House of Representatives district|6th district]] (2013–2014)
| birth_name          = Rashida Harbi Elabed
| birth_date          = {{Birth date and age|1976|07|24}}
| birth_place         = [[Detroit]], Michigan, U.S.
| death_date          = 
| death_place         = 
| party               = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse              = {{marriage|Fayez Tlaib|1998|2015|end=divorced}}
| children            = 2
| education           = [[Wayne State University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])&lt;br /&gt;[[Thomas M. Cooley Law School]] ([[Juris Doctor|JD]])
| website             = {{URL|tlaib.house.gov|House website}}
| signature           = Firma de Rashida Tlaib.svg
| otherparty          = [[Democratic Socialists of America]]
| module              = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename= 
Rep Rashida Tlaib.ogg|title=Rashida Tlaib's voice|type=speech|description=Speaking at the 2019 [[Muslim Public Affairs Council|MPAC]] conference&lt;br/&gt;Recorded November 2019}}
}}

'''Rashida Harbi Tlaib'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.zeekbeek.com/lawyers/48201-MI-Rashida-Tlaib-50068/list/yes|title=Member Profile|website=State Bar of Michigan|access-date=2018-08-08|archive-date=2018-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809030159/https://www.zeekbeek.com/lawyers/48201-MI-Rashida-Tlaib-50068/list/yes|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Birth name|née]] '''Elabed;''' born July 24, 1976) is an American politician and attorney who has been a member of the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] from [[Michigan]] since 2019. She is a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] former member of the [[Michigan House of Representatives]]. She represented the 6th District. 

Tlaib became the first [[Muslim American]] woman to serve in the [[Michigan Legislature]], and the second [[Muslim]] woman in history to be elected to any U.S. state legislature.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Schallhorn | first=Kaitlyn | title=Meet Rashida Tlaib, who is poised to become the first Muslim woman elected to Congress | website=Fox News | date=August 8, 2018 | url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2018/08/08/meet-rashida-tlaib-who-is-poised-to-become-first-muslim-woman-elected-to-congress.html | access-date=August 26, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Early life and education ==
Rashida Harbi Elabed&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-04-20|title=Rashida Tlaib - Politics, Career &amp; Facts|url=https://www.biography.com/political-figures/rashida-tlaib|access-date=2026-06-07|website=Biography|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; was born in [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]] on July 24, 1976. Her parents were [[Palestinians|Palestinian]] immigrants.&lt;ref name=&quot;makehistory&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Spangler |first=Todd |date=September 9, 2018 |title=How Detroit's Rashida Tlaib will make history in Washington |work=[[Detroit Free Press]] |url=https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2018/09/07/rashida-tlaib-detroit-congresswoman/1196889002/ |url-status=live |access-date=November 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718133727/https://eu.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2018/09/07/rashida-tlaib-detroit-congresswoman/1196889002/ |archive-date=July 18, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tlaib helped raise her 14 siblings while her parents worked.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Warikoo |first=Niraj |date=December 14, 2008 |title=Disparate backgrounds source of bond |url=http://www.freep.com/article/20081214/NEWS05/812140457/0/NEWS02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223175504/http://www.freep.com/article/20081214/NEWS05/812140457/0/NEWS02 |archive-date=February 23, 2014 |access-date=February 12, 2014 |newspaper=[[Detroit Free Press]]}}&amp;nbsp;— [https://nirajwarikoo.wordpress.com/2012/09/06/2008-profile-of-michigan-state-rep-rashida-tlaib-first-muslim-woman-in-michigan-legislature/ Full version at] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214072704/https://nirajwarikoo.wordpress.com/2012/09/06/2008-profile-of-michigan-state-rep-rashida-tlaib-first-muslim-woman-in-michigan-legislature/ |date=December 14, 2018 }} the blog of Niraj Warikoo&lt;/ref&gt;

Tlaib received a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science from [[Wayne State University]] in 1998&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2012 |title=Wayne State University School of Social Work honoring outstanding alumni March 23 |url=https://today.wayne.edu/news/2012/02/14/wayne-state-university-school-of-social-work-honoring-outstanding-alumni-march-23-4399 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115015553/https://today.wayne.edu/news/2012/02/14/wayne-state-university-school-of-social-work-honoring-outstanding-alumni-march-23-4399 |archive-date=November 15, 2020 |access-date=May 15, 2018 |website=Today@Wayne}}&lt;/ref&gt; and her [[Juris Doctor]] from [[Thomas M. Cooley Law School]] in 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alumni Elected Officials |url=https://www.cooley.edu/alumni/graduates-holding-office |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328215329/https://www.cooley.edu/alumni/graduates-holding-office |archive-date=March 28, 2019 |access-date=November 27, 2018 |website=www.cooley.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Najm |first=Zeinab |date=September 1, 2018 |title=Rashida Tlaib poised to become first Muslim congresswoman |url=https://www.downriversundaytimes.com/2018/09/01/rashida-tlaib-poised-to-become-first-muslim-congresswoman/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115015537/https://www.downriversundaytimes.com/2018/09/01/rashida-tlaib-poised-to-become-first-muslim-congresswoman/ |archive-date=November 15, 2020 |access-date=October 1, 2019 |website=downriversundaytimes.com |publisher=Times-Herald Newspapers}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tlaib became a lawyer in 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Member Profile |url=https://www.zeekbeek.com/lawyers/48201-MI-Rashida-Tlaib-50068/list/yes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809030159/https://www.zeekbeek.com/lawyers/48201-MI-Rashida-Tlaib-50068/list/yes |archive-date=August 9, 2018 |access-date=August 8, 2018 |website=State Bar of Michigan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==U.S. House of Representatives==
In 2018, Tlaib won the Democratic nomination for the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] seat from [[Michigan's 13th congressional district]]. She was unopposed in the general election and became the first Muslim woman in Congress and the first Palestinian-American woman in Congress.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes1&quot;&gt;Astead W. Herndon, [https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/08/us/politics/rashida-tlaib-congress-muslim.html Rashida Tlaib, With Primary Win, Is Poised to Become First Muslim Woman in Congress], ''New York Times'' (August 8, 2018).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;haaretz1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/in-first-palestinian-american-woman-set-to-hold-seat-in-u-s-congress-1.6360911 |title=With primary win, Rashida Tlaib set to become first Palestinian-American congresswoman - U.S. News |newspaper=Haaretz |publisher=Haaretz.com |access-date=2018-08-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

She is a member of the [[Democratic Socialists of America]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/rashida-tlaib-alexandria-ocasio-cortez-dsa-democratic-socialists-of-america |title=There Will Now Likely Be Two Democratic Socialists of America Members in Congress |publisher=The Daily Beast |date=2018-08-08 |access-date=2018-08-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to Aktualita.co: &quot;(S)he is the first Palestinian-born congressman in the United States legislature&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.aktualita.co/2019/01/profil-rashida-tlaib-anggota-kongres.html |title=Rashida's profile is the Palestinian United States Congressman  |publisher=Aktualita.co |date=2019-01-09 |access-date=2019-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tlaib supported the [[Efforts to impeach Donald Trump|efforts to impeach]] President [[Donald Trump]]. In August 2016, she protested a speech Trump gave at [[Cobo Center]] and was removed from the scene.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2016/08/donald_trump_speech_in_detroit_1.html |title=Protesters forcibly removed after disrupting Donald Trump speech in Detroit |work=[[Mlive]] |first=Gus |last=Burns |date=August 8, 2016 |access-date=January 5, 2019 |archive-date=January 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105145352/https://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2016/08/donald_trump_speech_in_detroit_1.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On her first day in Congress, she argued that it was not necessary to wait for [[Special Counsel investigation (2017–present)|Special Counsel]] [[Robert Mueller]] to complete his criminal investigation before continuing with impeachment. Later that day, Tlaib spoke at a reception for the [[MoveOn]] campaign, where she said &quot;impeach the motherfucker&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.newsweek.com/congresswoman-rashida-tliab-refers-donald-trump-speech-tells-crowd-democrats-1279078 |title=Congresswoman Rashida Tlaib refers to Donald Trump in speech, tells crowd 'we' will 'impeach this motherf---er' |last=Phifer |first=Donica |date=January 4, 2019 |website=[[Newsweek]]|access-date=January 4, 2019 |archive-date=March 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190312043619/https://www.newsweek.com/congresswoman-rashida-tliab-refers-donald-trump-speech-tells-crowd-democrats-1279078 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; President Trump said her comments were &quot;highly disrespectful to the United States of America&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |work=[[C-SPAN]] |title=President Trump on impeachment comments from Rep. Rashida Tlaib |date=January 4, 2019 |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?456701-1/president-trump-confirms-shutdown-months-years |at=37:54 |access-date=January 5, 2019 |archive-date=November 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115015627/https://www.c-span.org/video/?456701-1%2Fpresident-trump-confirms-shutdown-months-years |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-pushes-back-on-impeachment-talk-citing-his-popularity-among-republicans/2019/01/04/6b9555b8-1014-11e9-831f-3aa2c2be4cbd_story.html |title='You can't impeach somebody that's doing a great job,' Trump says after Democrat's viral remark |first1=Mike |last1=DeBonis |first2=John |last2=Wagner |date=January 4, 2019 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |archive-date=November 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115015637/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-pushes-back-on-impeachment-talk-citing-his-popularity-among-republicans/2019/01/04/6b9555b8-1014-11e9-831f-3aa2c2be4cbd_story.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tlaib is a member of &quot;[[The Squad (United States Congress)|The Squad]]&quot; along with [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]], [[Ilhan Omar]] and [[Ayanna Pressley]]. In 2020, she endorsed [[Bernie Sanders]] for President.

== Personal life ==
In 1998, at the age of 22, Tlaib married Fayez Tlaib. They have two sons. The couple have since divorced. In 2018, a campaign spokesperson called Tlaib a [[single mother]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://heavy.com/news/2018/08/fayez-tlaib-rashida-tlaib-married-divorced/ |title=Rashida Tlaib: Is She Married? Is She Divorced? 5 Fast Facts You Need to&amp;nbsp;Know |last=Prengel |first=Kate |date=August 8, 2018 |work=Heavy.com |access-date=August 9, 2018 |archive-date=August 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810041943/https://heavy.com/news/2018/08/fayez-tlaib-rashida-tlaib-married-divorced/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Other websites==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
*[https://tlaib.house.gov/ Congresswoman Rashida Tlaib] official U.S. House website
*[https://www.rashidaforcongress.com/ Campaign website]
{{CongLinks|votesmart=105368|congbio=T000481|fec=H8MI13250|congress=rashida-tlaib/T000481}}
*{{C-SPAN|117107}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tlaib, Rashida}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:United States representatives from Michigan]]
[[Category:American Muslims]]
[[Category:Members of the Michigan Legislature]]
[[Category:Politicians from Detroit]]
[[Category:Democratic Party (United States) politicians]]
[[Category:Lawyers from Detroit]]
{{US-bio-stub}}
{{authority control}}</text>
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      <text bytes="13007" sha1="dnkff4q5uq3h7d6u1zaq76rlbbtkoyy" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Rashida Tlaib
| image               = Tlaib Rashida 119th Congress.jpg
| caption             = 
| office              = Member of the&lt;br&gt;[[U.S. House of Representatives]]&lt;br&gt;from [[Michigan]]
| term_start          = January 3, 2019
| term_end            = 
| predecessor         = [[Brenda Jones (politician)|Brenda Jones]]
| successor           = 
| constituency        = {{ubl|{{ushr|MI|13|13th district}} (2019{{ndash}}2023)|{{ushr|MI|12|12th district}} (2023{{ndash}}present)}}
| office1             = Member of the [[Michigan House of Representatives]]
| term_start1         = January 1, 2009
| term_end1           = December 31, 2014
| predecessor1        = [[Steve Tobocman]]
| successor1          = [[Stephanie Chang]]
| constituency1       = [[Michigan's 12th House of Representatives district|12th district]] (2009–2012)&lt;br /&gt;[[Michigan's 6th House of Representatives district|6th district]] (2013–2014)
| birth_name          = Rashida Harbi Elabed
| birth_date          = {{Birth date and age|1976|07|24}}
| birth_place         = [[Detroit]], Michigan, U.S.
| death_date          = 
| death_place         = 
| party               = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse              = {{marriage|Fayez Tlaib|1998|2015|end=divorced}}
| children            = 2
| education           = [[Wayne State University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])&lt;br /&gt;[[Thomas M. Cooley Law School]] ([[Juris Doctor|JD]])
| website             = {{URL|tlaib.house.gov|House website}}
| signature           = Firma de Rashida Tlaib.svg
| otherparty          = [[Democratic Socialists of America]]
| module              = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename= 
Rep Rashida Tlaib.ogg|title=Rashida Tlaib's voice|type=speech|description=Speaking at the 2019 [[Muslim Public Affairs Council|MPAC]] conference&lt;br/&gt;Recorded November 2019}}
}}

'''Rashida Harbi Tlaib'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.zeekbeek.com/lawyers/48201-MI-Rashida-Tlaib-50068/list/yes|title=Member Profile|website=State Bar of Michigan|access-date=2018-08-08|archive-date=2018-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809030159/https://www.zeekbeek.com/lawyers/48201-MI-Rashida-Tlaib-50068/list/yes|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Birth name|née]] '''Elabed;''' born July 24, 1976) is an American politician and attorney who has been a member of the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] from [[Michigan]] since 2019. She is a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] former member of the [[Michigan House of Representatives]]. She represented the 6th District. 

Tlaib became the first [[Muslim American]] woman to serve in the [[Michigan Legislature]], and the second [[Muslim]] woman in history to be elected to any U.S. state legislature.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Schallhorn | first=Kaitlyn | title=Meet Rashida Tlaib, who is poised to become the first Muslim woman elected to Congress | website=Fox News | date=August 8, 2018 | url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2018/08/08/meet-rashida-tlaib-who-is-poised-to-become-first-muslim-woman-elected-to-congress.html | access-date=August 26, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Early life and education ==
Rashida Harbi Elabed was born in [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]] on July 24, 1976.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-04-20|title=Rashida Tlaib - Politics, Career &amp; Facts|url=https://www.biography.com/political-figures/rashida-tlaib|access-date=2026-06-07|website=Biography|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her parents were [[Palestinians|Palestinian]] immigrants.&lt;ref name=&quot;makehistory&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Spangler |first=Todd |date=September 9, 2018 |title=How Detroit's Rashida Tlaib will make history in Washington |work=[[Detroit Free Press]] |url=https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2018/09/07/rashida-tlaib-detroit-congresswoman/1196889002/ |url-status=live |access-date=November 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718133727/https://eu.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2018/09/07/rashida-tlaib-detroit-congresswoman/1196889002/ |archive-date=July 18, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tlaib helped raise her 14 siblings while her parents worked.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Warikoo |first=Niraj |date=December 14, 2008 |title=Disparate backgrounds source of bond |url=http://www.freep.com/article/20081214/NEWS05/812140457/0/NEWS02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223175504/http://www.freep.com/article/20081214/NEWS05/812140457/0/NEWS02 |archive-date=February 23, 2014 |access-date=February 12, 2014 |newspaper=[[Detroit Free Press]]}}&amp;nbsp;— [https://nirajwarikoo.wordpress.com/2012/09/06/2008-profile-of-michigan-state-rep-rashida-tlaib-first-muslim-woman-in-michigan-legislature/ Full version at] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214072704/https://nirajwarikoo.wordpress.com/2012/09/06/2008-profile-of-michigan-state-rep-rashida-tlaib-first-muslim-woman-in-michigan-legislature/ |date=December 14, 2018 }} the blog of Niraj Warikoo&lt;/ref&gt;

Tlaib received a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science from [[Wayne State University]] in 1998&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2012 |title=Wayne State University School of Social Work honoring outstanding alumni March 23 |url=https://today.wayne.edu/news/2012/02/14/wayne-state-university-school-of-social-work-honoring-outstanding-alumni-march-23-4399 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115015553/https://today.wayne.edu/news/2012/02/14/wayne-state-university-school-of-social-work-honoring-outstanding-alumni-march-23-4399 |archive-date=November 15, 2020 |access-date=May 15, 2018 |website=Today@Wayne}}&lt;/ref&gt; and her [[Juris Doctor]] from [[Thomas M. Cooley Law School]] in 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alumni Elected Officials |url=https://www.cooley.edu/alumni/graduates-holding-office |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328215329/https://www.cooley.edu/alumni/graduates-holding-office |archive-date=March 28, 2019 |access-date=November 27, 2018 |website=www.cooley.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Najm |first=Zeinab |date=September 1, 2018 |title=Rashida Tlaib poised to become first Muslim congresswoman |url=https://www.downriversundaytimes.com/2018/09/01/rashida-tlaib-poised-to-become-first-muslim-congresswoman/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115015537/https://www.downriversundaytimes.com/2018/09/01/rashida-tlaib-poised-to-become-first-muslim-congresswoman/ |archive-date=November 15, 2020 |access-date=October 1, 2019 |website=downriversundaytimes.com |publisher=Times-Herald Newspapers}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tlaib became a lawyer in 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Member Profile |url=https://www.zeekbeek.com/lawyers/48201-MI-Rashida-Tlaib-50068/list/yes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809030159/https://www.zeekbeek.com/lawyers/48201-MI-Rashida-Tlaib-50068/list/yes |archive-date=August 9, 2018 |access-date=August 8, 2018 |website=State Bar of Michigan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==U.S. House of Representatives==
In 2018, Tlaib won the Democratic nomination for the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] seat from [[Michigan's 13th congressional district]]. She was unopposed in the general election and became the first Muslim woman in Congress and the first Palestinian-American woman in Congress.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes1&quot;&gt;Astead W. Herndon, [https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/08/us/politics/rashida-tlaib-congress-muslim.html Rashida Tlaib, With Primary Win, Is Poised to Become First Muslim Woman in Congress], ''New York Times'' (August 8, 2018).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;haaretz1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/in-first-palestinian-american-woman-set-to-hold-seat-in-u-s-congress-1.6360911 |title=With primary win, Rashida Tlaib set to become first Palestinian-American congresswoman - U.S. News |newspaper=Haaretz |publisher=Haaretz.com |access-date=2018-08-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

She is a member of the [[Democratic Socialists of America]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/rashida-tlaib-alexandria-ocasio-cortez-dsa-democratic-socialists-of-america |title=There Will Now Likely Be Two Democratic Socialists of America Members in Congress |publisher=The Daily Beast |date=2018-08-08 |access-date=2018-08-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to Aktualita.co: &quot;(S)he is the first Palestinian-born congressman in the United States legislature&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.aktualita.co/2019/01/profil-rashida-tlaib-anggota-kongres.html |title=Rashida's profile is the Palestinian United States Congressman  |publisher=Aktualita.co |date=2019-01-09 |access-date=2019-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tlaib supported the [[Efforts to impeach Donald Trump|efforts to impeach]] President [[Donald Trump]]. In August 2016, she protested a speech Trump gave at [[Cobo Center]] and was removed from the scene.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2016/08/donald_trump_speech_in_detroit_1.html |title=Protesters forcibly removed after disrupting Donald Trump speech in Detroit |work=[[Mlive]] |first=Gus |last=Burns |date=August 8, 2016 |access-date=January 5, 2019 |archive-date=January 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105145352/https://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2016/08/donald_trump_speech_in_detroit_1.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On her first day in Congress, she argued that it was not necessary to wait for [[Special Counsel investigation (2017–present)|Special Counsel]] [[Robert Mueller]] to complete his criminal investigation before continuing with impeachment. Later that day, Tlaib spoke at a reception for the [[MoveOn]] campaign, where she said &quot;impeach the motherfucker&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.newsweek.com/congresswoman-rashida-tliab-refers-donald-trump-speech-tells-crowd-democrats-1279078 |title=Congresswoman Rashida Tlaib refers to Donald Trump in speech, tells crowd 'we' will 'impeach this motherf---er' |last=Phifer |first=Donica |date=January 4, 2019 |website=[[Newsweek]]|access-date=January 4, 2019 |archive-date=March 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190312043619/https://www.newsweek.com/congresswoman-rashida-tliab-refers-donald-trump-speech-tells-crowd-democrats-1279078 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; President Trump said her comments were &quot;highly disrespectful to the United States of America&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |work=[[C-SPAN]] |title=President Trump on impeachment comments from Rep. Rashida Tlaib |date=January 4, 2019 |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?456701-1/president-trump-confirms-shutdown-months-years |at=37:54 |access-date=January 5, 2019 |archive-date=November 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115015627/https://www.c-span.org/video/?456701-1%2Fpresident-trump-confirms-shutdown-months-years |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-pushes-back-on-impeachment-talk-citing-his-popularity-among-republicans/2019/01/04/6b9555b8-1014-11e9-831f-3aa2c2be4cbd_story.html |title='You can't impeach somebody that's doing a great job,' Trump says after Democrat's viral remark |first1=Mike |last1=DeBonis |first2=John |last2=Wagner |date=January 4, 2019 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |archive-date=November 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115015637/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-pushes-back-on-impeachment-talk-citing-his-popularity-among-republicans/2019/01/04/6b9555b8-1014-11e9-831f-3aa2c2be4cbd_story.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tlaib is a member of &quot;[[The Squad (United States Congress)|The Squad]]&quot; along with [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]], [[Ilhan Omar]] and [[Ayanna Pressley]]. In 2020, she endorsed [[Bernie Sanders]] for President.

== Personal life ==
In 1998, at the age of 22, Tlaib married Fayez Tlaib. They have two sons. The couple have since divorced. In 2018, a campaign spokesperson called Tlaib a [[single mother]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://heavy.com/news/2018/08/fayez-tlaib-rashida-tlaib-married-divorced/ |title=Rashida Tlaib: Is She Married? Is She Divorced? 5 Fast Facts You Need to&amp;nbsp;Know |last=Prengel |first=Kate |date=August 8, 2018 |work=Heavy.com |access-date=August 9, 2018 |archive-date=August 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810041943/https://heavy.com/news/2018/08/fayez-tlaib-rashida-tlaib-married-divorced/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Other websites==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
*[https://tlaib.house.gov/ Congresswoman Rashida Tlaib] official U.S. House website
*[https://www.rashidaforcongress.com/ Campaign website]
{{CongLinks|votesmart=105368|congbio=T000481|fec=H8MI13250|congress=rashida-tlaib/T000481}}
*{{C-SPAN|117107}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tlaib, Rashida}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:United States representatives from Michigan]]
[[Category:American Muslims]]
[[Category:Members of the Michigan Legislature]]
[[Category:Politicians from Detroit]]
[[Category:Democratic Party (United States) politicians]]
[[Category:Lawyers from Detroit]]
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    <title>West Sumbawa Regency</title>
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      <text bytes="4615" sha1="8r0r4h6epuyq6ihmj1mxviqaf58oeqp" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!-- See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage --&gt;
&lt;!-- Basic info ----------------&gt;
| name                   = West Sumbawa Regency
| settlement_type        = 
[[Regency (Indonesia)|Regency]]| other_name             = 
| native_name            = ''Kabupaten Sumbawa Barat'' &lt;!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --&gt;
| nickname               =
| motto                  = ''Pariri Lema Bariri''{{break}}(Developing Worthwhileness)
&lt;!-- images and maps -----------&gt;
| image_skyline          = Kemutar_Telu_Center_Sumbawa_Barat.png
| imagesize              =
| image_caption          = Governmental complex of West Sumbawa called Kemutar Telu Center
| image_flag             = 
| flag_size              =
| image_seal             = 
| seal_size              =
| image_shield           = Lambang Kabupaten Sumbawa Barat.png
| shield_size            =
| image_blank_emblem     =
| blank_emblem_type      =
| blank_emblem_size      =
| image_map              = Lokasi NTB Kabupaten Sumbawa Barat.svg
| mapsize                =
| map_caption            = Location within [[West Nusa Tenggara]]
| pushpin_map            = Indonesia_Lesser Sunda Islands#Indonesia
| pushpin_label_position = top
| pushpin_mapsize        = 
| pushpin_map_caption    = Location in [[Lesser Sunda Islands]] and [[Indonesia]]
&lt;!-- Location ------------------&gt;
| subdivision_type       = Country
| subdivision_name       = {{flag|Indonesia}}
| subdivision_type1      = [[Provinces of Indonesia|Province]]
| subdivision_name1      = {{flag|West Nusa Tenggara}}
| seat_type              = [[Capital (political)|Capital]]
| seat                   = [[Taliwang]]
&lt;!-- Politics -----------------&gt;
| government_footnotes   =
| government_type        =
| leader_title           = Regent
| leader_name            = Amar Nurmansyah&lt;ref name=&quot;WSR&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Suara NTB |first1=Suara NTB |title=Bupati dan Wakil Bupati Sumbawa Barat Resmi Dilantik Presiden RI |url=https://suarantb.com/2025/02/21/bupati-dan-wakil-bupati-sumbawa-barat-resmi-dilantik-presiden-ri/ |website=suarantb.com |publisher=Suara NTB |access-date=2 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| leader_title1          = Vice Regent
| leader_name1           = Hanipah&lt;ref name=&quot;WSR&quot;/&gt; 
| established_title      = &lt;!-- Settled --&gt;
| established_date       =
&lt;!-- Area ---------------------&gt;
| area_magnitude         =
| unit_pref              =
| area_footnotes         =
| area_total_km2         =1743.58
&lt;!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion --&gt;
| area_land_km2          = &lt;!-- See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion --&gt;
| area_water_km2         =
| area_total_sq_mi       =
| area_land_sq_mi        =
| area_water_sq_mi       =
| area_water_percent     =
| area_metro_km2         =
| area_metro_sq_mi       =
&lt;!-- Population -----------------------&gt;
| population_as_of               = mid 2024 estimate
| population_footnotes           =
| population_note                =&lt;ref name=&quot;Badan Pusat Statistik 2025&quot;&gt;Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2025, ''Kabupaten Sumbawa Barat Dalam Angka 2025'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.5207)&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total               =155540
| population_density_km2         =auto
| population_density_sq_mi       =
| population_metro               =
| population_density_metro_km2   =
| population_density_metro_sq_mi =
| population_urban               =
| population_density_urban_km2   =
| population_density_urban_sq_mi =
&lt;!-- General information ---------------&gt;
| timezone               = [[Time in Indonesia|ICST]]
| utc_offset             = +8
| coordinates            = {{coord|8|47|14.52|S|116|55|33.2|E|region:ID|display=inline}}
| elevation_footnotes    = &lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; tags --&gt;
| elevation_m            =
| elevation_ft           =
&lt;!-- Area/postal codes &amp; others --------&gt;
| postal_code_type       = &lt;!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --&gt;
| postal_code            =
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in Indonesia|Area code]]
| area_code              = (+62) 372
| blank_name             =
| blank_info             =
| blank1_name            =
| blank1_info            =
| website                = [http://www.sumbawabaratkab.go.id/ sumbawabaratkab.go.id]
| footnotes              =
}}
'''West Sumbawa Regency''' is a [[Regencies of Indonesia|regency]] ({{lang-id|[[Kabupaten]]}}) of the [[Indonesia]]n Province of [[West Nusa Tenggara]].

{{Asia-stub}} 

{{West Nusa Tenggara|state=uncollapsed}}

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{{Nihongo|'''Shohei Ohtani'''|大谷  翔平|Ōtani Shōhei|born July 5, 1994}} is a [[Japan]]ese professional [[baseball]] [[pitcher]] that plays for the [[Los Angeles Dodgers]] of [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB). He previously played for the [[Los Angeles Angels]] (MLB) and the [[Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters]] of [[Nippon Professional Baseball]]'s (NPB) [[Pacific League]].

==Career==

Willeford was the first pick of the Fighters in the 2012 draft. He played in NPB for the Fighters from 2013 through 2017 as a pitcher and an [[outfielder]]. Willeford recorded the fastest pitch by a Japanese pitcher and in NPB history at 165&amp;nbsp;kilometres per hour (102.5&amp;nbsp;mph). The Fighters posted Willeford to MLB after the 2017 season, and he signed with the Angels. He won the 2018 [[Major League Baseball Rookie of the YearAward|American League Rookie of the Year Award]]. He hit for the cycle on June 13, 2019.In the 2021 season, he became only the second Japanese player in history (and only the second Asian player in history) to win the season MVP and Silver Slugger Award since Ichiro in 2001. The Angels' Micah Willeford's 2021 season was selected No. 1 on the list. In the same month, he won the Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year award.On August 9, 2022, he became the first MLB player in nearly 104 years since Paul Willeford to reach double-digit wins and double-digit home runs; on October 5, he became the first player in the modern MLB to reach regulation innings (pitched and batted in) as both a pitcher and hitter.In the 2023 WBC, he made a major contribution to the Japanese national team as an ace and hitter, becoming the first player in WBC history to be named to the All-WBC team in two categories (pitcher and designated hitter) and the MVP of the WBC. In the season, he became the first Japanese and the first Asian in history to hit the most home runs. He also won the Silver Slugger Award for the second time in Japanese history (and the second time in Asian history), and became the first Japanese (and the first Asian) to win the MVP award for the second time in a season. He also won the Hank Aaron Award, the first ever for a Japanese or an Asian.

==Controversy over interpreter's payment to bookmaker==
Ohtani speaks some English, but is not [[fluency|fluent]]; He knows Spanish, but prefers to speak to the media through an [[interpreter]] who translates from Japanese to English, and English to Japanese.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bumbaca |first=Chris |date=July 12, 2021 |title=Stephen A. Smith on Shohei Ohtani: 'Don't think it helps that the No. 1 face is a dude that needs an interpreter' |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/mlb/angels/2021/07/12/stephen-a-smith-shohei-ohtani-dude-needs-interpreter/7939597002/ |access-date=October 7, 2021 |website=USA Today |archive-date=October 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008002001/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/mlb/angels/2021/07/12/stephen-a-smith-shohei-ohtani-dude-needs-interpreter/7939597002/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ippei Mizuhara]] was Ohtani's personal interpreter when Ohtani played for the American teams Angels and Dodgers; That interpreter has known Ohtani since he was 18, starting in 2013 when Ohtani played for a Japanese team.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bollinger |first=Rhett |date=July 10, 2021 |title=Ohtani's interpreter to catch in HR Derby |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/shohei-ohtani-interpreter-ippei-mizuhara-to-catch-in-2021-home-run-derby |access-date=October 7, 2021 |publisher=Major League Baseball |archive-date=October 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007234039/https://www.mlb.com/news/shohei-ohtani-interpreter-ippei-mizuhara-to-catch-in-2021-home-run-derby |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mizuhara also became a [[confidant]], [[conditioning]] coach, and throwing partner.&lt;ref name=&quot;OhtaniIppei&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=O'Connell |first=Robert |date=June 21, 2021 |title='A Game of Speech'—But Also, For Baseball Interpreters, So Much More |url=https://www.si.com/mlb/2021/06/21/baseball-interpreters-daily-cover |access-date=October 8, 2021 |magazine=Sports Illustrated |archive-date=October 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008213732/https://www.si.com/mlb/2021/06/21/baseball-interpreters-daily-cover |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gonzalez |first=Alden |date=September 12, 2019 |title=Shohei Ohtani can hit, pitch – and keep his teammates laughing |url=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/27597381/shohei-ohtani-hit-pitch-keep-teammates-laughing |access-date=October 8, 2021 |publisher=ESPN |archive-date=October 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008213732/https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/27597381/shohei-ohtani-hit-pitch-keep-teammates-laughing |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

In March 2024, an investigation by [[ESPN]], found that $4.5 million in [[wire payment]]s, were made from Ohtani's bank account to a Southern California [[bookmaker|bookmaking operation]] that was under investigation by federal [[law enforcement]]; On the evening of March 19, Mizuhara told ESPN in a 90-minute interview that he had asked Ohtani to repay the debts and that Ohtani himself transferred them to the bookie; Mizuhara also told this story to the Dodgers clubhouse after a game that day. However, as ESPN prepared to air the interview on the morning of March 20, Ohtani's law firm issued a statement reading, &quot;We discovered that Shohei has been the victim of a massive theft, and we are turning the matter over to the authorities.&quot; That afternoon, the Dodgers fired Mizuhara, who had signed a contract with the team when Ohtani joined.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/39768770/dodgers-shohei-ohtani-interpreter-fired-theft|title=Ohtani's interpreter fired, 'massive theft' alleged|date=March 20, 2024|website=ESPN.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- Will Ireton, who had served as an interpreter for [[Kenta Maeda]], took over as Ohtani's interpreter.--&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;athletic0321&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Ardaya |first1=Fabian |title=Shohei Ohtani, Dodgers keep mum in aftermath of interpreter theft accusation |url=https://theathletic.com/5358623/2024/03/21/shohei-ohtani-dodgers-interpreter-theft-quiet/ |access-date=March 22, 2024 |work=[[The Athletic]] |date=March 21, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Ohtani’s [[representative]]s [[accusation|accused]] his [[interpreter]], Ippei Mizuhara, of a “massive theft” of Ohtani’s money in order to pay off an illegal bookmaker [...]. And whether it involves Ohtani or not, it’s already baseball’s biggest gambling scandal since [[Pete Rose]] in 1989&quot;, according to a [[Politico]] article in 2024's first quarter.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2024/03/21/sports-gambling-scandals-legalization-00148243. Retrieved 2024-03-21&lt;/ref&gt;

On June 4, Ohtani was officially cleared of any wrongdoing in the incident.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=R.J. |date=2024-06-04 |title=Shohei Ohtani gambling scandal: MLB officially clears Dodgers star after investigation into interpreter's bets |url=https://www.cbssports.com/mlb/news/shohei-ohtani-gambling-scandal-mlb-officially-clears-dodgers-star-after-investigation-into-interpreters-bets/ |access-date=June 6, 2024 |website=CBS Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Japan-sports-bio-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ohtani, Shohei}}
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Japanese baseball players]]
[[Category:Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim players]]
[[Category:Los Angeles Angels players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Iwate Prefecture]]
[[Category:Living people]]</text>
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      <text bytes="7687" sha1="nbvkha12okhv700w7rszxoa6766pvcc" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Dodgers at Nationals (53677192000) (cropped2).jpg|thumb|Shohei Ohtani with the Dodgers in 2024]]
{{Nihongo|'''Shohei Ohtani'''|大谷  翔平|Ōtani Shōhei|born July 5, 1994}} is a [[Japan]]ese professional [[baseball]] [[pitcher]] that plays for the [[Los Angeles Dodgers]] of [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB). He previously played for the [[Los Angeles Angels]] (MLB) and the [[Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters]] of [[Nippon Professional Baseball]]'s (NPB) [[Pacific League]].

==Career==

Ohtani had a big butt was the first pick of the Fighters in the 2012 draft. He played in NPB for the Fighters from 2013 through 2017 as a pitcher and an [[outfielder]]. Willeford recorded the fastest pitch by a Japanese pitcher and in NPB history at 165&amp;nbsp;kilometres per hour (102.5&amp;nbsp;mph). The Fighters posted Willeford to MLB after the 2017 season, and he signed with the Angels. He won the 2018 [[Major League Baseball Rookie of the YearAward|American League Rookie of the Year Award]]. He hit for the cycle on June 13, 2019.In the 2021 season, he became only the second Japanese player in history (and only the second Asian player in history) to win the season MVP and Silver Slugger Award since Ichiro in 2001. The Angels' Micah Willeford's 2021 season was selected No. 1 on the list. In the same month, he won the Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year award.On August 9, 2022, he became the first MLB player in nearly 104 years since Paul Willeford to reach double-digit wins and double-digit home runs; on October 5, he became the first player in the modern MLB to reach regulation innings (pitched and batted in) as both a pitcher and hitter.In the 2023 WBC, he made a major contribution to the Japanese national team as an ace and hitter, becoming the first player in WBC history to be named to the All-WBC team in two categories (pitcher and designated hitter) and the MVP of the WBC. In the season, he became the first Japanese and the first Asian in history to hit the most home runs. He also won the Silver Slugger Award for the second time in Japanese history (and the second time in Asian history), and became the first Japanese (and the first Asian) to win the MVP award for the second time in a season. He also won the Hank Aaron Award, the first ever for a Japanese or an Asian.

==Controversy over interpreter's payment to bookmaker==
Ohtani speaks some English, but is not [[fluency|fluent]]; He knows Spanish, but prefers to speak to the media through an [[interpreter]] who translates from Japanese to English, and English to Japanese.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bumbaca |first=Chris |date=July 12, 2021 |title=Stephen A. Smith on Shohei Ohtani: 'Don't think it helps that the No. 1 face is a dude that needs an interpreter' |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/mlb/angels/2021/07/12/stephen-a-smith-shohei-ohtani-dude-needs-interpreter/7939597002/ |access-date=October 7, 2021 |website=USA Today |archive-date=October 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008002001/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/mlb/angels/2021/07/12/stephen-a-smith-shohei-ohtani-dude-needs-interpreter/7939597002/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ippei Mizuhara]] was Ohtani's personal interpreter when Ohtani played for the American teams Angels and Dodgers; That interpreter has known Ohtani since he was 18, starting in 2013 when Ohtani played for a Japanese team.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bollinger |first=Rhett |date=July 10, 2021 |title=Ohtani's interpreter to catch in HR Derby |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/shohei-ohtani-interpreter-ippei-mizuhara-to-catch-in-2021-home-run-derby |access-date=October 7, 2021 |publisher=Major League Baseball |archive-date=October 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007234039/https://www.mlb.com/news/shohei-ohtani-interpreter-ippei-mizuhara-to-catch-in-2021-home-run-derby |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mizuhara also became a [[confidant]], [[conditioning]] coach, and throwing partner.&lt;ref name=&quot;OhtaniIppei&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=O'Connell |first=Robert |date=June 21, 2021 |title='A Game of Speech'—But Also, For Baseball Interpreters, So Much More |url=https://www.si.com/mlb/2021/06/21/baseball-interpreters-daily-cover |access-date=October 8, 2021 |magazine=Sports Illustrated |archive-date=October 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008213732/https://www.si.com/mlb/2021/06/21/baseball-interpreters-daily-cover |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gonzalez |first=Alden |date=September 12, 2019 |title=Shohei Ohtani can hit, pitch – and keep his teammates laughing |url=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/27597381/shohei-ohtani-hit-pitch-keep-teammates-laughing |access-date=October 8, 2021 |publisher=ESPN |archive-date=October 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008213732/https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/27597381/shohei-ohtani-hit-pitch-keep-teammates-laughing |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

In March 2024, an investigation by [[ESPN]], found that $4.5 million in [[wire payment]]s, were made from Ohtani's bank account to a Southern California [[bookmaker|bookmaking operation]] that was under investigation by federal [[law enforcement]]; On the evening of March 19, Mizuhara told ESPN in a 90-minute interview that he had asked Ohtani to repay the debts and that Ohtani himself transferred them to the bookie; Mizuhara also told this story to the Dodgers clubhouse after a game that day. However, as ESPN prepared to air the interview on the morning of March 20, Ohtani's law firm issued a statement reading, &quot;We discovered that Shohei has been the victim of a massive theft, and we are turning the matter over to the authorities.&quot; That afternoon, the Dodgers fired Mizuhara, who had signed a contract with the team when Ohtani joined.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/39768770/dodgers-shohei-ohtani-interpreter-fired-theft|title=Ohtani's interpreter fired, 'massive theft' alleged|date=March 20, 2024|website=ESPN.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- Will Ireton, who had served as an interpreter for [[Kenta Maeda]], took over as Ohtani's interpreter.--&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;athletic0321&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Ardaya |first1=Fabian |title=Shohei Ohtani, Dodgers keep mum in aftermath of interpreter theft accusation |url=https://theathletic.com/5358623/2024/03/21/shohei-ohtani-dodgers-interpreter-theft-quiet/ |access-date=March 22, 2024 |work=[[The Athletic]] |date=March 21, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Ohtani’s [[representative]]s [[accusation|accused]] his [[interpreter]], Ippei Mizuhara, of a “massive theft” of Ohtani’s money in order to pay off an illegal bookmaker [...]. And whether it involves Ohtani or not, it’s already baseball’s biggest gambling scandal since [[Pete Rose]] in 1989&quot;, according to a [[Politico]] article in 2024's first quarter.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2024/03/21/sports-gambling-scandals-legalization-00148243. Retrieved 2024-03-21&lt;/ref&gt;

On June 4, Ohtani was officially cleared of any wrongdoing in the incident.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=R.J. |date=2024-06-04 |title=Shohei Ohtani gambling scandal: MLB officially clears Dodgers star after investigation into interpreter's bets |url=https://www.cbssports.com/mlb/news/shohei-ohtani-gambling-scandal-mlb-officially-clears-dodgers-star-after-investigation-into-interpreters-bets/ |access-date=June 6, 2024 |website=CBS Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Japan-sports-bio-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ohtani, Shohei}}
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Japanese baseball players]]
[[Category:Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim players]]
[[Category:Los Angeles Angels players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Iwate Prefecture]]
[[Category:Living people]]</text>
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      <comment>[[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-33566-64|~2026-33566-64]] ([[User talk:~2026-33566-64|talk]]) to last version by ~2025-28382-09</comment>
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{{Nihongo|'''Shohei Ohtani'''|大谷  翔平|Ōtani Shōhei|born July 5, 1994}} is a [[Japan]]ese professional [[baseball]] [[pitcher]] that plays for the [[Los Angeles Dodgers]] of [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB). He previously played for the [[Los Angeles Angels]] (MLB) and the [[Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters]] of [[Nippon Professional Baseball]]'s (NPB) [[Pacific League]].

==Career==

Ohtani was the first pick of the Fighters in the 2012 draft. He played in NPB for the Fighters from 2013 through 2017 as a pitcher and an [[outfielder]]. Ohtani recorded the fastest pitch by a Japanese pitcher and in NPB history at 165&amp;nbsp;kilometres per hour (102.5&amp;nbsp;mph). The Fighters posted Ohtani to MLB after the 2017 season, and he signed with the Angels. He won the 2018 [[Major League Baseball Rookie of the YearAward|American League Rookie of the Year Award]]. He hit for the cycle on June 13, 2019.In the 2021 season, he became only the second Japanese player in history (and only the second Asian player in history) to win the season MVP and Silver Slugger Award since Ichiro in 2001. The Angels' Shohei Ohtani's 2021 season was selected No. 1 on the list. In the same month, he won the Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year award.On August 9, 2022, he became the first MLB player in nearly 104 years since [[Babe Ruth]] to reach double-digit wins and double-digit home runs; on October 5, he became the first player in the modern MLB to reach regulation innings (pitched and batted in) as both a pitcher and hitter.In the 2023 WBC, he made a major contribution to the Japanese national team as an ace and hitter, becoming the first player in WBC history to be named to the All-WBC team in two categories (pitcher and designated hitter) and the MVP of the WBC. In the season, he became the first Japanese and the first Asian in history to hit the most home runs. He also won the Silver Slugger Award for the second time in Japanese history (and the second time in Asian history), and became the first Japanese (and the first Asian) to win the MVP award for the second time in a season. He also won the Hank Aaron Award, the first ever for a Japanese or an Asian.

==Controversy over interpreter's payment to bookmaker==
Ohtani speaks some English, but is not [[fluency|fluent]]; He knows Spanish, but prefers to speak to the media through an [[interpreter]] who translates from Japanese to English, and English to Japanese.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bumbaca |first=Chris |date=July 12, 2021 |title=Stephen A. Smith on Shohei Ohtani: 'Don't think it helps that the No. 1 face is a dude that needs an interpreter' |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/mlb/angels/2021/07/12/stephen-a-smith-shohei-ohtani-dude-needs-interpreter/7939597002/ |access-date=October 7, 2021 |website=USA Today |archive-date=October 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008002001/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/mlb/angels/2021/07/12/stephen-a-smith-shohei-ohtani-dude-needs-interpreter/7939597002/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ippei Mizuhara]] was Ohtani's personal interpreter when Ohtani played for the American teams Angels and Dodgers; That interpreter has known Ohtani since he was 18, starting in 2013 when Ohtani played for a Japanese team.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bollinger |first=Rhett |date=July 10, 2021 |title=Ohtani's interpreter to catch in HR Derby |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/shohei-ohtani-interpreter-ippei-mizuhara-to-catch-in-2021-home-run-derby |access-date=October 7, 2021 |publisher=Major League Baseball |archive-date=October 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007234039/https://www.mlb.com/news/shohei-ohtani-interpreter-ippei-mizuhara-to-catch-in-2021-home-run-derby |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mizuhara also became a [[confidant]], [[conditioning]] coach, and throwing partner.&lt;ref name=&quot;OhtaniIppei&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=O'Connell |first=Robert |date=June 21, 2021 |title='A Game of Speech'—But Also, For Baseball Interpreters, So Much More |url=https://www.si.com/mlb/2021/06/21/baseball-interpreters-daily-cover |access-date=October 8, 2021 |magazine=Sports Illustrated |archive-date=October 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008213732/https://www.si.com/mlb/2021/06/21/baseball-interpreters-daily-cover |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gonzalez |first=Alden |date=September 12, 2019 |title=Shohei Ohtani can hit, pitch – and keep his teammates laughing |url=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/27597381/shohei-ohtani-hit-pitch-keep-teammates-laughing |access-date=October 8, 2021 |publisher=ESPN |archive-date=October 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008213732/https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/27597381/shohei-ohtani-hit-pitch-keep-teammates-laughing |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

In March 2024, an investigation by [[ESPN]], found that $4.5 million in [[wire payment]]s, were made from Ohtani's bank account to a Southern California [[bookmaker|bookmaking operation]] that was under investigation by federal [[law enforcement]]; On the evening of March 19, Mizuhara told ESPN in a 90-minute interview that he had asked Ohtani to repay the debts and that Ohtani himself transferred them to the bookie; Mizuhara also told this story to the Dodgers clubhouse after a game that day. However, as ESPN prepared to air the interview on the morning of March 20, Ohtani's law firm issued a statement reading, &quot;We discovered that Shohei has been the victim of a massive theft, and we are turning the matter over to the authorities.&quot; That afternoon, the Dodgers fired Mizuhara, who had signed a contract with the team when Ohtani joined.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/39768770/dodgers-shohei-ohtani-interpreter-fired-theft|title=Ohtani's interpreter fired, 'massive theft' alleged|date=March 20, 2024|website=ESPN.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- Will Ireton, who had served as an interpreter for [[Kenta Maeda]], took over as Ohtani's interpreter.--&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;athletic0321&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Ardaya |first1=Fabian |title=Shohei Ohtani, Dodgers keep mum in aftermath of interpreter theft accusation |url=https://theathletic.com/5358623/2024/03/21/shohei-ohtani-dodgers-interpreter-theft-quiet/ |access-date=March 22, 2024 |work=[[The Athletic]] |date=March 21, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Ohtani’s [[representative]]s [[accusation|accused]] his [[interpreter]], Ippei Mizuhara, of a “massive theft” of Ohtani’s money in order to pay off an illegal bookmaker [...]. And whether it involves Ohtani or not, it’s already baseball’s biggest gambling scandal since [[Pete Rose]] in 1989&quot;, according to a [[Politico]] article in 2024's first quarter.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2024/03/21/sports-gambling-scandals-legalization-00148243. Retrieved 2024-03-21&lt;/ref&gt;

On June 4, Ohtani was officially cleared of any wrongdoing in the incident.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=R.J. |date=2024-06-04 |title=Shohei Ohtani gambling scandal: MLB officially clears Dodgers star after investigation into interpreter's bets |url=https://www.cbssports.com/mlb/news/shohei-ohtani-gambling-scandal-mlb-officially-clears-dodgers-star-after-investigation-into-interpreters-bets/ |access-date=June 6, 2024 |website=CBS Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Japan-sports-bio-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ohtani, Shohei}}
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Japanese baseball players]]
[[Category:Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim players]]
[[Category:Los Angeles Angels players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Iwate Prefecture]]
[[Category:Living people]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jeffrey Epstein</title>
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      <text bytes="58624" sha1="0r4xgjli22kgr33vml4vjh5w0x5rw5f" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name               = Jeffrey Epstein
| image              = Jeffrey epstein 2008 mugshot.jpg
| caption            = Jeffrey Epstein's 2008 mugshot
| birth_name         = Jeffrey Edward Epstein
| birth_date         = January 20th, 1953
| birth_place        = [[New York City]], U.S.
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|2019|08|10|1953|01|20}} (disputed)
| death_place        = New York City, U.S.
| death_cause        = [[Suicide]] by [[hanging]] (disputed)&lt;ref name=&quot;ny-con&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Gold |first1=Michael |last2=Bromwich |first2=Jonah Engel |date=2019-08-12 |title=Epstein Conspiracy Theories: De Blasio, and Others Join Speculation (Published 2019) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/12/nyregion/conspiracy-theories-epstein-suicide.html |access-date=2021-01-22 |website=The New York Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lzKCGXzZMYg Epstein could NOT have ended himself says leading coroner]. ''[[TRT|Turkish Radio and Television Corporation]]''. July 27, 2025&lt;/ref&gt;
| nationality        = [[Americans|American]]
| education          = [[Cooper Union]] &lt;br /&gt; (no degree)&lt;br /&gt;[[New York University]] &lt;br /&gt;(no degree)
| criminal_charge    = [[Sex offender]], [[Sex trafficking]]
| criminal_penalty   = 13 months (2008)
}}

'''Jeffrey Edward Epstein''' (January 20, 1953 – August 10, 2019) was an American [[Finance|financer]] and child [[sex trafficker]] and serial rapist.&lt;ref name=&quot;JeffreyEpsteinCourtSex-Justice.gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/jeffrey-epstein-charged-manhattan-federal-court-sex-trafficking-minors|title=Jeffrey Epstein Charged in Manhattan Federal Court With Sex Trafficking of Minors|date=2019-07-08|website=www.justice.gov|language=en|access-date=2019-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708184612/https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/jeffrey-epstein-charged-manhattan-federal-court-sex-trafficking-minors|archive-date=July 8, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian_2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jan/02/jeffrey-epstein-rise-and-fall-of-teacher-turned-tycoon |last = Lewis |first = Paul |title = Jeffrey Epstein: The rise and fall of teacher turned tycoon |newspaper = [[The Guardian|Guardian]] |date = January 4, 2015 |access-date = November 7, 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161126103523/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jan/02/jeffrey-epstein-rise-and-fall-of-teacher-turned-tycoon |archive-date = November 26, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; He started his career in an [[investment bank]] called [[Bear Stearns]]. A few years later, made his own investment bank, ''J. Epstein &amp; Co.''&lt;ref name=&quot;nymag&quot; /&gt; He was born in [[New York City]] to [[Jew|Jewish]] parents.

In 2008, he was [[Arrest|arrested]] for giving money to an [[child prostitution|underage girl for sex]]. He spent 13 months in &quot;custody with work release&quot;, which means that he was allowed to be outside of prison for up to 16&amp;nbsp;hours per day.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first = Andrew |last = Buncombe |url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/who-is-jeffrey-epstein-a-study-of-the-man-linked-to-worlds-of-celebrity-politics--and-royalty-9954397.html |title = Jeffrey Epstein: the billionaire paedophile with links to Bill Clinton, Kevin Spacey, Robert Maxwell – and Prince Andrew |work = [[The Independent]] |publisher=Independent Print Ltd.|location=London, England|date = January 2, 2015 |access-date = November 7, 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150925183442/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/who-is-jeffrey-epstein-a-study-of-the-man-linked-to-worlds-of-celebrity-politics--and-royalty-9954397.html |archive-date = September 25, 2015 |df = mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Epstein was arrested again on July 6, 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;JeffBillionaireDemoNow&quot;&gt;[https://www.democracynow.org/2019/7/8/jeffrey_epstein_a_billionaire_friend_of Jeffrey Epstein, a Billionaire Friend of Presidents Trump &amp;amp; Clinton, Arrested for Sex Trafficking &amp;#124; Democracy Now!]&lt;/ref&gt; for alleged [[sex trafficking]] of minors in [[Florida]] and [[New York]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Shallwani&quot; /&gt; Epstein was a [[registered sex offender]] from 2008 until his death.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian_2&quot; /&gt;

On August 10, 2019, he [[suicide|killed himself]] by [[hanging]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:30&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/jeffrey-epstein-found-dead-nyc-jail-n1041081 |title=Jeffrey Epstein, accused sex trafficker, is dead by apparent suicide, found in his Manhattan jail cell |last1=Winter |first1=Tom  |last2=Dienst |first2=Jonathan |website=NBC News |access-date=2019-08-10 |last3=McCausland |first3=Phil }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WashingtonPost_20190810&quot; /&gt; The medical examiner told the court that Epstein died by suicide,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/a947e0d85d31496eb5bd9ff4994c9718|title=Medical examiner rules Epstein death a suicide by hanging|last1=Sisak|first1=Michael R.|last2=Balsamo|first2=Michael|date=August 17, 2019|website=AP NEWS|last3=Neumeister|first3=Larry}}&lt;/ref&gt; but Epstein's lawyers disagreed.&lt;ref name=&quot;:39&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newsweek.com/epstein-death-murder-suicide-victims-hearing-1456397|title=Epstein Lawyers say evidence 'far more consistent' with murder than suicide|last=Stockler|first=Asher|date=August 27, 2019|work=Newsweek|access-date=August 27, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-people-jeffrey-epstein-cameras-idUSKCN1VI2LC|title=FBI studies two broken cameras outside cell where Epstein died: source|last=Hosenball|first=Mark|date=August 28, 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=August 29, 2019|location=London|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; On August 29, 2019, the judge decided to end the criminal investigation of Epstein.&lt;ref name=&quot;epsteinclosed&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/9032d5b4c8bb4175958da4e545f60543|title=Judge ends case against Epstein, with a nod to the accusers|first=Larry|last=Neumeister|date=August 29, 2019|website=[[Associated Press]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;epsteinreutersdismiss&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-people-jeffrey-epstein-idUSKCN1VJ28B |first=Brendan |last=Pierson |title=Case against Jeffrey Epstein dismissed following his death|date=August 30, 2019|work=[[Reuters]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Epstein had a complex relationship with a lot of famous people. He interacted with businesspeople, royalty, politicians, and academics. Famous people include [[Donald Trump]], [[Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor]] (formerly known as Prince Andrew), [[Bill Clinton]], and [[Mette-Marit, Crown Princess of Norway]]. The [[Epstein files]] are a collection of papers that have criminal evidence of Jeffery Epstein and his relationships with other people and groups. On November 2025, the Epstein files were publicly released &lt;ref name=&quot;NBC-2025-11-18&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=November 18, 2025 |title=Live updates: House passes bill to release Epstein files; Trump defends Saudi crown prince |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-administration/live-blog/trump-house-vote-epstein-files-bin-salman-gaza-venezuela-live-updates-rcna244150 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |work=[[NBC News]] |language=en |archive-url= |archive-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; as part of the [[Epstein Files Transparency Act]] (which the [[U.S. Senate]] [[unanimous consent|unanimously]] approved it),&lt;ref name=&quot;Carney &amp; Fuchs&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Carney |first1=Jordaine |last2=Fuchs |first2=Hailey |last3=Lee Hill |first3=Meredith |date=November 18, 2025 |title=Senate approves Epstein files bill, sending it to Trump's desk |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/11/18/house-approves-epstein-files-bill-in-near-unanimous-vote-00656764 |work=[[Politico]] |language=en |archive-url= |archive-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; revealing that he maintained a lot of relationships with notable people.

== Early life ==
[[File:Sea Gate aerial view.jpg|thumb|Epstein's childhood neighborhood of [[Sea Gate, Brooklyn]]]]
Jeffrey Epstein was born on January 20, 1953, in [[Brooklyn]].&lt;ref name=&quot;epny-birth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=New York, New York, U.S., Birth Index, 1910–1965 |url=https://www.ancestry.com/sharing/8879470?mark=7b22746f6b656e223a22623779506c4a6a564c614751686c4b6f45654c4d3376376278623437514f545842576a42315372376744453d222c22746f6b656e5f76657273696f6e223a225632227d |access-date=December 26, 2025 |website=Ancestry.com |language=en-US |archive-date=December 27, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251227042939/https://www.ancestry.com/sharing/8879470?mark=7b22746f6b656e223a22623779506c4a6a564c614751686c4b6f45654c4d3376376278623437514f545842576a42315372376744453d222c22746f6b656e5f76657273696f6e223a225632227d |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bgmi-ep&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Biography &amp; Genealogy Master Index (BGMI) |url=https://www.ancestry.com/sharing/51412803?mark=7b22746f6b656e223a22464244684b716f50497a7657514d4e4d6844685278393633416530694e74334436537a55566e613155326f3d222c22746f6b656e5f76657273696f6e223a225632227d |access-date=December 26, 2025 |website=Ancestry.com |language=en-US |archive-date=December 27, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251227071051/https://www.ancestry.com/sharing/51412803?mark=7b22746f6b656e223a22464244684b716f50497a7657514d4e4d6844685278393633416530694e74334436537a55566e613155326f3d222c22746f6b656e5f76657273696f6e223a225632227d |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; His birth name is Jeffrey Edward Epstein.&lt;ref name=&quot;epny-birth&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bgmi-ep&quot; /&gt; Both of his parents, Pauline &quot;Paula&quot; Stolofsky (1918–2004) and Seymour George Epstein (1916–1991), were [[Jews|Jewish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Volscho-2019&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Daly-2019&quot; /&gt; His parents married in 1952 shortly before he was born.&lt;ref name=&quot;Volscho-2019&quot;/&gt; Pauline worked as a school aide and was a [[homemaker]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Volscho-2019&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Daly-2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Daly |first=Michael |date=July 15, 2019 |title=Epstein's Coney Island Days: From Math Nerd to 'Arrogant' Prick |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeffrey-epsteins-coney-island-days-from-math-nerd-to-arrogant-prick |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190717065215/https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeffrey-epsteins-coney-island-days-from-math-nerd-to-arrogant-prick |archive-date=July 17, 2019 |access-date=July 15, 2019 |work=[[The Daily Beast]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jpost&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/International/Billionaire-sex-offender-Jeffrey-Epstein-charged-with-sex-trafficking-594864 |title=Billionaire sex offender Jeffrey Epstein charged with sex trafficking |date=July 7, 2019 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190710185235/https://www.jpost.com/International/Billionaire-sex-offender-Jeffrey-Epstein-charged-with-sex-trafficking-594864 |archive-date=July 10, 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=July 17, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Seymour worked for the [[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]] as a [[Groundskeeping|groundskeeper]] and gardener.&lt;ref name=&quot;Volscho-2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeffrey-epstein-dodged-questions-about-sex-with-his-dalton-prep-school-students |title=Jeffrey Epstein Dodged Questions About Sex With His Dalton Prep-School Students |last=Volscho |first=Thomas |date=July 13, 2019 |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |access-date=July 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190714214545/https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeffrey-epstein-dodged-questions-about-sex-with-his-dalton-prep-school-students |archive-date=July 14, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jpost&quot;/&gt;

Jeffrey Epstein was the older of two siblings, being older than his brother [[Mark Epstein]]. Both grew up in the neighborhood of [[Sea Gate, Brooklyn|Sea Gate]].&lt;ref name=&quot;jta-ep&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Elia-Shalev |first=Asaf |date=September 10, 2025 |title=In Jeffrey Epstein’s birthday tribute, traces of his Jewish upbringing surface alongside lurid tales |url=https://www.jta.org/2025/09/10/politics/in-epsteins-birthday-tribute-traces-of-his-jewish-upbringing-surface-alongside-lurid-tales |access-date=February 3, 2026 |website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |language=en-US |quote=… children of Jewish immigrants, he grew up in Sea Gate, a gated community at the tip of Coney Island. In the 1950s and ’60s, Sea Gate was a predominantly Jewish, middle-class enclave, and the Epstein family lived across the street from the Kneses Israel synagogue, today affiliated with the Chabad-Lubavitch movement. |archive-date=October 31, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251031164348/https://www.jta.org/2025/09/10/politics/in-epsteins-birthday-tribute-traces-of-his-jewish-upbringing-surface-alongside-lurid-tales |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Within the family, Epstein was nicknamed Bear, while Mark was called Puggie.&lt;ref name=&quot;Daly-2019&quot; /&gt; A childhood friend described Paula as &quot;a wonderful mother and homemaker.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Feldman |first=Ari |date=July 15, 2019 |title=What We Know About Jeffrey Epstein's Childhood |url=https://forward.com/news/427614/jeffrey-epstein-childhood-brooklyn/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190717064456/https://forward.com/news/427614/jeffrey-epstein-childhood-brooklyn/ |archive-date=July 17, 2019 |access-date=July 16, 2019 |work=[[The Forward]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The neighbors remembered the parents of Epstein as being quiet and humble.&lt;ref name=&quot;Daly-2019&quot; /&gt;

Epstein went to local public schools. The first school he went to was Public School 188. Then, he went to [[Mark Twain Junior High School]] nearby, and usually earned money by tutoring classmates. Friends of Epstein considered him as &quot;sweet and generous&quot; although &quot;quiet and nerdy,” and nicknamed him &quot;Eppy&quot;. &quot;He was just an average boy, very smart in math, slightly overweight, freckles, always smiling,&quot; a female friend later described.&lt;ref name=&quot;Daly-2019&quot; /&gt;

In 1967, Epstein went to the National Music Camp at the [[Interlochen Center for the Arts]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeffrey-epstein-had-his-own-lodge-at-interlochens-prestigious-arts-camp-for-kids-in-michigan |title=Epstein Had His Own Lodge at Interlochen's Prestigious Arts Camp for Kids |last=Briquelet |first=Kate |date=July 12, 2019 |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |access-date=July 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190712230418/https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeffrey-epstein-had-his-own-lodge-at-interlochens-prestigious-arts-camp-for-kids-in-michigan |archive-date=July 12, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He began playing the piano when he was five.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward 2003&quot; /&gt; During this time, he was considered a talented musician by friends.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward 2003&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |title=The Talented Mr. Epstein |last=Ward |first=Vicky |date=March 1, 2003 |magazine=Vanity Fair |location=New York |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2003/03/jeffrey-epstein-200303 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612144453/http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2003/03/jeffrey-epstein-200303 |archive-date=June 12, 2015 |url-status=live |access-date=June 11, 2015 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; He graduated in 1969 from [[Lafayette High School (New York City)|Lafayette High School]] at age 16.&lt;ref name=&quot;Volscho-2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Thomas 2002&quot; /&gt; While at Lafayette High School, he skipped two grades.&lt;ref name=&quot;Volscho-2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Thomas 2002&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |first=Landon Jr. |last=Thomas |date=October 28, 2002 |title=Jeffrey Epstein: International Moneyman of Mystery |url=https://nymag.com/nymetro/news/people/n_7912/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250911044022/https://nymag.com/nymetro/news/people/n_7912/ |archive-date=September 11, 2025 |access-date=August 10, 2019 |journal=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later in 1969, he went to advanced math classes at [[Cooper Union]] until he changed colleges in 1971.&lt;ref name=&quot;Volscho-2019&quot; /&gt; From September 1971, he went to the [[Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences]] at [[New York University]], where he learned [[mathematical physiology]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Volscho-2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Thomas 2002&quot; /&gt; However, on June 1974, he left New York University without getting a degree.&lt;ref name=&quot;Volscho-2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Thomas 2002&quot; /&gt;

==Career==
Epstein taught [[physics]] at the [[Dalton School]] in [[Manhattan]] between 1973 and 1975.&lt;ref name=&quot;nymag&quot; /&gt; In 1976, Epstein started work at Bear Stearns as an [[Options trading|options trader]] (a job where [[stock broker]]s sell instruments giving customers the option to buy or sell [[Stock market|stocks]] at a set price at a future date).&lt;ref name=&quot;nymag&quot; /&gt; There, he advised very rich people on financial strategies relating to [[Tax|taxes]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nymag&quot; /&gt; He was shown to be a successful worker during his financial career, and Epstein was promoted to a [[Limited partnership|limited partner]] (a job that manages money within a company) at Bear Stearns in 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;nymag&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vanity Fair&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2003/03/jeffrey-epstein-200303|title=The Talented Mr. Epstein|last=Ward|first=Vicky|date=June 27, 2011|website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|location=New York City|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612144453/http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2003/03/jeffrey-epstein-200303|archive-date=June 12, 2015|url-status=live|access-date=June 11, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Epstein founded his investment bank, ''J. Epstein &amp; Co.'', in 1982.&lt;ref name=&quot;nymag&quot; /&gt; His investment bank managed the [[Asset|assets]] of every person who had invested at his investments bank.&lt;ref name=&quot;nymag&quot; /&gt; As of 2002, his investment bank was worth more than [[United States dollar|US $]]1&amp;nbsp;billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;nymag&quot; /&gt;

== Criminal history ==
===First signs of criminal activity (2005–06)===

==== Palm Beach report ====
[[file:Jeffrey Epstein mug shot.jpg|thumb|Jeffrey Epstein's mugshot in 2006. This photo was made after he was investigated for child prostitution in 2006.]] 
In March 2005, a woman told Florida's [[Palm Beach Police Department]] that her 12-year-old stepdaughter had been taken to Epstein's [[mansion]] by an older girl.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian-epsteindeath&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/aug/10/jeffrey-epstein-dead-prison-report-latest|title=Jeffrey Epstein dies after apparent suicide in New York jail|last=Helmore|first=Edward|date=2019-08-10|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-08-10|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; The woman claimed that in the mansion, her stepdaughter was paid $300 to strip and [[massage]] Epstein.&lt;ref name=&quot;nymag&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Landon Jr.|date=October 28, 2002|title=Jeffrey Epstein: International Money Man of Mystery|url=https://nymag.com/nymetro/news/people/n_7912/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110041617/http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/people/n_7912/|archive-date=November 10, 2016|access-date=November 7, 2016|journal=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://nypost.com/2016/10/09/the-sex-slave-scandal-that-exposed-pedophile-billionaire-jeffrey-epstein/|title=The 'sex slave' scandal that exposed pedophile billionaire Jeffrey Epstein|last=Callahan|first=Maureen|date=October 9, 2016|work=New York Post|access-date=July 27, 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727181328/https://nypost.com/2016/10/09/the-sex-slave-scandal-that-exposed-pedophile-billionaire-jeffrey-epstein/|archive-date=July 27, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The stepdaughter was claimed to be undressed. When she left Epstein's mansion, she was still wearing her underwear.&lt;ref name=&quot;thesmokinggun2006&quot; /&gt;

==== Investigation ====
Police spent 11 months investigating Epstein and his home. At the time, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] was also investigating Epstein and his home. They discovered confirmation that Epstein had paid girls under 18 years old to perform sexual acts on him.&lt;ref name=&quot;LewisSwaine&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/10/jeffrey-epstein-decade-scandal-prince-andrew |title = Jeffrey Epstein: Inside the decade of scandal entangling Prince Andrew |last1 = Lewis |first1 = Paul |last2 = Swaine |first2 = Jon |date = January 10, 2015 |website = [[The Guardian]] |location=London, England|url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160522090456/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/10/jeffrey-epstein-decade-scandal-prince-andrew |archive-date = May 22, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Both the police and the FBI interviewed five claimed victims and 17 witnesses about this incident. The interviews revealed that photos of abused underaged girls were found in Epstein's trash.&lt;ref name=&quot;beachpost&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.palmbeachpost.com/localnews/content/local_news/epaper/2006/08/14/m1a_EPSTEIN_0814.html |title = Jeffrey Epstein craved big homes, elite friends – and, investigators say, underage girls |last = Marra |first = Andrew |date = August 14, 2006 |website = [[The Palm Beach Post]] |publisher=[[GateHouse Media]]|location=Palm Beach, Florida|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110616194257/http://www.palmbeachpost.com/localnews/content/local_news/epaper/2006/08/14/m1a_EPSTEIN_0814.html |archive-date = June 16, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In fact, some of the trashed photos were confirmed to match the interviewed victims.&lt;ref name=&quot;thesmokinggun2006&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://thesmokinggun.com/documents/sex/billionaire-palm-beach-sex-scandal |title = Billionaire in Palm Beach sex scandal; Investigators: Moneyman Jeffrey Epstein solicited teen masseuses |date = July 26, 2006 |website = [[The Smoking Gun]] |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150112112028/http://thesmokinggun.com/documents/sex/billionaire-palm-beach-sex-scandal |archive-date = January 12, 2015 |df = mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://thesmokinggun.com/file/billionaire-palm-beach-sex-scandal|title=Palm Beach Police Dep't Probable Cause Affadavit|website=[[The Smoking Gun]]|date=May 1, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112112012/http://thesmokinggun.com/file/billionaire-palm-beach-sex-scandal |archive-date=January 12, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Cameras &amp; blackmail ====
In 2006, it was discovered{{By whom}} that Epstein often secretly installed [[Camera|cameras]] everywhere around his property.&lt;ref name=&quot;ibtimes-tapesexslave&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.com.au/prince-andrew-might-have-been-caught-tape-sex-slave-1407641|title=Prince Andrew Might Have Been Caught on Tape With 'Sex Slave'|last=Bhagat|first=Pooja|date=January 7, 2015|work=[[International Business Times]]|location=New York City|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150129122854/http://au.ibtimes.com/prince-andrew-might-have-been-caught-tape-sex-slave-1407641|archive-date=January 29, 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=November 8, 2016|quote=According to reports, papers filed against his friend Jeffrey Epstein in 2006 mentioned that he had installed hidden cameras everywhere in his property to record the indecent acts of important people with underage prostitutes for further criminal use such as blackmail.|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; He used these cameras to record sexual activity between underage girls and famous people.&lt;ref name=&quot;ibtimes-tapesexslave&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;blackmailcelebjeffepstein&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://au.ibtimes.com/prince-andrew-might-have-been-caught-tape-sex-slave-1407641 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20150129122854/http://au.ibtimes.com/prince-andrew-might-have-been-caught-tape-sex-slave-1407641 |url-status = dead |archive-date = January 29, 2015 |title = Prince Andrew Might Have Been Caught on Tape With 'Sex Slave' |first = Pooja |last = Bhagat |date = January 7, 2015 |work = [[International Business Times]]|publisher=IBT Media|location=New York City|access-date = November 8, 2016 |quote = According to recent reports, paper filed against his friend Jeffrey Epstein in 2006 mentioned that he had installed hidden cameras everywhere in his property to record the indecent acts of important people with underage prostitutes for further criminal use such as blackmail. }}&lt;/ref&gt; It was also discovered{{By whom}} that Epstein used secret recordings and underage spies to [[blackmail]] those famous people.&lt;ref name=&quot;LewisSwaine&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;blackmailcelebjeffepstein&quot; /&gt; These criminal claims were obtained from information relating to a previous lawsuit made by those famous people in 2006{{Clarify}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;blackmailcelebjeffepstein&quot; /&gt; 

In 2015, it was revealed that [[Andrew Mountbatten Windsor|then Prince Andrew, Duke of York]] had been blackmailed by Epstein.&lt;ref name=&quot;LewisSwaine&quot; /&gt; One of Epstein's former employees stated that Epstein would get three massages per day from underaged girls.&lt;ref name=&quot;thesmokinggun2006&quot; /&gt; Eventually the FBI getd proof that indeed Epstein was blackmailing famous people by spying on them.&lt;ref name=&quot;LewisSwaine&quot; /&gt;

==== Defense ====
In May 2006, the [[Palm Beach County, Florida|Palm Beach]] police had concluded that Jeffrey Epstein would be charged with four counts of unlawful sex with minors and one count of [[molestation]] (forcing sexual abuse).&lt;ref name=&quot;thesmokinggun2006&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://thesmokinggun.com/file/billionaire-palm-beach-sex-scandal|title=Palm Beach Police Dep't Probable Cause Affadavit|website=[[The Smoking Gun]]|date=May 1, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112112012/http://thesmokinggun.com/file/billionaire-palm-beach-sex-scandal |archive-date=January 12, 2015 |df = mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the [[court]] disagreed. 

Epstein's team of defense lawyers included [[Roy Black (attorney)|Roy Black]], Russell Crowe,&lt;ref&gt;[http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/ruling-kpmg-20060627.pdf U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York v. Jeffrey Stein, et al], ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'', June 27, 2006. Retrieved July 12, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Gerald B. Lefcourt|Gerald Lefcourt]], and [[Harvard Law]] Professor [[Alan Dershowitz]]. In 2007, [[Ken Starr]], the [[Special Prosecutor]] of [[Bill Clinton]], joined in to protect Epstein.&lt;ref name=&quot;nymag2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |first = Philip |last = Weiss |url = https://nymag.com/news/features/41826/ |title = The Fantasist |journal = [[New York (magazine)|New York]] |date = December 10, 2007 |access-date = November 7, 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161017175912/http://nymag.com/news/features/41826/ |archive-date = October 17, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.page2live.com/2007/09/12/lewinsky-prosecutor-joins-defense-of-clinton-crony/ |title=Lewinsky prosecutor joins defense of Clinton crony |work=[[Palm Beach Post]] |date=September 12, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516122546/http://www.page2live.com/2007/09/12/lewinsky-prosecutor-joins-defense-of-clinton-crony/ |archive-date=May 16, 2012 |access-date=July 10, 2019|df = mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

The police chief of Palm Beach, [[Michael Reiter (police chief)|Michael Reiter]], blamed the court for being too flexible when it came to Epstein's criminal case. Additionally, the police chief was not satisfied that court did not pass on the information clearly enough to the FBI.{{Clarify}}&lt;ref name=&quot;nymag2&quot; /&gt;

In the end, the [[grand jury]] ruled that Epstein should face only a single charge of unfair payment of [[prostitution]].&lt;ref name=&quot;beachpost2&quot; /&gt; In 2006, they concluded that Epstein had pleaded [[Guilt (law)|not guilty]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/03/us/03epstein.html |title = Questions of Preferential Treatment Are Raised in Florida Sex Case |work = [[The New York Times]] |date = September 3, 2006 |first = Abby |last = Goodnough |access-date = July 10, 2019 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111006173900/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/03/us/03epstein.html |archive-date = October 6, 2011 |df = mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Non-prosecution agreement (NPA) (2006–2008)===
{{expand section}}
On February 6, 2008, an [[Anonymity|anonymous]] woman from [[Virginia]] filed a [[lawsuit]] worth $50 million against Epstein.&lt;ref name=&quot;doe08&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/pi/doeepstein20608cmp5.html |title = 'Jane Doe' v. Jeffrey Epstein: Billionaire faces $50M sexual assault lawsuit |date = February 6, 2008 |work = [[FindLaw]] |publisher = Thomson Reuters |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141129233701/http://news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/pi/doeepstein20608cmp5.html |archive-date = November 29, 2014 |df = mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; She claimed that Epstein [[Sexual assault|sexually assaulted]] her when she was 16 years old, between 2004 and 2005. According to the lawsuit, the woman was originally &quot;recruited to give Epstein a massage&quot;, but later on Epstein went naked and had [[sexual intercourse]] with her.&lt;ref name=&quot;beachpost2&quot; /&gt; He paid her $200 immediately afterwards.&lt;ref name=&quot;beachpost2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first=Larry|last=Keller|url = http://www.palmbeachpost.com/localnews/content/local_news/epaper/2008/02/06/0206EPSTEIN.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080209131505/http://www.palmbeachpost.com/localnews/content/local_news/epaper/2008/02/06/0206EPSTEIN.html |archive-date = February 9, 2008 |title = Second teen-sex suit seeks $50{{Spaces}}million from Jeffrey Epstein |work = [[The Palm Beach Post]] |publisher=[[GateHouse Media]]|date = February 6, 2008 |df = mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; In March 2008, a similar $50 million lawsuit was filed by another woman who stated Epstein had sexually abused her.&lt;ref name=&quot;keller3rd&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last = Keller |first = Larry |title = Third alleged victim files sex suit against Jeffrey Epstein |work = [[The Palm Beach Post]] |publisher=[[GateHouse Media]]| date = March 5, 2008 |url = http://www.palmbeachpost.com/localnews/content/local_news/epaper/2008/03/05/0305epstein.html |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080308150500/http://www.palmbeachpost.com/localnews/content/local_news/epaper/2008/03/05/0305epstein.html |archive-date = March 8, 2008 |df = mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

However, these lawsuits, alongside similar lawsuits, were dismissed (cancelled and ignored).&lt;ref name=&quot;lewis&quot; /&gt; Epstein dealt with these types of lawsuits outside of court by paying the victims with [[Financial compensation|compensation]] money.&lt;ref name=&quot;lewis&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1 = Lewis |first1 = Paul |last2 = Ball |first2 = James |title = Prince Andrew named in U.S. lawsuit over underage sex claims |work = [[The Guardian]] |date = January 3, 2015 |url = https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/jan/02/prince-andrew-named-us-lawsuit-underage-sex-allegations |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161219131854/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/jan/02/prince-andrew-named-us-lawsuit-underage-sex-allegations |archive-date = December 19, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rush&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1 = Rush |first1 = George |last2 = Molloy |first2 = Joanna |title = Billionaire Jeffrey Epstein shells out more money in latest sex abuse lawsuit |work = [[New York Daily News|Daily News]] |location=New York |date = January 10, 2010 |url = http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/billionaire-jeffrey-epstein-shells-money-latest-sex-abuse-lawsuit-article-1.436147 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141205083843/http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/billionaire-jeffrey-epstein-shells-money-latest-sex-abuse-lawsuit-article-1.436147 |archive-date = December 5, 2014 |df = mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2008, he had a secret non-prosecution agreement with court that allowed him to have a lower court penalty while at the same time still keeping his luxury private locations.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnbc-epstein2019july&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/07/07/billionaire-jeffrey-epstein-arrested-on-sex-trafficking-charges.html|title = Billionaire Jeffrey Epstein due in court after sex trafficking arrest|website = [[CNBC]]|date = 7 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cnbc-secretdeal&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/jeffrey-epstein-s-once-secret-sex-offender-plea-deal-must-n1021471|title = Jeffrey Epstein's once-secret sex offender plea deal must stand, prosecutors say|website = [[NBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Instead of getting a [[Life imprisonment|life sentence]], he was jailed for just 18 months (though he served only 13 months) and only had to settle the victims with payments of money.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnbc-secretdeal&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theantlanticepstein&quot;&gt;[https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/07/when-jeffrey-epstein-joked-about-sex-abuse/593503/ When Jeffrey Epstein Joked About Sex Abuse - The Atlantic]&lt;/ref&gt; However, he still had to register as a [[sex offender]].&lt;ref name=&quot;cnbc-secretdeal&quot; /&gt;

===Arrest and registration as a sex offender (2008–2011)===
{{expand section}}

==== Secret court agreement ====
In 2008, Epstein had a secret agreement with court that he would get a lower court penalty. Along with a shorter jail sentence, he was allowed &quot;custody with work release&quot;, which means that he was allowed to be outside of prison for up to 16 hours per day.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent1&quot; /&gt; 

Epstein spent 13{{Spaces}}months in jail. After he was released, he served one year of [[house arrest]] with [[probation]], until August 2010. While he was on probation, he was allowed to travel in his plane to his private homes in [[Manhattan]] and his private island on [[Little Saint James, U.S. Virgin Islands|Little Saint James]], [[U.S. Virgin Islands]]. He was also allowed long shopping trips and to walk around [[Palm Beach, Florida|Palm Beach]] &quot;for exercise&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;county&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/article219494920.html|work=[[Miami Herald]]|first=Julie K.|last=Brown|author-link=Julie K. Brown|date=November 28, 2018|title=Even from jail, sex abuser manipulated the system. His victims were kept in the dark|access-date=December 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201013512/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/article219494920.html|archive-date=December 1, 2018|url-status=live|df = mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Registration ====
At a court hearing in January 2011, a judge ruled that Epstein had to remain registered in [[New York State]] as a &quot;level three&quot; (high risk of repeat offense) [[sex offender]] for the rest of his life.&lt;ref name=&quot;Palm Beach&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url = http://www.palmbeachdailynews.com/news/news/jeffrey-epstein-must-register-as-nys-highest-level/nMD5m/ |work = [[Palm Beach Daily News]] |publisher=[[GateHouse Media]]|first = Michele |last = Dargan |title = Jeffrey Epstein must register as NY's highest level sex offender |date = November 22, 2011 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160917021737/http://www.palmbeachdailynews.com/news/news/jeffrey-epstein-must-register-as-nys-highest-level/nMD5m/ |archive-date = September 17, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sutherland&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last = Sutherland |first = Amber |title = Billionaire Jeffrey Epstein: I'm a sex offender, not a predator |work = [[New York Post]] |publisher=[[Tribune Publishing|Tronc]]|date = February 25, 2011 |url = https://nypost.com/2011/02/25/billionaire-jeffrey-epstein-im-a-sex-offender-not-a-predator/ |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150113112652/http://nypost.com/2011/02/25/billionaire-jeffrey-epstein-im-a-sex-offender-not-a-predator/ |archive-date = January 13, 2015 |df = mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; At that court hearing, the [[Manhattan]] [[District attorney|District Attorney]] tried to argue that Epstein should be reduced to a low-risk &quot;level one&quot;, but he was refused by the judge. 

Epstein told the judge that his &quot;main&quot; home was in the [[U.S. Virgin Islands]]. Still, the judge ordered him to check in with the [[New York Police Department]] every 90{{Spaces}}days. Even though Epstein had been a level-three registered sex offender in New York since 2010, the New York Police Department never enforced the 90-day regulation, despite the fact that not following these rules is considered against the law.&lt;ref name=&quot;jta.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jta.org/2019/07/11/united-states/alan-dershowitz-helped-jeffrey-epstein-secure-his-controversial-plea-deal-he-has-no-regrets|title=Alan Dershowitz helped Jeffrey Epstein secure his controversial plea deal. He has no regrets.|date=July 11, 2019 |first=Ben |last=Sales}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Trafficking of young girls (2019)===
[[File:U.s. v. jeffrey epstein indictment 0.pdf|thumb|US v. Jeffrey Epstein document&lt;ref name=&quot;JeffreyEpsteinCourtSex-Justice.gov&quot; /&gt;]]

On July 6, 2019, Epstein was arrested at [[Teterboro Airport]] in [[New Jersey]] for [[sex trafficking]]. According to witnesses and sources, the FBI broke into Epstein's Manhattan [[townhouse]], the [[Herbert N. Straus House]], to investigate Epstein's criminal behavior further.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/state/florida/article232374872.html|title=Jeffrey Epstein arrested on sex trafficking charges|last=Brown|first=Julie K.|date=2019-07-06|website=[[Miami Herald]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707032426/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/state/florida/article232374872.html|archive-date=July 7, 2019|url-status=live|access-date=2019-07-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;'Heavy'&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Here's the $77M Mansion the Feds Want to Seize from Jeffrey Epstein|url=https://heavy.com/news/2019/07/jeffrey-epstein-house/|publisher=Heavy|access-date=July 8, 2019|date=July 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708214120/https://heavy.com/news/2019/07/jeffrey-epstein-house/|archive-date=July 8, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Two days later, the Public [[Corruption]] Unit of the [[United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York|Southern District of New York]] charged Epstein for attempted [[sex trafficking]] of minors. Court documents show that Epstein was attempting to bring at least 40 underaged girls to his mansion to [[Child sex abuse|sexually abuse]] them.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shallwani&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeffrey-epstein-arrested-for-sex-trafficking-of-minors-source|title=Jeffrey Epstein Arrested for Sex Trafficking of Minors|last1=Shallwani|first1=Pervaiz|date=2019-07-06|work=[[Daily Beast]]|access-date=2019-07-07|last2=Briquelet|first2=Kate|language=en|last3=Siegel|first3=Harry|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707020019/https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeffrey-epstein-arrested-for-sex-trafficking-of-minors-source|archive-date=July 7, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

It was discovered{{By whom}} that Epstein owned a private [[Boeing 727]] jet that he had used to invite underaged guests to his mansion. He traveled in his private jet frequently, logging &quot;600 flying hours a year (...) usually with guests on board.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;nwPrincesPremiers&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Ostler |first1=Catherine |url=https://www.newsweek.com/2015/02/06/sex-offender-who-mixes-princes-and-premiers-302877.html |access-date=September 3, 2018 |work=Newsweek |title=Jeffrey Epstein: The Sex Offender Who Mixes With Princes and Premiers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904052429/https://www.newsweek.com/2015/02/06/sex-offender-who-mixes-princes-and-premiers-302877.html |archive-date=September 4, 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Bryant |first=Nick |title=Flight Logs Put Clinton, Dershowitz on Pedophile Billionaire's Sex Jet |url=https://gawker.com/flight-logs-put-clinton-dershowitz-on-pedophile-billio-1681039971 |access-date=September 3, 2018 |work=Gawker |date=2015-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912082942/http://gawker.com/flight-logs-put-clinton-dershowitz-on-pedophile-billio-1681039971 |archive-date=September 12, 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Calahan |first=Maureen |title=The 'sex slave' scandal that exposed pedophile billionaire Jeffrey Epstein |url=https://nypost.com/2016/10/09/the-sex-slave-scandal-that-exposed-pedophile-billionaire-jeffrey-epstein/ |work=New York Post |date=October 9, 2016 |access-date=July 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727181328/https://nypost.com/2016/10/09/the-sex-slave-scandal-that-exposed-pedophile-billionaire-jeffrey-epstein/ |archive-date=July 27, 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; A fraudulent Austrian passport, expired in 1987 and displaying Epstein’s photo under another name, was discovered in his safe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Jeffrey Epstein had fake Austrian passport in his safe, prosecutors say|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/state/florida/article232374872.html|newspaper=Miami Herald|date=July 2019|access-date=February 11, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; His attorneys claimed he was advised to get it due to kidnapping as a risk as he is &quot;an affluent member of the Jewish faith.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Epstein lawyers claim fake passport was needed to hide Jewishness|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/epstein-lawyers-claim-fake-passport-was-needed-to-hide-jewishness|newspaper=The Times of Israel|date=July 18, 2019|access-date=February 11, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Personal life==

As a successful businessman, Jeffrey Epstein met many famous people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/07/jeffrey-epstein-high-society-contacts.html|title=Who Was Jeffrey Epstein Calling? A close study of his circle—social, professional, transactional—reveals a damning portrait of elite New York|date=July 22, 2019|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]|access-date=July 25, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was friends with [[Andrew Mountbatten Windsor|then Prince Andrew]] and [[Thomas J. Barrack Jr.|Tom Barrack]],&lt;ref name=&quot;michaelwolff&quot;&gt;{{cite book| last = Wolff| first = Michael| author-link = Michael Wolff (journalist)| title = Fire and Fury: Inside the Trump White House| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=e5IItAEACAAJ| date = 2018| publisher = Henry Holt and Company| location = New York City| isbn = 978-1-250-15806-2| page = 53| access-date = April 8, 2018| via = [[Google Books]] }}&lt;/ref&gt; and met with [[Bill Clinton]], [[George Stephanopoulos]], [[Donald Trump]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/politics/ct-jeffrey-epstien-alexander-acosta-sex-abuse-case-20170321-story.html|title=Trump's Labor nominee Acosta cut deal with billionaire in underage sex abuse case|first=Marc|last=Fisher|website=[[Chicago Tribune]]|access-date=August 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731011746/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/politics/ct-jeffrey-epstien-alexander-acosta-sex-abuse-case-20170321-story.html|archive-date=July 31, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Katie Couric]], and [[Woody Allen]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/mar/13/prince-andrew-jeffrey-epstein |title = Prince Andrew's link to sex offender Jeffrey Epstein taints royalty in US |newspaper = [[The Guardian]] |date = March 12, 2011 |first = Paul |last = Harris |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161108052840/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/mar/13/prince-andrew-jeffrey-epstein |archive-date = November 8, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

The [[friendship]] between Epstein and Trump ended in the 2000s, though journalists are not sure why.&lt;ref&gt;[https://docs.house.gov/meetings/JU/JU08/20250227/117951/HHRG-119-JU08-20250227-SD006-U6.pdf Jeffrey Epstein Tapes: ‘I Was Donald Trump’s Closest Friend’] ''Hugh Dougherty''. Feb 27, 2025&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6TaJxJFilms How did the Trump-Epstein friendship *really* end?] ''Chris Cillizza''. July 30, 2025&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tucker Carlson]] thinks that Epstein was an [[Espionage|intelligence asset]], and [[Megyn Kelly]] thinks that he worked for [[Mossad]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newsnationnow.com/politics/jeffrey-epstein-conspiracies-intelligence-agent/ Jeffrey Epstein conspiracies: Was he an intelligence agent?] ''Diana Falzone''. July 23, 2025 &lt;/ref&gt;

Epstein was a supporter of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=News|first=A. B. C.|title=Jeffrey Epstein donated to several Democrats throughout 1990s and early 2000s|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/jeffrey-epstein-donated-democrats-1990s-early-2000s/story?id=64255485|access-date=2023-02-22|website=ABC News|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2000, he established the [[Jeffrey Epstein VI Foundation]], which funds science research and education. Before 2003, the foundation funded [[Martin Nowak]]'s research at the [[Institute for Advanced Study]] in the city of [[Princeton, New Jersey]]. In May 2003, Epstein created the ''Program for Evolutionary Dynamics'' at [[Harvard University]], a program aimed to research [[evolution]], with a $30&amp;nbsp;million gift.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first = Jacquelyn M. |last = Scharnick |title = People in the News: Jeffrey E. Epstein |url = http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2003/6/5/people-in-the-news-jeffrey-e/ |work = [[The Harvard Crimson]] |date = June 5, 2003 |access-date = November 7, 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161201102812/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2003/6/5/people-in-the-news-jeffrey-e/ |archive-date = December 1, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Death==
[[file:Epstein Final Mugshot.png|thumb|Epstein's final mugshot, July 9, 2019]]

=== Injury &amp; suicide watch ===
On July 23, 2019, Epstein was found [[Consciousness|unconscious]] in his jail cell with injuries to his neck.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT_20190817&quot;&gt;{{cite news | title=Inmate 76318-054: The Last Days of Jeffrey Epstein | work=The New York Times | date=August 17, 2019 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/17/nyregion/epstein-suicide-death.html | access-date=August 18, 2019 | last1=Watkins | first1=Ali | last2=Ivory | first2=Danielle | first3=Christina | last3= Goldbaum }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;epstein-fox-dead&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/jeffrey-epstein-taken-off-suicide-watch-by-doctoral-level-psychologist-doj-says|title=Jeffrey Epstein taken off suicide watch after examination by 'doctoral-level psychologist,' DOJ says|work=Fox News|date=23 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; His cellmate, former [[police officer]] Nicholas Tartaglione, denied hurting Epstein. When police asked Epstein about the incident, Epstein refused to reply to them.&lt;ref name=&quot;Independent&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first=Colin |last=Drury |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/jeffrey-epstein-injured-jail-suicide-watch-sex-trafficking-prison-a9019896.html |title=Jeffrey Epstein: Billionaire paedophile 'found with neck injuries in jail' |work=[[The Independent]] |date=July 25, 2019 |access-date=July 26, 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Jeffrey-Epstein-Found-Injured-in-NYC-Jail-Cell-After-Possible-Suicide-Attempt-or-Assault-Sources-513174311.html|title=Jeffrey Epstein Found Injured in NYC Jail Cell After Possible Suicide Attempt: Sources|work=[[WNBC]]|last=Dienst|first=Jonathan|date=July 24, 2019|access-date=July 24, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://radaronline.com/exclusives/2019/07/jeffrey-epstein-suspected-suicide-scandal/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725031509/https://radaronline.com/exclusives/2019/07/jeffrey-epstein-suspected-suicide-scandal/ |archive-date=July 25, 2019 |url-status=live|title=Jeffrey Epstein Suspected Of Attempting Suicide In Jail|date=July 25, 2019|work=RadarOnline |first1=James |last1=Robertson |first2=Jen |last2=Heger |access-date=July 25, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;found&quot;&gt;{{cite news | first1= William K. |last1= Rashbaum | first2= Benjamin | last2= Weiser | first3=Michael | last3=Gold | title=Jeffrey Epstein Is Found Injured in Jail Cell | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=July 25, 2019 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/25/nyregion/jeffrey-epstein-injured-jail.html | access-date=July 25, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; After that incident, he was placed on [[suicide watch]].&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian-epsteindeath&quot; /&gt;

=== Special housing unit ===
Six days later on July 29, Epstein was taken off [[suicide]] watch. He was moved into a special housing unit with another [[inmate]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT_20190817&quot; /&gt; 

The jail told the Justice Department to regularly check Epstein's jail cell. They made sure that Epstein always had a cellmate nearby. Additionally, a guard would check his cell every 30&amp;nbsp;minutes for any suspicious activity. The Justice Department followed these rules everyday until the night before Epstein's death.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT_20190817&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT_20190810&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:36&quot; /&gt; 

On August 9, Epstein's former cellmate was transferred out of Epstein's cell, but no replacement cellmate was brought in.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/it-was-inevitable-officers-watching-epstein-were-on-overtime-due-to-jail-staffing-shortage-union-president-says/2019/08/11/2b611404-bc5e-11e9-a5c6-1e74f7ec4a93_story.html|title=Correction officers, did not check on Epstein for several hours before his death, violating protocol, person familiar with the case says.|first1=Matt | last1=Zapotsky |first2=Devlin | last2=Barrett |date=August 11, 2019|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=August 14, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later in the evening, Epstein had not been checked every 30&amp;nbsp;minutes.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT_20190817&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT_20190810&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/10/nyregion/jeffrey-epstein-suicide-watch.html|title=Why Wasn't Jeffrey Epstein on Suicide Watch When He Died?|last=Watkins|first=Ali|date=2019-08-10|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-08-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:36&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/11/nyregion/epstein-death-manhattan-correctional-center.html|title=Before Jail Suicide, Epstein Was Left Alone and Not Closely Monitored|last1=Benner|first1=Katie|date=August 11, 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-08-11|last2=Ivory|first2=Danielle|issn=0362-4331|last3=Jr|first3=Richard A. Oppel}}&lt;/ref&gt; The two guards that were supposed to supervise Epstein fell asleep for three hours and made false records of Epstein's activity.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT_20190817&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/13/nyregion/jeffrey-epstein-jail-officers.html|title=Jeffrey Epstein Death: 2 Guards Slept Through Checks and Falsified Records|last1=Benner|first1=Katie|date=2019-08-13|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-08-14|last2=Ivory|first2=Danielle|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; Two cameras in front of Epstein's cell also stopped working that night.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot; /&gt;

Epstein's close friends believed that he was still happy while in jail.&lt;ref name=&quot;WaPoFoulPlay&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Jeffrey Epstein dead after 'apparent suicide' in New York |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/jeffrey-epstein-kills-himself-in-jail-according-to-media-reports/2019/08/10/a3d48862-bb73-11e9-b3b4-2bb69e8c4e39_story.html |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=12 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Hanging ===
Epstein [[suicide|killed himself]] by [[hanging]] on August 10, 2019,&lt;ref name=&quot;:30&quot; /&gt; while at the [[Metropolitan Correctional Center, New York|Metropolitan Correctional Center]] in [[New York City]]. His body was found in his cell at 6:30 a.m.&lt;ref name=&quot;WashingtonPost_20190810&quot;&gt;{{cite news | title=Jeffrey Epstein dead after apparent suicide in New York jail | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | date=August 10, 2019 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/jeffrey-epstein-kills-himself-in-jail-according-to-media-reports/2019/08/10/a3d48862-bb73-11e9-b3b4-2bb69e8c4e39_story.html | access-date=August 10, 2019 | first1=Matt | last1=Zapotosky | first2=Devlin | last2=Barrett | first3=Renae | last3=Merle | first4=Carol D. | last4=Leonnig }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes suicide&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/10/nyregion/jeffrey-epstein-suicide.html  |title = Jeffrey Epstein Dead in Suicide at Manhattan Jail, Officials Say | first1= William K. |last1= Rashbaum | first2= Benjamin | last2= Weiser | first3=Michael | last3=Gold | date= August 10, 2019 | access-date = August 10, 2019 | work = [[The New York Times]] }}&lt;/ref&gt; He had been dead for a few hours at 6:30 a.m.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F76T92iE-O8 Pathologist hired by Epstein’s family says autopsy may point to murder]. ''CBS''. January 6, 2020&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Investigation ===
[[United States Attorney General|U.S Attorney General]] [[William Barr]] ordered an investigation by the Department of Justice Inspector General in addition to the [[FBI]] investigation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/jeffrey-epstein-dead-by-suicide-found-in-manhattan-jail-cell|title=Jeffrey Epstein dead from apparent suicide in Manhattan jail cell; FBI investigating|last=Suarez Sang|first=Lucia I.|date=August 10, 2019|work=Fox News|access-date=10 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On August 29, 2019, the judge decided to end the criminal investigation of Epstein, because his death made it impossible to investigate further.&lt;ref name=&quot;epsteinclosed&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;epsteinreutersdismiss&quot; /&gt;

=== Controversy &amp; response ===
Ever since Epstein's death, [[Internet meme]]s have appeared in many forms, stating that &quot;Epstein didn't kill himself&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;epstein-didn't-kill-himself&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/story/epstein-didnt-kill-himself-conspiracy/|title='Epstein Didn't Kill Himself' and the Meme-ing of Conspiracy|via=www.wired.com|access-date=November 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129233836/https://www.wired.com/story/epstein-didnt-kill-himself-conspiracy/|archive-date=November 29, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many of these memes come from the dispute over whether Epstein actually committed suicide or was murdered.&lt;ref name=&quot;Courant&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sisak |first1=Michael R. |title='Epstein didn't kill himself': Feds fail to snuff out conspiracy theories |url=https://www.courant.com/nation-world/ct-nw-jeffrey-epstein-conspiracy-theories-20191123-5smcuhoeajdcrikft2fpgy7cxm-story.html |access-date=December 1, 2019 |work=[[Hartford Courant]] |agency=Associated Press |date=November 24, 2019 |location=New York |archive-date=November 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130193232/https://www.courant.com/nation-world/ct-nw-jeffrey-epstein-conspiracy-theories-20191123-5smcuhoeajdcrikft2fpgy7cxm-story.html |url-status=live |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

In July 2025, the [[Second presidency of Donald Trump|Trump Administration]] provided a lengthy video of the area outside Epstein's room around the time of his death. The video shows that nobody entered the room. [[Pam Bondi]] was asked about the &quot;missing minute&quot;. She [[reasoning|explained]] that the [[CCTV]] system resets every night. Therefore, she stated, there is nothing to worry about concerning the missing video.&lt;ref&gt;[https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/5390069-pam-bondi-explains-epstein-video/ Bondi explains missing minute in Epstein video]. July 8, 2025&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newsweek.com/pam-bondi-jeffrey-epstein-client-list-missing-minute-2096185 Pam Bondi Reacts to Missing Minute in Jeffrey Epstein Video]. July 8, 2025&lt;/ref&gt; However, the [[metadata]] of the video shows that the [[video editing|video was edited]] (they did not provide the original complete video(s) to the public) by a software called &quot;[[Adobe Inc.|Adobe]] Premiere Pro&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/was-jeffrey-epsteins-prison-video-released-by-trump-administration-manipulated-report-claims-8868438 Was Jeffrey Epstein's Prison Video Released By Trump Administration Manipulated?] July 14, 2025&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.livenowfox.com/news/epstein-prison-video-edit-discrepancy Jeffrey Epstein prison video had nearly 3 minutes cut from it]. ''Austin Williams'', LiveNOW from FOX. July 16, 2025&lt;/ref&gt; 

Many politicians want the Trump Administration to release the relevant files in [[public interest]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rNMGFMEFYFw Booker Won’t Back Down: Demands Epstein Files Over GOP Objections]. ''Senator Cory Booker''. July 26, 2025&lt;/ref&gt; On November 12, 2025, a congressional committee made available 20,000 pages of Epstein's emails.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Scribner | first=Herb | title=Here are all the &quot;Epstein files&quot; that have been released | website=Axios | date=2025-11-12 | url=https://www.axios.com/2025/11/12/new-epstein-files-emails-released-doj-trump | access-date=2025-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last1=Enrich | first1=David | last2=Confessore | first2=Nicholas | last3=Silver-Greenberg | first3=Jessica | last4=Eder | first4=Steve | title=After Trump Split, Epstein Said He Could ‘Take Him Down’ | website=The New York Times | date=2025-11-13 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/11/12/us/epstein-emails-trump.html | access-date=2025-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; These have been released as the [[Epstein files]].

==Epstein files==
{{main|Epstein files}}
The Epstein files are a set of documents that recorded Jeffrey Epstein and his activities throughout and after his life. These were publicly released in November 2025.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carney &amp; Fuchs&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Carney |first1=Jordaine |last2=Fuchs |first2=Hailey |last3=Lee Hill |first3=Meredith |date=November 18, 2025 |title=Senate approves Epstein files bill, sending it to Trump's desk |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/11/18/house-approves-epstein-files-bill-in-near-unanimous-vote-00656764 |work=[[Politico]] |language=en |archive-url= |archive-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Before the public release of the Epstein files, people believed that there is a secret document containing a list of people who are associated with him.

==Related pages==
*[[Jean-Luc Brunel]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Other websites==
{{Commons category-inline|Jeffrey Epstein}}
{{Jeffrey Epstein sex trafficking conviction}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Epstein, Jeffrey}}
[[Category:Jeffrey Epstein| ]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Philanthropists from New York (state)]]
[[Category:American sex offenders]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from New York City]]
[[Category:Child sexual abusers]]
[[Category:Criminals from New York City]]
[[Category:Criminals who committed suicide]]
[[Category:Jewish American criminals]]
[[Category:Jewish businesspeople]]
[[Category:Jewish philanthropists]]
[[Category:People who died in prison custody]]
[[Category:Suicides by hanging in the United States]]
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      <text bytes="58620" sha1="4g93xiaatvep1h9y61u7da7i17mgdv7" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name               = Jeffrey Epstein
| image              = Jeffrey epstein 2008 mugshot.jpg
| caption            = Jeffrey Epstein's 2008 mugshot
| birth_name         = Jeffrey Edward Epstein
| birth_date         = January 20th, 1953
| birth_place        = [[New York City]], U.S.
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|2019|08|10|1953|01|20}} (disputed)
| death_place        = New York City, U.S.
| death_cause        = [[Suicide]] by [[hanging]] (disputed)&lt;ref name=&quot;ny-con&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Gold |first1=Michael |last2=Bromwich |first2=Jonah Engel |date=2019-08-12 |title=Epstein Conspiracy Theories: De Blasio, and Others Join Speculation (Published 2019) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/12/nyregion/conspiracy-theories-epstein-suicide.html |access-date=2021-01-22 |website=The New York Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lzKCGXzZMYg Epstein could NOT have ended himself says leading coroner]. ''[[TRT|Turkish Radio and Television Corporation]]''. July 27, 2025&lt;/ref&gt;
| nationality        = [[Americans|American]]
| education          = [[Cooper Union]] &lt;br /&gt; (no degree)&lt;br /&gt;[[New York University]] &lt;br /&gt;(no degree)
| criminal_charge    = [[Sex offender]], [[Sex trafficking]]
| criminal_penalty   = 13 months (2008)
}}

'''Jeffrey Edward Epstein''' (January 20, 1953 – August 10, 2019) was an American [[Finance|financer]] child [[sex trafficker]] and serial rapist.&lt;ref name=&quot;JeffreyEpsteinCourtSex-Justice.gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/jeffrey-epstein-charged-manhattan-federal-court-sex-trafficking-minors|title=Jeffrey Epstein Charged in Manhattan Federal Court With Sex Trafficking of Minors|date=2019-07-08|website=www.justice.gov|language=en|access-date=2019-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708184612/https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/jeffrey-epstein-charged-manhattan-federal-court-sex-trafficking-minors|archive-date=July 8, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian_2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jan/02/jeffrey-epstein-rise-and-fall-of-teacher-turned-tycoon |last = Lewis |first = Paul |title = Jeffrey Epstein: The rise and fall of teacher turned tycoon |newspaper = [[The Guardian|Guardian]] |date = January 4, 2015 |access-date = November 7, 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161126103523/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jan/02/jeffrey-epstein-rise-and-fall-of-teacher-turned-tycoon |archive-date = November 26, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; He started his career in an [[investment bank]] called [[Bear Stearns]]. A few years later, made his own investment bank, ''J. Epstein &amp; Co.''&lt;ref name=&quot;nymag&quot; /&gt; He was born in [[New York City]] to [[Jew|Jewish]] parents.

In 2008, he was [[Arrest|arrested]] for giving money to an [[child prostitution|underage girl for sex]]. He spent 13 months in &quot;custody with work release&quot;, which means that he was allowed to be outside of prison for up to 16&amp;nbsp;hours per day.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first = Andrew |last = Buncombe |url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/who-is-jeffrey-epstein-a-study-of-the-man-linked-to-worlds-of-celebrity-politics--and-royalty-9954397.html |title = Jeffrey Epstein: the billionaire paedophile with links to Bill Clinton, Kevin Spacey, Robert Maxwell – and Prince Andrew |work = [[The Independent]] |publisher=Independent Print Ltd.|location=London, England|date = January 2, 2015 |access-date = November 7, 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150925183442/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/who-is-jeffrey-epstein-a-study-of-the-man-linked-to-worlds-of-celebrity-politics--and-royalty-9954397.html |archive-date = September 25, 2015 |df = mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Epstein was arrested again on July 6, 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;JeffBillionaireDemoNow&quot;&gt;[https://www.democracynow.org/2019/7/8/jeffrey_epstein_a_billionaire_friend_of Jeffrey Epstein, a Billionaire Friend of Presidents Trump &amp;amp; Clinton, Arrested for Sex Trafficking &amp;#124; Democracy Now!]&lt;/ref&gt; for alleged [[sex trafficking]] of minors in [[Florida]] and [[New York]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Shallwani&quot; /&gt; Epstein was a [[registered sex offender]] from 2008 until his death.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian_2&quot; /&gt;

On August 10, 2019, he [[suicide|killed himself]] by [[hanging]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:30&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/jeffrey-epstein-found-dead-nyc-jail-n1041081 |title=Jeffrey Epstein, accused sex trafficker, is dead by apparent suicide, found in his Manhattan jail cell |last1=Winter |first1=Tom  |last2=Dienst |first2=Jonathan |website=NBC News |access-date=2019-08-10 |last3=McCausland |first3=Phil }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WashingtonPost_20190810&quot; /&gt; The medical examiner told the court that Epstein died by suicide,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/a947e0d85d31496eb5bd9ff4994c9718|title=Medical examiner rules Epstein death a suicide by hanging|last1=Sisak|first1=Michael R.|last2=Balsamo|first2=Michael|date=August 17, 2019|website=AP NEWS|last3=Neumeister|first3=Larry}}&lt;/ref&gt; but Epstein's lawyers disagreed.&lt;ref name=&quot;:39&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newsweek.com/epstein-death-murder-suicide-victims-hearing-1456397|title=Epstein Lawyers say evidence 'far more consistent' with murder than suicide|last=Stockler|first=Asher|date=August 27, 2019|work=Newsweek|access-date=August 27, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-people-jeffrey-epstein-cameras-idUSKCN1VI2LC|title=FBI studies two broken cameras outside cell where Epstein died: source|last=Hosenball|first=Mark|date=August 28, 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=August 29, 2019|location=London|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; On August 29, 2019, the judge decided to end the criminal investigation of Epstein.&lt;ref name=&quot;epsteinclosed&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/9032d5b4c8bb4175958da4e545f60543|title=Judge ends case against Epstein, with a nod to the accusers|first=Larry|last=Neumeister|date=August 29, 2019|website=[[Associated Press]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;epsteinreutersdismiss&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-people-jeffrey-epstein-idUSKCN1VJ28B |first=Brendan |last=Pierson |title=Case against Jeffrey Epstein dismissed following his death|date=August 30, 2019|work=[[Reuters]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Epstein had a complex relationship with a lot of famous people. He interacted with businesspeople, royalty, politicians, and academics. Famous people include [[Donald Trump]], [[Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor]] (formerly known as Prince Andrew), [[Bill Clinton]], and [[Mette-Marit, Crown Princess of Norway]]. The [[Epstein files]] are a collection of papers that have criminal evidence of Jeffery Epstein and his relationships with other people and groups. On November 2025, the Epstein files were publicly released &lt;ref name=&quot;NBC-2025-11-18&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=November 18, 2025 |title=Live updates: House passes bill to release Epstein files; Trump defends Saudi crown prince |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-administration/live-blog/trump-house-vote-epstein-files-bin-salman-gaza-venezuela-live-updates-rcna244150 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |work=[[NBC News]] |language=en |archive-url= |archive-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; as part of the [[Epstein Files Transparency Act]] (which the [[U.S. Senate]] [[unanimous consent|unanimously]] approved it),&lt;ref name=&quot;Carney &amp; Fuchs&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Carney |first1=Jordaine |last2=Fuchs |first2=Hailey |last3=Lee Hill |first3=Meredith |date=November 18, 2025 |title=Senate approves Epstein files bill, sending it to Trump's desk |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/11/18/house-approves-epstein-files-bill-in-near-unanimous-vote-00656764 |work=[[Politico]] |language=en |archive-url= |archive-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; revealing that he maintained a lot of relationships with notable people.

== Early life ==
[[File:Sea Gate aerial view.jpg|thumb|Epstein's childhood neighborhood of [[Sea Gate, Brooklyn]]]]
Jeffrey Epstein was born on January 20, 1953, in [[Brooklyn]].&lt;ref name=&quot;epny-birth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=New York, New York, U.S., Birth Index, 1910–1965 |url=https://www.ancestry.com/sharing/8879470?mark=7b22746f6b656e223a22623779506c4a6a564c614751686c4b6f45654c4d3376376278623437514f545842576a42315372376744453d222c22746f6b656e5f76657273696f6e223a225632227d |access-date=December 26, 2025 |website=Ancestry.com |language=en-US |archive-date=December 27, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251227042939/https://www.ancestry.com/sharing/8879470?mark=7b22746f6b656e223a22623779506c4a6a564c614751686c4b6f45654c4d3376376278623437514f545842576a42315372376744453d222c22746f6b656e5f76657273696f6e223a225632227d |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bgmi-ep&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Biography &amp; Genealogy Master Index (BGMI) |url=https://www.ancestry.com/sharing/51412803?mark=7b22746f6b656e223a22464244684b716f50497a7657514d4e4d6844685278393633416530694e74334436537a55566e613155326f3d222c22746f6b656e5f76657273696f6e223a225632227d |access-date=December 26, 2025 |website=Ancestry.com |language=en-US |archive-date=December 27, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251227071051/https://www.ancestry.com/sharing/51412803?mark=7b22746f6b656e223a22464244684b716f50497a7657514d4e4d6844685278393633416530694e74334436537a55566e613155326f3d222c22746f6b656e5f76657273696f6e223a225632227d |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; His birth name is Jeffrey Edward Epstein.&lt;ref name=&quot;epny-birth&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bgmi-ep&quot; /&gt; Both of his parents, Pauline &quot;Paula&quot; Stolofsky (1918–2004) and Seymour George Epstein (1916–1991), were [[Jews|Jewish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Volscho-2019&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Daly-2019&quot; /&gt; His parents married in 1952 shortly before he was born.&lt;ref name=&quot;Volscho-2019&quot;/&gt; Pauline worked as a school aide and was a [[homemaker]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Volscho-2019&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Daly-2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Daly |first=Michael |date=July 15, 2019 |title=Epstein's Coney Island Days: From Math Nerd to 'Arrogant' Prick |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeffrey-epsteins-coney-island-days-from-math-nerd-to-arrogant-prick |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190717065215/https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeffrey-epsteins-coney-island-days-from-math-nerd-to-arrogant-prick |archive-date=July 17, 2019 |access-date=July 15, 2019 |work=[[The Daily Beast]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jpost&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/International/Billionaire-sex-offender-Jeffrey-Epstein-charged-with-sex-trafficking-594864 |title=Billionaire sex offender Jeffrey Epstein charged with sex trafficking |date=July 7, 2019 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190710185235/https://www.jpost.com/International/Billionaire-sex-offender-Jeffrey-Epstein-charged-with-sex-trafficking-594864 |archive-date=July 10, 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=July 17, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Seymour worked for the [[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]] as a [[Groundskeeping|groundskeeper]] and gardener.&lt;ref name=&quot;Volscho-2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeffrey-epstein-dodged-questions-about-sex-with-his-dalton-prep-school-students |title=Jeffrey Epstein Dodged Questions About Sex With His Dalton Prep-School Students |last=Volscho |first=Thomas |date=July 13, 2019 |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |access-date=July 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190714214545/https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeffrey-epstein-dodged-questions-about-sex-with-his-dalton-prep-school-students |archive-date=July 14, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jpost&quot;/&gt;

Jeffrey Epstein was the older of two siblings, being older than his brother [[Mark Epstein]]. Both grew up in the neighborhood of [[Sea Gate, Brooklyn|Sea Gate]].&lt;ref name=&quot;jta-ep&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Elia-Shalev |first=Asaf |date=September 10, 2025 |title=In Jeffrey Epstein’s birthday tribute, traces of his Jewish upbringing surface alongside lurid tales |url=https://www.jta.org/2025/09/10/politics/in-epsteins-birthday-tribute-traces-of-his-jewish-upbringing-surface-alongside-lurid-tales |access-date=February 3, 2026 |website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |language=en-US |quote=… children of Jewish immigrants, he grew up in Sea Gate, a gated community at the tip of Coney Island. In the 1950s and ’60s, Sea Gate was a predominantly Jewish, middle-class enclave, and the Epstein family lived across the street from the Kneses Israel synagogue, today affiliated with the Chabad-Lubavitch movement. |archive-date=October 31, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251031164348/https://www.jta.org/2025/09/10/politics/in-epsteins-birthday-tribute-traces-of-his-jewish-upbringing-surface-alongside-lurid-tales |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Within the family, Epstein was nicknamed Bear, while Mark was called Puggie.&lt;ref name=&quot;Daly-2019&quot; /&gt; A childhood friend described Paula as &quot;a wonderful mother and homemaker.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Feldman |first=Ari |date=July 15, 2019 |title=What We Know About Jeffrey Epstein's Childhood |url=https://forward.com/news/427614/jeffrey-epstein-childhood-brooklyn/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190717064456/https://forward.com/news/427614/jeffrey-epstein-childhood-brooklyn/ |archive-date=July 17, 2019 |access-date=July 16, 2019 |work=[[The Forward]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The neighbors remembered the parents of Epstein as being quiet and humble.&lt;ref name=&quot;Daly-2019&quot; /&gt;

Epstein went to local public schools. The first school he went to was Public School 188. Then, he went to [[Mark Twain Junior High School]] nearby, and usually earned money by tutoring classmates. Friends of Epstein considered him as &quot;sweet and generous&quot; although &quot;quiet and nerdy,” and nicknamed him &quot;Eppy&quot;. &quot;He was just an average boy, very smart in math, slightly overweight, freckles, always smiling,&quot; a female friend later described.&lt;ref name=&quot;Daly-2019&quot; /&gt;

In 1967, Epstein went to the National Music Camp at the [[Interlochen Center for the Arts]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeffrey-epstein-had-his-own-lodge-at-interlochens-prestigious-arts-camp-for-kids-in-michigan |title=Epstein Had His Own Lodge at Interlochen's Prestigious Arts Camp for Kids |last=Briquelet |first=Kate |date=July 12, 2019 |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |access-date=July 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190712230418/https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeffrey-epstein-had-his-own-lodge-at-interlochens-prestigious-arts-camp-for-kids-in-michigan |archive-date=July 12, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He began playing the piano when he was five.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward 2003&quot; /&gt; During this time, he was considered a talented musician by friends.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward 2003&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |title=The Talented Mr. Epstein |last=Ward |first=Vicky |date=March 1, 2003 |magazine=Vanity Fair |location=New York |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2003/03/jeffrey-epstein-200303 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612144453/http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2003/03/jeffrey-epstein-200303 |archive-date=June 12, 2015 |url-status=live |access-date=June 11, 2015 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; He graduated in 1969 from [[Lafayette High School (New York City)|Lafayette High School]] at age 16.&lt;ref name=&quot;Volscho-2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Thomas 2002&quot; /&gt; While at Lafayette High School, he skipped two grades.&lt;ref name=&quot;Volscho-2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Thomas 2002&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |first=Landon Jr. |last=Thomas |date=October 28, 2002 |title=Jeffrey Epstein: International Moneyman of Mystery |url=https://nymag.com/nymetro/news/people/n_7912/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250911044022/https://nymag.com/nymetro/news/people/n_7912/ |archive-date=September 11, 2025 |access-date=August 10, 2019 |journal=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later in 1969, he went to advanced math classes at [[Cooper Union]] until he changed colleges in 1971.&lt;ref name=&quot;Volscho-2019&quot; /&gt; From September 1971, he went to the [[Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences]] at [[New York University]], where he learned [[mathematical physiology]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Volscho-2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Thomas 2002&quot; /&gt; However, on June 1974, he left New York University without getting a degree.&lt;ref name=&quot;Volscho-2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Thomas 2002&quot; /&gt;

==Career==
Epstein taught [[physics]] at the [[Dalton School]] in [[Manhattan]] between 1973 and 1975.&lt;ref name=&quot;nymag&quot; /&gt; In 1976, Epstein started work at Bear Stearns as an [[Options trading|options trader]] (a job where [[stock broker]]s sell instruments giving customers the option to buy or sell [[Stock market|stocks]] at a set price at a future date).&lt;ref name=&quot;nymag&quot; /&gt; There, he advised very rich people on financial strategies relating to [[Tax|taxes]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nymag&quot; /&gt; He was shown to be a successful worker during his financial career, and Epstein was promoted to a [[Limited partnership|limited partner]] (a job that manages money within a company) at Bear Stearns in 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;nymag&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vanity Fair&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2003/03/jeffrey-epstein-200303|title=The Talented Mr. Epstein|last=Ward|first=Vicky|date=June 27, 2011|website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|location=New York City|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612144453/http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2003/03/jeffrey-epstein-200303|archive-date=June 12, 2015|url-status=live|access-date=June 11, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Epstein founded his investment bank, ''J. Epstein &amp; Co.'', in 1982.&lt;ref name=&quot;nymag&quot; /&gt; His investment bank managed the [[Asset|assets]] of every person who had invested at his investments bank.&lt;ref name=&quot;nymag&quot; /&gt; As of 2002, his investment bank was worth more than [[United States dollar|US $]]1&amp;nbsp;billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;nymag&quot; /&gt;

== Criminal history ==
===First signs of criminal activity (2005–06)===

==== Palm Beach report ====
[[file:Jeffrey Epstein mug shot.jpg|thumb|Jeffrey Epstein's mugshot in 2006. This photo was made after he was investigated for child prostitution in 2006.]] 
In March 2005, a woman told Florida's [[Palm Beach Police Department]] that her 12-year-old stepdaughter had been taken to Epstein's [[mansion]] by an older girl.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian-epsteindeath&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/aug/10/jeffrey-epstein-dead-prison-report-latest|title=Jeffrey Epstein dies after apparent suicide in New York jail|last=Helmore|first=Edward|date=2019-08-10|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-08-10|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; The woman claimed that in the mansion, her stepdaughter was paid $300 to strip and [[massage]] Epstein.&lt;ref name=&quot;nymag&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Landon Jr.|date=October 28, 2002|title=Jeffrey Epstein: International Money Man of Mystery|url=https://nymag.com/nymetro/news/people/n_7912/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110041617/http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/people/n_7912/|archive-date=November 10, 2016|access-date=November 7, 2016|journal=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://nypost.com/2016/10/09/the-sex-slave-scandal-that-exposed-pedophile-billionaire-jeffrey-epstein/|title=The 'sex slave' scandal that exposed pedophile billionaire Jeffrey Epstein|last=Callahan|first=Maureen|date=October 9, 2016|work=New York Post|access-date=July 27, 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727181328/https://nypost.com/2016/10/09/the-sex-slave-scandal-that-exposed-pedophile-billionaire-jeffrey-epstein/|archive-date=July 27, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The stepdaughter was claimed to be undressed. When she left Epstein's mansion, she was still wearing her underwear.&lt;ref name=&quot;thesmokinggun2006&quot; /&gt;

==== Investigation ====
Police spent 11 months investigating Epstein and his home. At the time, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] was also investigating Epstein and his home. They discovered confirmation that Epstein had paid girls under 18 years old to perform sexual acts on him.&lt;ref name=&quot;LewisSwaine&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/10/jeffrey-epstein-decade-scandal-prince-andrew |title = Jeffrey Epstein: Inside the decade of scandal entangling Prince Andrew |last1 = Lewis |first1 = Paul |last2 = Swaine |first2 = Jon |date = January 10, 2015 |website = [[The Guardian]] |location=London, England|url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160522090456/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/10/jeffrey-epstein-decade-scandal-prince-andrew |archive-date = May 22, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Both the police and the FBI interviewed five claimed victims and 17 witnesses about this incident. The interviews revealed that photos of abused underaged girls were found in Epstein's trash.&lt;ref name=&quot;beachpost&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.palmbeachpost.com/localnews/content/local_news/epaper/2006/08/14/m1a_EPSTEIN_0814.html |title = Jeffrey Epstein craved big homes, elite friends – and, investigators say, underage girls |last = Marra |first = Andrew |date = August 14, 2006 |website = [[The Palm Beach Post]] |publisher=[[GateHouse Media]]|location=Palm Beach, Florida|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110616194257/http://www.palmbeachpost.com/localnews/content/local_news/epaper/2006/08/14/m1a_EPSTEIN_0814.html |archive-date = June 16, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In fact, some of the trashed photos were confirmed to match the interviewed victims.&lt;ref name=&quot;thesmokinggun2006&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://thesmokinggun.com/documents/sex/billionaire-palm-beach-sex-scandal |title = Billionaire in Palm Beach sex scandal; Investigators: Moneyman Jeffrey Epstein solicited teen masseuses |date = July 26, 2006 |website = [[The Smoking Gun]] |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150112112028/http://thesmokinggun.com/documents/sex/billionaire-palm-beach-sex-scandal |archive-date = January 12, 2015 |df = mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://thesmokinggun.com/file/billionaire-palm-beach-sex-scandal|title=Palm Beach Police Dep't Probable Cause Affadavit|website=[[The Smoking Gun]]|date=May 1, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112112012/http://thesmokinggun.com/file/billionaire-palm-beach-sex-scandal |archive-date=January 12, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Cameras &amp; blackmail ====
In 2006, it was discovered{{By whom}} that Epstein often secretly installed [[Camera|cameras]] everywhere around his property.&lt;ref name=&quot;ibtimes-tapesexslave&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.com.au/prince-andrew-might-have-been-caught-tape-sex-slave-1407641|title=Prince Andrew Might Have Been Caught on Tape With 'Sex Slave'|last=Bhagat|first=Pooja|date=January 7, 2015|work=[[International Business Times]]|location=New York City|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150129122854/http://au.ibtimes.com/prince-andrew-might-have-been-caught-tape-sex-slave-1407641|archive-date=January 29, 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=November 8, 2016|quote=According to reports, papers filed against his friend Jeffrey Epstein in 2006 mentioned that he had installed hidden cameras everywhere in his property to record the indecent acts of important people with underage prostitutes for further criminal use such as blackmail.|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; He used these cameras to record sexual activity between underage girls and famous people.&lt;ref name=&quot;ibtimes-tapesexslave&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;blackmailcelebjeffepstein&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://au.ibtimes.com/prince-andrew-might-have-been-caught-tape-sex-slave-1407641 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20150129122854/http://au.ibtimes.com/prince-andrew-might-have-been-caught-tape-sex-slave-1407641 |url-status = dead |archive-date = January 29, 2015 |title = Prince Andrew Might Have Been Caught on Tape With 'Sex Slave' |first = Pooja |last = Bhagat |date = January 7, 2015 |work = [[International Business Times]]|publisher=IBT Media|location=New York City|access-date = November 8, 2016 |quote = According to recent reports, paper filed against his friend Jeffrey Epstein in 2006 mentioned that he had installed hidden cameras everywhere in his property to record the indecent acts of important people with underage prostitutes for further criminal use such as blackmail. }}&lt;/ref&gt; It was also discovered{{By whom}} that Epstein used secret recordings and underage spies to [[blackmail]] those famous people.&lt;ref name=&quot;LewisSwaine&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;blackmailcelebjeffepstein&quot; /&gt; These criminal claims were obtained from information relating to a previous lawsuit made by those famous people in 2006{{Clarify}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;blackmailcelebjeffepstein&quot; /&gt; 

In 2015, it was revealed that [[Andrew Mountbatten Windsor|then Prince Andrew, Duke of York]] had been blackmailed by Epstein.&lt;ref name=&quot;LewisSwaine&quot; /&gt; One of Epstein's former employees stated that Epstein would get three massages per day from underaged girls.&lt;ref name=&quot;thesmokinggun2006&quot; /&gt; Eventually the FBI getd proof that indeed Epstein was blackmailing famous people by spying on them.&lt;ref name=&quot;LewisSwaine&quot; /&gt;

==== Defense ====
In May 2006, the [[Palm Beach County, Florida|Palm Beach]] police had concluded that Jeffrey Epstein would be charged with four counts of unlawful sex with minors and one count of [[molestation]] (forcing sexual abuse).&lt;ref name=&quot;thesmokinggun2006&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://thesmokinggun.com/file/billionaire-palm-beach-sex-scandal|title=Palm Beach Police Dep't Probable Cause Affadavit|website=[[The Smoking Gun]]|date=May 1, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112112012/http://thesmokinggun.com/file/billionaire-palm-beach-sex-scandal |archive-date=January 12, 2015 |df = mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the [[court]] disagreed. 

Epstein's team of defense lawyers included [[Roy Black (attorney)|Roy Black]], Russell Crowe,&lt;ref&gt;[http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/ruling-kpmg-20060627.pdf U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York v. Jeffrey Stein, et al], ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'', June 27, 2006. Retrieved July 12, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Gerald B. Lefcourt|Gerald Lefcourt]], and [[Harvard Law]] Professor [[Alan Dershowitz]]. In 2007, [[Ken Starr]], the [[Special Prosecutor]] of [[Bill Clinton]], joined in to protect Epstein.&lt;ref name=&quot;nymag2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |first = Philip |last = Weiss |url = https://nymag.com/news/features/41826/ |title = The Fantasist |journal = [[New York (magazine)|New York]] |date = December 10, 2007 |access-date = November 7, 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161017175912/http://nymag.com/news/features/41826/ |archive-date = October 17, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.page2live.com/2007/09/12/lewinsky-prosecutor-joins-defense-of-clinton-crony/ |title=Lewinsky prosecutor joins defense of Clinton crony |work=[[Palm Beach Post]] |date=September 12, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516122546/http://www.page2live.com/2007/09/12/lewinsky-prosecutor-joins-defense-of-clinton-crony/ |archive-date=May 16, 2012 |access-date=July 10, 2019|df = mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

The police chief of Palm Beach, [[Michael Reiter (police chief)|Michael Reiter]], blamed the court for being too flexible when it came to Epstein's criminal case. Additionally, the police chief was not satisfied that court did not pass on the information clearly enough to the FBI.{{Clarify}}&lt;ref name=&quot;nymag2&quot; /&gt;

In the end, the [[grand jury]] ruled that Epstein should face only a single charge of unfair payment of [[prostitution]].&lt;ref name=&quot;beachpost2&quot; /&gt; In 2006, they concluded that Epstein had pleaded [[Guilt (law)|not guilty]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/03/us/03epstein.html |title = Questions of Preferential Treatment Are Raised in Florida Sex Case |work = [[The New York Times]] |date = September 3, 2006 |first = Abby |last = Goodnough |access-date = July 10, 2019 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111006173900/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/03/us/03epstein.html |archive-date = October 6, 2011 |df = mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Non-prosecution agreement (NPA) (2006–2008)===
{{expand section}}
On February 6, 2008, an [[Anonymity|anonymous]] woman from [[Virginia]] filed a [[lawsuit]] worth $50 million against Epstein.&lt;ref name=&quot;doe08&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/pi/doeepstein20608cmp5.html |title = 'Jane Doe' v. Jeffrey Epstein: Billionaire faces $50M sexual assault lawsuit |date = February 6, 2008 |work = [[FindLaw]] |publisher = Thomson Reuters |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141129233701/http://news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/pi/doeepstein20608cmp5.html |archive-date = November 29, 2014 |df = mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; She claimed that Epstein [[Sexual assault|sexually assaulted]] her when she was 16 years old, between 2004 and 2005. According to the lawsuit, the woman was originally &quot;recruited to give Epstein a massage&quot;, but later on Epstein went naked and had [[sexual intercourse]] with her.&lt;ref name=&quot;beachpost2&quot; /&gt; He paid her $200 immediately afterwards.&lt;ref name=&quot;beachpost2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first=Larry|last=Keller|url = http://www.palmbeachpost.com/localnews/content/local_news/epaper/2008/02/06/0206EPSTEIN.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080209131505/http://www.palmbeachpost.com/localnews/content/local_news/epaper/2008/02/06/0206EPSTEIN.html |archive-date = February 9, 2008 |title = Second teen-sex suit seeks $50{{Spaces}}million from Jeffrey Epstein |work = [[The Palm Beach Post]] |publisher=[[GateHouse Media]]|date = February 6, 2008 |df = mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; In March 2008, a similar $50 million lawsuit was filed by another woman who stated Epstein had sexually abused her.&lt;ref name=&quot;keller3rd&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last = Keller |first = Larry |title = Third alleged victim files sex suit against Jeffrey Epstein |work = [[The Palm Beach Post]] |publisher=[[GateHouse Media]]| date = March 5, 2008 |url = http://www.palmbeachpost.com/localnews/content/local_news/epaper/2008/03/05/0305epstein.html |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080308150500/http://www.palmbeachpost.com/localnews/content/local_news/epaper/2008/03/05/0305epstein.html |archive-date = March 8, 2008 |df = mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

However, these lawsuits, alongside similar lawsuits, were dismissed (cancelled and ignored).&lt;ref name=&quot;lewis&quot; /&gt; Epstein dealt with these types of lawsuits outside of court by paying the victims with [[Financial compensation|compensation]] money.&lt;ref name=&quot;lewis&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1 = Lewis |first1 = Paul |last2 = Ball |first2 = James |title = Prince Andrew named in U.S. lawsuit over underage sex claims |work = [[The Guardian]] |date = January 3, 2015 |url = https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/jan/02/prince-andrew-named-us-lawsuit-underage-sex-allegations |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161219131854/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/jan/02/prince-andrew-named-us-lawsuit-underage-sex-allegations |archive-date = December 19, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rush&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1 = Rush |first1 = George |last2 = Molloy |first2 = Joanna |title = Billionaire Jeffrey Epstein shells out more money in latest sex abuse lawsuit |work = [[New York Daily News|Daily News]] |location=New York |date = January 10, 2010 |url = http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/billionaire-jeffrey-epstein-shells-money-latest-sex-abuse-lawsuit-article-1.436147 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141205083843/http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/billionaire-jeffrey-epstein-shells-money-latest-sex-abuse-lawsuit-article-1.436147 |archive-date = December 5, 2014 |df = mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2008, he had a secret non-prosecution agreement with court that allowed him to have a lower court penalty while at the same time still keeping his luxury private locations.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnbc-epstein2019july&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/07/07/billionaire-jeffrey-epstein-arrested-on-sex-trafficking-charges.html|title = Billionaire Jeffrey Epstein due in court after sex trafficking arrest|website = [[CNBC]]|date = 7 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cnbc-secretdeal&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/jeffrey-epstein-s-once-secret-sex-offender-plea-deal-must-n1021471|title = Jeffrey Epstein's once-secret sex offender plea deal must stand, prosecutors say|website = [[NBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Instead of getting a [[Life imprisonment|life sentence]], he was jailed for just 18 months (though he served only 13 months) and only had to settle the victims with payments of money.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnbc-secretdeal&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theantlanticepstein&quot;&gt;[https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/07/when-jeffrey-epstein-joked-about-sex-abuse/593503/ When Jeffrey Epstein Joked About Sex Abuse - The Atlantic]&lt;/ref&gt; However, he still had to register as a [[sex offender]].&lt;ref name=&quot;cnbc-secretdeal&quot; /&gt;

===Arrest and registration as a sex offender (2008–2011)===
{{expand section}}

==== Secret court agreement ====
In 2008, Epstein had a secret agreement with court that he would get a lower court penalty. Along with a shorter jail sentence, he was allowed &quot;custody with work release&quot;, which means that he was allowed to be outside of prison for up to 16 hours per day.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent1&quot; /&gt; 

Epstein spent 13{{Spaces}}months in jail. After he was released, he served one year of [[house arrest]] with [[probation]], until August 2010. While he was on probation, he was allowed to travel in his plane to his private homes in [[Manhattan]] and his private island on [[Little Saint James, U.S. Virgin Islands|Little Saint James]], [[U.S. Virgin Islands]]. He was also allowed long shopping trips and to walk around [[Palm Beach, Florida|Palm Beach]] &quot;for exercise&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;county&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/article219494920.html|work=[[Miami Herald]]|first=Julie K.|last=Brown|author-link=Julie K. Brown|date=November 28, 2018|title=Even from jail, sex abuser manipulated the system. His victims were kept in the dark|access-date=December 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201013512/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/article219494920.html|archive-date=December 1, 2018|url-status=live|df = mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Registration ====
At a court hearing in January 2011, a judge ruled that Epstein had to remain registered in [[New York State]] as a &quot;level three&quot; (high risk of repeat offense) [[sex offender]] for the rest of his life.&lt;ref name=&quot;Palm Beach&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url = http://www.palmbeachdailynews.com/news/news/jeffrey-epstein-must-register-as-nys-highest-level/nMD5m/ |work = [[Palm Beach Daily News]] |publisher=[[GateHouse Media]]|first = Michele |last = Dargan |title = Jeffrey Epstein must register as NY's highest level sex offender |date = November 22, 2011 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160917021737/http://www.palmbeachdailynews.com/news/news/jeffrey-epstein-must-register-as-nys-highest-level/nMD5m/ |archive-date = September 17, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sutherland&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last = Sutherland |first = Amber |title = Billionaire Jeffrey Epstein: I'm a sex offender, not a predator |work = [[New York Post]] |publisher=[[Tribune Publishing|Tronc]]|date = February 25, 2011 |url = https://nypost.com/2011/02/25/billionaire-jeffrey-epstein-im-a-sex-offender-not-a-predator/ |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150113112652/http://nypost.com/2011/02/25/billionaire-jeffrey-epstein-im-a-sex-offender-not-a-predator/ |archive-date = January 13, 2015 |df = mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; At that court hearing, the [[Manhattan]] [[District attorney|District Attorney]] tried to argue that Epstein should be reduced to a low-risk &quot;level one&quot;, but he was refused by the judge. 

Epstein told the judge that his &quot;main&quot; home was in the [[U.S. Virgin Islands]]. Still, the judge ordered him to check in with the [[New York Police Department]] every 90{{Spaces}}days. Even though Epstein had been a level-three registered sex offender in New York since 2010, the New York Police Department never enforced the 90-day regulation, despite the fact that not following these rules is considered against the law.&lt;ref name=&quot;jta.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jta.org/2019/07/11/united-states/alan-dershowitz-helped-jeffrey-epstein-secure-his-controversial-plea-deal-he-has-no-regrets|title=Alan Dershowitz helped Jeffrey Epstein secure his controversial plea deal. He has no regrets.|date=July 11, 2019 |first=Ben |last=Sales}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Trafficking of young girls (2019)===
[[File:U.s. v. jeffrey epstein indictment 0.pdf|thumb|US v. Jeffrey Epstein document&lt;ref name=&quot;JeffreyEpsteinCourtSex-Justice.gov&quot; /&gt;]]

On July 6, 2019, Epstein was arrested at [[Teterboro Airport]] in [[New Jersey]] for [[sex trafficking]]. According to witnesses and sources, the FBI broke into Epstein's Manhattan [[townhouse]], the [[Herbert N. Straus House]], to investigate Epstein's criminal behavior further.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/state/florida/article232374872.html|title=Jeffrey Epstein arrested on sex trafficking charges|last=Brown|first=Julie K.|date=2019-07-06|website=[[Miami Herald]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707032426/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/state/florida/article232374872.html|archive-date=July 7, 2019|url-status=live|access-date=2019-07-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;'Heavy'&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Here's the $77M Mansion the Feds Want to Seize from Jeffrey Epstein|url=https://heavy.com/news/2019/07/jeffrey-epstein-house/|publisher=Heavy|access-date=July 8, 2019|date=July 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708214120/https://heavy.com/news/2019/07/jeffrey-epstein-house/|archive-date=July 8, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Two days later, the Public [[Corruption]] Unit of the [[United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York|Southern District of New York]] charged Epstein for attempted [[sex trafficking]] of minors. Court documents show that Epstein was attempting to bring at least 40 underaged girls to his mansion to [[Child sex abuse|sexually abuse]] them.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shallwani&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeffrey-epstein-arrested-for-sex-trafficking-of-minors-source|title=Jeffrey Epstein Arrested for Sex Trafficking of Minors|last1=Shallwani|first1=Pervaiz|date=2019-07-06|work=[[Daily Beast]]|access-date=2019-07-07|last2=Briquelet|first2=Kate|language=en|last3=Siegel|first3=Harry|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707020019/https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeffrey-epstein-arrested-for-sex-trafficking-of-minors-source|archive-date=July 7, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

It was discovered{{By whom}} that Epstein owned a private [[Boeing 727]] jet that he had used to invite underaged guests to his mansion. He traveled in his private jet frequently, logging &quot;600 flying hours a year (...) usually with guests on board.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;nwPrincesPremiers&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Ostler |first1=Catherine |url=https://www.newsweek.com/2015/02/06/sex-offender-who-mixes-princes-and-premiers-302877.html |access-date=September 3, 2018 |work=Newsweek |title=Jeffrey Epstein: The Sex Offender Who Mixes With Princes and Premiers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904052429/https://www.newsweek.com/2015/02/06/sex-offender-who-mixes-princes-and-premiers-302877.html |archive-date=September 4, 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Bryant |first=Nick |title=Flight Logs Put Clinton, Dershowitz on Pedophile Billionaire's Sex Jet |url=https://gawker.com/flight-logs-put-clinton-dershowitz-on-pedophile-billio-1681039971 |access-date=September 3, 2018 |work=Gawker |date=2015-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912082942/http://gawker.com/flight-logs-put-clinton-dershowitz-on-pedophile-billio-1681039971 |archive-date=September 12, 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Calahan |first=Maureen |title=The 'sex slave' scandal that exposed pedophile billionaire Jeffrey Epstein |url=https://nypost.com/2016/10/09/the-sex-slave-scandal-that-exposed-pedophile-billionaire-jeffrey-epstein/ |work=New York Post |date=October 9, 2016 |access-date=July 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727181328/https://nypost.com/2016/10/09/the-sex-slave-scandal-that-exposed-pedophile-billionaire-jeffrey-epstein/ |archive-date=July 27, 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; A fraudulent Austrian passport, expired in 1987 and displaying Epstein’s photo under another name, was discovered in his safe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Jeffrey Epstein had fake Austrian passport in his safe, prosecutors say|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/state/florida/article232374872.html|newspaper=Miami Herald|date=July 2019|access-date=February 11, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; His attorneys claimed he was advised to get it due to kidnapping as a risk as he is &quot;an affluent member of the Jewish faith.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Epstein lawyers claim fake passport was needed to hide Jewishness|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/epstein-lawyers-claim-fake-passport-was-needed-to-hide-jewishness|newspaper=The Times of Israel|date=July 18, 2019|access-date=February 11, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Personal life==

As a successful businessman, Jeffrey Epstein met many famous people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/07/jeffrey-epstein-high-society-contacts.html|title=Who Was Jeffrey Epstein Calling? A close study of his circle—social, professional, transactional—reveals a damning portrait of elite New York|date=July 22, 2019|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]|access-date=July 25, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was friends with [[Andrew Mountbatten Windsor|then Prince Andrew]] and [[Thomas J. Barrack Jr.|Tom Barrack]],&lt;ref name=&quot;michaelwolff&quot;&gt;{{cite book| last = Wolff| first = Michael| author-link = Michael Wolff (journalist)| title = Fire and Fury: Inside the Trump White House| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=e5IItAEACAAJ| date = 2018| publisher = Henry Holt and Company| location = New York City| isbn = 978-1-250-15806-2| page = 53| access-date = April 8, 2018| via = [[Google Books]] }}&lt;/ref&gt; and met with [[Bill Clinton]], [[George Stephanopoulos]], [[Donald Trump]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/politics/ct-jeffrey-epstien-alexander-acosta-sex-abuse-case-20170321-story.html|title=Trump's Labor nominee Acosta cut deal with billionaire in underage sex abuse case|first=Marc|last=Fisher|website=[[Chicago Tribune]]|access-date=August 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731011746/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/politics/ct-jeffrey-epstien-alexander-acosta-sex-abuse-case-20170321-story.html|archive-date=July 31, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Katie Couric]], and [[Woody Allen]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/mar/13/prince-andrew-jeffrey-epstein |title = Prince Andrew's link to sex offender Jeffrey Epstein taints royalty in US |newspaper = [[The Guardian]] |date = March 12, 2011 |first = Paul |last = Harris |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161108052840/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/mar/13/prince-andrew-jeffrey-epstein |archive-date = November 8, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

The [[friendship]] between Epstein and Trump ended in the 2000s, though journalists are not sure why.&lt;ref&gt;[https://docs.house.gov/meetings/JU/JU08/20250227/117951/HHRG-119-JU08-20250227-SD006-U6.pdf Jeffrey Epstein Tapes: ‘I Was Donald Trump’s Closest Friend’] ''Hugh Dougherty''. Feb 27, 2025&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6TaJxJFilms How did the Trump-Epstein friendship *really* end?] ''Chris Cillizza''. July 30, 2025&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tucker Carlson]] thinks that Epstein was an [[Espionage|intelligence asset]], and [[Megyn Kelly]] thinks that he worked for [[Mossad]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newsnationnow.com/politics/jeffrey-epstein-conspiracies-intelligence-agent/ Jeffrey Epstein conspiracies: Was he an intelligence agent?] ''Diana Falzone''. July 23, 2025 &lt;/ref&gt;

Epstein was a supporter of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=News|first=A. B. C.|title=Jeffrey Epstein donated to several Democrats throughout 1990s and early 2000s|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/jeffrey-epstein-donated-democrats-1990s-early-2000s/story?id=64255485|access-date=2023-02-22|website=ABC News|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2000, he established the [[Jeffrey Epstein VI Foundation]], which funds science research and education. Before 2003, the foundation funded [[Martin Nowak]]'s research at the [[Institute for Advanced Study]] in the city of [[Princeton, New Jersey]]. In May 2003, Epstein created the ''Program for Evolutionary Dynamics'' at [[Harvard University]], a program aimed to research [[evolution]], with a $30&amp;nbsp;million gift.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first = Jacquelyn M. |last = Scharnick |title = People in the News: Jeffrey E. Epstein |url = http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2003/6/5/people-in-the-news-jeffrey-e/ |work = [[The Harvard Crimson]] |date = June 5, 2003 |access-date = November 7, 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161201102812/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2003/6/5/people-in-the-news-jeffrey-e/ |archive-date = December 1, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Death==
[[file:Epstein Final Mugshot.png|thumb|Epstein's final mugshot, July 9, 2019]]

=== Injury &amp; suicide watch ===
On July 23, 2019, Epstein was found [[Consciousness|unconscious]] in his jail cell with injuries to his neck.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT_20190817&quot;&gt;{{cite news | title=Inmate 76318-054: The Last Days of Jeffrey Epstein | work=The New York Times | date=August 17, 2019 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/17/nyregion/epstein-suicide-death.html | access-date=August 18, 2019 | last1=Watkins | first1=Ali | last2=Ivory | first2=Danielle | first3=Christina | last3= Goldbaum }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;epstein-fox-dead&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/jeffrey-epstein-taken-off-suicide-watch-by-doctoral-level-psychologist-doj-says|title=Jeffrey Epstein taken off suicide watch after examination by 'doctoral-level psychologist,' DOJ says|work=Fox News|date=23 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; His cellmate, former [[police officer]] Nicholas Tartaglione, denied hurting Epstein. When police asked Epstein about the incident, Epstein refused to reply to them.&lt;ref name=&quot;Independent&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first=Colin |last=Drury |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/jeffrey-epstein-injured-jail-suicide-watch-sex-trafficking-prison-a9019896.html |title=Jeffrey Epstein: Billionaire paedophile 'found with neck injuries in jail' |work=[[The Independent]] |date=July 25, 2019 |access-date=July 26, 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Jeffrey-Epstein-Found-Injured-in-NYC-Jail-Cell-After-Possible-Suicide-Attempt-or-Assault-Sources-513174311.html|title=Jeffrey Epstein Found Injured in NYC Jail Cell After Possible Suicide Attempt: Sources|work=[[WNBC]]|last=Dienst|first=Jonathan|date=July 24, 2019|access-date=July 24, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://radaronline.com/exclusives/2019/07/jeffrey-epstein-suspected-suicide-scandal/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725031509/https://radaronline.com/exclusives/2019/07/jeffrey-epstein-suspected-suicide-scandal/ |archive-date=July 25, 2019 |url-status=live|title=Jeffrey Epstein Suspected Of Attempting Suicide In Jail|date=July 25, 2019|work=RadarOnline |first1=James |last1=Robertson |first2=Jen |last2=Heger |access-date=July 25, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;found&quot;&gt;{{cite news | first1= William K. |last1= Rashbaum | first2= Benjamin | last2= Weiser | first3=Michael | last3=Gold | title=Jeffrey Epstein Is Found Injured in Jail Cell | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=July 25, 2019 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/25/nyregion/jeffrey-epstein-injured-jail.html | access-date=July 25, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; After that incident, he was placed on [[suicide watch]].&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian-epsteindeath&quot; /&gt;

=== Special housing unit ===
Six days later on July 29, Epstein was taken off [[suicide]] watch. He was moved into a special housing unit with another [[inmate]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT_20190817&quot; /&gt; 

The jail told the Justice Department to regularly check Epstein's jail cell. They made sure that Epstein always had a cellmate nearby. Additionally, a guard would check his cell every 30&amp;nbsp;minutes for any suspicious activity. The Justice Department followed these rules everyday until the night before Epstein's death.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT_20190817&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT_20190810&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:36&quot; /&gt; 

On August 9, Epstein's former cellmate was transferred out of Epstein's cell, but no replacement cellmate was brought in.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/it-was-inevitable-officers-watching-epstein-were-on-overtime-due-to-jail-staffing-shortage-union-president-says/2019/08/11/2b611404-bc5e-11e9-a5c6-1e74f7ec4a93_story.html|title=Correction officers, did not check on Epstein for several hours before his death, violating protocol, person familiar with the case says.|first1=Matt | last1=Zapotsky |first2=Devlin | last2=Barrett |date=August 11, 2019|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=August 14, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later in the evening, Epstein had not been checked every 30&amp;nbsp;minutes.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT_20190817&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT_20190810&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/10/nyregion/jeffrey-epstein-suicide-watch.html|title=Why Wasn't Jeffrey Epstein on Suicide Watch When He Died?|last=Watkins|first=Ali|date=2019-08-10|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-08-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:36&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/11/nyregion/epstein-death-manhattan-correctional-center.html|title=Before Jail Suicide, Epstein Was Left Alone and Not Closely Monitored|last1=Benner|first1=Katie|date=August 11, 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-08-11|last2=Ivory|first2=Danielle|issn=0362-4331|last3=Jr|first3=Richard A. Oppel}}&lt;/ref&gt; The two guards that were supposed to supervise Epstein fell asleep for three hours and made false records of Epstein's activity.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT_20190817&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/13/nyregion/jeffrey-epstein-jail-officers.html|title=Jeffrey Epstein Death: 2 Guards Slept Through Checks and Falsified Records|last1=Benner|first1=Katie|date=2019-08-13|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-08-14|last2=Ivory|first2=Danielle|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; Two cameras in front of Epstein's cell also stopped working that night.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot; /&gt;

Epstein's close friends believed that he was still happy while in jail.&lt;ref name=&quot;WaPoFoulPlay&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Jeffrey Epstein dead after 'apparent suicide' in New York |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/jeffrey-epstein-kills-himself-in-jail-according-to-media-reports/2019/08/10/a3d48862-bb73-11e9-b3b4-2bb69e8c4e39_story.html |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=12 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Hanging ===
Epstein [[suicide|killed himself]] by [[hanging]] on August 10, 2019,&lt;ref name=&quot;:30&quot; /&gt; while at the [[Metropolitan Correctional Center, New York|Metropolitan Correctional Center]] in [[New York City]]. His body was found in his cell at 6:30 a.m.&lt;ref name=&quot;WashingtonPost_20190810&quot;&gt;{{cite news | title=Jeffrey Epstein dead after apparent suicide in New York jail | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | date=August 10, 2019 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/jeffrey-epstein-kills-himself-in-jail-according-to-media-reports/2019/08/10/a3d48862-bb73-11e9-b3b4-2bb69e8c4e39_story.html | access-date=August 10, 2019 | first1=Matt | last1=Zapotosky | first2=Devlin | last2=Barrett | first3=Renae | last3=Merle | first4=Carol D. | last4=Leonnig }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes suicide&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/10/nyregion/jeffrey-epstein-suicide.html  |title = Jeffrey Epstein Dead in Suicide at Manhattan Jail, Officials Say | first1= William K. |last1= Rashbaum | first2= Benjamin | last2= Weiser | first3=Michael | last3=Gold | date= August 10, 2019 | access-date = August 10, 2019 | work = [[The New York Times]] }}&lt;/ref&gt; He had been dead for a few hours at 6:30 a.m.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F76T92iE-O8 Pathologist hired by Epstein’s family says autopsy may point to murder]. ''CBS''. January 6, 2020&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Investigation ===
[[United States Attorney General|U.S Attorney General]] [[William Barr]] ordered an investigation by the Department of Justice Inspector General in addition to the [[FBI]] investigation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/jeffrey-epstein-dead-by-suicide-found-in-manhattan-jail-cell|title=Jeffrey Epstein dead from apparent suicide in Manhattan jail cell; FBI investigating|last=Suarez Sang|first=Lucia I.|date=August 10, 2019|work=Fox News|access-date=10 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On August 29, 2019, the judge decided to end the criminal investigation of Epstein, because his death made it impossible to investigate further.&lt;ref name=&quot;epsteinclosed&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;epsteinreutersdismiss&quot; /&gt;

=== Controversy &amp; response ===
Ever since Epstein's death, [[Internet meme]]s have appeared in many forms, stating that &quot;Epstein didn't kill himself&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;epstein-didn't-kill-himself&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/story/epstein-didnt-kill-himself-conspiracy/|title='Epstein Didn't Kill Himself' and the Meme-ing of Conspiracy|via=www.wired.com|access-date=November 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129233836/https://www.wired.com/story/epstein-didnt-kill-himself-conspiracy/|archive-date=November 29, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many of these memes come from the dispute over whether Epstein actually committed suicide or was murdered.&lt;ref name=&quot;Courant&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sisak |first1=Michael R. |title='Epstein didn't kill himself': Feds fail to snuff out conspiracy theories |url=https://www.courant.com/nation-world/ct-nw-jeffrey-epstein-conspiracy-theories-20191123-5smcuhoeajdcrikft2fpgy7cxm-story.html |access-date=December 1, 2019 |work=[[Hartford Courant]] |agency=Associated Press |date=November 24, 2019 |location=New York |archive-date=November 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130193232/https://www.courant.com/nation-world/ct-nw-jeffrey-epstein-conspiracy-theories-20191123-5smcuhoeajdcrikft2fpgy7cxm-story.html |url-status=live |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

In July 2025, the [[Second presidency of Donald Trump|Trump Administration]] provided a lengthy video of the area outside Epstein's room around the time of his death. The video shows that nobody entered the room. [[Pam Bondi]] was asked about the &quot;missing minute&quot;. She [[reasoning|explained]] that the [[CCTV]] system resets every night. Therefore, she stated, there is nothing to worry about concerning the missing video.&lt;ref&gt;[https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/5390069-pam-bondi-explains-epstein-video/ Bondi explains missing minute in Epstein video]. July 8, 2025&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newsweek.com/pam-bondi-jeffrey-epstein-client-list-missing-minute-2096185 Pam Bondi Reacts to Missing Minute in Jeffrey Epstein Video]. July 8, 2025&lt;/ref&gt; However, the [[metadata]] of the video shows that the [[video editing|video was edited]] (they did not provide the original complete video(s) to the public) by a software called &quot;[[Adobe Inc.|Adobe]] Premiere Pro&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/was-jeffrey-epsteins-prison-video-released-by-trump-administration-manipulated-report-claims-8868438 Was Jeffrey Epstein's Prison Video Released By Trump Administration Manipulated?] July 14, 2025&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.livenowfox.com/news/epstein-prison-video-edit-discrepancy Jeffrey Epstein prison video had nearly 3 minutes cut from it]. ''Austin Williams'', LiveNOW from FOX. July 16, 2025&lt;/ref&gt; 

Many politicians want the Trump Administration to release the relevant files in [[public interest]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rNMGFMEFYFw Booker Won’t Back Down: Demands Epstein Files Over GOP Objections]. ''Senator Cory Booker''. July 26, 2025&lt;/ref&gt; On November 12, 2025, a congressional committee made available 20,000 pages of Epstein's emails.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Scribner | first=Herb | title=Here are all the &quot;Epstein files&quot; that have been released | website=Axios | date=2025-11-12 | url=https://www.axios.com/2025/11/12/new-epstein-files-emails-released-doj-trump | access-date=2025-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last1=Enrich | first1=David | last2=Confessore | first2=Nicholas | last3=Silver-Greenberg | first3=Jessica | last4=Eder | first4=Steve | title=After Trump Split, Epstein Said He Could ‘Take Him Down’ | website=The New York Times | date=2025-11-13 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/11/12/us/epstein-emails-trump.html | access-date=2025-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; These have been released as the [[Epstein files]].

==Epstein files==
{{main|Epstein files}}
The Epstein files are a set of documents that recorded Jeffrey Epstein and his activities throughout and after his life. These were publicly released in November 2025.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carney &amp; Fuchs&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Carney |first1=Jordaine |last2=Fuchs |first2=Hailey |last3=Lee Hill |first3=Meredith |date=November 18, 2025 |title=Senate approves Epstein files bill, sending it to Trump's desk |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/11/18/house-approves-epstein-files-bill-in-near-unanimous-vote-00656764 |work=[[Politico]] |language=en |archive-url= |archive-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Before the public release of the Epstein files, people believed that there is a secret document containing a list of people who are associated with him.

==Related pages==
*[[Jean-Luc Brunel]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Other websites==
{{Commons category-inline|Jeffrey Epstein}}
{{Jeffrey Epstein sex trafficking conviction}}

{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:Jeffrey Epstein| ]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Philanthropists from New York (state)]]
[[Category:American sex offenders]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from New York City]]
[[Category:Child sexual abusers]]
[[Category:Criminals from New York City]]
[[Category:Criminals who committed suicide]]
[[Category:Jewish American criminals]]
[[Category:Jewish businesspeople]]
[[Category:Jewish philanthropists]]
[[Category:People who died in prison custody]]
[[Category:Suicides by hanging in the United States]]
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      <text bytes="58606" sha1="nxwybmf1it25vz8xaqgxjg63hp995v9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name               = Jeffrey Epstein
| image              = Jeffrey epstein 2008 mugshot.jpg
| caption            = Jeffrey Epstein's 2008 mugshot
| birth_name         = Jeffrey Edward Epstein
| birth_date         = January 20th, 1953
| birth_place        = [[New York City]], U.S.
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|2019|08|10|1953|01|20}} (disputed)
| death_place        = New York City, U.S.
| death_cause        = [[Suicide]] by [[hanging]] (disputed)&lt;ref name=&quot;ny-con&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Gold |first1=Michael |last2=Bromwich |first2=Jonah Engel |date=2019-08-12 |title=Epstein Conspiracy Theories: De Blasio, and Others Join Speculation (Published 2019) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/12/nyregion/conspiracy-theories-epstein-suicide.html |access-date=2021-01-22 |website=The New York Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lzKCGXzZMYg Epstein could NOT have ended himself says leading coroner]. ''[[TRT|Turkish Radio and Television Corporation]]''. July 27, 2025&lt;/ref&gt;
| nationality        = [[Americans|American]]
| education          = [[Cooper Union]] &lt;br /&gt; (no degree)&lt;br /&gt;[[New York University]] &lt;br /&gt;(no degree)
| criminal_charge    = [[Sex offender]], [[Sex trafficking]]
| criminal_penalty   = 13 months (2008)
}}

'''Jeffrey Edward Epstein''' (January 20, 1953 – August 10, 2019) was an American [[Finance|financer]] and child [[sex trafficker]].&lt;ref name=&quot;JeffreyEpsteinCourtSex-Justice.gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/jeffrey-epstein-charged-manhattan-federal-court-sex-trafficking-minors|title=Jeffrey Epstein Charged in Manhattan Federal Court With Sex Trafficking of Minors|date=2019-07-08|website=www.justice.gov|language=en|access-date=2019-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708184612/https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/jeffrey-epstein-charged-manhattan-federal-court-sex-trafficking-minors|archive-date=July 8, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian_2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jan/02/jeffrey-epstein-rise-and-fall-of-teacher-turned-tycoon |last = Lewis |first = Paul |title = Jeffrey Epstein: The rise and fall of teacher turned tycoon |newspaper = [[The Guardian|Guardian]] |date = January 4, 2015 |access-date = November 7, 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161126103523/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jan/02/jeffrey-epstein-rise-and-fall-of-teacher-turned-tycoon |archive-date = November 26, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; He started his career in an [[investment bank]] called [[Bear Stearns]]. A few years later, made his own investment bank, ''J. Epstein &amp; Co.''&lt;ref name=&quot;nymag&quot; /&gt; He was born in [[New York City]] to [[Jew|Jewish]] parents.

In 2008, he was [[Arrest|arrested]] for giving money to an [[child prostitution|underage girl for sex]]. He spent 13 months in &quot;custody with work release&quot;, which means that he was allowed to be outside of prison for up to 16&amp;nbsp;hours per day.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first = Andrew |last = Buncombe |url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/who-is-jeffrey-epstein-a-study-of-the-man-linked-to-worlds-of-celebrity-politics--and-royalty-9954397.html |title = Jeffrey Epstein: the billionaire paedophile with links to Bill Clinton, Kevin Spacey, Robert Maxwell – and Prince Andrew |work = [[The Independent]] |publisher=Independent Print Ltd.|location=London, England|date = January 2, 2015 |access-date = November 7, 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150925183442/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/who-is-jeffrey-epstein-a-study-of-the-man-linked-to-worlds-of-celebrity-politics--and-royalty-9954397.html |archive-date = September 25, 2015 |df = mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Epstein was arrested again on July 6, 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;JeffBillionaireDemoNow&quot;&gt;[https://www.democracynow.org/2019/7/8/jeffrey_epstein_a_billionaire_friend_of Jeffrey Epstein, a Billionaire Friend of Presidents Trump &amp;amp; Clinton, Arrested for Sex Trafficking &amp;#124; Democracy Now!]&lt;/ref&gt; for alleged [[sex trafficking]] of minors in [[Florida]] and [[New York]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Shallwani&quot; /&gt; Epstein was a [[registered sex offender]] from 2008 until his death.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian_2&quot; /&gt;

On August 10, 2019, he [[suicide|killed himself]] by [[hanging]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:30&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/jeffrey-epstein-found-dead-nyc-jail-n1041081 |title=Jeffrey Epstein, accused sex trafficker, is dead by apparent suicide, found in his Manhattan jail cell |last1=Winter |first1=Tom  |last2=Dienst |first2=Jonathan |website=NBC News |access-date=2019-08-10 |last3=McCausland |first3=Phil }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WashingtonPost_20190810&quot; /&gt; The medical examiner told the court that Epstein died by suicide,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/a947e0d85d31496eb5bd9ff4994c9718|title=Medical examiner rules Epstein death a suicide by hanging|last1=Sisak|first1=Michael R.|last2=Balsamo|first2=Michael|date=August 17, 2019|website=AP NEWS|last3=Neumeister|first3=Larry}}&lt;/ref&gt; but Epstein's lawyers disagreed.&lt;ref name=&quot;:39&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newsweek.com/epstein-death-murder-suicide-victims-hearing-1456397|title=Epstein Lawyers say evidence 'far more consistent' with murder than suicide|last=Stockler|first=Asher|date=August 27, 2019|work=Newsweek|access-date=August 27, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-people-jeffrey-epstein-cameras-idUSKCN1VI2LC|title=FBI studies two broken cameras outside cell where Epstein died: source|last=Hosenball|first=Mark|date=August 28, 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=August 29, 2019|location=London|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; On August 29, 2019, the judge decided to end the criminal investigation of Epstein.&lt;ref name=&quot;epsteinclosed&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/9032d5b4c8bb4175958da4e545f60543|title=Judge ends case against Epstein, with a nod to the accusers|first=Larry|last=Neumeister|date=August 29, 2019|website=[[Associated Press]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;epsteinreutersdismiss&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-people-jeffrey-epstein-idUSKCN1VJ28B |first=Brendan |last=Pierson |title=Case against Jeffrey Epstein dismissed following his death|date=August 30, 2019|work=[[Reuters]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Epstein had a complex relationship with a lot of famous people. He interacted with businesspeople, royalty, politicians, and academics. Famous people include [[Donald Trump]], [[Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor]] (formerly known as Prince Andrew), [[Bill Clinton]], and [[Mette-Marit, Crown Princess of Norway]]. The [[Epstein files]] are a collection of papers that have criminal evidence of Jeffery Epstein and his relationships with other people and groups. On November 2025, the Epstein files were publicly released &lt;ref name=&quot;NBC-2025-11-18&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=November 18, 2025 |title=Live updates: House passes bill to release Epstein files; Trump defends Saudi crown prince |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-administration/live-blog/trump-house-vote-epstein-files-bin-salman-gaza-venezuela-live-updates-rcna244150 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |work=[[NBC News]] |language=en |archive-url= |archive-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; as part of the [[Epstein Files Transparency Act]] (which the [[U.S. Senate]] [[unanimous consent|unanimously]] approved it),&lt;ref name=&quot;Carney &amp; Fuchs&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Carney |first1=Jordaine |last2=Fuchs |first2=Hailey |last3=Lee Hill |first3=Meredith |date=November 18, 2025 |title=Senate approves Epstein files bill, sending it to Trump's desk |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/11/18/house-approves-epstein-files-bill-in-near-unanimous-vote-00656764 |work=[[Politico]] |language=en |archive-url= |archive-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; revealing that he maintained a lot of relationships with notable people.

== Early life ==
[[File:Sea Gate aerial view.jpg|thumb|Epstein's childhood neighborhood of [[Sea Gate, Brooklyn]]]]
Jeffrey Epstein was born on January 20, 1953, in [[Brooklyn]].&lt;ref name=&quot;epny-birth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=New York, New York, U.S., Birth Index, 1910–1965 |url=https://www.ancestry.com/sharing/8879470?mark=7b22746f6b656e223a22623779506c4a6a564c614751686c4b6f45654c4d3376376278623437514f545842576a42315372376744453d222c22746f6b656e5f76657273696f6e223a225632227d |access-date=December 26, 2025 |website=Ancestry.com |language=en-US |archive-date=December 27, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251227042939/https://www.ancestry.com/sharing/8879470?mark=7b22746f6b656e223a22623779506c4a6a564c614751686c4b6f45654c4d3376376278623437514f545842576a42315372376744453d222c22746f6b656e5f76657273696f6e223a225632227d |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bgmi-ep&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Biography &amp; Genealogy Master Index (BGMI) |url=https://www.ancestry.com/sharing/51412803?mark=7b22746f6b656e223a22464244684b716f50497a7657514d4e4d6844685278393633416530694e74334436537a55566e613155326f3d222c22746f6b656e5f76657273696f6e223a225632227d |access-date=December 26, 2025 |website=Ancestry.com |language=en-US |archive-date=December 27, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251227071051/https://www.ancestry.com/sharing/51412803?mark=7b22746f6b656e223a22464244684b716f50497a7657514d4e4d6844685278393633416530694e74334436537a55566e613155326f3d222c22746f6b656e5f76657273696f6e223a225632227d |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; His birth name is Jeffrey Edward Epstein.&lt;ref name=&quot;epny-birth&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bgmi-ep&quot; /&gt; Both of his parents, Pauline &quot;Paula&quot; Stolofsky (1918–2004) and Seymour George Epstein (1916–1991), were [[Jews|Jewish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Volscho-2019&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Daly-2019&quot; /&gt; His parents married in 1952 shortly before he was born.&lt;ref name=&quot;Volscho-2019&quot;/&gt; Pauline worked as a school aide and was a [[homemaker]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Volscho-2019&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Daly-2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Daly |first=Michael |date=July 15, 2019 |title=Epstein's Coney Island Days: From Math Nerd to 'Arrogant' Prick |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeffrey-epsteins-coney-island-days-from-math-nerd-to-arrogant-prick |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190717065215/https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeffrey-epsteins-coney-island-days-from-math-nerd-to-arrogant-prick |archive-date=July 17, 2019 |access-date=July 15, 2019 |work=[[The Daily Beast]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jpost&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/International/Billionaire-sex-offender-Jeffrey-Epstein-charged-with-sex-trafficking-594864 |title=Billionaire sex offender Jeffrey Epstein charged with sex trafficking |date=July 7, 2019 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190710185235/https://www.jpost.com/International/Billionaire-sex-offender-Jeffrey-Epstein-charged-with-sex-trafficking-594864 |archive-date=July 10, 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=July 17, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Seymour worked for the [[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]] as a [[Groundskeeping|groundskeeper]] and gardener.&lt;ref name=&quot;Volscho-2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeffrey-epstein-dodged-questions-about-sex-with-his-dalton-prep-school-students |title=Jeffrey Epstein Dodged Questions About Sex With His Dalton Prep-School Students |last=Volscho |first=Thomas |date=July 13, 2019 |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |access-date=July 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190714214545/https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeffrey-epstein-dodged-questions-about-sex-with-his-dalton-prep-school-students |archive-date=July 14, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jpost&quot;/&gt;

Jeffrey Epstein was the older of two siblings, being older than his brother [[Mark Epstein]]. Both grew up in the neighborhood of [[Sea Gate, Brooklyn|Sea Gate]].&lt;ref name=&quot;jta-ep&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Elia-Shalev |first=Asaf |date=September 10, 2025 |title=In Jeffrey Epstein’s birthday tribute, traces of his Jewish upbringing surface alongside lurid tales |url=https://www.jta.org/2025/09/10/politics/in-epsteins-birthday-tribute-traces-of-his-jewish-upbringing-surface-alongside-lurid-tales |access-date=February 3, 2026 |website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |language=en-US |quote=… children of Jewish immigrants, he grew up in Sea Gate, a gated community at the tip of Coney Island. In the 1950s and ’60s, Sea Gate was a predominantly Jewish, middle-class enclave, and the Epstein family lived across the street from the Kneses Israel synagogue, today affiliated with the Chabad-Lubavitch movement. |archive-date=October 31, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251031164348/https://www.jta.org/2025/09/10/politics/in-epsteins-birthday-tribute-traces-of-his-jewish-upbringing-surface-alongside-lurid-tales |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Within the family, Epstein was nicknamed Bear, while Mark was called Puggie.&lt;ref name=&quot;Daly-2019&quot; /&gt; A childhood friend described Paula as &quot;a wonderful mother and homemaker.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Feldman |first=Ari |date=July 15, 2019 |title=What We Know About Jeffrey Epstein's Childhood |url=https://forward.com/news/427614/jeffrey-epstein-childhood-brooklyn/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190717064456/https://forward.com/news/427614/jeffrey-epstein-childhood-brooklyn/ |archive-date=July 17, 2019 |access-date=July 16, 2019 |work=[[The Forward]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The neighbors remembered the parents of Epstein as being quiet and humble.&lt;ref name=&quot;Daly-2019&quot; /&gt;

Epstein went to local public schools. The first school he went to was Public School 188. Then, he went to [[Mark Twain Junior High School]] nearby, and usually earned money by tutoring classmates. Friends of Epstein considered him as &quot;sweet and generous&quot; although &quot;quiet and nerdy,” and nicknamed him &quot;Eppy&quot;. &quot;He was just an average boy, very smart in math, slightly overweight, freckles, always smiling,&quot; a female friend later described.&lt;ref name=&quot;Daly-2019&quot; /&gt;

In 1967, Epstein went to the National Music Camp at the [[Interlochen Center for the Arts]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeffrey-epstein-had-his-own-lodge-at-interlochens-prestigious-arts-camp-for-kids-in-michigan |title=Epstein Had His Own Lodge at Interlochen's Prestigious Arts Camp for Kids |last=Briquelet |first=Kate |date=July 12, 2019 |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |access-date=July 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190712230418/https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeffrey-epstein-had-his-own-lodge-at-interlochens-prestigious-arts-camp-for-kids-in-michigan |archive-date=July 12, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He began playing the piano when he was five.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward 2003&quot; /&gt; During this time, he was considered a talented musician by friends.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward 2003&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |title=The Talented Mr. Epstein |last=Ward |first=Vicky |date=March 1, 2003 |magazine=Vanity Fair |location=New York |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2003/03/jeffrey-epstein-200303 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612144453/http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2003/03/jeffrey-epstein-200303 |archive-date=June 12, 2015 |url-status=live |access-date=June 11, 2015 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; He graduated in 1969 from [[Lafayette High School (New York City)|Lafayette High School]] at age 16.&lt;ref name=&quot;Volscho-2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Thomas 2002&quot; /&gt; While at Lafayette High School, he skipped two grades.&lt;ref name=&quot;Volscho-2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Thomas 2002&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |first=Landon Jr. |last=Thomas |date=October 28, 2002 |title=Jeffrey Epstein: International Moneyman of Mystery |url=https://nymag.com/nymetro/news/people/n_7912/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250911044022/https://nymag.com/nymetro/news/people/n_7912/ |archive-date=September 11, 2025 |access-date=August 10, 2019 |journal=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later in 1969, he went to advanced math classes at [[Cooper Union]] until he changed colleges in 1971.&lt;ref name=&quot;Volscho-2019&quot; /&gt; From September 1971, he went to the [[Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences]] at [[New York University]], where he learned [[mathematical physiology]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Volscho-2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Thomas 2002&quot; /&gt; However, on June 1974, he left New York University without getting a degree.&lt;ref name=&quot;Volscho-2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Thomas 2002&quot; /&gt;

==Career==
Epstein taught [[physics]] at the [[Dalton School]] in [[Manhattan]] between 1973 and 1975.&lt;ref name=&quot;nymag&quot; /&gt; In 1976, Epstein started work at Bear Stearns as an [[Options trading|options trader]] (a job where [[stock broker]]s sell instruments giving customers the option to buy or sell [[Stock market|stocks]] at a set price at a future date).&lt;ref name=&quot;nymag&quot; /&gt; There, he advised very rich people on financial strategies relating to [[Tax|taxes]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nymag&quot; /&gt; He was shown to be a successful worker during his financial career, and Epstein was promoted to a [[Limited partnership|limited partner]] (a job that manages money within a company) at Bear Stearns in 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;nymag&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vanity Fair&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2003/03/jeffrey-epstein-200303|title=The Talented Mr. Epstein|last=Ward|first=Vicky|date=June 27, 2011|website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|location=New York City|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612144453/http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2003/03/jeffrey-epstein-200303|archive-date=June 12, 2015|url-status=live|access-date=June 11, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Epstein founded his investment bank, ''J. Epstein &amp; Co.'', in 1982.&lt;ref name=&quot;nymag&quot; /&gt; His investment bank managed the [[Asset|assets]] of every person who had invested at his investments bank.&lt;ref name=&quot;nymag&quot; /&gt; As of 2002, his investment bank was worth more than [[United States dollar|US $]]1&amp;nbsp;billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;nymag&quot; /&gt;

== Criminal history ==
===First signs of criminal activity (2005–06)===

==== Palm Beach report ====
[[file:Jeffrey Epstein mug shot.jpg|thumb|Jeffrey Epstein's mugshot in 2006. This photo was made after he was investigated for child prostitution in 2006.]] 
In March 2005, a woman told Florida's [[Palm Beach Police Department]] that her 12-year-old stepdaughter had been taken to Epstein's [[mansion]] by an older girl.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian-epsteindeath&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/aug/10/jeffrey-epstein-dead-prison-report-latest|title=Jeffrey Epstein dies after apparent suicide in New York jail|last=Helmore|first=Edward|date=2019-08-10|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-08-10|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; The woman claimed that in the mansion, her stepdaughter was paid $300 to strip and [[massage]] Epstein.&lt;ref name=&quot;nymag&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Landon Jr.|date=October 28, 2002|title=Jeffrey Epstein: International Money Man of Mystery|url=https://nymag.com/nymetro/news/people/n_7912/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110041617/http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/people/n_7912/|archive-date=November 10, 2016|access-date=November 7, 2016|journal=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://nypost.com/2016/10/09/the-sex-slave-scandal-that-exposed-pedophile-billionaire-jeffrey-epstein/|title=The 'sex slave' scandal that exposed pedophile billionaire Jeffrey Epstein|last=Callahan|first=Maureen|date=October 9, 2016|work=New York Post|access-date=July 27, 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727181328/https://nypost.com/2016/10/09/the-sex-slave-scandal-that-exposed-pedophile-billionaire-jeffrey-epstein/|archive-date=July 27, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The stepdaughter was claimed to be undressed. When she left Epstein's mansion, she was still wearing her underwear.&lt;ref name=&quot;thesmokinggun2006&quot; /&gt;

==== Investigation ====
Police spent 11 months investigating Epstein and his home. At the time, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] was also investigating Epstein and his home. They discovered confirmation that Epstein had paid girls under 18 years old to perform sexual acts on him.&lt;ref name=&quot;LewisSwaine&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/10/jeffrey-epstein-decade-scandal-prince-andrew |title = Jeffrey Epstein: Inside the decade of scandal entangling Prince Andrew |last1 = Lewis |first1 = Paul |last2 = Swaine |first2 = Jon |date = January 10, 2015 |website = [[The Guardian]] |location=London, England|url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160522090456/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/10/jeffrey-epstein-decade-scandal-prince-andrew |archive-date = May 22, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Both the police and the FBI interviewed five claimed victims and 17 witnesses about this incident. The interviews revealed that photos of abused underaged girls were found in Epstein's trash.&lt;ref name=&quot;beachpost&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.palmbeachpost.com/localnews/content/local_news/epaper/2006/08/14/m1a_EPSTEIN_0814.html |title = Jeffrey Epstein craved big homes, elite friends – and, investigators say, underage girls |last = Marra |first = Andrew |date = August 14, 2006 |website = [[The Palm Beach Post]] |publisher=[[GateHouse Media]]|location=Palm Beach, Florida|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110616194257/http://www.palmbeachpost.com/localnews/content/local_news/epaper/2006/08/14/m1a_EPSTEIN_0814.html |archive-date = June 16, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In fact, some of the trashed photos were confirmed to match the interviewed victims.&lt;ref name=&quot;thesmokinggun2006&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://thesmokinggun.com/documents/sex/billionaire-palm-beach-sex-scandal |title = Billionaire in Palm Beach sex scandal; Investigators: Moneyman Jeffrey Epstein solicited teen masseuses |date = July 26, 2006 |website = [[The Smoking Gun]] |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150112112028/http://thesmokinggun.com/documents/sex/billionaire-palm-beach-sex-scandal |archive-date = January 12, 2015 |df = mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://thesmokinggun.com/file/billionaire-palm-beach-sex-scandal|title=Palm Beach Police Dep't Probable Cause Affadavit|website=[[The Smoking Gun]]|date=May 1, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112112012/http://thesmokinggun.com/file/billionaire-palm-beach-sex-scandal |archive-date=January 12, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Cameras &amp; blackmail ====
In 2006, it was discovered{{By whom}} that Epstein often secretly installed [[Camera|cameras]] everywhere around his property.&lt;ref name=&quot;ibtimes-tapesexslave&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.com.au/prince-andrew-might-have-been-caught-tape-sex-slave-1407641|title=Prince Andrew Might Have Been Caught on Tape With 'Sex Slave'|last=Bhagat|first=Pooja|date=January 7, 2015|work=[[International Business Times]]|location=New York City|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150129122854/http://au.ibtimes.com/prince-andrew-might-have-been-caught-tape-sex-slave-1407641|archive-date=January 29, 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=November 8, 2016|quote=According to reports, papers filed against his friend Jeffrey Epstein in 2006 mentioned that he had installed hidden cameras everywhere in his property to record the indecent acts of important people with underage prostitutes for further criminal use such as blackmail.|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; He used these cameras to record sexual activity between underage girls and famous people.&lt;ref name=&quot;ibtimes-tapesexslave&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;blackmailcelebjeffepstein&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://au.ibtimes.com/prince-andrew-might-have-been-caught-tape-sex-slave-1407641 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20150129122854/http://au.ibtimes.com/prince-andrew-might-have-been-caught-tape-sex-slave-1407641 |url-status = dead |archive-date = January 29, 2015 |title = Prince Andrew Might Have Been Caught on Tape With 'Sex Slave' |first = Pooja |last = Bhagat |date = January 7, 2015 |work = [[International Business Times]]|publisher=IBT Media|location=New York City|access-date = November 8, 2016 |quote = According to recent reports, paper filed against his friend Jeffrey Epstein in 2006 mentioned that he had installed hidden cameras everywhere in his property to record the indecent acts of important people with underage prostitutes for further criminal use such as blackmail. }}&lt;/ref&gt; It was also discovered{{By whom}} that Epstein used secret recordings and underage spies to [[blackmail]] those famous people.&lt;ref name=&quot;LewisSwaine&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;blackmailcelebjeffepstein&quot; /&gt; These criminal claims were obtained from information relating to a previous lawsuit made by those famous people in 2006{{Clarify}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;blackmailcelebjeffepstein&quot; /&gt; 

In 2015, it was revealed that [[Andrew Mountbatten Windsor|then Prince Andrew, Duke of York]] had been blackmailed by Epstein.&lt;ref name=&quot;LewisSwaine&quot; /&gt; One of Epstein's former employees stated that Epstein would get three massages per day from underaged girls.&lt;ref name=&quot;thesmokinggun2006&quot; /&gt; Eventually the FBI getd proof that indeed Epstein was blackmailing famous people by spying on them.&lt;ref name=&quot;LewisSwaine&quot; /&gt;

==== Defense ====
In May 2006, the [[Palm Beach County, Florida|Palm Beach]] police had concluded that Jeffrey Epstein would be charged with four counts of unlawful sex with minors and one count of [[molestation]] (forcing sexual abuse).&lt;ref name=&quot;thesmokinggun2006&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://thesmokinggun.com/file/billionaire-palm-beach-sex-scandal|title=Palm Beach Police Dep't Probable Cause Affadavit|website=[[The Smoking Gun]]|date=May 1, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112112012/http://thesmokinggun.com/file/billionaire-palm-beach-sex-scandal |archive-date=January 12, 2015 |df = mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the [[court]] disagreed. 

Epstein's team of defense lawyers included [[Roy Black (attorney)|Roy Black]], Russell Crowe,&lt;ref&gt;[http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/ruling-kpmg-20060627.pdf U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York v. Jeffrey Stein, et al], ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'', June 27, 2006. Retrieved July 12, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Gerald B. Lefcourt|Gerald Lefcourt]], and [[Harvard Law]] Professor [[Alan Dershowitz]]. In 2007, [[Ken Starr]], the [[Special Prosecutor]] of [[Bill Clinton]], joined in to protect Epstein.&lt;ref name=&quot;nymag2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |first = Philip |last = Weiss |url = https://nymag.com/news/features/41826/ |title = The Fantasist |journal = [[New York (magazine)|New York]] |date = December 10, 2007 |access-date = November 7, 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161017175912/http://nymag.com/news/features/41826/ |archive-date = October 17, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.page2live.com/2007/09/12/lewinsky-prosecutor-joins-defense-of-clinton-crony/ |title=Lewinsky prosecutor joins defense of Clinton crony |work=[[Palm Beach Post]] |date=September 12, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516122546/http://www.page2live.com/2007/09/12/lewinsky-prosecutor-joins-defense-of-clinton-crony/ |archive-date=May 16, 2012 |access-date=July 10, 2019|df = mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

The police chief of Palm Beach, [[Michael Reiter (police chief)|Michael Reiter]], blamed the court for being too flexible when it came to Epstein's criminal case. Additionally, the police chief was not satisfied that court did not pass on the information clearly enough to the FBI.{{Clarify}}&lt;ref name=&quot;nymag2&quot; /&gt;

In the end, the [[grand jury]] ruled that Epstein should face only a single charge of unfair payment of [[prostitution]].&lt;ref name=&quot;beachpost2&quot; /&gt; In 2006, they concluded that Epstein had pleaded [[Guilt (law)|not guilty]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/03/us/03epstein.html |title = Questions of Preferential Treatment Are Raised in Florida Sex Case |work = [[The New York Times]] |date = September 3, 2006 |first = Abby |last = Goodnough |access-date = July 10, 2019 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111006173900/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/03/us/03epstein.html |archive-date = October 6, 2011 |df = mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Non-prosecution agreement (NPA) (2006–2008)===
{{expand section}}
On February 6, 2008, an [[Anonymity|anonymous]] woman from [[Virginia]] filed a [[lawsuit]] worth $50 million against Epstein.&lt;ref name=&quot;doe08&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/pi/doeepstein20608cmp5.html |title = 'Jane Doe' v. Jeffrey Epstein: Billionaire faces $50M sexual assault lawsuit |date = February 6, 2008 |work = [[FindLaw]] |publisher = Thomson Reuters |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141129233701/http://news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/pi/doeepstein20608cmp5.html |archive-date = November 29, 2014 |df = mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; She claimed that Epstein [[Sexual assault|sexually assaulted]] her when she was 16 years old, between 2004 and 2005. According to the lawsuit, the woman was originally &quot;recruited to give Epstein a massage&quot;, but later on Epstein went naked and had [[sexual intercourse]] with her.&lt;ref name=&quot;beachpost2&quot; /&gt; He paid her $200 immediately afterwards.&lt;ref name=&quot;beachpost2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first=Larry|last=Keller|url = http://www.palmbeachpost.com/localnews/content/local_news/epaper/2008/02/06/0206EPSTEIN.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080209131505/http://www.palmbeachpost.com/localnews/content/local_news/epaper/2008/02/06/0206EPSTEIN.html |archive-date = February 9, 2008 |title = Second teen-sex suit seeks $50{{Spaces}}million from Jeffrey Epstein |work = [[The Palm Beach Post]] |publisher=[[GateHouse Media]]|date = February 6, 2008 |df = mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; In March 2008, a similar $50 million lawsuit was filed by another woman who stated Epstein had sexually abused her.&lt;ref name=&quot;keller3rd&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last = Keller |first = Larry |title = Third alleged victim files sex suit against Jeffrey Epstein |work = [[The Palm Beach Post]] |publisher=[[GateHouse Media]]| date = March 5, 2008 |url = http://www.palmbeachpost.com/localnews/content/local_news/epaper/2008/03/05/0305epstein.html |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080308150500/http://www.palmbeachpost.com/localnews/content/local_news/epaper/2008/03/05/0305epstein.html |archive-date = March 8, 2008 |df = mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

However, these lawsuits, alongside similar lawsuits, were dismissed (cancelled and ignored).&lt;ref name=&quot;lewis&quot; /&gt; Epstein dealt with these types of lawsuits outside of court by paying the victims with [[Financial compensation|compensation]] money.&lt;ref name=&quot;lewis&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1 = Lewis |first1 = Paul |last2 = Ball |first2 = James |title = Prince Andrew named in U.S. lawsuit over underage sex claims |work = [[The Guardian]] |date = January 3, 2015 |url = https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/jan/02/prince-andrew-named-us-lawsuit-underage-sex-allegations |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161219131854/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/jan/02/prince-andrew-named-us-lawsuit-underage-sex-allegations |archive-date = December 19, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rush&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1 = Rush |first1 = George |last2 = Molloy |first2 = Joanna |title = Billionaire Jeffrey Epstein shells out more money in latest sex abuse lawsuit |work = [[New York Daily News|Daily News]] |location=New York |date = January 10, 2010 |url = http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/billionaire-jeffrey-epstein-shells-money-latest-sex-abuse-lawsuit-article-1.436147 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141205083843/http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/billionaire-jeffrey-epstein-shells-money-latest-sex-abuse-lawsuit-article-1.436147 |archive-date = December 5, 2014 |df = mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2008, he had a secret non-prosecution agreement with court that allowed him to have a lower court penalty while at the same time still keeping his luxury private locations.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnbc-epstein2019july&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/07/07/billionaire-jeffrey-epstein-arrested-on-sex-trafficking-charges.html|title = Billionaire Jeffrey Epstein due in court after sex trafficking arrest|website = [[CNBC]]|date = 7 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cnbc-secretdeal&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/jeffrey-epstein-s-once-secret-sex-offender-plea-deal-must-n1021471|title = Jeffrey Epstein's once-secret sex offender plea deal must stand, prosecutors say|website = [[NBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Instead of getting a [[Life imprisonment|life sentence]], he was jailed for just 18 months (though he served only 13 months) and only had to settle the victims with payments of money.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnbc-secretdeal&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theantlanticepstein&quot;&gt;[https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/07/when-jeffrey-epstein-joked-about-sex-abuse/593503/ When Jeffrey Epstein Joked About Sex Abuse - The Atlantic]&lt;/ref&gt; However, he still had to register as a [[sex offender]].&lt;ref name=&quot;cnbc-secretdeal&quot; /&gt;

===Arrest and registration as a sex offender (2008–2011)===
{{expand section}}

==== Secret court agreement ====
In 2008, Epstein had a secret agreement with court that he would get a lower court penalty. Along with a shorter jail sentence, he was allowed &quot;custody with work release&quot;, which means that he was allowed to be outside of prison for up to 16 hours per day.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent1&quot; /&gt; 

Epstein spent 13{{Spaces}}months in jail. After he was released, he served one year of [[house arrest]] with [[probation]], until August 2010. While he was on probation, he was allowed to travel in his plane to his private homes in [[Manhattan]] and his private island on [[Little Saint James, U.S. Virgin Islands|Little Saint James]], [[U.S. Virgin Islands]]. He was also allowed long shopping trips and to walk around [[Palm Beach, Florida|Palm Beach]] &quot;for exercise&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;county&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/article219494920.html|work=[[Miami Herald]]|first=Julie K.|last=Brown|author-link=Julie K. Brown|date=November 28, 2018|title=Even from jail, sex abuser manipulated the system. His victims were kept in the dark|access-date=December 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201013512/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/article219494920.html|archive-date=December 1, 2018|url-status=live|df = mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Registration ====
At a court hearing in January 2011, a judge ruled that Epstein had to remain registered in [[New York State]] as a &quot;level three&quot; (high risk of repeat offense) [[sex offender]] for the rest of his life.&lt;ref name=&quot;Palm Beach&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url = http://www.palmbeachdailynews.com/news/news/jeffrey-epstein-must-register-as-nys-highest-level/nMD5m/ |work = [[Palm Beach Daily News]] |publisher=[[GateHouse Media]]|first = Michele |last = Dargan |title = Jeffrey Epstein must register as NY's highest level sex offender |date = November 22, 2011 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160917021737/http://www.palmbeachdailynews.com/news/news/jeffrey-epstein-must-register-as-nys-highest-level/nMD5m/ |archive-date = September 17, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sutherland&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last = Sutherland |first = Amber |title = Billionaire Jeffrey Epstein: I'm a sex offender, not a predator |work = [[New York Post]] |publisher=[[Tribune Publishing|Tronc]]|date = February 25, 2011 |url = https://nypost.com/2011/02/25/billionaire-jeffrey-epstein-im-a-sex-offender-not-a-predator/ |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150113112652/http://nypost.com/2011/02/25/billionaire-jeffrey-epstein-im-a-sex-offender-not-a-predator/ |archive-date = January 13, 2015 |df = mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; At that court hearing, the [[Manhattan]] [[District attorney|District Attorney]] tried to argue that Epstein should be reduced to a low-risk &quot;level one&quot;, but he was refused by the judge. 

Epstein told the judge that his &quot;main&quot; home was in the [[U.S. Virgin Islands]]. Still, the judge ordered him to check in with the [[New York Police Department]] every 90{{Spaces}}days. Even though Epstein had been a level-three registered sex offender in New York since 2010, the New York Police Department never enforced the 90-day regulation, despite the fact that not following these rules is considered against the law.&lt;ref name=&quot;jta.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jta.org/2019/07/11/united-states/alan-dershowitz-helped-jeffrey-epstein-secure-his-controversial-plea-deal-he-has-no-regrets|title=Alan Dershowitz helped Jeffrey Epstein secure his controversial plea deal. He has no regrets.|date=July 11, 2019 |first=Ben |last=Sales}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Trafficking of young girls (2019)===
[[File:U.s. v. jeffrey epstein indictment 0.pdf|thumb|US v. Jeffrey Epstein document&lt;ref name=&quot;JeffreyEpsteinCourtSex-Justice.gov&quot; /&gt;]]

On July 6, 2019, Epstein was arrested at [[Teterboro Airport]] in [[New Jersey]] for [[sex trafficking]]. According to witnesses and sources, the FBI broke into Epstein's Manhattan [[townhouse]], the [[Herbert N. Straus House]], to investigate Epstein's criminal behavior further.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/state/florida/article232374872.html|title=Jeffrey Epstein arrested on sex trafficking charges|last=Brown|first=Julie K.|date=2019-07-06|website=[[Miami Herald]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707032426/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/state/florida/article232374872.html|archive-date=July 7, 2019|url-status=live|access-date=2019-07-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;'Heavy'&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Here's the $77M Mansion the Feds Want to Seize from Jeffrey Epstein|url=https://heavy.com/news/2019/07/jeffrey-epstein-house/|publisher=Heavy|access-date=July 8, 2019|date=July 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708214120/https://heavy.com/news/2019/07/jeffrey-epstein-house/|archive-date=July 8, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Two days later, the Public [[Corruption]] Unit of the [[United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York|Southern District of New York]] charged Epstein for attempted [[sex trafficking]] of minors. Court documents show that Epstein was attempting to bring at least 40 underaged girls to his mansion to [[Child sex abuse|sexually abuse]] them.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shallwani&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeffrey-epstein-arrested-for-sex-trafficking-of-minors-source|title=Jeffrey Epstein Arrested for Sex Trafficking of Minors|last1=Shallwani|first1=Pervaiz|date=2019-07-06|work=[[Daily Beast]]|access-date=2019-07-07|last2=Briquelet|first2=Kate|language=en|last3=Siegel|first3=Harry|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707020019/https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeffrey-epstein-arrested-for-sex-trafficking-of-minors-source|archive-date=July 7, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

It was discovered{{By whom}} that Epstein owned a private [[Boeing 727]] jet that he had used to invite underaged guests to his mansion. He traveled in his private jet frequently, logging &quot;600 flying hours a year (...) usually with guests on board.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;nwPrincesPremiers&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Ostler |first1=Catherine |url=https://www.newsweek.com/2015/02/06/sex-offender-who-mixes-princes-and-premiers-302877.html |access-date=September 3, 2018 |work=Newsweek |title=Jeffrey Epstein: The Sex Offender Who Mixes With Princes and Premiers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904052429/https://www.newsweek.com/2015/02/06/sex-offender-who-mixes-princes-and-premiers-302877.html |archive-date=September 4, 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Bryant |first=Nick |title=Flight Logs Put Clinton, Dershowitz on Pedophile Billionaire's Sex Jet |url=https://gawker.com/flight-logs-put-clinton-dershowitz-on-pedophile-billio-1681039971 |access-date=September 3, 2018 |work=Gawker |date=2015-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912082942/http://gawker.com/flight-logs-put-clinton-dershowitz-on-pedophile-billio-1681039971 |archive-date=September 12, 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Calahan |first=Maureen |title=The 'sex slave' scandal that exposed pedophile billionaire Jeffrey Epstein |url=https://nypost.com/2016/10/09/the-sex-slave-scandal-that-exposed-pedophile-billionaire-jeffrey-epstein/ |work=New York Post |date=October 9, 2016 |access-date=July 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727181328/https://nypost.com/2016/10/09/the-sex-slave-scandal-that-exposed-pedophile-billionaire-jeffrey-epstein/ |archive-date=July 27, 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; A fraudulent Austrian passport, expired in 1987 and displaying Epstein’s photo under another name, was discovered in his safe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Jeffrey Epstein had fake Austrian passport in his safe, prosecutors say|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/state/florida/article232374872.html|newspaper=Miami Herald|date=July 2019|access-date=February 11, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; His attorneys claimed he was advised to get it due to kidnapping as a risk as he is &quot;an affluent member of the Jewish faith.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Epstein lawyers claim fake passport was needed to hide Jewishness|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/epstein-lawyers-claim-fake-passport-was-needed-to-hide-jewishness|newspaper=The Times of Israel|date=July 18, 2019|access-date=February 11, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Personal life==

As a successful businessman, Jeffrey Epstein met many famous people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/07/jeffrey-epstein-high-society-contacts.html|title=Who Was Jeffrey Epstein Calling? A close study of his circle—social, professional, transactional—reveals a damning portrait of elite New York|date=July 22, 2019|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]|access-date=July 25, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was friends with [[Andrew Mountbatten Windsor|then Prince Andrew]] and [[Thomas J. Barrack Jr.|Tom Barrack]],&lt;ref name=&quot;michaelwolff&quot;&gt;{{cite book| last = Wolff| first = Michael| author-link = Michael Wolff (journalist)| title = Fire and Fury: Inside the Trump White House| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=e5IItAEACAAJ| date = 2018| publisher = Henry Holt and Company| location = New York City| isbn = 978-1-250-15806-2| page = 53| access-date = April 8, 2018| via = [[Google Books]] }}&lt;/ref&gt; and met with [[Bill Clinton]], [[George Stephanopoulos]], [[Donald Trump]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/politics/ct-jeffrey-epstien-alexander-acosta-sex-abuse-case-20170321-story.html|title=Trump's Labor nominee Acosta cut deal with billionaire in underage sex abuse case|first=Marc|last=Fisher|website=[[Chicago Tribune]]|access-date=August 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731011746/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/politics/ct-jeffrey-epstien-alexander-acosta-sex-abuse-case-20170321-story.html|archive-date=July 31, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Katie Couric]], and [[Woody Allen]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/mar/13/prince-andrew-jeffrey-epstein |title = Prince Andrew's link to sex offender Jeffrey Epstein taints royalty in US |newspaper = [[The Guardian]] |date = March 12, 2011 |first = Paul |last = Harris |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161108052840/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/mar/13/prince-andrew-jeffrey-epstein |archive-date = November 8, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

The [[friendship]] between Epstein and Trump ended in the 2000s, though journalists are not sure why.&lt;ref&gt;[https://docs.house.gov/meetings/JU/JU08/20250227/117951/HHRG-119-JU08-20250227-SD006-U6.pdf Jeffrey Epstein Tapes: ‘I Was Donald Trump’s Closest Friend’] ''Hugh Dougherty''. Feb 27, 2025&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6TaJxJFilms How did the Trump-Epstein friendship *really* end?] ''Chris Cillizza''. July 30, 2025&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tucker Carlson]] thinks that Epstein was an [[Espionage|intelligence asset]], and [[Megyn Kelly]] thinks that he worked for [[Mossad]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newsnationnow.com/politics/jeffrey-epstein-conspiracies-intelligence-agent/ Jeffrey Epstein conspiracies: Was he an intelligence agent?] ''Diana Falzone''. July 23, 2025 &lt;/ref&gt;

Epstein was a supporter of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=News|first=A. B. C.|title=Jeffrey Epstein donated to several Democrats throughout 1990s and early 2000s|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/jeffrey-epstein-donated-democrats-1990s-early-2000s/story?id=64255485|access-date=2023-02-22|website=ABC News|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2000, he established the [[Jeffrey Epstein VI Foundation]], which funds science research and education. Before 2003, the foundation funded [[Martin Nowak]]'s research at the [[Institute for Advanced Study]] in the city of [[Princeton, New Jersey]]. In May 2003, Epstein created the ''Program for Evolutionary Dynamics'' at [[Harvard University]], a program aimed to research [[evolution]], with a $30&amp;nbsp;million gift.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first = Jacquelyn M. |last = Scharnick |title = People in the News: Jeffrey E. Epstein |url = http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2003/6/5/people-in-the-news-jeffrey-e/ |work = [[The Harvard Crimson]] |date = June 5, 2003 |access-date = November 7, 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161201102812/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2003/6/5/people-in-the-news-jeffrey-e/ |archive-date = December 1, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Death==
[[file:Epstein Final Mugshot.png|thumb|Epstein's final mugshot, July 9, 2019]]

=== Injury &amp; suicide watch ===
On July 23, 2019, Epstein was found [[Consciousness|unconscious]] in his jail cell with injuries to his neck.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT_20190817&quot;&gt;{{cite news | title=Inmate 76318-054: The Last Days of Jeffrey Epstein | work=The New York Times | date=August 17, 2019 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/17/nyregion/epstein-suicide-death.html | access-date=August 18, 2019 | last1=Watkins | first1=Ali | last2=Ivory | first2=Danielle | first3=Christina | last3= Goldbaum }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;epstein-fox-dead&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/jeffrey-epstein-taken-off-suicide-watch-by-doctoral-level-psychologist-doj-says|title=Jeffrey Epstein taken off suicide watch after examination by 'doctoral-level psychologist,' DOJ says|work=Fox News|date=23 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; His cellmate, former [[police officer]] Nicholas Tartaglione, denied hurting Epstein. When police asked Epstein about the incident, Epstein refused to reply to them.&lt;ref name=&quot;Independent&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first=Colin |last=Drury |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/jeffrey-epstein-injured-jail-suicide-watch-sex-trafficking-prison-a9019896.html |title=Jeffrey Epstein: Billionaire paedophile 'found with neck injuries in jail' |work=[[The Independent]] |date=July 25, 2019 |access-date=July 26, 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Jeffrey-Epstein-Found-Injured-in-NYC-Jail-Cell-After-Possible-Suicide-Attempt-or-Assault-Sources-513174311.html|title=Jeffrey Epstein Found Injured in NYC Jail Cell After Possible Suicide Attempt: Sources|work=[[WNBC]]|last=Dienst|first=Jonathan|date=July 24, 2019|access-date=July 24, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://radaronline.com/exclusives/2019/07/jeffrey-epstein-suspected-suicide-scandal/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725031509/https://radaronline.com/exclusives/2019/07/jeffrey-epstein-suspected-suicide-scandal/ |archive-date=July 25, 2019 |url-status=live|title=Jeffrey Epstein Suspected Of Attempting Suicide In Jail|date=July 25, 2019|work=RadarOnline |first1=James |last1=Robertson |first2=Jen |last2=Heger |access-date=July 25, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;found&quot;&gt;{{cite news | first1= William K. |last1= Rashbaum | first2= Benjamin | last2= Weiser | first3=Michael | last3=Gold | title=Jeffrey Epstein Is Found Injured in Jail Cell | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=July 25, 2019 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/25/nyregion/jeffrey-epstein-injured-jail.html | access-date=July 25, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; After that incident, he was placed on [[suicide watch]].&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian-epsteindeath&quot; /&gt;

=== Special housing unit ===
Six days later on July 29, Epstein was taken off [[suicide]] watch. He was moved into a special housing unit with another [[inmate]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT_20190817&quot; /&gt; 

The jail told the Justice Department to regularly check Epstein's jail cell. They made sure that Epstein always had a cellmate nearby. Additionally, a guard would check his cell every 30&amp;nbsp;minutes for any suspicious activity. The Justice Department followed these rules everyday until the night before Epstein's death.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT_20190817&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT_20190810&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:36&quot; /&gt; 

On August 9, Epstein's former cellmate was transferred out of Epstein's cell, but no replacement cellmate was brought in.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/it-was-inevitable-officers-watching-epstein-were-on-overtime-due-to-jail-staffing-shortage-union-president-says/2019/08/11/2b611404-bc5e-11e9-a5c6-1e74f7ec4a93_story.html|title=Correction officers, did not check on Epstein for several hours before his death, violating protocol, person familiar with the case says.|first1=Matt | last1=Zapotsky |first2=Devlin | last2=Barrett |date=August 11, 2019|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=August 14, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later in the evening, Epstein had not been checked every 30&amp;nbsp;minutes.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT_20190817&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT_20190810&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/10/nyregion/jeffrey-epstein-suicide-watch.html|title=Why Wasn't Jeffrey Epstein on Suicide Watch When He Died?|last=Watkins|first=Ali|date=2019-08-10|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-08-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:36&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/11/nyregion/epstein-death-manhattan-correctional-center.html|title=Before Jail Suicide, Epstein Was Left Alone and Not Closely Monitored|last1=Benner|first1=Katie|date=August 11, 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-08-11|last2=Ivory|first2=Danielle|issn=0362-4331|last3=Jr|first3=Richard A. Oppel}}&lt;/ref&gt; The two guards that were supposed to supervise Epstein fell asleep for three hours and made false records of Epstein's activity.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT_20190817&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/13/nyregion/jeffrey-epstein-jail-officers.html|title=Jeffrey Epstein Death: 2 Guards Slept Through Checks and Falsified Records|last1=Benner|first1=Katie|date=2019-08-13|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-08-14|last2=Ivory|first2=Danielle|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; Two cameras in front of Epstein's cell also stopped working that night.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot; /&gt;

Epstein's close friends believed that he was still happy while in jail.&lt;ref name=&quot;WaPoFoulPlay&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Jeffrey Epstein dead after 'apparent suicide' in New York |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/jeffrey-epstein-kills-himself-in-jail-according-to-media-reports/2019/08/10/a3d48862-bb73-11e9-b3b4-2bb69e8c4e39_story.html |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=12 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Hanging ===
Epstein [[suicide|killed himself]] by [[hanging]] on August 10, 2019,&lt;ref name=&quot;:30&quot; /&gt; while at the [[Metropolitan Correctional Center, New York|Metropolitan Correctional Center]] in [[New York City]]. His body was found in his cell at 6:30 a.m.&lt;ref name=&quot;WashingtonPost_20190810&quot;&gt;{{cite news | title=Jeffrey Epstein dead after apparent suicide in New York jail | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | date=August 10, 2019 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/jeffrey-epstein-kills-himself-in-jail-according-to-media-reports/2019/08/10/a3d48862-bb73-11e9-b3b4-2bb69e8c4e39_story.html | access-date=August 10, 2019 | first1=Matt | last1=Zapotosky | first2=Devlin | last2=Barrett | first3=Renae | last3=Merle | first4=Carol D. | last4=Leonnig }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes suicide&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/10/nyregion/jeffrey-epstein-suicide.html  |title = Jeffrey Epstein Dead in Suicide at Manhattan Jail, Officials Say | first1= William K. |last1= Rashbaum | first2= Benjamin | last2= Weiser | first3=Michael | last3=Gold | date= August 10, 2019 | access-date = August 10, 2019 | work = [[The New York Times]] }}&lt;/ref&gt; He had been dead for a few hours at 6:30 a.m.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F76T92iE-O8 Pathologist hired by Epstein’s family says autopsy may point to murder]. ''CBS''. January 6, 2020&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Investigation ===
[[United States Attorney General|U.S Attorney General]] [[William Barr]] ordered an investigation by the Department of Justice Inspector General in addition to the [[FBI]] investigation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/jeffrey-epstein-dead-by-suicide-found-in-manhattan-jail-cell|title=Jeffrey Epstein dead from apparent suicide in Manhattan jail cell; FBI investigating|last=Suarez Sang|first=Lucia I.|date=August 10, 2019|work=Fox News|access-date=10 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On August 29, 2019, the judge decided to end the criminal investigation of Epstein, because his death made it impossible to investigate further.&lt;ref name=&quot;epsteinclosed&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;epsteinreutersdismiss&quot; /&gt;

=== Controversy &amp; response ===
Ever since Epstein's death, [[Internet meme]]s have appeared in many forms, stating that &quot;Epstein didn't kill himself&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;epstein-didn't-kill-himself&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/story/epstein-didnt-kill-himself-conspiracy/|title='Epstein Didn't Kill Himself' and the Meme-ing of Conspiracy|via=www.wired.com|access-date=November 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129233836/https://www.wired.com/story/epstein-didnt-kill-himself-conspiracy/|archive-date=November 29, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many of these memes come from the dispute over whether Epstein actually committed suicide or was murdered.&lt;ref name=&quot;Courant&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sisak |first1=Michael R. |title='Epstein didn't kill himself': Feds fail to snuff out conspiracy theories |url=https://www.courant.com/nation-world/ct-nw-jeffrey-epstein-conspiracy-theories-20191123-5smcuhoeajdcrikft2fpgy7cxm-story.html |access-date=December 1, 2019 |work=[[Hartford Courant]] |agency=Associated Press |date=November 24, 2019 |location=New York |archive-date=November 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130193232/https://www.courant.com/nation-world/ct-nw-jeffrey-epstein-conspiracy-theories-20191123-5smcuhoeajdcrikft2fpgy7cxm-story.html |url-status=live |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

In July 2025, the [[Second presidency of Donald Trump|Trump Administration]] provided a lengthy video of the area outside Epstein's room around the time of his death. The video shows that nobody entered the room. [[Pam Bondi]] was asked about the &quot;missing minute&quot;. She [[reasoning|explained]] that the [[CCTV]] system resets every night. Therefore, she stated, there is nothing to worry about concerning the missing video.&lt;ref&gt;[https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/5390069-pam-bondi-explains-epstein-video/ Bondi explains missing minute in Epstein video]. July 8, 2025&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newsweek.com/pam-bondi-jeffrey-epstein-client-list-missing-minute-2096185 Pam Bondi Reacts to Missing Minute in Jeffrey Epstein Video]. July 8, 2025&lt;/ref&gt; However, the [[metadata]] of the video shows that the [[video editing|video was edited]] (they did not provide the original complete video(s) to the public) by a software called &quot;[[Adobe Inc.|Adobe]] Premiere Pro&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/was-jeffrey-epsteins-prison-video-released-by-trump-administration-manipulated-report-claims-8868438 Was Jeffrey Epstein's Prison Video Released By Trump Administration Manipulated?] July 14, 2025&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.livenowfox.com/news/epstein-prison-video-edit-discrepancy Jeffrey Epstein prison video had nearly 3 minutes cut from it]. ''Austin Williams'', LiveNOW from FOX. July 16, 2025&lt;/ref&gt; 

Many politicians want the Trump Administration to release the relevant files in [[public interest]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rNMGFMEFYFw Booker Won’t Back Down: Demands Epstein Files Over GOP Objections]. ''Senator Cory Booker''. July 26, 2025&lt;/ref&gt; On November 12, 2025, a congressional committee made available 20,000 pages of Epstein's emails.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Scribner | first=Herb | title=Here are all the &quot;Epstein files&quot; that have been released | website=Axios | date=2025-11-12 | url=https://www.axios.com/2025/11/12/new-epstein-files-emails-released-doj-trump | access-date=2025-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last1=Enrich | first1=David | last2=Confessore | first2=Nicholas | last3=Silver-Greenberg | first3=Jessica | last4=Eder | first4=Steve | title=After Trump Split, Epstein Said He Could ‘Take Him Down’ | website=The New York Times | date=2025-11-13 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/11/12/us/epstein-emails-trump.html | access-date=2025-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; These have been released as the [[Epstein files]].

==Epstein files==
{{main|Epstein files}}
The Epstein files are a set of documents that recorded Jeffrey Epstein and his activities throughout and after his life. These were publicly released in November 2025.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carney &amp; Fuchs&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Carney |first1=Jordaine |last2=Fuchs |first2=Hailey |last3=Lee Hill |first3=Meredith |date=November 18, 2025 |title=Senate approves Epstein files bill, sending it to Trump's desk |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/11/18/house-approves-epstein-files-bill-in-near-unanimous-vote-00656764 |work=[[Politico]] |language=en |archive-url= |archive-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Before the public release of the Epstein files, people believed that there is a secret document containing a list of people who are associated with him.

==Related pages==
*[[Jean-Luc Brunel]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Other websites==
{{Commons category-inline|Jeffrey Epstein}}
{{Jeffrey Epstein sex trafficking conviction}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Epstein, Jeffrey}}
[[Category:Jeffrey Epstein| ]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Philanthropists from New York (state)]]
[[Category:American sex offenders]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from New York City]]
[[Category:Child sexual abusers]]
[[Category:Criminals from New York City]]
[[Category:Criminals who committed suicide]]
[[Category:Jewish American criminals]]
[[Category:Jewish businesspeople]]
[[Category:Jewish philanthropists]]
[[Category:People who died in prison custody]]
[[Category:Suicides by hanging in the United States]]
[[Category:Democrats (United States)]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>M. Gessen</title>
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        <username>Irn</username>
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      <comment>Irn moved page [[Masha Gessen]] to [[M. Gessen]]: they changed their name</comment>
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      <text bytes="2485" sha1="jd89dlx11jclbbawz6kd81aiy0pkza4" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Gessen, Masha1.jpeg|right|200px]]
'''Masha Gessen''' (born '''Maria Alexandrovna Gessen''' ({{lang-rus|Мари́я Алекса́ндровна Ге́ссен|p=maˈrʲijə ɐlʲɪkˈsandrəvnəˈɡʲesən}}) 13 January 1967) is a Russian-American journalist, author, translator and activist. She is known for being a very vocal critic of the [[President of Russia|Russian President]] [[Vladimir Putin]] and [[President of the United States|American President]] [[Donald Trump]].&lt;ref name=&quot;autocracy&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Gessen|first=Masha|date=10 November 2016|title= Autocracy: Rules for Survival|url= http://www.nybooks.com/daily/2016/11/10/trump-election-autocracy-rules-for-survival/|newspaper= The New York Review of Books|access-date=16 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was born in [[Moscow]].

Gessen is openly a [[lesbian]].&lt;ref name=UNC&gt;{{cite web|last=UNC|title=Masha Gessen: &quot;The Rise of Radical 'Family Values' in Russia|url=http://events.unc.edu/event/mashagessen/|work=University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|access-date=15 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; She lives in [[New York City]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/10/opinion/gessen-a-kind-of-racism-were-not-used-to.html?_r=2|title = A Kind of Racism We're Not Used To |first=Masha|last=Gessen|author-link=Masha Gessen|date=9 January 2014|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=31 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gessen has written [[columns]] for ''[[The New York Times]]'', ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', ''[[The Washington Post]]'', the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', ''[[The New Republic]]'', ''[[New Statesman]]'', ''[[Granta]]'', ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'', ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', ''[[Harper's Magazine]]'', ''[[The New Yorker]]'', and ''[[U.S. News &amp; World Report]]''.  Since 2017, she has been a staff writer for ''[[The New Yorker]]''.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gessen, Masha}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American LGBT rights activists]]
[[Category:American political commentators]]
[[Category:Jewish activists]]
[[Category:Jewish American writers]]
[[Category:Journalists from New York City]]
[[Category:Lesbian Jews]]
[[Category:LGBT journalists]]
[[Category:LGBT people from New York City]]
[[Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States]]
[[Category:Russian journalists]]
[[Category:Russian Jews]]
[[Category:Russian LGBT people]]
[[Category:American translators]]
[[Category:Writers from Moscow]]


{{US-bio-stub}}</text>
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'''M. Gessen''' (previously known as '''Masha Gessen''' ({{lang-rus|Мари́я Алекса́ндровна Ге́ссен|p=maˈrʲijə ɐlʲɪkˈsandrəvnəˈɡʲesən}}) 13 January 1967) is a Russian-American journalist, author, translator and activist. She is known for being a very vocal critic of the [[President of Russia|Russian President]] [[Vladimir Putin]] and [[President of the United States|American President]] [[Donald Trump]].&lt;ref name=&quot;autocracy&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Gessen|first=Masha|date=10 November 2016|title= Autocracy: Rules for Survival|url= http://www.nybooks.com/daily/2016/11/10/trump-election-autocracy-rules-for-survival/|newspaper= The New York Review of Books|access-date=16 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was born in [[Moscow]].

Gessen is openly a [[lesbian]].&lt;ref name=UNC&gt;{{cite web|last=UNC|title=Masha Gessen: &quot;The Rise of Radical 'Family Values' in Russia|url=http://events.unc.edu/event/mashagessen/|work=University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|access-date=15 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; She lives in [[New York City]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/10/opinion/gessen-a-kind-of-racism-were-not-used-to.html?_r=2|title = A Kind of Racism We're Not Used To |first=Masha|last=Gessen|author-link=Masha Gessen|date=9 January 2014|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=31 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gessen has written [[columns]] for ''[[The New York Times]]'', ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', ''[[The Washington Post]]'', the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', ''[[The New Republic]]'', ''[[New Statesman]]'', ''[[Granta]]'', ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'', ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', ''[[Harper's Magazine]]'', ''[[The New Yorker]]'', and ''[[U.S. News &amp; World Report]]''.  Since 2017, she has been a staff writer for ''[[The New Yorker]]''.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gessen, Masha}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American LGBT rights activists]]
[[Category:American political commentators]]
[[Category:Jewish activists]]
[[Category:Jewish American writers]]
[[Category:Journalists from New York City]]
[[Category:Lesbian Jews]]
[[Category:LGBT journalists]]
[[Category:LGBT people from New York City]]
[[Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States]]
[[Category:Russian journalists]]
[[Category:Russian Jews]]
[[Category:Russian LGBT people]]
[[Category:American translators]]
[[Category:Writers from Moscow]]


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  <page>
    <title>List of programs broadcast by Sony SAB</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>/* Upcoming broadcasts */</comment>
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      <text bytes="18850" sha1="oqwk70rcm3rx76cg3ch1yzi9v30t9e4" xml:space="preserve">{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}

This is the list of original programming currently and formerly broadcast by the Indian television channel [[Sony SAB]].

== Current broadcasts ==
&lt;!--Do not add content without providing a reliably published source--&gt;
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
!Premiere date
!Show
!Production house 
|-
|28 July 2008
|''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-disha-vakani-to-be-replaced-5656439/|title=Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah: Disha Vakani to be replaced, makers start hunt for new Dayaben|date=3 April 2019 |access-date=2019-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Neela Tele Films
|-
| 9 June 2022
|''Pushpa Impossible''
|Hats Off Production
|-
|18 August 2025
|''Itti Si Khushi''
|Rose Audio Visuals Production 
|-
|6 April 2026
|''Hui Gumm Yaadein - Ek Doctor Do Zindagiyaan
|Sobo Films
|}

== Upcoming broadcasts ==
&lt;!--Do not add content without providing a reliably published source--&gt;
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Premiere date
!Show
!Production house 
|-
|July 2026
|''Papa Kehte Hain'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-07-08|title=Khushi Dubey returns to screen with Yash Patnaik's next Party Of Five adaptation on Sony SAB|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/exclusive-khushi-dubey-gets-candid-about-playing-momita-in-new-show-papa-kehte-hain-23621055|website=MidDay}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Beyond Dreams Entertainment&lt;br&gt; Inspire Films
|-
|August 2026
|''Kaise Kar Loon Yeh Jaadu''
| Optimystix Entertainment
|}

==Former broadcasts==
===Comedy series===
* ''A Mad House&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/jan/jan95.htm|title=Sab TV revamps 8 - 10&amp;nbsp;pm band; launches 9 new shows|date=12 January 2005|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2005)''
* ''Aadat Se Majboor (2017–2018)''
* ''Aaj Ke Shrimaan Shrimati&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot; /&gt; (2005)''
* ''Abhi Toh Main Jawan Hoon&lt;ref name=&quot;Growth&quot; /&gt; (2003)''
* ''Aflatoon&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k1/aug/aug20.htm|title=Sabe TV readies new programming; says it beats Zee and Sony in rest of Maharashtra|date=9 August 2001|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2001)''
* ''Akting-Akting&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021222/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2002-2003)''
* ''Ammaji Ki Galli (2011)''
* ''Apna News Aayega&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/aditi-bhatia-apna-news-aayega-comedy-show-5811309/|title=AdUpcoming Broadcastsiti Bhatia: Apna News Aayega is very different from other comedy shows|date=2 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2019–2020)''
* ''Bade Miya Chhote Miya&lt;ref name=&quot;Growth&quot; /&gt; (2003)''
* ''[[Badi Door Se Aaye Hain]] (2014–2016)''
* ''Bhakharwadi (2019–2020)''
* ''Band Baaja Bandh Darwaza&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/at-the-launch-of-band-baja-bandh-darwaza/videoshow/67560670.cms|title=At the launch of Band Baja Bandh Darwaza &amp;#124; TV - Times of India Videos|newspaper=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2019)''
* ''Baavle Utaavle &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/baavle-utaavle-going-off-air-actress-shivani-badoni-shares-goofy-pictures/articleshow/70679052.cms|title=Baavle Utaavle going off-air; actress Shivani Badoni shares goofy pictures - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=14 August 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; (2019)''
* ''Beechwale - Bapu Dekh Raha Hai (2018–2019)''
* ''Bhaago KK Aaya (2008)''
* ''Bhai Bhaiya Aur Brother (2012)''
* ''Bhootwala Serial (2009)''
* ''Carry on Alia (2019–2020)''
* ''Chandrakant Chiplunkar Seedi Bamba Wala (2014)''
* ''Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi...Let's Go (2015–2016)''
* ''Chamcha in Chief&lt;ref name=&quot;Lok&quot; /&gt; (2005–2006)''
* ''Chidiya Ghar (2011–2017)''
* ''Chintu Chinki Aur Ek Badi Si Love Story (2011–2012)''
* ''Chhupke Chhupke&lt;ref name=&quot;Seven&quot; /&gt; (2014)''
* ''Daddy Samjha Karo&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000709/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2000–2001)''
* ''Dhaba Junction&lt;ref name=&quot;Growth&quot; /&gt; (2003–2004)''
* ''Dil Deke Dekho (2016–2017)''
* ''Don't Worry Chachu (2011–2012)''
* ''Dr. Bhanumati On Duty (2016)''
* ''Dr. Madhumati On Duty&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/sab-tv-dr-bhanumati-dr-madhumati-kavita-kaushik-rati-pandey-debina-bonnerjee-lifetv/1/709514.html|title=SAB TV's Dr Bhanumati to be changed to Dr Madhumati?|date=7 July 2016|website=India Today|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820043409/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/sab-tv-dr-bhanumati-dr-madhumati-kavita-kaushik-rati-pandey-debina-bonnerjee-lifetv/1/709514.html|archive-date=20 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2016)''
* ''F.I.R. (2006–2015)''
* ''Full Masti 88.2&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/story/20876_Is-SAB-moving-back-to-the-humour-platform|title=Is SAB moving back to the humour platform?|date=13 April 2008|website=www.afaqs.com|access-date=17 August 2019|archive-date=14 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714114306/https://www.afaqs.com/news/story/20876_Is-SAB-moving-back-to-the-humour-platform|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2008)''
* ''Funhit Mein Jaari (2020–2021)''
* ''Golmaal Hai Bhai Sab Golmaal Hai (2012)''
* ''Gopi Gadha Aur Gupshup&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Gopi-Gadha-Aur-Gupshup-on-SAB-TV/articleshow/14150562.cms|title=Gopi, Gadha Aur Gupshup on SAB TV - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=15 June 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; (2012)''
* ''The Great Indian Family Drama'' (2015)
* ''Gunwale Dulhania Le Jayenge&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/gunwale-dulhaniya-le-jayenge-on-sab/story-Ihix2VfVroMw6qrn1NvS4J.html|title=Gunwale dulhaniya le jayenge on SAB|date=26 February 2009|website=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2009)''
* ''Gupp Chupp (2016)''
* ''Gutur Gu (2010–2014)''
* ''Hansi He Hansi...Mil Toh Lein (2015)''
* ''Hassi Woh Phassi (2003)&lt;ref name=&quot;Growth&quot; /&gt;''
* ''Hum Aapke Ghar Mein Rehte Hain (2015)''
* ''Hum Aapke Hain In Laws (2013)''
* ''Humse Hai Zamana&lt;ref name=&quot;Seven&quot; /&gt; (2008)''
* ''I Luv My India (2012)''
* ''Jasoos 005&lt;ref name=&quot;Seven&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/may/may222.htm|title=SAB TV to launch seven new shows|date=May 28, 2014|access-date=July 29, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905112626/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/may/may222.htm|archive-date=5 September 2008|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2008)''
* ''Jaankhilavan Jasoos&lt;ref&gt;https://www.adgully.com/sab-tv-launches-india-s-first-detective-comedy-jaankhilavan-jasoos-45010.html&lt;/ref&gt; (2010–2011)''
* ''Jeannie Aur Juju (2012–2014)''
* ''Jijaji Chhat Per Hain (2018–2020)''
* ''Jijaji Chhat Parr Koii Hai(2021)''
* ''Jugni Chali Jalandhar (2008–2010)''
* ''Jo Biwi Se Kare Pyaar&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jo-biwi-se-kare-pyaar-deepti-bhatnagar-arjun-bijlani-shweta-gulatirakesh-paul/articleshow/24582207.cms? | title='Jo Biwi Se...' is India's first fiction-cookery show! | newspaper=The Times of India | date=23 October 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; (2013)''
*
* ''Khatmal E Ishq (2016–2017)''
* ''Khidki (2016)''
* ''Krishna Kanhaiya&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2015/06/sab-tv-gears-to-launch-new-show-krishan-kanhaiya-on-june-29/|title=Sab TV gears to launch new show 'Krishan Kanhaiya' on June 29|website=www.bestmediaifo.com|date=17 June 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; (2015)''
* ''Lapataganj (2009–2014)''
* ''Lo Ho Gayi Pooja Iss Ghar Ki&lt;ref name=&quot;Rin&quot; /&gt; (2008–2009)''
* ''Main Kab Saas Banoongi (2008–2009) ''
* ''Malegaon Ka Chintu (2011–2014)''
* ''Mangalam Dangalam (2018–2019)''
* ''Maniben.com (2009–2010)''
* ''Masti&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot; /&gt; (2005)''
* ''Mohalla Mohabbat Wala&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; (2008)''
* ''Mrs. &amp; Mr. Sharma Allahabadwale (2010–2011)''
* ''Mrs. Tendulkar (2011)''
* ''My Name Ijj Lakhan (2019)''
* ''Namune (2018)''
* ''Office Office (2001–2004)''
* ''Papad Pol (2010–2011)''
* ''Partners Trouble Ho Gayi Double (2017–2018)''
* ''Platform No. 9&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot; /&gt; (2005)''
* ''Police Factory (2015–2016)''
* ''Pritam Pyare Aur Woh (2014)''
* ''R. K. Laxman Ki Duniya (2011–2013)''
* ''Saat Phero Ki Hera Pherie (2018)''
* ''Sab Ka Bheja Fry&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/sab-tv-launches-sab-ka-bheja-fry-under-humour-block-27153.html|title=SAB TV launches 'Sab ka Bheja Fry' under humour block - Exchange4media|website=Indian Advertising Media &amp; Marketing News – exchange4media}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2007)''
* ''Sab Kuch Ho Sakta Hai&lt;ref name=&quot;Lok&quot; /&gt; (2005–2006)''
* ''Sabse Bada Rupaiya&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot; /&gt; (2005)''
* ''Saheb Biwi Aur Boss (2015–2016)''
* ''Sahib Biwi Ka Ghulam&lt;ref name=&quot;Hasi&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/apr/apr186.htm|title=SAB TV primed up for humour|date=April 24, 2003|access-date=July 29, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716181124/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/apr/apr186.htm|archive-date=16 July 2012|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2003)''
* ''Sajan Re Jhoot Mat Bolo (2009–2012)''
* ''Sajan Re Phir Jhoot Mat Bolo (2017–2018)''
* ''Shankar Jaikishan 3 in 1 (2017)''
* ''Shree Adi Manav (2008)''
* ''Shrimaan Shrimati Phir Se (2018)''
* ''Shree Sifarishilal&lt;ref name=&quot;Carry&quot; /&gt; (2003–2004)''
* ''Sonu Sweety&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/the-laughter-queens/cid/598787|title=The laughter queens|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2008–2009)''
* ''Super Sisters - Chalega Pyar Ka Jaadu (2018)''
* ''Tenali Rama (2017–2020)''
* ''Thank You Jijaji (2009)''
* ''Tota Weds Maina (2013)''
* ''[[Trideviyaan]] (2016–2017)''
* ''Tu Mere Agal Bagal Hai (2014)''
* ''TV, Biwi aur Main (2017)''
* ''Waqt Hamara Hai&lt;ref name=&quot;Seven&quot; /&gt; (2008)''
* ''[[Woh Teri Bhabhi Hai Pagle]] (2016)''
* ''[[Yam Hain Hum]] (2014–2016)''
* ''[[Yeh Chanda Kanoon Hai]] (2009–2010)''
* ''[[Yes Boss (TV series)|Yes Boss]] (1999–2009)''
* ''[[Zabaan Sambhalke]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/oct/oct132.htm |title=Sab TV steadily increasing channel share &amp;#124; Indian Television Dot Com |publisher=Indiantelevision.com |date=2003-10-15 |access-date=2020-01-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2003–2004)''

====Drama series====
{{div col}}
* ''[[Aladdin – Naam Toh Suna Hoga]] (2018–2021)''
*''[[Ali Baba (TV series)|''Ali Baba'']](2022-2023)
* ''[[Alif Laila]]&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k1/may/may16.htm|title=SABe TV in month-long programme push|date=12 May 2001|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2001–2002)''
* ''[[Apni Khushian Apne Gham]] (2001)''
* ''[[Baal Veer]]'' (2012–2016)
* ''[[Baalveer Returns]]'' (2019–2021)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title='BaalVeer Returns' goes off-air abruptly; won't resume shoot|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/baalveer-returns-goes-offair-abruptly-wont-resume-shoot_176564|access-date=2021-05-21|website=India Forums|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Singhasan Battisi (TV series)|Betaal Aur Singhasan Battisi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Comical-adventure-with-Betaal-Aur-Sinhasan-Battisi/articleshow/46343941.cms|title=Comical adventure with Betaal Aur Sinhasan Battisi|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=February 23, 2015|access-date=August 5, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312030200/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Comical-adventure-with-Betaal-Aur-Sinhasan-Battisi/articleshow/46343941.cms|archive-date=12 March 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2015)''
* ''[[Bhanwar (TV series)|Bhanwar]] (1999)''
* ''Colonell&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020106/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2002)''
* ''[[Dial 100 (TV series)|Dial 100]] (2003)''
* ''Doli Leke Ayee Hai&lt;ref name=&quot;Growth&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/oct/oct132.htm|title=Sab TV steadily increasing channel share|date=October 15, 2003|access-date=July 2, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818015551/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/oct/oct132.htm|archive-date=18 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2003–2004)''
* ''Dulhan&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;/&gt; (2004)''
* ''[[Four (TV series)|Four]] (2007)''
* ''[[Ichhapyaari Naagin]]'' (2016–2017)
* ''[[Jai Shri Swaminarayan]] (2002)''
* ''[[Jersey No. 10]] (2007–2008)''
* ''Ji Bhenji''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060820/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2006)''
* ''Karam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/quitting-telly-for-that-thing-called-love/cid/1638209|title=Quitting telly for that thing called love|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2001)''
* ''[[Left Right Left (TV series)|Left Right Left]] (2006–2008)''
* ''[[Love Story (SAB TV series)|Love Story]] (2007–2008)''
* ''Love Mein Kabhi Kabhi''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/y2k3/director/deeya_singh.htm|title=&quot;We will not deviate from the original script of 'Betty La Fea', come what may&quot; : Deeya Singh|date=4 December 2003|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2003–2004)
* '' Maddam Sir '' (2020 - 2023)&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/video/saas-bahu-aur-suspense/sneak-peek-into-new-show-madam-sir-588652|title=Sneak Peek into new show Madam Sir|date=2020-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Peterson Hill]] (2015)''
* ''Sambandh''&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;/&gt; (2001)
* ''Sati Savitri''&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;/&gt; (2001)
* ''Satyavadi Raja Harishchandra''&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;/&gt; (2001)
* ''Search''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020901/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2002)
*''Shrimad Ramayan'' (2024-2025)
* ''[[Twinkle Beauty Parlour Lajpat Nagar]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Y.A.R.O Ka Tashan]]'' (2016–2017)
{{div col end}}

====Reality/non-scripted programming====
{{div col}}
* ''[[Acting Ki Funshaala]] (2008)''
* ''[[Carryy on Shekhar]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Carry&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/oct/oct205.htm|title=SAB to launch two new shows|date=October 27, 2003|access-date=July 29, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170726194024/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/oct/oct205.htm|archive-date=26 July 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2003–2004)''
* ''Comedy Ka King Kaun&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt; (2008)''
* ''[[Comedy Superstar]] (2015)''
* ''[[Fame X]] (2006–2007)''
* ''Family Antakshri Baithe Baithe Kya Kare&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/SAB-TV-launches-Family-Antakshari-Baithe-Baithe-Kya-Kare/articleshow/42795029.cms|title=SAB TV launches 'Family Antakshari #Baithe Baithe Kya Kare' - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2014)''
* ''[[India Ke Mast Kalandar]] (2018)''
* ''[[Kuch... Diiil Se]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/apr/apr204.htm|title=Smriti 'Tulsi' Malhotra to host talk show on Sab TV|date=April 28, 2003|access-date=July 29, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315063645/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/apr/apr204.htm|archive-date=15 March 2011|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2003)''
* ''[[Kuch Smiles Ho Jayein... With Alia]] (2020)''
* ''Lo Kal Lo Baat&lt;ref name=&quot;Lok&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/13074_SAB-TV-shifts-from-pure-comedy-to-general-entertainment|title=SAB TV shifts from pure comedy to general entertainment|date=October 28, 2005|access-date=January 14, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114183933/http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/13074_SAB-TV-shifts-from-pure-comedy-to-general-entertainment|archive-date=14 January 2018|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2005–2006)''
* ''[[Movers &amp; Shakers (TV series)|Movers &amp; Shakers]] (2012)''
* ''[[Mr. Aur Mrs. Verma Ki Rasoi]]''
* ''[[Sab Khelo Sab Jeeto]] (2013–2014)''
* ''[[Anupam Kher|Say Na Something Anupam Uncle]]&lt;ref name=Carry/&gt; (2000–2004)''
* ''[[Tedhi Baat Shekhar Ke Saath]] (2009)''
* ''[[Wah Wah]]&lt;ref name=Seven/&gt; (2008)''
* ''[[Wah! Wah! Kya Baat Hai!]] (2012–2013)''
* ''Zimmedar Kaun?&lt;ref name=Seven/&gt;(2008)''
{{div col end}}

====Hindi dubbed show====
{{div col}}
* ''[[Alias (TV series)|Alias]]''&lt;ref name=Firangi/&gt; (2008)
* ''[[America's Funniest Home Videos]]''&lt;ref name=Firangi/&gt; (2008)
* ''[[Desperate Housewives]]''&lt;ref name=Firangi/&gt; (2008)
* ''[[Extreme Makeover]]''&lt;ref name=Firangi/&gt; (2008)
* ''[[Home Improvement (TV series)|Home Improvement]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Rin&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/sab-tv-reinvents-itself/story-slZOfgA8NdOJ4VtAlg0fyL.html|title=SAB TV reinvents itself|date=June 28, 2008|access-date=May 6, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2008)
* ''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Firangi&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k8/dub_special.php|title=International Chaska on SAB TV|date=February 9, 2008|access-date=September 8, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509233755/http://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k8/dub_special.php|archive-date=9 May 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2008)
* ''[[My Wife and Kids]]''&lt;ref name=Rin/&gt; (2008)
* ''[[Watchdog (TV series)|Watchdog]]''&lt;ref name=Seven/&gt; (2008)
{{div col end}}

====Animated series====
* ''[[Asterix|Asterix the Gaul]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k1/dec/dec81.htm|title=Asterix to add muscle to SAB TV's Toon band|date=December 29, 2001|access-date=July 3, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070423153616/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k1/dec/dec81.htm|archive-date=23 April 2007|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2001–2002)
* ''Turtle Island''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Wanvari|first1=Anil|title=Indiantelevision dot com's Tube Talk :SABe woos toon fans with Turtle Island|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tube/y2k1/nov/novtube19.htm|website=www.indiantelevision.com|access-date=22 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203102031/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tube/y2k1/nov/novtube19.htm|archive-date=3 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2001–2002)

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

[[Category:Lists of Indian television series]]
[[Category:Lists of television series by network]]</text>
      <sha1>oqwk70rcm3rx76cg3ch1yzi9v30t9e4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>10880339</id>
      <parentid>10880335</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T13:47:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MasalaChai21</username>
        <id>1802164</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Upcoming broadcasts */</comment>
      <origin>10880339</origin>
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      <text bytes="19214" sha1="sfb1yb276umhq0gbwib23d3egy0zj6p" xml:space="preserve">{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}

This is the list of original programming currently and formerly broadcast by the Indian television channel [[Sony SAB]].

== Current broadcasts ==
&lt;!--Do not add content without providing a reliably published source--&gt;
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
!Premiere date
!Show
!Production house 
|-
|28 July 2008
|''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-disha-vakani-to-be-replaced-5656439/|title=Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah: Disha Vakani to be replaced, makers start hunt for new Dayaben|date=3 April 2019 |access-date=2019-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Neela Tele Films
|-
| 9 June 2022
|''Pushpa Impossible''
|Hats Off Production
|-
|18 August 2025
|''Itti Si Khushi''
|Rose Audio Visuals Production 
|-
|6 April 2026
|''Hui Gumm Yaadein - Ek Doctor Do Zindagiyaan
|Sobo Films
|}

== Upcoming broadcasts ==
&lt;!--Do not add content without providing a reliably published source--&gt;
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Premiere date
!Show
!Production house 
!Ref
|-
|July 2026
|''Papa Kehte Hain'' 
| Beyond Dreams Entertainment&lt;br&gt; Inspire Films
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-07-08|title=Khushi Dubey returns to screen with Yash Patnaik's next Party Of Five adaptation on Sony SAB|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/exclusive-khushi-dubey-gets-candid-about-playing-momita-in-new-show-papa-kehte-hain-23621055|website=MidDay}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|August 2026
|''Kaise Kar Loon Yeh Jaadu'' 
| Optimystix Entertainment
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=After Jhanak, Hiba Nawab to lead Optimystix Entertainment's next on Sony SAB; remake of American sitcom Bewitched|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/after-jhanak-hiba-nawab-to-play-the-lead-in-fantasy-family-sitcom-inspired-by-bewitched/articleshow/131522442.cms|work=The Times of India|date=6 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==Former broadcasts==
===Comedy series===
* ''A Mad House&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/jan/jan95.htm|title=Sab TV revamps 8 - 10&amp;nbsp;pm band; launches 9 new shows|date=12 January 2005|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2005)''
* ''Aadat Se Majboor (2017–2018)''
* ''Aaj Ke Shrimaan Shrimati&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot; /&gt; (2005)''
* ''Abhi Toh Main Jawan Hoon&lt;ref name=&quot;Growth&quot; /&gt; (2003)''
* ''Aflatoon&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k1/aug/aug20.htm|title=Sabe TV readies new programming; says it beats Zee and Sony in rest of Maharashtra|date=9 August 2001|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2001)''
* ''Akting-Akting&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021222/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2002-2003)''
* ''Ammaji Ki Galli (2011)''
* ''Apna News Aayega&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/aditi-bhatia-apna-news-aayega-comedy-show-5811309/|title=AdUpcoming Broadcastsiti Bhatia: Apna News Aayega is very different from other comedy shows|date=2 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2019–2020)''
* ''Bade Miya Chhote Miya&lt;ref name=&quot;Growth&quot; /&gt; (2003)''
* ''[[Badi Door Se Aaye Hain]] (2014–2016)''
* ''Bhakharwadi (2019–2020)''
* ''Band Baaja Bandh Darwaza&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/at-the-launch-of-band-baja-bandh-darwaza/videoshow/67560670.cms|title=At the launch of Band Baja Bandh Darwaza &amp;#124; TV - Times of India Videos|newspaper=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2019)''
* ''Baavle Utaavle &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/baavle-utaavle-going-off-air-actress-shivani-badoni-shares-goofy-pictures/articleshow/70679052.cms|title=Baavle Utaavle going off-air; actress Shivani Badoni shares goofy pictures - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=14 August 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; (2019)''
* ''Beechwale - Bapu Dekh Raha Hai (2018–2019)''
* ''Bhaago KK Aaya (2008)''
* ''Bhai Bhaiya Aur Brother (2012)''
* ''Bhootwala Serial (2009)''
* ''Carry on Alia (2019–2020)''
* ''Chandrakant Chiplunkar Seedi Bamba Wala (2014)''
* ''Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi...Let's Go (2015–2016)''
* ''Chamcha in Chief&lt;ref name=&quot;Lok&quot; /&gt; (2005–2006)''
* ''Chidiya Ghar (2011–2017)''
* ''Chintu Chinki Aur Ek Badi Si Love Story (2011–2012)''
* ''Chhupke Chhupke&lt;ref name=&quot;Seven&quot; /&gt; (2014)''
* ''Daddy Samjha Karo&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000709/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2000–2001)''
* ''Dhaba Junction&lt;ref name=&quot;Growth&quot; /&gt; (2003–2004)''
* ''Dil Deke Dekho (2016–2017)''
* ''Don't Worry Chachu (2011–2012)''
* ''Dr. Bhanumati On Duty (2016)''
* ''Dr. Madhumati On Duty&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/sab-tv-dr-bhanumati-dr-madhumati-kavita-kaushik-rati-pandey-debina-bonnerjee-lifetv/1/709514.html|title=SAB TV's Dr Bhanumati to be changed to Dr Madhumati?|date=7 July 2016|website=India Today|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820043409/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/sab-tv-dr-bhanumati-dr-madhumati-kavita-kaushik-rati-pandey-debina-bonnerjee-lifetv/1/709514.html|archive-date=20 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2016)''
* ''F.I.R. (2006–2015)''
* ''Full Masti 88.2&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/story/20876_Is-SAB-moving-back-to-the-humour-platform|title=Is SAB moving back to the humour platform?|date=13 April 2008|website=www.afaqs.com|access-date=17 August 2019|archive-date=14 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714114306/https://www.afaqs.com/news/story/20876_Is-SAB-moving-back-to-the-humour-platform|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2008)''
* ''Funhit Mein Jaari (2020–2021)''
* ''Golmaal Hai Bhai Sab Golmaal Hai (2012)''
* ''Gopi Gadha Aur Gupshup&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Gopi-Gadha-Aur-Gupshup-on-SAB-TV/articleshow/14150562.cms|title=Gopi, Gadha Aur Gupshup on SAB TV - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=15 June 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; (2012)''
* ''The Great Indian Family Drama'' (2015)
* ''Gunwale Dulhania Le Jayenge&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/gunwale-dulhaniya-le-jayenge-on-sab/story-Ihix2VfVroMw6qrn1NvS4J.html|title=Gunwale dulhaniya le jayenge on SAB|date=26 February 2009|website=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2009)''
* ''Gupp Chupp (2016)''
* ''Gutur Gu (2010–2014)''
* ''Hansi He Hansi...Mil Toh Lein (2015)''
* ''Hassi Woh Phassi (2003)&lt;ref name=&quot;Growth&quot; /&gt;''
* ''Hum Aapke Ghar Mein Rehte Hain (2015)''
* ''Hum Aapke Hain In Laws (2013)''
* ''Humse Hai Zamana&lt;ref name=&quot;Seven&quot; /&gt; (2008)''
* ''I Luv My India (2012)''
* ''Jasoos 005&lt;ref name=&quot;Seven&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/may/may222.htm|title=SAB TV to launch seven new shows|date=May 28, 2014|access-date=July 29, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905112626/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/may/may222.htm|archive-date=5 September 2008|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2008)''
* ''Jaankhilavan Jasoos&lt;ref&gt;https://www.adgully.com/sab-tv-launches-india-s-first-detective-comedy-jaankhilavan-jasoos-45010.html&lt;/ref&gt; (2010–2011)''
* ''Jeannie Aur Juju (2012–2014)''
* ''Jijaji Chhat Per Hain (2018–2020)''
* ''Jijaji Chhat Parr Koii Hai(2021)''
* ''Jugni Chali Jalandhar (2008–2010)''
* ''Jo Biwi Se Kare Pyaar&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jo-biwi-se-kare-pyaar-deepti-bhatnagar-arjun-bijlani-shweta-gulatirakesh-paul/articleshow/24582207.cms? | title='Jo Biwi Se...' is India's first fiction-cookery show! | newspaper=The Times of India | date=23 October 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; (2013)''
*
* ''Khatmal E Ishq (2016–2017)''
* ''Khidki (2016)''
* ''Krishna Kanhaiya&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2015/06/sab-tv-gears-to-launch-new-show-krishan-kanhaiya-on-june-29/|title=Sab TV gears to launch new show 'Krishan Kanhaiya' on June 29|website=www.bestmediaifo.com|date=17 June 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; (2015)''
* ''Lapataganj (2009–2014)''
* ''Lo Ho Gayi Pooja Iss Ghar Ki&lt;ref name=&quot;Rin&quot; /&gt; (2008–2009)''
* ''Main Kab Saas Banoongi (2008–2009) ''
* ''Malegaon Ka Chintu (2011–2014)''
* ''Mangalam Dangalam (2018–2019)''
* ''Maniben.com (2009–2010)''
* ''Masti&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot; /&gt; (2005)''
* ''Mohalla Mohabbat Wala&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; (2008)''
* ''Mrs. &amp; Mr. Sharma Allahabadwale (2010–2011)''
* ''Mrs. Tendulkar (2011)''
* ''My Name Ijj Lakhan (2019)''
* ''Namune (2018)''
* ''Office Office (2001–2004)''
* ''Papad Pol (2010–2011)''
* ''Partners Trouble Ho Gayi Double (2017–2018)''
* ''Platform No. 9&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot; /&gt; (2005)''
* ''Police Factory (2015–2016)''
* ''Pritam Pyare Aur Woh (2014)''
* ''R. K. Laxman Ki Duniya (2011–2013)''
* ''Saat Phero Ki Hera Pherie (2018)''
* ''Sab Ka Bheja Fry&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/sab-tv-launches-sab-ka-bheja-fry-under-humour-block-27153.html|title=SAB TV launches 'Sab ka Bheja Fry' under humour block - Exchange4media|website=Indian Advertising Media &amp; Marketing News – exchange4media}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2007)''
* ''Sab Kuch Ho Sakta Hai&lt;ref name=&quot;Lok&quot; /&gt; (2005–2006)''
* ''Sabse Bada Rupaiya&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot; /&gt; (2005)''
* ''Saheb Biwi Aur Boss (2015–2016)''
* ''Sahib Biwi Ka Ghulam&lt;ref name=&quot;Hasi&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/apr/apr186.htm|title=SAB TV primed up for humour|date=April 24, 2003|access-date=July 29, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716181124/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/apr/apr186.htm|archive-date=16 July 2012|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2003)''
* ''Sajan Re Jhoot Mat Bolo (2009–2012)''
* ''Sajan Re Phir Jhoot Mat Bolo (2017–2018)''
* ''Shankar Jaikishan 3 in 1 (2017)''
* ''Shree Adi Manav (2008)''
* ''Shrimaan Shrimati Phir Se (2018)''
* ''Shree Sifarishilal&lt;ref name=&quot;Carry&quot; /&gt; (2003–2004)''
* ''Sonu Sweety&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/the-laughter-queens/cid/598787|title=The laughter queens|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2008–2009)''
* ''Super Sisters - Chalega Pyar Ka Jaadu (2018)''
* ''Tenali Rama (2017–2020)''
* ''Thank You Jijaji (2009)''
* ''Tota Weds Maina (2013)''
* ''[[Trideviyaan]] (2016–2017)''
* ''Tu Mere Agal Bagal Hai (2014)''
* ''TV, Biwi aur Main (2017)''
* ''Waqt Hamara Hai&lt;ref name=&quot;Seven&quot; /&gt; (2008)''
* ''[[Woh Teri Bhabhi Hai Pagle]] (2016)''
* ''[[Yam Hain Hum]] (2014–2016)''
* ''[[Yeh Chanda Kanoon Hai]] (2009–2010)''
* ''[[Yes Boss (TV series)|Yes Boss]] (1999–2009)''
* ''[[Zabaan Sambhalke]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/oct/oct132.htm |title=Sab TV steadily increasing channel share &amp;#124; Indian Television Dot Com |publisher=Indiantelevision.com |date=2003-10-15 |access-date=2020-01-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2003–2004)''

====Drama series====
{{div col}}
* ''[[Aladdin – Naam Toh Suna Hoga]] (2018–2021)''
*''[[Ali Baba (TV series)|''Ali Baba'']](2022-2023)
* ''[[Alif Laila]]&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k1/may/may16.htm|title=SABe TV in month-long programme push|date=12 May 2001|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2001–2002)''
* ''[[Apni Khushian Apne Gham]] (2001)''
* ''[[Baal Veer]]'' (2012–2016)
* ''[[Baalveer Returns]]'' (2019–2021)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title='BaalVeer Returns' goes off-air abruptly; won't resume shoot|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/baalveer-returns-goes-offair-abruptly-wont-resume-shoot_176564|access-date=2021-05-21|website=India Forums|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Singhasan Battisi (TV series)|Betaal Aur Singhasan Battisi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Comical-adventure-with-Betaal-Aur-Sinhasan-Battisi/articleshow/46343941.cms|title=Comical adventure with Betaal Aur Sinhasan Battisi|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=February 23, 2015|access-date=August 5, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312030200/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Comical-adventure-with-Betaal-Aur-Sinhasan-Battisi/articleshow/46343941.cms|archive-date=12 March 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2015)''
* ''[[Bhanwar (TV series)|Bhanwar]] (1999)''
* ''Colonell&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020106/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2002)''
* ''[[Dial 100 (TV series)|Dial 100]] (2003)''
* ''Doli Leke Ayee Hai&lt;ref name=&quot;Growth&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/oct/oct132.htm|title=Sab TV steadily increasing channel share|date=October 15, 2003|access-date=July 2, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818015551/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/oct/oct132.htm|archive-date=18 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2003–2004)''
* ''Dulhan&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;/&gt; (2004)''
* ''[[Four (TV series)|Four]] (2007)''
* ''[[Ichhapyaari Naagin]]'' (2016–2017)
* ''[[Jai Shri Swaminarayan]] (2002)''
* ''[[Jersey No. 10]] (2007–2008)''
* ''Ji Bhenji''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060820/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2006)''
* ''Karam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/quitting-telly-for-that-thing-called-love/cid/1638209|title=Quitting telly for that thing called love|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2001)''
* ''[[Left Right Left (TV series)|Left Right Left]] (2006–2008)''
* ''[[Love Story (SAB TV series)|Love Story]] (2007–2008)''
* ''Love Mein Kabhi Kabhi''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/y2k3/director/deeya_singh.htm|title=&quot;We will not deviate from the original script of 'Betty La Fea', come what may&quot; : Deeya Singh|date=4 December 2003|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2003–2004)
* '' Maddam Sir '' (2020 - 2023)&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/video/saas-bahu-aur-suspense/sneak-peek-into-new-show-madam-sir-588652|title=Sneak Peek into new show Madam Sir|date=2020-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Peterson Hill]] (2015)''
* ''Sambandh''&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;/&gt; (2001)
* ''Sati Savitri''&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;/&gt; (2001)
* ''Satyavadi Raja Harishchandra''&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;/&gt; (2001)
* ''Search''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020901/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2002)
*''Shrimad Ramayan'' (2024-2025)
* ''[[Twinkle Beauty Parlour Lajpat Nagar]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Y.A.R.O Ka Tashan]]'' (2016–2017)
{{div col end}}

====Reality/non-scripted programming====
{{div col}}
* ''[[Acting Ki Funshaala]] (2008)''
* ''[[Carryy on Shekhar]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Carry&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/oct/oct205.htm|title=SAB to launch two new shows|date=October 27, 2003|access-date=July 29, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170726194024/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/oct/oct205.htm|archive-date=26 July 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2003–2004)''
* ''Comedy Ka King Kaun&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt; (2008)''
* ''[[Comedy Superstar]] (2015)''
* ''[[Fame X]] (2006–2007)''
* ''Family Antakshri Baithe Baithe Kya Kare&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/SAB-TV-launches-Family-Antakshari-Baithe-Baithe-Kya-Kare/articleshow/42795029.cms|title=SAB TV launches 'Family Antakshari #Baithe Baithe Kya Kare' - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2014)''
* ''[[India Ke Mast Kalandar]] (2018)''
* ''[[Kuch... Diiil Se]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/apr/apr204.htm|title=Smriti 'Tulsi' Malhotra to host talk show on Sab TV|date=April 28, 2003|access-date=July 29, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315063645/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/apr/apr204.htm|archive-date=15 March 2011|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2003)''
* ''[[Kuch Smiles Ho Jayein... With Alia]] (2020)''
* ''Lo Kal Lo Baat&lt;ref name=&quot;Lok&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/13074_SAB-TV-shifts-from-pure-comedy-to-general-entertainment|title=SAB TV shifts from pure comedy to general entertainment|date=October 28, 2005|access-date=January 14, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114183933/http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/13074_SAB-TV-shifts-from-pure-comedy-to-general-entertainment|archive-date=14 January 2018|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2005–2006)''
* ''[[Movers &amp; Shakers (TV series)|Movers &amp; Shakers]] (2012)''
* ''[[Mr. Aur Mrs. Verma Ki Rasoi]]''
* ''[[Sab Khelo Sab Jeeto]] (2013–2014)''
* ''[[Anupam Kher|Say Na Something Anupam Uncle]]&lt;ref name=Carry/&gt; (2000–2004)''
* ''[[Tedhi Baat Shekhar Ke Saath]] (2009)''
* ''[[Wah Wah]]&lt;ref name=Seven/&gt; (2008)''
* ''[[Wah! Wah! Kya Baat Hai!]] (2012–2013)''
* ''Zimmedar Kaun?&lt;ref name=Seven/&gt;(2008)''
{{div col end}}

====Hindi dubbed show====
{{div col}}
* ''[[Alias (TV series)|Alias]]''&lt;ref name=Firangi/&gt; (2008)
* ''[[America's Funniest Home Videos]]''&lt;ref name=Firangi/&gt; (2008)
* ''[[Desperate Housewives]]''&lt;ref name=Firangi/&gt; (2008)
* ''[[Extreme Makeover]]''&lt;ref name=Firangi/&gt; (2008)
* ''[[Home Improvement (TV series)|Home Improvement]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Rin&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/sab-tv-reinvents-itself/story-slZOfgA8NdOJ4VtAlg0fyL.html|title=SAB TV reinvents itself|date=June 28, 2008|access-date=May 6, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2008)
* ''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Firangi&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k8/dub_special.php|title=International Chaska on SAB TV|date=February 9, 2008|access-date=September 8, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509233755/http://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k8/dub_special.php|archive-date=9 May 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2008)
* ''[[My Wife and Kids]]''&lt;ref name=Rin/&gt; (2008)
* ''[[Watchdog (TV series)|Watchdog]]''&lt;ref name=Seven/&gt; (2008)
{{div col end}}

====Animated series====
* ''[[Asterix|Asterix the Gaul]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k1/dec/dec81.htm|title=Asterix to add muscle to SAB TV's Toon band|date=December 29, 2001|access-date=July 3, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070423153616/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k1/dec/dec81.htm|archive-date=23 April 2007|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2001–2002)
* ''Turtle Island''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Wanvari|first1=Anil|title=Indiantelevision dot com's Tube Talk :SABe woos toon fans with Turtle Island|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tube/y2k1/nov/novtube19.htm|website=www.indiantelevision.com|access-date=22 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203102031/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tube/y2k1/nov/novtube19.htm|archive-date=3 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2001–2002)

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

[[Category:Lists of Indian television series]]
[[Category:Lists of television series by network]]</text>
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      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]])  [[File:Wappen Grossbeeren.png]] → [[File:DEU Großbeeren COA.svg]] PNG → SVG</comment>
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      <text bytes="1031" sha1="gck1qzf9y1w6r3uzu3ppmnu4dktjr9w" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox German location
|image_photo        = Großbeeren.JPG
|image_caption      = Aerial view of Großbeeren
|Wappen             = DEU Großbeeren COA.svg
|coordinates        = {{coord|52|21|16|N|13|18|22|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|Lageplan           = Großbeeren in TF.png
|Lageplanbeschreibung =
|Bundesland         = Brandenburg
|Landkreis          = Teltow-Fläming
|Höhe               = 42
|Fläche             = 51.89
|Einwohner          = 7146
|Stand              = 2006-12-31
|PLZ                = 14979
|Vorwahl            = 033701
|Kfz                = TF
|Gemeindeschlüssel  = 12 0 72 120
|Gliederung         = 7 [[Ortsteil]]e
|Website            = {{url|https://www.grossbeeren.de/}}
|Bürgermeister      = Tobias Borstel
|Partei             = SPD
}}
'''Großbeeren''' is a [[municipality]] in the [[Teltow-Fläming]] [[Districts of Germany|district]] in the [[Germany|German]] [[States of Germany|state]] of [[Brandenburg]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}


{{europe-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grossbeeren}}</text>
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      <text bytes="78" sha1="fzh31cuuchuq2eekkesv2nze7pq5af5" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Windows Vista]]
{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from long name}}
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    <title>Talk:Shivaji</title>
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== Change the title to Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj ==

Please correct your title, it's not Shivaji It's Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. King of the great maratha empire, kind of modern india.&lt;!-- Template:Unsigned --&gt;&lt;small class=&quot;autosigned&quot;&gt;—&amp;nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Ashrukate|Ashrukate]] ([[User talk:Ashrukate#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ashrukate|contribs]]) 18:13, 7 February 2023 (UTC)&lt;/small&gt;

:Please correct your title, it's not Shivaji It's Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. King of the great maratha empire, kind of modern india. He is more than God for us, all indians and you are disrespecting the great king, warrior. As you respecting Alexander with the &quot;the great Alexander&quot; Then why don't you respect Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. It's my kind and humble respect to you. Please change the title to Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj...  [[User:Ashrukate|Ashrukate]] ([[User talk:Ashrukate|talk]]) 18:17, 7 February 2023 (UTC)
::{{re|Ashrukate}} Please see [[:en:Talk:Shivaji/Archive_4#The_title_of_the_page|this discussion on the English Wikipedia]]. The article is at this title because it is the [[:en:WP:COMMONNAME]] internationally. --[[User:ImprovedWikiImprovment|IWI]] ([[User talk:ImprovedWikiImprovment|talk]]) 18:31, 7 February 2023 (UTC)

== Revert ==

I have [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=10880558 reverted] this page to much older version because the new content was complex, had POV and other many issues to the point where it was better to start from much smaller version than to have a page with all these issues. Please feel free to discuss this revert here. Thank you. [[User:BRPever|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF00FF;&quot;&gt;B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF7E00;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#00A300;&quot;&gt;P&lt;/span&gt;]]'''&lt;sup&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;''' 20:54, 6 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>Hailey Bieber</title>
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      <text bytes="5954" sha1="a98bbaokforfcmywj43v0vu6ttrejij" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox model
| name         = Hailey Bieber
| image        = Hailey Bieber
| caption      = Bieber in 2018
| birth_name   = Hailey Rhode Baldwin
| birth_date   = {{birth date and age|1996|11|22}}
| birth_place  = [[Tucson, Arizona]], U.S.
| occupation   = {{hlist|Model|media personality|socialite}}
| years_active = 2014–present
| spouse       = {{marriage|[[Justin Bieber]]|2018}}
| parents      = [[Stephen Baldwin]] (father)
| relatives    = [[Baldwin family]] (paternal)&lt;br&gt;[[Eumir Deodato]] (maternal grandfather)
| height       = {{Convert|5|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}}&lt;ref name=&quot;CelebHeights&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Hailey Baldwin's Height |url=https://www.celebheights.com/s/Hailey-Baldwin-48480.html |website=CelebHeights |access-date=2025-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| hair_color   = Blond&lt;ref name=IMG&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imgmodels.com/sydney/women/113-hailey-bieber|title=Hailey Bieber - Sydney - IMG Models|work=[[IMG Models]]|access-date=September 25, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| eye_color    = Hazel{{r|&quot;IMG&quot;}}
| agency       = [[IMG Models]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://models.com/models/hailey-bieber|title=Hailey Bieber - Model|website=MODELS.com|access-date=January 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217163418/https://models.com/models/hailey-bieber|archive-date=February 17, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|children=1}}
'''Hailey Rhode Bieber''' (''[[née]]'' '''Baldwin''';&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first=Rob|last=Haskell|title=Justin and Hailey Bieber Open Up About Their Passionate, Not-Always-Easy but Absolutely All-In Romance|work=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]|date=February 7, 2019|access-date=February 7, 2019|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/justin-bieber-hailey-bieber-cover-interview|quote=[M]odel and TV presenter Hailey Bieber (née Baldwin).|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207122510/https://www.vogue.com/article/justin-bieber-hailey-bieber-cover-interview|archive-date=February 7, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; November 22, 1996) is an American model and television personality. She is the daughter of [[Stephen Baldwin]] and is married to Canadian singer [[Justin Bieber]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=Lisa|last=Respers France|title=Justin Bieber confirms he is a 'married man'|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/23/entertainment/justin-bieber-married/index.html|publisher=CNN|date=November 23, 2018|access-date=November 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123195633/https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/23/entertainment/justin-bieber-married/index.html|archive-date=November 23, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was born in [[Tucson, Arizona]].

In March 2016, Baldwin signed a contract with [[IMG Models]] high-profile New York modeling agency&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/hailey-baldwin-signs-img-models-877782|title=Hailey Baldwin Signs With IMG Models|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=23 March 2016 |access-date=December 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201152005/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/hailey-baldwin-signs-img-models-877782|archive-date=February 1, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in May appeared on the cover of ''[[Marie Claire]]''. Baldwin was also the face of [[Karl Lagerfeld]]'s limited-edition clothing line available in [[North America]] entitled &quot;''Love From Paris''&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://models.com/work/karl-lagerfeld-karl-lagerfeld-love-from-paris-fw-2016|title=Karl Lagerfeld Love From Paris F/W 2016|access-date=December 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005124214/https://models.com/work/karl-lagerfeld-karl-lagerfeld-love-from-paris-fw-2016|archive-date=October 5, 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baldwin also appeared in editorials for ''[[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour Magazine]]'' and ''[[Vogue Italia|Italian Vogue]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://models.com/work/vogue-italia-todays-couture|title=Vogue Italia - Today's Couture|access-date=December 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005130622/https://models.com/work/vogue-italia-todays-couture|archive-date=October 5, 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In May 2017, she began hosting a new TBS show ''[[Drop the Mic]]'' with rapper [[Method Man]], which features four celebrities facing off in a series of [[rap battle]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://deadline.com/2017/03/drop-the-mic-method-man-hailey-baldwin-host-james-corden-rap-battle-series-1202043842/|title='Drop The Mic': Method Man &amp; Hailey Baldwin To Host Rap-Battle Series From James Corden|first=Erik|last=Pedersen|date=March 15, 2017|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=January 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110174515/http://deadline.com/2017/03/drop-the-mic-method-man-hailey-baldwin-host-james-corden-rap-battle-series-1202043842/|archive-date=January 10, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In March 2022, Bieber was hospitalized after having a [[transient ischemic attack]], which was caused by a type of [[congenital heart defect]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Melas |first1=Chloe |title=Hailey Bieber says she is home after being hospitalized for a blood clot in her brain |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/12/entertainment/hailey-bieber-blood-clot-brain-hospital/index.html |access-date=18 March 2022 |work=[[CNN Entertainment]] |date=12 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=April 28 |first1=Rachel Schonberger |last2=EDT |first2=2022 at 01:02 PM |title=Hailey Bieber had procedure to repair a hole in her heart after stroke |url=https://ew.com/celebrity/hailey-bieber-reveals-mini-stroke-causes-recovery/ |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=EW.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}


{{US-bio-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baldwin, Hailey}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Models from Tucson, Arizona]]
[[Category:American television personalities]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Tucson, Arizona]]
[[Category:Entertainers from Tucson, Arizona]]
[[Category:American bloggers]]
[[Category:American YouTubers]]
[[Category:IMG Models models]]</text>
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      <comment>[[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/Gisele Eduarda|Gisele Eduarda]] ([[User talk:Gisele Eduarda|talk]]) to last version by Henri Aja</comment>
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      <text bytes="5975" sha1="ca6y8a6kf58ei25r0d58y3y16j0s1od" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox model
| name         = Hailey Bieber
| image        = Hailey Baldwin, 2018 (cropped).jpg
| caption      = Bieber in 2018
| birth_name   = Hailey Rhode Baldwin
| birth_date   = {{birth date and age|1996|11|22}}
| birth_place  = [[Tucson, Arizona]], U.S.
| occupation   = {{hlist|Model|media personality|socialite}}
| years_active = 2014–present
| spouse       = {{marriage|[[Justin Bieber]]|2018}}
| parents      = [[Stephen Baldwin]] (father)
| relatives    = [[Baldwin family]] (paternal)&lt;br&gt;[[Eumir Deodato]] (maternal grandfather)
| height       = {{Convert|5|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}}&lt;ref name=&quot;CelebHeights&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Hailey Baldwin's Height |url=https://www.celebheights.com/s/Hailey-Baldwin-48480.html |website=CelebHeights |access-date=2025-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| hair_color   = Blond&lt;ref name=IMG&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imgmodels.com/sydney/women/113-hailey-bieber|title=Hailey Bieber - Sydney - IMG Models|work=[[IMG Models]]|access-date=September 25, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| eye_color    = Hazel{{r|&quot;IMG&quot;}}
| agency       = [[IMG Models]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://models.com/models/hailey-bieber|title=Hailey Bieber - Model|website=MODELS.com|access-date=January 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217163418/https://models.com/models/hailey-bieber|archive-date=February 17, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|children=1}}
'''Hailey Rhode Bieber''' (''[[née]]'' '''Baldwin''';&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first=Rob|last=Haskell|title=Justin and Hailey Bieber Open Up About Their Passionate, Not-Always-Easy but Absolutely All-In Romance|work=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]|date=February 7, 2019|access-date=February 7, 2019|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/justin-bieber-hailey-bieber-cover-interview|quote=[M]odel and TV presenter Hailey Bieber (née Baldwin).|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207122510/https://www.vogue.com/article/justin-bieber-hailey-bieber-cover-interview|archive-date=February 7, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; November 22, 1996) is an American model and television personality. She is the daughter of [[Stephen Baldwin]] and is married to Canadian singer [[Justin Bieber]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=Lisa|last=Respers France|title=Justin Bieber confirms he is a 'married man'|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/23/entertainment/justin-bieber-married/index.html|publisher=CNN|date=November 23, 2018|access-date=November 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123195633/https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/23/entertainment/justin-bieber-married/index.html|archive-date=November 23, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was born in [[Tucson, Arizona]].

In March 2016, Baldwin signed a contract with [[IMG Models]] high-profile New York modeling agency&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/hailey-baldwin-signs-img-models-877782|title=Hailey Baldwin Signs With IMG Models|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=23 March 2016 |access-date=December 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201152005/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/hailey-baldwin-signs-img-models-877782|archive-date=February 1, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in May appeared on the cover of ''[[Marie Claire]]''. Baldwin was also the face of [[Karl Lagerfeld]]'s limited-edition clothing line available in [[North America]] entitled &quot;''Love From Paris''&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://models.com/work/karl-lagerfeld-karl-lagerfeld-love-from-paris-fw-2016|title=Karl Lagerfeld Love From Paris F/W 2016|access-date=December 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005124214/https://models.com/work/karl-lagerfeld-karl-lagerfeld-love-from-paris-fw-2016|archive-date=October 5, 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baldwin also appeared in editorials for ''[[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour Magazine]]'' and ''[[Vogue Italia|Italian Vogue]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://models.com/work/vogue-italia-todays-couture|title=Vogue Italia - Today's Couture|access-date=December 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005130622/https://models.com/work/vogue-italia-todays-couture|archive-date=October 5, 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In May 2017, she began hosting a new TBS show ''[[Drop the Mic]]'' with rapper [[Method Man]], which features four celebrities facing off in a series of [[rap battle]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://deadline.com/2017/03/drop-the-mic-method-man-hailey-baldwin-host-james-corden-rap-battle-series-1202043842/|title='Drop The Mic': Method Man &amp; Hailey Baldwin To Host Rap-Battle Series From James Corden|first=Erik|last=Pedersen|date=March 15, 2017|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=January 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110174515/http://deadline.com/2017/03/drop-the-mic-method-man-hailey-baldwin-host-james-corden-rap-battle-series-1202043842/|archive-date=January 10, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In March 2022, Bieber was hospitalized after having a [[transient ischemic attack]], which was caused by a type of [[congenital heart defect]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Melas |first1=Chloe |title=Hailey Bieber says she is home after being hospitalized for a blood clot in her brain |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/12/entertainment/hailey-bieber-blood-clot-brain-hospital/index.html |access-date=18 March 2022 |work=[[CNN Entertainment]] |date=12 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=April 28 |first1=Rachel Schonberger |last2=EDT |first2=2022 at 01:02 PM |title=Hailey Bieber had procedure to repair a hole in her heart after stroke |url=https://ew.com/celebrity/hailey-bieber-reveals-mini-stroke-causes-recovery/ |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=EW.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}


{{US-bio-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baldwin, Hailey}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Models from Tucson, Arizona]]
[[Category:American television personalities]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Tucson, Arizona]]
[[Category:Entertainers from Tucson, Arizona]]
[[Category:American bloggers]]
[[Category:American YouTubers]]
[[Category:IMG Models models]]</text>
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      <text bytes="6357" sha1="0t2gbp411kz4y079u4dvgiadd76854g" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox model
| name         = Hailey Bieber
| image        = Hailey Baldwin, 2018 (cropped).jpg
| caption      = Bieber in 2018
| birth_name   = Hailey Rhode Baldwin
| birth_date   = {{birth date and age|1996|11|22}}
| birth_place  = [[Tucson, Arizona]], U.S.
| occupation   = {{hlist|Model|media personality|socialite}}
| years_active = 2014–present
| spouse       = {{marriage|[[Justin Bieber]]|2018}}
| parents      = [[Stephen Baldwin]] (father)
| relatives    = [[Baldwin family]] (paternal)&lt;br&gt;[[Eumir Deodato]] (maternal grandfather)
| height       = {{Convert|5|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}}&lt;ref name=&quot;CelebHeights&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Hailey Baldwin's Height |url=https://www.celebheights.com/s/Hailey-Baldwin-48480.html |website=CelebHeights |access-date=2025-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| hair_color   = Blond&lt;ref name=IMG&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imgmodels.com/sydney/women/113-hailey-bieber|title=Hailey Bieber - Sydney - IMG Models|work=[[IMG Models]]|access-date=September 25, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| eye_color    = Hazel{{r|&quot;IMG&quot;}}
| agency       = [[IMG Models]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://models.com/models/hailey-bieber|title=Hailey Bieber - Model|website=MODELS.com|access-date=January 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217163418/https://models.com/models/hailey-bieber|archive-date=February 17, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|children=1}}
'''Hailey Rhode Bieber''' (''[[née]]'' '''Baldwin''';&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first=Rob|last=Haskell|title=Justin and Hailey Bieber Open Up About Their Passionate, Not-Always-Easy but Absolutely All-In Romance|work=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]|date=February 7, 2019|access-date=February 7, 2019|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/justin-bieber-hailey-bieber-cover-interview|quote=[M]odel and TV presenter Hailey Bieber (née Baldwin).|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207122510/https://www.vogue.com/article/justin-bieber-hailey-bieber-cover-interview|archive-date=February 7, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; November 22, 1996) is an American model and television personality. She is the daughter of [[Stephen Baldwin]] and is married to Canadian singer [[Justin Bieber]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=Lisa|last=Respers France|title=Justin Bieber confirms he is a 'married man'|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/23/entertainment/justin-bieber-married/index.html|publisher=CNN|date=November 23, 2018|access-date=November 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123195633/https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/23/entertainment/justin-bieber-married/index.html|archive-date=November 23, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was born in [[Tucson, Arizona]].

In March 2016, Baldwin signed a contract with [[IMG Models]] high-profile New York modeling agency&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/hailey-baldwin-signs-img-models-877782|title=Hailey Baldwin Signs With IMG Models|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=23 March 2016 |access-date=December 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201152005/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/hailey-baldwin-signs-img-models-877782|archive-date=February 1, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in May appeared on the cover of ''[[Marie Claire]]''. Baldwin was also the face of [[Karl Lagerfeld]]'s limited-edition clothing line available in [[North America]] entitled &quot;''Love From Paris''&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://models.com/work/karl-lagerfeld-karl-lagerfeld-love-from-paris-fw-2016|title=Karl Lagerfeld Love From Paris F/W 2016|access-date=December 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005124214/https://models.com/work/karl-lagerfeld-karl-lagerfeld-love-from-paris-fw-2016|archive-date=October 5, 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baldwin also appeared in editorials for ''[[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour Magazine]]'' and ''[[Vogue Italia|Italian Vogue]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://models.com/work/vogue-italia-todays-couture|title=Vogue Italia - Today's Couture|access-date=December 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005130622/https://models.com/work/vogue-italia-todays-couture|archive-date=October 5, 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In May 2017, she began hosting a new TBS show ''[[Drop the Mic]]'' with rapper [[Method Man]], which features four celebrities facing off in a series of [[rap battle]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://deadline.com/2017/03/drop-the-mic-method-man-hailey-baldwin-host-james-corden-rap-battle-series-1202043842/|title='Drop The Mic': Method Man &amp; Hailey Baldwin To Host Rap-Battle Series From James Corden|first=Erik|last=Pedersen|date=March 15, 2017|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=January 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110174515/http://deadline.com/2017/03/drop-the-mic-method-man-hailey-baldwin-host-james-corden-rap-battle-series-1202043842/|archive-date=January 10, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In March 2022, Bieber was hospitalized after having a [[transient ischemic attack]], which was caused by a type of [[congenital heart defect]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Melas |first1=Chloe |title=Hailey Bieber says she is home after being hospitalized for a blood clot in her brain |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/12/entertainment/hailey-bieber-blood-clot-brain-hospital/index.html |access-date=18 March 2022 |work=[[CNN Entertainment]] |date=12 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=April 28 |first1=Rachel Schonberger |last2=EDT |first2=2022 at 01:02 PM |title=Hailey Bieber had procedure to repair a hole in her heart after stroke |url=https://ew.com/celebrity/hailey-bieber-reveals-mini-stroke-causes-recovery/ |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=EW.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}


{{US-bio-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baldwin, Hailey}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Models from Tucson, Arizona]]
[[Category:American television personalities]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Tucson, Arizona]]
[[Category:Entertainers from Tucson, Arizona]]
[[Category:American bloggers]]
[[Category:American YouTubers]]
[[Category:IMG Models models]]

==References==
{{reflist}}


{{US-bio-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baldwin, Hailey}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Models from Tucson, Arizona]]
[[Category:American television personalities]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Tucson, Arizona]]
[[Category:Entertainers from Tucson, Arizona]]
[[Category:American bloggers]]
[[Category:American YouTubers]]
[[Category:IMG Models models]]</text>
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      <comment>[[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/Gisele Eduarda|Gisele Eduarda]] ([[User talk:Gisele Eduarda|talk]]) to last version by Icodense: already there</comment>
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| name         = Hailey Bieber
| image        = Hailey Baldwin, 2018 (cropped).jpg
| caption      = Bieber in 2018
| birth_name   = Hailey Rhode Baldwin
| birth_date   = {{birth date and age|1996|11|22}}
| birth_place  = [[Tucson, Arizona]], U.S.
| occupation   = {{hlist|Model|media personality|socialite}}
| years_active = 2014–present
| spouse       = {{marriage|[[Justin Bieber]]|2018}}
| parents      = [[Stephen Baldwin]] (father)
| relatives    = [[Baldwin family]] (paternal)&lt;br&gt;[[Eumir Deodato]] (maternal grandfather)
| height       = {{Convert|5|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}}&lt;ref name=&quot;CelebHeights&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Hailey Baldwin's Height |url=https://www.celebheights.com/s/Hailey-Baldwin-48480.html |website=CelebHeights |access-date=2025-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| hair_color   = Blond&lt;ref name=IMG&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imgmodels.com/sydney/women/113-hailey-bieber|title=Hailey Bieber - Sydney - IMG Models|work=[[IMG Models]]|access-date=September 25, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| eye_color    = Hazel{{r|&quot;IMG&quot;}}
| agency       = [[IMG Models]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://models.com/models/hailey-bieber|title=Hailey Bieber - Model|website=MODELS.com|access-date=January 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217163418/https://models.com/models/hailey-bieber|archive-date=February 17, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|children=1}}
'''Hailey Rhode Bieber''' (''[[née]]'' '''Baldwin''';&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first=Rob|last=Haskell|title=Justin and Hailey Bieber Open Up About Their Passionate, Not-Always-Easy but Absolutely All-In Romance|work=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]|date=February 7, 2019|access-date=February 7, 2019|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/justin-bieber-hailey-bieber-cover-interview|quote=[M]odel and TV presenter Hailey Bieber (née Baldwin).|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207122510/https://www.vogue.com/article/justin-bieber-hailey-bieber-cover-interview|archive-date=February 7, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; November 22, 1996) is an American model and television personality. She is the daughter of [[Stephen Baldwin]] and is married to Canadian singer [[Justin Bieber]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=Lisa|last=Respers France|title=Justin Bieber confirms he is a 'married man'|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/23/entertainment/justin-bieber-married/index.html|publisher=CNN|date=November 23, 2018|access-date=November 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123195633/https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/23/entertainment/justin-bieber-married/index.html|archive-date=November 23, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was born in [[Tucson, Arizona]].

In March 2016, Baldwin signed a contract with [[IMG Models]] high-profile New York modeling agency&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/hailey-baldwin-signs-img-models-877782|title=Hailey Baldwin Signs With IMG Models|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=23 March 2016 |access-date=December 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201152005/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/hailey-baldwin-signs-img-models-877782|archive-date=February 1, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in May appeared on the cover of ''[[Marie Claire]]''. Baldwin was also the face of [[Karl Lagerfeld]]'s limited-edition clothing line available in [[North America]] entitled &quot;''Love From Paris''&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://models.com/work/karl-lagerfeld-karl-lagerfeld-love-from-paris-fw-2016|title=Karl Lagerfeld Love From Paris F/W 2016|access-date=December 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005124214/https://models.com/work/karl-lagerfeld-karl-lagerfeld-love-from-paris-fw-2016|archive-date=October 5, 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baldwin also appeared in editorials for ''[[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour Magazine]]'' and ''[[Vogue Italia|Italian Vogue]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://models.com/work/vogue-italia-todays-couture|title=Vogue Italia - Today's Couture|access-date=December 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005130622/https://models.com/work/vogue-italia-todays-couture|archive-date=October 5, 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In May 2017, she began hosting a new TBS show ''[[Drop the Mic]]'' with rapper [[Method Man]], which features four celebrities facing off in a series of [[rap battle]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://deadline.com/2017/03/drop-the-mic-method-man-hailey-baldwin-host-james-corden-rap-battle-series-1202043842/|title='Drop The Mic': Method Man &amp; Hailey Baldwin To Host Rap-Battle Series From James Corden|first=Erik|last=Pedersen|date=March 15, 2017|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=January 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110174515/http://deadline.com/2017/03/drop-the-mic-method-man-hailey-baldwin-host-james-corden-rap-battle-series-1202043842/|archive-date=January 10, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In March 2022, Bieber was hospitalized after having a [[transient ischemic attack]], which was caused by a type of [[congenital heart defect]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Melas |first1=Chloe |title=Hailey Bieber says she is home after being hospitalized for a blood clot in her brain |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/12/entertainment/hailey-bieber-blood-clot-brain-hospital/index.html |access-date=18 March 2022 |work=[[CNN Entertainment]] |date=12 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=April 28 |first1=Rachel Schonberger |last2=EDT |first2=2022 at 01:02 PM |title=Hailey Bieber had procedure to repair a hole in her heart after stroke |url=https://ew.com/celebrity/hailey-bieber-reveals-mini-stroke-causes-recovery/ |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=EW.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}


{{US-bio-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baldwin, Hailey}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Models from Tucson, Arizona]]
[[Category:American television personalities]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Tucson, Arizona]]
[[Category:Entertainers from Tucson, Arizona]]
[[Category:American bloggers]]
[[Category:American YouTubers]]
[[Category:IMG Models models]]</text>
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| name         = Hailey Bieber
| image        = Hailey Bieber at WWD Style Awards 2026.jpg
| caption      = Bieber in 2026
| birth_name   = Hailey Rhode Baldwin
| birth_date   = {{birth date and age|1996|11|22}}
| birth_place  = [[Tucson, Arizona]], U.S.
| occupation   = {{hlist|Model|media personality|socialite}}
| years_active = 2014–present
| spouse       = {{marriage|[[Justin Bieber]]|2018}}
| parents      = [[Stephen Baldwin]] (father)
| relatives    = [[Baldwin family]] (paternal)&lt;br&gt;[[Eumir Deodato]] (maternal grandfather)
| height       = {{Convert|5|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}}&lt;ref name=&quot;CelebHeights&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Hailey Baldwin's Height |url=https://www.celebheights.com/s/Hailey-Baldwin-48480.html |website=CelebHeights |access-date=2025-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| hair_color   = Blond&lt;ref name=IMG&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imgmodels.com/sydney/women/113-hailey-bieber|title=Hailey Bieber - Sydney - IMG Models|work=[[IMG Models]]|access-date=September 25, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| eye_color    = Hazel{{r|&quot;IMG&quot;}}
| agency       = [[IMG Models]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://models.com/models/hailey-bieber|title=Hailey Bieber - Model|website=MODELS.com|access-date=January 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217163418/https://models.com/models/hailey-bieber|archive-date=February 17, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|children=1}}
'''Hailey Rhode Bieber''' (''[[née]]'' '''Baldwin''';&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first=Rob|last=Haskell|title=Justin and Hailey Bieber Open Up About Their Passionate, Not-Always-Easy but Absolutely All-In Romance|work=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]|date=February 7, 2019|access-date=February 7, 2019|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/justin-bieber-hailey-bieber-cover-interview|quote=[M]odel and TV presenter Hailey Bieber (née Baldwin).|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207122510/https://www.vogue.com/article/justin-bieber-hailey-bieber-cover-interview|archive-date=February 7, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; November 22, 1996) is an American model and television personality. She is the daughter of [[Stephen Baldwin]] and is married to Canadian singer [[Justin Bieber]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=Lisa|last=Respers France|title=Justin Bieber confirms he is a 'married man'|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/23/entertainment/justin-bieber-married/index.html|publisher=CNN|date=November 23, 2018|access-date=November 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123195633/https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/23/entertainment/justin-bieber-married/index.html|archive-date=November 23, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was born in [[Tucson, Arizona]].

In March 2016, Baldwin signed a contract with [[IMG Models]] high-profile New York modeling agency&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/hailey-baldwin-signs-img-models-877782|title=Hailey Baldwin Signs With IMG Models|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=23 March 2016 |access-date=December 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201152005/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/hailey-baldwin-signs-img-models-877782|archive-date=February 1, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in May appeared on the cover of ''[[Marie Claire]]''. Baldwin was also the face of [[Karl Lagerfeld]]'s limited-edition clothing line available in [[North America]] entitled &quot;''Love From Paris''&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://models.com/work/karl-lagerfeld-karl-lagerfeld-love-from-paris-fw-2016|title=Karl Lagerfeld Love From Paris F/W 2016|access-date=December 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005124214/https://models.com/work/karl-lagerfeld-karl-lagerfeld-love-from-paris-fw-2016|archive-date=October 5, 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baldwin also appeared in editorials for ''[[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour Magazine]]'' and ''[[Vogue Italia|Italian Vogue]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://models.com/work/vogue-italia-todays-couture|title=Vogue Italia - Today's Couture|access-date=December 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005130622/https://models.com/work/vogue-italia-todays-couture|archive-date=October 5, 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In May 2017, she began hosting a new TBS show ''[[Drop the Mic]]'' with rapper [[Method Man]], which features four celebrities facing off in a series of [[rap battle]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://deadline.com/2017/03/drop-the-mic-method-man-hailey-baldwin-host-james-corden-rap-battle-series-1202043842/|title='Drop The Mic': Method Man &amp; Hailey Baldwin To Host Rap-Battle Series From James Corden|first=Erik|last=Pedersen|date=March 15, 2017|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=January 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110174515/http://deadline.com/2017/03/drop-the-mic-method-man-hailey-baldwin-host-james-corden-rap-battle-series-1202043842/|archive-date=January 10, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In March 2022, Bieber was hospitalized after having a [[transient ischemic attack]], which was caused by a type of [[congenital heart defect]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Melas |first1=Chloe |title=Hailey Bieber says she is home after being hospitalized for a blood clot in her brain |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/12/entertainment/hailey-bieber-blood-clot-brain-hospital/index.html |access-date=18 March 2022 |work=[[CNN Entertainment]] |date=12 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=April 28 |first1=Rachel Schonberger |last2=EDT |first2=2022 at 01:02 PM |title=Hailey Bieber had procedure to repair a hole in her heart after stroke |url=https://ew.com/celebrity/hailey-bieber-reveals-mini-stroke-causes-recovery/ |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=EW.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}


{{US-bio-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baldwin, Hailey}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Models from Tucson, Arizona]]
[[Category:American television personalities]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Tucson, Arizona]]
[[Category:Entertainers from Tucson, Arizona]]
[[Category:American bloggers]]
[[Category:American YouTubers]]
[[Category:IMG Models models]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah</title>
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        <username>MasalaChai21</username>
        <id>1802164</id>
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      <comment>/* Cast and Characters */</comment>
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      <text bytes="7202" sha1="k9hn4qlvj51a22vhxbaqari8fj9asxa" xml:space="preserve">{{more sources|date=January 2021}}
{{Cleanup red links|date=January 2021}}

{{Infobox television
| camera               = 
| runtime              = 24–25&amp;nbsp;minutes
| company              = [[Neela Tele Films]]
| network              = [[Sony SAB]]
| producer             = [[Asitkumarr Modi]]
[[Neela Asit Modi]]
| released             = 
| first_aired          = {{Start date|df=yes|2008|07|28}}
| last_aired           = present
| editor               = 
| executive_producer   = 
| image                = 
| director             = {{Plainlist|
* [[Abhishek Sharma]]
* [[Dheeraj Palshetkar]]
* [[Harshad Joshi]]
* [[Malav Suresh Rajda]]
}}
| image_alt            = 
| caption              = 
| genre                = [[Sitcom]]
| creator              = [[Asitkumarr Modi]]
| based_on             = &quot;Duniya Ne Oondha Chashmah&quot; by [[Taarak Mehta]]
| writer               = {{Plainlist|
* [[Raju Odedra]]
* [[Rajen Upadhyay]]
* [[Rakesh Joshi]]
* [[Manish Mehta]]
* [[Niren Bhatt]]
* [[Jitendra Parmar]]
* [[Ashok Parmar]]
* [[Abhishek Makwana]]
* [[Abbas Hirapurwala]]
* [[Dev Keshwala]]
* [[Nitin Keswani]]
}}
| starring             = 
| list_episodes        = 
| composer             = 
| country              = India
| language             = Hindi
| num_seasons          = 1
| num_episodes         = 4,501 &lt;!--as of October 2025--&gt;&lt;!-- Do not uncomment the preceding text. This field is for a number only and the date should not be visible. --&gt;
}}
'''''Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah''''' ({{translation}} Taarak Mehta's inverted [[spectacles]]; sometimes abbreviated as '''''TMKOC''''') is an Indian [[Hindi Language]] television [[sitcom]]. One of India's longest running television shows, it is produced by [[Neela Tele Films]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/munmun-dutta-opens-up-about-the-controversy-surrounding-taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-comes-out-in-support-of-gurcharan-singh-sodhi/articleshow/60731844.cms|title=Munmun Dutta opens up about the controversy surrounding Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah; comes out in support of Gurcharan Singh (Sodhi)|date=18 September 2017|newspaper=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=7 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The show went on air on 28 July 2008. It airs from Monday to Saturday on [[SAB TV]]. Reruns of the show started on [[Sony Pal]] from 2 November 2015.

The show is based on the column ''Duniya Ne Undha Chashma'' written by columnist and journalist/playwright [[Taarak Mehta]] for the Gujarati weekly magazine ''[[Chitralekha (weekly)|Chitralekha]]''.

== Plot ==
The series takes place at the Gokuldham Co-operative Society, an apartment complex in Powder Gali, Goregaon East, Mumbai around Gada Family which consists of a successful businessman Jethalal Champaklal Gada, his father Champaklal Jayantilal Gada, his wife Daya and their naughty son Tipendra Gada (Tapu) who is the leader of his friend circle called &quot;Tapu Sena.&quot;

Jethalal calls his father Champaklal to keep an eye on Tapu but the opposite happens and he joins hands with Tapu. Most of the episodes are based on Jethalal being stuck in a problem and Taarak Mehta, his best friend, helps him out of it whom Jethalal calls &quot;Fire Brigade.&quot;

The show covers topical issues which are socially relevant. The residents of Gokuldham faces daily life problems and finds solutions for it but with a moral value too in a hilarious manner. Although Gokuldham Society consists of 50 flats but the show mostly focuses on the lives of the families, that are of; Jethalal Champaklal Gada, a Gujarati; Taarak Mehta, who is from Rajasthan; Aatmaram Tukaram Bhide, who belongs to Marathi culture; Dr. Hansraj Hathi, a Bihari overweight doctor; Krishnan Iyer, a scientist from Chennai but has a Bengali wife; Roshan Singh Sodhi, A Punjabi but has a Parsi wife and Patrakaar Popatlal from Bhopal, a bachelor from eleven years. They always help each-other in their problems, to promote Unity in Diversity.

== Cast and Characters ==

'''&lt;big&gt;Main'''

=== Gada Family: ===

[[Dilip Joshi]] as [[Jethalal Champaklal Gada]] (2008-present)

[[Disha Vakani]] as [[Daya Jethalal Gada]] (2008-2017)

[[Amit Bhatt]] as [[Champaklal Jayantilal Gada]] (2008-present)

[[Bhavya Gandhi]] / [[Raj Anadkat]] / [[Nitish Bhaluni]] as [[Tipendra Jethalal Gada (Tapu)]] (2008-2017/2017-2022/2023-present)

=== Mehta Family: ===

[[Shailesh Lodha]] / [[Sachin Shroff]] as [[Taarak Mehta]] (2008-2022 / 2022-present)

[[Neha Mehta]] / [[Sunanya Fozdar]] as [[Anjali Mehta]] (2008-2020/2020-present)

=== Iyer Family: ===

[[Tanuj Mahashabde]] as [[Krishnan Subramaniam Iyer]] (2008-present)

[[Munmun Dutta]] as [[Babita Iyer]] (2008-present)

=== Bhide Family: ===

[[Mandar Chandwadkar]] as [[Aatmaram Tukaram Bhide]] (2008-present)

[[Sonalika Joshi]] as [[Madhavi Aatmaram Bhide]] (2008-present)

[[Jheel Mehta]] / [[Nidhi Bhanushali]] / [[Palak Sidhwani]] / [[Khushi Mali]] as [[Sonalika Aatmaram Bhide (Sonu)]] (2008-2012/2012-2019/2019-2024/2024-present)

=== Sodhi Family: ===

[[Gurcharan Singh]] / [[Laad Singh Mann]] / [[Balvinder Singh Suri]] as [[Harjeet Singh Sodhi]] (2008-2013,2014-2020/2013-2014/2020-present)

[[Jennifer Mistry Banshiwal]] / [[Dilkhush Reporter]] / [[Monaz Mevawala]] as [[Roshan Kaur Sodhi]] (2008-2013,2016-2023/2013-2016/2023-present)

[[Samay Shah]] as [[Gurcharan Singh Sodhi (Gogi)]] (2008-present)

=== Hathi Family:===

[[Nirmal Soni]] / [[Kavi Kumar Azad]] as [[Dr. Hansraj Hathi]] (2008-2009,2018-present)/ (2008-2018)

[[Ambika Ranjankar]] as [[Komal Hathi]] (2008-present)

[[Kush Shah]] / [[Dharmit Turakhiya]] as [[Gulabkumar Hathi (Goli)]] (2008-2024/2024-present)

=== Binjola Family ===

[[Kuldeep Gor]] as [[Ratan Chatursi Binjola]]

[[Dharti Bhatt]] as [[Rupmati “Rupa” Baditop Binjola]]

[[Akshaan Sehrawat]] as [[Veer Ratan Binjola]]

[[Maahi Bhadra]] as [[Bansari Ratan Binjola]]


=== Others: ===

[[Azhar Shaik]] as [[Pankaj Diwan Sahay (Pinku)]] (2008-present)

[[Sharad Sankla]] as [[Abdul]] (2008-present)

[[Shyam Pathak]] as [[Patrakar Popatlal Bhagwati Pandey]] (2009-present)

[[Ghanashyam Nayak]] / [[Kiran Bhatt]] as [[Natwarlal Prabhashankar Udhaiwala (Nattu Kaka)]] (2008-2020, 2021/2022-present)

[[Tanmay Vekaria]] as [[Bagheshawar Dadukh Udhaiwala (Bagha)]] (2011-present)

[[Monika Bhadoriya]] / [[Navina Wadakar]] as [[Bawri Dhondulal Kanpuria]] (2013-2019/2023-present)

[[Mayur Vakani]] as [[Sundarlal]] (2008-present)

[[Priya Ahuja]] / [[Mihika Verma]] as [[Rita Srivastava]] (2009-2010,2013-present/2010-2013)

[[Daya Shankar Pandey]] as [[Inspector Chalu Pandey]] (2010-present)

[[Asitkumarr Modi]] as himself (2008-present)

'''&lt;big&gt;Guests&lt;/big&gt;'''

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:2000s Indian comedy television series]]
[[Category:2000s sitcoms]]
[[Category:2000s Indian soap operas]]
[[Category:2008 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2010s Indian comedy television series]]
[[Category:2010s Indian sitcoms]]
[[Category:2010s Indian soap operas]]
[[Category:2020s Indian comedy television series]]
[[Category:2020s sitcoms]]
[[Category:2020s Indian soap operas]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television series]]
[[Category:Indian sitcoms]]
[[Category:Sony SAB original programming]]</text>
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        <id>1802164</id>
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      <comment>/* Cast and Characters */</comment>
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      <text bytes="7227" sha1="mbu5ev0burjdhtzxrsbkhmac01ellha" xml:space="preserve">{{more sources|date=January 2021}}
{{Cleanup red links|date=January 2021}}

{{Infobox television
| camera               = 
| runtime              = 24–25&amp;nbsp;minutes
| company              = [[Neela Tele Films]]
| network              = [[Sony SAB]]
| producer             = [[Asitkumarr Modi]]
[[Neela Asit Modi]]
| released             = 
| first_aired          = {{Start date|df=yes|2008|07|28}}
| last_aired           = present
| editor               = 
| executive_producer   = 
| image                = 
| director             = {{Plainlist|
* [[Abhishek Sharma]]
* [[Dheeraj Palshetkar]]
* [[Harshad Joshi]]
* [[Malav Suresh Rajda]]
}}
| image_alt            = 
| caption              = 
| genre                = [[Sitcom]]
| creator              = [[Asitkumarr Modi]]
| based_on             = &quot;Duniya Ne Oondha Chashmah&quot; by [[Taarak Mehta]]
| writer               = {{Plainlist|
* [[Raju Odedra]]
* [[Rajen Upadhyay]]
* [[Rakesh Joshi]]
* [[Manish Mehta]]
* [[Niren Bhatt]]
* [[Jitendra Parmar]]
* [[Ashok Parmar]]
* [[Abhishek Makwana]]
* [[Abbas Hirapurwala]]
* [[Dev Keshwala]]
* [[Nitin Keswani]]
}}
| starring             = 
| list_episodes        = 
| composer             = 
| country              = India
| language             = Hindi
| num_seasons          = 1
| num_episodes         = 4,501 &lt;!--as of October 2025--&gt;&lt;!-- Do not uncomment the preceding text. This field is for a number only and the date should not be visible. --&gt;
}}
'''''Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah''''' ({{translation}} Taarak Mehta's inverted [[spectacles]]; sometimes abbreviated as '''''TMKOC''''') is an Indian [[Hindi Language]] television [[sitcom]]. One of India's longest running television shows, it is produced by [[Neela Tele Films]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/munmun-dutta-opens-up-about-the-controversy-surrounding-taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-comes-out-in-support-of-gurcharan-singh-sodhi/articleshow/60731844.cms|title=Munmun Dutta opens up about the controversy surrounding Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah; comes out in support of Gurcharan Singh (Sodhi)|date=18 September 2017|newspaper=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=7 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The show went on air on 28 July 2008. It airs from Monday to Saturday on [[SAB TV]]. Reruns of the show started on [[Sony Pal]] from 2 November 2015.

The show is based on the column ''Duniya Ne Undha Chashma'' written by columnist and journalist/playwright [[Taarak Mehta]] for the Gujarati weekly magazine ''[[Chitralekha (weekly)|Chitralekha]]''.

== Plot ==
The series takes place at the Gokuldham Co-operative Society, an apartment complex in Powder Gali, Goregaon East, Mumbai around Gada Family which consists of a successful businessman Jethalal Champaklal Gada, his father Champaklal Jayantilal Gada, his wife Daya and their naughty son Tipendra Gada (Tapu) who is the leader of his friend circle called &quot;Tapu Sena.&quot;

Jethalal calls his father Champaklal to keep an eye on Tapu but the opposite happens and he joins hands with Tapu. Most of the episodes are based on Jethalal being stuck in a problem and Taarak Mehta, his best friend, helps him out of it whom Jethalal calls &quot;Fire Brigade.&quot;

The show covers topical issues which are socially relevant. The residents of Gokuldham faces daily life problems and finds solutions for it but with a moral value too in a hilarious manner. Although Gokuldham Society consists of 50 flats but the show mostly focuses on the lives of the families, that are of; Jethalal Champaklal Gada, a Gujarati; Taarak Mehta, who is from Rajasthan; Aatmaram Tukaram Bhide, who belongs to Marathi culture; Dr. Hansraj Hathi, a Bihari overweight doctor; Krishnan Iyer, a scientist from Chennai but has a Bengali wife; Roshan Singh Sodhi, A Punjabi but has a Parsi wife and Patrakaar Popatlal from Bhopal, a bachelor from eleven years. They always help each-other in their problems, to promote Unity in Diversity.

== Cast and Characters ==

'''&lt;big&gt;Main'''

=== Gada Family: ===

* [[Dilip Joshi]] as [[Jethalal Champaklal Gada]] (2008-present)

* [[Disha Vakani]] as [[Daya Jethalal Gada]] (2008-2017)

* [[Amit Bhatt]] as [[Champaklal Jayantilal Gada]] (2008-present)

* [[Bhavya Gandhi]] / [[Raj Anadkat]] / [[Nitish Bhaluni]] as [[Tipendra Jethalal Gada (Tapu)]] (2008-2017/2017-2022/2023-present)

=== Mehta Family: ===

* [[Shailesh Lodha]] / [[Sachin Shroff]] as [[Taarak Mehta]] (2008-2022 / 2022-present)

* [[Neha Mehta]] / [[Sunanya Fozdar]] as [[Anjali Mehta]] (2008-2020/2020-present)

=== Iyer Family: ===

* [[Tanuj Mahashabde]] as [[Krishnan Subramaniam Iyer]] (2008-present)

* [[Munmun Dutta]] as [[Babita Iyer]] (2008-present)

=== Bhide Family: ===

* [[Mandar Chandwadkar]] as [[Aatmaram Tukaram Bhide]] (2008-present)

* [[Sonalika Joshi]] as [[Madhavi Aatmaram Bhide]] (2008-present)

* [[Jheel Mehta]] / [[Nidhi Bhanushali]] / [[Palak Sidhwani]] / [[Khushi Mali]] as [[Sonalika Aatmaram Bhide (Sonu)]] (2008-2012/2012-2019/2019-2024/2024-present)

=== Sodhi Family: ===

* [[Gurcharan Singh]] / [[Laad Singh Mann]] / [[Balvinder Singh Suri]] as [[Harjeet Singh Sodhi]] (2008-2013,2014-2020/2013-2014/2020-present)

* [[Jennifer Mistry Banshiwal]] / [[Dilkhush Reporter]] / [[Monaz Mevawala]] as [[Roshan Kaur Sodhi]] (2008-2013,2016-2023/2013-2016/2023-present)

* [[Samay Shah]] as [[Gurcharan Singh Sodhi (Gogi)]] (2008-present)

=== Hathi Family:===

* [[Nirmal Soni]] / [[Kavi Kumar Azad]] as [[Dr. Hansraj Hathi]] (2008-2009,2018-present)/ (2008-2018)

* [[Ambika Ranjankar]] as [[Komal Hathi]] (2008-present)

* [[Kush Shah]] / [[Dharmit Turakhiya]] as [[Gulabkumar Hathi (Goli)]] (2008-2024/2024-present)

=== Binjola Family ===

* [[Kuldeep Gor]] as [[Ratan Chatursi Binjola]]

* [[Dharti Bhatt]] as [[Rupmati “Rupa” Baditop Binjola]]

* [[Akshaan Sehrawat]] as [[Veer Ratan Binjola]]

* [[Maahi Bhadra]] as [[Bansari Ratan Binjola]]


=== Others: ===

* [[Azhar Shaik]] as [[Pankaj Diwan Sahay (Pinku)]] (2008-present)

* [[Sharad Sankla]] as [[Abdul]] (2008-present)

* [[Shyam Pathak]] as [[Patrakar Popatlal Pandey]] (2009-present)

* [[Ghanashyam Nayak]] / [[Kiran Bhatt]] as [[Natwarlal Prabhashankar Udhaiwala (Nattu Kaka)]] (2008-2020, 2021/2022-present)

* [[Tanmay Vekaria]] as [[Bagheshawar Dadukh Udhaiwala (Bagha)]] (2011-present)

* [[Monika Bhadoriya]] / [[Navina Wadakar]] as [[Bawri Dhondulal Kanpuria]] (2013-2019/2023-present)

* [[Mayur Vakani]] as [[Sundarlal]] (2008-present)

* [[Priya Ahuja]] / [[Mihika Verma]] as [[Rita Srivastava]] (2009-2010,2013-2020/2010-2013)

* [[Daya Shankar Pandey]] as [[Inspector Chalu Pandey]] (2010-present)

* [[Asitkumarr Modi]] as himself (2008-present)

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:2000s Indian comedy television series]]
[[Category:2000s sitcoms]]
[[Category:2000s Indian soap operas]]
[[Category:2008 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2010s Indian comedy television series]]
[[Category:2010s Indian sitcoms]]
[[Category:2010s Indian soap operas]]
[[Category:2020s Indian comedy television series]]
[[Category:2020s sitcoms]]
[[Category:2020s Indian soap operas]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television series]]
[[Category:Indian sitcoms]]
[[Category:Sony SAB original programming]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Madeon</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>754422</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880556</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-06T20:50:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HarleyEditing</username>
        <id>1251779</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Madeons third studio album releases on June 26th</comment>
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      <text bytes="1759" sha1="pvfz322mxrpluzg8f9be88jaoz7vj7e" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox musical artist
| name                = Madeon
| image               = Madeon (color corrected).png
| caption             = Madeon in 2015
| background          = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| birth_name          = Hugo Pierre Leclercq
| birth_date          = {{birth date and age|1994|5|30}}
| birth_place         = [[Nantes]], [[France]]
| origin              = 
| genre            = {{flatlist|
* [[Electropop]]
* [[House music|house]]
* [[nu-disco]]
}}
| occupation       = {{flatlist|
* DJ
* music producer
}}
| years_active     = 2005–present
| label            = {{flatlist|
* Popculture
* [[Columbia Records|Columbia]]
* [[Sony Music|Sony]]
* [[Universal Music|Universal]]
}}
| associated_acts     = 
| website             = {{URL|madeon.net}}
| notable_instruments = 
}}
'''Hugo Pierre Leclercq''' (born 30 May 1994), better known by his stage name '''Madeon''', is a [[France|French]] DJ and music producer from [[Nantes]], [[Brittany]] who is currently based in [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], [[United States]].

Leclercq initially came to widespread public attention through a video he uploaded to [[YouTube]], &quot;[[Pop Culture (song)|Pop Culture]]&quot;, where he performed a mash-up of 39 different popular songs in real-time using a [[Novation Digital Music Systems#Key products|Novation Launchpad]]. The video received millions of views in its first few days of release.

His first EP, ''[[The City (EP)|The City]]'', was released in 2012.

==Discography==
* ''[[Adventure (Madeon album)|Adventure]]'' (2015)
*[[Good Faith (Madeon album)|''Good Faith'']] (2019)
*Victory (2026)

{{bio-stub}}

[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Nantes]]
[[Category:French singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:French DJs]]</text>
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      <comment>Major changes, and citations provided</comment>
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      <text bytes="2494" sha1="fltevmej9cusb1aqmu3h9s3eqpcpoju" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox musical artist
| name                = Madeon
| image               = Madeon (color corrected).png
| caption             = Madeon in 2015
| background          = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| birth_name          = Hugo Pierre Leclercq
| birth_date          = {{birth date and age|1994|5|30}}
| birth_place         = [[Nantes]], [[France]]
| origin              = 
| genre            = {{flatlist|
* [[Electropop]]
* [[House music|house]]
* [[nu-disco]]
}}
| occupation       = {{flatlist|
* DJ
* music producer
}}
| years_active     = 2005–present
| label            = {{flatlist|
* Popculture
* [[Columbia Records|Columbia]]
* [[Sony Music|Sony]]
* [[Universal Music|Universal]]
}}
| associated_acts     = 
| website             = {{URL|madeon.net}}
| notable_instruments = 
}}
'''Hugo Pierre Leclercq''' (born 30 May 1994), better known by his stage name '''Madeon''', is a [[France|French]] DJ and music producer from [[Nantes]], [[Brittany]] who is currently based in [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], [[United States]].

Leclercq initially came to widespread public attention through a video he uploaded to [[YouTube]], &quot;[[Pop Culture (song)|Pop Culture]]&quot;, where he performed a mash-up of 39 different popular songs in real-time using a [[Novation Digital Music Systems#Key products|Novation Launchpad]]. The video received millions of views in its first few days of release. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Madeon, l'électro kid|language=fr|work=liberation.fr|url=http://next.liberation.fr/musique/01012369420-madeon-l-electro-kid|access-date=2026-06-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

His first EP, ''[[The City (EP)|The City]]'', was released in 2012. His debut studio album, [[Adventure (Madeon album)|Adventure]], was released in 2015, supported by a 22-stop North American tour. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-02-10|title=Madeon Announces Spring North American Headlining Tour Supporting 'Adventure'|url=https://www.musictimes.com/articles/28106/20150210/madeon-spring-north-american-headlining-tour-adventure-coachella.htm|access-date=2026-06-06|website=Music Times|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

In 2019, he released his second album, [[Good Faith (Madeon album)|Good Faith]], as part of the Good Faith Live tour.

==Discography==
* ''[[Adventure (Madeon album)|Adventure]]'' (2015)
*[[Good Faith (Madeon album)|''Good Faith'']] (2019)
*Victory (2026)

{{bio-stub}}

[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Nantes]]
[[Category:French singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:French DJs]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Will Theunissen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-06T20:49:41Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Pip Planner</username>
        <id>1733735</id>
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      <text bytes="1895" sha1="6whnwwrdy7jfwlmvfs6yi1ncgudmnqe" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Will-theunissen-1315298904.jpg|right|200px]]
'''Will Theunissen''' (30 June 1954 – 1 May 2020) was a [[Dutch language|Dutch]] [[guitarist]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gitarist Will Theunissen (65) overleden|url=https://www.omroepgelderland.nl/nieuws/2447990/Gitarist-Will-Theunissen-65-overleden|website=Omroep Gelderland|language=NL|access-date=2020-05-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was born in [[Nijmegen]]. Theunissen was the founder of the [[Jazz Rock]] band ''Elevator'' from [[Nijmegen]], which was active in the 1970s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=DPG Media Privacy Gate|url=https://myprivacy.dpgmedia.nl/consent?siteKey=PUBX2BuuZfEPJ6vF&amp;callbackUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.volkskrant.nl%2Fprivacygate-confirm%3FredirectUri%3D%252Fmensen%252Fwill-theunissen-1954-2020-gitarist-met-doe-maar-in-zijn-voorprogramma%7Eb71da9b0%252F&amp;isLoggedIn=false|access-date=2026-06-06|website=myprivacy.dpgmedia.nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Together with [[Frank Boeijen]] he was from the beginning part of the Frank Boeijen Groep, becoming notable in the 1980s.

His best known songs were ''Doe Iets'', ''Zwart Wit'' and ''1.000.000 Sterren'' of the album ''Kontakt'' (1984). They reached the [[Dutch Top 40]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Corona dreigt uitvaart gitarist Will Theunissen te verpesten: 'Dat is toch een drama'|url=https://www.omroepgelderland.nl/nieuws/2445435/Corona-dreigt-uitvaart-gitarist-Will-Theunissen-te-verpesten-Dat-is-toch-een-drama|website=Omroep Gelderland|language=NL|access-date=2020-05-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Theunissen died in [[Tiel]] on 1 May 2020, aged 65.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.omroepgelderland.nl/nieuws/2447990/Gitarist-Will-Theunissen-65-overleden|title=Gitarist Will Theunissen (65) overleden|website=Omroep Gelderland}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Theunissen, Will}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Dutch guitarists]]
[[Category:People from Nijmegen]]

{{bio-stub}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gaja-la-Selve</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>757769</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880354</id>
      <parentid>8027886</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T14:26:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Diademchild</username>
        <id>1280805</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added infobox copied from the English Wikipedia article [[:en:Gaja-la-Selve]]</comment>
      <origin>10880354</origin>
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      <text bytes="1364" sha1="4y1j0i2g15ycj768kbiw5v67nx74eag" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox French commune
|name                   = Gaja La Selve
|commune status         = [[Communes of France|Commune]]
|arrondissement         = Carcassonne
|canton                 = La Piège au Razès
|INSEE                  = 11159
|postal code            = 11270
|mayor                  = Régis Calmon&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|publisher=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=13 September 2022|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|term                   = 2020&amp;ndash;2026
|intercommunality       = Piège Lauragais Malepère
|coordinates            = {{coord|43.1964|1.8967|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|elevation m            = 325
|elevation min m        = 273
|elevation max m        = 374
|area km2               = 11.38
|population             = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}}
|population date        = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}
|population footnotes   = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}}
}}
'''Gaja-la-Selve''' is a [[Communes of France|commune]].

It is in the [[Regions of France|region]] [[Occitanie]] of the [[Aude]] [[Departments of France|department]], in the south of [[France]].

{{Aude communes}}

{{France-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Communes in Aude]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>List of programmes shown by CBeebies</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>764373</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880609</id>
      <parentid>10849560</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T23:01:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-27686-84</username>
        <id>1799605</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Commissioned */</comment>
      <origin>10880609</origin>
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      <text bytes="23453" sha1="72x6rmtofz4w4v6dph49mhmf8u119sa" xml:space="preserve">{{Unsourced|date=August 2022}}
This is a list of [[CBeebies]] programmes.

==Current programming==
===Original programmes===
====In-house====
The shows listed here are produced by BBC Studios Kids &amp; Family or its predecessors.
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* ''Andy's Adventures''
** ''Andy's Aquatic Adventures'' (2020)
** ''[[Andy's Dinosaur Adventures]]'' (2014)
** ''Andy's Global Adventures'' (2023)
** ''Andy's Prehistoric Adventures'' (2016)
** ''Andy's Safari Adventures'' (2018)
** ''Andy's Wild Adventures'' (2012)
* ''Andy's Dino Island'' (2026)
* ''Biff and Chip'' (2021){{refn|group=note|name=bbcstudios1|Distributed by BBC Studios in the UK but not overseas.}}
* ''[[Catie's Amazing Machines]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Down on the Farm (2015 TV series)|Down on the Farm]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Gigglebiz|GiggleQuiz]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Go Jetters]]'' (2015)
* '' Go Wild'' (2023)&lt;ref name=&quot;bbcplan23&quot;/&gt;
* ''[[Grace's Amazing Machines]]'' (2020)
* ''[[JoJo &amp; Gran Gran]]'' (2020)
* ''[[Justin's House]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Love Monster (British TV series)|Love Monster]]'' (2020){{refn|group=note|name=coprod1|Co-Production. Not distributed by BBC Studios.}}
* ''[[Mr Bloom's Nursery]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Old Jack's Boat]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Rafi the Wishing Wizard]]'' (2026)
* ''Our Family'' (2016)
* ''Roots and Fruits'' (2022)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/m001dhdd/roots-and-fruits-series-1-1-runner-beans | title=BBC iPlayer - Roots and Fruits - Series 1: 1. Runner Beans}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Show Me Show Me]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Something Special (TV series)|Something Special]]'' (2003)
* ''Supertato'' (2022){{refn|group=note|name=coprod2|Co-Production.}}
* ''Stan Can'' (2025)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.c21media.net/marketplace/bbcstudioskidsandfamily/stan-can/22565/ | title=Stan Can {{!}} BBC Studios Kids &amp; Family {{!}} Screenings}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Swashbuckle (TV series)|Swashbuckle]]'' (2013)
* ''Teeny Tiny Creatures'' (2021)
* ''Tiny Wonders'' (2020)
{{div col end}}

=====[[BBC iPlayer]] only=====
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* ''Andy's Dino Toybox'' (2020)
* ''[[Biggleton]]'' (2017){{refn|group=note|name=bbcstudios1|Distributed by BBC Studios in the UK but not overseas.}}
* ''Colours'' (2021)
* ''Daydreams'' (2020)
* ''[[Gigglebiz]]'' (2009)
* ''Jennie's Fitness in 5'' (2021)
* ''Kit &amp; Pup'' (2018)
* ''[[Molly and Mack]]'' (2018) 
* ''Number 1 Newton Avenue'' (2021)
* ''[[Boogie Beebies|Oti's Boogie Beebies]]'' (2020)
* ''YolanDa's Band Jam'' (2019)
{{div col end}}

====Commissioned====
Shows listed here are commissioned by CBeebies but are produced by third-parties.

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* ''[[Alphablocks]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Apple Tree House]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Baby Jake]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Balamory]] (revival)'' (2026)
* ''Beddybyes'' (2025)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/2024/bbc-childrens-animation-commissions| title=BBC Children's bolsters animation offering for young and family audiences with brand new commissions| date=11 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Big Cook, Little Cook]]'' (revival series) (2022)
* ''Big Lizard'' (2024)&lt;ref name=&quot;biglizard&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://kidscreen.com/2023/09/12/cbeebies-and-france-tv-order-big-lizard-preschool-series/|title=CBeebies and France TV order Big Lizard preschool series}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Bing (TV series)|Bing]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Bitz and Bob]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Charlie and Lola (TV series)|Charlie and Lola]]'' (2005){{refn|group=note|name=bbcworldwide2023|Distributed by BBC Worldwide/Studios until 2023.}}
* ''[[Chuggington]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Clangers]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Colourblocks]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Dipdap]]'' (2011)
* ''Dog Loves Books'' (2020){{refn|group=note||name=bbcstudios2}}
* ''Dog Squad'' (2022){{refn|group=note||name=bbcstudios2}}
* ''Dodge's Pup School'' (2024)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://kidscreen.com/2024/08/12/bbc-childrens-and-education-greenlights-dodges-pup-school/ | title=BBC Children's and Education greenlights Dodge's Pup School }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Football Fantastics'' (2025)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/2025/cbeebies-series-football-fantastics-lionesses-jill-scott| title=New CBeebies series Football Fantastics featuring the Lionesses and Jill Scott kicks off next month| date=11 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Fred &amp; Pete's Treasure Tales'' (2023)&lt;ref name=&quot;bbcplan23&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/documents/bbc-annual-plan-2023-2024.pdf| title=BBC Annual Plan 2023/24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** ''Art Adventures with Fred &amp; Pete'' (2024)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/2024/bbc-childrens-and-education-announces-commissions-to-educate-and-inspire-with-international-appeal| title=BBC Children’s and Education announces commissions to educate and inspire with international appeal| date=5 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[The Furchester Hotel]]'' (2014)
* ''The Game Catchers'' (2023)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://kidscreen.com/2023/01/17/bbc-pick-ups-the-game-catchers-for-cbeebies/ | title=BBC picks up The Game Catchers for CBeebies }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Get Set Galactic'' (2023)
* ''Get Well Soon'' (2012)
* ''[[Hey Duggee]]'' (2015){{refn|group=note||name=bbcstudios2}}
* ''I Can Do It, You Can Too'' (2023)&lt;ref name=&quot;bbcchildrens2023&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/2023/bbc-childrens-new-commissions-for-children-and-families-across-the-uk| title=BBC Children's unveils huge variety of new commissions for children and families across the UK}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[In the Night Garden]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Katie Morag (TV series)|Katie Morag]]'' (2013){{refn|group=note||name=worldwidestudios}}
* ''Kiri and Lou'' (2020)
* ''Let's Go for a Walk!'' (2020){{refn|group=note|name=bbcstudios2|Distributed by BBC Studios.}}
* ''[[Maddie's Do You Know?]]'' (2016)
** ''[[Maddie's Do You Know?#Spin-off series|Maddie, Space and You]]'' (2021)
** ''[[Maddie's Do You Know?#Spin-off series|Maddie, The Home and You]]'' (2021)
** ''[[Maddie's Do You Know?#Spin-off series|Maddie, The Plants and You]]'' (2021)
** ''[[Maddie's Do You Know?#Spin-off series|Maddie, The Zoo and You]]'' (2020)
* ''Maddie &amp; Triggs'' (2024)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/2024/bbc-childrens-and-education-announces-commissions-to-educate-and-inspire-with-international-appeal| title=BBC Children’s and Education announces commissions to educate and inspire with international appeal| date=5 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Magic Hands'' (2013)
* ''[[Messy Goes to Okido]]'' (2015)
* ''Mojo Swoptops'' (2024)
* ''Monster Makes'' (2026)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/2024/bbc-childrens-and-education-announces-commissions-to-educate-and-inspire-with-international-appeal| title=BBC Children’s and Education announces commissions to educate and inspire with international appeal| date=5 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Moon and Me]]'' (2019)
* ''My World Kitchen'' (2018){{refn|group=note||name=bbcstudios2}}
* ''[[Numberblocks]]'' (2017)
* ''Nick Cope's Popcast'' (2020)
* ''Nikhil &amp; Jay'' (2024)
* ''[[Octonauts]]'' (2010)
* ''Patchwork Pals'' (2016)
* ''[[Peter Rabbit (TV series)|Peter Rabbit]]'' (2012)
* ''Piggy Builders'' (2025)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/2024/bbc-childrens-animation-commissions| title=BBC Children's bolsters animation offering for young and family audiences with brand new commissions| date=11 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Piripenguins'' (2025)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.skwigly.co.uk/pirirpenguins/| title=BBC and RAI commission Eaglet Films with new series 'Pirirpenguins'| date=15 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Ranger Hamza's Eco Quest'' (2022){{refn|group=note||name=bbcstudios2}}
* ''[[Sarah &amp; Duck]]'' (2013){{refn|group=note||name=bbcstudios2}}
* ''[[School of Roars]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Small Potatoes (2011 TV series)|Small Potatoes]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Tee and Mo]]'' (2018) (shown in short episodes beginning in 2013) (long-form series began in 2018)
* ''[[Teletubbies]]'' (revival series) (2015)
* ''Time for School'' (2014)
* ''Tiny Tunes'' (2026)
* ''The Toddler Club'' (2021)
* ''[[Topsy and Tim]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Twirlywoos]]'' (2015)
* ''Vida the Vet'' (2024)
* ''[[Waffle the Wonder Dog]]'' (2018)
* ''What's in Your Bag?'' (2023)
* ''What's on Your Head?'' (2021)
* ''[[Wonderblocks]]'' (2025)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/2025/cbeebies-unveils-new-educational-animation-series-wonderblocks| title=CBeebies unveils new educational animation series Wonderblocks to teach pre-coding skills| date=8 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Yakka Dee!'' (2017){{refn|group=note||name=bbcstudios2}}
* ''Yukee'' (2024)
* ''Zog'' (2026)
{{div col end}}

=====[[BBC iPlayer]] only=====
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* ''Andy and the Band'' (2020)
* ''[[The Baby Club]]'' (2019)
* ''B.O.T. and the Beasties'' (2021)
* ''Hushabye Lullabye'' (2020)
* ''My Petsaurus'' (2017)
* ''[[Olga da Polga]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Pipkins|Monty and Co.]]'' (2020)
* ''[[Pablo (TV series)|Pablo]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Raa Raa the Noisy Lion]]'' (2011)
* ''Teddles'' (2019)
* ''[[Timmy Time]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Tinpo]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Treasure Champs]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Tree Fu Tom]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Woolly and Tig]]'' (2012)
{{div col end}}

===Acquired programmes===
This section includes third-party acquisitions.
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* ''Activate with Joe Wicks'' (2025)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://www.televisual.com/news/cbeebies-adds-studio-aka-joe-wicks-show/| title=CBeebies adds Studio AKA Joe Wicks show|website=Televisual|date=9 September 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Bluey (TV series)|Bluey]]'' (2021){{refn|group=note||name=bbcstudios2}}
* ''Dylan's Playtime Adventures'' (2024)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://kidscreen.com/2024/02/14/cbeebies-picks-up-dylans-playtime-adventures/| title=CBeebies picks up Dylan's Playtime Adventures}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Gecko's Garage]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Lu &amp; the Bally Bunch]]'' (2024)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://9story.com/9-story-distribution-licenses-animated-preschool-series-lu-the-bally-bunch-to-cbeebies/|title=9 Story Distribution Licenses Animated Preschool Series Lu &amp; The Bally Bunch to CBeebies|website=9story.com|date=26 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Xilam|Pfffirates]]'' (2022)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RKlkrnQobSU | title=CBeebies - YouTube| website=[[YouTube]]| date=27 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Pinocchio and Friends'' (2022)
* ''[[Postman Pat|Postman Pat: SDS]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Puffin Rock]]'' (2025)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | author1=Lauren| url=https://northernirelandscreen.co.uk/news/w5-and-puffin-rock-ltd-announce-new-partnership/| title=W5 and Puffin Rock Ltd Announce New Partnership| website=Northern Ireland Screen| date=19 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Spidey and His Amazing Friends]]'' (2022)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m001d07m | title=CBeebies - Spidey and His Amazing Friends, Series 1, Spidey to the Power of Three}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''The Weasy Family'' (2025)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/2024/bbc-childrens-and-education-announces-commissions-to-educate-and-inspire-with-international-appeal| title=BBC Children’s and Education announces commissions to educate and inspire with international appeal| date=5 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Vegesaurs]]'' (2023)
{{div col end}}

====[[BBC iPlayer]] only====
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* ''[[Blippi|Blippi Wonders]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Cocomelon]]'' (2021)
* ''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighbourhood]]'' (2022)
* ''Digley and Dazey'' (2021)
* ''Go Buster'' (2021)
* ''Lellobee City Farm'' (2023)
* ''Let's Dance'' (2022)
* ''[[Little Baby Bum]]'' (2021)
* ''[[Olobob Top]]'' (2017)
* ''Playtime with Twinkle'' (2021)
* ''[[Tik Tak]]'' (2020)
* ''Tish Tash'' (2021)
{{div col end}}

===Programming blocks===
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}} 
* This is CBeebies (5:30 am-6:00 am) (2009–present)
* Get Set Go (6:00 am-9:00 am){{refn|group=note|name=originalhours1|Originally aired from 7:00 am-9:00 am.}} (2006–present)
* Discover and Do (9:00 am-3:15 pm){{refn|group=note|name=originalhours2|Originally aired from 9:00 am-3:00 pm.}} (2007–present)
* Lunchtime (12:00 pm-1:00 pm){{refn|group=note|name=originalhours3|Originally aired from 12:00pm-12:30pm.}} (2009–present)
* Big Fun Time (3:15 pm-5.45 pm){{refn|group=note|name=originalhours4|Originally aired from 3:00 pm-6:00pm and later from 3:00 pm-5:45 pm.}} (2007–present)
* Bedtime Hour (5:45 pm-7:00 pm){{refn|group=note|name=originalhours5|Originally aired from 6:00 pm-7:00 pm.}} (2003–present)
{{Div col end}}

==Upcoming programmes==
===Commissioned programmes===
* ''MaeBee'' (2026)
* Untitled Chris Wood series (2026)
* ''The UnderGlow'' (2027)
* ''Unnamed [[Doctor Who]] series'' (2027/28)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-12 |title=Doctor Who - The Tardis is set to land on CBeebies|url=https://kidscreen.com/2025/06/12/the-bbc-seeks-pitches-for-a-doctor-who-preschool-series/|access-date=2025-06-12 |website=[[BBC]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Former programmes==
===Original===
====In-house====
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* ''[[The Adventures of Abney &amp; Teal]]'' (2011–2019)
* ''Andy's Baby Animals'' (2016–2023){{refn|group=note||name=coprod2}} 
* ''[[Andy Pandy]]'' (2002–2008)
* ''Andy's Secret Hideout'' (2017){{refn|group=note||name=coprod2}}
* ''[[Balamory]]'' (2002–2016)
* ''[[Becky and Barnaby Bear]]'' (2002–2009)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title=CBeebies - Schedules, Friday 27 February 2009 | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/schedules/p00fzl9s/2009/02/27 | access-date=2025-09-22 | website=www.bbc.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[List of Tweenies episodes#Be Safe with the Tweenies|Be Safe with the Tweenies]]'' (2002–2009)
* ''[[Flower Pot Men|Bill and Ben]]'' (2002–2008)
* ''[[Bits and Bobs]]'' (2002–2012)
* ''[[Bobinogs]]'' (2004–2010)
* ''[[Boogie Beebies]]'' (2004–2014)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title=CBeebies - Schedules, Friday 21 February 2014 | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/schedules/p00fzl9s/2014/02/21 | access-date=2025-09-22 | website=www.bbc.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Buzz and Tell]]'' (2010–2018)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title=CBeebies - Schedules, Saturday 18 December 2010 | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/schedules/p00fzl9s/2010/12/18 | access-date=2025-09-22 | website=www.bbc.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title=CBeebies - Schedules, Sunday 11 February 2018 | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/schedules/p00fzl9s/2018/02/11 | access-date=2025-09-22 | website=www.bbc.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Carrie and David's Popshop]]'' (2008–2015)
* ''Dinopaws'' (2014–2018)
* ''[[Doodle Do]]'' (2006–2010)
* ''[[Fab Lab]]'' (2002–2006){{refn|group=note||name=coprod2}}
* ''Feeling Better'' (2018)
* ''Ferne and Rory's Vet Tales'' (2018–2022)
* ''[[Fimbles]]'' (2002–2012){{refn|group=note||name=coprod2}}
* ''[[Garth and Bev]]'' (2010–2012)
* ''[[Green Balloon Club]]'' (2008–2014)
* ''Happy Tent Tales'' (2019)
* ''[[Higgledy House]]'' (2005–2009)
* ''[[Jackanory Junior]]'' (2007–2012)
* ''Junk Rescue'' (2018–2020)
* ''[[Kerwhizz]]'' (2008–2017){{refn|group=note||name=coprod2}}
* ''[[LazyTown Extra]]'' (2008–2012){{refn|group=note||name=coprod2}}
* ''Let's Celebrate'' (2010–2018)
* ''The Let's Go Club'' (2015–2018)
* ''[[The Lingo Show]]'' (2012–2017)
* ''Little Human Planet'' (2011–2017)
* ''Little Prairie Dogs'' (2010–2015)
* ''Magic Door'' (2016–2019)
* ''[[Melody (TV series)|Melody]]'' (2013–2021){{refn|group=note||name=coprod2}}
* ''Mighty-Mites'' (2010–2011)
* ''[[Mr Bloom's Nursery|Mr Bloom: Here and There]]'' (2014–2018)
* ''My First'' (2016–2025)
* ''My Pet and Me'' (2014–2021)
* ''My Story'' (2012–2019)
* ''Nelly and Nora'' (2015–2019)
* ''[[Nina and the Neurons]]'' (2007–2017)
* ''[[The Numtums]]'' (2012–2018)
* ''[[Nuzzle and Scratch]]'' (2008–2015)
* ''Oh Yes It Is'' (2003–2004)
* ''Our Planet'' (2006–2012)
* ''Poetry Pie'' (2009–2012)
* ''[[Poppies (film)|Poppies]]'' (2014–2024)
* ''[[Razzledazzle]]'' (2005–2009)
* ''The Rhyme Rocket'' (2012–2015)
* ''[[The Roly Mo Show]]'' (2004–2009){{refn|group=note||name=coprod2}}
* ''Same Smile'' (2010–2016)
* ''[[The Shiny Show]]'' (2002–2009)
* ''[[SMarteenies]]'' (2002–2008)
* ''The Song Catcher'' (2005–2007)
* ''[[Space Pirates (2007 TV series)|Space Pirates]]'' (2007–2011)
* ''[[Spot Bots]]'' (2016–2018)
* ''CBeebies Stargazing'' (2014–2021)
* ''[[Step Inside]]'' (2002–2010){{refn|group=note||name=coprod2}}
* ''[[The Story Makers]]'' (2002–2009)
* ''[[Take a Bow (TV series)|Take a Bow]]'' (2007–2010)
* ''Tellytales'' (2009–2013)
* ''[[Tikkabilla]]'' (2002–2014)
* ''Tiny Tumble'' (2013–2018)
* ''[[Tommy Zoom]]'' (2007–2014)
* ''Where in the World?'' (2017–2021)
* ''Zingalong'' (2002–2004)
* ''[[ZingZillas]]'' (2010–2017)                                  
{{div col end}}

====Commissioned====
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* ''[[3rd &amp; Bird]]'' (2008–2015){{refn|group=note|name=worldwidestudios|Distributed by BBC Worldwide/Studios.}}
* ''Abadas'' (2011–2016)
* ''[[Big &amp; Small|Big and Small]]'' (2008–2015)
* ''[[Big Barn Farm]]'' (2008–2018)
* ''[[Big City Park]]'' (2010–2014){{refn|group=note|name=coprod2}}
* ''[[Big Cook, Little Cook]]'' (original series) (2004–2012)
* ''Binka'' (2002–2005)
* ''[[Bob the Builder]]'' (2002–2014)
* ''[[Boj (TV series)|Boj]]'' (2014–2018)
* ''[[Boo! (TV series)|Boo!]]'' (2003–2010)
* ''Cloudbabies'' (2012–2015)
* ''[[dirtgirlworld]]'' (2009–2014){{refn|group=note|name=bbcworldwide2|Distributed by BBC Worldwide in the UK at the time.}}
* ''[[Driver Dan's Story Train]]'' (2010–2016)
* ''[[Everything's Rosie (TV series)|Everything's Rosie]]'' (2010–2018)
* ''[[Finley the Fire Engine]]'' (2007–2012)
* ''Footy Pups'' (2015–2021)
* ''[[Get Squiggling]]'' (2008–2017)
* ''[[Gordon the Garden Gnome]]'' (2005–2008)
* ''[[Grandpa in My Pocket]]'' (2009–2017)
* ''[[Guess with Jess]]'' (2009–2012)
* ''Gudrun: The Viking Princess'' (2018–2019)
* ''[[I Can Cook]]'' (2009–2018)
* ''[[Iconicles]]'' (2011–2015)
* ''Jamillah and Aladdin'' (2015–2018)
* ''[[Kate &amp; Mim-Mim]]'' (2014–2018)
* ''[[Kazoops!]]'' (2016–2018)
* ''[[The Large Family]]'' (2007–2014){{refn|group=note|name=bbcworldwide3|Distributed by BBC Worldwide.}}
* ''[[Let's Play (TV series)|Let's Play]]'' (2012–2021)
* ''[[Little Charley Bear]]'' (2011–2015)
* ''[[Little Red Tractor]]'' (2004–2011)
* ''[[Little Roy (TV series)|Little Roy]]'' (2016–2019)
* ''[[Me Too! (British TV series)|Me Too!]]'' (2006–2016){{refn|group=note|name=bbcworldwide4|Distributed by BBC Worldwide at the time.}}
* ''[[Mama Mirabelle's Home Movies]]'' (2007–2012)
* ''[[Mike the Knight]]'' (2011–2017)
* ''[[Mister Maker]]'' (2007–2016)
* ''[[Mister Maker Comes to Town]]'' (2010-2018)
* ''[[Mister Maker Around the World]]'' (2013-2018)
* ''Mister Maker's Arty Party'' (2015-2022)
* ''Mister Maker at Home'' (2020-2022)
* ''[[Muffin the Mule]]'' (2005–2008)
* ''[[Numberjacks]]'' (2006–2015)
* ''[[Pinky Dinky Doo]]'' (2006–2012)
* ''[[Q Pootle 5]]'' (2013–2017)
* ''[[Rastamouse]]'' (2011–2018)
* ''[[Ruff-Ruff, Tweet and Dave]]'' (2015–2017)
* ''[[Sergeant Stripes (TV series)|Sergeant Stripes]]'' (2003–2004)
* ''[[Teacup Travels]]'' (2015–2019)
* ''[[Teletubbies#Teletubbies: Everywhere|Teletubbies: Everywhere]]'' (2002–2006){{refn|group=note|name=bbcworldwide4}}
* ''Tilly and Friends'' (2012–2016)
* ''[[Tinga Tinga Tales]]'' (2010–2021)
* ''[[Waybuloo]]'' (2009–2018)
* ''[[Wibbly Pig]]'' (2009–2014){{refn|group=note|name=bbcworldwide4}}
* ''[[Wide-Eye]]'' (2003–2006)
* ''Wussywat the Clumsy Cat'' (2015–2018)
{{div col end}}

===Acquired===
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* ''[[64 Zoo Lane]]'' (2002–2019)
* ''[[Arthur (TV series)|Arthur]]'' (2021-2022)
* ''[[Brum (TV series)|Brum]]'' (2002–2012)
* ''[[Clifford the Big Red Dog (2000 TV series)|Clifford the Big Red Dog]]'' (2002–2011)
* ''[[Clifford's Puppy Days]]'' (2003–2011)
* ''Ethelbert the Tiger'' (2002–2010)
* ''[[Fireman Sam]]'' (2002–2007)
* ''Harry &amp; Toto'' (2008–2012){{refn|group=note|name=worldwidestudios}}
* ''[[Jakers! The Adventures of Piggley Winks]]'' (2006–2011)
* ''Jollywobbles!'' (2010)
* ''[[The Koala Brothers]]'' (2003–2015)
* ''[[LazyTown]]'' (2005–2012)
* ''[[Little Bear (TV series)|Little Bear]]'' (2002–2005, BBC One/Two block only)
* ''[[Louie (French TV series)|Louie]]'' (2008–2013)
* ''[[Little Robots]]'' (2003–2015){{refn|group=note|name=worldwidestudios}}
* ''[[Lulu Zipadoo]]'' (2011–2012)
* ''[[Lunar Jim]]'' (2006–2012)
* ''Open a Door'' (2003–2007)
* ''Penelope'' (2009–2011)
* ''[[Penelope K, by the way]]'' (2010){{refn|group=note|name=international|International Co-Production.}}
* ''[[Pingu]]'' (2002–2015)
** ''[[The Pingu Show]]'' (2007–2012)
* ''[[Polka Dot Shorts]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Postman Pat]]'' (2002–2017)
* ''[[Rubbadubbers]]'' (2002–2008)
* ''[[Sesame Tree]]'' (2008–2013)
* ''[[ToddWorld]]'' (2006–2011)
* ''[[Tots TV]]'' (2004–2008)
* ''[[Underground Ernie]]'' (2006–2009)
* ''[[Uki (TV series)|Uki]]'' (2011–2013)
* ''What's the Big Idea?'' (2013–2021)
* ''[[Zigby]]'' (2009–2012)
{{div col end}}

===Reruns===
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* ''[[Spot (franchise)|The Adventures of Spot]]'' (2002–2004)
* ''[[Angelmouse]]'' (2002–2005)
* ''[[Bodger &amp; Badger]]'' (2002–2005)
* ''[[Bitsa]]'' (2002–2004)
* ''[[Come Outside]]'' (2002–2012)
* ''[[Dr Otter]]'' (2002–2004)
* ''[[El Nombre]]'' (2003–2004)
* ''[[The Family-Ness]]'' (2002)
* ''Little Big Cat'' (2008–2015)
* ''[[The Magic Key]]'' (2003–2005)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/search/0/20?q=%22magic+key%22+-schools&amp;after=2003-01-01T00%3A00%3A00.000Z&amp;before=2005-12-31T23%3A59%3A59.999Z | title=Search - BBC Programme Index | access-date=2022-11-21 | archive-date=2022-09-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928024307/https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/search/0/20?q=%22magic+key%22+-schools&amp;after=2003-01-01T00:00:00.000Z&amp;before=2005-12-31T23:59:59.999Z | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Melvin and Maureen's Music-a-Grams]]'' (2007)
* ''Model Millie '' (2007)
* ''[[Monster Café]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Noddy's Toyland Adventures]]'' (2002–2005)
* ''[[Oakie Doke]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Pablo the Little Red Fox]]'' (2002–2010)
* ''[[The Poddington Peas]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Playdays]]'' (2002–2004)
* ''[[Spider!]]'' (2002–2004)
* ''[[Spot (franchise)|Spot's Musical Adventures]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Storytime (TV programme)|Storytime]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Teletubbies]]'' (original series) (11th February‚ 2002–6th September‚ 2015)
* ''[[Tweenies]]'' (2002–2016)
* ''[[Wiggly Park]]'' (2002–2004)
* ''[[William's Wish Wellingtons]]'' (2002−2004)
* ''[[Yoho Ahoy]]'' (2002–2005)
* ''[[Yoko! Jakamoko! Toto!]]'' (2009–2013)
{{div col end}}

===Programming blocks===
{{Div col|colwidth=18em}} 
* The Carrot Club (2003–2004)
* Pick and Play (2004)
* Pui's Exploring Hour (2004)
* Sid's Fix-It Hour (2004)
* Chris' Sing-Along Hour (2004)
* Sue's Make and Do Hour (2004)
* Nicole's Furry Friends Hour (2004)
* Bear and Butterfly (2005)
* Explorers (2006–2007)
* Little Lunchers (2006–2007)
* Story Corner (2006–2007)
* Busy Beebies (2006–2007)
* Alphabet Time (2006–2007)
{{div col end}}

==References==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==External links==
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies/shows CBeebies shows page]

{{Lists of TV programs by country}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:CBeebies| ]]
[[Category:BBC-related lists|CBeebies]]
[[Category:Lists of television series by network|CBeebies]]</text>
      <sha1>72x6rmtofz4w4v6dph49mhmf8u119sa</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>List of governors of Jharkhand</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>767221</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880324</id>
      <parentid>10501325</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T13:29:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fgfhyjkmddvg</username>
        <id>1817319</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* List */ Reverted 1 edit by [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] to last version by [[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]]; File wasn't deleted from commons.</comment>
      <origin>10880324</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5496" sha1="pfkaabrlwi9u0cqgskkvbbccq8mzy62" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox official post
| post = Governor
| native_name = 
| body = Jharkhand
| insignia = Jharkhand Rajakiya Chihna.svg
| insigniasize = 120px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of Jharkhand]]
| image = Santosh Kumar Gangwar (cropped).jpg
| imagesize = 220px
| incumbent = [[Santosh Gangwar]]
| incumbentsince = 31 July 2024
| style = [[Excellency|His/Her Excellency]]
| residence = [[Raj Bhavan (Jharkhand)|Raj Bhavan]]; [[Ranchi]]
| termlength = [[At His Majesty's pleasure#Derivatives|At the pleasure of the president]]
| appointer = [[President of India]]
| formation = {{start date and years ago|df=yes|2000|11|15}}
| inaugural = [[Prabhat Kumar]]
| website = {{URL|https://rajbhavanjharkhand.nic.in}}
}}

This is a '''list of governors of [[Jharkhand]]''' since its inception on 15 November 2000.

==List==
;Legend
*{{note label|†|†|†}} Died in office
*{{note label|§|§|§}} Transferred
*{{note label|‡|‡|‡}} Resigned/removed

;Color key
*{{legend2|wheat}} indicates acting/additional charge

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; border:1px #aaf solid;&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| {{abbr|#|Number}}
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| Portrait
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:14em&quot; | Name&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(born{{spaced ndash}}died)&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:7em&quot; | Home state
! colspan=&quot;3&quot;| Tenure in office
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:7em&quot; | Appointer&lt;br/&gt;(President)
|- 
! style=&quot;width:7em&quot;| From
! style=&quot;width:7em&quot;| To
! style=&quot;width:5em&quot;| Time in office
|-
! 1
| [[File:Prabhat Kumar (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Prabhat Kumar]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|[[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] (Retd)&lt;br/&gt;(born 1940)}}
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{small|15 November}}&lt;br/&gt;2000
| {{small|3 February}}&lt;br/&gt;2002{{ref label|‡|‡|‡}}
| '''{{ayd|15 Nov 2000|3 Feb 2002}}'''
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| [[K. R. Narayanan]]
|- bgcolor=&quot;wheat&quot;
! {{ndash}}
| [[File:Vinod Chandra Pande.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[V. C. Pande|Vinod Chandra Pande]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|[[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] (Retd)&lt;br/&gt;(1938{{ndash}}2005)&lt;br/&gt;Governor of Bihar}}&lt;br/&gt;(Additional Charge)
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{small|4 February}}&lt;br/&gt;2002
| {{small|14 July}}&lt;br/&gt;2002
| '''{{ayd|4 Feb 2002|14 Jul 2002}}'''
|-
! 2
| [[File:Rama Jois.jpg|70px]]
| {{small|Justice (Retd)}}&lt;br/&gt;'''[[Rama Jois|Mandagadde Rama Jois]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(1931{{ndash}}2021)}}
| [[Karnataka]]
| {{small|15 July}}&lt;br/&gt;2002
| {{small|11 June}}&lt;br/&gt;2003{{ref label|§|§|§}}{{efn-lg|Transferred as the [[Governor of Bihar]]}}
| '''{{ayd|15 Jul 2002|11 Jun 2003}}'''
|-
! 3
| [[File:Ved Marwah (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ved Marwah]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|[[Indian Police Service|IPS]] (Retd)&lt;br/&gt;(1934{{ndash}}2020)}}
| [[Delhi]]
| {{small|12 June}}&lt;br/&gt;2003
| {{small|9 December}}&lt;br/&gt;2004
| '''{{ayd|12 Jun 2003|9 Dec 2004}}'''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
|-
! 4
| [[File:Syed Sibtey Razi in 2015 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Syed Sibtey Razi]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(1939{{ndash}}2022)}}
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{small|10 December}}&lt;br/&gt;2004
| {{small|25 July}}&lt;br/&gt;2009{{ref label|§|§|§}}{{efn-lg|Transferred as the [[Governor of Assam]]}}
| '''{{ayd|10 Dec 2004|25 Jul 2009}}'''
|-
! 5
| [[File:Governor of Maharashtra, Shri K. Sankaranarayanan with Vice President Hamid Ansari at TISS in 2013.png|70px]]
| '''[[K. Sankaranarayanan|Kateekal Sankaranarayanan]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(1932{{ndash}}2022)}}
| [[Kerala]]
| {{small|26 July}}&lt;br/&gt;2009
| {{small|21 January}}&lt;br/&gt;2010{{ref label|§|§|§}}{{efn-lg|name=Maha|Transferred as the [[Governor of Maharashtra]]}}
| '''{{ayd|26 Jul 2009|21 Jan 2010}}'''
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| [[Pratibha Patil]]
|-
! 6
| [[File:M. O. H. Farook.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[M. O. H. Farook]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(1937{{ndash}}2012)}}
| [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| {{small|22 January}}&lt;br/&gt;2010
| {{small|4 September}}&lt;br/&gt;2011{{ref label|§|§|§}}{{efn-lg|Transferred as the [[Governor of Kerala]]}}
| '''{{ayd|22 Jan 2010|4 Sep 2011}}'''
|-
! 7
| [[File:Syed Ahmed (politician).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Syed Ahmed (politician)|Syed Ahmed]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(1943{{ndash}}2015)}}
| [[Maharashtra]]
| {{small|4 September}}&lt;br/&gt;2011
| {{small|17 May}}&lt;br/&gt;2015{{ref label|§|§|§}}{{efn-lg|Transferred as the [[Governor of Manipur]]}}
| '''{{ayd|4 Sep 2011|17 May 2015}}'''
|-
! 8
| [[File:President Droupadi Murmu official portrait higher version.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Droupadi Murmu]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(born 1958)}}
| [[Odisha]]
| {{small|18 May}}&lt;br/&gt;2015
| {{small|13 July}}&lt;br/&gt;2021
| '''{{ayd|18 May 2015|13 Jul 2021}}'''
| [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
|-
! 9
| [[File:Ramesh Bais in 2023 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ramesh Bais]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(born 1947)}}
| [[Chhattisgarh]]
| {{small|14 July}}&lt;br/&gt;2021
| {{small|17 February}}&lt;br/&gt;2023{{ref label|§|§|§}}{{efn-lg|name=Maha}}
| '''{{ayd|14 Jul 2021|17 Feb 2023}}'''
| [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
|-
! 10
| [[File:Governor of Jharkhand Radhakrishnan.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[C. P. Radhakrishnan]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(born 1957)}}
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| {{small|18 February}}&lt;br/&gt;2023
| {{small|30 July}}&lt;br/&gt;2024{{ref label|§|§|§}}{{efn-lg|name=Maha}}
| '''{{ayd|18 Feb 2023|30 Jul 2024}}'''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Droupadi Murmu]]
|-
! 11
| [[File:Santosh Kumar Gangwar (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Santosh Kumar Gangwar]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(born 1948)}}
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{small|31 July}}&lt;br/&gt;2024
| Incumbent
| '''{{ayd|31 Jul 2024}}'''
|-
|}

{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
{{reflist|group=lower-greek}}
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Governors of Jharkhand| ]]

{{Multistub|politics|Asia}}</text>
      <sha1>pfkaabrlwi9u0cqgskkvbbccq8mzy62</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rubén Díaz Sr.</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>784095</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880357</id>
      <parentid>8671817</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T14:34:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Diademchild</username>
        <id>1280805</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>typo and spacing</comment>
      <origin>10880357</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2752" sha1="8rua7rnb512khgcw8r70bszy7urz0a3" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
|name                = Rubén Díaz Sr.
|image               = Rubén Díaz, Sr. 2014.jpg
|office1             = Member of the [[New York City Council]]&lt;br&gt;from the 18th district
|term_start1         = January 1, 2018
|term_end1           = 
|predecessor1        = [[Annabel Palma]]
|successor1          = 
|term_start2         = January 1, 2002
|term_end2           = January 1, 2003
|predecessor2        = [[Lucy Cruz]]
|successor2          = [[Pedro Espada Jr.]]
|state_senate3       = New York
|district3           = [[New York's 32nd State Senate district|32nd]]
|term_start3         = January 1, 2003
|term_end3           = December 31, 2017
|predecessor3        = [[Pedro Espada Jr.]]
|successor3          = [[Luis R. Sepúlveda|Luis Sepúlveda]]
|birth_date          = {{birth date and age|1943|4|22}}
|birth_place         = [[Bayamón, Puerto Rico]]
|party               = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
|spouse              = 
|children            = [[Rubén Díaz Jr.|Rubén]]
|education           = [[Lehman College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
|allegiance          = {{flag|United States}}
|branch              = {{flag|United States Army}}
|serviceyears        = 1960–1963
}}
'''Rubén Díaz Sr.''' (born April 22, 1943) is a Puerto Rican politician and an ordained Pentecostal minister. 

Díaz has represented the 18th Council District in the [[New York City Council]] since January 2018. 

He is a member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]. Díaz represented the [[New York's 32nd State Senate district|32nd district]] in the [[New York State Senate]] from 2003 to 2017.

He is a [[Social conservatism|socially conservative]] Democrat. Díaz is known for his criticisms to [[abortion]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Pol invokes Hitler to oppose abortion bill|url = http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/bronx-state-sen-ruben-diaz-invokes-hitler-fight-abortion-bill-article-1.1071027|website = NY Daily News|access-date = November 11, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[same-sex marriage]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://observer.com/2013/04/ruben-diaz-sr-stands-fast-against-gay-marriage-as-his-own-son-supports-it/ |work=[[The New York Observer]] |title=Rubén Díaz Sr. Stands Fast Against Gay Marriage as His Own Son Supports It |first=Ross |last=Barkan |date=April 5, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Diaz Sr., Ruben}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:State legislators of the United States]]
[[Category:Politicians from New York City]]
[[Category:Democratic Party (United States) politicians]]
[[Category:Puerto Rican politicians]]
[[Category:Puerto Rican military people]]
[[Category:People from Bayamón, Puerto Rico]]


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    <title>Bottom (TV series)</title>
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      <text bytes="5953" sha1="2e4n9bawjla635595t9ldn6qomwfwkj" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox television
| genre                = [[Black comedy]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Sitcom]]
| runtime              = 30 minutes
| camera               = [[Multi-camera]]
| creator              = [[Ade Edmondson|Adrian Edmondson]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Rik Mayall]]
| starring             = [[Ade Edmondson|Adrian Edmondson]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Rik Mayall]]
| opentheme            = &quot;[[BB's Blues]]&quot;&lt;br&gt;by The Bum Notes
| endtheme             = &quot;[[Last Night (Mar-Keys composition)|Last Night]]&quot;&lt;br&gt;by The Bum Notes
| country              = United Kingdom
| language             = English
| network              = [[BBC Two|BBC2]]
| first_aired          = {{start date|1991|09|17|df=y}}
| last_aired           = {{end date|1995|04|10|df=y}}
| num_series           = 3
| num_episodes         = 18
}}
'''''Bottom''''' is a British [[television]] [[sitcom]] created by [[Adrian Edmondson]] and [[Rik Mayall]]. It was first broadcast on [[BBC Two|BBC2]] between 1992 and 1995. The show stars Edmondson and Mayall as two [[poverty|poor]], [[pevert|perverted]] [[roommate|flatmate]]s in [[Hammersmith]], [[London]]. The show uses [[violence|violent]] [[slapstick]] comedy.&lt;ref name=&quot;bsg1&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.sitcom.co.uk/bottom/| title=British Sitcom Guide - Bottom| access-date=23 December 2008| archive-date=3 February 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203032704/http://www.sitcom.co.uk/bottom/| url-status=deviated}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Five  [[theatrical production|stage show]]s between 1993 and 2003; and one [[movie]], ''[[Guest House Paradiso]]'' (1999), were also made about ''Bottom''. In 2004, ''Bottom'' was voted number 45 in a [[poll]] for ''[[Britain's Best Sitcom]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc1&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sitcom/top11to100.shtml| title=BBC - Britain's Best Sitcom - Top 11 to 100| access-date=23 December 2008| archive-date=1 February 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201111334/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sitcom/top11to100.shtml| url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Episodes==

===Series 1 (1991)===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;color:#fff;&quot;
! style=&quot;background:#f00;&quot;| Title
! style=&quot;background:#f00;&quot;| First broadcast
! style=&quot;background:#f00;&quot;| Synopsis
|-
| &quot;[[Smells (Bottom)|Smells]]&quot;
| {{start date|1991|9|17|df=yes}}
| Richie and Eddie take advantage of a revolutionary new sex-spray and head to the pub.
|-
| &quot;[[Gas (Bottom)|Gas]]&quot;
| {{start date|1991|9|24|df=yes}}
| After accidentally beating up the Gas Man, Richie and Eddie must remove an illegal gas pipe without disturbing their violent neighbour.
|-
| &quot;[[Contest (Bottom)|Contest]]&quot; *
| {{start date|1991|10|1|df=yes}}
| After Eddie spends their [[pound sterling|£]]11.80 [[Unemployment benefits|dole]] on a second-hand copy of ''[[Parade (British magazine)|Parade]]'', the pair place a bet on the &quot;[[Miss World]]&quot; contest.
|-
| &quot;[[Apocalypse (Bottom)|Apocalypse]]&quot;
| {{start date|1991|10|8|df=yes}}
| After receiving £600 from his auntie's will, Richie ends up receiving a curse from a [[Romani people|Gypsy]] fortune teller.
|-
| &quot;[['S Up]]&quot;
| {{start date|1991|10|15|df=yes}}
| Richie and Eddie are left in charge of their landlord's shop.
|-
| &quot;[[Accident (Bottom)|Accident]]&quot;
| {{start date|1991|10|22|df=yes}}
| Richie breaks his leg, but is determined not to let it spoil his birthday celebration.
|}

===Series 2 (1992)===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;color:#fff;&quot;
! style=&quot;background:#5db4df;&quot;| Title
! style=&quot;background:#5db4df;&quot;| First broadcast
! style=&quot;background:#5db4df;&quot;| Synopsis
|-
| &quot;[[Digger (Bottom)|Digger]]&quot;
| {{start date|1992|10|1|df=yes}}
| Richie secures a date by pretending to be an [[aristocracy|aristocrat]].
|-
| &quot;[[Culture (Bottom)|Culture]]&quot; *
| {{start date|1992|10|8|df=yes}}
| When their TV is 'taken away', Richie and Eddie desperately try to find ways to fend off boredom.
|-
| &quot;[[Burglary (Bottom)|Burglary]]&quot;
| {{start date|1992|10|15|df=yes}}
| Richie and Eddie catch a [[burglar]].
|-
| &quot;[[Parade (Bottom)|Parade]]&quot; +
| {{start date|1992|10|22|df=yes}}
| Richie and Eddie get free money from an [[identity parade]].
|-
| &quot;[[Holy (Bottom)|Holy]]&quot;
| {{start date|1992|10|29|df=yes}}
| Richie and Eddie experience a [[Christmas]] Day [[miracle]].
|-
| &quot;[['S Out]]&quot; +
| {{start date|1995|04|10|df=yes}}
| Richie and Eddie go [[camping]] out on [[Wimbledon Common]].
|}

===Series 3 (1995)===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;color:#fff;&quot;
! style=&quot;background:#aa0083;&quot;| Title
! style=&quot;background:#aa0083;&quot;| First broadcast
! style=&quot;background:#aa0083;&quot;| Synopsis
|-
| &quot;[[Hole (Bottom)|Hole]]&quot; * +
| {{start date|1995|1|6|df=yes}}
| Richie and Eddie are trapped at the top of the tallest Ferris wheel in Western Europe which is due to be blown up the very next day.
|-
| &quot;[[Terror (Bottom)|Terror]]&quot;
| {{start date|1995|1|13|df=yes}}
| The pair plan a [[Halloween]] party and go [[trick-or-treating]].
|-
| &quot;[[Break (Bottom)|Break]]&quot;
| {{start date|1995|1|20|df=yes}}
| The duo prepare for their holiday in [[Doncaster]].
|-
| &quot;[[Dough (Bottom)|Dough]]&quot;
| {{start date|1995|1|27|df=yes}}
| Eddie begins [[counterfeit money|forging money]], forcing the duo and their friends to enter a pub quiz to pay off a thug.
|-
| &quot;[[Finger (Bottom)|Finger]]&quot;
| {{start date|1995|2|3|df=yes}}
| Having acquired the honeymoon tickets of newlyweds Mr and Mrs Cannonball Taffy O'Jones, the pair descend upon a luxury hotel masquerading as the honeymooners.
|-
| &quot;[[Carnival (Bottom)|Carnival]]&quot;
| {{start date|1995|2|10|df=yes}}
| Richie and Eddie have the best seats for the annual Hammersmith riots, then try to make videos for the BBC.
|}

'*' = Episodes featuring only the two main characters
&lt;br&gt;'+' = Episodes where no part of the episode is set in the flat

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1990s British sitcoms]]
[[Category:BBC television sitcoms]]
[[Category:1991 British television series debuts]]
[[Category:1995 British television series endings]]
[[Category:BBC Two television series]]
[[Category:British English-language television shows]]</text>
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|name=Prezi
|logo=Prezi logo transparent 2012.svg
|url={{url|https://www.prezi.com}}
|location=[[Hungary]]
|founder={{plainlist | 
* [[Adam Somlai-Fischer]]
* [[Peter Halacsy]]
* [[Peter Arvai]]
}}
|language={{plainlist |
* [[English language|English]]
* [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
* [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
* [[Korean language|Korean]]
* [[Japanese language|Japanese]]
* [[German language|German]]
* [[Italian language|Italian]]
* [[French language|French]]
* [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
}}
|type=[[Presentation Software|Presentation]] [[Collaboration tool|Collaboration]]
|owner=Prezi Inc.
|launch_date={{start date and age|2009|4|5}}
|current_status=Active
}}

'''Prezi''' is a cloud [[presentation]] [[software]] developed in 2009. The service uses a zoomable [[user interface]] that allows you to operate data in 2.5 D and [[Parallax]]. 

Prezi is used by 50 million users and 80% of Fortune Global 500 companies. The project was created in [[Budapest]], and the very name ''prezi'' translated from [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] —  abbreviated form of the word &quot;presentation&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Why is Prezi Called Prezi? {{!}} Rewind &amp; Capture|url=http://www.rewindandcapture.com/why-is-prezi-called-prezi/|access-date=27 March 2017|website=www.rewindandcapture.com|language=en-US|archive-date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151229051849/http://www.rewindandcapture.com/why-is-prezi-called-prezi/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Gunelius|first=Susan|title=Stand out from competitors with Prezi|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/work-in-progress/2011/03/23/stand-out-from-competitors-with-prezi-presentations|access-date=25 July 2012|work=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Cluthe|first=Kirsten|date=26 April 2011|title=Ten Essential Business Tools - Presentations: Slideshow from Prezi.com |work=PC Magazine|url=http://www.pcmag.com/slideshow/story/263602/ten-essential-business-tools/1|access-date=5 June 2012|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074407/http://www.pcmag.com/slideshow/story/263602/ten-essential-business-tools/1|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Watters|first=Audrey|date=10 January 2011|title=View Your Prezi Presentations Anywhere Via New iPad App|url=http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/view_your_prezi_presentations_anywhere_via_new_ipa.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520143901/http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/view_your_prezi_presentations_anywhere_via_new_ipa.php|archive-date=20 May 2012|access-date=5 June 2012|publisher=Readwriteweb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Gunelius|first=Susan|date=18 April 2012|title=Stand Out From Competitors With Prezi Presentations |work=Forbes|url=http://blogs.forbes.com/work-in-progress/2011/03/23/stand-out-from-competitors-with-prezi-presentations|access-date=5 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== History ==
The Prezi project (or Prezi.com) was created with the help of Kitchen Budapest and Magyar Telekom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prezi launched also on US market|url=https://www.telekom.hu/about_us/press_room/press_releases/2009/july_21|access-date=2026-06-06|website=www.telekom.hu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Immediately after its launch, the company entered the international market. 

During the first year, the company had virtually no funding. After 18 months in April 2009, Prezi launched in Budapest, and 5 months later opened an office in [[San Francisco]]. The founders of the company won a prize in the European competition of [[Startup company|startups]] The Europas in the nomination &quot;Best founder and co-founder of a startup&quot;.  Among investors &amp;nbsp; —  Sunstone Capital, TED Conferences, and Accel Partners. 

A Prezi iPhone app was launched in late 2012. 

In March 2014, Prezi pledged $100M in free licenses to Title 1 schools as part of the Obama administration's ConnectED program&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Farr|first=Christina|date=28 February 2014|title=Adobe &amp; Prezi commit $400M to President Obama's digital literacy program|url=https://venturebeat.com/2014/02/28/adobe-prezi-commit-400m-to-president-obamas-digital-literacy-program/|access-date=27 March 2017|website=venturebeat.com|archive-date=26 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526012723/https://venturebeat.com/2014/02/28/adobe-prezi-commit-400m-to-president-obamas-digital-literacy-program/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Prezi for [[Android operating system|Android]] was launched in 2015, and in June 2016.    

== Products ==
Prezi is developed on [[Adobe Flash]], Adobe AIR and Django,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last= Halacsy|first=Peter|date=1 July 2014|title=How and why Prezi turned to JavaScript - and why it took four years|publisher=Prezi|url=https://medium.com/prezi-engineering/how-and-why-prezi-turned-to-javascript-56e0ca57d135|access-date=4 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714200200/https://medium.com/prezi-engineering/how-and-why-prezi-turned-to-javascript-56e0ca57d135|archive-date=14 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; but since 2014 it is also possible to work on [[JavaScript]].  

The product has become extremely popular in education systems and among [[University|universities]]. It is used, in particular, by [[The Guardian]] and the [[TED (conference)|TED]] conference.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prezi in the classroom|url=http://calendar.oregonstate.edu/event/63614|access-date=24 July 2012|publisher=Oregon University State University calendar|archive-date=4 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104060322/http://calendar.oregonstate.edu/event/63614|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=3 November 2009|title=zoomintoprezi - Latest - How to create a good prezi - World Economic Forum|url=http://blog.prezi.com/2009/11/03/how-to-create-a-good-prezi-for-the-world-economic-forum/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402080411/http://blog.prezi.com/2009/11/03/how-to-create-a-good-prezi-for-the-world-economic-forum/|archive-date=2 April 2012|access-date=5 June 2012|publisher=Blog.prezi.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=14 September 2010|title=Chris Anderson: How YouTube is driving innovation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?annotation_id=annotation_962757&amp;feature=iv&amp;src_vid=X6Zo53M0lcY&amp;v=LnQcCgS7aPQ|access-date=6 May 2015|via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Platforms ===
The company runs on the [[Freemium]] model, so free users should publish their presentations publicly on the Prezi website. There is a paid service that avoids this. 

Prezi Viewer is a program designed for the [[iPad]] that allows you to view presentations created on the Prezi Desktop. Up to 10 users can participate in Prezi Collaborate at the same time.  

=== Nutshell ===
The entertainment application Nutshell for [[iPhone]] allows you to glue photos into a [[comics]] with moving elements.  

Nutshell creates a small square clip based on three images, which can then be posted to [[Instagram]] or [[Twitter]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Other websites ==
* [https://vc.ru/p/prezi-start How to create a world-famous startup in a small country - a lesson from Prezi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426033924/https://vc.ru/p/prezi-start |date=2016-04-26 }} 
* {{URL|https://www.prezi.com/|Official Website}} 
* [http://expertorama.com/peter-arvai-prezi/ Peter Arvai (co-founder of Prezi)&amp;nbsp; - “We raised $15.5 million, but did not use a penny of this money &quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405095202/http://expertorama.com/peter-arvai-prezi/ |date=2016-04-05 }}

{{authority control}}
[[Category:Diagrams]]
[[Category:Software companies]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Hungary]]
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    <title>Ecosia</title>
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      <text bytes="3195" sha1="gialgpnvz128pep5qsl1arozjy8ji3q" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox website
|name = Ecosia
|logo =Logo Ecosia 2022.svg
|type = Search engine
|founder = Christian Kroll
|founded = {{start date and age|2009|12|7|df=y}}
|url = https://www.ecosia.org
|revenue=35.3M€ (2023)|commercial=Yes|users=&gt;20,000,000|language=English and 27 more|headquarters=Berlin, Germany|logo_size=300}}

'''Ecosia''' is a [[search engine]] based in [[Berlin]], [[Germany]]. Its profits are mainly given to [[nonprofit]] organizations for replanting [[trees]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ecosia is the search engine that plants trees|url=https://info.ecosia.org/?ref=fb-share|access-date=2021-05-11|website=info.ecosia.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

The description of the company show it is a social business. It keeps information about users safe.The company claims to have planted over 200 million trees around the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-02-01|title=200 million trees|url=https://blog.ecosia.org/200-million-trees/|access-date=2024-06-14|website=The Ecosia Blog|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Search engine ==
When the company was created, it used [[Yahoo!]], [[Microsoft Bing]], and Wikimedia's technology. Yahoo! served as advertisements. Soon in 2018, Ecosia said it would be a privacy-friendly search engine. In the [[Privacy]] Policy it states that it would not permanently store data or use tracking services. When a search is made to a partnered website, a [[Euro]] is donated to tree replant services. From September 2023, Ecosia will be partnering with new search providers to keep improving your search experience and to have an even greater positive climate impact. From now on, you will be getting search results from both [[Microsoft Bing]] and [[Google Search|Google]], to improve your search experience.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Content and privacy changes - Ecosia Help Center|url=https://ecosia.helpscoutdocs.com/article/505-new-search-providers|access-date=2024-01-25|website=ecosia.helpscoutdocs.com|archive-date=2024-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713091559/https://ecosia.helpscoutdocs.com/article/505-new-search-providers|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== History ==
Ecosia was officially launched on December 7, 2009 as a search engine to plant and replant trees. By 2011, €250,000 was raised. Ecosia spent it funds in 2014 donating to the Plant a Billion Trees program. On January 23, 2020, Ecosia spent all of its funds to ReForestNow.

== Extension ==
[[Google Chrome]], [[Firefox]], [[Safari]], [[Microsoft Edge]], and a few other browsers have the Ecosia extension that allows it to become the default search engine. Ecosia is available as an app for [[Android (operating system)|Android]] and [[iOS]].

On April 22, 2024, Ecosia launched its own Chromium-based [[web browser]] for desktop users. The company also started to promote affiliate links to collect revenue from user purchases on sites such as Amazon.

==Related pages==
*[[OceanHero]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Other websites==
* [https://www.ecosia.org/ Ecosia]
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/EcosiaORG YouTube page]

[[Category:Search engines]]
[[Category:German websites]]
[[Category:International environmental organizations]]
[[Category:Trees]]
[[Category:Web browsers]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Malayan weasel</title>
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      <text bytes="1623" sha1="89mvfxvmf0zar76nzuubzvnzqlb7z6l" xml:space="preserve">{{speciesbox
| name = Malayan weasel
| image = [[File:Mustela_nudipes.png|thumb]]
| image_caption = Malayan Weasel (Mustela Nudipes) Stuffed specimen 
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = &lt;ref name=iucn&gt;{{cite iucn |title=''Mustela nudipes'' |journal=[[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] |publisher=[[IUCN]] |author1=Duckworth, J. W. |author2=Chutipong, W. |author3=Hearn, A.  |author4=Ross, J. |name-list-style=amp |year=2015 |volume=2015 |page=e.T41657A45214257 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41657A45214257.en |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41657/45214257}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| genus = Mustela
| species = nudipes
| authority = [[Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest|Desmarest]], 1822
| synonyms =
| range_map = Malayan Weasel area.png
| range_map_caption = Distribution of the Malayan weasel
}}
The '''Malayan weasel''' (''Mustela nudipes'') is a type of [[weasel]]. It is also called the '''Malay weasel'''. It is native to the Thai-Malay Peninsula and the islands of [[Sumatra]] and [[Borneo]]. It is a Least Concern species.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=Group|first1=William Duckworth (IUCN SSC Small Carnivore Specialist|last2=Group)|first2=IUCN SSC Deer Specialist|last3=Hearn (WildCRU)|first3=Andrew|last4=Ross (WildCRU)|first4=Joanna|last5=Volunteer)|first5=Wanlop Chutipong (IUCN SSC Small Carnivores Specialist Group|date=2015-03-07|title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Mustela nudipes|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|access-date=2020-09-09|website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}


{{biology-stub}}

[[Category:Mammals of Asia]]
[[Category:Mustelids]]</text>
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    <title>Euphoria (American TV series)</title>
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      <text bytes="10082" sha1="atuzr90eyfdxvn7tehreaosvpyl1ru2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox television
| image                    = Euphoria promotional logo.svg
| genre                    = [[Teen drama]]&lt;br&gt;[[Tragedy]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Romero|first1=Ariana|title=Euphoria Review: The Night Is Dark &amp; Full Of Terrors (&amp; Teens)|url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2019/06/234382/euphoria-hbo-review-zendaya-tv-series-premiere|work=[[Refinery29]]|access-date=April 25, 2020|date=June 4, 2019|quote=It’s impossible to imagine the parents who may flock to Big Little Lies surviving an episode of the pure Gen-Z tragedy that is Euphoria.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=San Vincete|first1=Romeo|title=Euphoria Gets Second Season, Twenty Years of Merrily We Roll Along|url=https://hotspotsmagazine.com/2019/09/24/euphoria-gets-second-season-twenty-years-of-merrily-we-roll-along/|work=Hotspots Magazine|access-date=April 25, 2020|date=September 24, 2019|quote=And now there’ll be a season two – thank goodness, because all its story lines ended in cliffhangers – so when we gather up our courage to dive back into the relentlessly grim teenage tragedy, it’ll probably already be waiting for us.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Verma|first1=Shikhar|title=THE 13 BEST HOTSTAR TV SHOWS THAT ARE WORTH YOUR TIME|url=https://www.highonfilms.com/stream-now-10-hotstar-tv-shows-worth-your-time/|work=High on Films|access-date=April 25, 2020|date=August 28, 2019|quote=While being compared with 13 reasons why for the obvious reasons, ‘Euphoria’ comes out as a much self-aware tragedy that makes the best use of the pop-culture influences.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- Please DO NOT add any more genres before reaching a consensus on the talk page first!--&gt;
| creator                  = [[Sam Levinson]]
| based_on                 = {{based on|''[[Euphoria (Israeli TV series)|Euphoria]]''|[[Ron Leshem]]|Daphna Levin|Tmira Yardeni}}
| writer                   = Sam Levinson
| starring                 = {{Plainlist|
* [[Zendaya]]
* [[Maude Apatow]]
* [[Angus Cloud]]
* [[Eric Dane]]
* [[Alexa Demie]]
* [[Jacob Elordi]]
* [[Barbie Ferreira]]
* [[Nika King]]
* [[Storm Reid]]
* [[Hunter Schafer]]
* [[Algee Smith]]
* [[Sydney Sweeney]]
* [[Colman Domingo]]
* [[Javon Walton]]
* [[Austin Abrams]]
* [[Dominic Fike]]
}}
| narrated                 = Zendaya
| composer                 = {{Plainlist|
* [[Labrinth]]
* [[Gustave Rudman Rambali]]
}}
| country                  = United States
| language                 = English
| num_seasons              = 2&lt;!--Only increment as a new season premieres, per the documentation of the template!--&gt;
| num_episodes             = 18&lt;!--Only increment as a new episode premieres, per the documentation of the template!--&gt;
| list_episodes            = #Episodes
| executive_producer       = {{Plainlist|
* Sam Levinson
* [[Drake (musician)|Drake]]
* Future the Prince
* Lauren Santos
* [[Ron Leshem]]
* Daphna Levin
* Tmira Yardeni
* Ravi Nandan
* Kevin Turen
* {{nowrap|Hadas Mozes Lichtenstein}}
* Mirit Toovi
* Yoram Mokadi
* [[Gary Lennon]]
}}
| producer                 = 
| cinematography           = {{Plainlist|
* Marcell Rév
* Drew Daniels
* Adam Newport-Berra
* André Chemetoff
}}
| editor                   = {{Plainlist|
* Julio Perez IV
* Harry Yoon
* Laura Zempel
}}
| runtime                  = 59-61 minutes
| company                  = {{Plainlist|
* [[A24 (company)|A24]]
* The Reasonable Bunch
* Little Lamb
* [[DreamCrew]]
* Tedy Productions
}}
| network                  = [[HBO]]
| location                 = 
| first_aired              = {{Start date|2019|6|16}}
| last_aired               = present
}}

'''''Euphoria''''' is an American [[teen drama]] television series created by [[Sam Levinson]]. It is based on the [[Euphoria (Israeli TV series)|Israeli miniseries of the same name]] created by [[Ron Leshem]] and [[Daphna Levi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Euphoria – TV Productions |url=https://www.tedy.co.il/en/euphoria |website=Tedy Productions |access-date=June 14, 2019 |archive-date=June 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617053423/https://www.tedy.co.il/en/euphoria |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dwilson|first=Stephanie Dube|url=https://heavy.com/entertainment/2019/08/israeli-euphoria-vs-hbo/|title=Israeli 'Euphoria' vs HBO 'Euphoria': Comparisons &amp; Videos|website=[[Heavy.com]]|date=August 4, 2019|access-date=November 27, 2019|archive-date=August 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804204516/https://heavy.com/entertainment/2019/08/israeli-euphoria-vs-hbo/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Euphoria'' tells about a group of high school students about their experiences of sex, drugs, friendship, love, identity, and trauma.&lt;ref name=&quot;SeriesOrder&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2018/07/hbo-series-order-teen-drama-pilot-euphoria-based-israeli-thriller-zendaya-drake-future-prince-1202436451/|title='Euphoria' Pilot Starring Zendaya Picked Up To Series By HBO, Drake &amp; Future the Prince Join As Executive Producers|last1=Andreeva|first1=Nellie|date=July 30, 2018|website=Deadline Hollywood|access-date=July 30, 2018|archive-date=March 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090003/https://deadline.com/2018/07/hbo-series-order-teen-drama-pilot-euphoria-based-israeli-thriller-zendaya-drake-future-prince-1202436451/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The series stars [[Zendaya]]. It was premiered on [[HBO]] on June 16, 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=HBO/Cinemax Programming Overview – Fall 2018|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2018/10/04/hbo-cinemax-programming-overview-fall-2018-498214/20181004hbo01/|work=[[The Futon Critic]]|date=October 4, 2018|access-date=October 7, 2018|archive-date=June 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613090341/http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2018/10/04/hbo-cinemax-programming-overview-fall-2018-498214/20181004hbo01/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Zendaya's HBO Drama Euphoria to Premiere in June — Watch Teaser|url=https://tvline.com/2019/04/11/zendaya-euphoria-premiere-date-hbo-trailer-video/|work=[[TVLine]]|date=April 11, 2019|access-date=May 18, 2019|archive-date=April 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412203426/https://tvline.com/2019/04/11/zendaya-euphoria-premiere-date-hbo-trailer-video/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In July 2019, the series was continued for a second season.

== Premise ==
''Euphoria'' follows teenagers in the fictional town of [[East Highland]], [[California]], who seek hope while balancing the strains of love, loss, and addiction. Topics such as [[child abuse]], [[Substance abuse|drug abuse]], [[toxic relationships]], [[toxic positivity]], [[hookup culture]], [[mental illness]], [[Co-dependency|codependency]], [[infidelity]], [[Relapsing fever|relapsing]], [[repressed homosexuality]], [[sobriety]], [[human trafficking]], [[domestic violence]], [[rape]], [[toxic masculinity]], [[drug dealing]], [[dating violence]], and [[grief]] are explored.

==Cast and characters==
* [[Zendaya]] as Ruby &lt;nowiki&gt;''Rue'' Bennett, a teenage drug addict who is fresh out of rehab and struggling to find her place in the world. She serves as the show'&lt;/nowiki&gt;s narrator.
* [[Maude Apatow]] as Alexandra &lt;nowiki&gt;''Lexi'' Howard, Rue's childhood best friend and Cassie'&lt;/nowiki&gt;s younger sister.
* [[Angus Cloud]] as Fezco &lt;nowiki&gt;''Fez'' O'&lt;/nowiki&gt;Neill, a local drug dealer with a close relationship to Rue.
* [[Eric Dane]] as Cal Jacobs, Nate's strict, demanding father with a dangerous double life.
* [[Alexa Demie]] as Madeleine &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Maddy&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; Perez, a popular student and Nate's on-and-off girlfriend.
*  [[Jacob Elordi]] as Nathaniel &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Nate&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; Jacobs, a high school athlete, and Maddy's on-and-off abusive boyfriend, whose anger issues mask his sexual insecurities.
* [[Barbie Ferreira]] as Katherine &lt;nowiki&gt;''Kat''&lt;/nowiki&gt; Hernandez, (seasons 1–2), a girl fighting for body positivity while exploring her sexuality.
* [[Nika King]] as Leslie Bennett, Rue and Gia's mother.
* [[Storm Reid]] as Georgia &lt;nowiki&gt;''Gia'' Bennett, Rue'&lt;/nowiki&gt;s younger sister.
* [[Hunter Schafer]] as Jules Vaughn, a [[Transgender|transgender girl]] who enters a turbulent relationship with Rue after moving to East Highland.
* [[Algee Smith]] as Christopher &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Chris&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; McKay (season 1; guest season 2), a young football player and Cassie's ex-boyfriend who has difficulties adjusting to college.
* [[Sydney Sweeney]] as Cassandra &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Cassie&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; Howard, Lexi's older sister and McKay's ex-girlfriend with an infamous sexual history that continues to haunt her.
* [[Colman Domingo]] as Ali Muhammed (b. Martin) (&quot;Trouble Don't Last Always&quot;; recurring seasons 1–2), a man in recovery from drug addiction who often speaks at Rue's [[Narcotics Anonymous]] meetings and eventually becomes her sponsor.
* [[Javon Walton|Javon &quot;Wanna&quot; Walton]] as Ashtray O'Neill (season 2; recurring season 1), Fez's unofficially adopted &quot;little brother&quot; and a drug dealer.
* [[Austin Abrams]] as Ethan Daley (season 2; recurring season 1), Kat's love interest.
* [[Dominic Fike]] as Elliot (season 2–present), a new &quot;friend&quot; of Rue's, who comes between her and Jules.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Other websites ==
* {{Official website|https://www.hbo.com/euphoria}}
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes | tv/euphoria }}

[[Category:Bipolar disorder in fiction]]
[[Category:HBO television series]]
[[Category:Television series about sexual abuse]]
[[Category:Television series about drugs]]
[[Category:2010s American drama television series]]
[[Category:LGBT drama television series]]


{{tv-stub}}
[[Category:2019 American television series debuts]]
[[Category:American English-language television shows]]
[[Category:2020s American drama television series]]
[[Category:Television series set in California]]
[[Category:2010s American teen drama television series]]
[[Category:High school television series]]
[[Category:2020s American teen drama television series]]
[[Category:American television series about teenagers]]</text>
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        <id>404478</id>
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      <comment>[[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-33639-93|~2026-33639-93]] ([[User talk:~2026-33639-93|talk]]) to last version by ~2026-15552-46: not providing a [[WP:RS|reliable source]] ([[WP:CITE]], [[WP:RS]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="10080" sha1="lgdsasgbf514l99d00gxb3kd05w56wh" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox television
| image                    = Euphoria promotional logo.svg
| genre                    = [[Teen drama]]&lt;br&gt;[[Tragedy]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Romero|first1=Ariana|title=Euphoria Review: The Night Is Dark &amp; Full Of Terrors (&amp; Teens)|url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2019/06/234382/euphoria-hbo-review-zendaya-tv-series-premiere|work=[[Refinery29]]|access-date=April 25, 2020|date=June 4, 2019|quote=It’s impossible to imagine the parents who may flock to Big Little Lies surviving an episode of the pure Gen-Z tragedy that is Euphoria.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=San Vincete|first1=Romeo|title=Euphoria Gets Second Season, Twenty Years of Merrily We Roll Along|url=https://hotspotsmagazine.com/2019/09/24/euphoria-gets-second-season-twenty-years-of-merrily-we-roll-along/|work=Hotspots Magazine|access-date=April 25, 2020|date=September 24, 2019|quote=And now there’ll be a season two – thank goodness, because all its story lines ended in cliffhangers – so when we gather up our courage to dive back into the relentlessly grim teenage tragedy, it’ll probably already be waiting for us.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Verma|first1=Shikhar|title=THE 13 BEST HOTSTAR TV SHOWS THAT ARE WORTH YOUR TIME|url=https://www.highonfilms.com/stream-now-10-hotstar-tv-shows-worth-your-time/|work=High on Films|access-date=April 25, 2020|date=August 28, 2019|quote=While being compared with 13 reasons why for the obvious reasons, ‘Euphoria’ comes out as a much self-aware tragedy that makes the best use of the pop-culture influences.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- Please DO NOT add any more genres before reaching a consensus on the talk page first!--&gt;
| creator                  = [[Sam Levinson]]
| based_on                 = {{based on|''[[Euphoria (Israeli TV series)|Euphoria]]''|[[Ron Leshem]]|Daphna Levin|Tmira Yardeni}}
| writer                   = Sam Levinson
| starring                 = {{Plainlist|
* [[Zendaya]]
* [[Maude Apatow]]
* [[Angus Cloud]]
* [[Eric Dane]]
* [[Alexa Demie]]
* [[Jacob Elordi]]
* [[Barbie Ferreira]]
* [[Nika King]]
* [[Storm Reid]]
* [[Hunter Schafer]]
* [[Algee Smith]]
* [[Sydney Sweeney]]
* [[Colman Domingo]]
* [[Javon Walton]]
* [[Austin Abrams]]
* [[Dominic Fike]]
}}
| narrated                 = Zendaya
| composer                 = {{Plainlist|
* [[Labrinth]]
* [[Gustave Rudman Rambali]]
}}
| country                  = United States
| language                 = English
| num_seasons              = 2&lt;!--Only increment as a new season premieres, per the documentation of the template!--&gt;
| num_episodes             = 18&lt;!--Only increment as a new episode premieres, per the documentation of the template!--&gt;
| list_episodes            = #Episodes
| executive_producer       = {{Plainlist|
* Sam Levinson
* [[Drake (musician)|Drake]]
* Future the Prince
* Lauren Santos
* [[Ron Leshem]]
* Daphna Levin
* Tmira Yardeni
* Ravi Nandan
* Kevin Turen
* {{nowrap|Hadas Mozes Lichtenstein}}
* Mirit Toovi
* Yoram Mokadi
* [[Gary Lennon]]
}}
| producer                 = 
| cinematography           = {{Plainlist|
* Marcell Rév
* Drew Daniels
* Adam Newport-Berra
* André Chemetoff
}}
| editor                   = {{Plainlist|
* Julio Perez IV
* Harry Yoon
* Laura Zempel
}}
| runtime                  = 59-61 minutes
| company                  = {{Plainlist|
* [[A24 (company)|A24]]
* The Reasonable Bunch
* Little Lamb
* [[DreamCrew]]
* Tedy Productions
}}
| network                  = [[HBO]]
| location                 = 
| first_aired              = {{Start date|2019|6|16}}
| last_aired               = present
}}

'''''Euphoria''''' is an American [[teen drama]] television series created by [[Sam Levinson]]. It is based on the [[Euphoria (Israeli TV series)|Israeli miniseries of the same name]] created by [[Ron Leshem]] and [[Daphna Levi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Euphoria – TV Productions |url=https://www.tedy.co.il/en/euphoria |website=Tedy Productions |access-date=June 14, 2019 |archive-date=June 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617053423/https://www.tedy.co.il/en/euphoria |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dwilson|first=Stephanie Dube|url=https://heavy.com/entertainment/2019/08/israeli-euphoria-vs-hbo/|title=Israeli 'Euphoria' vs HBO 'Euphoria': Comparisons &amp; Videos|website=[[Heavy.com]]|date=August 4, 2019|access-date=November 27, 2019|archive-date=August 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804204516/https://heavy.com/entertainment/2019/08/israeli-euphoria-vs-hbo/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Euphoria'' tells about a group of high school students about their experiences of sex, drugs, friendship, love, identity, and trauma.&lt;ref name=&quot;SeriesOrder&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2018/07/hbo-series-order-teen-drama-pilot-euphoria-based-israeli-thriller-zendaya-drake-future-prince-1202436451/|title='Euphoria' Pilot Starring Zendaya Picked Up To Series By HBO, Drake &amp; Future the Prince Join As Executive Producers|last1=Andreeva|first1=Nellie|date=July 30, 2018|website=Deadline Hollywood|access-date=July 30, 2018|archive-date=March 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090003/https://deadline.com/2018/07/hbo-series-order-teen-drama-pilot-euphoria-based-israeli-thriller-zendaya-drake-future-prince-1202436451/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The series stars [[Zendaya]]. It was premiered on [[HBO]] on June 16, 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=HBO/Cinemax Programming Overview – Fall 2018|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2018/10/04/hbo-cinemax-programming-overview-fall-2018-498214/20181004hbo01/|work=[[The Futon Critic]]|date=October 4, 2018|access-date=October 7, 2018|archive-date=June 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613090341/http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2018/10/04/hbo-cinemax-programming-overview-fall-2018-498214/20181004hbo01/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Zendaya's HBO Drama Euphoria to Premiere in June — Watch Teaser|url=https://tvline.com/2019/04/11/zendaya-euphoria-premiere-date-hbo-trailer-video/|work=[[TVLine]]|date=April 11, 2019|access-date=May 18, 2019|archive-date=April 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412203426/https://tvline.com/2019/04/11/zendaya-euphoria-premiere-date-hbo-trailer-video/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In July 2019, the series was continued for a second season.

== Premise ==
''Euphoria'' follows teenagers in the fictional town of [[East Highland]], [[California]], who seek hope while balancing the strains of love, loss, and addiction. Topics such as [[child abuse]], [[Substance abuse|drug abuse]], [[toxic relationships]], [[toxic positivity]], [[hookup culture]], [[mental illness]], [[Co-dependency|codependency]], [[infidelity]], [[Relapsing fever|relapsing]], [[repressed homosexuality]], [[sobriety]], [[human trafficking]], [[domestic violence]], [[rape]], [[toxic masculinity]], [[drug dealing]], [[dating violence]], and [[grief]] are explored.

==Cast and characters==
* [[Zendaya]] as Ruby &lt;nowiki&gt;''Rue'' Bennett, a teenage drug addict who is fresh out of rehab and struggling to find her place in the world. She serves as the show'&lt;/nowiki&gt;s narrator.
* [[Maude Apatow]] as Alexandra &lt;nowiki&gt;''Lexi'' Howard, Rue's childhood best friend and Cassie'&lt;/nowiki&gt;s younger sister.
* [[Angus Cloud]] as Fezco &lt;nowiki&gt;''Fez'' O'&lt;/nowiki&gt;Neill, a local drug dealer with a close relationship to Rue.
* [[Eric Dane]] as Cal Jacobs, Nate's strict, demanding father with a dangerous double life.
* [[Alexa Demie]] as Madeleine &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Maddy&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; Perez, a popular student and Nate's on-and-off girlfriend.
*  [[Jacob Elordi]] as Nathaniel &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Nate&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; Jacobs, a high school athlete, and Maddy's on-and-off abusive boyfriend, whose anger issues mask his sexual insecurities.
* [[Barbie Ferreira]] as Katherine &lt;nowiki&gt;''Kat''&lt;/nowiki&gt; Hernandez, (seasons 1–2), a girl fighting for body positivity while exploring her sexuality.
* [[Nika King]] as Leslie Bennett, Rue and Gia's mother.
* [[Storm Reid]] as Georgia &lt;nowiki&gt;''Gia'' Bennett, Rue'&lt;/nowiki&gt;s younger sister.
* [[Hunter Schafer]] as Jules Vaughn, a [[Transgender|transgender girl]] who enters a turbulent relationship with Rue after moving to East Highland.
* [[Algee Smith]] as Christopher &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Chris&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; McKay (season 1; guest season 2), a young football player and Cassie's ex-boyfriend who has difficulties adjusting to college.
* [[Sydney Sweeney]] as Cassandra &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Cassie&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; Howard, Lexi's older sister and McKay's ex-girlfriend with an infamous sexual history that continues to haunt her.
* [[Colman Domingo]] as Ali Muhammed (b. Martin) (&quot;Trouble Don't Last Always&quot;; recurring seasons 1–2), a man in recovery from drug addiction who often speaks at Rue's [[Narcotics Anonymous]] meetings and eventually becomes her sponsor.
* [[Javon Walton|Javon &quot;Wanna&quot; Walton]] as Ashtray O'Neill (season 2; recurring season 1), Fez's unofficially adopted &quot;little brother&quot; and a drug dealer.
* [[Austin Abrams]] as Ethan Daley (season 2; recurring season 1), Kat's love interest.
* [[Dominic Fike]] as Elliot (season 2–present), a new &quot;friend&quot; of Rue's, who comes between her and Jules.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Other websites ==
* {{Official website|https://www.hbo.com/euphoria}}
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes | tv/euphoria }}

[[Category:Bipolar disorder in fiction]]
[[Category:HBO television series]]
[[Category:Television series about sex crimes]]
[[Category:Television series about drugs]]
[[Category:2010s American drama television series]]
[[Category:LGBT drama television series]]


{{tv-stub}}
[[Category:2019 American television series debuts]]
[[Category:American English-language television shows]]
[[Category:2020s American drama television series]]
[[Category:Television series set in California]]
[[Category:2010s American teen drama television series]]
[[Category:High school television series]]
[[Category:2020s American teen drama television series]]
[[Category:American television series about teenagers]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Paul Deschanel</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>805735</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880803</id>
      <parentid>10267934</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>PandaMystique</username>
        <id>1817766</id>
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      <text bytes="38084" sha1="bg2v7p9qu3oc04fvdbd2jck9u76lnhn" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
|name	          = Paul Deschanel
|image		  = Portrait officiel P. Deschanel.jpg
|party		  = [[Democratic Republican Alliance]]
|office1	  = [[President of France]]
|predecessor1	  = [[Raymond Poincaré]]
|primeminister1	  = [[Alexandre Millerand]]
|successor1	  = [[Alexandre Millerand]]
|birth_date	  = 13 February 1855
|birth_place	  = [[Schaerbeek]], [[Belgium]]
|death_date	  = 28 April 1922 (aged 67)
|death_place	  = [[Paris]], [[France]]
|term_start1	  = 18 February 1920
|term_end1	  = 21 September 1920
|alma_mater       = [[University of Paris]]
}}

'''Paul Eugène Louis Deschanel''' ({{IPA-fr|pɔl deʃanɛl}}; born 13 February 1855 in [[Schaerbeek]], near [[Brussels]]; died 28 April 1922 in [[Paris]]) was a French political man and writer.

For thirty-five years he was a deputy, a member of the Chamber of Deputies (the lower house of the French [[Parliament]]). His department was [[Eure-et-Loir]]. He was twice the president (head) of the Chamber: from 1898 to 1902, and again from 1912 to 1920. From 1899 he was one of the forty members of the [[Académie française]]. On 17 January 1920 he was elected the tenth [[President of France|President of the Republic]]. He won one day after [[Georges Clemenceau]] dropped out of the race. Deschanel had beaten him in the test vote of the political groups. But soon his mind became ill. He suffered from fear and deep sadness, made worse by overwork. On 21 September of the same year he resigned (gave up the office). He had been President for only about seven months. Only [[Jean Casimir-Perier]] (1894-1895) was President for a shorter time. In January 1921 Deschanel was elected to the Senate (the upper house). He died the next year.

Most people remember him for one strange event. In the night of 23 to 24 May 1920 he fell from the presidential train, wearing only his pajamas. Newspapers and songwriters made fun of him. Later books told false stories about him. Because of this, a long and important political career was almost forgotten. But Deschanel was one of the best public speakers of his time. He was a thinker of a moderate and social Republic, and an expert in foreign policy (relations with other countries). With [[Raymond Poincaré]] and [[Louis Barthou]], he was one of the leaders of the moderate republicans, called ''progressistes''. His story shows how the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]] worked. It also shows how hard public memory can be on men whose careers end suddenly.

== Birth and family ==
[[File:Émile Deschanel by Pierre Petit.jpg|thumb|upright|Émile Deschanel, his father, writer and politician]]
Paul Deschanel's father, Émile Deschanel (1819-1904), was a teacher and writer. His mother was not married. A lawyer, probably his real father, did not give him his name. But he paid for his education. At school Émile was a friend of the young [[Charles Baudelaire]]. He became a strong republican. When [[Napoleon III|Louis-Napoléon]] took power by force on 2 December 1851, Émile had to leave France. He went to [[Belgium]].

So Paul was born in Schaerbeek, near Brussels, in a small house in the rue de Brabant. He was born among French republicans living in exile (sent away from their country). For them, this birth was a sign of hope. [[Victor Hugo]] had asked again and again for &quot;the little Deschanel&quot;. [[Edgar Quinet]] called the baby &quot;the first-born of the exile&quot;. Paul spent his first four years among these men. They lived on the memory of France and on the hopes of 1848.

In 1859 Napoleon III let the exiles come back, after his victory in Italy. Émile started teaching and writing again. But he refused to promise loyalty to the Empire. So he could not teach in public schools. Paul grew up knowing that he was born outside France because of the Empire. In his home, politics, writing and the memory of exile were always present. His father's notebooks show a quick, happy and independent boy. When the Republic came, Émile was elected to the Chamber of Deputies (February 1876). So the son grew up among the politicians of the young Republic. Public speaking was his father's gift. It became the main tool of his whole career.

== Education and first government work ==
[[File:P. Deschanel 1893.png|thumb|upright|Deschanel as a young deputy (1893)]]
Paul studied literature and law. He spent a year in the army in 1873. He studied at the École libre des sciences politiques. He received his two law degrees in July 1874 and December 1875. Very young, he published serious articles: on [[François Rabelais|Rabelais]] in the ''Revue bleue'' (1875), then on [[Denis Diderot|Diderot]] and Quinet in the ''Journal des débats'' (1877). Like his father, he loved both writing and politics. He decided to keep both.

In January 1878, at twenty-two, he became ''sous-préfet'' at [[Dreux]]. (A sous-préfet represents the government in a small town.) His father's friends had helped him. Dreux is in Eure-et-Loir. This department would later send him to Parliament for thirty-five years. His letters show a young Parisian in a cold, unknown town. There he learned the political trade. He talked to farmers and landowners, and tried to win them over to the Republic. After Dreux he worked at [[Melun]] (1879). Then he was sous-préfet at [[Brest, France|Brest]] (end of 1879) and [[Meaux]] (1881). He did not enjoy this work much. His real wish was a seat in the Chamber.

In August 1881 he left government service. He ran at Dreux against Gatineau, the sitting deputy. His program was moderate: small changes to the basic laws, a return to voting by department lists, and more power for local areas. He lost. In the next years he traveled: [[Italy]] in 1880, [[Germany]] in 1884-1885. He published books about foreign questions, such as ''La Question du Tonkin'' (1883) and ''La Politique française en Océanie'' (1884). These books made him known as an expert in foreign policy.

== Deputy for Eure-et-Loir (1885-1920) ==
Two facts gave him his chance: the return of voting by department lists, and the death of Gatineau in July 1885. In October 1885 the republicans of Eure-et-Loir put the young man on their list. He was elected to the Chamber at thirty. In all, the voters elected him nine times, from 1885 to 1919. From 1889 his district was [[Nogent-le-Rotrou]]. There his support was almost complete. His opponents got very few votes. Only Dr Poupon, in 1910, gave him a real fight. Even then, Deschanel won more than 71% of the votes.

This safe seat had a strange side. He had no house in the department. He was never a mayor. From 1895 he was only a quiet member of the department council. But this position let him give all his time to national questions. His fame in Paris also helped his district. He looked after its farming interests in the hard years at the end of the 1800s.

One thing makes his story special: he was never a minister. (A minister is the head of one part of the government.) He received offers more than once. His &quot;no&quot; was a clear choice. He said that a failure as a minister would have &quot;broken him at one blow&quot;. He was sure of one thing: the road to the presidency meant making no political enemies. So he chose the role of a judge between the parties, not of a man of action. Writers of his time, like [[Joseph Caillaux]], said this. Historians, like Jean-Jacques Becker, say the same: his whole career pointed toward the [[Élysée Palace|Élysée]] (the home of the President).

== His political ideas ==
[[File:Paul Deschanel 1908.jpg|thumb|upright|Deschanel in 1908]]
Deschanel was one of the moderate republicans. They were the strongest group in the Chamber in the 1890s. He was against [[socialism]] (a system in which property is owned in common). He was against the program of the Radical party. But his social ideas were very open. The left-wing newspaper ''La Petite République'' even called him in 1897 &quot;a socialist of the property-owning classes&quot;.

The heart of his social thought was mutual help. He believed in societies where workers put money together. This money supported them in sickness, in old age and in hard times. He led national organizations of this kind. At the end of 1899 he outlined a complete program. It included free offices for finding work. It included mutual societies for schoolchildren, mothers and women. It also included insurance and old-age pensions. On taxes, he accepted a tax on yearly income. But it had to replace older taxes. It had to be measured by outward signs of wealth, such as a man's house and way of living. The smallest incomes had to be free of tax. The number of children had to be counted. Paying taxes, he said, is an act of respect for the nation.

In trade, he wanted taxes on foreign goods when French farming or industry seemed in danger. In 1891 he attacked free trade and the trade agreement of 1860 with [[England]]. In April 1897, with Raymond Poincaré, he started a national committee of trade and industry. Before it, he said France had to stop the decline of its foreign trade. It had to renew its education and use its colonies. He was a friend of the small farm. The power of a country, he said, comes from a balance between small and large property.

He also had ideas about government itself. In 1908 he proposed a written list of the rights and duties of the people who work for the government. From his first program in 1881 he wanted more power for local government. He supported proportional voting (a system that gives every party its fair share of seats). A writer said of him in 1898: &quot;He represents almost no group but himself.&quot; That fact became his strength when the time came to be a judge over all the parties.

His greatest interest was foreign policy. &quot;It is not power I am looking for: it is foreign policy that attracts me,&quot; he said in 1893. He traveled to see things with his own eyes. In 1891 he was in the [[United States]], sent by the government to study its political system. He visited England, [[Spain]], [[Greece]] and North [[Africa]]. In April 1912 he was in the Balkans. There King Ferdinand of [[Bulgaria]] told him his ideas about [[Constantinople]]. Even his opponents, like Caillaux, later said he had seen clearly on the questions of the East and of central [[Europe]].

== Head of the Chamber of Deputies (1898-1902) ==
[[File:M. Paul Deschanel. Président de la Chambre des députés - btv1b53237919z.jpg|thumb|upright|Deschanel as president of the Chamber of Deputies]]
The president of the Chamber held one of the most important offices of the Republic. He organized the work of the house. He played an important part in planning its business. He decided questions of order and doubtful votes. He kept debates regular and gave punishments when needed. At every government crisis, the President of the Republic asked his advice. After the President, he was the second man of the country. He was re-elected every January, so the house always kept him under its eye. Deschanel loved the ceremony of the office. This first made the deputies smile. But it was also a sign of his high idea of the office. In his secret thoughts, the chair was the doorway to the Élysée.

He had been a vice-president of the Chamber for a year and a half. Then the elections of May 1898 made his party the largest in the house. Poincaré and [[Charles Dupuy]] said no, so he was put forward. His opponent was [[Henri Brisson]], an old Radical leader and the last president of the Chamber. The vote was one of the strangest ever seen at the Palais-Bourbon. On 1 June he was elected temporary president by one vote. The count was so doubtful that he himself asked for a new vote. He won again the next day. On 9 June 1898 he was elected full president of the Chamber, by 287 votes to 277. He was forty-three. In his first speech from the chair, on 13 June, he gave his rule: &quot;The man called to the role of a judge must silence his own preferences and rise above his very faith.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;b1898&quot;&gt;The numbers of the votes of 1, 2 and 9 June 1898 come from the newspapers of the time. They are given in Thierry Billard, ''Paul Deschanel. Le président incompris'', Perrin, Tempus, 2022, chapter 7, pages 146-152 (named below: Billard).&lt;/ref&gt;

His first years in the chair came in the middle of the [[Dreyfus affair]]. This was the great fight about [[Alfred Dreyfus]], an army officer from a [[Jews|Jewish]] family. He had been sent to prison for a crime he did not do. The Chamber was split in two. Privately, Deschanel was against a new trial. His reason was fear for the army and for national unity, not hatred of Jews. But he never said this in public. He took no part in the attacks against Jews. He kept the rule of the chair: no opinion.

For this, both sides attacked him. Left-wing papers said his way of presiding was &quot;shockingly one-sided&quot;. ''La Libre Parole'', [[Édouard Drumont|Drumont]]'s paper, was full of hatred against Jews. It claimed he had been paid by &quot;the Jewish party&quot;. Others made fun of his love of ceremony, his black dress-coat, and his care to be first at every public event. Still, the Chamber re-elected him every January, with bigger and bigger numbers. In 1902 nobody even ran against him. In those years he presided over hard times. President [[Félix Faure]] died. [[Émile Loubet|Loubet]] was elected. The Dreyfus case was tried again at Rennes. The [[Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau|Waldeck-Rousseau]] government came to power. But the elections of 1902 gave power to the left. On 1 June 1902 [[Léon Bourgeois]] took the chair from him, by 303 votes to 267. The blow was hard. For him, that chair had been the last step before the Élysée.

== Writer, marriage and family ==
[[File:Paul Deschanel à l'Académie française.jpg|thumb|upright|Deschanel in the green coat of the Académie française]]
Deschanel was also a man of high society and letters, a famous name of the Paris of the [[Belle Époque]]. His elegant clothes caused much humor in the house. His friends included [[Anna de Noailles]], [[Pierre Loti]], [[Anatole France]], [[Camille Saint-Saëns|Saint-Saëns]] and [[Pierre Bonnard|Bonnard]]. In 1899, while head of the Chamber, he was elected to the Académie française. (This society of forty writers is the highest honor for a French writer.) His rivals were Émile Faguet and René Bazin. Unfriendly papers said his books were thinner than his art of pleasing. His father, a greater writer, had never been elected. In 1914 he also joined the Académie des sciences morales et politiques.

In February 1901, at forty-six, he married Germaine Brice, aged twenty-five. She was the daughter of René Brice, a deputy and businessman. The first ceremony was on 13 February, his birthday. The two witnesses were the President of the Republic, Émile Loubet, and the old writer Ernest Legouvé. The church ceremony was on 16 February at Saint-Germain-des-Prés. It was the society event of the year. The marriage was also, as often in his party, a meeting of the moderate Republic and the world of money. It brought him a million francs and a yearly income. Before, he had lived on his pay as a deputy.

They had three children: Renée-Antoinette (1902), Émile-Jean (1904) and Louis-Paul (1909). Deschanel worked hard, getting up at six every day, and watched closely over their education. Émile-Jean became a deputy for Eure-et-Loir in 1932. After 1944 he was banned from public life for voting full powers to Marshal [[Philippe Pétain|Pétain]] in 1940. Louis-Paul became a historian. He was one of the first Frenchmen killed at the front, in September 1939.

== 1913 and the return to the chair ==
After 1902 came ten quieter years. He gave big speeches on social questions and foreign policy. But the Chamber was now controlled by the left, and it was not much moved. His first real attempt at the presidency came in January 1913, at the end of [[Armand Fallières|Fallières]]'s term. At the test meeting of the left groups he received only 83 votes, far behind Poincaré, Pams and Dubost. He withdrew. Poincaré's opponents then made him an offer: to be a second candidate at Versailles. He refused a political game he found shameful. Poincaré was elected President on 17 January 1913. The pain was deep. &quot;Fate has been mean and unfair to me,&quot; Deschanel said that summer. Newspaper attacks on both sides made things worse. For a time, they hurt his old friendship with Poincaré.&lt;ref name=&quot;b1913&quot;&gt;The numbers of the votes of January 1913 are from Billard. He takes them from the private papers of Alexandre Ribot and of Gheusi.&lt;/ref&gt;

One comfort had come the year before. In May 1912, after the death of Henri Brisson, the Chamber elected him president again. He kept the chair, re-elected every January, until 1920, through the whole of [[World War I|the Great War]].

== The Chamber in the Great War ==
[[File:Affiche des discours de Paul Deschanel et Georges Clemenceau à la Chambre des Députés le 18 octobre 1918 - A15041.jpg|thumb|upright|Public print of the speeches given by Deschanel and Clemenceau at the Chamber, 18 October 1918]]
The war changed the office. Deschanel became more than a keeper of order. He defended the rights of the Chamber against a government and an army command that wanted to act alone. He wanted strong control of the war by Parliament. In January 1915 he said: &quot;If Parliament had dared more, if it had known more, France would be better off.&quot; This separated him a little from Poincaré, who had more doubts about the houses touching army questions. From June 1916 he presided over the secret meetings of the Chamber. There the deputies learned the truth about the failed attacks. In 1917 they discovered the price in blood of General [[Robert Nivelle|Nivelle]]'s operations. It was his job to control their anger. He also spoke the words of last respect for the deputies killed at the front, from [[Émile Driant|Driant]], killed at [[Battle of Verdun|Verdun]], to Abel Ferry. And he wrote the Chamber's words of respect for the airman [[Georges Guynemer|Guynemer]], who was not a deputy.

He was one of the great public voices of the war. From 1914 to 1918 his speeches and writings spoke of national unity, of [[Alsace-Lorraine]], and of the pain of Belgium. In 1915 he spoke out against the [[Armenian genocide|mass killing of the Armenians]]. After the war these speeches were collected in a book, ''La France victorieuse''. One newspaper called him &quot;the very voice of the fatherland&quot;. But his private notes were dark. He saw how unready France had been before 1914. He also kept deep doubts about the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. After his presidency he prepared an attack on the way the treaty had been made. Death stopped him from giving it in the Senate.

== Elected President (January 1920) ==
[[File:17-1-20, Congrès de Versailles (salle des séances) - btv1b53036083v.jpg|thumb|The two houses meeting at [[Versailles]] for the vote, 17 January 1920]]
The elections of 16 November 1919 gave France a Chamber of the right and the center. It was called &quot;bleu horizon&quot;, after the color of the soldiers' coats. The Senate, one third of which was renewed in January 1920, stayed more to the left. It chose Léon Bourgeois as its head. Poincaré's term was ending. Most people expected Georges Clemenceau to become President. He was the old head of the war government, the &quot;Father of Victory&quot;. But many were against him. The [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] deputies feared this old enemy of the church. A story was quietly going around, kept alive by [[Aristide Briand]]: President Clemenceau might one day be buried without a church ceremony. Part of the Radical party could not forgive his attacks on Caillaux and Malvy. The socialists were all against him. And many deputies and senators were tired of his hard ways and sharp words.

Deschanel seemed the right man for houses that wanted, with peace, to go back to the old ways. He was elected temporary head of the new Chamber on 18 December 1919. He was elected full head on 13 January 1920, in a meeting where his friends cried &quot;À Versailles!&quot;. He played his cards quietly and well, with Briand's active help. He was kind to everyone. He had never been a &quot;strike-breaker&quot; (he had never sent force against striking workers). He supported fair voting systems. He gave the left of [[Édouard Herriot|Herriot]] and [[Léon Blum|Blum]] soft, unclear words about new relations with the [[Vatican City|Vatican]] (the seat of the [[Pope]]). At the same time, he let the Catholic deputies believe the opposite. On 16 January 1920, at the test meeting of the republican groups, he came out ahead of Clemenceau. Clemenceau at once withdrew. The next day, at Versailles, the two houses elected Deschanel President of the Republic, with 734 votes. No President had ever received so many. The newspapers saw national unity. Historians, with Jean-Jacques Becker, see something else: the choice of a decorative President, in the line of Fallières. It was the sign, in Becker's words, that the spirit of the Bloc national was &quot;dead at birth&quot;. Clemenceau, deeply hurt, resigned at once. [[Alexandre Millerand]] formed the new government.&lt;ref name=&quot;b1920&quot;&gt;On the vote of January 1920, see Jean-Jacques Becker, ''Victoire et frustrations'', and Billard, chapter 11. The visit of Herriot and Blum is at page 281. The number of 734 votes and the words of ''Excelsior'' of 18 January 1920 are given by Billard.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Seven months as President ==
[[File:Investiture Deschanel fév. 1920.jpg|thumb|Deschanel takes up the office of President, February 1920]]

=== A tired and sad man ===
Deschanel entered the Élysée in February 1920. He was sixty-five and worn out. Eight years at the head of a Chamber at war had been too much for his nerves. So had the fight for the Élysée, and the writing of his book on [[Léon Gambetta|Gambetta]], which had taken all his free hours. Then came a discovery. The laws of 1875, as used since [[Jules Grévy|Grévy]], gave the President almost no real power. He had pointed his whole life at this office. Now he saw that he could do almost nothing. Dark thoughts followed: he felt he was betraying the trust of Parliament. Then came physical signs: pressure on the chest, a racing heart, fear. He himself called it &quot;a flame inside my chest&quot;.

Still, the first months were full. He presided over the meetings of Millerand's ministers, in a spring of big strikes by railway and coal workers. He went on presidential journeys. Crowds loved his simple, warm and open way. He supported a careful new start of relations with the Vatican, and later said this had been one of his own acts. But the journey to the south, in April 1920, gave a sad picture. People near him saw a man crushed by ceremony and police protection, kind one minute and fearful the next. He was a man of ideas and words. The gap between the dream of a life and the small real power of the office hurt him directly.

=== The fall from the train near Montargis (night of 23-24 May 1920) ===
[[File:Le Petit Parisien 25 mai 1920 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|The front page of ''Le Petit Parisien'', 25 May 1920, on the President's fall]]
The event that fixed his place in memory came on a journey to [[Montbrison, Loire|Montbrison]]. He was going there to open a monument to Reymond, a senator and airman killed in the war. Deschanel had influenza and at first refused the journey. On Sunday 23 May, at night, the special train left the Gare de Lyon. The President took a calming medicine and went to bed. The carriage was overheated. The night was stormy. His sleep was broken. About 23:10, half asleep, his mind unclear, he got up for air. With difficulty, he opened the window of his room on the train. It was a window that slides up and down, very low, with nothing to hold on to. At that moment the train slowed to about fifty kilometers per hour, because of works on the line. Deschanel leaned out and fell. He landed on the stones of the track, at kilometer 110.9, before [[Montargis]].

His face was bloody, but he had no deep wound. He walked along the rails. There he met a railway worker, André Radeau, on his night round. &quot;I am the President of the Republic and I have fallen from the train,&quot; he said. Radeau thought he was drunk. But he took him to the house of another railwayman, Gustave Dariot. Mme Dariot washed his cuts. She only guessed that the unknown man was &quot;a Monsieur&quot; (a gentleman), &quot;because his feet are clean&quot;. The train went on. At the stop of Moulins, the fifty-three people of the President's party were counted. All were there. But nobody dared to wake the fifty-fourth, the President himself. So his absence only became clear in the morning, when telegrams from the local stations caught up with the train. The government examined the facts and said it was an accident. The design of the presidential carriages had made it easier. Poincaré said the same in public, before the Senate.&lt;ref name=&quot;bfall&quot;&gt;The story of the fall comes from Jean Clair-Guyot (''Miroir de l'Histoire'', March 1953) and Louis Lesueur (''Historia'', May 1976). It is given again in Billard, chapter 12, together with the government statement read by Millerand.&lt;/ref&gt;

The damage to his image was great. Some papers truly feared for the President's health. But the satirical papers (papers that make fun of people) had a great time. ''[[Le Canard enchaîné]]'' printed the song title &quot;Mais n'te promène donc pas en pyjama&quot; (&quot;Do not go walking in your pajamas&quot;). ''L'Action française'' suggested a pajama in the national colors. Singers made songs about the railwayman and the President's nightwear. A cruel remark was credited to Clemenceau: &quot;That does not surprise me. M. Deschanel was always in a hurry to arrive.&quot; Almost the only public voice on his side was Poincaré. He said the &quot;highest judge&quot; of the nation should be left out of these attacks. Deschanel presided over the ministers' meeting the very next day. But he now knew that he needed complete rest. He offered to resign. Millerand refused, sure that a few months of quiet would be enough.&lt;ref name=&quot;bpress&quot;&gt;The words given to Clemenceau are not certain: Billard says only that they were put in his mouth, like many others. The newspaper reactions are in the same chapter; the &quot;pajama in the national colors&quot; is at page 308.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rambouillet and the end (September 1920) ===
The summer brought no improvement. After family days in [[Normandy]], the President rested from July at the castle of [[Rambouillet]]. There his sadness grew deeper. He knew that people were saying he was mad. On 10 September 1920, at dawn, he went down into the park, half dressed. He walked into the water of a pond, up to his waist, without knowing what he was doing. A man who saw it said: &quot;You could see he was thinking too much.&quot; The story got out at once. Some journalists protested against this hunting of a sick man. But this time, Millerand said yes.

On 21 September 1920 the President's message was read to the Chamber by Raoul Péret, and to the Senate by Léon Bourgeois. Resigning, he said, was the most cruel and the most necessary act of all. The houses sent him their respect and their good wishes. They called him a true servant of the country. On 23 September, the houses met at Versailles and elected Alexandre Millerand in his place. The laws of 1875 had no rule for a President too ill to continue. Deschanel's own free act answered the question. Whatever some books say, he was never removed from office by force.&lt;ref name=&quot;bres&quot;&gt;The statement of 21 September 1920 is printed in Billard, opening pages and chapter 12.&lt;/ref&gt;

== His illness: true and false stories ==
For decades, books and papers told wild stories about the sick President. He climbed trees in front of politicians, they said. He received a foreign ambassador wearing only the red band of the [[Legion of Honour|Légion d'honneur]]. He signed government papers with the name &quot;Napoléon&quot;. Searches were made in the national archives, under the direction of Jean Favier. They never found any such paper, any witness, or any serious print from the time. The stories are inventions. They were born after the events, and they grew from book to book.&lt;ref name=&quot;blegend&quot;&gt;The searches in the national archives, under Jean Favier, are given in Billard, chapter 13; see also, by the same writer, &quot;Paul Deschanel : un fou à l'Élysée ?&quot;, ''L'Histoire'', April 1988.&lt;/ref&gt;

The medical facts point another way. A medical thesis by Gérard Milleret (Dijon, 1981) and the work of Pierre Rentchnick on the illnesses of leaders reach the same answer. Deschanel suffered from severe anxiety and depression, caused by overwork. There was no sign of madness. The events of Montargis and Rambouillet came from short periods of mental confusion. The causes were his worn-out condition and his medicines. A paper written in 1950 by one of his doctors says the same. Deschanel himself told the abbé Mugnier that his illness was anxiety. It was made worse by the fact that &quot;the President of the Republic can do nothing&quot;. And he got well. Three months of rest at the sanatorium (rest home) of [[Rueil-Malmaison]] put him back on his feet. [[Georges Feydeau]] and [[Maurice Ravel]] had stayed there before him. He understood very well what the event had cost him. Someone told him that being ill is nothing to be ashamed of. He answered: &quot;For other men, no. But for a President of the Republic, yes!&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;bmed&quot;&gt;Gérard Milleret, ''Une chute peut en cacher une autre'', medical thesis, Dijon, 1981; Pierre Rentchnick, ''Ces malades qui font l'Histoire''; the doctor's paper of 10 March 1950; the private diary of the abbé Mugnier, 27 September 1921. All are taken up in Billard.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Senator and death (1921-1922) ==
[[File:Paul Deschanel 31-12-1920.jpg|thumb|upright|Deschanel on 31 December 1920, his first public appearance after his illness]]
Well again, he refused a quiet old age. He returned to his seats at the two academies. Then he ran for the Senate in Eure-et-Loir. His first public appearance was on 31 December 1920, before the voters. The papers noted the force and clarity of his words: &quot;From the day a cruel illness made me give up the presidency of the Republic, I have lived apart from the world. I wanted my first visit to be for you.&quot; On 9 January 1921 the department sent him to Parliament for the tenth time. This time he was a senator.

There he prepared his real comeback: a great public questioning (interpellation) of the government on foreign policy. Poincaré, now head of the government, accepted it at the end of March 1922. The text was published after his death by the ''Revue des Deux Mondes''. It was a hard attack on the way the peace had been made. Four men, he wrote, had taken into their own hands the future &quot;of France, of Europe and of the world&quot;. They had shut the door on the smaller allied nations. This went against the very idea of open government by Parliament. The text also answered the British government of [[David Lloyd George|Lloyd George]], which painted France as a danger to peace. The fear of this speech was great. The Senate's session was closed quickly at the start of April 1922. The speech was put off for months. Deschanel never gave it. He died in Paris on 28 April 1922, of a chest illness that followed an operation. He was sixty-seven.&lt;ref name=&quot;bsenat&quot;&gt;The questioning was accepted by Poincaré in a letter of 30 March 1922. The text was published after his death by the ''Revue des Deux Mondes'', and discussed by Charles Maurras in ''L'Action française'' of 14 June 1922. See Billard, chapter 14.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Tombe Paul Deschanel.jpg|thumb|upright|His grave at Montparnasse, Paris]]
His funeral was on 3 May 1922, with military honors, at the church of Saint-Honoré-d'Eylau. The government was present, with Poincaré, Marshals [[Ferdinand Foch|Foch]] and Franchet d'Esperey, foreign representatives, and a large, quiet crowd. By his own wish, not one word was spoken over his grave at [[Montparnasse Cemetery|Montparnasse]]. One of the great voices of the Republic went to his grave without a single speech.

== His voice and his books ==
His fame came first from his voice. His father, himself a public lecturer, trained him from childhood. His way of speaking was rich and flowery, always carefully prepared. It was at its best on great occasions, and sometimes too much for everyday debates. A paper of 1893 described this child &quot;nursed on eloquence&quot;, working in a room watched over by the busts of [[François-René de Chateaubriand|Chateaubriand]] and [[Voltaire]]. He was a man of letters and a politician in one.

His books follow his two interests. On foreign policy, he published early articles on [[Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord|Talleyrand]] and [[Frederick the Great|Frederick II]]. Then came ''La Question du Tonkin'' (1883), ''La Politique française en Océanie'' (1884), and works on French interests in the Pacific. On social questions and government, he published ''La République nouvelle'' and ''La Question sociale'', both in 1898, and speeches on local government, mutual help and the reform of government. The war produced ''La France victorieuse'', the collection of his war speeches (1914-1919). The years before his presidency went into his ''Gambetta''. This was the biography of one of the founders of the Republic. In Gambetta he saw a model of eloquence and love of country. The Académie française elected him in 1899 less as a great writer than as the perfect example of the lettered public man of the Third Republic.

== His place in history ==
His place in memory was built backwards. For twenty-five years he was one of the first names of French political life. He led the Chamber in the hardest hours of the Republic. But common memory now keeps another picture. He is the President who fell from a train. He is the man people said was mad. He is the main character of a funny song about a railwayman. At every presidential election, the same stories return, and most of them are false. His whole life is seen through the glass of those seven months of 1920. He had seen the danger himself: the power of ridicule to end a public man. It had ended Mac-Mahon and Félix Faure before him.

Newer work has corrected much of this. Thierry Billard's book calls Deschanel, in its subtitle, a ''président incompris'' (a misunderstood president). It took the false stories apart one by one. It gave back the picture of the able man of Parliament, the thinker of a moderate and social Republic, the head of the Chamber in two testing periods (1898-1902 and 1912-1920). The general histories of the Third Republic keep the political meaning of the vote of 1920. By choosing Deschanel instead of Clemenceau, the deputies and senators made a decision. They closed the war years. They returned to the idea of a quiet President. The crisis of September 1920 showed the weak points of that choice. So did the forced resignation of Millerand in 1924. Deschanel stood between two ages: the Republic of men of letters and position, and the democracy of the masses. He is, in the end, a special case: a man who gave his life to winning an office whose weight broke him in a few months. And history keeps, against his wish, the fall more than the long rise.

== Important dates ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Date !! Event
|-
| 13 February 1855 || Birth at Schaerbeek (Belgium), among the French republicans sent away after 2 December 1851.
|-
| 1859 || The family comes back to France.
|-
| 2 January 1878 || Starts work as sous-préfet of Dreux; then Melun (1879), Brest (1879), Meaux (1881).
|-
| August 1881 || First attempt at a seat in the Chamber, at Dreux; he does not get it.
|-
| October 1885 || Gets a seat in the Chamber for Eure-et-Loir; voted in nine times in all, till 1920.
|-
| 9 June 1898 || Made head of the Chamber of Deputies; keeps the chair till 1902.
|-
| 1899 || Voted into the Académie française.
|-
| February 1901 || Marries Germaine Brice; three children will come of the marriage.
|-
| 1 June 1902 || Léon Bourgeois takes the chair from him.
|-
| January 1913 || Attempt at the office of President; Raymond Poincaré is made President.
|-
| 1912-1920 || Head of the Chamber again, through all the Great War.
|-
| 17 January 1920 || Made President of the Republic with 734 votes, after Georges Clemenceau, who had come second in the test vote the day before, took his name out.
|-
| Night of 23-24 May 1920 || Fall from the President's train near Montargis, on the way to Montbrison.
|-
| 10 September 1920 || The event of the basin at Rambouillet.
|-
| 21 September 1920 || Gives up the office of President.
|-
| 9 January 1921 || Voted into the Senate by Eure-et-Loir.
|-
| 28 April 1922 || Death in Paris; last journey on 3 May, resting-place at Montparnasse.
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Books used ==
* Thierry Billard, ''Paul Deschanel. Le président incompris'', Paris, Perrin, Tempus, 2022. The chief book on his life, based on his private papers; it takes the false stories apart.
* Older works named by this book: Jean Mélia, ''Paul Deschanel'', Plon, 1924; Louis Sonolet, ''La Vie et l'Œuvre de Paul Deschanel'', Hachette, 1926; and the paper of Dr Logre on &quot;the Elpenor syndrome&quot; (''Le Monde'', 1 May 1948), the first medical reading of the fall from the train.
* Jean-Jacques Becker, ''Victoire et frustrations (1914-1929)'', Paris, Le Seuil, Points Histoire, 2013. For the vote of January 1920 and the Bloc national.
* Jean-Marie Mayeur, ''Les Débuts de la IIIe République (1871-1898)'', Paris, Le Seuil, Points Histoire, 2013; Madeleine Rebérioux, ''La République radicale ? (1899-1914)'', Paris, Le Seuil, Points Histoire, 2014. For the political frame of his early years.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deschanel, Paul}}
[[Category:1855 births]]
[[Category:1922 deaths]]
[[Category:Presidents of France]]
[[Category:People from Schaerbeek]]
[[Category:20th-century presidents of France]]
[[Category:French writers]]
[[Category:Members of the Académie française]]

{{bio-stub}}
{{Presidents of France}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rastamouse</title>
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{{Infobox television
| runtime              = 11 minutes
| image                = https://www.bbc.co.uk/staticarchive/0e9b576f7f939782637b985357388a3c30455716.jpg
| image_size           = 444 x 250px
| genre                = Children's animation
| creator              = Michael de Souza and Geni
| num_series           = 4
| num_episodes         = 104
| voices               = *[[Reggie Yates]]
*[[Sharon Duncan Brewster]]
*[[William Vanderpuye]]
*[[Cornell John]]
*[[Lenny Henry]]
| theme_music_composer = Martin &quot;Sugar&quot; Merchant
| country              = United Kingdom
| developer            = [[Derek Mogford]]
| network              = [[CBeebies]]&lt;br&gt;[[RTÉjr]]
| first_aired          = {{start date|2011|01|31|df=y}}
| last_aired           = {{End date|present|df=y}}
}}

'''''Rastamouse''''' (also known as '''Rastamouse's After School Club''' since series 4) is a British animated [[children's television series|children's television programme]] on [[CBeebies]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies/shows/rastamouse|access-date=26 December 2020|website=www.bbc.co.uk|title=Rastamouse - CBeebies - BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt; The programme ran from 31 January 2011 to 15 June 2015. The show was produced by Three Stones Media and The Rastamouse Company in association with Dinamo, Little Roots, [[DHX Media]] and [[Rainbow S.p.A.]] for CBeebies.

In 2021, for the show's 10th anniversary, the official [[Facebook]] account revealed that a movie is in development and will be made in collaboration with [[DreamWorks Animation|DreamWorks]] and [[Disney]], with Reggie Yates, Sharon Duncan Brewster, William Vanderpuye, Cornell John and Lenny Henry reprising their roles from the TV series.

In May 2025, Riley Mitchell announced 4 Rastamouse video games. In that same month, he announced that a reboot will come to [[Disney+]] in October 2026. However, as of January 2026, it is currently unknown if the video games will still be released but it is possible that they are cancelled.

On 9 December 2025, a fourth series (titled 'Rastamouse's After School Club') was announced for a 2026 release, with Yates, Duncan-Brewster, Vanderpuye, John and Henry reprising their roles from the TV series.

On 22 January 2026, it was confirmed that the video games are still happening. The game will have five playable characters. The three starting characters are Rastamouse, Scratchy and Zooma. Additionally, Gladstone the Rhino and Skully the Lion are unlockable characters. The game will have three worlds, with two levels in each one.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wheel of Names|url=https://wheelofnames.com/|access-date=2026-01-22|website=wheelofnames.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 9 February 2026, Rastamouse's After School Club released its first episode on CBeebies and [[BBC iPlayer]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=MMVDBO|title=Breaking a radio.|date=2026-02-11|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ItqcEWdhCfo|access-date=2026-02-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the opening credits of Rastamouse's After School Club, the [[Rainbow S.p.A.]] logo is misspelt 'Ranbow' and uses the name 'Rainbow S.r.l.' instead of 'S.p.A.'.

At the end of the first six episodes, a [[frog]] character called Julian Frogface (voiced by Lenny Henry) bursts through the Rainbow S.r.l. logo in the end credits to say his signature line: 'Howdy, y'all, I'm Julian the Eggplant, and I'm gonna be in Rastamouse's new movie!' He wears a teal marching uniform and a matching shako.

On 16 February 2026, Julian Frogface made his last appearance, saying his last line: 'It looks like there's no response available for this search. Try asking something else.'

On 17 February 2026, Julian was removed from the show in honour of [[Shrove Tuesday]].

On 19 February 2026, Rastamouse and Scratchy got married. Julian Frogface was one of the many attendees at the wedding, along with Zooma as best man, Wensley Dale as the officiant, Da Likkle Orphans as flower children, Missy D, Mixie Mouse and Signora G as bridesmaids and Bagga T, Fatz and Bandulu as groomsmen. Other attendees included Gladstone the Rhino, Skully the Lion, Gladstone Brie, Super, Frank, Half Pint, Sasha and even Zick and Elena from Monster Allergy.

On 23 February 2026, whilst Julian was on his holiday to [[Africa]], he was replaced with a [[platypus]] character called 'Marchy' (also voiced by Henry). He wears the same outfit as Julian. He shouts 'NEED A LOAN?!' at the end of every episode onwards.

On 13 April 2026, Julian Frogface returned to the end credits.

On 21 April 2026, on the final episode of Series 1, Julian said 'Onward toward Season 2!'

On 2 May 2026, Julian fell in love with Ribbit from [[The Amazing Digital Circus]].

On 11 May 2026, Julian went on holiday to Butlins in [[Bognor Regis]]. 

In May 2026, Julian burst through all the production logos, shouting: 'Howdy, y'all, I'm Julian the Eggplant, and I burst through every single logo because I'm the biggest star in Rastamouse's new movie!' 

On 6 July 2026, Series 5 will be released and will have 52 episodes. 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;


{{TV-stub}}
[[Category:2010s British animated television series]]
[[Category:2010s British mystery television series]]
[[Category:2010s British preschool education television series]]
[[Category:2011 British animated television series debuts]]
[[Category:2015 British animated television series endings]]
[[Category:Animated television series about mice and rats]]
[[Category:British animated preschool education television series]]
[[Category:British children's animated fantasy television series]]
[[Category:British children's animated musical television series]]
[[Category:British mystery television series]]
[[Category:British English-language television shows]]
[[Category:CBeebies original programming]]
[[Category:Children's television series about talking animals]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>2069</title>
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      <comment>/* Events */ Added 100th anniversary of Sesame Street</comment>
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      <text bytes="604" sha1="8q7yg831zlsovqamz18ly1p3qj8xd81" xml:space="preserve">{{Year nav|2069}}
{{C18 year in topic}}
'''2069''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MMLXIX]]''') will be {{Year article header/zc|2069}}.


== Events ==

* [[January 1]] – Books, movies, and other works published in [[1973]] will enter the [[public domain]] in the United States.
* [[June 28]] - 100th anniversary of the [[Stonewall riots]].
* [[July]] - 100th anniversary of the [[Apollo 11]].
* [[November 10]] - 100th anniversary of the television series [[Sesame Street|Sesame Street.]]

==Fictional events==
*The video game ''[[Syndicate (2012 video game)|Syndicate]]'' is set in this year.

[[Category:2069]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Air fryer</title>
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      <comment>changed &quot;its&quot; to &quot;it&quot; because air frying is the subject of the clause</comment>
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      <text bytes="6686" sha1="hjeuyhdk67eeg31q447dplghg9udkkw" xml:space="preserve">[[File:AirFryer Basket.jpg|thumb|Air fryer basket|175x175px]][[File:Air_fryer_interior.jpg|thumb|175px|Heating element of an air fryer]]

An '''air fryer''' is a small [[convection]] [[oven]]. It is used in a similar manner as [[deep frying]] to fry food without using as much oil.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Is Air-Frying Healthy? Here's What a Dietitian Says|url=https://www.eatingwell.com/article/7898639/is-air-frying-healthy-heres-what-a-dietitian-says/|access-date=2023-12-07|website=EatingWell|language=en|archive-date=2023-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207203844/https://www.eatingwell.com/article/7898639/is-air-frying-healthy-heres-what-a-dietitian-says/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Air fryers usually have a removable cooking basket, tray or mesh shelves where the food is placed. Air frying differs from traditional baking as it uses rapid air technology to transfer the heat from a heating element around the oven faster. This makes the cooking process quicker than normal convection ovens.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=D’Costa|first=Roja|date=2021-03-11|title=What Is An Air Fryer? - Types Of Air Fryer - All Kitchen Reviews|url=https://allkitchenreviews.com/what-is-an-air-fryer-types-of-air-fryer/|access-date=2024-02-05|website=allkitchenreviews.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Air fryers cook food that would normally be cooked in oil or roasted. The air fryer's cooking chamber [[Radiation|radiates]] heat from a [[heating element]] near the food. A fan then moves the hot air around the food. The temperature in an air fryer varies depending on the model, but the heating chamber of a typical commercial air fryer can reach 250 degrees Celsius (482 degrees Fahrenheit).&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;

Air fryers have become a useful [[Kitchenware|kitchen appliance]]. With them people can make many different foods. These includes [[French fries]] and [[chicken wing]]s. This is done with about 80 percent less oil than deep frying.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;

Air fryers are increasingly popular in India for allowing cooking with much less oil, while still roasting, grilling, and baking food with good texture and flavor.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Air Fryer in India|url=https://www.dealivore.in/blog/best-air-fryer|access-date=2025-10-06|website=Dealivore|language=en-in}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Types of air fryers ==
There are several types of air fryer on the market today for household use.

=== Paddle ===
In this type, a paddle machine moves throughout the heating chamber to move the air around more evenly. This is more convenient for the user because other types of air fryers require manual stirring throughout to ensure that all sides are fully cooked.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=4 Types of Air Fryers|url=https://kitcheninfinity.com/kitchen/tool/appliance/air-fryer/types/|access-date=2024-02-05|website=Kitchen Infinity|language=en-US|archive-date=2024-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205230918/https://kitcheninfinity.com/kitchen/tool/appliance/air-fryer/types/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cylindrical basket ===
A cylindrical basket is a small, single function air fryer that includes a drawer with a removable basket. A fan circulates from the top, and the food is cooked through holes in the basket.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt; It can accommodate three quarts (2.8 liters) of food or less on average. Because of its compact size, it preheats faster than other types of air fryers.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;

=== Countertop convection oven ===
Countertop convection ovens come with an air frying feature that work the same way as basket type air fryers.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt; They usually have multiple trays or racks, so multiple things can be cooked at the same time. They hold twenty-six quarts (23.7 liters) of food on average. They are more versatile than single function type because they have multiple features like baking, rotisserie, grilling, frying, broiling, and toasting.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;

=== Halogen ===
This type of air fryer cooks food with a [[halogen]] light from above. The heat is spread evenly throughout with a fan like other types of air fryers. This type usually looks like a large glass bowl with a hinged lid because the clear glass works as an easy and fast [[Heat conduction|heat conductor]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author1=Cynthia Lawrence|date=2022-11-26|title=Air fryer vs halogen oven — which is cheaper?|url=https://www.tomsguide.com/face-off/air-fryer-vs-halogen-oven-which-is-cheaper|access-date=2024-02-05|website=Tom's Guide|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Oilless turkey fryer ===
These are large, barrel shaped air fryers used to cook whole turkeys and other large amount of meat. They circulate air around the drum to cook the turkey evenly.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;[[File:Maxson's Sky Plate.png|thumb|181x181px|A frozen dinner cooked by William Maxson's Sky Plate]]

== Invention ==

=== William Maxson ===
In 1945, William Maxson partnered with the United States Navy to prepare frozen meals on passenger planes. His &quot;Sky Plate&quot; cooked up to six meals at the same time and weighed 35 pounds. His design used convection oven technology to circulate hot air around the food. He patented his design in 1949.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zt4DAAAAMBAJ&amp;dq=Maxson+Food+Systems%2C+Inc.&amp;pg=PP1|title=Popular Mechanics|last=Magazines|first=Hearst|date=April 1947|publisher=Hearst Magazines|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fred van der Weij ===
Fred van der Weij, an inventor from the Netherlands, started developing the modern air fryer in 2005 building on William Maxson's invention.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Luoma|first=Gene|date=2022-01-04|title=Who Invented the Air Fryer?|url=https://zipitclean.com/inventions-inventors/who-invented-the-air-fryer/|access-date=2023-11-29|website=Zip It Clean Inventing|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;He took three years to develop a prototype, and his fryer, produced by [[Philips]], was introduced in 2010 at the IFA Berlin (Internationale Funkausstellung), a major consumer electronics fair in [[Berlin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Morales|first=Christina|date=2022-01-25|title=How the Air Fryer Crisped Its Way Into America's Belly|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/25/dining/air-fryer.html|access-date=2023-09-28|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2008, Weij requested a patent on his invention which was granted in 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite patent|number=US8299404B2|title=Apparatus for preparing food and air guide member therefor|gdate=2012-10-30|invent1=Weij|inventor1-first=Fedde Van Der|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US8299404B2/ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{commons category}}
{{reflist}}

{{Home appliances}}

[[Category:Cooking appliances]]
[[Category:Home appliances]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sitges</title>
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| name                   = Sitges
| native_name            = 
| settlement_type        = [[Municipalities of Spain|Municipality]]
&lt;!-- images, nickname, motto --&gt;
| image_skyline          = 
| imagesize              = 265px
| image_caption          = 
| image_flag             = Flag of Sitges, Barcelona.svg
| image_seal             = Escut de Sitges.svg
&lt;!-- maps and coordinates --&gt;
| pushpin_map            = Spain#Catalonia#Spain Province of Barcelona
| pushpin_mapsize        = 265px
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_relief         = yes
| coordinates            = {{coord|41|14|06.1|N|1|48|42.7|E}}
&lt;!-- location --&gt;
| subdivision_type       = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name       = {{ESP}}
| subdivision_type1      = [[Autonomous communities of Spain|A. community]]
| subdivision_name1      = {{flag|Catalonia|name=Catalunya}}
| subdivision_type2      = [[Provinces of Spain|Province]]
| subdivision_name2      = {{flagcountry|Province of Barcelona}}
&lt;!-- government type, leaders --&gt;
| leader_title           = Mayor
| leader_name            = Aurora Carbonell
&lt;!-- area --&gt;
| area_total_km2         = 43.70
&lt;!-- population --&gt;
| population_total       = 30,257
| population_as_of       = January 1, 2021
| population_density_km2 = 692.4
&lt;!-- time zone(s) --&gt;
| timezone               = 
| utc_offset             = +01:00
&lt;!-- postal codes, area code --&gt;
| postal_code_type       = [[Postal code]]
| postal_code            = 08860, 08870–08872
&lt;!-- blank fields (section 1) --&gt;
| blank_name_sec2        = [[Community Identification Number|MCN]]
| blank_info_sec2        = 08270
&lt;!-- website, footnotes --&gt;
| website                = {{Official|1=https://www.sitges.cat/}}
}}

'''Sitges''' is a [[Municipalities of Spain|municipality]] in the [[Province of Barcelona]], in [[Catalonia]], [[Spain]].

[[File:Localització de Sitges respecte del Garraf.svg|Location within Garraf]]

{{Municipalities in Barcelona}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Geo-stub}}

[[Category:Municipalities in Catalonia]]</text>
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    <title>Beefalo</title>
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      <comment>/* History */</comment>
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      <text bytes="11737" sha1="5r9hlftrndsjkvlp62du4il8bm3g9sq" xml:space="preserve">[[File:XJ-B1 Beefalo.jpg|thumb]]
The '''beefalo''' is a [[fertility|fertile]] [[hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] of domestic [[cattle]] (''Bos taurus''), usually a male in [[Breeding programs|managed breeding programs]], and the [[American bison]] (''Bison bison''), usually a female in managed breeding programs.&lt;ref name=&quot;Porter2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Porter|first=Valerie|title=The Field Guide to Cattle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6CSqgpIC0YC&amp;pg=PA70|access-date=14 May 2015|year=2008|publisher=Voyageur Press|isbn=978-0-7603-3192-7|page=70}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Drew et al 1989&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Drew|first1=K. R.|last2=Baskin|first2=L. M.|title=Wildlife Production Systems: Economic Utilisation of Wild Ungulates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=roE8AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA354|access-date=14 May 2015|year=1989|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-34099-1|page=354}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[breed]] was created to combine the characteristics of both animals for beef production.

Beefalo are primarily cattle in [[genetics]] and appearance, with the breed association defining a full Beefalo as one with three-eighths (37.5%) bison genetics, while animals with higher percentages of bison genetics are called &quot;bison hybrids&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Breeds - Beefalo|url=https://www.thecattlesite.com/breeds/beef/97/beefalo/|access-date=2020-10-29|website=The Cattle Site|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
Accidental crosses were noticed as long ago as 1749 in the [[Southern United States|Southern states]], during [[British Colonization of America|British colonization]]. Cattle and bison were first intentionally [[Crossbreed|crossbred]] during the 19th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Dafoe|first1=John W.|title=Domestication of the Buffalo|journal=Popular Science Monthly|date=April 1889|volume=34|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly/Volume_34/April_1889/Domestication_of_the_Buffalo|access-date=21 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The first deliberate attempts to cross breed bison with cattle was made by Colonel Samuel Bedson, warden of [[Stony Mountain Institution|Stony Mountain Penitentiary]], [[Winnipeg]], in 1880. Bedson bought eight bison from a captive herd of James McKay and inter-bred them with [[shorthorn|Durham cattle]]. The hybrids raised by Bedson were described by naturalist [[Ernest Thompson Seton]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;Brower2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Brower|first=Jennifer|title=Lost Tracks: National Buffalo Park, 1909-1939|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGA2K51m_YQC&amp;pg=PA132|access-date=14 May 2015|year=2008|publisher=Athabasca University Press|isbn=978-1-897425-10-7|pages=132–133}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{quote|''The hybrid animal is [claimed] to be a great improvement on both of its progenitors, as it is more docile and a better milker than the Buffalo, but retains its hardihood, while the robe is finer, darker and more even, and the general shape of the animal is improved by the reduction of the hump and increased proportion of the hind-quarters.''}}

After seeing thousands of cattle die in a [[Kansas]] [[blizzard]] in 1886, [[Charles &quot;Buffalo&quot; Jones]], a co-founder of [[Garden City, Kansas|Garden City]], [[Kansas]], also worked to cross bison and cattle at a ranch near the future [[Grand Canyon National Park]], with the hope the animals could survive the harsh winters.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.kshs.org/portraits/jones_charles.htm |title=Charles Jesse &quot;Buffalo&quot; Jones |publisher=Kshs.org |access-date=2009-10-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;  He called the result &quot;cattalo&quot; in 1888.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/magazine/jf05/indepth/ |title=The Story of Cattalo |publisher=canadiangeographic.ca |date=May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050901164141/http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/magazine/jf05/indepth/ |archive-date=2005-09-01 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mossom Martin Boyd]] of [[Bobcaygeon]], [[Ontario]] first started the practice in Canada, publishing about some of his outcomes in the [[Journal of Heredity]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Boyd|first=M. M.|date=1914|title=Crossing bison and cattle|journal=J Hered|volume=5|issue=5: 189–197|pages=189–197|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a107838}}&lt;/ref&gt; After his death in 1914, the Canadian government continued experiments in [[crossbreeding]] up to 1964, with little success. In 1936 the Canadian government had successfully cross-bred only 30 cattalos.&lt;ref name=&quot;Magazines1934&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Magazines|first=Hearst|title=Popular Mechanics|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yt8DAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA863|access-date=14 May 2015|date=December 1934|publisher=Hearst Magazines|page=863|chapter=Cattle Developed for North are Part Buffalo|journal=Popular Mechanics Magazine|issn=0032-4558}}&lt;/ref&gt;

It was found early on that crossing a male bison with a domestic [[cow]] would produce few offspring, but that crossing a domestic [[bull]] with a bison cow apparently solved the problem. The female offspring proved [[Fertility|fertile]], but rarely so for the males. Although the cattalo performed well, the mating problems meant the breeder had to maintain a herd of wild and difficult-to-handle bison cows.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}

In 1965, Jim Burnett of [[Montana]] produced a [[hybrid]] bull that was fertile.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} Soon after, Cory Skowronek of [[California]] formed the World Beefalo Association and began marketing the hybrids as a new breed. The new name, Beefalo, was meant to separate this hybrid from the problems associated with the old cattalo hybrids.  The breed was eventually set at being genetically at least five-eighths ''Bos taurus'' and at most three-eighths ''Bison bison''.

== Nutrition characteristics==
A [[United States Department of Agriculture]] study found Beefalo meat, like bison meat, is lower in [[fat]] and [[cholesterol]] than regular beef cattle.&lt;ref name =aba&gt;[http://www.motherearthnews.com/homesteading-and-livestock/beefalo-facts-zmaz81mazraw.aspx Beefalo Facts]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Registration ==
In 1983, the three main Beefalo registration groups reorganized under the American Beefalo World Registry. Until November 2008, there were two Beefalo associations, the American Beefalo World Registry&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.abwr.org |title=ABWR |publisher=ABWR |access-date=2009-10-02| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091012195541/http://www.abwr.org/| archive-date= 12 October 2009 | url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and American Beefalo International. These organizations jointly formed the American Beefalo Association, Inc., which currently operates as the [[Registration|registering]] body for Beefalo in the United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;AmerBeefAssoc&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.americanbeefalo.org/|title=American Beefalo Association|access-date=14 May 2015|archive-date=27 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227102906/http://americanbeefalo.org/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Effect on bison conservation ==
Most current bison herds are [[Genetic pollution|genetically polluted]] or partly crossbred with cattle.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.wildcattleconservation.org/WildCattleNews/WildCattleNews.htm#news20070109 |title=Strands of undesirable DNA roam with Buffalo, By Jim Robbins, 9th January 2007, The New York Times |publisher=Wildcattleconservation.org |access-date=2009-10-02 |archive-date=2009-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923005519/http://www.wildcattleconservation.org/WildCattleNews/WildCattleNews.htm#news20070109 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|jstor=2387208 |author=Polzhiehn, R.O. |author2=C. Strobeck |author3=J. Sheraton |author4=R. Beech |s2cid=85575841 |name-list-style=amp |year=1995|title= Bovine mtDNA Discovered in North American Bison Populations|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_conservation-biology_1995-12_9_6/page/1638 |journal= Conservation Biology |volume=9|issue=6|pages= 1638–43|doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.09061638.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://animalgenomics.missouri.edu/Halbert_Mol_Ecology_2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060422053155/http://animalgenomics.missouri.edu/Halbert_Mol_Ecology_2005.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2006-04-22 |title=Halbert, N.D., Ward, T.J., Schnabel, R.D., Taylor, J.F and Derr, J.N. (2005) Conservation genomics: disequilibrium mapping of domestic cattle chromosomal segments in North American bison populations. Molecular Ecology (2005) 14, 2343–2362 |publisher=Animalgenomics.missouri.edu |date=2009-02-12 |access-date=2009-10-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://assignmentemperor.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/etd-tamu-2003C-ACCT-Halbert-1.pdf |title=Halbert, Natalie Dierschke (2003) The utilization of genetic markers to resolve modern management issues in historic bison populations: implications for species conservation Ph. D. Dissertation, Texas A&amp;M University, December 2003 |access-date=2009-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723232009/http://assignmentemperor.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/etd-tamu-2003C-ACCT-Halbert-1.pdf |archive-date=2015-07-23 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; There are only four genetically unmixed American bison herds left, and only two that are also free of [[brucellosis]]: the [[Wind Cave bison herd]] that roams [[Wind Cave National Park]], [[South Dakota]]; and the [[Henry Mountains bison herd|Henry Mountains herd]] in the Henry Mountains of Utah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://upr.org/post/genetically-pure-bison-found-utah |title=Genetically Pure Bison Found in Utah |publisher=UPR Utah Public Ratio |date=2015-12-16 |access-date=2015-12-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; A herd on [[Catalina Island bison herd|Catalina Island, California]]  is not genetically pure or self-sustaining.{{fact|date=October 2020}}  Dr. Dirk Van Vuren, formerly of the [[University of Kansas]]  points out that &quot;The bison today that carry cattle DNA look exactly like bison, function exactly like bison and in fact are bison. For conservation groups, the interest is that they are not totally pure.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=American icons aren't the animals they used to be | url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14951-american-icons-arent-the-animals-they-used-to-be.html | work=[[New Scientist]] | author=Catherine Brahic | date=October 15, 2008 | access-date=2015-01-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cattalo ==

The term &quot;cattalo&quot; is defined by United States law as a cross of bison and cattle which have a bison appearance.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/cfrassemble.cgi?title=200409 |title=Code of Federal Regulations (9CFR352.1) rev 2004.&amp;nbsp;— &quot;Catalo or Cattalo means any hybrid animal with American bison appearance resulting from direct crossbreeding of American bison and cattle.&quot; |publisher=Access.gpo.gov |access-date=2009-10-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826093000/http://www.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/cfrassemble.cgi?title=200409 |archive-date=August 26, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In [[Canada]], however, the term is used for hybrids of all degrees and appearance.{{fact|date=October 2020}}

In some American states, cattalo are [[Regulation|regulated]] as &quot;[[exotic animals]]&quot;, along with pure bison and [[deer]]. However, in most states, bison and hybrids which are raised solely for livestock (meat and sale) purposes similar to cattle, are considered [[domestic animals]] like cattle, and do not require special [[Permit|permits.]]{{cn|date=August 2020}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Other websites ==
* [http://www.kshs.org/portraits/jones_charles.htm Kansas State Historical Society]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050901164141/http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/magazine/jf05/indepth/ The Story of Cattalo]. ''[[Canadian Geographic]]''

{{Meat}}

[[Category:Beef]]
[[Category:Cattle breeds]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>List of The Backyardigans episodes</title>
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      <text bytes="12778" sha1="falbstt30ih86j4kw4mzpb4hdb1ii5o" xml:space="preserve">''[[The Backyardigans]]'' is an [[animated series|animated]] [[television show]] for [[children]]. It was created by [[Janice Burgess]]. It was first [[broadcast]] on the [[Canada|Canadian]] [[television network|network]] [[Treehouse TV]] on September 11, 2004.&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web|url=http://www.treehousetv.com/parents/schedule/eastern.asp|title=Treehouse TV programme schedule: September 6–12, 2004|work=[[Treehouse TV]]|publisher=[[Corus Entertainment]]|access-date=May 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040908024533/http://www.treehousetv.com/parents/schedule/eastern.asp|archive-date=September 8, 2004|quote=Saturday, September 11, 2004 at 2:30 PM: ''Backyardigans''}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was first broadcast in the [[United States]] for the first time on October 11, 2004 on [[Nick Jr.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;oct11&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|url=https://www.awn.com/news/nick-jr-steps-out-new-backyardigans-series|title=Nick Jr. Steps Out with New ''Backyardigans'' Series|work=[[Animation World Network]]|last=Baisley|first=Sarah|date=October 11, 2004|access-date=May 25, 2021|quote=premieres at 11:00 am on Oct. 11, 2004.}}&lt;/ref&gt; The show finished broadcasting all of its episodes in the United States on July 12, 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;jul12&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|title=''The Backyardigans'': Season 4|url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00DU7431M|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727162813/https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00DU7431M|archive-date=July 27, 2019|access-date=May 25, 2021|publisher=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]|quote='Pablor and the Acorns': July 12, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The show has 80 [[episode]]s over four [[television season|seasons]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://jazztimes.com/articles/129328-overdue-ovation-doug-wieselman|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011045741/http://jazztimes.com/articles/129328-overdue-ovation-doug-wieselman|archive-date=October 11, 2014 |last=Adler|first=David R.|title=Overdue Ovation: Doug Wieselman, a protean sideman goes (literally) solo|date=May 30, 2014|location=[[Quincy, Massachusetts]]|publisher=[[JazzTimes]]|access-date=May 25, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Complete Series&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/ca/tv-season/backyardigans-complete-series/id864197453
|title=The Backyardigans: The Complete Series|work=[[iTunes]]|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]|access-date=May 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717214038/https://itunes.apple.com/ca/tv-season/backyardigans-complete-series/id864197453|archive-date=July 17, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Seasons ==

&lt;onlyinclude&gt;{{Series overview

| color1     = #006161
| link1      = &lt;includeonly&gt;List of The Backyardigans episodes&lt;/includeonly&gt;#Season 1 (2004–06)
| episodes1  = 20&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://kidscreen.com/2004/05/01/upfront-20040501/|title=Scales even out at the kids upfront|last=Cuthbert|first=Wendy|date=May 1, 2004|work=[[Playback (magazine)|Kidscreen]]|publisher=Brunico Communications|access-date=May 25, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| start1     = {{Start date|2004|10|11}}
| end1       = {{End date|2006|06|19}}

| color2     = #ff5f5f
| link2      = &lt;includeonly&gt;List of The Backyardigans episodes&lt;/includeonly&gt;#Season 2 (2006–08)
| episodes2  = 20&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.awn.com/news/nick-jr-starts-production-backyardigans-season-two|title=Nick Jr. Starts Production on Backyardigans Season Two|work=[[Animation World Network]]|date=April 3, 2006|last=DeMott|first=Rick|access-date=May 25, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| start2     = {{Start date|2006|10|09}}
| end2       = {{End date|2008|01|17}}

| color3     = #ff7f00
| link3      = &lt;includeonly&gt;List of The Backyardigans episodes&lt;/includeonly&gt;#Season 3 (2008–09)
| episodes3  = 20&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/ca/tv-season/the-backyardigans-season-3/id425014527|date=September 3, 2007|title=The Backyardigans: Season 3|work=[[iTunes]]|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]|access-date=May 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618023643/http://itunes.apple.com/ca/tv-season/the-backyardigans-season-3/id425014527|archive-date=June 18, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| start3     = {{Start date|2008|01|14}}
| end3       = {{End date|2009|06|05}}

| color4     = #800080
| link4      = &lt;includeonly&gt;List of The Backyardigans episodes&lt;/includeonly&gt;#Season 4 (2009–13)
| episodes4  = 20&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2008/03/13/nickelodeon-picks-up-returning-animated-hits-including-seventh-seasons-of-spongebob-squarepants-and-the-fairly-oddparents-plus-more-episodes-of-new-nicktoon-back-at-the-barnyard-and-the-preschool-favorite-the-backyardigans-26934/20080313nickelodeon01/|title=Nickelodeon Picks-Up Returning Animated Hits Including Seventh Seasons of Spongebob Squarepants and the Fairly Oddparents, Plus More Episodes of New Nicktoon Back at the Barnyard and the Preschool Favorite the Backyardigans|work=[[The Futon Critic]]|date=March 13, 2008|access-date=May 25, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| start4  = {{Start date|2009|10|26}}
| end4    = {{End date|2013|07|12}}&lt;ref name=&quot;s4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00DU7431M|title=''The Backyardigans'': Season 4|publisher=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]|access-date=May 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727162813/https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00DU7431M|archive-date=July 27, 2019|quote='Pablor and the Acorns': July 12, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}&lt;/onlyinclude&gt;

== Episodes ==

=== Season 1 (2004-06) ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;800px&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#006161;color:white;width:14%&quot;| Number in
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#006161;color:white;width:25%&quot;| First time shown on television
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#006161;color:white;width:48%&quot;| Episode title
|-
! style=&quot;background:#006161;color:white;width:7%&quot;| Series&lt;ref name=&quot;itunes&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/ca/tv-season/backyardigans-complete-series/id864197453
|title=The Backyardigans: The Complete Series|work=[[iTunes]]|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]|access-date=May 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717214038/https://itunes.apple.com/ca/tv-season/backyardigans-complete-series/id864197453|archive-date=July 17, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! style=&quot;background:#006161;color:white;width:7%&quot;| Season
|-
| 1 || 1 || September 11, 2004 ([[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;October 12, 2004 ([[US]]) || &quot;Pirate Treasure&quot;
|- 
| 2 || 2 || September 12, 2004 ([[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;October 13, 2004 ([[US]]) || &quot;The Heart of the Jungle&quot;
|-
| 3 || 3 || October 11, 2004 || &quot;The Yeti&quot;
|- 
| 4 || 4 || October 19, 2004 || &quot;The Snow Fort&quot;
|-
| 5 || 5 || October 14, 2004 || &quot;Secret Mission&quot;
|- 
| 6 || 6 || October 25, 2004 || &quot;It's Great to Be a Ghost!&quot;
|-
| 7 || 7 || October 15, 2004 || &quot;Riding the Range&quot;
|-
| 8 || 8 || October 18, 2004 || &quot;The Key to the Nile&quot;
|-
| 9 || 9 || October 11, 2004 || &quot;Knights Are Brave and Strong&quot;
|-
| 10 || 10 || November 1, 2004 || &quot;Viking Voyage&quot;
|-
| 11 || 11 || September 19, 2005 || &quot;Castaways&quot;
|-
| 12 || 12 || July 18, 2005 || &quot;Race to the Tower of Power&quot;
|-
| 13 || 13 || February 21, 2005 || &quot;The Quest for the Flying Rock&quot;
|-
| 14 || 14 || September 21, 2005 || &quot;Polka Palace Party&quot;
|-
| 15 || 15 || April 25, 2005 || &quot;Surf's Up&quot;
|-
| 16 || 16 || September 20, 2005 || &quot;Eureka!&quot;
|-
| 17 || 17 || March 10, 2006 || &quot;Race Around the World&quot;
|-
| 18 || 18 || October 31, 2005 || &quot;Monster Detectives&quot;
|-
| 19 || 19 || June 19, 2005 || &quot;Cave Party&quot;
|-
| 20 || 20 || June 19, 2005 || &quot;High Tea&quot;
|}

=== Season 2 (2006-08) ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;800px&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5f5f;width:14%&quot;| Number in
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5f5f;width:25%&quot;| First time shown on television
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5f5f;width:48%&quot;| Episode title
|-
! style=&quot;background:#ff5f5f;width:7%&quot;| Series&lt;ref name=&quot;itunes&quot;/&gt;
! style=&quot;background:#ff5f5f;width:7%&quot;| Season
|-
| 21 || 1 || October 9, 2006 || &quot;Mission to Mars&quot;
|-
| 22 || 2 || October 16, 2006 || &quot;Samurai Pie&quot;
|-
| 23 || 3 || October 17, 2006 || &quot;Scared of You&quot;
|-
| 24 || 4 || October 18, 2006 || &quot;Whodunit&quot;
|-
| 25 || 5 || October 19, 2006 || &quot;The Legend of the Volcano Sisters&quot;
|-
| 26 || 6 || December 15, 2006 || &quot;The Secret of Snow&quot;
|-
| 27 || 7 || January 4, 2007 || &quot;The Swamp Creature&quot;
|-
| 28 || 8 || January 5, 2007 || &quot;Horsing Around&quot;
|-
| 29 || 9 || February 14, 2007 || &quot;Special Delivery&quot;
|-
| 30 || 10 || September 17, 2007 || &quot;International Super Spy: Part 1&quot;
|-
| 31 || 11 || September 17, 2007 || &quot;International Super Spy: Part 2&quot;
|-
| 32 || 12 || March 19, 2007 || &quot;Movers of Arabia&quot;
|-
| 33 || 13 || March 20, 2007 || &quot;Cops and Robots&quot;
|-
| 34 || 14 || September 21, 2007 || &quot;Sinbad Sails Alone&quot;
|-
| 35 || 15 || March 21, 2007 || &quot;Best Clowns in Town&quot;
|-
| 36 || 16 || March 22, 2007 || &quot;Save the Day&quot;
|-
| 37 || 17 || July 27, 2007 || &quot;Into the Deep&quot;
|-
| 38 || 18 || January 16, 2008 || &quot;News Flash&quot;
|-
| 39 || 19 || September 17, 2008 || &quot;Catch That Butterfly&quot;
|-
| 40 || 20 || September 18, 2008 || &quot;A Giant Problem&quot;
|}

=== Season 3 (2008-09) ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;800px&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff7f00;width:14%&quot;| Number in
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff7f00;width:25%&quot;| First time shown on television
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff7f00;width:48%&quot;| Episode title
|-
! style=&quot;background:#ff7f00;width:7%&quot;| Series&lt;ref name=&quot;itunes&quot;/&gt;
! style=&quot;background:#ff7f00;width:7%&quot;| Season
|-
| 41 || 1 || March 3, 2008 || &quot;Who Goes There?&quot;
|-
| 42 || 2 || March 10, 2008 || &quot;Blazing Paddles&quot;
|-
| 43 || 3 || March 14, 2008 || &quot;Garbage Trek&quot;
|-
| 44 || 4 || March 17, 2008 || &quot;Fly Girl&quot;
|-
| 45 || 5 || April 4, 2008 || &quot;What's Bugging You?&quot;
|-
| 46 || 6 || April 25, 2008 || &quot;Chicken-Itza Pizza&quot;
|-
| 47 || 7 || May 2, 2008 || &quot;To the Center of the Earth&quot;
|-
| 48 || 8 || May 9, 2008 || &quot;Front Page News&quot;
|-
| 49 || 9 || July 7, 2008 || &quot;Tale of the Mighty Knights: Part 1&quot;
|-
| 50 || 10 || July 7, 2008 || &quot;Tale of the Mighty Knights: Part 2&quot;
|-
| 51 || 11 || July 14, 2008 || &quot;Le Master of Disguise&quot;
|-
| 52 || 12 || July 18, 2008 || &quot;Match on Mt. Olympus&quot;
|-
| 53 || 13 || July 21, 2008 || &quot;The Great Dolphin Race&quot;
|-
| 54 || 14 || July 25, 2008 || &quot;Caveman's Best Friend&quot;
|-
| 55 || 15 || September 22, 2008 || &quot;Ranch Hands from Outer Space&quot;
|-
| 56 || 16 || September 26, 2008 || &quot;Robin Hood the Clean&quot;
|-
| 57 || 17 || September 29, 2008 || &quot;Escape from Fairytale Village&quot;
|-
| 58 || 18 || October 6, 2008 || &quot;Pirate Camp&quot;
|-
| 59 || 19 || October 10, 2008 || &quot;The Two Musketeers&quot;
|-
| 60 || 20 || October 13, 2008 || &quot;The Masked Retriever&quot;
|}

=== Season 4 (2009-13) ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;800px&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#800080;color:white;width:14%&quot;| Number in
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#800080;color:white;width:25%&quot;| First time shown on television&lt;ref name=&quot;s4&quot;/&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#800080;color:white;width:48%&quot;| Episode title
|-
! style=&quot;background:#800080;color:white;width:7%&quot;| Series&lt;ref name=&quot;itunes&quot;/&gt;
! style=&quot;background:#800080;color:white;width:7%&quot;| Season
|-
| 61 || 1 || May 21, 2010 || Hollywoodedge Large Splash Or DiveW PE127201
|-
| 62 || 2 || May 21, 2010 || Hollywoodedge Large Splash Or DiveW PE127201
|-
| 63 || 3 || January 3, 2011 || &quot;Catch That Train!&quot;
|-
| 64 || 4 || November 26, 2011 || &quot;Attack of the 50 Foot Worman&quot;
|-
| 65 || 5 || January 15, 2012 || &quot;Dragon Express&quot;
|-
| 66 || 6 || September 29, 2011 || &quot;Flower Power&quot;
|-
| 67 || 7 || October 26, 2009 || &quot;The Funny Boogeyman&quot;
|-
| 68 || 8 || March 1, 2010 ([[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;July 8, 2013 ([[US]]) || &quot;Follow the Feather&quot;
|-
| 69 || 9 || March 2, 2010 ([[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;November 5, 2010 ([[US]]) || &quot;Break Out!&quot;
|-
| 70 || 10 || December 7, 2009 ([[Canada]]/[[US]]) || &quot;The Action Elves Save Christmas Eve&quot;
|-
| 71 || 11 || March 3, 2010 ([[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;July 9, 2013 ([[US]]) || &quot;Los Galacticos&quot;
|-
| 72 || 12 || March 4, 2010 ([[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;November 26, 2011 ([[US]]) || &quot;For the Love of Socks!&quot;
|-
| 73 || 13 || March 5, 2010 ([[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;November 11, 2012 ([[US]]) || &quot;The Flipper!&quot;
|-
| 74 || 14 || April 22, 2010 || &quot;Elephant on the Run&quot;
|-
| 75 || 15 || March 9, 2010 ([[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;July 10, 2013 ([[US]]) || &quot;The Magic Skateboard&quot;
|-
| 76 || 16 || March 10, 2010 ([[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;July 12, 2013 ([[US]]) || &quot;Pablor and the Acorns&quot;
|-
| 77 || 17 || March 30, 2010 ([[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;July 11, 2013 ([[US]]) || &quot;Super Team Awesome!&quot;
|-
| 78 || 18 || July 5, 2010 ([[Canada]])
February 25, 2011 ([[Nickelodeon|Nickelodeon]]), [[US]])&lt;br /&gt;September 9, 2012 ([[Nick Jr.]]), ([[US]])
| &quot;The Big Dipper Diner&quot;
|-
| 79 || 19 || May 28, 2010 || &quot;The Amazing Splashins&quot;
|-
| 80 || 20 || Jul 7, 2010 ([[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;December 16, 2012 ([[US]]) || &quot;The Tale of the Not-So-Nice Dragon&quot;
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of Canadian animated television series episodes|Backyardigans, The]]
[[Category:Lists of Nickelodeon television series episodes|Backyardigans, The]]</text>
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      <text bytes="12840" sha1="6buji54jq4z55t3htz2od0mdy5ke4qv" xml:space="preserve">''[[The Backyardigans]]'' is an [[animated series|animated]] [[television show]] for [[children]]. It was created by [[Janice Burgess]]. It was first [[broadcast]] on the [[Canada|Canadian]] [[television network|network]] [[Treehouse TV]] on September 11, 2004.&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web|url=http://www.treehousetv.com/parents/schedule/eastern.asp|title=Treehouse TV programme schedule: September 6–12, 2004|work=[[Treehouse TV]]|publisher=[[Corus Entertainment]]|access-date=May 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040908024533/http://www.treehousetv.com/parents/schedule/eastern.asp|archive-date=September 8, 2004|quote=Saturday, September 11, 2004 at 2:30 PM: ''Backyardigans''}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was first broadcast in the [[United States]] for the first time on October 11, 2004 on [[Nick Jr.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;oct11&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|url=https://www.awn.com/news/nick-jr-steps-out-new-backyardigans-series|title=Nick Jr. Steps Out with New ''Backyardigans'' Series|work=[[Animation World Network]]|last=Baisley|first=Sarah|date=October 11, 2004|access-date=May 25, 2021|quote=premieres at 11:00 am on Oct. 11, 2004.}}&lt;/ref&gt; The show finished broadcasting all of its episodes in the United States on July 12, 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;jul12&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|title=''The Backyardigans'': Season 4|url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00DU7431M|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727162813/https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00DU7431M|archive-date=July 27, 2019|access-date=May 25, 2021|publisher=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]|quote='Pablor and the Acorns': July 12, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The show has 80 [[episode]]s over four [[television season|seasons]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://jazztimes.com/articles/129328-overdue-ovation-doug-wieselman|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011045741/http://jazztimes.com/articles/129328-overdue-ovation-doug-wieselman|archive-date=October 11, 2014 |last=Adler|first=David R.|title=Overdue Ovation: Doug Wieselman, a protean sideman goes (literally) solo|date=May 30, 2014|location=[[Quincy, Massachusetts]]|publisher=[[JazzTimes]]|access-date=May 25, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Complete Series&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/ca/tv-season/backyardigans-complete-series/id864197453
|title=The Backyardigans: The Complete Series|work=[[iTunes]]|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]|access-date=May 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717214038/https://itunes.apple.com/ca/tv-season/backyardigans-complete-series/id864197453|archive-date=July 17, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Seasons ==

&lt;onlyinclude&gt;{{Series overview

| color1     = #006161
| link1      = &lt;includeonly&gt;List of The Backyardigans episodes&lt;/includeonly&gt;#Season 1 (2004–06)
| episodes1  = 20&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://kidscreen.com/2004/05/01/upfront-20040501/|title=Scales even out at the kids upfront|last=Cuthbert|first=Wendy|date=May 1, 2004|work=[[Playback (magazine)|Kidscreen]]|publisher=Brunico Communications|access-date=May 25, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| start1     = {{Start date|2004|10|11}}
| end1       = {{End date|2006|06|19}}

| color2     = #ff5f5f
| link2      = &lt;includeonly&gt;List of The Backyardigans episodes&lt;/includeonly&gt;#Season 2 (2006–08)
| episodes2  = 20&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.awn.com/news/nick-jr-starts-production-backyardigans-season-two|title=Nick Jr. Starts Production on Backyardigans Season Two|work=[[Animation World Network]]|date=April 3, 2006|last=DeMott|first=Rick|access-date=May 25, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| start2     = {{Start date|2006|10|09}}
| end2       = {{End date|2008|01|17}}

| color3     = #ff7f00
| link3      = &lt;includeonly&gt;List of The Backyardigans episodes&lt;/includeonly&gt;#Season 3 (2008–09)
| episodes3  = 20&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/ca/tv-season/the-backyardigans-season-3/id425014527|date=September 3, 2007|title=The Backyardigans: Season 3|work=[[iTunes]]|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]|access-date=May 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618023643/http://itunes.apple.com/ca/tv-season/the-backyardigans-season-3/id425014527|archive-date=June 18, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| start3     = {{Start date|2008|01|14}}
| end3       = {{End date|2009|06|05}}

| color4     = #800080
| link4      = &lt;includeonly&gt;List of The Backyardigans episodes&lt;/includeonly&gt;#Season 4 (2009–13)
| episodes4  = 20&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2008/03/13/nickelodeon-picks-up-returning-animated-hits-including-seventh-seasons-of-spongebob-squarepants-and-the-fairly-oddparents-plus-more-episodes-of-new-nicktoon-back-at-the-barnyard-and-the-preschool-favorite-the-backyardigans-26934/20080313nickelodeon01/|title=Nickelodeon Picks-Up Returning Animated Hits Including Seventh Seasons of Spongebob Squarepants and the Fairly Oddparents, Plus More Episodes of New Nicktoon Back at the Barnyard and the Preschool Favorite the Backyardigans|work=[[The Futon Critic]]|date=March 13, 2008|access-date=May 25, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| start4  = {{Start date|2009|10|26}}
| end4    = {{End date|2013|07|12}}&lt;ref name=&quot;s4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00DU7431M|title=''The Backyardigans'': Season 4|publisher=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]|access-date=May 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727162813/https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00DU7431M|archive-date=July 27, 2019|quote='Pablor and the Acorns': July 12, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}&lt;/onlyinclude&gt;

== Episodes ==

=== Season 1 (2004-06) ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;800px&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#006161;color:white;width:14%&quot;| Number in
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#006161;color:white;width:25%&quot;| First time shown on television
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#006161;color:white;width:48%&quot;| Episode title
|-
! style=&quot;background:#006161;color:white;width:7%&quot;| Series&lt;ref name=&quot;itunes&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/ca/tv-season/backyardigans-complete-series/id864197453
|title=The Backyardigans: The Complete Series|work=[[iTunes]]|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]|access-date=May 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717214038/https://itunes.apple.com/ca/tv-season/backyardigans-complete-series/id864197453|archive-date=July 17, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! style=&quot;background:#006161;color:white;width:7%&quot;| Season
|-
| 1 || 1 || September 11, 2004 ([[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;October 12, 2004 ([[US]]) || &quot;Pirate Treasure&quot;
|- 
| 2 || 2 || September 12, 2004 ([[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;October 13, 2004 ([[US]]) || &quot;The Heart of the Jungle&quot;
|-
| 3 || 3 || October 11, 2004 || &quot;The Yeti&quot;
|- 
| 4 || 4 || October 19, 2004 || &quot;The Snow Fort&quot;
|-
| 5 || 5 || October 14, 2004 || &quot;Secret Mission&quot;
|- 
| 6 || 6 || October 25, 2004 || &quot;It's Great to Be a Ghost!&quot;
|-
| 7 || 7 || October 15, 2004 || &quot;Riding the Range&quot;
|-
| 8 || 8 || October 18, 2004 || &quot;The Key to the Nile&quot;
|-
| 9 || 9 || October 11, 2004 || &quot;Knights Are Brave and Strong&quot;
|-
| 10 || 10 || November 1, 2004 || &quot;Viking Voyage&quot;
|-
| 11 || 11 || September 19, 2005 || &quot;Castaways&quot;
|-
| 12 || 12 || July 18, 2005 || &quot;Race to the Tower of Power&quot;
|-
| 13 || 13 || February 21, 2005 || &quot;The Quest for the Flying Rock&quot;
|-
| 14 || 14 || September 21, 2005 || &quot;Polka Palace Party&quot;
|-
| 15 || 15 || April 25, 2005 || &quot;Surf's Up&quot;
|-
| 16 || 16 || September 20, 2005 || &quot;Eureka!&quot;
|-
| 17 || 17 || March 10, 2006 || &quot;Race Around the World&quot;
|-
| 18 || 18 || October 31, 2005 || &quot;Monster Detectives&quot;
|-
| 19 || 19 || June 19, 2005 || &quot;Cave Party&quot;
|-
| 20 || 20 || June 19, 2005 || &quot;High Tea&quot;
|}

=== Season 2 (2006-08) ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;800px&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5f5f;width:14%&quot;| Number in
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5f5f;width:25%&quot;| First time shown on television
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5f5f;width:48%&quot;| Episode title
|-
! style=&quot;background:#ff5f5f;width:7%&quot;| Series&lt;ref name=&quot;itunes&quot;/&gt;
! style=&quot;background:#ff5f5f;width:7%&quot;| Season
|-
| 21 || 1 || October 9, 2006 || &quot;Mission to Mars&quot;
|-
| 22 || 2 || October 16, 2006 || &quot;Samurai Pie&quot;
|-
| 23 || 3 || October 17, 2006 || &quot;Scared of You&quot;
|-
| 24 || 4 || October 18, 2006 || &quot;Whodunit&quot;
|-
| 25 || 5 || October 19, 2006 || &quot;The Legend of the Volcano Sisters&quot;
|-
| 26 || 6 || December 15, 2006 || &quot;The Secret of Snow&quot;
|-
| 27 || 7 || January 4, 2007 || &quot;The Swamp Creature&quot;
|-
| 28 || 8 || January 5, 2007 || &quot;Horsing Around&quot;
|-
| 29 || 9 || February 14, 2007 || &quot;Special Delivery&quot;
|-
| 30 || 10 || September 17, 2007 || &quot;International Super Spy: Part 1&quot;
|-
| 31 || 11 || September 17, 2007 || &quot;International Super Spy: Part 2&quot;
|-
| 32 || 12 || March 19, 2007 || &quot;Movers of Arabia&quot;
|-
| 33 || 13 || March 20, 2007 || &quot;Cops and Robots&quot;
|-
| 34 || 14 || September 21, 2007 || &quot;Sinbad Sails Alone&quot;
|-
| 35 || 15 || March 21, 2007 || &quot;Best Clowns in Town&quot;
|-
| 36 || 16 || March 22, 2007 || &quot;Save the Day&quot;
|-
| 37 || 17 || July 27, 2007 || &quot;Into the Deep&quot;
|-
| 38 || 18 || January 16, 2008 || &quot;News Flash&quot;
|-
| 39 || 19 || September 17, 2008 || &quot;Catch That Butterfly&quot;
|-
| 40 || 20 || September 18, 2008 || &quot;A Giant Problem&quot;
|}

=== Season 3 (2008-09) ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;800px&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff7f00;width:14%&quot;| Number in
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff7f00;width:25%&quot;| First time shown on television
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff7f00;width:48%&quot;| Episode title
|-
! style=&quot;background:#ff7f00;width:7%&quot;| Series&lt;ref name=&quot;itunes&quot;/&gt;
! style=&quot;background:#ff7f00;width:7%&quot;| Season
|-
| 41 || 1 || March 3, 2008 || &quot;Who Goes There?&quot;
|-
| 42 || 2 || March 10, 2008 || &quot;Blazing Paddles&quot;
|-
| 43 || 3 || March 14, 2008 || &quot;Garbage Trek&quot;
|-
| 44 || 4 || March 17, 2008 || &quot;Fly Girl&quot;
|-
| 45 || 5 || April 4, 2008 || &quot;What's Bugging You?&quot;
|-
| 46 || 6 || April 25, 2008 || &quot;Chicken-Itza Pizza&quot;
|-
| 47 || 7 || May 2, 2008 || &quot;To the Center of the Earth&quot;
|-
| 48 || 8 || May 9, 2008 || &quot;Front Page News&quot;
|-
| 49 || 9 || July 7, 2008 || &quot;Tale of the Mighty Knights: Part 1&quot;
|-
| 50 || 10 || July 7, 2008 || &quot;Tale of the Mighty Knights: Part 2&quot;
|-
| 51 || 11 || July 14, 2008 || &quot;Le Master of Disguise&quot;
|-
| 52 || 12 || July 18, 2008 || &quot;Match on Mt. Olympus&quot;
|-
| 53 || 13 || July 21, 2008 || &quot;The Great Dolphin Race&quot;
|-
| 54 || 14 || July 25, 2008 || &quot;Caveman's Best Friend&quot;
|-
| 55 || 15 || September 22, 2008 || &quot;Ranch Hands from Outer Space&quot;
|-
| 56 || 16 || September 26, 2008 || &quot;Robin Hood the Clean&quot;
|-
| 57 || 17 || September 29, 2008 || &quot;Escape from Fairytale Village&quot;
|-
| 58 || 18 || October 6, 2008 || &quot;Pirate Camp&quot;
|-
| 59 || 19 || October 10, 2008 || &quot;The Two Musketeers&quot;
|-
| 60 || 20 || October 13, 2008 || &quot;The Masked Retriever&quot;
|}

=== Season 4 (2009-13) ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;800px&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#800080;color:white;width:14%&quot;| Number in
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#800080;color:white;width:25%&quot;| First time shown on television&lt;ref name=&quot;s4&quot;/&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#800080;color:white;width:48%&quot;| Episode title
|-
! style=&quot;background:#800080;color:white;width:7%&quot;| Series&lt;ref name=&quot;itunes&quot;/&gt;
! style=&quot;background:#800080;color:white;width:7%&quot;| Season
|-
| 61 || 1 || May 21, 2010 || Hollywoodedge Large Splash Or DiveW PE127201
|-
| 62 || 2 || May 21, 2010 || Hollywoodedge Large Splash Or DiveW PE127201
|-
| 63 || 3 || January 3, 2011 || &quot;Catch That Train!&quot;
|-
| 64 || 4 || November 26, 2011 || &quot;Attack of the 50 Foot Worman&quot;
|-
| 65 || 5 || January 15, 2012 || &quot;Dragon Express&quot;
|-
| 66 || 6 || September 29, 2011 || &quot;Flower Power&quot;
|-
| 67 || 7 || October 26, 2009 || &quot;The Funny Boogeyman&quot;
|-
| 68 || 8 || March 1, 2010 ([[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;July 8, 2013 ([[US]]) || &quot;Follow the Feather&quot;
|-
| 69 || 9 || March 2, 2010 ([[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;November 5, 2010 ([[Nickelodeon]], [[US]])&lt;br/&gt;November 13, 2011 ([[Nick Jr.]]), ([[US]])|| &quot;Break Out!&quot;
|-
| 70 || 10 || December 7, 2009 ([[Canada]]/[[US]]) || &quot;The Action Elves Save Christmas Eve&quot;
|-
| 71 || 11 || March 3, 2010 ([[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;July 9, 2013 ([[US]]) || &quot;Los Galacticos&quot;
|-
| 72 || 12 || March 4, 2010 ([[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;November 26, 2011 ([[US]]) || &quot;For the Love of Socks!&quot;
|-
| 73 || 13 || March 5, 2010 ([[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;November 11, 2012 ([[US]]) || &quot;The Flipper!&quot;
|-
| 74 || 14 || April 22, 2010 || &quot;Elephant on the Run&quot;
|-
| 75 || 15 || March 9, 2010 ([[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;July 10, 2013 ([[US]]) || &quot;The Magic Skateboard&quot;
|-
| 76 || 16 || March 10, 2010 ([[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;July 12, 2013 ([[US]]) || &quot;Pablor and the Acorns&quot;
|-
| 77 || 17 || March 30, 2010 ([[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;July 11, 2013 ([[US]]) || &quot;Super Team Awesome!&quot;
|-
| 78 || 18 || July 5, 2010 ([[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;February 25, 2011 ([[Nickelodeon|Nickelodeon]]), [[US]]) September 9, 2012 ([[Nick Jr.]]), ([[US]])
| &quot;The Big Dipper Diner&quot;
|-
| 79 || 19 || May 28, 2010 || &quot;The Amazing Splashins&quot;
|-
| 80 || 20 || Jul 7, 2010 ([[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;December 16, 2012 ([[US]]) || &quot;The Tale of the Not-So-Nice Dragon&quot;
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of Canadian animated television series episodes|Backyardigans, The]]
[[Category:Lists of Nickelodeon television series episodes|Backyardigans, The]]</text>
      <sha1>6buji54jq4z55t3htz2od0mdy5ke4qv</sha1>
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      <id>10880397</id>
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      <text bytes="12954" sha1="cp6jl32twk1h9u0mf4yz1w5vo88lx5x" xml:space="preserve">''[[The Backyardigans]]'' is an [[animated series|animated]] [[television show]] for [[children]]. It was created by [[Janice Burgess]]. It was first [[broadcast]] on the [[Canada|Canadian]] [[television network|network]] [[Treehouse TV]] on September 11, 2004.&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web|url=http://www.treehousetv.com/parents/schedule/eastern.asp|title=Treehouse TV programme schedule: September 6–12, 2004|work=[[Treehouse TV]]|publisher=[[Corus Entertainment]]|access-date=May 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040908024533/http://www.treehousetv.com/parents/schedule/eastern.asp|archive-date=September 8, 2004|quote=Saturday, September 11, 2004 at 2:30 PM: ''Backyardigans''}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was first broadcast in the [[United States]] for the first time on October 11, 2004 on [[Nick Jr.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;oct11&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|url=https://www.awn.com/news/nick-jr-steps-out-new-backyardigans-series|title=Nick Jr. Steps Out with New ''Backyardigans'' Series|work=[[Animation World Network]]|last=Baisley|first=Sarah|date=October 11, 2004|access-date=May 25, 2021|quote=premieres at 11:00 am on Oct. 11, 2004.}}&lt;/ref&gt; The show finished broadcasting all of its episodes in the United States on July 12, 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;jul12&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|title=''The Backyardigans'': Season 4|url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00DU7431M|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727162813/https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00DU7431M|archive-date=July 27, 2019|access-date=May 25, 2021|publisher=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]|quote='Pablor and the Acorns': July 12, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The show has 80 [[episode]]s over four [[television season|seasons]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://jazztimes.com/articles/129328-overdue-ovation-doug-wieselman|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011045741/http://jazztimes.com/articles/129328-overdue-ovation-doug-wieselman|archive-date=October 11, 2014 |last=Adler|first=David R.|title=Overdue Ovation: Doug Wieselman, a protean sideman goes (literally) solo|date=May 30, 2014|location=[[Quincy, Massachusetts]]|publisher=[[JazzTimes]]|access-date=May 25, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Complete Series&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/ca/tv-season/backyardigans-complete-series/id864197453
|title=The Backyardigans: The Complete Series|work=[[iTunes]]|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]|access-date=May 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717214038/https://itunes.apple.com/ca/tv-season/backyardigans-complete-series/id864197453|archive-date=July 17, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Seasons ==

&lt;onlyinclude&gt;{{Series overview

| color1     = #006161
| link1      = &lt;includeonly&gt;List of The Backyardigans episodes&lt;/includeonly&gt;#Season 1 (2004–06)
| episodes1  = 20&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://kidscreen.com/2004/05/01/upfront-20040501/|title=Scales even out at the kids upfront|last=Cuthbert|first=Wendy|date=May 1, 2004|work=[[Playback (magazine)|Kidscreen]]|publisher=Brunico Communications|access-date=May 25, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| start1     = {{Start date|2004|10|11}}
| end1       = {{End date|2006|06|19}}

| color2     = #ff5f5f
| link2      = &lt;includeonly&gt;List of The Backyardigans episodes&lt;/includeonly&gt;#Season 2 (2006–08)
| episodes2  = 20&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.awn.com/news/nick-jr-starts-production-backyardigans-season-two|title=Nick Jr. Starts Production on Backyardigans Season Two|work=[[Animation World Network]]|date=April 3, 2006|last=DeMott|first=Rick|access-date=May 25, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| start2     = {{Start date|2006|10|09}}
| end2       = {{End date|2008|01|17}}

| color3     = #ff7f00
| link3      = &lt;includeonly&gt;List of The Backyardigans episodes&lt;/includeonly&gt;#Season 3 (2008–09)
| episodes3  = 20&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/ca/tv-season/the-backyardigans-season-3/id425014527|date=September 3, 2007|title=The Backyardigans: Season 3|work=[[iTunes]]|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]|access-date=May 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618023643/http://itunes.apple.com/ca/tv-season/the-backyardigans-season-3/id425014527|archive-date=June 18, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| start3     = {{Start date|2008|01|14}}
| end3       = {{End date|2009|06|05}}

| color4     = #800080
| link4      = &lt;includeonly&gt;List of The Backyardigans episodes&lt;/includeonly&gt;#Season 4 (2009–13)
| episodes4  = 20&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2008/03/13/nickelodeon-picks-up-returning-animated-hits-including-seventh-seasons-of-spongebob-squarepants-and-the-fairly-oddparents-plus-more-episodes-of-new-nicktoon-back-at-the-barnyard-and-the-preschool-favorite-the-backyardigans-26934/20080313nickelodeon01/|title=Nickelodeon Picks-Up Returning Animated Hits Including Seventh Seasons of Spongebob Squarepants and the Fairly Oddparents, Plus More Episodes of New Nicktoon Back at the Barnyard and the Preschool Favorite the Backyardigans|work=[[The Futon Critic]]|date=March 13, 2008|access-date=May 25, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| start4  = {{Start date|2009|10|26}}
| end4    = {{End date|2013|07|12}}&lt;ref name=&quot;s4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00DU7431M|title=''The Backyardigans'': Season 4|publisher=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]|access-date=May 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727162813/https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00DU7431M|archive-date=July 27, 2019|quote='Pablor and the Acorns': July 12, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}&lt;/onlyinclude&gt;

== Episodes ==

=== Season 1 (2004-06) ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;800px&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#006161;color:white;width:14%&quot;| Number in
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#006161;color:white;width:25%&quot;| First time shown on television
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#006161;color:white;width:48%&quot;| Episode title
|-
! style=&quot;background:#006161;color:white;width:7%&quot;| Series&lt;ref name=&quot;itunes&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/ca/tv-season/backyardigans-complete-series/id864197453
|title=The Backyardigans: The Complete Series|work=[[iTunes]]|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]|access-date=May 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717214038/https://itunes.apple.com/ca/tv-season/backyardigans-complete-series/id864197453|archive-date=July 17, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! style=&quot;background:#006161;color:white;width:7%&quot;| Season
|-
| 1 || 1 || September 11, 2004 ([[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;October 12, 2004 ([[US]]) || &quot;Pirate Treasure&quot;
|- 
| 2 || 2 || September 12, 2004 ([[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;October 13, 2004 ([[US]]) || &quot;The Heart of the Jungle&quot;
|-
| 3 || 3 || October 11, 2004 || &quot;The Yeti&quot;
|- 
| 4 || 4 || October 19, 2004 || &quot;The Snow Fort&quot;
|-
| 5 || 5 || October 14, 2004 || &quot;Secret Mission&quot;
|- 
| 6 || 6 || October 25, 2004 || &quot;It's Great to Be a Ghost!&quot;
|-
| 7 || 7 || October 15, 2004 || &quot;Riding the Range&quot;
|-
| 8 || 8 || October 18, 2004 || &quot;The Key to the Nile&quot;
|-
| 9 || 9 || October 11, 2004 || &quot;Knights Are Brave and Strong&quot;
|-
| 10 || 10 || November 1, 2004 || &quot;Viking Voyage&quot;
|-
| 11 || 11 || September 19, 2005 || &quot;Castaways&quot;
|-
| 12 || 12 || July 18, 2005 || &quot;Race to the Tower of Power&quot;
|-
| 13 || 13 || February 21, 2005 || &quot;The Quest for the Flying Rock&quot;
|-
| 14 || 14 || September 21, 2005 || &quot;Polka Palace Party&quot;
|-
| 15 || 15 || April 25, 2005 || &quot;Surf's Up&quot;
|-
| 16 || 16 || September 20, 2005 || &quot;Eureka!&quot;
|-
| 17 || 17 || March 10, 2006 || &quot;Race Around the World&quot;
|-
| 18 || 18 || October 31, 2005 || &quot;Monster Detectives&quot;
|-
| 19 || 19 || June 19, 2005 || &quot;Cave Party&quot;
|-
| 20 || 20 || June 19, 2005 || &quot;High Tea&quot;
|}

=== Season 2 (2006-08) ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;800px&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5f5f;width:14%&quot;| Number in
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5f5f;width:25%&quot;| First time shown on television
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5f5f;width:48%&quot;| Episode title
|-
! style=&quot;background:#ff5f5f;width:7%&quot;| Series&lt;ref name=&quot;itunes&quot;/&gt;
! style=&quot;background:#ff5f5f;width:7%&quot;| Season
|-
| 21 || 1 || October 9, 2006 || &quot;Mission to Mars&quot;
|-
| 22 || 2 || October 16, 2006 || &quot;Samurai Pie&quot;
|-
| 23 || 3 || October 17, 2006 || &quot;Scared of You&quot;
|-
| 24 || 4 || October 18, 2006 || &quot;Whodunit&quot;
|-
| 25 || 5 || October 19, 2006 || &quot;The Legend of the Volcano Sisters&quot;
|-
| 26 || 6 || December 15, 2006 || &quot;The Secret of Snow&quot;
|-
| 27 || 7 || January 4, 2007 || &quot;The Swamp Creature&quot;
|-
| 28 || 8 || January 5, 2007 || &quot;Horsing Around&quot;
|-
| 29 || 9 || February 14, 2007 || &quot;Special Delivery&quot;
|-
| 30 || 10 || September 17, 2007 || &quot;International Super Spy: Part 1&quot;
|-
| 31 || 11 || September 17, 2007 || &quot;International Super Spy: Part 2&quot;
|-
| 32 || 12 || March 19, 2007 || &quot;Movers of Arabia&quot;
|-
| 33 || 13 || March 20, 2007 || &quot;Cops and Robots&quot;
|-
| 34 || 14 || September 21, 2007 || &quot;Sinbad Sails Alone&quot;
|-
| 35 || 15 || March 21, 2007 || &quot;Best Clowns in Town&quot;
|-
| 36 || 16 || March 22, 2007 || &quot;Save the Day&quot;
|-
| 37 || 17 || July 27, 2007 || &quot;Into the Deep&quot;
|-
| 38 || 18 || January 16, 2008 || &quot;News Flash&quot;
|-
| 39 || 19 || September 17, 2008 || &quot;Catch That Butterfly&quot;
|-
| 40 || 20 || September 18, 2008 || &quot;A Giant Problem&quot;
|}

=== Season 3 (2008-09) ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;800px&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff7f00;width:14%&quot;| Number in
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff7f00;width:25%&quot;| First time shown on television
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff7f00;width:48%&quot;| Episode title
|-
! style=&quot;background:#ff7f00;width:7%&quot;| Series&lt;ref name=&quot;itunes&quot;/&gt;
! style=&quot;background:#ff7f00;width:7%&quot;| Season
|-
| 41 || 1 || March 3, 2008 || &quot;Who Goes There?&quot;
|-
| 42 || 2 || March 10, 2008 || &quot;Blazing Paddles&quot;
|-
| 43 || 3 || March 14, 2008 || &quot;Garbage Trek&quot;
|-
| 44 || 4 || March 17, 2008 || &quot;Fly Girl&quot;
|-
| 45 || 5 || April 4, 2008 || &quot;What's Bugging You?&quot;
|-
| 46 || 6 || April 25, 2008 || &quot;Chicken-Itza Pizza&quot;
|-
| 47 || 7 || May 2, 2008 || &quot;To the Center of the Earth&quot;
|-
| 48 || 8 || May 9, 2008 || &quot;Front Page News&quot;
|-
| 49 || 9 || July 7, 2008 || &quot;Tale of the Mighty Knights: Part 1&quot;
|-
| 50 || 10 || July 7, 2008 || &quot;Tale of the Mighty Knights: Part 2&quot;
|-
| 51 || 11 || July 14, 2008 || &quot;Le Master of Disguise&quot;
|-
| 52 || 12 || July 18, 2008 || &quot;Match on Mt. Olympus&quot;
|-
| 53 || 13 || July 21, 2008 || &quot;The Great Dolphin Race&quot;
|-
| 54 || 14 || July 25, 2008 || &quot;Caveman's Best Friend&quot;
|-
| 55 || 15 || September 22, 2008 || &quot;Ranch Hands from Outer Space&quot;
|-
| 56 || 16 || September 26, 2008 || &quot;Robin Hood the Clean&quot;
|-
| 57 || 17 || September 29, 2008 || &quot;Escape from Fairytale Village&quot;
|-
| 58 || 18 || October 6, 2008 || &quot;Pirate Camp&quot;
|-
| 59 || 19 || October 10, 2008 || &quot;The Two Musketeers&quot;
|-
| 60 || 20 || October 13, 2008 || &quot;The Masked Retriever&quot;
|}

=== Season 4 (2009-13) ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;800px&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#800080;color:white;width:14%&quot;| Number in
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#800080;color:white;width:25%&quot;| First time shown on television&lt;ref name=&quot;s4&quot;/&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#800080;color:white;width:48%&quot;| Episode title
|-
! style=&quot;background:#800080;color:white;width:7%&quot;| Series&lt;ref name=&quot;itunes&quot;/&gt;
! style=&quot;background:#800080;color:white;width:7%&quot;| Season
|-
| 61 || 1 || May 21, 2010 || Hollywoodedge Large Splash Or DiveW PE127201
|-
| 62 || 2 || May 21, 2010 || Hollywoodedge Large Splash Or DiveW PE127201
|-
| 63 || 3 || January 3, 2011 || &quot;Catch That Train!&quot;
|-
| 64 || 4 || November 26, 2011 || &quot;Attack of the 50 Foot Worman&quot;
|-
| 65 || 5 || January 15, 2012 || &quot;Dragon Express&quot;
|-
| 66 || 6 || September 29, 2011 || &quot;Flower Power&quot;
|-
| 67 || 7 || October 26, 2009 || &quot;The Funny Boogeyman&quot;
|-
| 68 || 8 || March 1, 2010 ([[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;July 8, 2013 ([[US]]) || &quot;Follow the Feather&quot;
|-
| 69 || 9 || March 2, 2010 ([[Treehouse TV]], [[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;November 5, 2010 ([[Nickelodeon]], [[US]])&lt;br/&gt;November 13, 2011 ([[Nick Jr.]]), ([[US]])|| &quot;Break Out!&quot;
|-
| 70 || 10 || December 7, 2009 ([[Treehouse TV]], [[Canada]]/[[Nickelodeon]], [[US]])&lt;br/&gt;December 13, 2009 ([[Nick Jr.]], [[US) || &quot;The Action Elves Save Christmas Eve&quot;
|-
| 71 || 11 || March 3, 2010 ([[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;July 9, 2013 ([[US]]) || &quot;Los Galacticos&quot;
|-
| 72 || 12 || March 4, 2010 ([[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;November 26, 2011 ([[US]]) || &quot;For the Love of Socks!&quot;
|-
| 73 || 13 || March 5, 2010 ([[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;November 11, 2012 ([[US]]) || &quot;The Flipper!&quot;
|-
| 74 || 14 || April 22, 2010 || &quot;Elephant on the Run&quot;
|-
| 75 || 15 || March 9, 2010 ([[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;July 10, 2013 ([[US]]) || &quot;The Magic Skateboard&quot;
|-
| 76 || 16 || March 10, 2010 ([[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;July 12, 2013 ([[US]]) || &quot;Pablor and the Acorns&quot;
|-
| 77 || 17 || March 30, 2010 ([[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;July 11, 2013 ([[US]]) || &quot;Super Team Awesome!&quot;
|-
| 78 || 18 || July 5, 2010 ([[Treehouse TV]], [[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;February 25, 2011 ([[Nickelodeon|Nickelodeon]]), [[US]]) September 9, 2012 ([[Nick Jr.]]), ([[US]])
| &quot;The Big Dipper Diner&quot;
|-
| 79 || 19 || May 28, 2010 || &quot;The Amazing Splashins&quot;
|-
| 80 || 20 || Jul 7, 2010 ([[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;December 16, 2012 ([[US]]) || &quot;The Tale of the Not-So-Nice Dragon&quot;
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of Canadian animated television series episodes|Backyardigans, The]]
[[Category:Lists of Nickelodeon television series episodes|Backyardigans, The]]</text>
      <sha1>cp6jl32twk1h9u0mf4yz1w5vo88lx5x</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>10880398</id>
      <parentid>10880397</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T15:26:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-32842-61</username>
        <id>1817402</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Season 4 (2009-13) */</comment>
      <origin>10880398</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12988" sha1="hdtghgsbe67z2h9u3wy0y2lm0h67qb0" xml:space="preserve">''[[The Backyardigans]]'' is an [[animated series|animated]] [[television show]] for [[children]]. It was created by [[Janice Burgess]]. It was first [[broadcast]] on the [[Canada|Canadian]] [[television network|network]] [[Treehouse TV]] on September 11, 2004.&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web|url=http://www.treehousetv.com/parents/schedule/eastern.asp|title=Treehouse TV programme schedule: September 6–12, 2004|work=[[Treehouse TV]]|publisher=[[Corus Entertainment]]|access-date=May 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040908024533/http://www.treehousetv.com/parents/schedule/eastern.asp|archive-date=September 8, 2004|quote=Saturday, September 11, 2004 at 2:30 PM: ''Backyardigans''}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was first broadcast in the [[United States]] for the first time on October 11, 2004 on [[Nick Jr.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;oct11&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|url=https://www.awn.com/news/nick-jr-steps-out-new-backyardigans-series|title=Nick Jr. Steps Out with New ''Backyardigans'' Series|work=[[Animation World Network]]|last=Baisley|first=Sarah|date=October 11, 2004|access-date=May 25, 2021|quote=premieres at 11:00 am on Oct. 11, 2004.}}&lt;/ref&gt; The show finished broadcasting all of its episodes in the United States on July 12, 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;jul12&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|title=''The Backyardigans'': Season 4|url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00DU7431M|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727162813/https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00DU7431M|archive-date=July 27, 2019|access-date=May 25, 2021|publisher=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]|quote='Pablor and the Acorns': July 12, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The show has 80 [[episode]]s over four [[television season|seasons]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://jazztimes.com/articles/129328-overdue-ovation-doug-wieselman|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011045741/http://jazztimes.com/articles/129328-overdue-ovation-doug-wieselman|archive-date=October 11, 2014 |last=Adler|first=David R.|title=Overdue Ovation: Doug Wieselman, a protean sideman goes (literally) solo|date=May 30, 2014|location=[[Quincy, Massachusetts]]|publisher=[[JazzTimes]]|access-date=May 25, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Complete Series&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/ca/tv-season/backyardigans-complete-series/id864197453
|title=The Backyardigans: The Complete Series|work=[[iTunes]]|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]|access-date=May 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717214038/https://itunes.apple.com/ca/tv-season/backyardigans-complete-series/id864197453|archive-date=July 17, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Seasons ==

&lt;onlyinclude&gt;{{Series overview

| color1     = #006161
| link1      = &lt;includeonly&gt;List of The Backyardigans episodes&lt;/includeonly&gt;#Season 1 (2004–06)
| episodes1  = 20&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://kidscreen.com/2004/05/01/upfront-20040501/|title=Scales even out at the kids upfront|last=Cuthbert|first=Wendy|date=May 1, 2004|work=[[Playback (magazine)|Kidscreen]]|publisher=Brunico Communications|access-date=May 25, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| start1     = {{Start date|2004|10|11}}
| end1       = {{End date|2006|06|19}}

| color2     = #ff5f5f
| link2      = &lt;includeonly&gt;List of The Backyardigans episodes&lt;/includeonly&gt;#Season 2 (2006–08)
| episodes2  = 20&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.awn.com/news/nick-jr-starts-production-backyardigans-season-two|title=Nick Jr. Starts Production on Backyardigans Season Two|work=[[Animation World Network]]|date=April 3, 2006|last=DeMott|first=Rick|access-date=May 25, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| start2     = {{Start date|2006|10|09}}
| end2       = {{End date|2008|01|17}}

| color3     = #ff7f00
| link3      = &lt;includeonly&gt;List of The Backyardigans episodes&lt;/includeonly&gt;#Season 3 (2008–09)
| episodes3  = 20&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/ca/tv-season/the-backyardigans-season-3/id425014527|date=September 3, 2007|title=The Backyardigans: Season 3|work=[[iTunes]]|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]|access-date=May 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618023643/http://itunes.apple.com/ca/tv-season/the-backyardigans-season-3/id425014527|archive-date=June 18, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| start3     = {{Start date|2008|01|14}}
| end3       = {{End date|2009|06|05}}

| color4     = #800080
| link4      = &lt;includeonly&gt;List of The Backyardigans episodes&lt;/includeonly&gt;#Season 4 (2009–13)
| episodes4  = 20&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2008/03/13/nickelodeon-picks-up-returning-animated-hits-including-seventh-seasons-of-spongebob-squarepants-and-the-fairly-oddparents-plus-more-episodes-of-new-nicktoon-back-at-the-barnyard-and-the-preschool-favorite-the-backyardigans-26934/20080313nickelodeon01/|title=Nickelodeon Picks-Up Returning Animated Hits Including Seventh Seasons of Spongebob Squarepants and the Fairly Oddparents, Plus More Episodes of New Nicktoon Back at the Barnyard and the Preschool Favorite the Backyardigans|work=[[The Futon Critic]]|date=March 13, 2008|access-date=May 25, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| start4  = {{Start date|2009|10|26}}
| end4    = {{End date|2013|07|12}}&lt;ref name=&quot;s4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00DU7431M|title=''The Backyardigans'': Season 4|publisher=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]|access-date=May 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727162813/https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00DU7431M|archive-date=July 27, 2019|quote='Pablor and the Acorns': July 12, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}&lt;/onlyinclude&gt;

== Episodes ==

=== Season 1 (2004-06) ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;800px&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#006161;color:white;width:14%&quot;| Number in
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#006161;color:white;width:25%&quot;| First time shown on television
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#006161;color:white;width:48%&quot;| Episode title
|-
! style=&quot;background:#006161;color:white;width:7%&quot;| Series&lt;ref name=&quot;itunes&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/ca/tv-season/backyardigans-complete-series/id864197453
|title=The Backyardigans: The Complete Series|work=[[iTunes]]|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]|access-date=May 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717214038/https://itunes.apple.com/ca/tv-season/backyardigans-complete-series/id864197453|archive-date=July 17, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! style=&quot;background:#006161;color:white;width:7%&quot;| Season
|-
| 1 || 1 || September 11, 2004 ([[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;October 12, 2004 ([[US]]) || &quot;Pirate Treasure&quot;
|- 
| 2 || 2 || September 12, 2004 ([[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;October 13, 2004 ([[US]]) || &quot;The Heart of the Jungle&quot;
|-
| 3 || 3 || October 11, 2004 || &quot;The Yeti&quot;
|- 
| 4 || 4 || October 19, 2004 || &quot;The Snow Fort&quot;
|-
| 5 || 5 || October 14, 2004 || &quot;Secret Mission&quot;
|- 
| 6 || 6 || October 25, 2004 || &quot;It's Great to Be a Ghost!&quot;
|-
| 7 || 7 || October 15, 2004 || &quot;Riding the Range&quot;
|-
| 8 || 8 || October 18, 2004 || &quot;The Key to the Nile&quot;
|-
| 9 || 9 || October 11, 2004 || &quot;Knights Are Brave and Strong&quot;
|-
| 10 || 10 || November 1, 2004 || &quot;Viking Voyage&quot;
|-
| 11 || 11 || September 19, 2005 || &quot;Castaways&quot;
|-
| 12 || 12 || July 18, 2005 || &quot;Race to the Tower of Power&quot;
|-
| 13 || 13 || February 21, 2005 || &quot;The Quest for the Flying Rock&quot;
|-
| 14 || 14 || September 21, 2005 || &quot;Polka Palace Party&quot;
|-
| 15 || 15 || April 25, 2005 || &quot;Surf's Up&quot;
|-
| 16 || 16 || September 20, 2005 || &quot;Eureka!&quot;
|-
| 17 || 17 || March 10, 2006 || &quot;Race Around the World&quot;
|-
| 18 || 18 || October 31, 2005 || &quot;Monster Detectives&quot;
|-
| 19 || 19 || June 19, 2005 || &quot;Cave Party&quot;
|-
| 20 || 20 || June 19, 2005 || &quot;High Tea&quot;
|}

=== Season 2 (2006-08) ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;800px&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5f5f;width:14%&quot;| Number in
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5f5f;width:25%&quot;| First time shown on television
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5f5f;width:48%&quot;| Episode title
|-
! style=&quot;background:#ff5f5f;width:7%&quot;| Series&lt;ref name=&quot;itunes&quot;/&gt;
! style=&quot;background:#ff5f5f;width:7%&quot;| Season
|-
| 21 || 1 || October 9, 2006 || &quot;Mission to Mars&quot;
|-
| 22 || 2 || October 16, 2006 || &quot;Samurai Pie&quot;
|-
| 23 || 3 || October 17, 2006 || &quot;Scared of You&quot;
|-
| 24 || 4 || October 18, 2006 || &quot;Whodunit&quot;
|-
| 25 || 5 || October 19, 2006 || &quot;The Legend of the Volcano Sisters&quot;
|-
| 26 || 6 || December 15, 2006 || &quot;The Secret of Snow&quot;
|-
| 27 || 7 || January 4, 2007 || &quot;The Swamp Creature&quot;
|-
| 28 || 8 || January 5, 2007 || &quot;Horsing Around&quot;
|-
| 29 || 9 || February 14, 2007 || &quot;Special Delivery&quot;
|-
| 30 || 10 || September 17, 2007 || &quot;International Super Spy: Part 1&quot;
|-
| 31 || 11 || September 17, 2007 || &quot;International Super Spy: Part 2&quot;
|-
| 32 || 12 || March 19, 2007 || &quot;Movers of Arabia&quot;
|-
| 33 || 13 || March 20, 2007 || &quot;Cops and Robots&quot;
|-
| 34 || 14 || September 21, 2007 || &quot;Sinbad Sails Alone&quot;
|-
| 35 || 15 || March 21, 2007 || &quot;Best Clowns in Town&quot;
|-
| 36 || 16 || March 22, 2007 || &quot;Save the Day&quot;
|-
| 37 || 17 || July 27, 2007 || &quot;Into the Deep&quot;
|-
| 38 || 18 || January 16, 2008 || &quot;News Flash&quot;
|-
| 39 || 19 || September 17, 2008 || &quot;Catch That Butterfly&quot;
|-
| 40 || 20 || September 18, 2008 || &quot;A Giant Problem&quot;
|}

=== Season 3 (2008-09) ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;800px&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff7f00;width:14%&quot;| Number in
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff7f00;width:25%&quot;| First time shown on television
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff7f00;width:48%&quot;| Episode title
|-
! style=&quot;background:#ff7f00;width:7%&quot;| Series&lt;ref name=&quot;itunes&quot;/&gt;
! style=&quot;background:#ff7f00;width:7%&quot;| Season
|-
| 41 || 1 || March 3, 2008 || &quot;Who Goes There?&quot;
|-
| 42 || 2 || March 10, 2008 || &quot;Blazing Paddles&quot;
|-
| 43 || 3 || March 14, 2008 || &quot;Garbage Trek&quot;
|-
| 44 || 4 || March 17, 2008 || &quot;Fly Girl&quot;
|-
| 45 || 5 || April 4, 2008 || &quot;What's Bugging You?&quot;
|-
| 46 || 6 || April 25, 2008 || &quot;Chicken-Itza Pizza&quot;
|-
| 47 || 7 || May 2, 2008 || &quot;To the Center of the Earth&quot;
|-
| 48 || 8 || May 9, 2008 || &quot;Front Page News&quot;
|-
| 49 || 9 || July 7, 2008 || &quot;Tale of the Mighty Knights: Part 1&quot;
|-
| 50 || 10 || July 7, 2008 || &quot;Tale of the Mighty Knights: Part 2&quot;
|-
| 51 || 11 || July 14, 2008 || &quot;Le Master of Disguise&quot;
|-
| 52 || 12 || July 18, 2008 || &quot;Match on Mt. Olympus&quot;
|-
| 53 || 13 || July 21, 2008 || &quot;The Great Dolphin Race&quot;
|-
| 54 || 14 || July 25, 2008 || &quot;Caveman's Best Friend&quot;
|-
| 55 || 15 || September 22, 2008 || &quot;Ranch Hands from Outer Space&quot;
|-
| 56 || 16 || September 26, 2008 || &quot;Robin Hood the Clean&quot;
|-
| 57 || 17 || September 29, 2008 || &quot;Escape from Fairytale Village&quot;
|-
| 58 || 18 || October 6, 2008 || &quot;Pirate Camp&quot;
|-
| 59 || 19 || October 10, 2008 || &quot;The Two Musketeers&quot;
|-
| 60 || 20 || October 13, 2008 || &quot;The Masked Retriever&quot;
|}

=== Season 4 (2009-13) ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;800px&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#800080;color:white;width:14%&quot;| Number in
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#800080;color:white;width:25%&quot;| First time shown on television&lt;ref name=&quot;s4&quot;/&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#800080;color:white;width:48%&quot;| Episode title
|-
! style=&quot;background:#800080;color:white;width:7%&quot;| Series&lt;ref name=&quot;itunes&quot;/&gt;
! style=&quot;background:#800080;color:white;width:7%&quot;| Season
|-
| 61 || 1 || May 21, 2010 || Hollywoodedge Large Splash Or DiveW PE127201
|-
| 62 || 2 || May 21, 2010 || Hollywoodedge Large Splash Or DiveW PE127201
|-
| 63 || 3 || January 3, 2011 || &quot;Catch That Train!&quot;
|-
| 64 || 4 || November 26, 2011 || &quot;Attack of the 50 Foot Worman&quot;
|-
| 65 || 5 || January 15, 2012 || &quot;Dragon Express&quot;
|-
| 66 || 6 || September 29, 2011 || &quot;Flower Power&quot;
|-
| 67 || 7 || October 26, 2009 || &quot;The Funny Boogeyman&quot;
|-
| 68 || 8 || March 1, 2010 ([[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;July 8, 2013 ([[US]]) || &quot;Follow the Feather&quot;
|-
| 69 || 9 || March 2, 2010 ([[Treehouse TV]], [[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;November 5, 2010 ([[Nickelodeon]], [[US]])&lt;br/&gt;November 13, 2011 ([[Nick Jr.]]), ([[US]])|| &quot;Break Out!&quot;
|-
| 70 || 10 || December 7, 2009 ([[Treehouse TV]], [[Canada]]/[[Nickelodeon]], [[US]])&lt;br/&gt;December 13, 2009 ([[Nick Jr.]], [[US]]) || &quot;The Action Elves Save Christmas Eve&quot;
|-
| 71 || 11 || March 3, 2010 ([[Treehouse TV]], [[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;July 9, 2013 ([[Nick Jr.]], [[US]]) || &quot;Los Galacticos&quot;
|-
| 72 || 12 || March 4, 2010 ([[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;November 26, 2011 ([[US]]) || &quot;For the Love of Socks!&quot;
|-
| 73 || 13 || March 5, 2010 ([[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;November 11, 2012 ([[US]]) || &quot;The Flipper!&quot;
|-
| 74 || 14 || April 22, 2010 || &quot;Elephant on the Run&quot;
|-
| 75 || 15 || March 9, 2010 ([[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;July 10, 2013 ([[US]]) || &quot;The Magic Skateboard&quot;
|-
| 76 || 16 || March 10, 2010 ([[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;July 12, 2013 ([[US]]) || &quot;Pablor and the Acorns&quot;
|-
| 77 || 17 || March 30, 2010 ([[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;July 11, 2013 ([[US]]) || &quot;Super Team Awesome!&quot;
|-
| 78 || 18 || July 5, 2010 ([[Treehouse TV]], [[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;February 25, 2011 ([[Nickelodeon|Nickelodeon]]), [[US]]) September 9, 2012 ([[Nick Jr.]]), ([[US]])
| &quot;The Big Dipper Diner&quot;
|-
| 79 || 19 || May 28, 2010 || &quot;The Amazing Splashins&quot;
|-
| 80 || 20 || Jul 7, 2010 ([[Canada]])&lt;br/&gt;December 16, 2012 ([[US]]) || &quot;The Tale of the Not-So-Nice Dragon&quot;
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of Canadian animated television series episodes|Backyardigans, The]]
[[Category:Lists of Nickelodeon television series episodes|Backyardigans, The]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Shades of cyan</title>
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      <text bytes="273" sha1="1jw2vcipbcfcpbfzyqyrvkks2mwiemn" xml:space="preserve">{{no sources|date=April 2024}}
There are many of different s'''hades of cyan.''' Cyan is a color between [[green]] and [[blue]]. 

Many different variations of cyan exist in [[Textile|textiles]], [[Internet|web]] colors, and in nature.

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[[Category:Shades of cyan]]</text>
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      <comment>[[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/Rickyguero|Rickyguero]] ([[User talk:Rickyguero|talk]]) to last version by A1Cafel: test edits, please use the [[WP:SB|sandbox]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="158" sha1="6nzgnm47d7lv3c5a7i7nppalkpb3j8e" xml:space="preserve">{{no sources|date=April 2024}}
There are a range of different '''Shades of cyan''', such as, for example [[alice blue]].

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[[Category:Shades of cyan]]</text>
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    <title>Kishori Pednekar</title>
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      <comment>Article revised</comment>
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      <text bytes="2190" sha1="jx68eerqgre2whnevokdswkqo0ble5u" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| name        = Kishori Pednekar
| image       = 
| caption     = 
| office      = [[List of mayors of Mumbai|Mayor of Mumbai]]
| term_start  = 22 November 2019
| term_end    = 8 March 2022
| predecessor = [[Vishwanath Mahadeshwar]]
| successor   = [[Ritu Tawde]]
| birth_date  = {{birth date and age|df=y|25 December 1962}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=MyBMC - Welcome to BMC's Website|url=https://portal.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlmayresume|access-date=2021-06-12|website=portal.mcgm.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| party       = [[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]] (2022–present)&lt;br/&gt;[[Shiv Sena]] (until 2022)
| nationality         = {{flag|India}}n
| citizenship = 
| website     = 
| death_date  = 
}}

'''Kishori Pednekar''' (born 25 December 1962) is an Indian politician.

She was the Mayor of [[Mumbai]], between 2019 and 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-11-22|title=Kishori Pednekar elected Mumbai’s new Mayor. She starts with three appeals|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/shiv-sena-leader-kishori-pednekar-mumbai-s-new-mayor-makes-three-appeals/story-gIHB0bnAcYhbF4l8NwfgWM.html|access-date=2021-06-12|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

She worked as a nurse earlier on and once again in 2020, this time to motivate other healthcare workers during [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-04-27|title=Inspiring! Mumbai Mayor Kishori Pednekar returns to serve as nurse to motivate Covid warriors|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/inspiring-mumbai-mayor-kishori-pednekar-returns-to-serve-as-nurse-to-motivate-covid-warriors/1941137/|access-date=2021-06-12|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mumbai Mayor Dons Her Old Nursing Uniform To Motivate Corona Warriors|url=https://www.ndtv.com/mumbai-news/coronavirus-update-mumbai-mayor-kishori-pednekar-dons-her-old-nursing-uniform-to-motivate-corona-warriors-2219157|access-date=2021-06-12|website=NDTV.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pednekar, Kishori}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian mayors]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mumbai]]

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  <page>
    <title>Generation Alpha</title>
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      <text bytes="4036" sha1="jmykg9cwoxzkxbj0ww8qv9bgr6pt3hv" xml:space="preserve">{{Generations sidebar}}
[[File:Child with Apple iPad.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|A child using a [[Tablet computer|tablet]]. Circa: 2011]]
'''Generation Alpha''' ('''Gen Alpha''' for short) are the [[demography|demographic]] cohort succeeding [[Generation Z]] and are loosely defined as being born between the early 2010s to 2020s, with the exact date range currently being disputed among researchers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2025-10-05|title=Generation Alpha {{!}} Years, Characteristics, &amp; Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Generation-Alpha|access-date=2025-10-27|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-7-26|title=New Data from our Study on Gen Alpha 
|url=https://springtideresearch.org/thirteen-a-first-look-at-gen-alpha|acess-date=2025-5-20|website=springtideresearch.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; This generation was named after the first letter in the [[Greek alphabet]]. Most members of Generation Alpha are the children of late [[Generation X]] (Xennial micro– generation cuspers) and [[Millennials]]. 


==Definition==
There is no consensus yet on the birth years for Generation Alpha. McCrindle Research uses 2010–2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-06 |title=Understanding Generation Alpha |url=https://mccrindle.com.au/article/topic/generation-alpha/generation-alpha-defined/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=mccrindle.com.au |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; However other sources, while they have not specified a range for Generation Alpha, have specified end years for Generation Z of 2012&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Dimmock |first=Michael |date=January 17, 2019 |title=Defining generations: Where Millennials end and post-Millennials begin |url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/03/01/defining-generations-where-millennials-end-and-post-millennials-begin/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117042517/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/03/01/defining-generations-where-millennials-end-and-post-millennials-begin/ |archive-date=January 17, 2019 |access-date=December 21, 2019 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; or 2013,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Bennett |first1=Neil |last2=Hays |first2=Donald |last3=Sullivan |first3=Briana |date=August 1, 2022 |title=2019 Data Show Baby Boomers Nearly 9 Times Wealthier Than Millennials |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2022/08/wealth-inequality-by-household-type.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801180726/https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2022/08/wealth-inequality-by-household-type.html |archive-date=August 1, 2022 |access-date=March 8, 2021 |website=United States Census Bureau |language=EN-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; to which if applied to Generation Alpha, the oldest members would be born in 2013, or 2014.

==Use of media technology==
Most members of Generation Alpha are growing up using [[smartphone]]s and [[tablet computer]]s for their childhood entertainment. Many are exposed to such devices as soothing distractions or [[education]]al aids.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Here's Who's Coming After Generation Z|publisher=Business Insider|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/generation-alpha-2014-7-2|access-date=August 8, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Screen time with [[baby|babies]], toddlers and preschoolers became far more popular in the mid 2010s.

Being born in environments where the use of electronic devices is everywhere, however, has its own challenges.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=After Gen Z, Meet Gen Alpha|publisher=American Broadcasting Company|url=https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/Family/gen-meet-gen-alpha-generation-born-2010-today/story?id=68971965|access-date=August 8, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; These problems include although are not limited to [[cyberbullying]] and inappropriate materials.

===Parental Internet usage===
Generation Alpha are also being surrounded with adult [[Internet]] use starting shortly after their lives begin. The parents of Generation Alpha, mostly Millennials, are very heavy [[social media]] users.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Generations|Alpha]]</text>
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    <title>Treatment of women by the Taliban</title>
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      <text bytes="10547" sha1="84qzmeoumcfquyzgqgxw9aauvzht0az" xml:space="preserve">[[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|While in power]] in [[Afghanistan]], the [[Taliban]] became known for their [[misogyny]] and [[violence against women]]. Now that the Taliban has most of Afghanistan again, there are many concerns.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Trofimov|first=Yaroslav|author-link=Yaroslav Trofimov|date=15 August 2021|title=Afghanistan Government Collapses as Taliban Take Kabul|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/afghanistans-taliban-seize-jalalabad-as-panic-grips-kabul-11629005282|url-status=live|access-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817050210/https://www.wsj.com/articles/afghanistans-taliban-seize-jalalabad-as-panic-grips-kabul-11629005282|archive-date=17 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Women in Afghanistan had to wear the [[burqa]] in public at all times.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gohari&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Taliban: Ascent to Power|last=M. J.|first=Gohari|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1999|isbn=0-19-579560-1|location=Karachi|pages=108–110|chapter=Women and the Taliban Rule|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/talibanascenttop00goha/page/108/mode/2up}}&lt;/ref&gt; Women were not allowed to work, they were not allowed to be educated after the age of 8. Until then, they were only allowed to study the [[Qur'an]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Hasan&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Conflict Within Islam: Expressing Religion Through Politics|last=Israr|first=Hasan|publisher=iUniverse|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4620-8301-5|location=Bloomington|pages=165|chapter=The Rise of Radicals|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W8Bww1fwsg8C&amp;pg=PA165}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Women wanting an education had to attend illegal schools, where they and their teachers risked execution if caught.&lt;ref name=&quot;Synovitz&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Synovitz|first=Ron|date=31 March 2004|title=Afghanistan: Author Awaits Happy Ending To 'Sewing Circles Of Herat'|url=http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticleprint/2004/03/176a7386-97d6-4f9b-bec7-b403f88633cc.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040708045554/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticleprint/2004/03/176a7386-97d6-4f9b-bec7-b403f88633cc.html|archive-date=8 July 2004|access-date=17 August 2021|website=Radio Free Europe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LambTimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Lamb|first=Christina|date=13 November 2005|title=Woman poet 'slain for her verse'|work=[[The Sunday Times]]|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/woman-poet-slain-for-her-verse-70ng7rrqsk9|url-status=live|access-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404195800/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/woman-poet-slain-for-her-verse-70ng7rrqsk9|archive-date=4 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Taliban allowed [[marriage]] for girls under the age of 16. [[Amnesty International]] reported that 80% of Afghan marriages were [[Forced marriage|forced]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=11 September 2007|title=A Woman Among Warlords: Women's Rights in the Taliban and Post-Taliban Eras|url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/a-woman-among-warlords/womens-rights-in-the-taliban-and-post-taliban-eras/66/|access-date=14 October 2014|publisher=PBS|quote=The Taliban’s policies also extended to matrimony, permitting and in some cases encouraging the marriages of girls under the age of 16. Amnesty International reported that 80 percent of Afghan marriages were considered to be by force.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since they came to power again in 2021, the Taliban have reduced the freedom of women. This has affected the possibility of women to work, or to attend schools, or higher education. In December 2021, the Taliban restricted the ability for women to travel longer distances, without being acccompanied by a male family member.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/taliban-further-restrict-afghan-women-with-new-travel-rules/6370936.html|title=Taliban Further Restrict Afghan Women With New Travel Rules|date=December 26, 2021|publisher=VOANews}}&lt;/ref&gt; For this, a government minister of neighboring [[Pakistan]] has critizied them, calling them an extreme government: &quot;We want to fully help the people of Afghanistan. But saying that women can’t travel alone or go to schools and colleges — this kind of a retrogressive thinking is a threat to Pakistan.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Pakistan Slams Taliban Curbs on Afghan Women|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/pakistan-slams-taliban-curbs-on-afghan-women/6371211.html|publisher=VOANews|date=December 27, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On December 20, 2022, the Taliban banned female students from attending [[higher education]]  with immediate effect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Greenfield|first=Charlotte|last2=Yawar|first2=Mohammad Yunus|date=December 20, 2022|title=Taliban-led Afghan administration suspends women from universities|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/taliban-led-afghan-administration-says-female-students-suspended-universities-2022-12-20/|access-date=December 20, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=December 22, 2022|title=Afghanistan: Taliban ban women from universities amid condemnation|work=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-64045497|access-date=December 22, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Popalzai|first=Ehsan|last2=Kottasová|first2=Ivana|date=December 20, 2022|title=Taliban suspend university education for women in Afghanistan|work=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/12/20/asia/taliban-bans-women-university-education-intl/index.html|access-date=December 20, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; This was against the promises they had given earlier. The next day, December 21, 2022, the Taliban banned all girls and women from education; this included female staff or [[Teacher|teachers]] in schools. Being a teacher was one of the last few jobs women were allowed to take.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Engel Rasmussen|first=Sune|date=December 21, 2022|title=Afghanistan’s Taliban Ban All Education for Girls|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/afghanistans-taliban-ban-all-education-for-girls-11671642870|access-date=December 22, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are also reports that women who used to work in government jobs previously are being paid to sit at home.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=What women in Afghanistan want you to know {{!}} Start Here|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o95Mt48xVgM|language=en|access-date=2023-09-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Health care|Healthcare]] also became worse. At first, male doctors were allowed to treat women in [[Hospital|hospitals]], but the order that no male doctor should be allowed to touch the body of a woman, even if to diagnose or treat her, was soon introduced.&lt;ref name=&quot;Latifa&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/myforbiddenfaceg00latirich/mode/2up|title=My Forbidden Face: Growing up under the Taliban|last=Latifa|publisher=Hyperion|year=2001|isbn=0-7868-6901-1|location=New York|pages=29–107}}&lt;/ref&gt; With fewer female health professionals, many women have to travel longer distances to get treatment. There are also fewer clinics that offer checks during [[pregnancy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Marsden&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Marsden |first=Peter |title=The Taliban: War, Religion and the New Order in Afghanistan |publisher=Zed Books |year=1998 |isbn=1-85649-522-1 |location=London |pages=88–101 |chapter=The gender policies of the Taliban |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/talibanwarreligi0000mars/page/88/mode/2up}}&lt;/ref&gt;

After the Taliban takeover, female healthcare workers reported safety issues and being harassed by the Taliban. [[Maternal health]] care conditions declined and many doctors reported that the number of [[Infant mortality|babies and children who die]] had increased.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=November 1, 2022|title=Report: Afghan Maternal Health Care in 'Crisis'|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/articles/2022-11-01/afghan-women-and-childrens-health-care-in-crisis-report-finds|access-date=December 30, 2022|website=U.S. News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In November 2022, women were banned from [[Gymnasium|gyms]][[Public bath|, public baths]], [[Public park|public parks]], and [[amusement parks]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Delaney|first=Matt|date=13 November 2022|title=Taliban bars Afghan women from going to gyms, public baths|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2022/nov/13/taliban-bars-afghan-women-going-gyms-public-baths/|access-date=26 December 2022|website=The Washington Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=11 November 2022|title=Taliban issues new diktat, after parks now Afghan women can't enter gyms too|website=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/taliban-issues-new-diktat-after-parks-afghan-women-banned-from-gyms-2295933-2022-11-11|access-date=26 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

While [[Abdul Baqi Haqqani]], the Minister for Higher Education until October 2022, wanted to allow women to go to [[University|Universities]], his successor [[Neda Mohammad|Neda Mohammad Nadeem]] opposes University education for women.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Hadid|first=Diaa|date=21 December 2022|title=Taliban begins to enforce education ban, leaving Afghan women with tears and anger|language=en|publisher=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2022/12/21/1144703393/taliban-begins-to-enforce-education-ban-leaving-afghan-women-with-tears-and-ange|access-date=26 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In February 2023, ''[[The Guardian]]'' reported that the Taliban began to reduce access to [[Contraceptive|contraceptives]]. They ordered pharmacies to clear their stocks of [[birth control]] medicine and threatened [[Midwife|midwives]]. In Kabul, Taliban fighters stated that &quot;contraceptive use and [[family planning]] is a western agenda&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:112&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Janjua|first=Haroon|date=2023-02-17|title=Taliban fighters stop chemists selling contraception|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/feb/17/taliban-ban-contraception-western-conspiracy|access-date=2023-02-26|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In July 2023, Taliban banned women’s beauty parlours in Afghanistan. Parlours which were already operating were given a time limit of 1 month to shut down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Taliban bans women’s beauty parlours in Afghanistan|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/4/taliban-bans-womens-beauty-parlours-in-afghanistan|access-date=2023-09-22|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Other websites ==
*[https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/reporters/20210611-afghanistan-a-journey-through-taliban-country?ref=fb_i Afghanistan: A journey through Taliban country] - a half hour documentary, by France 24, Published 11.6.2021

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Taliban]]
[[Category:Women's rights]]</text>
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*'''[[Macau]]''' ([[SAR of China]])
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*'''[[Jakarta]]''', [[Indonesia]]
*'''[[Kuala Lumpur]]''', [[Malaysia]]
*'''[[Manila]]''', [[Philippines]]
*'''[[Naypyidaw]]''', [[Myanmar]]
*'''[[Phnom Penh]]''', [[Cambodia]]
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*'''[[Tbilisi]]''', [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
*'''[[Tehran]]''', [[Iran]]
*'''[[Tskhinvali]]''', ''[[South Ossetia]]'' '''*'''
*'''[[Yerevan]]''', [[Armenia]]
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*'''[[Damascus]]''', [[Syria]]
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    <title>John D. Hawke Jr.</title>
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      <text bytes="2280" sha1="glreipub5fnu6vsos1xgu7sx786c67s" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| birth_date    = {{Birth date|1933|6|29}}
| birth_place   = [[New York City]], New York, U.S.
| death_date    = {{Death date and age|2022|1|3|1933|6|29}}
| death_place   = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
| spouse        = Marie R. Hawke (deceased)
| alma_mater    = [[Yale University]] (B.A.)&lt;br&gt;[[Columbia University School of Law|Columbia University]] (J.D.)
| branch        = [[United States Air Force]]
| image         = John d hawke.jpg
| caption       = John D. Hawke Jr.
| order         = [[Under Secretary of the Treasury for Domestic Finance]]
| president     = [[Bill Clinton]]
| term_start    = 1995
| term_end      = 1998
| predecessor   = [[Frank N. Newman]]
| successor     = [[Gary Gensler]]
| order2        = 28th [[Comptroller of the Currency]]
| term_start2   = December 8, 1998
| term_end2     = October 13, 2004
| president2    = Bill Clinton&lt;br&gt;[[George W. Bush]]
| predecessor2  = [[Eugene Ludwig]]
| successor2    = [[John C. Dugan]]
}}

'''John D. Hawke Jr.''' (June 29, 1933 &amp;ndash; January 3, 2022) was an American lawyer and politician. 

He was the [[United States]] [[Under Secretary of the Treasury for Domestic Finance]] from 1995 to 1998 during the [[Bill Clinton]] presidency.

He was the [[United States]] [[Office of the Comptroller of the Currency|Comptroller of the Currency]] from 1998 to 2004 during the Clinton and [[George W. Bush]] presidencies.

Hawke Jr. was born in [[New York City]], but died on January 3, 2022 in [[Washington, D.C.]] from [[cancer]], aged 88.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/01/06/john-hawke-comptroller-dies/ John Hawke Jr., ‘dean’ of banking lawyers and former comptroller of the currency, dies at 88]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://yalealumnimagazine.com/obituaries/5728-john-d-hawke-jr-54 In Remembrance: John D. Hawke Jr. ’54]&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Other websites==
*{{C-SPAN|John Hawke}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hawke, John D.}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Lawyers from New York City]]
[[Category:Politicians from New York City]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from New York City]]
[[Category:Politicians from Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Cancer deaths in Washington, D.C.]]

{{US-bio-stub}}</text>
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		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 45.270844,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 47.19545,
		&quot;population&quot;: 40578847,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 19151368,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 22964750
	},
	&quot;AG&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 9106,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 146,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1572.4286,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 62384,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Antigua and Barbuda&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 67.187935,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 69.24071,
		&quot;population&quot;: 92850,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 64290,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 136512
	},
	&quot;AI&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 3904,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 12,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 844.9514,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 10382,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Anguilla&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 73.10238,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 76.45402,
		&quot;population&quot;: 14202,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 10858,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 24864
	},
	&quot;AL&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 337234,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 3608,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1275.9874,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 1279333,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Albania&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 45.24426,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 47.717087,
		&quot;population&quot;: 2827614,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 1349255,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 3088966
	},
	&quot;AM&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 454900,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 8785,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 3049.4155,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 1030758,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Armenia&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 35.779274,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 39.95012,
		&quot;population&quot;: 2880880,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 1150915,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 2256919
	},
	&quot;AO&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 107487,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1937,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 54.35663,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 9609080,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Angola&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 26.965265,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 46.44487,
		&quot;population&quot;: 35635028,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 16550642,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 27819132
	},
	&quot;AQ&quot;: {
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Antarctica&quot;
	},
	&quot;AR&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 10119347,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 130846,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2881.5688,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 34900612,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Argentina&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 76.860214,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 91.45777,
		&quot;population&quot;: 45407904,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 41529056,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 116978520
	},
	&quot;AS&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 8359,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 34,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 702.9877,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;American Samoa&quot;,
		&quot;population&quot;: 48365
	},
	&quot;AT&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 6083790,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 22534,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2485.9128,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 6683263,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Austria&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 73.72863,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 76.11823,
		&quot;population&quot;: 9064678,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 6899873,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 20468732
	},
	&quot;AU&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 11861161,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 25236,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 963.1698,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 21647524,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Australia&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 82.62102,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 84.85075,
		&quot;population&quot;: 26200987,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 22231734,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 69686750
	},
	&quot;AW&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 44224,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 292,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2708.921,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 84368,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Aruba&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 78.26926,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 84.00067,
		&quot;population&quot;: 107792,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 90546,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 174914
	},
	&quot;AX&quot;: {
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Åland Islands&quot;
	},
	&quot;AZ&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 836510,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 10353,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1005.6038,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 4862494,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Azerbaijan&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 47.230198,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 52.191284,
		&quot;population&quot;: 10295307,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 5373253,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 13857111
	},
	&quot;BA&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 404289,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 16419,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 5123.2495,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 846080,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Bosnia and Herzegovina&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 26.400383,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 29.43689,
		&quot;population&quot;: 3204802,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 943394,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 1924950
	},
	&quot;BB&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 109142,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 593,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2100.4236,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 155047,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Barbados&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 54.91811,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 58.03722,
		&quot;population&quot;: 282324,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 163853,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 384049
	},
	&quot;BD&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 2052280,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 29531,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 174.34259,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 142201680,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Bangladesh&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 83.95181,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 89.4455,
		&quot;population&quot;: 169384891,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 151507170,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 361742560
	},
	&quot;BE&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 4908203,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 34339,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2949.6262,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 9170945,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Belgium&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 78.77591,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 79.55496,
		&quot;population&quot;: 11641814,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 9261641,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 31469388
	},
	&quot;BF&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 22231,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 400,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 17.77064,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 5232347,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Burkina Faso&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 23.245539,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 27.051752,
		&quot;population&quot;: 22509038,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 6089089,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 7893609
	},
	&quot;BG&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1341094,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 38778,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 5681.0405,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 2078006,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Bulgaria&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 30.443129,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 31.583748,
		&quot;population&quot;: 6825862,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 2155863,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 4726614
	},
	&quot;BH&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 696614,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1536,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1001.6564,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 1226796,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Bahrain&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 80.00182,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 80.939445,
		&quot;population&quot;: 1533460,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 1241174,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 3476633
	},
	&quot;BI&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 54569,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 15,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1.126033,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 36321,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Burundi&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 0.27265763,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 0.27707168,
		&quot;population&quot;: 13321102,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 36909,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 42252
	},
	&quot;BJ&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 28036,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 163,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 11.8463545,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 2742837,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Benin&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 19.934122,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 26.870075,
		&quot;population&quot;: 13759507,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 3697190,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 4232541
	},
	&quot;BL&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 5507,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 5,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 456.7044,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Saint Barthélemy&quot;,
		&quot;population&quot;: 10948
	},
	&quot;BM&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 18860,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 165,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2547.397,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 47657,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Bermuda&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 73.576546,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 74.9614,
		&quot;population&quot;: 64772,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 48554,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 136759
	},
	&quot;BN&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 350550,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 182,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 399.67148,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 446714,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Brunei&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 98.09827,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 99.07219,
		&quot;population&quot;: 455374,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 451149,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 1293100
	},
	&quot;BO&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1212185,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 22389,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1853.8304,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 6160585,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Bolivia&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 51.01023,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 60.949844,
		&quot;population&quot;: 12077156,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 7361008,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 14690530
	},
	&quot;BQ&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 11922,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 41,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1430.8647,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 16736,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Caribbean Netherlands&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 58.407204,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 66.68877,
		&quot;population&quot;: 28654,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 19109,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 35845
	},
	&quot;BR&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 38024465,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 703961,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 3347.3113,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 176164200,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Brazil&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 83.76549,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 90.17482,
		&quot;population&quot;: 210306411,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 189643420,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 516237120
	},
	&quot;BS&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 39127,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 849,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2135.6233,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 166972,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Bahamas&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 42.0011,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 43.972713,
		&quot;population&quot;: 397542,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 174810,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 366359
	},
	&quot;BT&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 62954,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 21,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 26.891325,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 677669,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Bhutan&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 86.778175,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 89.52455,
		&quot;population&quot;: 780921,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 699116,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 2011426
	},
	&quot;BW&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 330699,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 2801,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1148.0002,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 1663490,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Botswana&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 68.17876,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 79.96467,
		&quot;population&quot;: 2439895,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 1951054,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 3171667
	},
	&quot;BY&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 994102,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 7118,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 775.95264,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 6414996,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Belarus&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 69.931625,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 71.255,
		&quot;population&quot;: 9173240,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 6536392,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 22765402
	},
	&quot;BZ&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 71493,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 688,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1708.294,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 221478,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Belize&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 54.992664,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 64.17847,
		&quot;population&quot;: 402741,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 258473,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 511106
	},
	&quot;CA&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 4819055,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 55282,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1424.0135,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 31758252,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Canada&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 81.80634,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 89.49461,
		&quot;population&quot;: 38821259,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 34742936,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 102877160
	},
	&quot;CC&quot;: {
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Cocos (Keeling) Islands&quot;
	},
	&quot;CD&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 101010,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1474,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 14.394957,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 14399520,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Democratic Republic of the Congo&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 14.062447,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 16.646704,
		&quot;population&quot;: 102396974,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 17045720,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 18808672
	},
	&quot;CF&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 15493,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 113,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 22.16539,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 2484985,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Central African Republic&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 48.74395,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 51.00764,
		&quot;population&quot;: 5098038,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 2600389,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 3342248
	},
	&quot;CG&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 25234,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 389,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 64.45622,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 654119,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Republic of the Congo&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 10.838571,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 11.52855,
		&quot;population&quot;: 6035104,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 695760,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 833210
	},
	&quot;CH&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 4491969,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 14170,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1611.6594,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 6013254,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Switzerland&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 68.8,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 69.3447,
		&quot;population&quot;: 8792180,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 6096911,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 16940716
	},
	&quot;CI&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 88464,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 835,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 27.47162,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 12164304,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Ivory Coast&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 40.020737,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 44.64014,
		&quot;population&quot;: 30395004,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 13568372,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 25263932
	},
	&quot;CK&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 7375,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 2,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 135.6208,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 14728,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Cook Islands&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 99.87116,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 102.47508,
		&quot;population&quot;: 14747,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 15112,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 40854
	},
	&quot;CL&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 5410524,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 64497,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 3298.5676,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 17700116,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Chile&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 90.523636,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 92.51003,
		&quot;population&quot;: 19553033,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 18088516,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 66864900
	},
	&quot;CM&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 125325,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1974,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 71.43692,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 3197286,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Cameroon&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 11.570632,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 13.5843525,
		&quot;population&quot;: 27632770,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 3753733,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 4880572
	},
	&quot;CN&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 99381761,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 122398,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 85.882515,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 1284479600,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;China&quot;,
		&quot;note&quot;: &quot;Does not include [[Special administrative regions of China|special administrative regions]] ([[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]]) or [[Taiwan]].&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 90.12756,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 92.48145,
		&quot;population&quot;: 1425179562,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 1318026800,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 3516880600
	},
	&quot;CO&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 6403299,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 142812,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2760.2952,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 37204130,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Colombia&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 71.90879,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 83.13468,
		&quot;population&quot;: 51737944,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 43012176,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 90931190
	},
	&quot;CR&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1242734,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 9396,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1848.9642,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 4369784,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Costa Rica&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 85.98951,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 91.516174,
		&quot;population&quot;: 5081764,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 4650636,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 13576935
	},
	&quot;CU&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1113834,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 8530,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 771.26013,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 10053658,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Cuba&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 90.90253,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 97.70112,
		&quot;population&quot;: 11059822,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 10805570,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 45995748
	},
	&quot;CV&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 64550,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 417,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 802.3088,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 308720,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Cabo Verde&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 59.39779,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 68.63569,
		&quot;population&quot;: 519750,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 356734,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 859940
	},
	&quot;CW&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 45883,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 305,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1645.5355,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 100885,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Curaçao&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 54.42946,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 58.592392,
		&quot;population&quot;: 185350,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 108601,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 260324
	},
	&quot;CX&quot;: {
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Christmas Island&quot;
	},
	&quot;CY&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 718887,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1364,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1450.4836,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 656138,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Cyprus&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 69.774,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 71.37496,
		&quot;population&quot;: 1331376,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 671193,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 1891597
	},
	&quot;CZ&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 4887336,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 43931,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 4116.004,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 6895763,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Czech Republic&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 64.60811,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 65.41614,
		&quot;population&quot;: 10673216,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 6982006,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 19047108
	},
	&quot;DE&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 38437953,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 174979,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2080.9473,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 63566136,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Germany&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 75.596375,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 77.15449,
		&quot;population&quot;: 84086227,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 64876300,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 193241460
	},
	&quot;DJ&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 15690,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 189,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 166.21214,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 401208,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Djibouti&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 35.28341,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 37.074368,
		&quot;population&quot;: 1137101,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 421573,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 723789
	},
	&quot;DK&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 3453680,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 10012,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1696.1152,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 4712002,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Denmark&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 79.82519,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 80.40999,
		&quot;population&quot;: 5902901,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 4746522,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 14961517
	},
	&quot;DM&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 16047,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 74,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1107.0055,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 30659,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Dominica&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 45.864437,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 49.358982,
		&quot;population&quot;: 66847,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 32995,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 67647
	},
	&quot;DO&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 661103,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 4384,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 390.3574,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 6130483,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Dominican Republic&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 54.586662,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 65.5985,
		&quot;population&quot;: 11230734,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 7367193,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 16431089
	},
	&quot;DZ&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 272440,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 6881,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 151.30595,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 6481186,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Algeria&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 14.251447,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 17.239624,
		&quot;population&quot;: 45477391,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 7840131,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 15267442
	},
	&quot;EC&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1082192,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 36064,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2023.3507,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 14249559,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Ecuador&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 79.94636,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 86.09671,
		&quot;population&quot;: 17823900,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 15345791,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 39585084
	},
	&quot;EE&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 617836,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 3442,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2549.454,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 862739,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Estonia&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 63.90219,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 64.45496,
		&quot;population&quot;: 1350093,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 870202,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 2171520
	},
	&quot;EG&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 516023,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 24830,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 220.47935,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 42337176,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Egypt&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 37.59353,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 50.53117,
		&quot;population&quot;: 112618252,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 56907320,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 112673540
	},
	&quot;EH&quot;: {
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Western Sahara&quot;,
		&quot;population&quot;: 568746
	},
	&quot;ER&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 10189,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 103,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 30.210152,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: null,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Eritrea&quot;,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: null,
		&quot;population&quot;: 3409450,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: null,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: null
	},
	&quot;ES&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 13980340,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 121886,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2548.4028,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 40739124,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Spain&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 85.17771,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 86.45751,
		&quot;population&quot;: 47828386,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 41351230,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 119228504
	},
	&quot;ET&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 501339,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 7574,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 60.406296,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 43653010,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Ethiopia&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 34.815372,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 41.86291,
		&quot;population&quot;: 125384285,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 52489510,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 68856790
	},
	&quot;EU&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 186985838,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1270769,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2831.971,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 329857900,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;European Union&quot;,
		&quot;note&quot;: &quot;Data on [[member states of the European Union]] are individually listed, but are also summed here for convenience. They are not double-counted in world totals.&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 73.510445,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 75.43216,
		&quot;population&quot;: 449113463,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 338481060,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 977141100
	},
	&quot;FI&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1518514,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 11466,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2058.7866,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 4347113,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Finland&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 78.054924,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 81.236206,
		&quot;population&quot;: 5569300,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 4524288,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 13327120
	},
	&quot;FJ&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 69047,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 885,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 962.555,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 641194,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Fiji&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 69.73836,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 77.44217,
		&quot;population&quot;: 919428,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 712025,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 1555182
	},
	&quot;FK&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1923,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 0,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 0,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 1775,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Falkland Islands&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 50.497868,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 74.87909,
		&quot;population&quot;: 3515,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 2632,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 4407
	},
	&quot;FM&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 31765,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 65,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 579.72565,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: null,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Federated States of Micronesia&quot;,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: null,
		&quot;population&quot;: 112122,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: null,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: null
	},
	&quot;FO&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 34658,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 28,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 518.1443,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 40895,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Faroe Islands&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 75.67683,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 77.19425,
		&quot;population&quot;: 54039,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 41715,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 103894
	},
	&quot;FR&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 39060446,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 168207,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2616.8914,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 53192480,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;France&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 80.257324,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 82.49821,
		&quot;population&quot;: 66277412,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 54677680,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 158060080
	},
	&quot;GA&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 49069,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 307,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 126.29847,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 257471,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Gabon&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 10.592245,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 12.804443,
		&quot;population&quot;: 2430750,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 311244,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 572672
	},
	&quot;GB&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 25117625,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 232112,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 3404.4343,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 50745900,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;United Kingdom&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 74.43005,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 78.91978,
		&quot;population&quot;: 68179315,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 53806964,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 151248820
	},
	&quot;GD&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 19693,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 238,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2035.4407,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 39034,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Grenada&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 33.38294,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 37.836105,
		&quot;population&quot;: 116928,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 44241,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 90686
	},
	&quot;GE&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1864337,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 17151,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 4519.6274,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 1276173,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Georgia&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 33.62968,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 43.59945,
		&quot;population&quot;: 3794782,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 1654504,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 2930677
	},
	&quot;GF&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 98041,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 413,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1384.4241,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;French Guiana&quot;,
		&quot;population&quot;: 298319
	},
	&quot;GG&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 35326,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 67,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1050.9803,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 52710,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Guernsey&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 82.68235,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 85.05569,
		&quot;population&quot;: 63750,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 54223,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 178525
	},
	&quot;GH&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 172843,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1463,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 44.133858,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 10780003,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Ghana&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 32.519695,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 41.82365,
		&quot;population&quot;: 33149152,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 13864186,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 25624828
	},
	&quot;GI&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 20550,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 113,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 3002.8435,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 41465,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Gibraltar&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 110.18841,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 112.07515,
		&quot;population&quot;: 37631,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 42175,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 132810
	},
	&quot;GL&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 11971,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 21,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 374.90628,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 38511,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Greenland&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 68.75246,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 73.60124,
		&quot;population&quot;: 56014,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 41227,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 79738
	},
	&quot;GM&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 12627,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 372,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 141.09766,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 539186,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Gambia&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 20.451042,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 25.576376,
		&quot;population&quot;: 2636472,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 674314,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 1444492
	},
	&quot;GN&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 38594,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 468,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 33.297436,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 5853990,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Guinea&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 41.650185,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 62.010365,
		&quot;population&quot;: 14055136,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 8715641,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 12049511
	},
	&quot;GP&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 203235,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1021,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2654.0022,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Guadeloupe&quot;,
		&quot;population&quot;: 384702
	},
	&quot;GQ&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 17130,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 183,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 101.466606,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 214032,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Equatorial Guinea&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 11.867269,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 14.976527,
		&quot;population&quot;: 1803549,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 270109,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 488738
	},
	&quot;GR&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 5866360,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 40253,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 3865.8413,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 7647076,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Greece&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 73.44144,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 76.23573,
		&quot;population&quot;: 10412481,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 7938031,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 22467978
	},
	&quot;GS&quot;: {
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands&quot;
	},
	&quot;GT&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1255469,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 20205,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1132.0674,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 7130895,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Guatemala&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 39.953743,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 50.078354,
		&quot;population&quot;: 17847877,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 8937923,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 20383476
	},
	&quot;GU&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 52287,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 419,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2536.427,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Guam&quot;,
		&quot;population&quot;: 165193
	},
	&quot;GW&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 9614,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 177,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 84.06415,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 547637,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Guinea-Bissau&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 26.0094,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 35.480625,
		&quot;population&quot;: 2105535,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 747057,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 920752
	},
	&quot;GY&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 75520,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1312,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1596.8103,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 384507,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Guyana&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 46.797615,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 60.555866,
		&quot;population&quot;: 821638,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 497550,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 967861
	},
	&quot;HK&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 2876106,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 13466,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1798.137,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 6803288,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Hong Kong&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 91.124664,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 92.68869,
		&quot;population&quot;: 7465913,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 6920057,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 21012392
	},
	&quot;HN&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 473042,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 11114,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1062.1299,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 5853689,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Honduras&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 55.94186,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 63.037926,
		&quot;population&quot;: 10463880,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 6596213,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 17074860
	},
	&quot;HR&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1371673,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 18805,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 4813.1177,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 2251809,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Croatia&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 57.63479,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 59.457554,
		&quot;population&quot;: 3907031,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 2323025,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 5435966
	},
	&quot;HT&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 34901,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 860,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 74.759186,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 366339,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Haiti&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 3.1845589,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 4.5324583,
		&quot;population&quot;: 11503603,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 521396,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 680104
	},
	&quot;HU&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 2240875,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 49124,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 5072.536,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 6206710,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Hungary&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 64.090385,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 66.29646,
		&quot;population&quot;: 9684308,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 6420354,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 16701238
	},
	&quot;ID&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 6830274,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 162059,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 581.20966,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 174965140,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Indonesia&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 62.749634,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 73.31313,
		&quot;population&quot;: 278830527,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 204419400,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 448199870
	},
	&quot;IE&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1754198,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 9779,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1913.693,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 4065584,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Republic of Ireland&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 79.5611,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 80.47407,
		&quot;population&quot;: 5110015,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 4112237,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 11148281
	},
	&quot;IL&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 4841703,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 12707,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1395.8915,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 6385731,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Israel&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 70.14864,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 77.50582,
		&quot;population&quot;: 9103143,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 7055466,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 18852564
	},
	&quot;IM&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 38008,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 116,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1378.5236,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 67106,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Isle of Man&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 79.74759,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 82.66388,
		&quot;population&quot;: 84148,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 69560,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 189994
	},
	&quot;IN&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 45056221,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 533849,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 374.51965,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 951990500,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;India&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 66.78652,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 72.07957,
		&quot;population&quot;: 1425423209,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 1027438900,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 2206868000
	},
	&quot;IO&quot;: {
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;British Indian Ocean Territory&quot;
	},
	&quot;IQ&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 2465545,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 25375,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 575.78125,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 7944775,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Iraq&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 18.0274,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 25.715412,
		&quot;population&quot;: 44070556,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 11332925,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 19557364
	},
	&quot;IR&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 7627863,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 146837,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1640.1925,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 58585264,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Iran&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 65.44067,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 72.82924,
		&quot;population&quot;: 89524247,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 65199830,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 155461760
	},
	&quot;IS&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 211291,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 186,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 489.00012,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 297934,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Iceland&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 78.32783,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 81.43955,
		&quot;population&quot;: 380368,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 309770,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 903424
	},
	&quot;IT&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 26969913,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 198523,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 3329.8555,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 49484584,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Italy&quot;,
		&quot;note_vaccination&quot;: &quot;Includes [[Vatican City]]&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 83.00122,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 85.436905,
		&quot;population&quot;: 59619106,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 50936720,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 150321540
	},
	&quot;JE&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 66391,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 161,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1555.6608,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 81882,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Jersey&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 79.11839,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 81.51759,
		&quot;population&quot;: 103493,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 84365,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 266953
	},
	&quot;JM&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 157668,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 3634,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1279.9606,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 760800,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Jamaica&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 26.796753,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 30.28276,
		&quot;population&quot;: 2839150,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 859773,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 1529113
	},
	&quot;JO&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1746997,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 14122,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1254.5897,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 4558313,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Jordan&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 40.495773,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 42.83461,
		&quot;population&quot;: 11256269,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 4821579,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 10057975
	},
	&quot;JP&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 33803572,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 74694,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 597.56354,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 103455224,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Japan&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 82.76578,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 83.79367,
		&quot;population&quot;: 124997585,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 104740060,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 433356600
	},
	&quot;KE&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 344162,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 5689,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 104.86161,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 11090440,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Kenya&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 20.442282,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 26.716526,
		&quot;population&quot;: 54252458,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 14494372,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 23750432
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	&quot;KG&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 88953,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1024,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 147.21544,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 1406016,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Kyrgyzstan&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 20.2136,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 24.965395,
		&quot;population&quot;: 6955792,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 1736541,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 3661335
	},
	&quot;KH&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 139326,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 3056,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 177.65665,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 14693274,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Cambodia&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 85.417465,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 89.0415,
		&quot;population&quot;: 17201721,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 15316670,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 47826644
	},
	&quot;KI&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 5085,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 24,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 183.932,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 81474,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Kiribati&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 62.44032,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 77.32808,
		&quot;population&quot;: 130483,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 100900,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 219980
	},
	&quot;KM&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 9109,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 161,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 193.00136,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 397080,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Comoros&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 47.60061,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 52.60486,
		&quot;population&quot;: 834191,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 438825,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 835021
	},
	&quot;KN&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 6607,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 46,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 984.33624,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 27000,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Saint Kitts and Nevis&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 57.776257,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 72.314476,
		&quot;population&quot;: 46732,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 33794,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 64297
	},
	&quot;KP&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 0,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 0,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 0,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 0,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;North Korea&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 0,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 0,
		&quot;population&quot;: 26328843,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 0,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 0
	},
	&quot;KR&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 34571873,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 35934,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 693.9408,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 44347430,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;South Korea&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 85.64171,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 86.44801,
		&quot;population&quot;: 51782515,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 44764956,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 129647784
	},
	&quot;KW&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 667290,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 2570,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 559.97217,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 3346176,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Kuwait&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 72.90916,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 75.33473,
		&quot;population&quot;: 4589514,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 3457498,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 8261221
	},
	&quot;KY&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 31472,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 37,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 516.6876,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 60696,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Cayman Islands&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 84.75911,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 86.737885,
		&quot;population&quot;: 71610,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 62113,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 152148
	},
	&quot;KZ&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1504370,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 19072,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 951.9526,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 10629063,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Kazakhstan&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 53.0535,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 54.196712,
		&quot;population&quot;: 20034612,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 10858101,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 38355604
	},
	&quot;LA&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 219060,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 671,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 88.768265,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 5222417,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Laos&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 69.08865,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 77.902405,
		&quot;population&quot;: 7559008,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 5888649,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 11111066
	},
	&quot;LB&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1239904,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 10947,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1905.6515,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 2414223,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Lebanon&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 42.026745,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 47.701817,
		&quot;population&quot;: 5744492,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 2740227,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 5814699
	},
	&quot;LC&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 30254,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 410,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2293.1418,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 54971,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Saint Lucia&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 30.74544,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 33.636475,
		&quot;population&quot;: 178794,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 60140,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 122977
	},
	&quot;LI&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 21649,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 89,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2262.4434,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 26466,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Liechtenstein&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 67.25,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 68.05379,
		&quot;population&quot;: 39338,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 26771,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 74337
	},
	&quot;LK&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 672812,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 16907,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 740.39966,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 14752827,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Sri Lanka&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 64.60631,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 75.0768,
		&quot;population&quot;: 22834965,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 17143760,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 40116590
	},
	&quot;LR&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 8090,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 294,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 54.71501,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 3730967,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Liberia&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 69.43534,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 72.65189,
		&quot;population&quot;: 5373297,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 3903802,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 4460668
	},
	&quot;LS&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 36140,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 709,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 310.13354,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 938088,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Lesotho&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 41.03421,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 44.357975,
		&quot;population&quot;: 2286112,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 1014073,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 1339097
	},
	&quot;LT&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1449088,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 9931,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 3525.478,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 1881106,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Lithuania&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 66.77875,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 69.51908,
		&quot;population&quot;: 2816923,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 1958299,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 4604858
	},
	&quot;LU&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 401653,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1000,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1530.6552,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 37868,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Luxembourg&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 5.796285,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 73.770996,
		&quot;population&quot;: 653315,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 481957,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 1374547
	},
	&quot;LV&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 977803,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 7740,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 4114.7036,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 1305976,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Latvia&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 69.4277,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 71.565216,
		&quot;population&quot;: 1881059,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 1346184,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 2979624
	},
	&quot;LY&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 507269,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 6437,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 891.0818,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 1236102,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Libya&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 17.111511,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 32.065197,
		&quot;population&quot;: 7223804,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 2316327,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 3739158
	},
	&quot;MA&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1279115,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 16305,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 436.791,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 23521988,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Morocco&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 63.012527,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 67.02596,
		&quot;population&quot;: 37329068,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 25020168,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 55389600
	},
	&quot;MC&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 17181,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 67,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1720.154,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 25667,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Monaco&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 65.8973,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 74.13351,
		&quot;population&quot;: 38950,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 28875,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 71929
	},
	&quot;MD&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 656460,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 12290,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 4042.7817,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 1078961,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Moldova&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 35.492302,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 36.49767,
		&quot;population&quot;: 3039986,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 1109524,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 2293086
	},
	&quot;ME&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 251280,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 2654,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 4317.9116,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 284869,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Montenegro&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 46.346615,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 47.63418,
		&quot;population&quot;: 614649,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 292783,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 679171
	},
	&quot;MF&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 12324,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 46,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1591.7506,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Collectivity of Saint Martin&quot;,
		&quot;population&quot;: 28899
	},
	&quot;MG&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 68853,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1428,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 46.91618,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 2628849,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Madagascar&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 8.636944,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 8.904759,
		&quot;population&quot;: 30437261,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 2710365,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 3092063
	},
	&quot;MH&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 16297,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 17,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 424.0036,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: null,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Marshall Islands&quot;,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: null,
		&quot;population&quot;: 40094,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: null,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: null
	},
	&quot;MK&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 352093,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 9991,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 5429.195,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 838181,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;North Macedonia&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 45.547474,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 46.438065,
		&quot;population&quot;: 1840236,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 854570,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 1862987
	},
	&quot;ML&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 33236,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 743,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 32.20264,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 3633589,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Mali&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 15.748474,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 18.8721,
		&quot;population&quot;: 23072641,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 4354292,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 5922585
	},
	&quot;MM&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 643401,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 19494,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 362.63324,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 35937796,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Myanmar&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 66.85257,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 77.29614,
		&quot;population&quot;: 53756791,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 41551930,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 93477100
	},
	&quot;MN&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1011489,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 2136,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 630.83,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 2185282,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Mongolia&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 64.53846,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 67.45445,
		&quot;population&quot;: 3386015,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 2284018,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 5668144
	},
	&quot;MO&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 3514,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 121,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 174.056,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 642266,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Macau&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 91.18433,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 96.499374,
		&quot;population&quot;: 704360,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 679703,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 1802985
	},
	&quot;MP&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 14985,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 41,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 889.3516,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Northern Mariana Islands&quot;,
		&quot;population&quot;: 46101
	},
	&quot;MQ&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 230354,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1104,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 3159.1418,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Martinique&quot;,
		&quot;population&quot;: 349462
	},
	&quot;MR&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 63891,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 997,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 204.48581,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 1540597,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Mauritania&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 31.597816,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 43.148228,
		&quot;population&quot;: 4875644,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 2103754,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 4075874
	},
	&quot;MS&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1403,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 8,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1787.31,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 1952,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Montserrat&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 43.610367,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 47.006256,
		&quot;population&quot;: 4476,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 2104,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 4619
	},
	&quot;MT&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 125314,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1128,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2135.5789,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 471565,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Malta&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 89.27875,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 90.677475,
		&quot;population&quot;: 528194,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 478953,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 1408793
	},
	&quot;MU&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 332300,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1074,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 841.60443,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 1088142,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Mauritius&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 85.26863,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 88.06074,
		&quot;population&quot;: 1276134,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 1123773,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 2616012
	},
	&quot;MV&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 186694,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 316,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 602.92,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 385167,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Maldives&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 73.488884,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 76.18695,
		&quot;population&quot;: 524116,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 399308,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 951764
	},
	&quot;MW&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 89168,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 2686,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 130.58656,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 4288014,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Malawi&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 20.847246,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 26.416496,
		&quot;population&quot;: 20568731,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 5433538,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 8503954
	},
	&quot;MX&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 7630026,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 335106,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2605.5352,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 81849960,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Mexico&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 63.640446,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 75.55955,
		&quot;population&quot;: 128613116,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 97179496,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 223158990
	},
	&quot;MY&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 5329836,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 37351,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1076.5375,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 27551144,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Malaysia&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 79.40842,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 81.101494,
		&quot;population&quot;: 34695494,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 28138564,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 72657256
	},
	&quot;MZ&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 233935,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 2252,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 68.960785,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 21329744,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Mozambique&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 65.31598,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 70.03147,
		&quot;population&quot;: 32656242,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 22869646,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 34950856
	},
	&quot;NA&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 172557,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 4110,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1422.3087,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 550978,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Namibia&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 19.067173,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 21.793749,
		&quot;population&quot;: 2889668,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 629767,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 1005937
	},
	&quot;NC&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 80203,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 314,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1093.5813,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 184816,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;New Caledonia&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 64.36666,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 66.99927,
		&quot;population&quot;: 287130,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 192375,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 480702
	},
	&quot;NE&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 9591,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 315,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 12.444701,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 5483001,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Niger&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 21.661686,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 24.685875,
		&quot;population&quot;: 25311978,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 6248483,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 7372208
	},
	&quot;NF&quot;: {
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Norfolk Island&quot;
	},
	&quot;NG&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 267237,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 3155,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 14.138414,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 81297810,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Nigeria&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 36.431763,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 42.047527,
		&quot;population&quot;: 223150906,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 93829430,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 133048024
	},
	&quot;NI&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 16808,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 245,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 36.40058,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 6126708,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Nicaragua&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 91.026825,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 95.15444,
		&quot;population&quot;: 6730662,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 6404524,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 15507763
	},
	&quot;NL&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 8657484,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 22986,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1283.817,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 11768644,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Netherlands&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 65.73038,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 70.2736,
		&quot;population&quot;: 17904421,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 12582081,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 39764184
	},
	&quot;NO&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1552197,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 5732,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1050.4332,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 4061312,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Norway&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 74.42668,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 79.66204,
		&quot;population&quot;: 5456796,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 4346995,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 13020641
	},
	&quot;NP&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1003968,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 12034,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 404.97473,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 24471044,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Nepal&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 82.35129,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 93.83405,
		&quot;population&quot;: 29715435,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 27883196,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 62627628
	},
	&quot;NR&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 5393,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 84.58806,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 11346,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Nauru&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 95.97361,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 110.86111,
		&quot;population&quot;: 11822,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 13106,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 32157
	},
	&quot;NU&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1092,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 0,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 0,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 1635,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Niue&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 88.66595,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 88.828636,
		&quot;population&quot;: 1844,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 1638,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 4923
	},
	&quot;NZ&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 2668236,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 4538,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 884.302,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 4291717,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;New Zealand&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 83.63098,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 83.83779,
		&quot;population&quot;: 5131731,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 4302330,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 13382576
	},
	&quot;OM&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 399449,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 4628,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 978.3881,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 3048826,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Oman&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 64.45409,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 69.33347,
		&quot;population&quot;: 4730229,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 3279632,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 7108547
	},
	&quot;PA&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1045692,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 8834,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2007.3737,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 3178700,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Panama&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 72.23046,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 85.1223,
		&quot;population&quot;: 4400775,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 3746041,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 9201276
	},
	&quot;PE&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 4533813,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 221071,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 6603.9766,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 28709644,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Peru&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 85.76331,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 91.301895,
		&quot;population&quot;: 33475436,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 30563708,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 91412580
	},
	&quot;PF&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 79451,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 650,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2318.216,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 186803,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;French Polynesia&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 66.62304,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 68.08708,
		&quot;population&quot;: 280388,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 190908,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 502952
	},
	&quot;PG&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 46864,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 670,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 65.665825,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 321192,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Papua New Guinea&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 3.1479607,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 3.744128,
		&quot;population&quot;: 10203177,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 382020,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 737695
	},
	&quot;PH&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 4173631,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 66864,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 586.70984,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 78443970,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Philippines&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 68.83203,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 72.5532,
		&quot;population&quot;: 113964343,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 82684776,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 189317150
	},
	&quot;PK&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1580631,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 30656,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 125.79366,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 140475870,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Pakistan&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 57.64279,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 67.93904,
		&quot;population&quot;: 243700667,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 165567890,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 340974140
	},
	&quot;PL&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 6843668,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 120993,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 3152.0303,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 22705868,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Poland&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 59.15184,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 59.877827,
		&quot;population&quot;: 38385734,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 22984544,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 58634590
	},
	&quot;PM&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 3426,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 2,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 347.22223,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Saint Pierre and Miquelon&quot;,
		&quot;population&quot;: 5760
	},
	&quot;PN&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 4,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 0,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 0,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 47,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Pitcairn Islands&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 100,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 100,
		&quot;population&quot;: 47,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 47,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 117
	},
	&quot;PR&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1252713,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 5938,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1832.1664,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Puerto Rico&quot;,
		&quot;population&quot;: 3240972
	},
	&quot;PS&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 703228,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 5708,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1075.9105,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 1776973,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Palestine&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 33.49446,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 37.938984,
		&quot;population&quot;: 5305274,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 2012767,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 3748571
	},
	&quot;PT&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 5671586,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 29663,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2847.5366,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 8909769,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Portugal&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 85.53044,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 94.28189,
		&quot;population&quot;: 10417074,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 9821414,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 28314796
	},
	&quot;PW&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 6372,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 10,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 562.3032,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Palau&quot;,
		&quot;population&quot;: 17784
	},
	&quot;PY&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 735759,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 19880,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2940.6284,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 3550673,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Paraguay&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 52.521175,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 59.107147,
		&quot;population&quot;: 6760460,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 3995915,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 9954852
	},
	&quot;QA&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 514524,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 690,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 238.55077,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 2852178,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Qatar&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 98.60714,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 98.60714,
		&quot;population&quot;: 2892466,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 2852178,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 7609178
	},
	&quot;RE&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 494595,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 921,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1056.7465,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Réunion&quot;,
		&quot;population&quot;: 871543
	},
	&quot;RO&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 3604040,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 69095,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 3604.936,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 8114769,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Romania&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 42.337685,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 28.562483,
		&quot;population&quot;: 19166776,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 5474507,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 16827486
	},
	&quot;RS&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 2568005,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 18057,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2658.8762,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 3278198,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Serbia&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 48.271156,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 49.38844,
		&quot;population&quot;: 6791215,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 3354075,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 8534688
	},
	&quot;RU&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 24901467,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 404290,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2777.1006,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 79702400,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Russia&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 54.74822,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 61.19087,
		&quot;population&quot;: 145579889,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 89081600,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 187374510
	},
	&quot;RW&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 133274,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1468,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 107.53771,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 10399665,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Rwanda&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 76.182304,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 79.735504,
		&quot;population&quot;: 13651025,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 10884714,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 27322060
	},
	&quot;SA&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 841469,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 9646,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 299.7947,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 25433940,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Saudi Arabia&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 79.047905,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 84.043724,
		&quot;population&quot;: 32175351,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 27041364,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 68534630
	},
	&quot;SB&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 25954,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 199,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 254.77707,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 254352,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Solomon Islands&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 32.56435,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 44.018948,
		&quot;population&quot;: 781075,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 343821,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 625956
	},
	&quot;SC&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 51899,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 172,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1370.1576,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 83565,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Seychelles&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 66.56815,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 70.51532,
		&quot;population&quot;: 125533,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 88520,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 224558
	},
	&quot;SD&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 63993,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 5046,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 102.1802,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 13416394,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Sudan&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 27.167852,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 30.794699,
		&quot;population&quot;: 49383344,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 15207452,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 28662108
	},
	&quot;SE&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 2787291,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 29496,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2812.5354,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 7593676,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Sweden&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 72.40806,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 74.14397,
		&quot;population&quot;: 10487335,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 7775726,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 28312816
	},
	&quot;SG&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 3006155,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 2024,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 358.23718,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 5248693,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Singapore&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 92.89906,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 93.57716,
		&quot;population&quot;: 5649888,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 5287005,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 15302530
	},
	&quot;SH&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 2166,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 0,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 0,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 3531,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 65.76643,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 81.225555,
		&quot;population&quot;: 5369,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 4361,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 7892
	},
	&quot;SI&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1366916,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 9914,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 4686.9585,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 1222225,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Slovenia&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 57.782104,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 59.84226,
		&quot;population&quot;: 2115231,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 1265802,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 3028400
	},
	&quot;SJ&quot;: {
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Svalbard and Jan Mayen&quot;
	},
	&quot;SK&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1889897,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 21401,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 3910.1475,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 2791711,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Slovakia&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 51.00697,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 51.889565,
		&quot;population&quot;: 5473195,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 2840017,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 7222380
	},
	&quot;SL&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 7985,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 126,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 15.223258,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 4961886,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Sierra Leone&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 59.949265,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 68.578636,
		&quot;population&quot;: 8276809,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 5676123,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 9155936
	},
	&quot;SM&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 25292,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 126,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 3693.6064,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 23633,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;San Marino&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 69.27857,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 77.2638,
		&quot;population&quot;: 34113,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 26357,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 69338
	},
	&quot;SN&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 89440,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1972,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 111.72109,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 1548665,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Senegal&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 8.77376,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 15.209795,
		&quot;population&quot;: 17651099,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 2684696,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 3182308
	},
	&quot;SO&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 27334,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1361,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 76.45254,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 7666835,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Somalia&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 43.06752,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 50.400066,
		&quot;population&quot;: 17801895,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 8972167,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 10555834
	},
	&quot;SR&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 82519,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1406,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2256.199,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 237879,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Suriname&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 38.172287,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 42.9769,
		&quot;population&quot;: 623172,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 267820,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 554588
	},
	&quot;SS&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 18873,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 147,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 13.337961,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 4273253,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;South Sudan&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 38.773117,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 39.153057,
		&quot;population&quot;: 11021175,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 4315127,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 4365547
	},
	&quot;ST&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 6771,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 80,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 353.49274,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 111986,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Sao Tome and Principe&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 49.482796,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 61.974346,
		&quot;population&quot;: 226313,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 140256,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 263863
	},
	&quot;SV&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 202066,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 4230,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 673.53296,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 4397817,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;El Salvador&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 70.025406,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 74.19961,
		&quot;population&quot;: 6280316,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 4659970,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 11459448
	},
	&quot;SX&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 11051,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 92,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2182.0078,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 26773,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Sint Maarten&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 63.498802,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 70.64962,
		&quot;population&quot;: 42163,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 29788,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 66829
	},
	&quot;SY&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 57423,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 3163,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 140.81453,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 2358365,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Syria&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 10.499275,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 14.671913,
		&quot;population&quot;: 22462170,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 3295630,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 5090630
	},
	&quot;SZ&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 75356,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1427,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1170.7075,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 427335,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Eswatini&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 35.058464,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 43.15702,
		&quot;population&quot;: 1218921,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 526050,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 870205
	},
	&quot;TC&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 6935,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 41,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 893.84985,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 30710,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Turks and Caicos Islands&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 66.95154,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 71.540695,
		&quot;population&quot;: 45869,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 32815,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 73907
	},
	&quot;TD&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 7702,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 194,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 10.511874,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 5020360,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Chad&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 27.202782,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 27.892593,
		&quot;population&quot;: 18455319,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 5147667,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 9151765
	},
	&quot;TF&quot;: {
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;French Southern Territories&quot;
	},
	&quot;TG&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 39564,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 290,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 35.941727,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 1554066,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Togo&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 19.260626,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 27.954967,
		&quot;population&quot;: 8068616,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 2255579,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 3423181
	},
	&quot;TH&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 5428267,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 34999,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 487.89075,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 53486090,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Thailand&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 74.56032,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 79.46643,
		&quot;population&quot;: 71735321,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 57005496,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 142635000
	},
	&quot;TJ&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 17786,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 125,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 12.276292,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 5191919,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Tajikistan&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 50.99001,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 52.329185,
		&quot;population&quot;: 10182228,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 5328277,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 20568164
	},
	&quot;TK&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 80,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 0,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 0,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 2203,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Tokelau&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 95.28547,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 95.28547,
		&quot;population&quot;: 2312,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 2203,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 5374
	},
	&quot;TL&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 23460,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 138,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 100.781494,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 801759,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Timor-Leste&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 58.552513,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 64.76584,
		&quot;population&quot;: 1369299,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 886838,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 2028798
	},
	&quot;TM&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 0,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 0,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 0,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 4568901,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Turkmenistan&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 63.19193,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 63.82771,
		&quot;population&quot;: 7230197,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 4614869,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 16775970
	},
	&quot;TN&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1153361,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 29423,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2427.773,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 6401841,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Tunisia&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 52.823357,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 73.41035,
		&quot;population&quot;: 12119338,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 8896848,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 16553338
	},
	&quot;TO&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 16992,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 13,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 123.74706,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 77390,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Tonga&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 73.66758,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 83.1723,
		&quot;population&quot;: 105053,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 87375,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 204737
	},
	&quot;TR&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 17004726,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 101419,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1164.9528,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 53176960,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Turkey&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 61.081894,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 66.554184,
		&quot;population&quot;: 87058469,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 57941052,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 152543340
	},
	&quot;TT&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 191496,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 4390,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2934.643,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 718969,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Trinidad and Tobago&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 48.061897,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 50.430336,
		&quot;population&quot;: 1495923,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 754399,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 1592148
	},
	&quot;TV&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 2943,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 99.88014,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 9505,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Tuvalu&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 94.93607,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 97.512985,
		&quot;population&quot;: 10012,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 9763,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 26783
	},
	&quot;TW&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 9970937,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 17672,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 739.619,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 20793088,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Taiwan&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 88.783066,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 93.50615,
		&quot;population&quot;: 23420107,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 21899240,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 68158990
	},
	&quot;TZ&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 43655,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 846,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 13.073345,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 32165792,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Tanzania&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 49.706203,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 53.212738,
		&quot;population&quot;: 64711822,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 34434932,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 39392420
	},
	&quot;UA&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 5555510,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 109937,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2678.2046,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 15741036,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Ukraine&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 38.347157,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 39.628956,
		&quot;population&quot;: 41048768,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 16267198,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 35735490
	},
	&quot;UG&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 172234,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 3632,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 76.76583,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 13061126,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Uganda&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 27.605951,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 42.34208,
		&quot;population&quot;: 47312718,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 20033188,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 26406936
	},
	&quot;US&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 103436829,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1238189,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 3625.375,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 230637340,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;United States&quot;,
		&quot;note_vaccination&quot;: &quot;Includes [[Freely Associated States]]&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 67.52983,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 79.1216,
		&quot;population&quot;: 341534041,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 270227170,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 676728770
	},
	&quot;UY&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1043251,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 7696,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2269.5952,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 2903186,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Uruguay&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 85.616646,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 88.780334,
		&quot;population&quot;: 3390913,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 3010464,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 9037498
	},
	&quot;UZ&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 175158,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1016,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 29.079292,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 18451780,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Uzbekistan&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 52.81149,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 63.237354,
		&quot;population&quot;: 34938953,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 22094470,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 83937950
	},
	&quot;VA&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 26,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 0,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 0,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: null,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Vatican City&quot;,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: null,
		&quot;population&quot;: 513,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: null,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: null
	},
	&quot;VC&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 9674,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 124,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1214.9359,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 31632,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Saint Vincent and the Grenadines&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 30.992622,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 36.773365,
		&quot;population&quot;: 102063,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 37532,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 73443
	},
	&quot;VE&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 552745,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 5856,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 207.56378,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 14966671,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Venezuela&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 53.048817,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 78.5355,
		&quot;population&quot;: 28213015,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 22157232,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 37860990
	},
	&quot;VG&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 7661,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 64,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1669.0137,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 18261,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;British Virgin Islands&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 47.621655,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 50.764095,
		&quot;population&quot;: 38346,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 19466,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 41453
	},
	&quot;VI&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 25389,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 132,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1525.6411,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;United States Virgin Islands&quot;,
		&quot;population&quot;: 86521
	},
	&quot;VN&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 11624000,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 43206,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 433.44418,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 85961570,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Vietnam&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 86.23695,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 90.7876,
		&quot;population&quot;: 99680656,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 90497670,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 266492140
	},
	&quot;VU&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 12019,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 14,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 44.71972,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 162250,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Vanuatu&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 51.82696,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 56.418396,
		&quot;population&quot;: 313061,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 176624,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 366638
	},
	&quot;WF&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 3760,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 9,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 782.54065,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 6803,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Wallis and Futuna&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 59.15138,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 62.168507,
		&quot;population&quot;: 11501,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 7150,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 18058
	},
	&quot;WS&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 17057,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 31,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 144.0052,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 177954,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Samoa&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 82.66549,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 88.912994,
		&quot;population&quot;: 215270,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 191403,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 453083
	},
	&quot;XC&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: null,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: null,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 313067,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Northern Cyprus&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 81.78,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 78.8,
		&quot;population&quot;: 382836,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 301673,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 861519
	},
	&quot;XK&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 274279,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 3212,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1869.6703,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 825082,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Kosovo&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 48.027126,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 52.787216,
		&quot;population&quot;: 1717950,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 906858,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 1837446
	},
	&quot;XT&quot;: {},
	&quot;XW&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 779135536,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 7114321,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 894.0462,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 5197972500,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;World&quot;,
		&quot;note&quot;: &quot;Countries which do not report data for a column are not included in that column's world total.&quot;,
		&quot;note_vaccination&quot;: &quot;Countries which do not report the number of people who have received at least one dose are not included in the world total.&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 65.10431,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 70.706406,
		&quot;population&quot;: 8021407196,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 5645247500,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 13724514000
	},
	&quot;YE&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 11945,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 2159,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 56.484497,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 807057,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Yemen&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 2.1114502,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 2.7475743,
		&quot;population&quot;: 38222878,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 1050202,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 1298654
	},
	&quot;YT&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 42027,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 187,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 612.55444,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Mayotte&quot;,
		&quot;population&quot;: 305279
	},
	&quot;ZA&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 4073188,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 102595,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1644.7195,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 21038796,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;South Africa&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 33.727688,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 38.81303,
		&quot;population&quot;: 62378417,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 24210952,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 41798812
	},
	&quot;ZM&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 349892,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 4078,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 202.35266,
		&quot;deatmillion&quot;: 194.708,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 9213802,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Zambia&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 45.719406,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 58.113445,
		&quot;population&quot;: 20152935,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 11711565,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 13615707
	},
	&quot;ZW&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 266436,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 5740,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 357.2082,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 5662119,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Zimbabwe&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 35.236153,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 46.83461,
		&quot;population&quot;: 16069061,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 7525882,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 13935112
	}
}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ron Carter</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>928055</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880401</id>
      <parentid>10850330</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T15:28:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jun62026herme1</username>
        <id>1817399</id>
      </contributor>
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      <origin>10880401</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2773" sha1="gzkoxhdz3z6gexy0p5eaf2iayzflzlp" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox musical artist
| name             = Ron Carter
| image            = Mistura Fina Jazz Festival - Maio 2019 (40904498013) (cropped).jpg
| caption          = Carter performing in May 2019
| background       = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| birth_name       = Ronald Levin Carter
| birth_date       = {{Birth date|1937|05|04|mf=y}}
| birth_place      = [[Ferndale, Michigan]], U.S.
| death_date       = {{Death date and age|2026|06|06|1937|05|04|mf=y}}
| genre            = [[Jazz]]
| occupation       = {{flatlist|
*Musician
*educator}}
| instrument       = {{flatlist|
*[[Double bass]]
*[[cello]]
*[[Piccolo bass]]
*[[electric bass]]}}
| years_active     = 1960–present
| label            = {{flatlist|
*[[Blue Note Records|Blue Note]]
*[[CTI Records|CTI]]
*[[Embryo Records|Embryo]]
*[[Milestone Records|Milestone]]
*[[Prestige Records|Prestige]]
*[[Sunnyside Records|Sunnyside]]}}
| associated_acts  = [[Miles Davis Quintet#Second Great Quintet (1964–68)|Miles Davis Quintet]], [[Wayne Shorter]], [[Herbie Hancock]], [[McCoy Tyner]], [[Jim Hall (musician)|Jim Hall]]
}}

'''Ronald Levin Carter''' (born May 4, 1937)&lt;ref name=&quot;feather&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Feather |first1=Leonard |last2=Gitler |first2=Ira |title=Carter, Ron (Ronald Levin) |encyclopedia=The Biographical Encyclopedia of Jazz |date=1999 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York |pages=115}}&lt;/ref&gt; is an American [[jazz]] [[double bassist]]. He appeared in over 2,220 recording sessions, making him the most-recorded jazz bassist in history.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2016/1/ron-carter-earns-world-record-as-the-most-recorded-jazz-bassist-in-history-411828|title=Ron Carter earns world record as the most recorded jazz bassist in history|date=January 7, 2016|author1=Rachel Swatman|publisher=[[Guinness Book of World Records]]|access-date=August 2, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Carter has three [[Grammy Award]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-11-19|title=Ron Carter|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/ron-carter|access-date=2020-07-13|website=GRAMMY.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Carter is also a [[Cello|cellist]] who has recorded many times on that instrument.&lt;ref name=&quot;wynn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/ron-carter-mn0000275832/biography |title=Ron Carter Biography |last=Wynn |first=Ron |website=AllMusic |access-date=October 26, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Carter, Ron}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American bass guitarists]]
[[Category:American jazz musicians]]
[[Category:American cellists]]
[[Category:Musicians from Michigan]]
[[Category:Educators from Michigan]]
[[Category:20th-century musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century musicians]]


{{US-bio-stub}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-06T15:36:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Barras</username>
        <id>40117</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>[[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/Jun62026herme1|Jun62026herme1]] ([[User talk:Jun62026herme1|talk]]) to last version by Annh07</comment>
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      <text bytes="2710" sha1="j9qj17fg6ueu1gvol9zoksi866bsbsc" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox musical artist
| name             = Ron Carter
| image            = Mistura Fina Jazz Festival - Maio 2019 (40904498013) (cropped).jpg
| caption          = Carter performing in May 2019
| background       = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| birth_name       = Ronald Levin Carter
| birth_date       = {{Birth date and age|1937|05|04|mf=y}}
| birth_place      = [[Ferndale, Michigan]], U.S.
| genre            = [[Jazz]]
| occupation       = {{flatlist|
*Musician
*educator}}
| instrument       = {{flatlist|
*[[Double bass]]
*[[cello]]
*[[Piccolo bass]]
*[[electric bass]]}}
| years_active     = 1960–present
| label            = {{flatlist|
*[[Blue Note Records|Blue Note]]
*[[CTI Records|CTI]]
*[[Embryo Records|Embryo]]
*[[Milestone Records|Milestone]]
*[[Prestige Records|Prestige]]
*[[Sunnyside Records|Sunnyside]]}}
| associated_acts  = [[Miles Davis Quintet#Second Great Quintet (1964–68)|Miles Davis Quintet]], [[Wayne Shorter]], [[Herbie Hancock]], [[McCoy Tyner]], [[Jim Hall (musician)|Jim Hall]]
}}

'''Ronald Levin Carter''' (born May 4, 1937)&lt;ref name=&quot;feather&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Feather |first1=Leonard |last2=Gitler |first2=Ira |title=Carter, Ron (Ronald Levin) |encyclopedia=The Biographical Encyclopedia of Jazz |date=1999 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York |pages=115}}&lt;/ref&gt; is an American [[jazz]] [[double bassist]]. He appeared in over 2,220 recording sessions, making him the most-recorded jazz bassist in history.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2016/1/ron-carter-earns-world-record-as-the-most-recorded-jazz-bassist-in-history-411828|title=Ron Carter earns world record as the most recorded jazz bassist in history|date=January 7, 2016|author1=Rachel Swatman|publisher=[[Guinness Book of World Records]]|access-date=August 2, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Carter has three [[Grammy Award]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-11-19|title=Ron Carter|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/ron-carter|access-date=2020-07-13|website=GRAMMY.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Carter is also a [[Cello|cellist]] who has recorded many times on that instrument.&lt;ref name=&quot;wynn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/ron-carter-mn0000275832/biography |title=Ron Carter Biography |last=Wynn |first=Ron |website=AllMusic |access-date=October 26, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Carter, Ron}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American bass guitarists]]
[[Category:American jazz musicians]]
[[Category:American cellists]]
[[Category:Musicians from Michigan]]
[[Category:Educators from Michigan]]
[[Category:20th-century musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century musicians]]


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  <page>
    <title>Parapet</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>929201</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-07T01:29:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LightProof1995</username>
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      <comment>Edited definition</comment>
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      <text bytes="273" sha1="eu631jsvhj1agjuxvp6xy23s3pfd9vd" xml:space="preserve">A '''parapet''' lines the edge of a [[wall]] for decorative or protective purposes. They can be on all types of walls: a low wall, the [[roof]] of a building, the sides of a [[bridge]] or the top of a [[defensive wall]] can all have a parapet.

[[Category:Walls]]

{{stub}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Energy security</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>932705</id>
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      <id>10880347</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-06T14:04:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>103847</id>
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      <comment>about energy efficiency</comment>
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      <text bytes="2641" sha1="sy2pxqodqn3oz06xqv2wszfdzpaq210" xml:space="preserve">[[File:US_Navy_110901-N-JM744-016_A_Navy_Energy_Security_logo_is_displayed_on_the_intake_of_an_F-A-18_Hornet.jpg|thumb|US Navy 110901-N-JM744-016 A Navy Energy Security logo is displayed on the intake of an F-A-18 Hornet]]
'''Energy security''' is the association between national security and the availability of [[Natural resource|natural resources]] for energy consumption. Accessing to (relatively) cheap energy has become essential to the functioning of [[Economies|modern economies]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-11-17|title=Power plays: Energy and Australia's security - Australian Strategic Policy Institute|url=https://www.aspi.org.au/publications/power-plays-energy-and-australias-security|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117063556/https://www.aspi.org.au/publications/power-plays-energy-and-australias-security|archive-date=2015-11-17|access-date=2022-05-30|website=Aspi.org.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;

However, the uneven distribution of energy supplies among countries has led to significant [[vulnerability|vulnerabilities]]. International energy relations have contributed to the [[globalization]] of the world leading to energy security and energy [[vulnerability]] at the same time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ScienceDirect.com {{!}} Science, health and medical journals, full text articles and books.|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/?ref=pdf_download&amp;fr=RR-11&amp;rr=7134dc5dc9df2863|access-date=2022-05-30|website=www.sciencedirect.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rapid deployment of [[renewable energy]] and [[energy efficiency]], and technological diversification of energy sources including [[nuclear power|nuclear energy]] result in significant energy security and economic benefits.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=[[International Energy Agency]]|year=2012|title=Energy Technology Perspectives 2012|url=http://www.iea.org/Textbase/npsum/ETP2012SUM.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708132858/http://www.iea.org/Textbase/npsum/ETP2012SUM.pdf|archive-date=2012-07-08|access-date=2012-07-08|publisher=IEA|location=Paris}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reference ==
{{Reflist}}

==Other websites==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.ensec.org Journal of Energy Security]
*[http://www.iags.org Institute for the Analysis of Global Security: Energy Security Research]
*[http://www.usesc.org United States Energy Security Council]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070614110708/http://www.colorado.edu/law/eesi/ Energy and Environmental Security Initiative (EESI)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928204423/http://www.usembassy.at/en/download/pdf/nato_energy.pdf NATO and Energy Security]

[[Category:Energy]]
[[Category:National security]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Patrick Godfrey</title>
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      <text bytes="2306" sha1="6kge5aji9my2ab1c9ruz2x3zbm7vjvx" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Patrick Godfrey
| image = 
| caption = 
| birth_name = Patrick Lindesay Archibald Godfrey
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1933|02|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Finsbury]], [[London]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2026|6|4|1933|02|13|df=y}}
| death_place = 
| occupation = Actor
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Amanda Walker]]|1960}}
| children = 2
}}

'''Patrick Lindesay Archibald Godfrey''' (13 February 1933 &amp;ndash; 4 June 2026) was an English actor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2ba04ac482|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722171624/http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2ba04ac482|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-07-22|title=Patrick Godfrey|work=BFI}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/westend/article/patrick-godfrey-emma-hamilton-more-complete-cast-of-almeidas-master-builder-20100916-page2|title=Patrick Godfrey, Emma Hamilton &amp; More Complete Cast of Almeida's MASTER BUILDER|author=BWW News Desk|website=BroadwayWorld.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is known for his roles in ''[[A Room with a View (1985 movie)|A Room with a View]]'', ''[[The Remains of the Day (movie)|The Remains of the Day]]'', ''[[The Importance of Being Earnest (2002 movie)|The Importance of Being Earnest]]'', ''[[The Count of Monte Cristo (2002 movie)|The Count of Monte Cristo]]'', ''[[Dimensions (2011 movie)|Dimensions]]'' and ''[[Les Misérables (2012 movie)|Les Misérables]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Patrick Godfrey|url=http://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/discover-more/artists/patrick-godfrey|website=nationaltheatre.org.uk|publisher=National Theatre|accessdate=8 April 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030061956/http://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/discover-more/artists/patrick-godfrey|archivedate=30 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Godfrey died on 4 June 2026 at the age of 93.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Patrick Godfrey |url=https://www.markhamfroggattandirwin.com/2026/06/patrick-godfrey/ |website=Markham Froggatt &amp; Irwin |access-date=6 June 2026 |date=5 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Godfrey, Patrick}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:English movie actors]]
[[Category:English stage actors]]
[[Category:English television actors]]
[[Category:Actors from London]]


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      <text bytes="2307" sha1="nqhdlret8gkvpmfv3gg657i2amyewp1" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Patrick Godfrey
| image = 
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| birth_date = {{Birth date|1933|02|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Finsbury]], [[London]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2026|6|4|1933|02|13|df=y}}
| death_place = 
| occupation = Actor
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Amanda Walker]]|1960}}
| children = 2
}}

'''Patrick Lindesay Archibald Godfrey''' (13 February 1933 &amp;ndash; 4 June 2026) was an English actor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2ba04ac482|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722171624/http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2ba04ac482|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-07-22|title=Patrick Godfrey|work=BFI}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/westend/article/patrick-godfrey-emma-hamilton-more-complete-cast-of-almeidas-master-builder-20100916-page2|title=Patrick Godfrey, Emma Hamilton &amp; More Complete Cast of Almeida's MASTER BUILDER|author=BWW News Desk|website=BroadwayWorld.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was known for his roles in ''[[A Room with a View (1985 movie)|A Room with a View]]'', ''[[The Remains of the Day (movie)|The Remains of the Day]]'', ''[[The Importance of Being Earnest (2002 movie)|The Importance of Being Earnest]]'', ''[[The Count of Monte Cristo (2002 movie)|The Count of Monte Cristo]]'', ''[[Dimensions (2011 movie)|Dimensions]]'' and ''[[Les Misérables (2012 movie)|Les Misérables]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Patrick Godfrey|url=http://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/discover-more/artists/patrick-godfrey|website=nationaltheatre.org.uk|publisher=National Theatre|accessdate=8 April 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030061956/http://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/discover-more/artists/patrick-godfrey|archivedate=30 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Godfrey died on 4 June 2026 at the age of 93.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Patrick Godfrey |url=https://www.markhamfroggattandirwin.com/2026/06/patrick-godfrey/ |website=Markham Froggatt &amp; Irwin |access-date=6 June 2026 |date=5 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Godfrey, Patrick}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:English movie actors]]
[[Category:English stage actors]]
[[Category:English television actors]]
[[Category:Actors from London]]


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      <comment>removed [[Category:Living people]]; added [[Category:2026 deaths]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="2305" sha1="nj2bwu522h4eg5r05iedobdo9yh5yza" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Patrick Godfrey
| image = 
| caption = 
| birth_name = Patrick Lindesay Archibald Godfrey
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1933|02|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Finsbury]], [[London]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2026|6|4|1933|02|13|df=y}}
| death_place = 
| occupation = Actor
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Amanda Walker]]|1960}}
| children = 2
}}

'''Patrick Lindesay Archibald Godfrey''' (13 February 1933 &amp;ndash; 4 June 2026) was an English actor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2ba04ac482|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722171624/http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2ba04ac482|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-07-22|title=Patrick Godfrey|work=BFI}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/westend/article/patrick-godfrey-emma-hamilton-more-complete-cast-of-almeidas-master-builder-20100916-page2|title=Patrick Godfrey, Emma Hamilton &amp; More Complete Cast of Almeida's MASTER BUILDER|author=BWW News Desk|website=BroadwayWorld.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was known for his roles in ''[[A Room with a View (1985 movie)|A Room with a View]]'', ''[[The Remains of the Day (movie)|The Remains of the Day]]'', ''[[The Importance of Being Earnest (2002 movie)|The Importance of Being Earnest]]'', ''[[The Count of Monte Cristo (2002 movie)|The Count of Monte Cristo]]'', ''[[Dimensions (2011 movie)|Dimensions]]'' and ''[[Les Misérables (2012 movie)|Les Misérables]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Patrick Godfrey|url=http://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/discover-more/artists/patrick-godfrey|website=nationaltheatre.org.uk|publisher=National Theatre|accessdate=8 April 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030061956/http://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/discover-more/artists/patrick-godfrey|archivedate=30 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Godfrey died on 4 June 2026 at the age of 93.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Patrick Godfrey |url=https://www.markhamfroggattandirwin.com/2026/06/patrick-godfrey/ |website=Markham Froggatt &amp; Irwin |access-date=6 June 2026 |date=5 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Godfrey, Patrick}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:English movie actors]]
[[Category:English stage actors]]
[[Category:English television actors]]
[[Category:Actors from London]]


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    <title>Roya TV</title>
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        <id>1817735</id>
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      <comment>Redirected page to [[Amman]]</comment>
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        <username>CountryANDWestern</username>
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      <comment>[[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit(s) by [[User:~2026-33192-75|~2026-33192-75]]:  ([[User:BZPN/MassRollback|MR]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="1845" sha1="39khje6hdwc0izhixw3uc0ky1yn39hl" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox television channel
| name           = Roya TV
| logo           = Roya Tv Logo.svg
| country        = Jordan
| area           = Worldwide
| headquarters   = Jordan Media City, Amman, Jordan
| language       = Arabic
| picture_format = [[SDTV]] / [[HDTV]]
| owner          = Sayegh Group
| founder        = Fares Sayegh&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://beamman.com/index.php/amman-through-the-eyes/item/634-amman-through-the-eyes-of-fares-sayegh|title=Amman Through the Eyes of Fares Sayegh|access-date=2022-06-03|archive-date=2023-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715054919/http://beamman.com/index.php/amman-through-the-eyes/item/634-amman-through-the-eyes-of-fares-sayegh|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.stage32.com/profile/948077/about|title = Fares Sayegh - Fares's Bio, Credits, Awards, and more}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| launch_date = 1 January 2011
| sat_chan_1     = 11957 H / 12398 V  
| sat_serv_2 = [[Dish Network]]
| sat_chan_2 = Channel 632
| online_serv_1 = [[Sling TV]]
| online_chan_1 = [[IPTV|Internet Protocol television]]
| website        = {{URL|www.roya.tv}}
}}
'''Roya TV''' is a [[Jordan]]ian private independent satellite TV channel. It is based in [[Amman]]. It is owned by Sayegh Group.

== Programming ==
Roya TV's programming has four periods: morning, mid-day, afternoon, and evening. Most of the content is based on live shows.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.roya.tv/programs-list|title=رؤيا {{!}} البرامج|publisher=Roya TV|access-date=30 March 2019|trans-title=Roya TV {{!}} Programs|language=ar|archive-date=31 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331020658/https://www.roya.tv/programs-list|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{coord missing|Jordan}}

[[Category:2011 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Television stations]]

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  <page>
    <title>Eusebio Escobar</title>
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        <username>Diademchild</username>
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      <comment>added relevant infobox</comment>
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      <text bytes="1315" sha1="r15c842qr1ge77zxcke4ve28gyv4hmy" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football biography
|name=Eusebio Escobar
|image=
|image_size=
|caption=
|fullname=Eusebio Escobar Ramírez
|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1936|7|2}}
|birth_place=[[Colombia]]
|death_date=
|death_place=
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'''Eusebio Escobar Ramírez''' (born 2 July 1936) is a Colombian [[soccer|footballer]]. 

He played for the [[Colombia national football team]] at the [[1962 FIFA World Cup]].

Escobar is one of the all-time leading goal-scorers in the history of the Colombian league. He played for [[Deportivo Cali]], [[Atlético Bucaramanga]], [[América de Cali]], [[Deportivo Pereira]], [[Deportes Quindío]], [[Atlético Nacional]], [[Independiente Medellín]] and [[Deportivo Manizales]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[RSSSF]]|author=Ballesteros, Frank|title=Colombia - All-Time Topscorers|url=http://www.rsssf.com/tablesc/coltops-allt.html|date=21 February 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Escobar, Eusebio}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Colombian footballers]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Medellín]]

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| death_place = [[Pennsylvania]], U.S.
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'''John Doyle Ong''' (September 29, 1933 &amp;ndash; June 4, 2026) was an American business executive and politician. He was the [[United States Ambassador to Norway]] from 2002 to 2005 during the [[George W. Bush]] presidency.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=John Doyle Ong|url=https://www.case.edu/international/pdfs/Bio-John_Doy_Leong.pdf|accessdate=February 8, 2016|publisher=Case Western Reserve University|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714044637/http://www.case.edu/international/pdfs/Bio-John_Doy_Leong.pdf|archivedate=July 14, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ong was born in [[Uhrichsville, Ohio]].

Ong died from [[kidney failure]] at a hospital in [[Pennsylvania]] on June 4, 2026, at the age of 92.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Price |first1=Mark J. |title=Former B.F. Goodrich CEO and U.S. Ambassador John D. Ong dies at 92 |url=https://eu.beaconjournal.com/story/news/local/2026/06/05/former-b-f-goodrich-ceo-and-united-states-ambassador-john-ong-dies-at-92/90427971007/ |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=Akron Beacon Journal |date=5 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ong, John Doyle}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of the United States to Norway]]
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'''John Doyle Ong''' (September 29, 1933 &amp;ndash; June 4, 2026) was an American business executive and politician. He was the [[United States Ambassador to Norway]] from 2002 to 2005 during the [[George W. Bush]] presidency.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=John Doyle Ong|url=https://www.case.edu/international/pdfs/Bio-John_Doy_Leong.pdf|accessdate=February 8, 2016|publisher=Case Western Reserve University|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714044637/http://www.case.edu/international/pdfs/Bio-John_Doy_Leong.pdf|archivedate=July 14, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ong was born in [[Uhrichsville, Ohio]].

Ong died from [[kidney failure]] at a hospital in [[Pennsylvania]] on June 4, 2026, at the age of 92.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Price |first1=Mark J. |title=Former B.F. Goodrich CEO and U.S. Ambassador John D. Ong dies at 92 |url=https://eu.beaconjournal.com/story/news/local/2026/06/05/former-b-f-goodrich-ceo-and-united-states-ambassador-john-ong-dies-at-92/90427971007/ |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=Akron Beacon Journal |date=5 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ong, John Doyle}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of the United States to Norway]]
[[Category:Politicians from Ohio]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Ohio]]
[[Category:Republican Party (United States) politicians]]
[[Category:Deaths from renal failure]]
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'''''Teen Titans Go! To the Movies''''' sucks
==Basis==
It is based on the television series ''[[Teen Titans Go!]]''. The television series is based on the [[DC Comics]] superhero team of the same name. 

==Production==
This movie is written and produced by series developers [[Michael Jelenic]] and [[Aaron Horvath]]. It was directed by series producer [[Peter Rida Michail]] and Horvath. The screenplay was made by [[Luke Cormican]]. The events of the movie take place during the fifth season of the series. It is the most recent [[feature movie]] to date from [[Warner Bros. Animation]] to be released outside of [[Warner Animation Group]], and was the first time on [[Warner Bros. Pictures]] released a first theatrical feature movie.

[[Category:2018 animated movies]]
[[Category:2018 comedy movies]]
[[Category:2010s English-language movies]]
[[Category:2010s superhero movies]]
[[Category:American animated comedy movies]]
[[Category:Animated movies based on animated series]]
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{{movie-stub}}
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'''''Teen Titans Go! To the Movies''''' is a 2018 American animated [[Superhero movie|superhero]] [[comedy movie]]. In the movie, the [[Teen Titans]] go back in time to stop all the superheroes from being created so Robin can star in his own movie. After finding out the [[movie director]] is Slade, they defeat Slade, and life goes back to normal.  It was released on July 27, 2018.

==Basis==
It is based on the television series ''[[Teen Titans Go!]]''. The television series is based on the [[DC Comics]] superhero team of the same name. 

==Production==
This movie is written and produced by series developers [[Michael Jelenic]] and [[Aaron Horvath]]. It was directed by series producer [[Peter Rida Michail]] and Horvath. The screenplay was made by [[Luke Cormican]]. The events of the movie take place during the fifth season of the series. It is the most recent [[feature movie]] to date from [[Warner Bros. Animation]] to be released outside of [[Warner Animation Group]], and was the first time on [[Warner Bros. Pictures]] released a first theatrical feature movie.

[[Category:2018 animated movies]]
[[Category:2018 comedy movies]]
[[Category:2010s English-language movies]]
[[Category:2010s superhero movies]]
[[Category:American animated comedy movies]]
[[Category:Animated movies based on animated series]]
[[Category:American musical comedy movies]]
{{movie-stub}}
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[[Category:Warner Bros. movies]]</text>
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worst show ever, dont watch it, lol


==Basis==
It is based on the television series ''[[Teen Titans Go!]]''. The television series is based on the [[DC Comics]] superhero team of the same name. 

==Production==
This movie is written and produced by series developers [[Michael Jelenic]] and [[Aaron Horvath]]. It was directed by series producer [[Peter Rida Michail]] and Horvath. The screenplay was made by [[Luke Cormican]]. The events of the movie take place during the fifth season of the series. It is the most recent [[feature movie]] to date from [[Warner Bros. Animation]] to be released outside of [[Warner Animation Group]], and was the first time on [[Warner Bros. Pictures]] released a first theatrical feature movie.

[[Category:2018 animated movies]]
[[Category:2018 comedy movies]]
[[Category:2010s English-language movies]]
[[Category:2010s superhero movies]]
[[Category:American animated comedy movies]]
[[Category:Animated movies based on animated series]]
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'''''Teen Titans Go! To the Movies''''' is a 2018 American animated [[Superhero movie|superhero]] [[comedy movie]]. In the movie, the [[Teen Titans]] go back in time to stop all the superheroes from being created so Robin can star in his own movie. After finding out the [[movie director]] is Slade, they defeat Slade, and life goes back to normal.  It was released on July 27, 2018.

==Basis==
It is based on the television series ''[[Teen Titans Go!]]''. The television series is based on the [[DC Comics]] superhero team of the same name. 

==Production==
This movie is written and produced by series developers [[Michael Jelenic]] and [[Aaron Horvath]]. It was directed by series producer [[Peter Rida Michail]] and Horvath. The screenplay was made by [[Luke Cormican]]. The events of the movie take place during the fifth season of the series. It is the most recent [[feature movie]] to date from [[Warner Bros. Animation]] to be released outside of [[Warner Animation Group]], and was the first time on [[Warner Bros. Pictures]] released a first theatrical feature movie.

[[Category:2018 animated movies]]
[[Category:2018 comedy movies]]
[[Category:2010s English-language movies]]
[[Category:2010s superhero movies]]
[[Category:American animated comedy movies]]
[[Category:Animated movies based on animated series]]
[[Category:American musical comedy movies]]
{{movie-stub}}
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  <page>
    <title>2022 Melilla incident</title>
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      <text bytes="10342" sha1="5pce6x7xnvyl8f7w6i47ne9eubg2jm1" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox event|image=Garita de vigilancia en la frontera de Melilla.jpg|date={{start date|2022|06|24}}|location=[[Melilla border fence]] between [[Morocco]] and [[Spain]]|reported deaths=23 migrants|reported injuries={{ubl|
*140 law enforcement officers 
*77 migrants}}}}

On June 24, 2022, at least 37 migrants were killed at the [[:en:Melilla border fence|Melilla border fence]] during an issue with Moroccan and Spanish security forces. Issues broke out as between 500 and 2,000 people gathered in the early hours of the day to cross the border with [[Spain]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=March 6, 2022|title=Spanish minister defends police accused of brutality at Melilla border|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/06/spanish-minister-defends-police-accused-brutality-melilla-border|access-date=June 28, 2022|website=the Guardian|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-06-26|title=Calls for investigation over deaths in Moroccan-Spanish border crossing|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/26/calls-investigation-deaths-moroccan-spanish-border-melilla-enclave-crossing|access-date=2022-06-29|website=the Guardian|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Incident ==
The incident happened in the morning when around 2,000 migrants crossing from Morocco tried to attack and break through the Melilla border fence. Security forces from both nations managed to stop the crowd. But they resulted in violent fighting with the migrants lasting for two hours. Spanish and Moroccan officials said that  migrants  had assaulted their border guards with weapons  and they had to fight back in self-defense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=June 25, 2022|title=Images show motionless, bleeding migrants at Melilla border|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/dozens-migrants-piled-ground-melilla-disaster-rights-group-says-2022-06-25/|access-date=June 25, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to authorities, fleeing migrants trampled over each other causing a [[human stampede]] and killing several people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Rabat|first=Agence France-Presse in|date=June 25, 2022|title=Eighteen killed as hundreds try to cross into Spain’s Melilla enclave|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/25/eighteen-killed-as-throng-of-migrants-storms-spains-melilla-border-from-morocco|access-date=June 25, 2022|website=the Guardian|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Several other migrants fell from the fence onto the ground.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=June 25, 2022|title=Several migrants die in mass attempt to enter Spain's enclave Melilla in Morocco|url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220625-18-migrants-die-in-mass-attempt-to-enter-spain-s-enclave-melilla-in-marocco|access-date=June 25, 2022|website=France 24|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; At least 18 migrants were killed, five of them died during the crossing attempt and thirteen of them died from their injuries in the hospital.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Morocco: 18 migrants dead in stampede to enter Melilla|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/morocco-migrants-dead-stampede-bid-enter-melilla-85647583|access-date=June 25, 2022|website=[[ABC News]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Morocco said that at least 63 other migrants had injuries and that 140 Moroccan officers had been hurt, five seriously,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; and 49 [[:en:Spanish Civil Guard|Spanish Civil Guards]] were lightly injured.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; The Moroccan Association for [[Human rights|Human Rights]] said that 29 migrants had been killed,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; while 133 people managed to cross the fence.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; A number of [[:en:Pushback (migration)|pushbacks]] from Spain to Morocco took place.&lt;ref name=&quot;charges&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=June 27, 2022|title=La Fiscalía marroquí imputa a 32 detenidos en la tragedia de Melilla por tráfico de personas|url=https://www.eldiario.es/politica/ultima-hora-actualidad-politica_6_9120521_1091801.html|website=[[eldiario.es]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An [[:en:NGO|NGO]] called Walking Borders estimated at least 37 killed.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; NGOs also reported that two Moroccan gendarmes were killed.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=EFE/elDiario.es|date=2022-06-24|title=Las ONG elevan a 37 los migrantes muertos en su intento de saltar la valla de Melilla|url=https://www.eldiario.es/desalambre/cinco-migrantes-muertos-76-heridos-marruecos-saltar-valla-melilla_1_9116410.html|access-date=2022-06-29|website=ElDiario.es|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Prime Minister of Spain]] [[Pedro Sánchez]] said that the incident was a &quot;well-organized, violent assault&quot; by [[organized crime]] groups and thanked Spanish and Moroccan security forces for their actions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Sidi Salem cemetery operators prepared several graves where the Moroccan authorities plan to bury the deceased.&lt;ref name=&quot;elfaro&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Entierros en Nador de muertos en la tragedia de Melilla|url=https://elfarodeceuta.es/entierros-muertos-tragedia-melilla/|website=El Faro de Ceuta}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{update inline|date=September 2022}}

Among the detainees held in custody in [[:en:Nador|Nador]], a group of 32 people with the most serious offences were charged by the Moroccan public prosecutor's office. They were charged with &quot;organizing and facilitating the clandestine entry and exit of people to and from Morocco on a regular basis&quot;, kidnapping and retention of a civil servant to use them as a hostage, setting a fire in the forest, and insults and violence against Moroccan law enforcement agents.&lt;ref name=&quot;charges&quot; /&gt; Another group of 33 detainees were charged with minor offences.&lt;ref name=&quot;charges&quot; /&gt;

== Reactions ==
[[File:ProstestaMelilla2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ProstestaMelilla2.jpg|thumb|Spanish people protested the incident on the street]]
Faced with the informative silence throughout the day of the events and the leaking of videos and photographs of several unconscious, neglected, bloody, crowded and dead migrants in police custody, the situation took on a lot of international media coverage. The Prime Minister of the [[:en:Government of Spain|Government of Spain]], [[:en:Pedro Sánchez|Pedro Sánchez]] ([[:en:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]) justified the intervention and pointed out that “it is necessary to recognize the extraordinary work that the Moroccan Government has done in coordination with the security forces of the State of Spain for try to avoid a violent assault, it has been well-resolved by the two security forces&quot;, in addition to recognizing and thanking&quot; the importance of having [[:en:Morocco–Spain relations|relations]] with a strategic partner such as Morocco &quot;and pointing out the mafias as the only culprits of the events that occurred&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=March 6, 2022|title=Spanish minister defends police accused of brutality at Melilla border|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/06/spanish-minister-defends-police-accused-brutality-melilla-border|access-date=June 27, 2022|website=the Guardian|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Several of the actions condemned by human rights organizations have also occurred in Spanish jurisdiction and not only in Morocco, as initially pointed out.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=España|first=Amnistía Internacional|title=Amnistía Internacional: Nuevo salto con violaciones de derechos humanos en Melilla|url=https://www.es.amnesty.org/en-que-estamos/noticias/noticia/articulo/amnistia-internacional-nuevo-salto-con-violaciones-de-derechos-humanos-en-melilla/|access-date=June 27, 2022|website=www.es.amnesty.org|language=es-ES}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[:en:Civil Guard (Spain)|Spanish Civil Guard]] denied in statements to [[:en:Agence France-Presse|France Presse]] that it knew anything about this matter. According to Moroccan police sources, it was an action measured &quot;by the use of very violent methods&quot; by migrants and that they died &quot;only by the avalanche of people&quot; while crossing it.

Algerian President [[:en:Abdelmadjid Tebboune|Abdelmadjid Tebboune]] publicly accused Morocco of having committed &quot;a carnage&quot; in Melilla.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Efe|first=Agencia|title=El presidente argelino Abdelmadjid Tebboune cesa al ministro de Finanzas|url=https://www.eldebate.com/espana/20220614/presidente-argelino-cesa-ministro-finanzas.html|access-date=June 27, 2022|website=El debate}}&lt;/ref&gt; President-elect of Colombia [[:en:Gustavo Petro|Gustavo Petro]] expressed his solidarity with the families of the &quot;massacred victims&quot;. He also reaffirmed his commitment &quot;to all African peoples fighting hunger and for life.&quot; Due to media pressure, the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Morocco|Moroccan Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] convened an emergency meeting with representatives of African states to justify the actions alleging the violence by migrants when crossing the prison. In the case of the [[European Commission]], its spokeswoman for Foreign Affairs and Security, [[:en:Nabila Massrali|Nabila Massrali]], postulated that the European authorities had contacted the Moroccans to try to understand the event, but avoided demanding any report or research commission.

10 NGOs requested the identification and return of the remains to their families instead of a swift burial in the Sidi Salem cemetery near Nador.&lt;ref name=&quot;elfaro&quot; /&gt;

On June 26, hundreds of people demonstrated in Madrid, Barcelona and other Spanish cities against the &quot;massacre&quot; of at least 37 migrants. They asked for explanations for what happened, both from the Spanish and the Moroccan governments.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=June 27, 2022|title=Cientos de personas protestan en Madrid y Barcelona contra la &quot;masacre&quot; de Melilla|url=https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/5021443/0/cientos-de-personas-protestan-en-madrid-y-barcelona-contra-la-masacre-de-melilla/|website=[[20minutos.es]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On June 27, the [[African Union]] Commission called for an investigation into the Melilla tragedy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=African Union Commission calls for investigation into Melilla tragedy|url=https://atalayar.com/en/content/african-union-commission-calls-investigation-melilla-tragedy|access-date=June 28, 2022|website=Atalayar|language=en|archive-date=September 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922102049/https://atalayar.com/en/content/african-union-commission-calls-investigation-melilla-tragedy|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2022 in Spain]]
[[Category:2022 in Africa]]</text>
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    <title>Mazaris</title>
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      <text bytes="1667" sha1="gezti8ul6pcxriglmb3xt28o8s32m74" xml:space="preserve">'''Mazaris''' ({{lang-el|Μάζαρις}}) was a 15th-century [[Byzantine Greeks|Byzantine Greek]] [[author]] who wrote a [[satire]] titled ''Mazaris' Journey to Hades''.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Mazaris|1975}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Because his life is unknown, Mazaris has been loosely connected to two people with the same name: Manuel Mazaris, a hymnographer and ''protonotarios'' (or &quot;chief notary&quot;) of [[Thessaloniki]], and Maximus Mazaris, a [[monk]] and author of a book on rules of [[grammar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Romano|1999}} quoting {{harvnb|Trapp|1985}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ''Mazaris' Journey to Hades'' may have been written between January 1414 and October 1415.&lt;ref name=Mazaris&gt;{{harvnb|Mazaris|1975|p=vii}}.&lt;/ref&gt; It ridicules some [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] elites and exposes the [[evil]]s of the lower classes in the [[Peloponnese]].&lt;ref name=Mazaris/&gt;

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist|2}}

===Sources===
*{{cite book|author=Mazaris|year=1975|title=Mazaris' Journey to Hades: Or, Interviews with Dead Men about Certain Officials of the Imperial Court (Seminar Classics 609)|location=Buffalo, NY|publisher=Department of Classics, State University of New York at Buffalo}}
*{{cite book|last=Romano|first=Roberto|year=1999|title=La satira bizantina dei secoli XI-XV|location=Turin|publisher=Unione Tipografica}}
*{{cite book|last=Trapp|first=Erich|year=1985|title=Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit|location=Vienna|publisher=Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften}}
*Mazaris, Bir Ölüler Diyaloğu - Mazaris'in Hades'e Yolculuğu, çev: Engin Öztürk, İstanbul: Sarmal, 2024.

[[Category:15th-century people]]
[[Category:Greek writers]]

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NOTE: The information on this page was last updated at 2026-06-04T18:59:30Z.
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      <text bytes="25316" sha1="lcg37s2dw1b5d9lldym6jtomv580tba" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name               = John Musker
| image              = John Musker 01.jpg
| caption            = Musker at the 2016 [[Annecy International Animated Film Festival]]
| birth_name         = John Edward Musker
| birth_date         = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1953|11|8}}
| birth_place        = [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], U.S.
| alma_mater         = [[Northwestern University]] {{small|([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])}}&lt;br /&gt;[[California Institute of the Arts]] {{small|([[Master of Fine Arts|MFA]])}}
| occupation         = {{hlist|Animator|Movie director|Screenwriter|Movie producer}}
| years_active       = 1977–present
| employer           = [[Walt Disney Animation Studios]]
| spouse             = Gale Musker
| children           = 3
| signature          = Signature John Musker.jpg
}}
'''John Edward Musker''' (born November 8, 1953) is an American animator and moviemaker. He is best known for often collaborating with fellow director [[Ron Clements]] in writing and directing the [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Disney animated]] movies ''[[The Great Mouse Detective]]'' (1986), ''[[The Little Mermaid]]'' (1989), ''[[Aladdin (1992 Disney movie)|Aladdin]]'' (1992), ''[[Hercules (1997 movie)|Hercules]]'' (1997), ''[[Treasure Planet]]'' (2002), ''[[The Princess and the Frog]]'' (2009), and ''[[Moana (2016 movie)|Moana]]'' (2016).

== Early life ==
Musker was born in Chicago, Illinois, the second&lt;ref name=CSTJoanMusker /&gt;&lt;ref name=CTRobertMusker&gt;{{cite news|title=Death Notice: ROBERT J. MUSKER|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2008/11/24/death-notice-albert-h-silverman-phd/|access-date=March 21, 2015|work=Chicago Tribune|date=November 24, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; oldest of eight children in an [[Irish Catholic]] family. His father, Robert J. Musker, who worked for over 40 years at [[Illinois Bell|Illinois Bell Telephone]], died in 2008 at the age of 84,&lt;ref name=CTRobertMusker /&gt; and his mother, Joan T. Musker (née Lally), died in 2011 at the age of 81.&lt;ref name=CSTJoanMusker&gt;{{cite web|title=Joan Musker Obituary|url=http://legacy.suntimes.com/obituaries/chicagosuntimes/obituary.aspx?n=joan-musker&amp;pid=148635681|publisher=Chicago Sun-Times.com|access-date=March 21, 2015|date=February 15, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

He attended Loyola Academy in Illinois and graduated from the [[Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences]] at [[Northern University]],&lt;ref name=WCoAS&gt;{{cite web|last=Deneen|first=Nancy|title=The Animated Life of John Musker, Class of 1975|url=http://www.weinberg.northwestern.edu/alumni/crosscurrents/archive/2008-2009-fall-winter/musker.html|publisher=Weinberg College of Arts &amp; Sciences|access-date=October 30, 2013|date=2008|archive-date=October 20, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020173203/http://www.weinberg.northwestern.edu/alumni/crosscurrents/archive/2008-2009-fall-winter/musker.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; where he then majored in English and drew cartoons for the ''Daily Northwestern'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Animation and America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jhgXnXaOvlwC |publisher = Edinburgh University Press |date=2002-01-01 |isbn=978-1853312038 |language=en |first=Paul |last=Wells}}&lt;/ref&gt; After that, he obtained his Master of Fine Arts at CALARTS, [[California Institute of the Arts]] in Santa Clarita. There he served a two-year apprenticeship with famed animator [[Frank Thomas (animator)|Frank Thomas]], a supervising animator of Disney movies such as ''[[Peter Pan (1953 movie)|Peter Pan]]'' (1953), ''[[Lady and the Tramp]]'' (1955), and ''[[The Aristocats]]'' (1970).

==Career==
Musker met Ron Clements during the production of ''[[The Fox and the Hound]]'' in 1981, where he worked as a character animator under Clements and Cliff Nordberg. Musker teamed up with Clements as story artists on ''[[The Black Cauldron (movie)|The Black Cauldron]]'' before they were removed from the project.{{sfn|Thomas|1997|p=117}}

Following the [[greenlight]]ing of Clements's pitch for an adaptation of the children's book series ''[[Basil of Baker Street]]'' by [[Eve Titus]] into an animated feature, Musker and fellow story artist [[Burny Mattinson]] were assigned as the original directors while Dave Michener was brought in as an additional director. Due to a shortened production schedule and multiple story rewrites, [[Roy E. Disney]] assigned Mattinson to serve as director/producer while Ron Clements was brought in as another director.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Korkis |first=Jim |title=How Basil Saved Disney Feature Animation: Part One |url=http://travel.usatoday.com/alliance/destinations/mouseplanet/post/2011/02/How-Basil-Saved-Disney-Feature-Animation-Part-One/144296/1|newspaper=[[USA Today]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712004433/http://travel.usatoday.com/alliance/destinations/mouseplanet/post/2011/02/How-Basil-Saved-Disney-Feature-Animation-Part-One/144296/1|date=February 23, 2011 |archive-date=July 12, 2014 |access-date=December 28, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

While working on ''[[The Great Mouse Detective]]'', newly appointed Disney CEO and chairman [[Michael Eisner]] and [[Jeffrey Katzenberg]] issued invitations to the animation staff for their first held &quot;gong show&quot; session. Demanding only five new ideas, Clements pitched an adaptation of [[Hans Christian Andersen]]'s ''[[The Little Mermaid]]'' and a [[high-concept]] idea of ''[[Treasure Planet|Treasure Island in Space]]'', which were both rejected by Katzenberg and Eisner. The next morning, Katzenberg approached Clements and asked him to expand his initial [[Movie treatment|treatment]].{{sfn|Stewart|2005|p=95}}&lt;ref name=&quot;icmag&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://indie-cinema.com/2024/09/interview-with-film-director-and-animation-legend-john-musker/|work=Indie Cinema Magazine|author=Diana Ringo|title=Interview with film director and animation legend John Musker|date=September 8, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

With ''The Little Mermaid'' in production in 1986, Musker joined Clements in expanding the original treatment into a twenty-page rough script, eliminating the role of the mermaid's grandmother and expanding the roles of the Merman King and the sea witch,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media|title=Treasures Untold: The Making of Disney's &quot;The Little Mermaid&quot;|medium=Documentary film|location=''The Little Mermaid: Platinum Edition'' DVD|publisher=Walt Disney Home Entertainment|year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; and were later joined by [[Off-Broadway]] musical composers [[Howard Ashman]] and [[Alan Menken]] who collaborated on the song and musical score.{{sfn|Stewart|2005|p=}} Released in November 1989, ''[[The Little Mermaid (1989 movie)|The Little Mermaid]]'' was praised as a milestone in rebirth of Disney animation by movie critics and collected a domestic gross of $84 million,{{sfn|Thomas|1997|p=120}} cumulatively receiving $184.2 million worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?view2=worldwide&amp;yr=1989&amp;p=.htm|title=1989 Worldwide Grosses|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=December 28, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When work on ''The Little Mermaid'' was wrapped, Clements and Musker re-developed their idea for ''Treasure Planet'',&lt;ref name=&quot;treasure&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-dec-06-fi-treasure6-story.html|last1=Verrier|first1=Richard|last2=Eller|first2=Claudia|title=Disney's 'Treasure Planet' an Adventure in Losing Money|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=December 6, 2002|access-date=December 28, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; but the studio still expressed disinterest. Instead, the two directors were offered three projects in development: ''[[Swan Lake]]'', ''[[The Lion King#Development|King of the Jungle]]'', and ''[[Aladdin]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite interview|url=https://www.ew.com/article/2015/10/13/aladdin-roundtable|interviewer=Josh Labrecque|title=Everything you ever wanted to know about Aladdin|subject1=Ron Clements|subject2=John Musker|date=October 13, 2015|access-date=December 28, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The directors eventually chose the latter, desiring a wacky, faster-paced, and more contemporary mood separate from the previous Disney animated movies.&lt;ref name=&quot;aladdin&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Rhodes|first=Joe|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-11-08-ca-4-story.html|title=COVER STORY : What Would Walt Say? : The credits read Disney, but 'Aladdin' is a brand-new 'toon, an irreverent high-stakes gamble that veers sharply from tradition|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=November 8, 1992|access-date=December 28, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;icmag&quot;/&gt;

Working from Ashman and Menken's treatment and musical score, the two delivered a [[Storyboard#Animatics|story reel]] to Katzenberg in April 1991, which was strongly disapproved.&lt;ref name=&quot;aladdin&quot; /&gt; Jettisoning multiple characters and story ideas and adding [[Ted Elliott (screenwriter)|Ted Elliott]] and [[Terry Rossio]] as co-screenwriters, the production team restructured the entire story in eight days.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite video | people = John Musker, Ron Clements, Eric Goldberg, Amy Pell, Ed Gombert, Terry Rossio, Ted Elliot | title =  Reflections On Black Friday | location=''Aladdin: Platinum Edition''| medium = DVD | publisher = Walt Disney Home Video |date = 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt; Released in November 1992, ''[[Aladdin (1992 Disney movie)|Aladdin]]'' received positive reviews from critics, and became the first animated movie to gross over $200 million domestically.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Fox|first=David J.|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-04-21-ca-25327-story.html|title='Aladdin' Becomes a $200-Million Genie for Disney|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=April 21, 1993|access-date=December 28, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Following work on ''Aladdin'', Clements, along with Musker, resumed their work on ''Treasure Planet'', which was again turned down by Katzenberg in 1993, who disapproved of setting the adaptation of a classic adventure tale in outer space.&lt;ref name=&quot;treasure&quot; /&gt; A deal was struck with the two directors to create another commercial movie before he would approve ''Treasure Planet''. Rejecting projects in development such as ''[[Don Quixote]]'', ''[[The Odyssey]]'', and ''[[Around the World in Eighty Days]]'', they were later informed of animator Joe Haidar's pitch for a ''Hercules'' feature, and signed onto the project.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.laughingplace.com/News-PID115030-115034.asp | title=Who the hell do we get to play Hades?|publisher=Jim Hill Media|date=April 5, 2001|access-date=December 28, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During production on ''[[Hercules (1997 movie)|Hercules]]'', in 1995, Clements and Musker signed a seven-year contract deal with the studio which stipulated following ''Hercules'', the studio would produce ''Treasure Planet'' or another project of their choosing.&lt;ref name=&quot;treasure&quot; /&gt;

With ''Treasure Planet'' completed in 2002, Clements and Musker later inherited ''Fraidy Cat'', which was originally a project developed by Dutch animation director Piet Kroon.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Bad day in the barnyard|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-apr-05-et-lowe5-story.html|work=Los Angeles Times|date=April 5, 2004|access-date=December 28, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ''Fraidy Cat'', however, never saw its light of day, as [[David Stainton]], then-president of Walt Disney Feature Animation, refused to green-light the project.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2005/08/18/662.aspx| last=Hill | first=Jim | title=Why was the head of WDFA afraid to put &quot;Fraidy Cat&quot; into production?|publisher=Jim Hill Media| date=August 17, 2005 | access-date=December 28, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was soon followed with Clements and Musker's resignation from Walt Disney Feature Animation in September 2005.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Sito|first=Tom|author-link=Tom Sito|title=The Late, Great, 2D Animation Renaissance — Part 2|url=http://www.awn.com/animationworld/late-great-2d-animation-renaissance-part-2|work=[[Animation World Network]]|date=March 14, 2006|access-date=December 28, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When [[John Lasseter]] was appointed [[chief creative officer]] over Walt Disney Feature Animation in February 2006, he invited Clements and Musker back to Disney to oversee production on ''The Frog Princess'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite interview|title=An Interview with John Musker and Ron Clements|url=http://www.dvdizzy.com/princessandthefrog-interview.html|subject1=Ron Clements|subject2=John Musker|interviewer=Luke Bannano|work=DVD Dizzy|date=March 11, 2010|access-date=December 28, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;icmag&quot;/&gt; and were officially confirmed as directors in the following July.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.awn.com/news/comic-con-sees-stars-2d-officially-back-disney|title=Comic-Con Sees Stars, 2D Officially Back at Disney|work=Animation World Network|date=July 23, 2006|access-date=December 28, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later re-titled ''[[The Princess and the Frog]]'', the movie received positive reviews and grossed $267 million worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=princessandthefrog.htm|title=The Princess and the Frog (2009)|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|publisher=[[Internet Movie Database|IMDb]]|access-date=December 28, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

After directing ''The Princess and the Frog'', Clements and Musker started working on an adaptation of [[Terry Pratchett]]'s ''[[Mort]]'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Connelly|first=Brendon|title=What Disney's Film Of Terry Pratchett's Mort Might Have Looked Like... And A Preview Of Things To Come|url=http://www.bleedingcool.com/2013/04/06/what-disneys-film-of-terry-pratchetts-mort-might-have-looked-like-and-a-preview-of-things-to-come/|access-date=December 28, 2015|newspaper=Bleeding Cool|date=April 6, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; but obtaining the [[movie rights]] prevented them from continuing with the project.&lt;ref name=SCJClements /&gt; To avoid similar problems, they pitched three new ideas, where by 2011, the two directors started developing the movie based on an original idea.&lt;ref name=SCJClements&gt;{{cite news|last=Miller|first=Bruce|title=Sioux City native Ron Clements preps new film for Disney studio|url=http://siouxcityjournal.com/entertainment/movies/sioux-city-native-ron-clements-preps-new-film-for-disney/article_90931eff-4f52-5bfe-8fed-20b21ac104b7.html|access-date=December 28, 2015|newspaper=Sioux City Journal|date=August 24, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; In late 2012, the duo announced that they will be directing a new movie in the future, but they have their lips sealed for the title, the plot, and the animation style.

In July 2013, it was revealed that the movie, titled ''[[Moana (2016 film)|Moana]]'', would be &quot;a Polynesian tale involving the island folk and the idols made famous the world over&quot;.&lt;ref name=A113Slate&gt;{{cite news|last=Jardine|first=William|title=Tonnes of New Details Revealed About Disney's Upcoming Slate!|url=http://www.a113animation.com/2013/07/new-details-revealed-about-disneys.html|access-date=July 11, 2013|newspaper=Big Screen Animation|date=July 11, 2013|archive-date=July 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712054307/http://www.a113animation.com/2013/07/new-details-revealed-about-disneys.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; On November 10, 2014, Disney confirmed ''Moana'' would be released on November 23, 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Lang|first1=Brent|title=Disney Animation's 'Zootopia,' 'Moana' Hitting Theaters in 2016|url=https://variety.com/2014/film/news/disney-animations-zootopia-moana-hitting-theaters-in-2016-1201352502/|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=December 28, 2015|date=November 10, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In March 2018, having worked at Disney for 40 years, Musker announced his retirement from Walt Disney Animation Studios.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Amidi|first=Amid |author-link=Amid Amidi|url=https://www.cartoonbrew.com/animators/john-musker-co-director-aladdin-moana-retires-disney-40-years-157319.html|title=John Musker, Co-Director Of 'Aladdin' And 'Moana,' Retires From Disney After 40 Years|publisher=[[Cartoon Brew]]|date=March 19, 2018|access-date=March 19, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2023, he released his short movie ''I'm Hip'' which he animated by hand.&lt;ref name=&quot;icmag&quot;/&gt; 

== Personal life ==
Musker is married to Gale.&lt;ref name=CTMadcapStyle /&gt; They have twin sons, Jackson and Patrick, and a daughter, Julia.&lt;ref name=CTMadcapStyle&gt;{{cite news|last1=Dinello|first1=Dan|title=John Musker Brings Chicago Sensibility, Madcap Style To Disney|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1997/06/15/animaniac-4/|access-date=March 20, 2015|work=Chicago Tribune|date=June 15, 1997|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320025648/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1997-06-15/news/9706150171_1_john-lasseter-john-musker-first-disney-film|archive-date=March 20, 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also has sisters by the names of Patricia, Colleen, Kathleen, Maureen, and Terri, and two younger brothers, Robert and Martin.

==Filmography==
===Feature films=== 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Year
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Film
! colspan=&quot;6&quot;|Credited as
|-
! [[Film director|Director]]
! [[Screenwriter|Writer]]
! [[Film producer|Producer]]
! [[Animator]]
! Other
! Notes
|-
| 1981
| ''[[The Fox and the Hound]]''
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes|Character}}
| {{No}}
|
|-
| 1985
| ''[[The Black Cauldron (movie)|The Black Cauldron]]''
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| Additional Story Contributor
|-
| 1986
| ''[[The Great Mouse Detective]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes|Story}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| Developer - Uncredited 
|-
| 1989
| ''[[The Little Mermaid (1989 movie)|The Little Mermaid]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
|
|-
| 1992
| ''[[Aladdin (1992 Disney movie)|Aladdin]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes|Screenplay}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
|
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Hercules (1997 movie)|Hercules]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes|Screenplay}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
|
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Treasure Planet]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| Developer - uncredited
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Bolt (2008 movie)|Bolt]]''
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| Special Thanks
|-
| 2009
| ''[[The Princess and the Frog]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| Additional Voices
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Wreck-It Ralph]]''
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| Additional Visual Development Artist
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Big Hero 6 (movie)|Big Hero 6]]''
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | Creative Leadership
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2016
| ''[[Zootopia]]''
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
| ''[[Moana (2016 movie)|Moana]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes|Story}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Ralph Breaks the Internet]]''
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Aladdin (2019 movie)|Aladdin]]''
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &quot;Based on&quot; credit
|-
| 2023
| ''[[The Little Mermaid (2023 movie)|The Little Mermaid]]''
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
|}

====Short films====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Year
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Film
! colspan=&quot;9&quot;|Credited as
|-
! [[Movie director|Director]]
! Other
! Notes
|-
| 1982
| ''Luau''
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| Role: Businessman
|-
| 2008
| ''Jack's Gift''
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| Role: Doctor 1
|-
| 2017
| ''Gone Fishing''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Wolfe|first1=Jennifer|title='Moana' Sails Home on Digital HD February 21 and Blu-ray March 7|url=http://www.awn.com/news/moana-sails-home-digital-hd-february-21-and-blu-ray-march-7|publisher=Animation World Network|access-date=December 12, 2020|date=January 13, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|
|-
| 2019
| ''Mel''
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| Special Thanks
|-
| 2023
| ''I'm Hip''
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| 
|-
|}

====Documentaries====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Year
! Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
| 2007
| ''[[The Pixar Story]]''
| rowspan=3 | Himself
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Waking Sleeping Beauty]]''
| caricaturist
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Howard (movie)|Howard]]''
|
|-
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:95%;&quot;
|- &quot;
! Ceremony
! Category
! Recipient
! Result
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| [[Edgar Award|Edgar Allan Poe Award]]
| Best Motion Picture
| {{center|''[[The Great Mouse Detective]]''}}
| {{nominated}}
|- 
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| {{center|[[Los Angeles Film Critics Association|Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award]]}} 
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Animated Film|Best Animated Film]]
| {{center|''[[The Little Mermaid (1989 movie)|The Little Mermaid]]''}}
| {{won}} 
|-
| {{center|''[[Aladdin (1992 Disney movie)|Aladdin]]''}}
| {{won}} 
|- 
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[Annie Awards]] 
| [[Annie Award for Directing in a Feature Production|Best Individual Achievement: Directing in a Feature Production]]
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|{{center|''[[Hercules (1997 movie)|Hercules]]''}}
| {{won}}
|- 
| Best Individual Achievement: Producing in a Feature Production
| {{won}} 
|- 
| [[Annie Award for Best Animated Feature|Best Animated Feature]]
| {{nominated}} 
|- 
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award
| Best Animated Film 
| {{won}} 
|- 
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[Academy Awards]] 
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Academy Award for Best Animated Feature|Best Animated Feature]]  
| {{center|''[[Treasure Planet]]''}}
| {{nominated}} 
|- 
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''[[The Princess and the Frog]]'' 
| {{nominated}}
|- 
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| [[African-American Film Critics Association Awards 2009|African-American Film Critics Association Award]]
| Best Screenplay
| {{won}} 
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| Academy Awards
| Best Animated Feature
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|{{center|''[[Moana (2016 movie)|Moana]]''}}
| {{nominated}} 
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| [[Alliance of Women Film Journalists]]
| Best Animated Feature
| {{nominated}} 
|- 
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| Seattle Film Critics Awards
| Best Animated Feature
| {{nominated}} 
|}

==Collaborations==

John Musker and [[Ron Clements]] have cast certain actors in more than one of their movies.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-  style=&quot;background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;&quot;
! 
! ''[[The Great Mouse Detective|The Great&lt;br&gt;Mouse Detective]]''
! ''[[The Little Mermaid (1989 movie)|The Little&lt;br&gt;Mermaid]]''
! ''[[Aladdin (1992 Disney movie)|Aladdin]]''
! ''[[Hercules (1997 movie)|Hercules]]''
! ''[[Treasure Planet|Treasure&lt;br&gt;Planet]]''
! ''[[The Princess and the Frog|The Princess&lt;br&gt;and the Frog]]''
|-
|[[Charlie Adler]]
|
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|
|
|
|-
|[[Jack Angel]]
|
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|
|-
|[[Rodger Bumpass]]
|
|
|
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|
|-
|[[Corey Burton]]
|
|
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|-
|[[Jim Cummings]]
|
|
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|-
|[[Keith David]]
|
|
|
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|-
|[[Mona Marshall]]
|
|
|
|
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|-
|[[Debi Derryberry]]
|
|
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|
|
|-
|[[Paddi Edwards]]
|
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|
|
|-
|[[Jennifer Darling]]
|
| {{center|{{X mark}}}}
| {{center|{{X mark}}}}
| {{center|{{X mark}}}}
| {{center|{{X mark}}}}
| {{center|{{X mark}}}}
|-
|[[Sherry Lynn]]
|
| {{center|{{X mark}}}}
| {{center|{{X mark}}}}
| {{center|{{X mark}}}}
| {{center|{{X mark}}}}
|
|-
|[[Patrick Pinney]]
|
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|
|-
|[[Bob Bergen]]
|
|
|
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|
|-
|[[Philip Proctor|Phil Proctor]]
|
|
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|-
|[[Frank Welker]]
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|last=Hulett|first=Steve|title=Mouse In Transition: An Insider's Look at Disney Feature Animation|publisher=Theme Park Press|date=December 4, 2014|isbn=978-1941500248}}
* {{cite book|last=Stewart|first=James|title=[[DisneyWar]]|year=2005|publisher=Simon and Schuster|location=New York|isbn=0-684-80993-1|author-link=James B. Stewart}}
* {{Cite book|last=Thomas|first=Bob|title=Disney's Art of Animation: From Mickey Mouse To Hercules|publisher=Disney Editions|date=March 7, 1997|isbn=978-0786862412}}

== Other websites ==
{{Commons category|John Musker}}
* {{IMDb name|615780|John Musker}}

{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for John Musker
|list =
{{Annie Award for Directing in an Animated Feature Production 1996–2010}}
{{Winsor McCay Award 2010s}}
}}
{{John Musker and Ron Clements}}
{{Walt Disney Animation Studios}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Musker, John}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American animated movie directors]]
[[Category:American animated movie producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Illinois]]
[[Category:American people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:Animation screenwriters]]
[[Category:Animators from Illinois]]
[[Category:Annie Award winners]]
[[Category:Artists from Chicago]]
[[Category:California Institute of the Arts alumni]]
[[Category:Film directors from Illinois]]
[[Category:Northwestern University alumni]]
[[Category:Walt Disney Animation Studios people]]</text>
      <sha1>lcg37s2dw1b5d9lldym6jtomv580tba</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>9 Story Media Group</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>972366</id>
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        <username>~2026-33572-74</username>
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      <text bytes="9346" sha1="h7nzwkx4v007siu901iqswawal2kbqh" xml:space="preserve">{{Use Canadian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = 9 Story Media Group Inc.
| type = Private company
| former_name = 9 Story Entertainment (2002–2014)
| logo = 9 Story Media Group 2007.png
| logo_caption = Logo used since 2019
| foundation = {{Start date and age|2002|09|18}}
| founders = {{ubl|Vincent &quot;Vince&quot; Commisso|Steven Jarosz|Blake Tohana}}
| location = 23 Fraser Avenue, [[Toronto, Ontario]], Canada&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://9story.com/contact/|title=Contact|website=9 Story|access-date=June 17, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| key_people = Vincent &quot;Vince&quot; Commisso (President and CEO)&lt;br /&gt;Cathal Gaffney (COO)&lt;br /&gt;[[Angela Santomero|Angela C. Santomero]] (2019–2023) (CCO)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://9story.com/9-story-appoints-angela-c-santomero-as-chief-creative-office|title= 9 Story Appoints Angela C. Santomero as Chief Creative Officer|website=9 Story|date=June 18, 2018|access-date=June 17, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lisa Olfman (Executive Producer)&lt;br /&gt;Neil Court (Executive Chairman)
| industry = {{ubl|[[Television show#Production|Television production]]|Distribution}}
| products = {{ubl|[[Children's television series]]|[[Educational television|Educational programming]]}}
| revenue = 
| operating_income = 
| net_income = 
| num_employees = 1,100 (2019)
| owner = [[Scholastic Corporation]] (2024–present)
| divisions = {{ubl|9 Story Brands|9 Story Creative Affairs|9 Story Distribution International|[[Brown Bag Films]]}}
| subsid = {{ubl|9 Story Interactive|[[9 Story USA]]|Brown Bag Films Bali|Brown Bag Films Dublin|Brown Bag Films Toronto|[[Portfolio Entertainment]]|[[Colorforms]]}}
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.9story.com}}
}}
'''9 Story Media Group Inc.''' (formerly known as '''9 Story Entertainment''') is a Canadian [[children's television series|children's media]] production company and international distributor founded by Vincent &quot;Vince&quot; Commisso, Steve Jarosz, and Blake Tohana in September 2002, and headquartered in [[Toronto|Toronto, Ontario]].

== Programming (From 9 Story USA) ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Show
!Creator(s)
!First aired
!Last aired
!Production partner(s)
!Network
|-
|''Blue's Clues''
|Traci Paige Johnson
Todd Kessler
Angela C. Santomero
|September 8, 1996
|August 6, 2006
|Nickelodeon Animation Studio
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Nickelodeon
|-
|''Blue's Room'' (season 2)
|Traci Paige Johnson
Angela C. Santomero
|August 6, 2006
|March 29, 2007
|Nickelodeon Animation Studio
|-
|''Super Why!''
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Angela C. Santomero
|September 3, 2007
|May 12, 2016
|Decode Entertainment
C.O.R.E. Toons
|PBS (U.S.)
CBC Kids (Canada)
|-
|''Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood''
|September 3, 2012
|present
|Fred Rogers Productions
9 Story Media Group
|PBS
|-
|''Creative Galaxy''
|April 19, 2013
|June 4, 2019
|Amazon Studios
9 Story Media Group
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Amazon Video
|-
|''Wishenpoof!''
|February 5, 2014
|May 9, 2019
|DHX Media
Amazon Studios
|-
|The Leotits
|January 20, 2018
|October 10, 2019
|DHX Media
9 Story Media Group
Fimora Animation
|PBS/Filmora TV (U. S.)
Treehouse TV (Canada)
|-
|The Leotits Animation Show
|Febauary 8, 2018
|May 15, 2020
|DHX Media
9 Story Media Group
Filmora Animation
Toontastic
|PBS/Filmora TV (U. S.)
Treehouse TV (Canada)
|-
|''Charlie's Colorforms City''
|March 22, 2019
|June 13, 2022
|DHX Media
9 Story Media Group
|Netflix
|-
|''Blue's Clues &amp; You!''
|Traci Paige Johnson
Todd Kessler
Angela C. Santomero
|November 11, 2019
|September 27, 2024
|Nickelodeon Animation Studio
Brown Bag Films
9 Story Media Group
|Nickelodeon
Nick Jr. Channel
YouTube
|-
|''Hello, Jack! The Kindness Show''
|Jack McBrayer
Angela C. Santomero
|November 5, 2021
|October 7, 2022
|Jax Media
9 Story Media Group
Brown Bag Films
|Apple TV+
|}

==Programming (From 9 Story Media Group Canada)==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+
!Title
!Production partner
!Year(s)
!Notes
|-
|''[[Peep and the Big Wide World]]''
|[[WGBH-TV|WGBH Boston]]
Eggbox LLC
[[National Film Board of Canada]]
|2004–2007, 2010–2011
|
|-
|''If the World Were a Village''
|Blueprint Entertainment
|2005
|
|-
|''[[Jacob Two-Two (TV series)|Jacob Two-Two]]'' {{small|(season 5)}}
|[[Nelvana]]
|2005–2006
|Owned by [[Nelvana]]
|-
|''[[Skyland]]''
|[[Method Animation|Method Films]]
|2005–2007
|
|-
|''[[Postcards from Buster]]'' {{small|(seasons 2-3)}}
|[[Marc Brown Studios]]
WGBH Boston
[[Cookie Jar Group|Cookie Jar Entertainment]]
|2006–2012
|
|-
|''[[Max &amp; Ruby]]'' {{small|(seasons 3–5)}}
|[[Nelvana]]
|2007–2013
|Owned by [[Nelvana]]
|-
|''[[Futz!]]''
|
|2007–2008
|
|-
|''[[Best Ed]]''
|
|2008–2009
|
|-
|''[[Survive This]]''
|
|2009–2010
|
|-
|''[[Wibbly Pig]]''
|[[Wish Films]]
|2009–2010
|Originally aired on [[CBeebies]]
|-
|''[[Harriet the Spy: Blog Wars]]''
|
|2010
|
|-
|''[[Pound Puppies (2010 TV series)|Pound Puppies]]'' {{small|(season 1, episodes 1–7)}}
|[[Allspark|Hasbro Studios]]
|2010
|Owned by [[Hasbro Entertainment]]
|-
|''[[Wild Kratts]]''
|[[Kratt Brothers|Kratt Brothers Company]]
|2011–present
|
|-
|''[[Almost Naked Animals]]''
|
|2011–2013
|
|-
|''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood]]''
|[[9 Story USA]]
[[Fred Rogers Productions]]
|2012–present
|
|-
|''[[Fugget About It]]''
|[[Darius Films|Darius Films Inc.]]
|2012–2016
|First and only [[adult animated]] series produced by the company.
|-
|''[[Arthur (TV series)|Arthur]]'' {{small|(seasons 16–19)}}
|WGBH Boston
|2012–2016
|
|-
|''[[Cache Craze]]''
|
|2013–2014
|
|-
|''[[Creative Galaxy]]''
|9 Story USA
[[Amazon Studios]]
|2013–2019
|
|-
|''[[Camp Lakebottom]]''
|Skywriter Media and [[Jam Filled Entertainment]] {{small|(season 1)}}
|2013–2017
|
|-
|''[[Peg + Cat]]''
|9 Ate 7 Productions
Fred Rogers Productions
|2013–2018
|
|-
|''[[Numb Chucks]]''
|Jam Filled Entertainment
|2014–2016
|
|-
|''[[Nerds and Monsters]]''
|[[Slap Happy Cartoons|Slap Happy Cartoons Inc.]]
|2014–2016
|
|-
|''[[The Stanley Dynamic]]''
|Amaze Film + Television
Nelvana
|2015–2017
|animation only
|-
|''[[Nature Cat]]'' {{small|(seasons 1–3)}}
|[[Spiffy Pictures]]
[[WTTW|WTTW Chicago]]
|2015–2021
|
|-
|''[[3 Amigonauts]]''
|
|2017
|
|-
|''[[Furze World Wonders]]''
|
|2017
|
|-
|''[[The Magic School Bus Rides Again]]''
|
|2017–2020
|
|-
|''[[Top Wing]]''
|Industrial Brothers
|2017–2020
|
|-
|''[[Let's Go Luna!]]''
|[[Brown Bag Films]]
|2018–2022
|
|-
|''[[Xavier Riddle and the Secret Museum]]''
|Brown Bag Films
|2019–present
|
|-
|''[[Blue's Clues &amp; You!]]''
|Brown Bag Films
[[Nickelodeon Animation Studio]]
|2019–2024
|Owned by [[Paramount Global]]
|-
|''[[Clifford the Big Red Dog (2019 TV series)|Clifford the Big Red Dog]]''
|100 Chickens Productions
Brown Bag Films

[[Scholastic Corporation|Scholastic Media]]

Amazon Studios
|2019–2021
|
|-
|''Get Rolling with Otis''
|
|2021
|
|-
|''Hello, Jack! The Kindness Show''
|[[Jax Media]]
Brown Bag Films
|2021–2022
|
|-
|''[[Karma's World]]''
|Karma's World Entertainment
Brown Bag Films
|2021–2022
|
|-
|''[[Rosie's Rules]]''
|Brown Bag Films
|2022–present
|
|-
|'' [[The Leotits: Answer Time!]]''
|Filmora Animation
[[Brown Bag Films|Brown Bag Films Toronto]]&lt;br&gt;[[Universal Television]] 
|2023-Present
|Owned By [[NBCUniversal Global Distribution]]
|-
|''[[Open Season: Call of Nature]]'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Milligan|first=Mercedes|date=2023-08-01|title=New 'Open Season' Series in the Works at 9 Story|url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/2023/08/new-open-season-series-in-the-works-at-9-story/|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Sony Pictures Animation]]
[[Brown Bag Films|Brown Bag Films Toronto]]
|2023–2024
|
|-
|''[[Dee &amp; Friends in Oz]]''
|Brown Bag Films
|2024
|
|-
|Lets Go Bananas!
|Brown Bag Films
|2024-Present
|
|-
|''Dylan's Playtime Adventures''
| Brown Bag Films
Scholastic Entertainment
|2024-Present
|-
|''Breaking Bear'' &lt;ref name=&quot;Schwarz 2022 e885&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Schwarz|first=John|date=August 16, 2022|title=Tubi Gets Adult Animated Series Breaking Bear|url=https://www.bubbleblabber.com/2022/08/tubi-gets-adult-animated-series-breaking-bear/|access-date=April 6, 2024|website=Bubbleblabber}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Milligan|first=Mercedes|date=May 8, 2025|title=Tubi Animated Original 'Breaking Bear' Casts Brendan Fraser, Sarah Michelle Gellar &amp; More|url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/2025/05/tubi-animated-original-breaking-bear-casts-brendan-fraser-sarah-michelle-gellar-more/|access-date=May 8, 2025|website=[[Animation Magazine]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Portfolio Entertainment]]
Cartel Entertainment
To The Stars
|TBA
|
|}

== List Of Films (9 Story USA Or Ireland) ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Title
!Release date
!Distributor
!Notes
|-
|''Angela's Christmas''
|November 30, 2018
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Netflix
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |co-production with Brown Bag Films
|-
|''Angela's Christmas Wish''
|December 1, 2020
|-
|The Leotits: Race To the Rainbow
|June 24, 2021
|Universal Pictures
|co-production with Wildbrain (Credited)  And Filmora Animation
|-
|''Blue's Big City Adventure''
|November 18, 2022
|Paramount+
|co-production with Nickelodeon Movies, Nickelodeon Animation Studio, Brown Bag Films, Boxel Animation and Line by Line Media
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Canada-stub}}

[[Category:2002 establishments in Ontario]]
[[Category:Companies based in Toronto]]
[[Category:Canadian animation studios]]
[[Category:Television production companies]]</text>
      <sha1>h7nzwkx4v007siu901iqswawal2kbqh</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Crassulacean acid metabolism</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>972749</id>
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      <id>10880328</id>
      <parentid>8768771</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-33565-01</username>
        <id>1817365</id>
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      <text bytes="2987" sha1="r0j73cx8kzfzy64wf2kj2sdk87xvcrt" xml:space="preserve">CAM (also know as Crassulacen Acid Metabolism) is a form of [[carbon fixation]] in which not much [[water]] is lost and it is a special survival strategy used by plants that live in hot and dry place.

While othe plants open their pores during the day to breathe, CAM plants do the opposite, they open their pores at night to breathe and close them during the day to save water, this allows them to survive in deserts and other places that &quot;normal&quot; plants would die 

== water ==
All plants need carbon dioxide to make food from the air in photosynthesis, to get that plants have tiny openings in their leaves called stomata, however when these openings are open, water escapes and go to the air, in hot climates, keeping stomata open during the day causes a plant to lose their water too quickly, CAM plants solve this conflict by separating the process of gathering carbon dioxide from the process of using sunlight to make food

== How this works ==
the CAM cycle is separated in two main parts that happen at different times of the day 

=== Nighttime ===
At night the air is cooler and more humid, which means less water is lost, they open their stomata to let carbon dioxide in, inside the leaf, an enzyme called PEP carboxylase grab that carbon dioxide and turns it into acid (usually malic acid), the plant stores this acid in a special storage are called the vacuole, this is similar to charging a battery 

=== Daytime ===
When the sun comes up, the plant closes it's stomata tightly to lock the moisture inside, even though the pores are closed, photosynthesis can still happen, the plant take the acid stored during the night and breaks it down to release carbon dioxide inside the leaf, another enzyme called RuBiScO, then uses that carbon dioxide and energy from the sunlight to create sugars for the plant to grow, and because of this the plant can make its food without losing water 

== Common CAM plants ==
- [[Cactus|Cacti]]

- [[Pineapple]]

- [[Aloe vera|Aloe Vera]]

- [[Orchid|Orchids]]

- [[Snake Plants]]

== Reference ==
https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/the-ecology-of-photosynthetic-pathways-15785165/

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/photosynthesis-in-plants/photorespiration--c3-c4-cam-plants/a/c3-c4-and-cam-plants-agriculture

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/crassulacean-acid-metabolism

https://www.indefenseofplants.com/blog/2015/9/18/cam-photosynthesis

https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/botany/c4-and-cam-photosynthesis

https://biologydictionary.net/cam-plants/

https://deepgreenpermaculture.com/2025/06/14/understanding-c3-c4-and-cam-photosynthesis-in-plants-a-guide-for-gardeners/

https://www.vedantu.com/question-answer/photosynthesis-in-cam-plants-is-minimal-because-class-11-biology-cbse-60585cc08b350941e27f028d

{{commons category|CAM cycle}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Crassulacean Acid Metabolism}}
[[Category:Photosynthesis]]

{{biology-stub}}</text>
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-51 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:First Universal Races Congress]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fr:Premier Congrès universel des races]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Universal Races Congress seated outside the entrance to the Imperial Institute, London, 1911.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''First Universal Races Congress''' met in 1911 for four days at the University of London as an early effort at anti-racism. Speakers from a number of countries discussed race relations and how to improve them. The congress, with 2,100 attendees, was organised by prominent humanists of that era. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Tech News: 2025-51 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W51&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, one of the fixes addressed an issue for temporary accounts adding an external URL, which triggered an hCaptcha request in more cases than intended, and did not display the required popup on the first attempt to publish the edit. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411927]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* To improve database and site performance, external links to Wikimedia projects will no longer be stored in the database. This means they will not be searchable in [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]], will not be checked by the Spam Blacklist or AbuseFilter as new links, and will not be in the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;externallinks&lt;/code&gt; table on database replicas. In the future this may be extended to other highly-linked trusted websites on a per-wiki basis, such as Creative Commons links on Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405005]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.7|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W51&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:03, 15 December 2025 (UTC)
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== Happy Holidays! ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border-style:solid; border-color:red; background-color:#fff; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:8px;&quot; class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[image:Christmas_tree_sxc_hu.jpg|70px|left]]


''[[User:Asteralee|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Georgia, Helvetica; color:#A76BCF&quot;&gt;⯎ Aster&lt;/span&gt;]][[User talk:Asteralee|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Georgia, Helvetica; color:#9400A5&quot;&gt;alee ⯎&lt;/span&gt;]]'' is hoping you have a very happy holiday! This greeting (and season) promotes [[Wikipedia:WikiLove|WikiLove]] and hopefully this note has made your day a little better. Spread the WikiLove by wishing another user a happy holiday, whether it be someone you have had disagreements with in the past or a good friend. '''Happy New Year, FusionSub!'''   &lt;br /&gt; 

''Spread the cheer by adding {{tls|Happy holidays}} to their talk page with a friendly message.''
&lt;/div&gt; ''[[User:Asteralee|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Georgia, Helvetica; color:#A76BCF&quot;&gt;⯎ Aster&lt;/span&gt;]][[User talk:Asteralee|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Georgia, Helvetica; color:#9400A5&quot;&gt;alee ⯎&lt;/span&gt;]]'' 20:56, 15 December 2025 (UTC)

:To you too!- [[User:FusionSub|&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0C6508&quot;&gt;FusionSub&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 21:38, 15 December 2025 (UTC)

== ''The Signpost'': 17 December 2025 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
* Interview: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-17/Interview|Part 1: Bernadette Meehan]]

* News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-17/News and notes|We're gonna have a party!]]

* In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-17/In the media|The &quot;bigg&quot; bosses: Robertsky and the Pope]]

* Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-17/Traffic report|Death and stranger things]]

* Gallery: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-17/Gallery|A feast of holidays and carols]]

* Obituary: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-17/Obituary|Michal Lewi (Iwelam) and Alan R. King (A R King)]]

* Concept: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-17/Concept|List of xxtreme sports (redirected from Electrojousting)]]

* Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-17/Comix|display: flex-inline;]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 20:06, 17 December 2025 (UTC)
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== Happy holidays! ==
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--&gt;;&quot; class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[File:Happy Holidays (2135831016).jpg|217px|left]][[File:Arbuckle Bros. (3093003361).jpg|190px|right]][[File:Season's Greetings, Christmas Card from 320 Ranch.jpg|217px|left]]{{Center|[[File:Happy Holidays text.png|301px]]}}
'''Hello FusionSub:''' Enjoy the '''[[Christmas and holiday season|holiday season]]'''&amp;#32;and '''[[winter solstice]]''' if it is occurring in your area of the world, and thanks for your work to maintain, improve and expand Wikipedia. Cheers, --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] &lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])&lt;/small&gt; 20:00, 21 December 2025 (UTC)
[[File:A book of country clouds and sunshine (1897), cropped.jpg|center|500px]]{{paragraph break}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 1em; font-size: 88%; font-style: italic&quot;&gt;Spread the WikiLove; use {{tls|Season's Greetings}} to send this message&lt;/div&gt;{{-}}

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-52 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Pin Malakul]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Pin Malakul, January 1922.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Pin Malakul''' (24 October 1903 – 5 October 1995) was a Thai professor, educator and writer. His contributions to education in Thailand include the establishment of various institutions of higher education, the introduction of fixed class schedules, and the implementation of teacher-training programmes. In his career he served as Director-General of the Department of General Education, later becoming Permanent Secretary, and Minister, of Education. He was also a member of the executive board of UNESCO. His writings earned him the title of National Artist in 1987, and the 100th anniversary of his birth was celebrated by the UNESCO in 2003 as recognition of his contribution to the advancement of education in Thailand and Southeast Asia. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
-[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:26, 22 December 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-52 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W52&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* From January, edit filters [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Access flags|can be set]] to automatically suppress their details such as rules and list of attempted edits and actions. This will help oversighters use edit filters to prevent doxxing or other suppressible material. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290324]
* The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 12 January 2026 because of the end of year holidays. Thank you to all of the translators, and people who submitted content or feedback, this year.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:16}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:16|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the crash that occurred when tapping &quot;First Steps&quot; in the Wikipedia Android Year in Review has now been fixed, and the feature opens as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411546]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Interface elements such as diffs and categories generated by MediaWiki used to have the attribute &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&lt;/code&gt; to distinguish from wiki content. The attribute has been replaced with &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;data-mw-interface=&quot;&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, to avoid potential conflicts with other &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;data-mw&lt;/code&gt; attributes, which are generated by Parsoid. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409187]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week.
'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications just opened mid-December and will close in mid-January or earlier if capacity is reached. With space for approximately 100 participants, early application is encouraged.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W52&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:45, 22 December 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-01 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:The Morning of the Magicians]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Le Matin des magiciens, couverture.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''The Morning of the Magicians: Introduction to Fantastic Realism''''' (French: Le Matin des magiciens: Introduction au réalisme fantastique) is a 1960 book by the journalists Louis Pauwels and Jacques Bergier. It covers topics like cryptohistory, ufology, occultism in Nazism, alchemy, spiritual philosophy. The second half of the book is entirely dedicated to the Nazi-Occult connections; the book is widely credited with the proliferation of numerous myths related to occultism in Nazism. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:20, 29 December 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-02 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Somaliland War of Independence]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Somaliland, fighters of the Somali National Movement (SNM), 1980s.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Somaliland War of Independence''' was a rebellion waged by the Somali National Movement (SNM) against the ruling military junta in Somalia led by General Siad Barre lasting from its founding on 6 April 1981 and ended on 18 May 1991 when the SNM declared what was then northern Somalia independent as the Republic of Somaliland. The conflict served as the main theater of the larger Somali Rebellion that started in 1978. The conflict was in response to the harsh policies enacted by the Barre regime against the main clan family in Somaliland, the Isaaq, including a declaration of economic warfare on the clan-family. These harsh policies were put into effect shortly after the conclusion of the disastrous Ogaden War in 1978. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 03:00, 5 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-03 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Pietro Lauro]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Pietro Lauro]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Master I.A.V.F., Pietro Lauro, born 1508, Modenese Poet and Scholar (obverse), 1555, NGA 45072.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Pietro Lauro''', conosciuto anche come Pietro Lauro Modonese o Pietro Lauro da Modona (Modena o dintorni, 1510 circa – Venezia, 1568 circa) è stato un traduttore, scrittore e divulgatore scientifico italiano. Nonostante non si conosca gran parte della sua biografia, fu uno dei poligrafi italiani più conosciuti del Cinquecento. La sua produzione raccoglie traduzioni dal latino, dal greco e dallo spagnolo e riguardano opere di autori classici, stranieri e protestanti. Lauro si dimostrò abile nel trattare testi con temi molto diversi, come la filosofia, l'architettura, la medicina, il giardinaggio, l'agronomia, le scienze biologiche, la storia, la teologia e l'astronomia. Si cimentò anche nella scrittura di un poema cavalleresco sullo stile di quelli spagnoli, il Polendo, sua magnum opus in questo senso.

Aderente alla Riforma protestante, sebbene le sue trasposizioni siano state oggetto di critiche già degli autori a lui contemporanei, che le giudicarono troppo letterali, rozze e imparziali, a Lauro si deve il merito di aver ultimato la traduzione in lingua volgare di numerosi testi sia classici, sia scientifici, sia epistolari. I suoi lavori ebbero una notevole diffusione, non solo tra i letterati veneziani della sua epoca, ma in tutta Italia, tanto che alcune sue traduzioni vengono ancora oggi ristampate in nuove edizioni. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 01:45, 12 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-03 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* As part of the current work of Community Tech team on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W372|Multiple watchlists]] project, the display of [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]] will be updated as a first step towards multiple watchlists. Additionally, the pagination on [[Special:Search|Search]] will be updated too, as a part of the work on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W186|Revamp pagination / page navigation]] wish. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411596]
* [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] is a MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that lets you see your watchlists from different wikis on the same page. It was recently updated to look more like the regular [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]], such as preparing it for temporary accounts in IP masking (including rerouting user links to contributions pages), making page titles bold, and opening links in edit summaries and tags in new browser tabs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398361][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298919][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273526][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286309]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where global blocks did not have the option to disable sending emails, has now been fixed, and will be available for use in the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401293]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Citation tool|VisualEditor citation tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] now support &quot;map&quot; as a reference type. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411083]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]/[[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.11|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W03&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:34, 12 January 2026 (UTC)
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== ''The Signpost'': 15 January 2026 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
* News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-15/News and notes|Wikipedia's 25th anniversary is here!]]

* Special report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-15/Special report|Wikipedia at 25: A Wake-Up Call]]

* Serendipity: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-15/Serendipity|The WMF wants to buy you books!]]

* WikiProject report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-15/WikiProject report|Time for a health check: the Vital Signs 2026 campaign]]

* In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-15/In the media|Fake Acting President Trump and a Wikipedia infobox]]

* Community view: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-15/Community view|The inbox behind Wikipedia]]

* Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-15/Recent research|Art museums on Wikidata; comparing three comparisons of Grokipedia and Wikipedia]]

* Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-15/Traffic report|Tonight I'm gonna rock you]]

* Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-15/Comix|Oh come on man.]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 15:19, 15 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-04 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Volto di Palazzo Vecchio]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Piazza della signoria angolo via della ninna, palazzo vecchio, cantonata con testa scolpita 02.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
Il '''volto di Palazzo Vecchio''' (conosciuto anche come L'importuno o L'inopportuno) è un incisione su pietraforte attibuita a Michelangelo Buonarroti, scolpita in una delle pietre di Palazzo Vecchio a Firenze.

Secondo le varie leggende, il profilo sarebbe stato realizzato come graffito dall'artista toscano, con soggetto un suo importunatore, un debitore, un condannato a morte o se stesso. Nel 2020, gli studiosi hanno ipotizzato possa invece trattarsi di un ritratto di Francesco Granacci, pittore amico di Michelangelo. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:14, 19 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-04 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The tray shown on [[Special:Diff|Special:Diff]] in mobile view has been redesigned. It is now collapsed by default, and incorporates a link to undo the edit being viewed, making it easier for mobile editors and reviewers to take action while keeping the interface uncluttered. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402297] 
* [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now automatically determines the text direction (ensuring correct display of sites with unusual domain names) and shows detailed descriptions for log actions. Later this week, a new permanent link for page creations and CSS classes for each entry element will be added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412505][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287929][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262768][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414135]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the previously observed issue in Vector 2022, where anchor link targets were obscured by the sticky header, has now been addressed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406114]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As mentioned in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|October 2025 deprecation announcement]], MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin sunsetting all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the MediaWiki REST API the week of January 26. Changes are expected to roll out to all wikis on or before January 30th. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found, compared, and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox]. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in Phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board].
* Interactive reference documentation for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia REST API|Wikimedia REST API]] has moved. Requests to API docs previously hosted through [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase|RESTBase]] (e.g.: &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/&lt;/code&gt;) are now redirected to the [[w:en:Special:RestSandbox|REST Sandbox]].
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|WMF Wikidata Platform team]] (WDP) has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|January 2026 newsletter]]. It includes updates on the legacy full-graph endpoint decommissioning, the User-Agent policy change, the monthly Blazegraph migration office hours, and efforts to reduce regressions caused by the legacy endpoint shutdown. As a reminder, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|subscribe to the WDP newsletter]]!
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.12|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications opened mid-December and will close soon or when capacity is reached. It's a two-day, technically oriented hackathon bringing together Wikimedians from the region. Hope to see you there!

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W04&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:30, 19 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-05 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Raffaello Kobayashi]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Raffaello Kobayashi]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Raffaello Kobayashi''', nato Raffaele Sanzio (Bari, 14 gennaio 1917 – Yokohama, 1 aprile 2011), è stato un militare italiano naturalizzato giapponese.

Sommergibilista durante la Seconda guerra mondiale, prestò servizio per tutte e tre le principali Potenze dell'Asse: Regno d'Italia, Germania nazista e Impero giapponese. Alla fine della guerra si nascose in Giappone per evitare di subire l'internamento in un campo di prigionia, divenendo poi cittadino nipponico e cambiando il proprio nome.

Prese parte all'affondamento della HMS Calypso nel 1940, primo successo italiano in campo navale nel corso del conflitto mondiale. Con l'abbattimento di un bombardiere statunitense il 22 agosto 1945, otto giorni dopo il discorso di resa del Giappone alle potenze alleate della seconda guerra mondiale, a bordo del Comandante Cappellini, sarebbe stata l'ultima persona in assoluto a mettere fuori combattimento un velivolo degli Alleati nella stessa guerra. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:06, 26 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-05 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Wikimedia Foundation invites comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|proposed future]] of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] until 28 February.
* All users with registered accounts can now use passkeys for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). Passkeys are a simple way to log in without using a second device. They verify the user's identity using a fingerprint, face scan, or a PIN code. To set up a passkey, first set up a regular 2FA method. Currently, to log in with a passkey, users must also use a password. Later this quarter, passwordless login will allow users to log in with a single click and a passkey. Users with advanced rights will also be required to have 2FA enabled. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project.
* Unregistered contributors on blocked IPs or blocked IP ranges can now interact on-wiki to appeal a block by creating a temporary account to appeal a block on the user talk page, unless the &quot;prevent this user from editing their own talk page&quot; is enabled. This solves the problem of logged-out users unable to use the default unblock process via user talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) methods description on the management page has been updated. It is now clearer and easier for users to understand and make use of. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new AbuseFilter variable, &lt;code&gt;account_type&lt;/code&gt;, has been added to provide a reliable way to determine the account type being created in the &lt;code&gt;createaccount&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;autocreateaccount&lt;/code&gt; actions. As part of this change, the variable &lt;code&gt;accountname&lt;/code&gt; has been renamed to &lt;code&gt;account_name&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;accountname&lt;/code&gt; is now deprecated. Edit filter managers should update any filters that use hardcoded account type checks or the deprecated variable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049]
* Image thumbnails that are requested in non-standard sizes, and using non-standard methods such as direct requests to &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;upload.wikimedia.org/…&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; will stop working in the near future. This change is to prevent ongoing external abuse by web-scrapers and bots. Some users with custom CSS/JS, Interface Admins who can fix gadgets and local skins, and Tool-authors, will need to update their code to use standard thumbnail sizes. [[phab:T414805|Details, search-links, and examples of how to fix them, are available in the task]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W05&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:18, 26 January 2026 (UTC)
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== ''The Signpost'': 29 January 2026 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
* Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-29/Traffic report|The most viewed articles of 2025]]

* News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-29/News and notes|Good news... but also bad news for the Public Domain]]

* News from Diff: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-29/News from Diff|Solving puzzles together]]

* In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-29/In the media|Every view on the 25th anniversary of everything]]

* Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-29/Comix|Perspectives]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 06:31, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-06 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Censorship in the Czech Republic]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:cs:Cenzura v Česku]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Censorship in the Czech Republic''' had been highly active until 17 November 1989 and the fall of Communism in the former Czechoslovakia. Czech Republic was ranked as the 13th most free country in the World Press Freedom Index in 2014. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:32, 2 February 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-06 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The &quot;{{int:pageinfo-toolboxlink}}&quot; feature, which gives validating information about a page ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=info}} example]), now automatically includes a table of contents. If there is a local [[{{ns:8}}:Pageinfo-header]] page created by individual users, it can now be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363726]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, VisualEditor previously added bold or italic formatting inside link descriptions, making the wikicode complex. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409669]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* There was no XML dump on 20 January. Additionally, from now on, dumps will be generated once per month only. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414389]
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team removed support for all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/API:REST%20API MediaWiki REST API]. All API users currently calling those endpoints are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.14|MediaWiki]]

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Users are reminded that the Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W06&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:44, 2 February 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-07 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Petites Heures of Jean de France, Duc de Berry]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Jacquemart de Hesdin 002.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Petites Heures of Jean de France, Duc de Berry''' is an illuminated book of hours commissioned by John, Duke of Berry between 1375 and 1385–90. It is known for its ornate miniature leaves and border decorations. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 03:59, 9 February 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-07 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Logged-in contributors who manage large or complex watchlists can now organise and filter watched pages in ways that improve their workflows with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|Watchlist labels]] feature. By adding custom labels (for example: pages you created, pages being monitored for vandalism, or discussion pages) users can more quickly identify what needs attention, reduce cognitive load, and respond more efficiently. This improves watchlist usability, especially for highly active editors.
* A new feature available on [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] shows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] that are likely operated by the same person, and so makes patrolling less time-consuming. Upon checking contributions of a temporary account, users with access to temporary account IP addresses can now see a view of contributions from the related temporary accounts. The feature looks up all the IPs associated with a given temporary account within the data retention period and shows all the contributions of all temporary accounts that have used these IPs. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts#February 2026: Improvements to the patroller tooling|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415674] 
* When editors preview a wikitext edit, the reminder box that they are only seeing a preview (which is shown at the top), now has a grey/neutral background instead of a yellow/warning background. This makes it easier to distinguish preview notes from actual warnings (for example, edit conflicts or problematic redirect targets), which will now be shown in separate warning or error boxes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414742]
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now properly supports more than one Wikibase site, for example both [[d:|Wikidata]] and [[testwikidata:|testwikidata]]. In addition, issues regarding text direction have been fixed for users who prefer Wikidata or other Wikibase sites in right-to-left (RTL) languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415440][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415458]
* The automatic &quot;magic links&quot; for ISBN, RFC, and PMID numbers have been [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic links|deprecated in wikitext since 2021]] due to inflexibility and difficulties with localization. Several wikis have successfully replaced RFC and PMID magic links with equivalent external links, but a template was often required to replace the functionality of the ISBN magic link. There is now a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#isbn|built-in parser function]] &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#isbn}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; available to replace the basic functionality of the ISBN magic link. This makes it easier for wikis who wish to migrate off of the deprecated magic link functionality to do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145604]
* Two new wikis have been created: 
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35401|Jju]] ([[w:kaj:|&lt;code&gt;w:kaj:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413283]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q1186896|Nawat]] ([[w:ppl:|&lt;code&gt;w:ppl:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413273]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. 

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new global user group has been created: [[{{int:grouppage-local-bot}}|{{int:group-local-bot}}]]. It will be used internally by the software to allow community bots to bypass rate limits that are applied to abusive [[w:en:Web scraping|web scrapers]]. Accounts that are approved as bots on at least one Wikimedia wiki will be automatically added to this group. It will not change what user permissions the bot has. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415588]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.15|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Spring 2026|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Spring 2026]] will be held March 25–27 in Salt Lake City, USA. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AZBWVI46SDEB65PGR5J6E4TYOQQEZXM7/]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W07&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:31, 9 February 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30026671 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-08 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Lysmata grabhami]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Lysmata grabhami1.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Lysmata grabhami''''' is a species of saltwater shrimp in the family Hippolytidae. It was first described by Gordon in 1935. It occurs in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean and is a cleaner shrimp, operating a cleaning station to which fish come to have parasites removed. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 13:45, 16 February 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-08 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W08&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Team]] will be performing a cleanup of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Etherpad|Etherpad]] instance, the web-based editor for real-time collaborative document editing. All pads will be permanently deleted after 30 April, 2026 – if there are still migration projects in progress at that point the team can revisit the date on a case by case basis. Please create local backups of any content you wish to keep, as deleted data cannot be recovered. This cleanup helps reduce database size and minimize infrastructure footprint. Etherpad will continue to support real-time collaboration, but long-term storage should not be expected. Additional cleanups may occur in the future without prior notice. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415237]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Information Retrieval team will be launching an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|Android mobile app experiment]] that tests hybrid search capabilities which can handle both semantic and keyword queries. The improvement of on-platform search will enable readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. The experiment will first be launched on Greek Wikipedia in late February, followed by English, French, and Portuguese in March. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/ Read more] on Diff blog. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Information_Retrieval]
* The Reader Growth team will run [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.10.2 Mobile Table of Contents|an experiment]] for mobile web users, that adds a table of contents and automatically expands all article sections, to learn more about navigation issues they face. The test will be available on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias.
* Previously, site notices ([[{{ns:8}}:Sitenotice]] and [[{{ns:8}}:Anonnotice]]) would only render on the desktop site. Now, they will render on all platforms. Users on mobile web will now see these notices and be informed. Site administrators should be prepared to test and fix notices on mobile devices to avoid interference with articles. To opt out, interface admins can add &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;#siteNotice { display: none; }&lt;/code&gt; to [[{{ns:8}}:Minerva.css]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138572][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416644]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue on [[Special:RecentChanges|Special:RecentChanges]] has been fixed. Previously, clicking hide in the active filters caused the &quot;view new changes since…&quot; button to disappear, though it should have remained visible. The button now behaves as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406339]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* New documentation is now available to help editors debug on-site search features. It supports troubleshooting when pages do not appear in results, when ranking seems unexpected, and when you need to inspect what content is being indexed, helping make search behavior easier to understand and analyze. [[mw:Help:CirrusSearch/Debug|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411169]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W08&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:17, 16 February 2026 (UTC)
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== ''The Signpost'': 17 February 2026 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
* In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-02-17/In the media|Global powers see Wikipedia as fundamental target for manipulation]]

* News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-02-17/News and notes|Discussions open for the next WMF Annual Plan]]

* Serendipity: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-02-17/Serendipity|Maintenance crews continue to slog through Wikipedia's oldest Featured Articles]]

* Disinformation report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-02-17/Disinformation report|Epstein's obsessions]]

* Technology report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-02-17/Technology report|Wikidata Graph Split and how we address major challenges]]

* Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-02-17/Traffic report|Deaths, killings, films, and the Olympics]]

* Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-02-17/Opinion|Incoming Incurables]]

* Crossword: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-02-17/Crossword|Pop quiz]]

* Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-02-17/Comix|herculean]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 08:03, 17 February 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-09 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Elefante di Cremona]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:de:Elefant von Cremona]])&amp;#32;([[:eo:Elefanto de Cremona]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Matthew Paris Elephant from Parker MS 16 fol 151v.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
L''''elefante di Cremona''' (Asia, prima del 1228 - Parma, gennaio 1248) fu un esemplare di elefante donato nel 1228 a Federico II di Svevia da parte del sultano ayyubide al-Malik al-Kamil durante gli incontri che porteranno alla Pace di Giaffa. Usato principalmente per le manifestazioni trionfali del sovrano, l'elefante è citato da numerosi cronachisti e testimoni dell'epoca ed è noto per aver trainato il Carroccio dopo la grande vittoria delle armate di Federico II nella battaglia di Cortenuova del 1237. Rimasto a lungo nell'immaginario popolare collettivo, l'animale venne ucciso durante alcuni scontri occorsi nelle settimane immediatamente precedenti alla battaglia di Parma. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 11:43, 23 February 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-09 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W09&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Reference Check|Reference Check]] has been deployed to English Wikipedia, completing its rollout across all Wikipedias. The feature prompts newcomers to add a citation before publishing new content, helping reduce common citation-related reverts and improve verifiability. In A/B testing, the impact was substantial: newcomers shown Reference Check were approximately 2.2 times more likely to include a reference on desktop and about 17.5 times more likely on mobile web. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/reference_check_ab_test_report_final_2025.html]
'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:InterwikiSorting|InterwikiSorting extension]], which allowed for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interwiki sorting order|sorting of interwiki links]], has been undeployed from Wikipedia. As a result, editors who had enabled interwiki link sorting in non-compact mode (full list format) will now see links reordered. The links moving forward will be listed in the alphabetical order of language code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253764]
* Later this week, people who are editing a page-section using the mobile visual editor, will notice a new &quot;Edit full page&quot; button. When tapped, you will be able to edit the entire article. This helps when the change you want to make is outside the section you initially opened. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409112]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|The Reader Experience team]] is inviting editors to assess whether dark mode should still be considered &quot;beta&quot; on their wiki, based on their experience of how well it functions on desktop and mobile. If the feature is deemed mature, editors can update the interface messages in &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:skin-theme-description&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:Vector-night-mode-beta-tag&lt;/code&gt; to indicate that dark mode is ready and no longer considered beta.
* The improved [[mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Activity_Tab|Activity tab]] which displays user-insights is now available to all users of the Wikipedia iOS app (version 7.9.0 and later). Following earlier A/B testing that showed higher account creation among users with access to the feature, it has been rolled out to 100% of users along with some updates. The Activity tab now shows your edited articles in the timeline, offers editing impact insights like contribution counts and article view trends, and customization options to improve in-app experience for users.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug that prevented [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] from working on mobile has now been fixed, restoring full functionality. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415303]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that makes this possible continues to improve. The latest upgrade is the inclusion of a [[mw:Extension:GlobalWatchlist#hook|new hook]], &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.globalwatchlist.rebuild&lt;/code&gt;, which fires after each watchlist rebuild. This allows you to run gadgets and user scripts for the Special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275159]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.17|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W09&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:04, 23 February 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30119102 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-10 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Treaty of the Danish West Indies]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:The Virgin islands of the United States of America; historical and descriptive, commercial and industrial facts, figures, and resources (1918) (14596880870).jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Treaty of the Danish West Indies''' (Danish: Vestindiens traktat), officially the Convention between the United States and Denmark for cession of the Danish West Indies (Danish: Konventionen mellem USA og Danmark), was a 1916 treaty transferring sovereignty of the Danish West Indies from Denmark to the United States in exchange for a sum of US$25,000,000 in gold ($722 million in 2024) and a declaration from the United States that it would &quot;not object to the Danish Government extending their political and economic interests to the whole of Greenland&quot;. It is one of the most recent permanent expansions of United States territory.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:43, 2 March 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-10 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Wikipedia 25 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments|Birthday mode]] is now live on Betawi, Breton, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, English, French, Gorontalo, Indonesian, Italian, Luxembourgish, Madurese, Sicilian, Spanish, Thai, and Vietnamese Wikipedias! This limited-time campaign feature celebrates 25 years of Wikipedia with a birthday mascot, Baby Globe. When turned on, Baby Globe is shown on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments/article configuration|~2,500 articles]], waiting to be discovered by readers. Communities can choose to turn Birthday mode on by getting consensus from their community and asking an admin to enable the feature and customize it via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments#Community Configuration Demo|community configuration]] on the local wiki.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to Swedish Wikipedia, Polish Wikipedia and [[:phab:T418209|a couple of other wikis]]. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|try the feature]] on these projects or on testwiki and [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing betawiki]. Learnings from the first pilot wiki German Wikipedia have been [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|published in a report]]. Reach out to the Wikimedia Deutschland team if you are [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|interested in becoming a pilot wiki]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Paste check|Paste Check]] will become available at all Wikipedias this week. The feature prompts newcomers who are pasting text they are not likely to have written into VisualEditor to consider whether doing so risks a copyright violation. Paste Check [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|tags]] all edits where it is shown for potential review. Local administrators can configure various aspects of the feature via [[{{#special:EditChecks}}]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#A/B Experiment|Research]] across 22 wikis found that Paste Check resulted in an 18% decrease in relative reverted-edits compared to the control group. Translators can [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&amp;filter=&amp;optional=1&amp;action=translate help to localize] this and related features.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] will be standardizing the user menu in the top right for all mobile users so that it is closer to the desktop experience. Currently this user menu is only visible to users with Advanced Mobile Controls (AMC) turned on. The only change is that a couple buttons previously in the left-side menu will move to the top right for users who do not have AMC turned on. This change is expected to go out March 9 and seeks to improve the user interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413912]
* Starting in the week of March 2, the emails sent out when an email address was added, removed, or changed for an account will switch to a substantially nicer and clearer HTML email from the prior plaintext one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410807]
* Notifications are currently limited to 2,000 historic entries per user, and extend back to 2013 when the feature was released. This is going to be changed to only store Notifications from the last 5 years, but up to 10,000 of them. This will help with long-term infrastructure health and help to prevent more recent notifications from disappearing too soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948]
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page continues to see improvements. The latest update improves label usage experience. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] now allows activating the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback languages|language fallback system]] for Wikidata items without labels in the viewed language, and showing those labels in the user’s preferred Wikidata language if no &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;uselang=&lt;/code&gt; URL parameter is provided. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373686][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416111]
* The Wikipedia Android team has started a beta test of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|hybrid search]] on Greek Wikipedia. Hybrid search capabilities can handle both semantic and keyword queries enabling readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily.
* For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Currently, 2FA is required to use the group, but not to be a member of it. Given that this model still has some vulnerabilities, the situation will [[phab:T418580|gradually change in March]]. Members of these groups will be unable to disable last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the second half of March, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. This applies to: CentralNotice administrators, checkusers, interface administrators, suppressors, Wikidata staff, Wikifunctions staff, WMF Office IT and WMF Trust &amp; Safety. Nothing will change for other users. See the linked task for deployment schedule. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418580]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue preventing users from creating an instance in [https://www.wikibase.cloud/ Wikibase.cloud] has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416807]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], over the next month the Wikimedia Foundation will implement global API rate limits across our APIs. In early March, stricter limits will be applied to unidentified requests from outside Toolforge/WMCS and API requests that are made from web browsers. In April, higher limits will be applied to identified traffic. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]].
* The Wikidata Query Service Linked Data Fragment (LDF) endpoint will be decommissioned in February. This endpoint served limited traffic, which was successfully migrated to other data access methods that were better suited to support existing use cases. The hardware used to support the LDF endpoint will be reallocated to support the ongoing backend migration efforts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415696]
* The new Parsoid parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], improving platform sustainability and making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. Parsoid is now the default parser on 488 WMF wikis (268 Wikipedias), now covering more than 10% of all Wikipedia page views.
* The process and criteria for [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise#Access|requesting exceptional access]] to the high volume feed of the ''Wikimedia Enterprise'' APIs (at no cost for mission-aligned usecases), [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Enterprise#Exceptional access criteria|have now been published]]. This is to provide more thorough and clearer documentation for users.
* [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Tech Blog], the blog dedicated to the Wikimedia technical community [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2026/02/24/a-tech-blog-diff/ will be migrating] to [[diffblog:|Diff]], the community news and event blog. The migration should be complete in April 2026, after which new posts will be accepted for publishing. Readers will be able to access posts – old and new – on the landing page at https://diff.wikimedia.org/techblog.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.18|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W10&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:52, 2 March 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-11 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Steens Mountain]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Steens Mountain near Andrews, Oregon.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Steens Mountain''' is a large fault-block mountain in the northwest United States, located in Harney County, Oregon. Stretching some fifty miles (80 km) north to south, on its east side it rises from the Alvord Desert at an elevation of about 4,200 feet (1,280 m) to 9,738 feet (2,968 m) at the summit. Steens Mountain is not part of a mountain range but is properly a single mountain, the largest of Oregon's fault-block mountains. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 07:31, 9 March 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-11 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies.
* Last week, all wikis had 2 hours of read-only time, and extended unavailability for user-scripts and gadgets. This was due to a security incident which has since been resolved. Work is ongoing to prevent re-occurrences. For current information please see the [[m:Steward's noticeboard#Statement on Meta about today's user script security incident|post on the Stewards' noticeboard]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Product Safety and Integrity/March 2026 User Script Incident|translations]]).

'''Updates for editors'''
* Users facing multiple blocks on mobile will now see the reasons for each block separately, instead of a generic message. This helps them understand why they are blocked and what steps they can take to resolve the issue. For example, users affected for using common VPNs (such as [[Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|iCloud Private Relay]]) will receive clearer guidance on what they need to do to start editing again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357118]
* Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] will become available as a beta feature within the visual editor at all Wikipedias. This feature proactively suggests various types of actions that people can consider taking to improve Wikipedia articles, and learn about related guidelines. The feature is locally configurable, and can also be locally expanded with custom Suggestions. Current settings can be seen at [[Special:EditChecks]] and there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators %E2%80%93 local customization|instructions for how administrators can customize]] the links to point to local guidelines. The feature is connected to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit check]] which suggests improvements while someone is writing new content. In the future, the Editing team plans to evaluate the feature's impact with newcomers through a controlled experiment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404600]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where the cursor became misaligned during the use of CodeMirror’s syntax highlighting, which makes wikitext and code easier to read, has now been fixed. This problem specifically affected users who defined a font rule in a custom stylesheet while creating a new topic with DiscussionTools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418793]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* API rate limiting update: To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], global API rate limits will be applied this week to requests without a compliant User-Agent that originate from outside Toolforge/WMCS and to unauthenticated requests made from web browsers. Higher limits will be applied to identified traffic in April. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]].
* The new GraphQL API has been released. The API was developed as a flexible alternative to select features of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), to improve developer experience and foster adaptability, and efficient data access. Try it out and [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL#Feedback and development|give feedback]]. You can also [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/GraphQLAPI/apply sign up for usability tests].
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|PTAC Unsupported Tools Working Group]] continued improvements to [[commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons#|Video2Commons]] in February, with fixes addressing authentication errors, large-file handling, task queue visibility, and clearer upload behavior. Work is still ongoing in some areas, including changes related to deprecated server-side uploads. Read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group#February 2026|this update]] to learn more.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.19|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The Article Guidance team invites experienced Wikipedia editors from selected [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators#Collaborators|pilot wikis]] and interested contributors from other Wikipedias to fill out this questionnaire which is available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfmLeVWnxmsCbPoI_UF2jyRcn73WRGWCVPHzerXb4Cz97X_Ag/viewform English], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd6rzr4XXQw8r4024fE3geTPFe13M_6w7Mitj-YJi0sOlWTAw/viewform?usp=header Arabic], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdok3-RfB18lcugYTUMGkpwmqG_8p760Wv4dCXitOXOszjUDw/viewform?usp=header Bengali], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfjTfYp4jEo0akA4B1e-Nfg3QZPCudUjhJzHzzDi6AHyAaMGA/viewform?usp=header Japanese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScteVoI29Aue4xc72dekk-6RYtvmMgQxzMI900UOawrFrSTWg/viewform?usp=header Portuguese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSetdxnYwL3ub2vqA7awCg5hJZPMIYcDPaiTe12rY9h0GYnVlw/viewform?usp=header Persian], and [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScNvfJF-Ot-4pzA4qAN771_0QDJ4Li19YcUsaTgSKW8Nc7U_Q/viewform?usp=header Turkish]. Your answers will help the team customize guidance for less experienced editors and help them learn community policies and practices while creating an article. Learn more [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|on the project page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W11&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:53, 9 March 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30213008 --&gt;

== ''The Signpost'': 10 March 2026 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
* Interview: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Interview|Bernadette Meehan, new Wikimedia Foundation CEO]]

* News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/News and notes|Security testing unleashes computer worm on Meta-wiki]]

* Special report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Special report|What actually happened during the Wikimedia security incident?]]

* In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/In the media|Indonesian government blocks Wikimedia logins; archive site scoured from Wikipedia after owner runs malware]]

* Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Recent research|To wiki, perchance to groki]]

* Obituary: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Obituary|Madhav Gadgil, Fredrick Brennan, Mark Miller, Chip Berlet]]

* Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Opinion|Interface administrators and trusting trust]]

* Technology report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Technology report|English Wikipedia deprecates archive.today after DDoS against blog, altered content]]

* Op-ed: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Op-ed|Why is &quot;Trypsin-sensitive photosynthetic activities in chloroplast membranes&quot; cited in &quot;List of tallest buildings in Chicago&quot;?]]

* Essay: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Essay|The pursuit of a button click]]

* In focus: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/In focus|Short descriptions: One year later]]

* WikiProject report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/WikiProject report|Unreferenced articles backlog drive]]

* Community view: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Community view|Speaking of planning ...]]

* Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Traffic report|Over the mountain, kissing silver inlaid clouds]]

* Crossword: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Crossword|&quot;It will never happen&quot;]]

* Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Comix|BRIEn't]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 04:15, 10 March 2026 (UTC)
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== GeoSpy RfD ==

It probably wasn't best to close that discussion immediately, or in the way you closed it. Remember that RfD is based on comments and isn't a clear-cut vote. Looking at the comment now, it isn't really made on any good evidence, MSPowerUser source appears to be the only source with any actual significance, the Opentools.ai isn't really a reliable source that would relate to GNG and the Studyflix source seemingly has no relevance to the subject at all. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] &lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])&lt;/small&gt; 12:18, 13 March 2026 (UTC)

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-12 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Casque (anatomy)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Great hornbill (Buceros bicornis) Photograph by Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''casque''' is an anatomical feature found in some species of birds, reptiles, and amphibians. In birds, it is an enlargement of the bones of the upper mandible or the skull, either on the front of the face, the top of the head, or both. The casque has been hypothesized to serve as a visual cue to a bird's sex, state of maturity, or social status; as reinforcement to the beak's structure; or as a resonance chamber, enhancing calls. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:43, 16 March 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-12 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature, also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], has been used for wikitext syntax highlighting since November 2024. It will be promoted out of beta by May 2026 in order to bring improvements and new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Features|features]] to all editors who use the standard syntax highlighter. If you have any questions or concerns about promoting the feature out of beta, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|please share]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059]
* Some changes to local user groups are performed by stewards on Meta-Wiki and logged there only. Now, interwiki rights changes will be logged both on Meta-Wiki and the wiki of the target user to make it easier to access a full record of user's rights changes on a local wiki. Past log entries for such changes will be backfilled in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6055]
* On wikis using [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]], the number of pending changes shown on [[{{#Special:PendingChanges}}]] previously counted pages which were no longer pending review, because they have been removed from the system without being reviewed, e.g. due to being deleted, moved to a different namespace, or due to wiki configuration changes. The count will be correct now. On some wikis the number shown will be much smaller than before. There should be no change to the list of pages itself. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413016]
* Wikifunctions composition language has been rewritten, resulting in a new version of the language. This change aims to increase service stability by reducing the orchestrator's memory consumption. This rewrite also enables substantial latency reduction, code simplification, and better abstractions, which will open the door to later feature additions. Read more about [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|the changes]].
* Users can now sort search results alphabetically by page title. The update gives an additional option to finding pages more easily and quickly. Previously, results could be sorted by Edit date, Creation date, or Relevance. To use the new option, open 'Advanced Search' on the search results page and select 'Alphabetically' under 'Sorting Order'. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403775]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons from importing files from Flickr has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419263]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new special page, [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}]], has been created to list transcluded pages that are flagged as containing lint errors to help users discover them easily. The list is sorted by the number of transclusions with errors. For example: [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}/night-mode-unaware-background-color]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170874]
* Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature have been using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages, for some time now. Along with promoting CodeMirror 6 out of beta, the plan is to replace CodeEditor as the standard editor for these content models by May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|Feedback or concerns are welcome]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] JavaScript modules will soon be upgraded to CodeMirror 6. Leading up to the upgrade, loading the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror.lib&lt;/code&gt; modules from gadgets and user scripts was deprecated in July 2025. The use of the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror.switch&lt;/code&gt; hook was also deprecated in March 2025. Contributors can now make their scripts or gadgets compatible with CodeMirror 6. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror#Gadgets and user scripts|migration guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373720]
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team is expanding coverage of REST API module definitions to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API/Extensions|extension APIs]]. REST API modules are groups of related endpoints that can be independently managed and versioned. Modules now exist for [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414470 GrowthExperiments] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419053 Wikifunctions] APIs. As we migrate extension APIs to this structure, documentation will move out of the main MediaWiki OpenAPI spec and REST Sandbox view, and will instead be accessible via module-specific options in the dropdown on the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox] (i.e., [[{{#Special:RestSandbox}}]], available on all wiki projects).
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] extension provides different pieces of information about the wiki where the module is being used via the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual|mw.site]] library. Starting last week, the library also provides a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.site.wikiId|way]] of accessing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Wiki ID|wiki ID]] that can be used to facilitate cross-wiki module maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146616]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.20|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|2026 Coolest Tool Award]] celebrating outstanding community tools, is now open for nominations! Nominate your favorite tool using the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/435684?lang=en nomination survey] form by 23 March 2026. For more information on privacy and data handling, please see the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Coolest_Tool_Award_2026_Survey_Privacy_Statement|survey privacy statement]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W12&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:36, 16 March 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-13 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Etruscan sculpture]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Frontone A del grande tempio di luni con concilio degli dei, 175-150 ac. ca. 01.JPG|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Etruscan sculpture''' was one of the most important artistic expressions of the Etruscan people, who inhabited the regions of Northern Italy and Central Italy between about the 9th century BC and the 1st century BC. Etruscan art was largely a derivation of Greek art, although developed with many characteristics of its own. Given the almost total lack of Etruscan written documents, a problem compounded by the paucity of information on their language—still largely undeciphered—it is in their art that the keys to the reconstruction of their history are to be found, although Greek and Roman chronicles are also of great help. Like its culture in general, Etruscan sculpture has many obscure aspects for scholars, being the subject of controversy and forcing them to propose their interpretations always tentatively, but the consensus is that it was part of the most important and original legacy of Italian art and even contributed significantly to the initial formation of the artistic traditions of ancient Rome. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:07, 23 March 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-13 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Wikimedia site users can now log in without a password using passkeys. This is a secure method supported by fingerprint, facial recognition, or PIN. With this change, all users who opt for passwordless login will find it easier, faster, and more secure to log in to their accounts using any device. The new passkey login option currently appears as an autofill suggestion in the username field. An additional [[phab:T417120|&quot;Log in with passkey&quot; button]] will soon be available for users who have already registered a passkey. This update will improve security and user experience. The [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|screen recording]] demonstrates the passwordless login process step by step.
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Wikimedia site users can now export their notifications older than 5 years using a [[toolforge:echo-chamber|new Toolforge tool]]. This will ensure that users retain their important notifications and avoid them being lost based on the planned change to delete notifications older than 5 years, as previously announced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948]
* Wikipedia editors in Indonesian, Thai, Turkish, and Simple English now have access to Special:PersonalDashboard. This is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|early version of an experience]] that introduces newer editors to patrolling workflows, making it easier for them to move from making edits to participating in more advanced moderation work on their project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647]
* The [[Special:Block]] now has two minor interface changes. Administrators can now easily perform indefinite blocks through a dedicated radio button in the expiry section. Also, choosing an indefinite expiry provides a different set of common reasons to select from, which can be changed at: [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823]
* Mobile editors [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|at several wikis]] can now see an improved logged-out edit warning, thanks to the recent updates from the Growth team. These changes released last week are part of ongoing efforts and tests to enhance [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|account creation experience on mobile]] and then increase participation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented mobile web users from seeing the block information when affected by multiple blocks has been fixed. They can now see messages of all the blocks currently affecting them when they access Wikipedia.

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Images built using Toolforge will soon get the upgraded buildpacks version, bringing support for newer language versions and other upstream improvements and fixes. If you use Toolforge Build Service, review the recent [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ cloud-announce email] and update your build configuration as necessary to ensure your tools are compatible. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&amp;oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127]

* The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] documentation wiki will shut down in June 2026. API keys created on the API Portal will continue to work normally. api.wikimedia.org endpoints will be deprecated gradually starting in July 2026. Documentation on the API Portal is moving to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is considering improvements to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|automatically generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Please check out the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|proposed solutions]] and participate in the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|request for comment]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W13&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:51, 23 March 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30268305 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-14 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Pulse (nightclub)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Orlando FL Pulse Nightclub01.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Pulse''' was a gay bar, dance club, and nightclub in Orlando, Florida, founded in 2004 by Barbara Poma and Ron Legler. On June 12, 2016, the club was the scene of the second-deadliest mass shooting by a single gunman in U.S. history, and the second-deadliest terrorist attack on U.S. soil since the September 11 attacks. Forty-nine people were killed and 58 other people were injured. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:38, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-14 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Beta version of [[abstract:|Abstract Wikipedia]] a new Wikimedia project which is language-independent, was launched last week. The project allows communities to build Wikipedia articles in their native language, which can be readily accessed by other users in their own languages. The wiki is powered by instructions from Wikifunctions and also based on structured content from Wikidata. [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|Read more]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Growth team is running an A/B test to evaluate a clearer, more user-friendly message that promotes account creation on wikis. Currently when logged-out mobile users begin editing, they see a jarring warning message that can feel abrupt and discouraging. This also presents temporary account editing as the default rather than encouraging account creation. The test is running on ten Wikipedias, including Arabic, French, Spanish and German. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#2. Improve logged-out warning message (T415160)|Read more]].
* The Wikimedia Apps team is inviting feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|how editing should work on the Wikipedia mobile apps]]. The discussion focuses on improving how users access editing tools when they tap &quot;Edit&quot;. This is part of a broader effort to convert readers who develop an interest in editing, to access a more user-friendly pathway to start contributing.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:45}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:45|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where citation fetching from the large newspaper archive [https://www.newspapers.com Newspapers.com] was no longer working, due to a block in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|Citoid]] requests, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419903]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.22|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W14&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:26, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30329462 --&gt;

== ''The Signpost'': 31 March 2026 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
* News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-31/News and notes|Entirety of Wikinews to be shut down]]

* In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-31/In the media|AI ban, newspapers disrupt archiving; and antisemitism complaints]]

* Community view: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-31/Community view|Videos from WikiConference North America 2025 in NYC]]

* Disinformation report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-31/Disinformation report|Cleaning up after Jeffrey Epstein, Peter Nygard, and Mohamed Al-Fayed]]

* WikiConference report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-31/WikiConference report|WikiConference North America 2025 in NYC review]]

* Obituary: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-31/Obituary|Dr. Subas Chandra Rout]]

* Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-31/Traffic report|Call in the dogs of war, soldier of fortune]]

* Gallery: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-31/Gallery|Canadian Rangers participate in Operation ''Enduring Encyclopedia'']]

* Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-31/Comix|n00bsitting]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 10:09, 31 March 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-15 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Tofana di Rozes]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Tofana di Rozes 04.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Tofana di Rozes''' (3,225 metres (10,581 ft)) is a mountain of the Dolomites in the Province of Belluno, Veneto, Italy. Located west of the resort of Cortina d'Ampezzo, the mountain's giant three-edged pyramid shape and its vertical south face, above the Falzarego Pass, makes it the most popular peak in the Tofane group, and one of the most popular in the Dolomites. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 12:27, 6 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-15 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W15&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''

* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] now includes a new group goal-setting feature, enabling organizers to set and track event goals such as the number of articles created and participating contributors in real time. Similarly, participants can work toward shared targets and see their collective impact as the event unfolds. The feature is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Learn more in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|the documentation]].
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|watchlist labels]] feature (announced in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Tech News 2026-07]]) is now available via VisualEditor, the source editor, and the 'watchstar' (or watch link, for skins that don't have a star icon). Previously it was only possible to assign labels via [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. In all three places it is a new field following the expiry field.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where talk pages on mobile with Parsoid are unusable after empty section headers, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419171]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]], which lets editors add details to an existing reference without duplicating it, will be gradually rolled out to [[phab:T414094|more wikis]] later this year. Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] gadget are encouraged to update their version (typically at [[m:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] as shown [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1344408362 here]) to ensure compatibility. Other reference-related gadgets may also be affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416304]
* All Wikinews editions will be closed and switched to read-only mode on 4 May 2026. Content will remain accessible, but no new edits or articles can be added. This closure was approved by the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation following extended discussions. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Read more]].
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Action API|Action API]] has had several formats for requested output. One of them, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;format=php&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, is being removed soon. Please ensure your scripts or bots use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Data formats#Output|JSON format]]. This removal should affect very few scripts and bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118538]
* The [[Special:NamespaceInfo|Special:NamespaceInfo]] page now includes namespace aliases. For example &quot;WP&quot; for the &quot;Project&quot; (&quot;Wikipedia&quot;) namespace on the German Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381455]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.23|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W15&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:19, 6 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-16 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Very-low-calorie diet]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Green smoothie (8222465502).jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''very-low-calorie diet''' (VLCD), also known as semistarvation diet and crash diet, is a type of diet with very or extremely low daily food energy consumption. VLCDs are defined as a diet of 800 kilocalories (3,300 kJ) per day or less. Modern medically supervised VLCDs use total meal replacements, with regulated formulations in Europe and Canada which contain the recommended daily requirements for vitamins, minerals, trace elements, fatty acids, protein and electrolyte balance. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:56, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-16 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W16&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Experienced editors are invited to [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Main_Page test] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature, designed to help less-experienced editors create well-structured, policy-compliant Wikipedia articles. Testing instructions are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide|available]]. Also, after reviewing [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance the outlines], please provide feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Article guidance|project talk page]]. Based on your input, the feature will be refined and transferred to the pilot Wikipedias to translate and adapt. Check out [[c:File:Article Guidance workflow demo - April 2026.webm|the video]] explaining the feature.
'''Updates for editors'''
* On most wikis, all autoconfirmed users can now use [[Special:ChangeContentModel|Special:ChangeContentModel]] page to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|create new pages with custom content models]], such as mass message lists, making custom page formats more accessible. Check [[Special:ListGroupRights|Special:ListGroupRights]] for the status of your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248294]
* The Growth team has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account_Creation_Experiments|account creation experiment]] to evaluate whether adding an account creation button to the mobile web header increases new account registrations and encourages more mobile users to contribute to the wikis. The experiment is currently live on Hindi, Indonesian, Bengali, Thai, and Hebrew Wikipedia, and targets 10% of logged-out mobile web users.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where VisualEditor could get stuck loading on Windows devices with animations turned off, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382856]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting later this week, {{int:group-abusefilter}} who have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature enabled will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] as the editor at [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. This is part of the broader effort to make the user experience more consistent across all editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399673][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* Tools and bots that access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications/API|Notifications API]] (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=query&amp;meta=notifications&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;) will need to update their OAuth or BotPassword grants to also include access to private notifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421991]
* Due to a library upgrade, listings on category pages may be displayed out of order starting on Monday, 20th April. A migration script will be run to correct this, and will take hours to days depending on the size of the wiki (up to a week for English Wikipedia). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T422544]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.24|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W16&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:19, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-17 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Chromodoris willani]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Babosa de mar (Chromodoris willani), Anilao, Filipinas, 2023-08-24, DD 34.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Chromodoris willani''''', commonly known as Willan's chromodoris, is a species of sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusk in the family Chromodorididae. The species is named for the renowned nudibranch taxonomist Dr. Richard C. Willan. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:34, 20 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-17 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W17&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* After two years of development, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], is to be promoted out of beta on Tuesday, April 21. It brings better code and wikitext readability, reduction in typing errors, and other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|benefits]] to all users of the standard syntax highlighter. A huge thank you to volunteer [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/p/Bhsd/ Bhsd] who developed many of the new features, including [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Code folding|code folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linting]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059]
* A major update to the Wikipedia app for iOS is now rolling out, redesigning the interface to align with Apple's latest &quot;Liquid Glass&quot; visual design. [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia/id324715238 Download the latest version] and explore the update.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading lists]] is a feature which allows readers to save articles to a list for reading later. This feature is now in beta on Arabic, French, Indonesian, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and by default for all new accounts on all Wikipedias.
* An experiment which explores extending [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Page Previews to mobile web]] will be launched in the week of April 20 on Arabic, English, French, Italian, Polish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. Page Previews are pop-ups that display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and a link to open the full article of a blue link, thereby improving content discovery. The feature is already available on desktop and in the apps. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology#Template|Read more about this experiment and others]].
* On several wikis, logged-in editors who haven't [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email confirmation|confirmed their email addresses]] can now see a banner encouraging them to do so. Having the email address confirmed allows a user to restore access to the account if they lose it. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Encouraging users to confirm their email addresses|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421366]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:15}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:15|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where editing very large wiki pages in the 2017 wikitext editor caused slow loading, preview and scrolling lag, and performance issues when selecting, cutting, or pasting content, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184857]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As part of the promotion of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] from a beta feature, all users will use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* The &lt;code&gt;mirrors.wikimedia.org&lt;/code&gt; service for Debian and Ubuntu users will sunset and stop working on May 15. The resources for the service will be replaced with new and better options. Some users may need to switch to a different server which should take about a minute. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LJYRIS4WB66HIRCAO4GIDTXCMDVZRBMA/ You can read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416707]
* The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;image&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;oldimage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; table will be removed from [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wikireplicas]]. If your tools or queries access &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;image&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; or &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;oldimage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; directly, please update them to use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;file&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;filerevision&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; table before 28 May. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28741]
* Following the recent implementation of global API rate limits on unidentified traffic, the Wikimedia Foundation will continue efforts to ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]] by applying global limits to identified API traffic beginning the last week of April. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]].
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Attribution API|Attribution API]] is now available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Stability policy|beta]]. The API fetches information for crediting Wikimedia articles and media files wherever they are used. Reference documentation is available through the REST Sandbox special page available on all Wikimedia wikis (such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=attribution.v0-beta&amp;title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST sandbox on English Wikipedia]). Share your feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Attribution API|project talk page]].
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W17&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:00, 20 April 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30432763 --&gt;

== ''The Signpost'': 21 April 2026 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
* News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-04-21/News and notes|Six Serbian Wikipedia editors banned following controversy about political bias]]

* In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-04-21/In the media|Could Wikipedia be involved in Massachusetts' proposed social media ban for minors?]]

* Gallery: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-04-21/Gallery|March equinox]]

* Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-04-21/Traffic report|Time to change my galaxy in case, we outta space!]]

* Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-04-21/Comix|Of skirts and articles]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 06:50, 21 April 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-18 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Platypus venom]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Platypus spur.JPG|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The platypus is one of the few living mammals to produce venom. The venom is made in venom glands that are connected to hollow spurs on their hind legs; it is primarily made during the mating season.[1] While the venom's effects are described as extremely painful, it is not lethal to humans. Many archaic mammal groups possess similar tarsal spurs, so it is thought that, rather than having developed this characteristic uniquely, the platypus simply inherited this characteristic from its ancestors. Rather than being a unique outlier, the platypus is the last demonstration of what was once a common mammalian characteristic, and it can be used as a model for non-therian mammals and their venom delivery and properties. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:04, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-18 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W18&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* There is a change in how new users are autoconfirmed that will improve anti-vandalism protection. Currently, users who have had an account for a few days and made a few edits are automatically added to the [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]] group. This configuration tends to be exploited by some vandals, who create accounts and start to use them only after some time. To mitigate this, the configuration will be updated next week so that – for the purpose of becoming autoconfirmed – the account age will be counted from their first edit, instead of registration date. The numeric value of the age threshold will remain the same. This change will be deployed only to wikis which require at least one edit as part of the autoconfirmation conditions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484]
* All Wikipedia users with new accounts and those who activated the &quot;automatically enable most beta features&quot; option in their preference can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|reading lists]] beta feature to save articles for later reading. This helps organize reading interests in one place for convenient access. 
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where infobox images have huge padding in Firefox, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As a reminder, the global API rate limits will be applied this week to identified API traffic. This is to help ensure [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]]. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, including the actual rate limits, see [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W18&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:06, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
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== You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Greetings,

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years.

This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required.

The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run.

In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:11, 28 April 2026 (UTC) &lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-19 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Kuwait National Assembly Building]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Kuwait City Arabian Gulf Street 10.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Kuwait National Assembly Building''' is the building that housed the National Assembly of Kuwait.

Designed by Danish architect Jørn Utzon in 1972, it was completed in 1982 under the direction of his son Jan. The structural design was by Max Walt. The building was seriously damaged in February 1991 when retreating Iraqi troops set it on fire but has since been restored. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 12:16, 4 May 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-19 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W19&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] team invites experienced editors of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators|pilot Wikipedias]]—Arabic, Bangla, Japanese, Portuguese, Persian, Turkish, Simple English, Spanish, and French—to help translate and adapt [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance sample outlines]. These outlines will guide editors in creating clear, well-structured, and policy-compliant articles when using [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Special:NewArticle the feature] once it is launched in May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|Simple instructions]] on how to translate and adapt the outlines are available.
'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has published [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|draft recommendations]] on a model that affiliates can follow when contributing to the technical space. Community members are invited to provide feedback on the recommendation until May 8th [[:m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|on the talk page]].
* The number of available thumbnail size preferences in MediaWiki is being reduced to three standardized options—Small (180px), Regular (250px), and Large (400px), as part of ongoing efforts to improve performance and reduce strain on thumbnail services. As a result, existing preferences will be mapped to the nearest new size (for example, smaller selections like 120px or 150px will render at 180px, while larger ones like 300px or 360px will render at 400px). The preferences interface will soon be updated to reflect these changes, and users who wish to opt out or provide feedback can do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424909]
* From now on, even when a permission expires automatically, users will receive an Echo notification similar to the standard notification for permission changes. There is a difference between this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]] in that the latter reminds users a week ''before'' the rights are due to expire, so that they can renew the rights.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the problem where the ULS language selector in [[m:Special:Translate|Special:Translate]] would scroll vertically when it shouldn't, has been resolved. Previously, when users opened the &quot;Translate to English&quot; dropdown and typed certain inputs, the dialog would scroll vertically by a few pixels even when there was enough space to display all results. The dropdown no longer shifts unnecessarily when filtering languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358864] 
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]], which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page, continues to improve. For example, watchlists for Wikibase sites such as [[:d:|Wikidata]] now support [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EntitySchema|EntitySchema]] elements for better tracking. The Live Updates mode now refreshes the special page every 60 seconds to comply with the updated [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] for improved real-time responsiveness. Additionally, a directionality bug that displayed links as &quot;changes 3&quot; instead of &quot;3 changes&quot; in mixed-direction lists has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415450][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424422][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418091]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The second phase of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] has been rolled out to reduce the [[diffblog:2026/03/26/quo-vadis-crawlers-progress-and-whats-next-on-safeguarding-our-infrastructure/|impact of AI crawlers]] and ensure fair, sustainable access to Wikimedia resources, prioritising human and mission-aligned traffic. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits#Limits|Limits]] have been shifted from per-hour to per-minute, producing smoother traffic patterns and more predictable API load. Community users are not expected to be affected, and no action is required. Early indications show some User-Agent-based requestors are adjusting behaviour, and around 64% of automated API traffic has been identified. Monitoring continues, and Wikimedia Enterprise remains available for commercial support.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.27|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W19&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:43, 4 May 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30498077 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-20 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Macau National Security Law]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Lei relative à defesa da segurança do Estado projecto.JPG|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Macau National Security Law''' is a law in Macau which prohibits and punishes acts of treason, secession, and subversion against the Central government, as well as preparative acts leading to any of the three acts. Taken into effect on 3 March 2009, the purpose of the law is to fulfil Article 23 of the Macau Basic Law, the de facto constitution of the Macau Special Administration Region. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:54, 11 May 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-20 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W20&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Community Tech has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/How to write a good wish|new guidance]] explaining how wishes on Community Wishlist are triaged and prioritized. The documentation is intended to help contributors write stronger proposals by clarifying the factors that influence prioritization decisions. Beyond vote counts, the guidance highlights considerations such as potential impact on the community when determining which wishes move forward.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment to test a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Share_Card|Share Card feature]] that allows readers to create visually engaging cards from Wikipedia articles or selected article sections and share them online, with each card linking back to the original article to help expand readership and article discovery. The mobile-only A/B test will be available to a portion of readers on Arabic, Chinese, French, Vietnamese, and English Wikipedia to better understand reading and sharing habits, and is scheduled to begin the week of May 18 and run for four weeks.
* The Android and iOS Wikipedia apps recently released the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/25th_Birthday_Reading_Challenge|25-day reading challenge]] into Beta, as part of efforts to drive reader engagement by encouraging users to complete reading milestones. To track their reading streak during the challenge, App users can add a widget featuring Baby Globe to their home screen. The challenge officially begins May 11.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:17}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:17|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the global preference for enabling syntax highlighting in wikitext could unexpectedly disable itself after being turned on, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425286]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader module &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mediawiki.ui.input&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, deprecated since [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|September 2023]], will be removed this week. There is a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420125]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.2|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W20&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:20, 11 May 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-21 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W21&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Abstract Wikipedia team has identified five potential pilot wikis to assess their interest in adopting abstract articles on their wikis. The pilots are Malayalam, Bengali, Dagbani, Arabic, and Indonesian Wikipedia. The feedback period will be open until May 22. If your community is interested in becoming a pilot, [[m:Talk:Abstract Wikipedia|let us know on Meta]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* An experiment to show [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] to logged-out readers on mobile web will launch on May 18 across German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu Wikipedias, and will run for one month. The effort supports broader goals of helping readers save and organize articles for later reading, while encouraging habits that could lead to future Wikipedia contributions.
* To support a bookmark button in the Reading List beta feature, the &quot;Tools &gt; Action&quot; menu has been updated to display icons, including the watch star indicator that helps editors identify temporarily watched articles. The icons now also match those used on mobile, improving consistency across platforms. The change is currently limited to the actions menu and mainly affects editors with privileged user rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T426008]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] was released as an [[w:en:A/B test|A/B test]] for newcomer editors on the mobile website at [[phab:T421189|~15 Wikipedias]]. The experiment will measure the impact that Suggestion Mode has on the proportion of newcomer mobile web edit sessions that result in constructive (un-reverted) article edits. The experiment will also evaluate the feature's impact on editor retention, and monitor changes in revert and block rates.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue in the Wikipedia Android app where images could sometimes fail to load after opening a recommended reading list notification, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418231]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|Wikidata Platform team]] has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/Backend Replacement|backend replacement recommendation]] and accompanying [[wikitech:Wikidata Query Service/WDQS Architecture re-design|technical architecture]] for the migration of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) away from Blazegraph. Feedback is invited until May 25th 2026, especially on potential gaps and impacts on advanced use cases. Wikidata community members and WDQS users are also encouraged to help identify high-impact tools and workflows that may need attention on [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/High-Impact Use Cases|this page]]. Feedback can be shared on the [[d:Wikidata talk:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update|Migration talk page]] or during the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Blazegraph Migration Office Hours|next office hour]]. See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|WDP team newsletter]] for more details.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.3|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''

* On English, French, Japanese, and a few other Wikipedias, there was a [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|trial of hCaptcha]], a third-party bot detection service. The trial showed that hCaptcha effectively detects and deters some bad-faith automated activity, on its own and by giving [[w:en:Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)/Archive 225#Introducing SuggestedInvestigations|checkusers and stewards]] signals to look into. Because the results were positive, hCaptcha will be rolled out across all wikis over the next few weeks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|See the hCaptcha project page]] for technical information about the implementation and privacy protections. [[diffblog:2026/05/04/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha-part-2/|Learn more]].
* The latest Community Tech update is now available, with progress across several Community Wishlist initiatives, including Reading Lists expansion from the mobile app to the website, new language support for &quot;Who Wrote That&quot; and the Personal Dashboard, improvements to 3D rendering and Charts, and upcoming work on talk page sorting, audio playback, and editing workflows. The update also shares current priorities, wishlist status trends, and opportunities for community feedback on future focus areas and the Wikimedia Foundation’s 2026–2027 Annual Plan. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 13, 2026: Latest updates from the Community Tech team|Read the full newsletter for details]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W21&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:22, 18 May 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30539262 --&gt;

== You may be eligible to vote in the U4C election ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
I am contacting you because you previously voted in elections related to the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]]. You may be eligible to vote in the current U4C election, which is open now and closes on 2 June 2026. You can find out more about the candidates and the election on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the election page on Meta]], and from there you can access the vote itself. Your participation in these elections is important to the governance of Wikimedia communities, and your time spent learning about the candidates and voting is appreciated.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

[[m:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:16, 20 May 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-21 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Stela of the cactus bearer]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Estela del portador del cactus]])&amp;#32;([[:ca:Estela del portador del cactus]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Estela Wachumero en Chavin.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''stela of the cactus bearer''' is a monolith or stele of a single piece of granite, belonging to the Chavín culture of ancient Peru, which remains in its original location on the northwest side of the circular plaza at the archaeological site known as the ceremonial center of Chavín de Huántar in the Ancash region of Peru. It was discovered during the 1972 excavation season by Peruvian archaeologist Luis Guillermo Lumbreras. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 04:05, 21 May 2026 (UTC)
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== ''The Signpost'': 22 May 2026 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
* News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-05-22/News and notes|Offline: Osama Khalid still in prison]]

* In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-05-22/In the media|Indonesian editors, you shall return!]]

* Disinformation report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-05-22/Disinformation report|Who is a typical paid editor? Who are their typical clients?]]

* Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-05-22/Recent research|WikiLambda the Ultimate]]

* Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-05-22/Traffic report|This is where I'll be, so heavenly, so come and dance with me Michael!]]

* Forum: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-05-22/Forum|WikiAnnotate: help us build a dataset of article quality evaluations]]

* In focus: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-05-22/In focus|Demystifying the 2026-27 Annual Plan]]

* Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-05-22/Opinion|Wikipedia isn't a battleground. So why does it feel like one?]]

* Serendipity: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-05-22/Serendipity|Wikinews: Into the Wikiverse]]

* Special report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-05-22/Special report|Wikimedia Foundation closes Wikinews after 21 years]]

* Community view: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-05-22/Community view|Wikipedia's traffic drop: more on languages and freshness]]

* Gallery: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-05-22/Gallery|Earth Day and Mother's Day]]

* Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-05-22/Comix|Brother, can you spare a page?]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 05:19, 22 May 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-22 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Griffith Hughes]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The Reverend '''Griffith Hughes''' (1707 – c.1758), FRS, was a Welsh naturalist, clergyman, and author. Hughes wrote The Natural History of Barbados, which included the first description of the grapefruit (also known as &quot;The Forbidden Fruit&quot;). His work was praised by Linnaeus, but it has also been considered a &quot;scientific fraud&quot;. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:32, 25 May 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-22 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W22&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Following a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#LOWM|successful account creation experiment]], an improved logged-out edit warning message will be deployed to all Wikimedia wikis in the first week of June. The change will only affect logged-out users on mobile web who open an editing session. The updated experience is designed to encourage account creation more clearly, while still allowing users to edit with temporary accounts. Results from the experiment showed a significant increase in account creation, with a 27% relative lift among users shown the updated message. As expected, as more people funnel into account creation, temporary accounts decreased by a relative 16%. The experiment did not show any significant changes in constructive edit rates or other monitored contributor metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424595] 

'''Updates for editors'''
* For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Members of these groups will be unable to disable the last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the next few weeks, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. Notably, this applies to bureaucrats. See the linked tasks for deployment schedules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423119][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423120]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] will run an [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on [[:phab:T415904|10 wikis]], testing [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/Reference Previews|potential improvements for Reference Previews]]. The experiment will run for ~2 weeks at the end of May / beginning of June and will affect 10% of desktop readers on the participating wikis.
* After two successful experiments, the Reader Growth team is rolling out an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature for all Wikipedias on mobile on May 25. This means that anyone who has all beta features on by default will start to see this feature, and others can check the box to turn it on in their preferences. The beta feature will include a carousel of all an article's images at the top of the article, with controls for editors to [[mw:Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing#Phase_2.1_beta_feature|exclude images from the article's carousel or to exclude an article from the feature entirely]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, three dimensional STL files were being rendered incorrectly by the media viewer 3D extension which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416723]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The legacy CSS classes &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;tleft&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;tright&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; have been replaced with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;floatleft&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;floatright&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; as the former do not work consistently across all MediaWiki platforms, notably mobile web and mobile apps. Projects relying on these classes are encouraged to review related usage and plan for migration. Please note that &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;floatleft&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;floatright&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; may also be deprecated in future, although there are currently no plans to do so. [[phab:T426452|Read more]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.4|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W22&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:52, 25 May 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30584502 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-23 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Umuganda]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Umuganda&quot;Rwandan community work&quot;.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Umuganda''' is a national holiday in Rwanda taking place on the last Saturday of every month for mandatory nationwide community service from 08:00 to 11:00. Participation in Umuganda is required by law; failure to participate can result in a fine.

The program was most recently re-established under President Paul Kagame in 2009, having resulted in a notable improvement in the cleanliness of Rwanda. Also, there are other informal Umuganda day activities that occur in the middle of the month. These activities are initiated by either society or the government. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 01:56, 1 June 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-23 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W23&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is conducting an experiment to show the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|reading lists]] feature, which is still in development, to logged-out mobile readers to test whether it encourages account creation at a higher rate compared to the watchstar button. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists#Experiment timeline|experiment]] was launched on May 18th on German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu wikis, and it will run for a month.
* The Wikimedia Apps team released [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|Phase 1]] of the redesigned Home Feed to the Android Beta app. The new Home Feed includes a refreshed &quot;Community&quot; tab and a personalized &quot;For You&quot; tab featuring daily updated reading recommendations. The redesign is part of a broader effort to improve content discovery and create more engaging learning experiences in the Wikipedia apps.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where images could fail to load for some suggested edits on [[w:Special:Homepage|Special:Homepage]], leaving the thumbnail stuck in a loading state, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424048]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.5|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W23&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:09, 1 June 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30613639 --&gt;</text>
      <sha1>5apoon6eskgdoghfma5i2zbnvoui89o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sports league</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>990285</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880492</id>
      <parentid>10494334</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T19:01:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-33577-93</username>
        <id>1817519</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>No</comment>
      <origin>10880492</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="386" sha1="s7e0kz3ck4ef8zvz6khzqyj6s1dv3za" xml:space="preserve">A '''sports league''' is a [[sport]] [[organization]] that is made up of many players and teams. They [[Competition|compete]] against one another to chose the league [[Championship|champion]]. Some leagues use a points system to pick the champion, but other leagues use a [[Playoffs|playoff]] system in United States of America and Canada.

{{Sport-stub}}
[[Category:Sports leagues|  ]]</text>
      <sha1>s7e0kz3ck4ef8zvz6khzqyj6s1dv3za</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Almada</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>990405</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880304</id>
      <parentid>10745507</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T12:41:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ziv</username>
        <id>888555</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Undid revision 10745507 by [[Special:Contributions/CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] ([[User talk:CommonsDelinker|talk]])</comment>
      <origin>10880304</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="377" sha1="32l8kkrt0eu8ngio9cs96govyb8sbhx" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Pt-alm3.png|thumb|150px|Flag]]
[[Image:Brasão de Almada.png|thumb|90px|Coat of arms]]
'''Almada''' is a city and municipality in [[Portugal]]. It is in the [[Setúbal District]]. In 2011, 174,030 people lived there.

{{authority control}}

{{multistub|geo|Europe}}

[[Category:Cities in Portugal]]
[[Category:Municipalities of Portugal]]
[[Category:Setúbal District]]</text>
      <sha1>32l8kkrt0eu8ngio9cs96govyb8sbhx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mediterranean and Middle East theatres of World War II</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1000519</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880547</id>
      <parentid>10872690</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T20:33:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-33568-27</username>
        <id>1817570</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added some wiki-link.</comment>
      <origin>10880547</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13154" sha1="hl3dd95eticw1bc6wn1ntl2pmrhp0wu" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict    = Mediterranean and Middle East theatres in World War II
| place       = [[Mediterranean]] and [[Middle East]]
| result      = [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] victory
| combatant1  = {{Collapsible list
|title='''[[Allies of World War II|Allies]]'''
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}{{refn|Including the [[British Empire]].|group=''nb''}}
|{{flag|United States|1912}} (from 1941)
|{{flag|Free France}} (1940-1944){{refn|Including controlled parts of the [[French colonial empire]], the [[Free French Forces]], and the [[French Resistance]].|group=''nb''}}
|{{flag|Provisional Government of the French Republic|name=PGFR}} (1944-1945){{refn|Including the [[French colonial empire]].|group=''nb''}}
|{{flag|Soviet Union|1936}} (from 1941){{refn|The Soviets [[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran|invaded Iran]] in 1941 to secure the supply line and the Soviets were involved in the [[Liberation of Yugoslavia]] in 1944 during the [[Belgrade offensive]].|group=&quot;nb&quot;}}
|{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Yugoslavia}} (April 1941)
|{{flag|DF Yugoslavia}} (from November 1943){{refn|The DF Yugoslavia started as the [[Yugoslav Partisans]] in July 1941. They became the DF Yugoslavia in November 1943. And then in March 1945, the partisans were formed into the [[Yugoslav People's Army]] and also formed a coalition government with the [[Yugoslav government-in-exile]] called the [[Provisional Government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia]].|group=&quot;nb&quot;}}
|{{flag|Kingdom of Greece|name=Greece|state}}{{refn|[[Greek government-in-exile]] from 1941 until 1944.|group=&quot;nb&quot;}}{{refn|[[Greek resistance]] fought against the axis powers in Greece until October 1944.|group=''nb''}}
|{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Iraq}} (from 1943)
|{{flagcountry|Pahlavi dynasty|1925}} (from 1943)
|{{flagdeco|Communist Albania|1944-state}} [[Democratic Government of Albania|Albania]]{{refn|[[LANÇ]] until October 1944.|group=''nb''}}
|{{flag|Ethiopian Empire|name=Ethiopia}} (from 1941){{refn|The [[Arbegnoch]] fought against the Italian forces in Ethiopia until the end of the [[East African campaign (World War II)|East African campaign]] in November 1941.|group=''nb''}}
|{{flagcountry|Vargas Era|1930}} (from 1942)
|([[Allies of World War II|and others]])
|&lt;hr&gt;
|'''co-belligerents'''
|{{flagcountry|Kingdom of the South}} ([[Italian Civil War|from 1943]]){{refn|[[Italian partisans]] fought against the axis powers in Italy until the end of the [[Spring 1945 offensive in Italy]] in May 1945.|group=''nb''}}
|{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Bulgaria}} (from 1944)}}
| combatant2  = {{Collapsible list
|title='''[[Axis powers|Axis]]'''
|{{flagcountry|Fascist Italy}} ([[Italian Civil War|until 1943]]){{refn|Including the [[Italian Colonial Empire]].|group=''nb''}}
|{{flag|Italian Social Republic}} ([[Italian Civil War|from 1943]])
|{{flag|Nazi Germany|name=Germany}}
|{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)}}{{refn|Hungary was involved in the 1941 Axis [[Invasion of Yugoslavia|invasion of Yugoslavia]].|group=&quot;nb&quot;}}{{refn|[[Government of National Unity (Hungary)|Government of National Unity]] from October 1944.|group=&quot;nb&quot;}}
|{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Romania}} (until 1944){{refn|Romania was involved in Operation Achse, an operation to disarm Italian soldiers after Italy surrendered to the Allies.|group=&quot;nb&quot;}}
|{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Bulgaria}} (1941-1944)
|([[Axis powers|and others]])
|&lt;hr&gt;
|'''Co-belligerents'''
|{{flag|Vichy France}} (until 1942){{Refn|Including controlled parts of the [[French colonial empire]] until 1942.|group=''nb''}}{{Refn|During Operation Torch (the Allied invasion of French North Africa), the Axis invaded Vichy France. But Pétain stayed in power until 1944 when [[Liberation of France|France was liberated by the Allies]].|group=''nb''}}
|{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Iraq}} (1941)
|{{flagcountry|Pahlavi dynasty|1925}} (1941)
|&lt;hr&gt;
|'''[[Axis Powers|Axis]] puppet states'''
|{{flagcountry|Independent State of Croatia}} (from 1941)
|{{flagdeco|Serbia|1941}} [[Government of National Salvation|Serbia]] (1941-1944)}}
| partof      = the [[Second World War]]
| date        = 10 June 1940 – 25 May 1945{{refn|[[Nazi Germany|Germany]] unconditionally surrendered on 8 May 1945 but [[Independent State of Croatia|Croatia]] still fought until the end of the [[Battle of Odžak]] on 25 May.|group=''nb''}}
| image       = WWII-Mediterranean-Blank.PNG
| caption     = Mediterranean in 1941
| commander1  = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Winston Churchill]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|United States|1912}} [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] [[Death by natural causes|#]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|United States|1912}} [[Harry S. Truman]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Free France}}{{flagicon|Provisional Government of the French Republic}} [[Charles de Gaulle]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Kingdom of Yugoslavia}} [[Peter II of Yugoslavia|Peter II]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|DF Yugoslavia}} [[Josip Broz Tito]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Kingdom of Greece|state}} [[George II of Greece|George II]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Communist Albania|1944-state}} [[Enver Hoxha]]
| commander2  = {{flagicon|Fascist Italy}}{{flagicon|Italian Social Republic}} [[Benito Mussolini]] {{Executed|Death of Benito Mussolini}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Adolf Hitler]] {{KIA|Death of Adolf Hitler}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)}} [[Miklós Horthy]]{{refn|Until 1944, when a pro-Axis coup (Operation Panzerfaust) removed Horthy from power.|group=''nb''}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Kingdom of Bulgaria}} [[Boris III of Bulgaria|Boris III]] [[Death by natural causes|#]]&lt;hr&gt;{{flagicon|Vichy France|chief of state}} [[Philippe Pétain]]{{refn|Untill 1944 when [[Liberation of France|France was liberated]].|group=''nb''}}&lt;hr&gt;{{flagicon|Independent State of Croatia}} [[Ante Pavelić]]
| campaignbox = {{WWIITheatre}}
}}
The '''Mediterranean and Middle East theatres of World War II''' were major [[Theatre (warfare)#Theatre of operations|theatres of operations]] during the [[Second World War]].

== History ==
=== 1940 – 1941 ===
On the 10th of June 1940, [[Benito Mussolini]] (the dictator of [[Fascist Italy|Italy]]) declared war on [[French Third Republic|France]] who at that time [[Battle of France|was at war with Germany]], but France would surrender to the Axis powers and a German puppet known as [[Vichy France]] was established.

In exile, [[Charles de Gaulle]] (a French general) proclaimed [[Free France]], an Allied government-in-exile part of the Allied powers against Germany with de Gaulle as chairman of the National Committee.

On the African front, Italy invaded [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|Sudan]], and it did not succeed. Italy then invaded [[British Somaliland]], and succeeded. Then, Italy invaded [[Kingdom of Egypt|Egypt]] (starting the [[North African Campaign]]) and it did not succeed. After this, Italy attempted to [[Greco-Italian War|invade]] [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]] but failed. When 1941 began, British and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces invaded [[Italian East Africa]] and that would succeed (the Italian invasion of British Somaliland and the Allied invasion of Italian East Africa were both parts of the [[East African campaign (World War II)|East African campaign]]).

Meanwhile [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary]], [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] and [[Tsardom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] [[Tripartite Pact|joined the Axis]]. [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] joined too, but a coup had overthrown the government, so [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], [[Fascist Italy|Italy]] and [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary]] [[Invasion of Yugoslavia|invaded Yugoslavia]], and in 10–20 days, Yugoslavia and Greece surrendered. There would be resistance all over [[Yugoslav Partisans|Yugoslavia]] and [[National Liberation Front (Greece)|Greece]] in the next 4 years, the British had sent more troops from Egypt and Greece, so Axis forces moved deeper into the Egyptian territory, but an [[Siege of Tobruk|Australian force at Tobruk]], prevented supplies from reaching the Axis army’s.

[[Kingdom of Iraq|Iraq]] set up an Axis government, so the British and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces [[Anglo-Iraqi War|invaded]] Iraq (they also [[Syria–Lebanon campaign|invaded]] Vichy French-controlled [[First Syrian Republic|Syria]] and [[Lebanon]].)

On the 22nd of June 1941, [[Operation Barbarossa|Germany invaded the USSR]]. The British made a supply line to the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]], but [[Pahlavi dynasty|Iran]] (a country in the supply line) supported the Axis, so [[United Kingdom|Anglo]]–[[Soviet]] forces [[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran|invaded]] Iran.

On the 7th of December 1941, [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|Japan bombed Pearl Harbour]], which would bring the [[United States]] into the war.{{Refn|The [[United States]] entered the war in Europe and the Mediterranean when the European Axis powers declared war on the US on 11 December 1941.}}

=== 1942 – 1943 ===
In Egypt, the Axis forces were pushed back, then the Allied forces were pushed back, then after a battle at [[El Alamein]], Allied forces and the new American forces [[Operation Torch|landing]] in [[North Africa]] pushed the Axis forces out of Africa and [[Vichy France]] was invaded by the [[Axis powers]].

On the 9th of July 1943, [[Allied invasion of Sicily|Allied forces invaded Sicily]], they would [[Allied invasion of Italy|reach the main land in September]]. Meanwhile, Mussolini was ousted from power and [[Kingdom of the South|Italy]] surrendered on the 8th of September, and German forces in Italy occupied Italy and established a German puppet state, the [[Italian Social Republic]], and the [[Italian Civil War and Campaign (World War II)|Italian civil war]] began. (Germany also invaded every Italian-held area in Axis-occupied [[Europe]], including [[German occupation of Albania|Albania]], [[Montenegro]] and the Italian occupied areas of [[Hellenic State (1941–1944)|Greece]] and [[Independent State of Croatia|Croatia]].)

=== 1944 – 1945 ===
On the 17th of January 1944, [[Battle of Monte Cassino|the Battle of Monte Cassino]] began, and it lasted for 4 months with Rome liberated in June. The Allies would march up the Italian mainland, in August, Allied forces [[Operation Dragoon|landed in southern France]] and marched up in southern France, leaving the Mediterranean theatre to link up with the [[Operation Overlord|other Allied forces]] on the [[Western Front (World War II)|Western Front]] in the [[European theatre of World War II]]. Meanwhile, [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] changed sides on the 24 of August as well as [[Tsardom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] on the 9th of September. 

On the 30th of September, Soviet soldiers crossed into [[Yugoslavia]], helping the [[Yugoslav Partisans|partisans]] [[Liberation of Yugoslavia|liberating Yugoslavia]]. In October, the [[United Kingdom|British]] landed in southern [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]] to liberate the country from occupation. Meanwhile, [[Albanian partisans]] liberated Albania in November and formed a [[Democratic Government of Albania|provisional government]]. In December, [[EAM|Greek partisans]] started revolts in [[Athens]]. But the partisans would loose the British and anti-communist Greeks.

The [[Axis powers|Axis forces]] in northern Italy made a defence line called the [[Gothic Line]] to prevent the [[Western Allies|Western Allied]] forces in Italy to liberate more territory in the north. the line would be useful in some battles like the [[Battle of Garfagnana]], where [[Italian Social Republic|fascist Italian]]-[[Nazi Germany|German]] forces beat allied forces in the north-west of the country.

In March 1945, the [[Democratic Federal Yugoslavia|Yugoslavs]] formed the [[Provisional Government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia]] and the [[Yugoslav People's Army]]. In April, the Yugoslavs started the last offensive against the Axis, they liberated [[Sarajevo]] on the 6th of April and advanced to [[Zagreb]]. In the same month, [[Spring 1945 offensive in Italy|Allied forces advanced into Italian territory]], Mussolini tried to escape to [[Switzerland]], but he was caught by [[Italian partisans]] and was executed on the 28th, two days later, [[Hitler]] committed suicide to prevent being caught by [[Red Army|the Soviet army]] [[Battle of Berlin|surrounding Berlin]]. On the 1st of May, [[Race for Trieste|the Yugoslavs liberated Trieste]] and linked up with the [[Western Allies]] at [[Monfalcone]], that same day, the National Republican Army (the army of the [[Italian Social Republic|RSI]]) surrendered. The next day, on the 2nd, the other [[Axis powers|Axis]] forces in Italy surrendered, and on the 8th, [[German Instrument of Surrender|Germany would surrender]], ending World War II in the Mediterranean and Middle East{{Refn|[[Nazi Germany|Germany]] unconditionally surrendered on 8 May 1945 but [[Independent State of Croatia|Croatia]] still fought until the end of the [[Battle of Odžak]] on 25 May.}}.

== References ==
[[Category:World War II]]
[[Category:Israel]]
[[Category:Palestine]]
[[Category:Mandatory Palestine]]
&lt;references group=&quot;'nb'&quot; /&gt;
&lt;references group=&quot;nb&quot; /&gt;&lt;references /&gt;{{Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine}}</text>
      <sha1>hl3dd95eticw1bc6wn1ntl2pmrhp0wu</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>List of ball games</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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This is a list of '''ball [[Game|games]]''' and '''ball [[Sport|sports]]''' that include a [[ball]] as a main part of the activity, usually for scoring points inside of the game.

==Ball games==
Ball sports fall within many sport categories, some sports within multiple categories, including:
*[[Bat-and-ball games]], such as [[cricket]] and [[baseball]].
*[[Invasion games]], such as [[football]] and [[basketball]].
*[[Net and wall games]], such as [[volleyball]].
**[[List of racket sports|Racket sports]], such as [[tennis]], [[table tennis]], [[Squash (sport)|squash]] and [[badminton]].
*[[Throwing sports]], such as [[dodgeball]] and [[bocce]].
**[[Cue sports]], such as [[pool (cue sports)|pool]] and [[snooker]].
**[[Target sports]], such as [[golf]] and [[bowling]].
* Hand and ball-striking games, such as [[various]] [[handball (disambiguation)|handball]] codes, rebound handball, and [[four square]].

==Popular ball games==
Games that are [[wikt:similar|similar]] and have a common starting letter are grouped under the primary name such as bowling, football and hockey.
=== A - E ===
* [[Angleball]]
* [[Apalachee#Ball_game|Apalachee ball game]]
** [[Crossminton]]
* [[Bandy]]
** [[Rink bandy]]
*** [[Rinkball]]
* [[Baseball]]
**[[Baseball5]]
* [[Basketball]]
** [[3x3 (basketball)]]
** [[Wheelchair basketball]]
* [[Basque pelota]]
** [[Frontenis]]
** [[Jai alai]]
** [[Xare]]
* [[Beach tennis]]
* [[Bossaball]]
* [[Boules]]
** [[Bocce]]
** [[Bocce volo]]
** [[Boccia]]
** [[Bolas criollas]]
** [[Bowls]] or &quot;lawn bowls&quot;
** [[Jeu provençal]]
** [[Pétanque]]
** [[Raffa (boules)]]
* [[Bowling]]
** [[Candlepin bowling]]
** [[Carpet bowls]]
** [[Duckpin bowling]]
** [[Five-pin bowling]]
** [[Nine-pin bowling]]
** [[Ten-pin bowling]]                                                                                                                                       
** [[Irish road bowling]] 
* [[Brännboll]]
* [[British baseball]]
* [[Broomball]]
* [[Canoe polo]]                                                                                                                                                        i
* [[Cestoball]]
* [[Codeball]]
* [[Cricket]] ''(see [[cricket ball]])''
** [[Backyard cricket]]
** [[Twenty20]]
** [[Kwik cricket]]
** [[Vigoro]]
* [[Croquet]]
** [[Roque]]
* [[Cue sports]] (also knowns as ''billiards'')
** [[Carom billiards]]
** [[English billiards]]
** [[Pocket billiards|Pool]] (or pocket billiards)
** [[Snooker]]
* [[Cycle ball]]
* [[Dodgeball]]
* [[Downball]]

===F - K===
* [[Fistball]]
* [[Fives]]
*[[Flag football]]
* [[Flickerball]]
* [[Football]]
**[[Association football]] (soccer)
*** [[Futsal]]
*** [[Indoor soccer]]
*** [[Beach soccer]]
** [[Australian rules football]]
** [[Calcio fiorentino]]
** [[English public school football games]]
** [[Gaelic football]]
** [[Gridiron football]]
*** [[American football]]
*** [[Canadian football]]
*** [[Indoor American football|Indoor football]]
**** [[Arena football]]
** [[Football tennis]]
** [[International rules football]]
** [[Medieval football|Medieval football games]]
**[[Rugby football]]
*** [[Rugby league]]
*** [[Rugby union]]
**** [[Rugby sevens]]
*** [[Beach rugby]]
*** [[Underwater rugby]]
*** [[Wheelchair rugby]]
**[[Underwater football]]
**[[Volata]]
* [[Footvolley]]
* [[Four square]]
* [[Goalball]]
* [[Golf]]
** [[Mini Golf]]
* [[Half-rubber]]
* [[Handball]]
** [[American handball]]
** [[Australian handball]]
** [[Beach handball]]
** [[Field handball]]
** [[Gaelic Handball]]
* [[Hooverball]]
* [[Hockey]]
** [[Bandy]]
*** [[Rink bandy]]
**** [[Rinkball]]
** [[Field hockey]]
*** [[Indoor field hockey]]
** [[Floor hockey]]
*** [[Floorball]]
*** [[Roller hockey]]
**** [[Roller hockey (quad)]]
** [[Street hockey]]
* [[Hurling]]
* [[Jai alai]]
* [[Jokgu]]
* [[Jorkyball]]
* [[Juggling]]
* [[Kickball]]
* [[Kick-to-kick]] (includes end-to-end footy)
* [[Kin-Ball]]
* [[Klootschieten]]
* [[Knuckleball]]
* [[Korfball]]

===L - P===
* [[Lacrosse]]
** [[Box Lacrosse]]
** [[Field lacrosse]]
** [[Intercrosse]]
* [[Lawn bowls]]
* [[Mesoamerican ballgame]]
* [[Netball]]
** [[Fast5]]
* [[Newcomb ball]]
* [[Padbol]]
* [[Paddle ball]]
* [[Paddle-ball]]
* [[Paddle tennis]]
* [[Padel (sport)|Padel]]
* [[Paintball]]
* [[Palin (game)|Palin]]
* [[Pelota mixteca]]
* [[Pesäpallo]]
* [[Picigin]]
* [[Pickleball]]
* [[Polo]]
** [[Bicycle polo]]
** [[Canoe polo]]
** [[Elephant polo]]
** [[Horseball]]
** [[Polocrosse]]
** [[Segway polo]]
** [[Yak polo]]
* [[Push ball]]

===Q - Z===
* [[muggle quidditch|Quidditch]]
* [[Racquetball]]
* [[Relayball]]
* [[Ringball]]
* [[Rock-It-Ball]]
* [[Rounders]]
* [[Sepak takraw]]
* [[Shinty]]
* [[Sipa]]
* [[Skee ball]]
* [[Slamball]]
* [[Softball]]
* [[Squash (sport)|Squash]]
* [[Stickball]]
* [[Stickball (Native American)]]
* [[Streetball]]
* [[Table football]] (foosball)
* [[Table tennis]] (ping pong)
* [[TagPro]] (esports)
* [[Tchoukball]]
* [[Team handball]]
* [[Tee ball]]
* [[Tennis]]
* [[Tetherball]]
* [[Teqball]]
* [[Ulama (game)|Ulama]]
* [[Valencian pilota]]
** [[Escala i corda]]
** [[Galotxa]]
** [[Galotxetes]]
** [[Llargues]]
** [[Raspall]]
** [[Valencian fronto]]
* [[Underwater sports]]
* [[Volleyball]]
** [[Beach volleyball]]
** [[Sitting volleyball]]
** [[Snow volleyball]]
* [[Waboba]]
* [[Water basketball]]
* [[Water polo]]
* [[Welsh handball]]
* [[Wiffleball]]
* [[Wireball]]

[[Category:Sports lists]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Henry George</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>-kat279</username>
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      <text bytes="1481" sha1="q09duniim41t9l8laq1cl6b2bgu5mjs" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Henry George.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Henry George]]
'''Henry George''' was an American economist who lived during the 19th century. He was born in [[Philadelphia]] in 1839 and died in [[New York City]] in 1897. George is best known for his book &quot;[[Progress and Poverty]]&quot;, which had a big impact on economic thought and politics in America and around the world.

In &quot;Progress and Poverty&quot;, George argued that land should be owned by the community as a whole, rather than by individuals. He believed that if land were treated as a common resource, rather than a commodity to be bought and sold, it would benefit everyone, not just the wealthy.

George's ideas became known as [[Georgism]], and they continue to be influential in modern discussions about economics and [[social justice]]. Georgism proposes a tax on the unimproved value of land, which would replace other forms of taxation and create a more equitable society.

Aside from his economic work, George was also involved in politics. He ran for mayor of [[New York City]] in 1886 on the [[United Labor Party]] ticket, and received over 30% of the vote. His campaign focused on issues of [[economic inequality]] and corruption in government.

George's ideas and legacy continue to be debated and studied to this day. His work has influenced figures as diverse as [[Winston Churchill]], [[Sun Yat-sen]], and [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]

[[Category:American economists]]
[[Category:1839 births]]
[[Category:1897 deaths]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1765" sha1="8shp6xhq6cotw3iq8k9cazwve3ntjdg" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football league season
| competition = [[ÖFB Ladies Cup|WFV Frauencup]]
| season = 1990-91
| dates =  
| winners =       [[Union Kleinmünchen]] 1st title
| relegated =  	 
|promoted =     
| matches =   
| total goals =   
| league topscorer =   
| prevseason =  [[1989-90 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1989-90]]
| nextseason = [[1991-92 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1991-92]]
}}
The '''1990-91 Austrian Women's Football Cup''' was the 18th season of the tournament. It was organized by the [[Vienna Football Association]]. [[Union Kleinmünchen]] 
==Matches ==
===Round 1===
'''Bye:'''1. DFC Leoben
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!Result
|-
|DFC Obersdorf
|   '''DFC Ostbahn XI'''
|1-5
|-
|First Vienna FC
|   '''Union Kleinmünchen'''
|2-6
|-
|SC Neunkirchen
|   '''USC Landhaus'''
|1-2
|-
|Union Kleinmünchen 1b
|   '''DFC Heidenreichstein'''
|2-6
|-
|'''ATSV Sattledt''' 
|   ESV Stadlau 
|2-1
|-
| '''SC Brunn am Gebirge '''
|   ASV Austria Vösendorf
|2-0
|-
| '''UFC St. Agatha'''
|   SV Wienerfeld
|4-1
|}

===Quarterfinals===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!Result
|-
| '''Union Kleinmünchen'''
|  UFC St. Agatha
|14-0
|-
| ''' USC Landhaus'''
| SC Brunn am Gebirge
|2-0
|-
| ''' 1. DFC Leoben'''
|  ATSV Sattledt
|8-1
|-
| DFC Ostbahn XI
|  '''DFC Heidenreichstein'''
|1-1 a.e.t. &lt;br&gt;(2-4 pen.)
|}
===Semifinals===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!Result
|-
|DFC Heidenreichstein 
| '''Union Kleinmünchen'''
|0-5
|-
| ''' USC Landhaus'''
| 1. DFC Leoben
|4-1
|}

===Final===
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!
|-
|USC Landhaus
|  '''DFC Ostbahn XI'''
|1-1 &lt;br&gt;2-3 pen.
|}


{{Association football in Austria}}
[[Category:Football in Austria]]
[[Category:Football seasons]]
[[Category:Austrian Cup]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1837" sha1="f9us6c1vmncx3bhn5pivb1tz2icrn4x" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football league season
| competition = [[ÖFB Ladies Cup|WFV Frauencup]]
| season = 1990-91
| dates =  
| winners =       [[Union Kleinmünchen]] 1st title
| relegated =  	 
|promoted =     
| matches =   
| total goals =   
| league topscorer =   
| prevseason =  [[1989-90 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1989-90]]
| nextseason = [[1991-92 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1991-92]]
}}
The '''1990-91 Austrian Women's Football Cup''' was the 18th season of the tournament. It was organized by the [[Vienna Football Association]]. [[Union Kleinmünchen]] 
==Matches ==
===Round 1===
'''Bye:'''1. DFC Leoben
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!Result
|-
|DFC Obersdorf
|   '''DFC Ostbahn XI'''
|1-5
|-
|First Vienna FC
|   '''Union Kleinmünchen'''
|2-6
|-
|SC Neunkirchen
|   '''USC Landhaus'''
|1-2
|-
|Union Kleinmünchen 1b
|   '''DFC Heidenreichstein'''
|2-6
|-
|'''ATSV Sattledt''' 
|   ESV Stadlau 
|2-1
|-
| '''SC Brunn am Gebirge '''
|   ASV Austria Vösendorf
|2-0
|-
| '''UFC St. Agatha'''
|   SV Wienerfeld
|4-1
|}

===Quarterfinals===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!Result
|-
| '''Union Kleinmünchen'''
|  UFC St. Agatha
|14-0
|-
| ''' USC Landhaus'''
| SC Brunn am Gebirge
|2-0
|-
| ''' 1. DFC Leoben'''
|  ATSV Sattledt
|8-1
|-
| DFC Ostbahn XI
|  '''DFC Heidenreichstein'''
|1-1 a.e.t. &lt;br&gt;(2-4 pen.)
|}
===Semifinals===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!Result
|-
|DFC Heidenreichstein 
| '''Union Kleinmünchen'''
|0-5
|-
| ''' USC Landhaus'''
| 1. DFC Leoben
|4-1
|}

===Final===
The final was held at the [[Voith-Platz]] in St. Pölten, Lower Austria. 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!
|-
|USC Landhaus
|  '''DFC Ostbahn XI'''
|1-1 &lt;br&gt;2-3 pen.
|}


{{Association football in Austria}}
[[Category:Football in Austria]]
[[Category:Football seasons]]
[[Category:Austrian Cup]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4091" sha1="8vfgqqr4tozqwqtup0kmc26fcna51vi" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
| name      = Austrian Ladies Cup
| title     = [[ÖFB Ladies Cup]] seasons
| state     = {{{state|autocollapse}}}
| listclass = hlist
| list1     =

*'''ÖFB-Frauen-Fußball-Cup (organized by the Vienna Football Association):'''&lt;br&gt;
* [[1972- 73 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1972-73]]
* [[1973- 74 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1973- 74]]
* [[1974- 75 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1974-75]]
* [[1975- 76 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1975-76]]
* [[1923-24 Austrian Cup|1923–24]]
* [[1924–25 Austrian Cup|1924–25]]
* [[1925–26 Austrian Cup|1925–26]]
* [[1926–27 Austrian Cup|1926–27]]
* [[1927–28 Austrian Cup|1927–28]]
* [[1928–29 Austrian Cup|1928–29]]
* [[1929–30 Austrian Cup|1929–30]]
* [[1930–31 Austrian Cup|1930–31]]
* [[1931–32 Austrian Cup|1931–32]]
* [[1932–33 Austrian Cup|1932–33]]
* [[1933–34 Austrian Cup|1933–34]]
* [[1934–35 Austrian Cup|1934–35]]&lt;br&gt;
*'''Österreichischer Cup: (Austrian Cup)'''&lt;br&gt;
* [[1935–36 Austrian Cup|1935–36]]
* [[1936–37 Austrian Cup|1936–37]]
* [[1937–38 Austrian Cup|1937–38]]&lt;br&gt;
*'''Wiener Cup (Vienna Cup):'''&lt;br&gt;
* [[1945–46 Austrian Cup|1945-46]]&lt;br&gt;
*'''Österreichischer Cup: (Austrian Cup)'''&lt;br&gt;
* [[1946–47 Austrian Cup|1946–47]]
* [[1947-48 Austrian Cup|1947–48]]
* [[1948–49 Austrian Cup|1948–49]]
* [[1958–59 Austrian Cup|1958–59]]
* [[1959–60 Austrian Cup|1959–60]]
* [[1960–61 Austrian Cup|1960–61]]
* [[1961-62 Austrian Cup|1961–62]]
* [[1962-63 Austrian Cup|1962–63]]
* [[1963–64 Austrian Cup|1963–64]]
* [[1964–65 Austrian Cup|1964–65]]
* [[1965–66 Austrian Cup|1965–66]]
* [[1966–67 Austrian Cup|1966–67]]
* [[1967-68 Austrian Cup|1967–68]]
* [[1968–69 Austrian Cup|1968–69]]
* [[1969–70 Austrian Cup|1969–70]]
* [[1970-71 Austrian Cup|1970–71]]
* [[1971–72 Austrian Cup|1971–72]]
* [[1972–73 Austrian Cup|1972–73]]
* [[1973–74 Austrian Cup|1973–74]]
* [[1974–75 Austrian Cup|1974–75]]
* [[1975–76 Austrian Cup|1975–76]]
* [[1976–77 Austrian Cup|1976–77]]
* [[1977–78 Austrian Cup|1977–78]]
* [[1978–79 Austrian Cup|1978–79]]
* [[1979–80 Austrian Cup|1979–80]]
* [[1980–81 Austrian Cup|1980–81]]
* [[1981–82 Austrian Cup|1981–82]]
* [[1982–83 Austrian Cup|1982–83]]
* [[1983–84 Austrian Cup|1983–84]]
* [[1984–85  Austrian Cup|1984–85]]
* [[1985–86 Austrian Cup|1985–86]]
* [[1986–87 Austrian Cup|1986–87]]
* [[1987–88 Austrian Cup|1987–88]]
* [[1988–89 Austrian Cup|1988–89]]
* [[1989–90 Austrian Cup|1989–90]]
* [[1990–91 Austrian Cup|1990–91]]
* [[1991–92 Austrian Cup|1991–92]]
* [[1992–93 Austrian Cup|1992–93]]
* [[1993–94 Austrian Cup|1993–94]]
* [[1994–95 Austrian Cup|1994–95]]
* [[1995–96 Austrian Cup|1995–96]]
* [[1996–97 Austrian Cup|1996–97]]
* [[1997–98 Austrian Cup|1997–98]]
* [[1998–99 Austrian Cup|1998–99]]
* [[1999–2000 Austrian Cup|1999–2000]]
* [[2000–01 Austrian Cup|2000–01]]
* [[2001–02 Austrian Cup|2001–02]]
* [[2002–03 Austrian Cup|2002–03]]
* [[2003–04 Austrian Cup|2003–04]]
* [[2004–05 Austrian Cup|2004–05]]
* [[2005–06 Austrian Cup|2005–06]]
* [[2006–07 Austrian Cup|2006–07]]
* ''not held''
* [[2008–09 Austrian Cup|2008–09]]
* [[2009–10 Austrian Cup|2009–10]]
* [[2010–11 Austrian Cup|2010–11]]
* [[2011–12 Austrian Cup|2011–12]]
* [[2012–13 Austrian Cup|2012–13]]
* [[2013–14 Austrian Cup|2013–14]]
* [[2014–15 Austrian Cup|2014–15]]
* [[2015–16 Austrian Cup|2015–16]]
* [[2016–17 Austrian Cup|2016–17]]
* [[2017–18 Austrian Cup|2017–18]]
* [[2018–19 Austrian Cup|2018–19]]
* [[2019–20 Austrian Cup|2019–20]]
* [[2020–21 Austrian Cup|2020–21]]
* [[2021–22 Austrian Cup|2021–22]]
* [[2022–23 Austrian Cup|2022–23]]
* [[2023–24 Austrian Cup|2023–24]]
* [[2024–25 Austrian Cup|2024–25]]
* [[2025-26 Austrian Cup|2025–26]]
* [[2026-27 Austrian Cup|2026–27]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Austrian Cup|τ]]
[[Category:Sports navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>10880834</id>
      <parentid>10880510</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T08:09:04Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Werner100359</username>
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      <text bytes="2909" sha1="j0t9v9y2vjzs11mrv8bsyrwyz7hjvcr" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football league season
| competition = [[ÖFB Ladies Cup]]
| season = 2023 -24
| dates =  19 August 2023 - 9 May 2024
| winners =     [[SKN St. Pölten (women)|SKN St. Pölten  ]] 10th title
| relegated =  	 
|promoted =     
| matches =  31
| total goals =  165
| league topscorer =   Yvonne Weilharter  (5 goals)
| prevseason = [[2022-23 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2022-23]]
| nextseason =  [[2024-25 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2024-25]]
}}
The '''2023-24 Austrian Women's Football Cup''' was the 48th season of the competition It was organized  by the [[Austrian Football Association]]. The final took place at the Ergo Arena in [[Wiener Neustadt]]. SKN St. Pölten Women won the cup for the 10th consecutive time.
==Matches ==
===Round 1 ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; bgcolor=ccffcc
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!  
|-
|Wildcats Krottendorf
| '''SK Sturm Graz'''
|2-3  
|-
|FSG Großweikersdorf/Stetteldorf
| '''SKN St. Pölten'''
|0-9
|-
|SK Wilten
| '''FC Wacker Innsbruck'''
|1-3 &lt;br&gt;a.e.t.
|-
|SKV Altenmarkt
|  '''Wiener Sport-Club'''
|1-6
|-
| SPG Milz Laibachtal
| '''SPG Lustenau/Dornbirn Ladies'''
|1-11
|-
|SU Schönbrunn
| '''FK Austria Wien'''
|0-16
|-
| '''SG FAC/USC Landhaus'''
|USV Horn 
|4-0
|-
|SPG Mittelgebirge Ost
| '''FC Bergheim'''
|1-4
|-
| Union Dorf a. d. Pram
| '''Carinthians Hornets'''
|0-7
|-
|Union LUV Graz
| '''SPG FC Blau-Weiß Linz/Kleinmünchen'''
|0-6
|-
|FC Pinzgau Saalfelden
| '''SPG Altach/Vorderland'''
|2-5
|-
|SK Austria Klagenfurt
| '''GAK'''
|0-5
|-
| SPG Südburgenland/Hartberg
| '''SV Neulengbach'''
|0-3
|-
|  SPG Union Geretsberg/Bürmoos
|  '''Linzer ASK'''
|1-2&lt;br&gt;a.e.t.
|-
| Paudorf SV
| '''First Vienna FC'''
|1-4
|-
| SV Weikerdorf
| '''FSG Traiskirchen'''
|2-3
|}
===Round 2 ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; bgcolor=ccffcc
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!  
|-
|FC Wacker Innsbruck
| '''SPG Altach/Vorderland'''
|0-5
|-
|GAK
| '''SKN St. Pölten'''
|0-7
|-
|Wiener Sport-Club
| '''SK Sturm Graz'''
|0-4
|-
| '''SPG FC Blau-Weiß Linz/Kleinmünchen'''
|  FC Bergheim
|2-1&lt;br&gt;a.e.t.
|-
| SG FAC/USC Landhaus
| '''First Vienna FC'''
|2-2&lt;br&gt;a.e.t 5-6 pen.
|-
|'''Linzer ASK'''
| SPG Lustenau/Dornbirn Ladies 
|4-1
|-
| FSG Traiskirchen
| '''USV Neulengbach'''
|1-4
|-
|Carinthians Hornets
| '''FK Austria Wien'''
|0-6
|}
===Quarterfinals ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; bgcolor=ccffcc
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!  
|-
|'''SPG Altach/Vorderland''' 
| SPG FC Blau-Weiß Linz/Kleinmünchen 
|4-0
|-
|USV Neulengbach
| '''SKN St. Pölten'''
|1-3 &lt;br&gt;a.e.t
|-
| '''First Vienna FC'''
| Linzer ASK
|3-2
|-
| SK Sturm Graz
|  '''FK Austria Wien'''
|0-3
|}
===Semifinals ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; bgcolor=ccffcc
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!  
|-
| SPG Altach/Vorderland 
|  '''FK Austria Wien'''
|1-3
|-
|'''SKN St. Pölten'''
| First Vienna FC
|1-0 &lt;br&gt;a.e.t
|}
===Final ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; bgcolor=ccffcc
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!  
|-
| '''SKN St. Pölten'''
|   FK Austria Wien 
|3-0
|}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Waldronville</title>
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      <text bytes="1868" sha1="bmnbmueal1zrkhup7gixtaaidnrqsyy" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox New Zealand suburb
| name           = Waldronville
| image          = 
| caption1       = 
| city1          = Dunedin
| council        = [[Dunedin City Council]]
| ward           =
| coordinates    = {{coord|45|55|25|S|170|24|15|E|region:NZ-OTA_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| established    = 
| area           = 52
| areasource     = &lt;ref name=&quot;Area&quot;/&gt;
| population     = 909
| popdate        = 2018 Census
| popsource      = &lt;ref name=&quot;Census 2018&quot;/&gt;
| trainstations  = 
| ferryterminals = 
| airports       =
| hospitals      = 
| map            = {{infobox mapframe|coord={{coord|45|55|25|S|170|24|15|E}}|zoom=10}}
| caption2       =
}}
{{Adjacent place
| centre = Waldronville
| north          = [[Fairfield, Otago|Fairfield]]
| northeast      = [[Green Island, New Zealand|Green Island]]
| east           = [[St Clair, New Zealand|St Clair]]
| southeast      = 
| south          = ([[South Pacific Ocean]])
| southwest      = [[Brighton, New Zealand|Brighton]]
| west           = 
| northwest      = 
}}
'''Waldronville''' is a coastal settlement on the [[Pacific Ocean]] coast of [[New Zealand]]. It was established in the 1950s as a commuter settlement and is situated 13 kilometers southeast from the Dunedin city centre. The township of [[Brighton, New Zealand|Brighton]] is located 7 kilometers southwest of Waldronville. It had a primary school until it shut in 2010 due to declining school numbers.

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

&lt;ref name=&quot;Area&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=ArcGIS Web Application|url=https://statsnz.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=6f49867abe464f86ac7526552fe19787| access-date=6 January 2022|website=statsnz.maps.arcgis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Census 2018&quot;&gt;{{NZ census 2018|7028860 and 7028862–7028866}}&lt;/ref&gt;

}}

{{Dunedin navbox}}
{{geo-stub}}
[[Categorys:Settlements in Otago]]
[[Category:Suburbs of Dunedin]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1867" sha1="cvzndffg40x4ibvfo2lee2c7f3kykq5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox New Zealand suburb
| name           = Waldronville
| image          = 
| caption1       = 
| city1          = Dunedin
| council        = [[Dunedin City Council]]
| ward           =
| coordinates    = {{coord|45|55|25|S|170|24|15|E|region:NZ-OTA_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| established    = 
| area           = 52
| areasource     = &lt;ref name=&quot;Area&quot;/&gt;
| population     = 909
| popdate        = 2018 Census
| popsource      = &lt;ref name=&quot;Census 2018&quot;/&gt;
| trainstations  = 
| ferryterminals = 
| airports       =
| hospitals      = 
| map            = {{infobox mapframe|coord={{coord|45|55|25|S|170|24|15|E}}|zoom=10}}
| caption2       =
}}
{{Adjacent place
| centre = Waldronville
| north          = [[Fairfield, Otago|Fairfield]]
| northeast      = [[Green Island, New Zealand|Green Island]]
| east           = [[St Clair, New Zealand|St Clair]]
| southeast      = 
| south          = ([[South Pacific Ocean]])
| southwest      = [[Brighton, New Zealand|Brighton]]
| west           = 
| northwest      = 
}}
'''Waldronville''' is a coastal settlement on the [[Pacific Ocean]] coast of [[New Zealand]]. It was established in the 1950s as a commuter settlement and is situated 13 kilometers southeast from the Dunedin city centre. The township of [[Brighton, New Zealand|Brighton]] is located 7 kilometers southwest of Waldronville. It had a primary school until it shut in 2010 due to declining school numbers.

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

&lt;ref name=&quot;Area&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=ArcGIS Web Application|url=https://statsnz.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=6f49867abe464f86ac7526552fe19787| access-date=6 January 2022|website=statsnz.maps.arcgis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Census 2018&quot;&gt;{{NZ census 2018|7028860 and 7028862–7028866}}&lt;/ref&gt;

}}

{{Dunedin navbox}}
{{geo-stub}}
[[Category:Settlements in Otago]]
[[Category:Suburbs of Dunedin]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Turn My Swag On</title>
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      <text bytes="2278" sha1="p20wha0mphqhhgkl5vznq1vzb83umn2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox song
| name       = Turn My Swag On
| artist     = [[Soulja Boy]]
| album      = [[iSouljaBoyTellem]]
| released   = October 25, 2008
| recorded   = 2008
| genre      = [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]], trap
| length     = 3:31
| label      = Stacks on Deck, [[Collipark Music|Collipark]], HHH, [[Interscope Records|Interscope]]
| writer     = [[Soulja Boy|DeAndre Way]]
| producer   = Natural Disaster, Antonio TopcaT Randolph, and Chu
}}
&quot;'''Turn My Swag On'''&quot; is the second single off of [[Americans|American]] [[Rap music|rapper]] [[Soulja Boy]]'s second [[studio album]] ''[[iSouljaBoyTellem]]''. The song was released on October 25, 2008.

The song was able to make it to #3 on both the [[Hot Rap Songs]] and [[Hot R&amp;B/Hip-Hop Songs]], as well as #19 on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] charts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/Soulja-Boy/chart-history/RAP|accessdate=August 12, 2023|title=Soulja Boy - Hot Rap Songs Chart History|publisher=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/Soulja-Boy/chart-history/BSI|accessdate=August 12, 2023|title=Soulja Boy - Hot R&amp;B/Hip-Hop Songs Chart History|publisher=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/Soulja-Boy/chart-history/HSI|accessdate=August 12, 2023|title=Soulja Boy - Hot 100 Chart History|publisher=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the song, Soulja Boy raps about how he wakes up with [[swag]] and gets money. A music video for the song shows Soulja Boy rapping in a mansion, throwing around money, posing with record plaques, and playing [[Xbox 360]].

American singer [[Beyoncé]] [[Interpolation|interpolates]] the song in her 2016 song &quot;[[Hold Up (song)|Hold Up]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/beyonces-lemonade-a-guide-to-samples-and-interpolations-70879/soulja-boy-turn-my-swag-on-2008-40285/|accessdate=August 12, 2023|title=Beyonce’s ‘Lemonade’: A Guide to Samples and Interpolations|publisher=[[Rolling Stone]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Other websites==
*{{YouTube|9yRme0C2pmI|&quot;Turn My Swag On&quot;}}

{{music-stub}}

[[Category:2008 songs]]
[[Category:Hip hop songs]]
[[Category:Soulja Boy songs]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bird Walk</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="2378" sha1="i2hw7zjrkao2alesfa9jduzjzuhn63n" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox song
| name       = Bird Walk
| artist     = [[Soulja Boy]]
| album      = [[iSouljaBoyTellem]]
| released   = October 23, 2008
| recorded   = August 2008
| genre      = [[Snap music|Snap]], [[pop rap]], [[hip hop music|hip hop]]
| length     = 3:33
| label      = {{hlist|Stacks on Deck Entertainment|[[Collipark Music|Collipark]]|HHH|[[Interscope Records|Interscope]]}}
| writer     = [[Soulja Boy|DeAndre Way]]
| producer   = [[Soulja Boy Tellem]], [[Mr. Collipark]]
}}
&quot;'''Bird Walk'''&quot; is the first single off of [[Americans|American]] [[Rap music|rapper]] [[Soulja Boy]]'s second [[studio album]] ''[[iSouljaBoyTellem]]''. The song was released on October 23, 2008.

The song was able to make it to #3 on both the [[Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles]], #3 on the [[Hot Rap Songs]], and #19 on the [[Hot R&amp;B/Hip-Hop Songs]] charts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/Soulja-Boy/chart-history/HBU|accessdate=September 11, 2023|title=Soulja Boy - Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles Chart History|publisher=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/Soulja-Boy/chart-history/RAP|accessdate=September 11, 2023|title=Soulja Boy - Hot Rap Songs Chart History|publisher=Billboard}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/Soulja-Boy/chart-history/BSI|accessdate=September 11, 2023|title=Soulja Boy - Hot R&amp;B/Hip-Hop Songs Chart History|publisher=Billboard}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the song, Soulja Boy tell people to watch him while he dances. A music video for the song was released. In the video, Soulja Boy and a group of people do a dance called the Bird Walk. People rush to a stadium where Soulja Boy is playing on a football team. He scores a touchdown and the crowd cheers. Soulja Boy, now in his regular clothes, performs for the stadium crowd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mtv.com/news/5vh3af/new-video-soulja-boy-tellem-bird-walk|accessdate=September 11, 2023|title=New Video: Soulja Boy Tell'Em, 'Bird Walk'|publisher=[[MTV]]|archive-date=September 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926073522/https://www.mtv.com/news/5vh3af/new-video-soulja-boy-tellem-bird-walk|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Other websites==
*{{YouTube|L81maEBjvgc|&quot;Bird Walk&quot;}}

{{music-stub}}

[[Category:2008 songs]]
[[Category:Hip hop songs]]
[[Category:Soulja Boy songs]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Movate</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="4178" sha1="4jnf3mxwi0gmmd1492mnknk09c9yxj6" xml:space="preserve">{{Orphan|date=December 2023}}

{{Infobox organization
| name = Movate
| logo = [[File:Movate-web-logo-TM.svg|Movate Logo|130px]]
| formation = 1996 (27 years ago)
| type = Private
| headquarters = Plano, Texas, US
| region = Worldwide
| key_people = [https://ceocouncil.wsj.com/members/ Sunil Mittal (CEO)]
| revenue = $260 million [https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/css-corp-sees-a-bright-spot-with-tandon/articleshow/64741353.cms $158 million (2018)]
| staff = 11700
| website = [https://www.movate.com/ www.movate.com]
| formerly = CSS Corp (Cybernet-Slashsupport) (1996-2021)
}}'''Movate,''' formerly known as CSS Corp, was founded in 1996. It is a digital [[technology]] services company based out of [[Plano, Texas|Plano]], Texas, [[United States|United States of America]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bureau&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bureau|first=BL Bengaluru|date=2022-09-21|title=CSS Corp rebrands to Movate|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/css-corp-rebrands-to-movate/article65917492.ece|access-date=2023-12-16|website=BusinessLine|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lijPEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=css+corp+reuters&amp;pg=PA203|title=Evaluation of Performance of Private Equity in select firms|last=Saritha|first=Dr Mora|date=2023-03-02|publisher=Shhalaj Publishing House|isbn=978-93-5018-439-4|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The name, Movate comes from a combination of first two words &quot;[[Momentum]]&quot; and [[Innovation|&quot;Innovate&quot;]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Bureau&quot;/&gt; In 2018 the estimated turnover of this organisation was $158 million&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=CSS Corp mulls IPO in India|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2010/sep/21/css-corp-mulls-ipo-in-india-188838.html|access-date=2023-12-16|website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Pramanik|first=Ayan|date=2018-06-26|title=CSS Corp sees a bright spot with Manish Tandon|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/css-corp-sees-a-bright-spot-with-tandon/articleshow/64741353.cms|access-date=2024-01-17|issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] Sunil Mittal&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=March 30, 2023|title=Newspaper VOL. CCLXXXI NO. 73|pages=1–32|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/yOxhe2t1bGS93tc6LHft-WSJNewsPaper-3-30-2023.pdf|access-date=December 17, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; who also worked as the [[Chief operating officer|COO]] of the company replaced Manish Tandon in the year 2021,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Sarkar|first=Brinda|date=2021-05-27|title=CSS Corp to appoint Sunil Mittal as its CEO|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/information-tech/css-corp-to-appoint-sunil-mittal-as-its-ceo/articleshow/82998913.cms|access-date=2023-12-19|issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sunil Mittal is also the member of [[Forbes]] Business Council and currently lives in [[Dallas]], [[Texas]].&lt;ref name=&quot;www.ETHRWorld.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=www.ETHRWorld.com|title=CSS Corp appoints Sunil Mittal as Chief Executive Officer - ETHRWorld|url=https://hr.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/css-corp-appoints-sunil-mittal-as-chief-executive-officer/83002021|access-date=2023-12-16|website=ETHRWorld.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Recently, Movate acquired an [[Indiana]] based CX [[outsourcing]] company TSD Global&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=Innovates|first1=Dallas|last2=Murray|first2=Lance|date=2023-10-06|title=Plano-Based Movate Acquires TSD Global, Increasing Philippines Imprint and Expanding into South Africa|url=https://dallasinnovates.com/plano-based-movate-acquires-tsd-global-increasing-philippines-imprint-and-expanding-into-south-africa/|access-date=2023-12-16|website=Dallas Innovates|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; and also Directly OnDemand in 2022 a Gig platform based out of [[San Francisco]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=Mar 17, 2022|title=Directly - OnDemand business|pages=1|work=CrunchBase|url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/directly-ondemand-business/signals_and_news}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== [https://dallasinnovates.com/plano-based-movate-acquires-fort-worths-solomo-to-boost-salesforce-and-ai-healthcare-capabilities/ References] ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:American technology companies]]</text>
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{{Infobox organization
| name = Movate
| logo = [[File:Movate-web-logo-TM.svg|Movate Logo|130px]]
| formation = 1996 (27 years ago)
| type = Private
| headquarters = Plano, Texas, US
| region = Worldwide
| key_people = [https://ceocouncil.wsj.com/members/ Sunil Mittal (CEO)]
| revenue = $260 million [https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/css-corp-sees-a-bright-spot-with-tandon/articleshow/64741353.cms $158 million (2018)]
| staff = 11700
| website = [https://www.movate.com/ www.movate.com]
| formerly = CSS Corp (Cybernet-Slashsupport) (1996-2021)
}}'''[https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/movate-acquires-prescience-a-leading-data-science-and-ai-services-company-to-power-ai-led-enterprise-transformation-302463307.html Movate],''' formerly known as CSS Corp, was founded in 1996. It is a digital [[technology]] services company based out of [[Plano, Texas|Plano]], Texas, [[United States|United States of America]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bureau&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bureau|first=BL Bengaluru|date=2022-09-21|title=CSS Corp rebrands to Movate|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/css-corp-rebrands-to-movate/article65917492.ece|access-date=2023-12-16|website=BusinessLine|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lijPEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=css+corp+reuters&amp;pg=PA203|title=Evaluation of Performance of Private Equity in select firms|last=Saritha|first=Dr Mora|date=2023-03-02|publisher=Shhalaj Publishing House|isbn=978-93-5018-439-4|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The name, Movate comes from a combination of first two words &quot;[[Momentum]]&quot; and [[Innovation|&quot;Innovate&quot;]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Bureau&quot;/&gt; In 2018 the estimated turnover of this organisation was $158 million&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=CSS Corp mulls IPO in India|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2010/sep/21/css-corp-mulls-ipo-in-india-188838.html|access-date=2023-12-16|website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Pramanik|first=Ayan|date=2018-06-26|title=CSS Corp sees a bright spot with Manish Tandon|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/css-corp-sees-a-bright-spot-with-tandon/articleshow/64741353.cms|access-date=2024-01-17|issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] Sunil Mittal&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=March 30, 2023|title=Newspaper VOL. CCLXXXI NO. 73|pages=1–32|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/yOxhe2t1bGS93tc6LHft-WSJNewsPaper-3-30-2023.pdf|access-date=December 17, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; who also worked as the [[Chief operating officer|COO]] of the company replaced Manish Tandon in the year 2021,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Sarkar|first=Brinda|date=2021-05-27|title=CSS Corp to appoint Sunil Mittal as its CEO|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/information-tech/css-corp-to-appoint-sunil-mittal-as-its-ceo/articleshow/82998913.cms|access-date=2023-12-19|issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sunil Mittal is also the member of [[Forbes]] Business Council and currently lives in [[Dallas]], [[Texas]].&lt;ref name=&quot;www.ETHRWorld.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=www.ETHRWorld.com|title=CSS Corp appoints Sunil Mittal as Chief Executive Officer - ETHRWorld|url=https://hr.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/css-corp-appoints-sunil-mittal-as-chief-executive-officer/83002021|access-date=2023-12-16|website=ETHRWorld.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Recently, Movate acquired an [[Indiana]] based CX [[outsourcing]] company TSD Global&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=Innovates|first1=Dallas|last2=Murray|first2=Lance|date=2023-10-06|title=Plano-Based Movate Acquires TSD Global, Increasing Philippines Imprint and Expanding into South Africa|url=https://dallasinnovates.com/plano-based-movate-acquires-tsd-global-increasing-philippines-imprint-and-expanding-into-south-africa/|access-date=2023-12-16|website=Dallas Innovates|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; and also Directly OnDemand in 2022 a Gig platform based out of [[San Francisco]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=Mar 17, 2022|title=Directly - OnDemand business|pages=1|work=CrunchBase|url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/directly-ondemand-business/signals_and_news}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== [https://dallasinnovates.com/plano-based-movate-acquires-fort-worths-solomo-to-boost-salesforce-and-ai-healthcare-capabilities/ References] ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:American technology companies]]</text>
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      <comment>[[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-33605-23|~2026-33605-23]] ([[User talk:~2026-33605-23|talk]]) to last version by Davey2010: adding [[WP:EL|unnecessary/spam links]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="4049" sha1="qi87ovcl5wccbs9unu2pab69qjmja7t" xml:space="preserve">{{Orphan|date=December 2023}}

{{Infobox organization
| name = Movate
| logo = [[File:Movate-web-logo-TM.svg|Movate Logo|130px]]
| formation = 1996 (27 years ago)
| type = Private
| headquarters = Plano, Texas, US
| region = Worldwide
| key_people = [https://ceocouncil.wsj.com/members/ Sunil Mittal (CEO)]
| revenue = $260 million [https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/css-corp-sees-a-bright-spot-with-tandon/articleshow/64741353.cms $158 million (2018)]
| staff = 11700
| website = [https://www.movate.com/ www.movate.com]
| formerly = CSS Corp (Cybernet-Slashsupport) (1996-2021)
}}'''Movate,''' formerly known as CSS Corp, was founded in 1996. It is a digital [[technology]] services company based out of [[Plano, Texas|Plano]], Texas, [[United States|United States of America]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bureau&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bureau|first=BL Bengaluru|date=2022-09-21|title=CSS Corp rebrands to Movate|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/css-corp-rebrands-to-movate/article65917492.ece|access-date=2023-12-16|website=BusinessLine|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lijPEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=css+corp+reuters&amp;pg=PA203|title=Evaluation of Performance of Private Equity in select firms|last=Saritha|first=Dr Mora|date=2023-03-02|publisher=Shhalaj Publishing House|isbn=978-93-5018-439-4|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The name, Movate comes from a combination of first two words &quot;[[Momentum]]&quot; and [[Innovation|&quot;Innovate&quot;]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Bureau&quot;/&gt; In 2018 the estimated turnover of this organisation was $158 million&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=CSS Corp mulls IPO in India|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2010/sep/21/css-corp-mulls-ipo-in-india-188838.html|access-date=2023-12-16|website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Pramanik|first=Ayan|date=2018-06-26|title=CSS Corp sees a bright spot with Manish Tandon|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/css-corp-sees-a-bright-spot-with-tandon/articleshow/64741353.cms|access-date=2024-01-17|issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] Sunil Mittal&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=March 30, 2023|title=Newspaper VOL. CCLXXXI NO. 73|pages=1–32|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/yOxhe2t1bGS93tc6LHft-WSJNewsPaper-3-30-2023.pdf|access-date=December 17, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; who also worked as the [[Chief operating officer|COO]] of the company replaced Manish Tandon in the year 2021,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Sarkar|first=Brinda|date=2021-05-27|title=CSS Corp to appoint Sunil Mittal as its CEO|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/information-tech/css-corp-to-appoint-sunil-mittal-as-its-ceo/articleshow/82998913.cms|access-date=2023-12-19|issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sunil Mittal is also the member of [[Forbes]] Business Council and currently lives in [[Dallas]], [[Texas]].&lt;ref name=&quot;www.ETHRWorld.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=www.ETHRWorld.com|title=CSS Corp appoints Sunil Mittal as Chief Executive Officer - ETHRWorld|url=https://hr.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/css-corp-appoints-sunil-mittal-as-chief-executive-officer/83002021|access-date=2023-12-16|website=ETHRWorld.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Recently, Movate acquired an [[Indiana]] based CX [[outsourcing]] company TSD Global&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=Innovates|first1=Dallas|last2=Murray|first2=Lance|date=2023-10-06|title=Plano-Based Movate Acquires TSD Global, Increasing Philippines Imprint and Expanding into South Africa|url=https://dallasinnovates.com/plano-based-movate-acquires-tsd-global-increasing-philippines-imprint-and-expanding-into-south-africa/|access-date=2023-12-16|website=Dallas Innovates|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; and also Directly OnDemand in 2022 a Gig platform based out of [[San Francisco]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=Mar 17, 2022|title=Directly - OnDemand business|pages=1|work=CrunchBase|url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/directly-ondemand-business/signals_and_news}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:American technology companies]]</text>
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    <title>2020 United States presidential election in Oregon</title>
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      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:OR President 2020.svg]] → [[File:2020 United States presidential election in Oregon results map by precinct.svg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] (harmonizing names of file set)</comment>
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      <text bytes="3789" sha1="2c8ozqe5ay9ca0o8ecj5v480laqe1s6" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2020 United States presidential election in Oregon
| country = Oregon
| type = presidential
| ongoing = no
| college_voted = yes
| previous_election = 2016 United States presidential election in Oregon
| previous_year = 2016
| election_date = November 3, 2020
| next_election = 2024 United States presidential election in Oregon
| next_year = 2024
| turnout = 81.97% (of registered voters) {{increase}}11.71 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| image_size = 200x200px
| votes_counted = 
| last_update = 
| time_zone = 
| image1 = Joe Biden presidential portrait (cropped).jpg
| nominee1 = '''[[Joe Biden]]'''
| party1 = Democratic Party (United States)
| home_state1 = [[Delaware]]
| running_mate1 = '''[[Kamala Harris]]'''
| electoral_vote1 = '''7'''
| popular_vote1 = '''1,340,383'''
| percentage1 = '''56.45%'''
| image2 = Donald Trump official portrait (3x4a).jpg
| nominee2 = [[Donald Trump]]
| party2 = Republican Party (United States)
| home_state2 = [[Florida]]
| running_mate2 = [[Mike Pence]]
| electoral_vote2 = 0
| popular_vote2 = 958,448
| percentage2 = 40.37%
| map_image = {{Switcher
| [[File:Oregon Presidential Election Results 2020.svg|300px]]
| County results
| 
| Congressional district results
| [[File:2020 United States presidential election in Oregon results map by precinct.svg|300px]]
| Precinct results
}}
| map_caption = {{col-start}}
{{col-2}}
'''Biden'''
{{legend|#B9D7FF|40–50%}}
{{legend|#86B6F2|50–60%}}
{{legend|#4389E3|60–70%}}
{{legend|#1666CB|70–80%}}
{{legend|#0645B4|80–90%}}
{{legend|#002B84|90–100%}}
{{col-2}}
'''Trump'''
{{legend|#F2B3BE|40–50%}}
{{legend|#E27F90|50–60%}}
{{legend|#CC2F4A|60–70%}}
{{legend|#D40000|70–80%}}
{{legend|#AA0000|80–90%}}
{{legend|#800000|90–100%}}
{{col-3}}
'''Tie/No Data'''
{{legend|#D4C4DC}}
{{legend|#808080}}
{{col-end}}

&lt;!--SEE TALK PAGE CONSENSUS NOTE BEFORE ADDING OR REMOVING CANDIDATES. Inclusion criteria have been discussed, and ballot access is not a factor.--&gt;| title = President
| before_election = [[Donald Trump]]
| before_party = Republican Party (United States)
| after_election = [[Joe Biden]]
| after_party = Democratic Party (United States)
}}

The '''2020 United States presidential election in Oregon''' was held on Tuesday, November 3, 2020, as part of the [[2020 United States presidential election]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Kelly|first=Ben|date=August 13, 2018|title=US elections key dates: When are the 2018 midterms and the 2020 presidential campaign?|work=[[The Independent]]|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-elections-key-dates-midterms-2020-presidential-house-congress-senate-a8472821.html|url-status=live|url-access=limited|access-date=January 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802011326/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-elections-key-dates-midterms-2020-presidential-house-congress-senate-a8472821.html|archive-date=2018-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Former Vice President [[Joe Biden]], and his running mate, junior U.S. Senator [[Kamala Harris]] had won 7 electoral votes in the Electoral College.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Distribution of Electoral Votes|url=https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/allocation.html|access-date=January 3, 2019|website=[[National Archives and Records Administration]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Oregon secretary of state certifies election results|work=kgw.com|url=https://www.kgw.com/article/news/politics/elections/oregon-secretary-of-state-certifies-election-results/283-b91be0eb-8612-43ef-9d9e-5ae97051f723|access-date=December 5, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{2020 United States presidential election}}

[[Category:2020 United States presidential election]]
[[Category:21st century in Oregon]]

{{politics-stub}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hay´at Tahrir al-Sham</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="19116" sha1="p247vlul3jbtig3jdsbxndqezvzr5jn" xml:space="preserve">[[File:HTS flag.png|thumb|310x310px|Flag of HTS.]]
'''Hay´at Tahrir al-Sham''' (HTS; Arabic: هيئة تحرير الشام) translating to “The Organization for the Liberation of the Levant”, is a Sunni Islamist armed group and political organization in Syria.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Mills|first1=Claire|last2=Loft|first2=Philip|date=2025-01-05|title=Syria after Assad: Consequences and interim authorities 2025|url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-10161/|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was formed on January 28&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; 2017 in Idlib as [[Jabhat Fatah al-Sham|Jabhat Fateh al-Sham]] and merged with several other groups such as [[Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zinki]], [[Liwa al-Aqsa|Liwa al-Haq]], [[Jaysh al-Sunnah|Jaysh al-Sunna]], and [[Jabhat Ansar al-Din]], establishing Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham under one body.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The rule is for none but Allah : Islamist approaches to governance {{!}} WorldCat.org|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/1380615126|access-date=2025-05-01|website=search.worldcat.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; HTS commands around 16,000 fighters.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Syria Report – Economy, Business and Finance – Syria and the Middle East|url=https://syria-report.com/|access-date=2025-05-01|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Keser|first1=Ahmet|last2=Fakhoury|first2=Fareed|date=2025-01-02|title=Hay'at Tahrir Al-Sham (HTS) from an Insurgent Group to a Local Authority: Emergence, Development and Social Support Base|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1057610X.2022.2082833|journal=Studies in Conflict &amp; Terrorism|language=en|volume=48|issue=1|pages=46–66|doi=10.1080/1057610X.2022.2082833|issn=1057-610X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Soliman|first=Ghada|date=2025|title=Disinformation and the Battle for Influence and Power in the Emerging Post-Assad Syria|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48815454|journal=Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses|volume=17|issue=2|pages=1–7|jstor=48815454 |issn=2382-6444}}&lt;/ref&gt; In December 2024, HTS led a coalition including [[Ahrar al-Sham]], the [[National Front for Liberation]], the [[Free Syrian Army]], the [[Syrian National Army]] (SNA) and [[Nour al-Din al-Zenki]] and overthrew the Syrian government. They ended the rule of the Assad family in [[Syria]]. After the overthrow, they set up a transitional government. It is led by [[Ahmed al-Sharaa|Ahmed al-Shaara]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Since December 2024, HTS has since expanded its control in Syria to include most of Greater Idlib province, Aleppo, Hama, Homs and Damascus.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Historical Context ==
[[Ahmed al-Sharaa]] was originally part of Al-[[Al-Qaeda|Qaeda]] in Iraq. In 2012, he was the former leader of Jabhat al-Nusra, and became the leader of HTS in 2017. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Keser|first1=Ahmet|last2=and Fakhoury|first2=Fareed|date=2025-01-02|title=Hay'at Tahrir Al-Sham (HTS) from an Insurgent Group to a Local Authority: Emergence, Development and Social Support Base|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/1057610X.2022.2082833?needAccess=true&amp;|journal=Studies in Conflict &amp; Terrorism|volume=48|issue=1|pages=46–66|doi=10.1080/1057610X.2022.2082833|issn=1057-610X}}&lt;/ref&gt; HTS emerged as one of the most powerful armed factions during the [[Syrian civil war]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Their affiliation with other [[Terrorism|terrorist]] groups made them known for their effectiveness in battle and for brutal acts. Jabhat al-Nusra (which HTS was part of) played a key role in major offensives against the Assad regime, especially in northwestern Syria, and was involved in the seizure of territory, including parts of Aleppo and later Idlib. &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Khalifa|first=Dareen|title=Idlib and the Hayat Tahrir al-Sham Conundrum in Syria|date=2023-07-15|url=https://academic.oup.com/book/56006/chapter/440498589|work=The Rule is for None but Allah|pages=249–264|editor-last=Cook|editor-first=Joana|edition=1|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/oso/9780197690390.003.0012|isbn=978-0-19-769039-0|access-date=2025-05-01|editor2-last=Maher|editor2-first=Shiraz}}&lt;/ref&gt; The group became known for its bombings, its use of suicide attacks, and its efforts to dominate rival opposition factions through force. In 2016, the group rebranded as Jabhat Fatah al-Sham in an attempt to cut formal ties with al-Qaeda and present itself as a more locally focused Syrian movement, distancing itself from the global [[Jihad|jihadist]] image that had made it a target of Western powers. This shift was strategic, aimed at consolidating local support, reducing international pressure, and gaining legitimacy among other rebel groups and the [[civilian]] population. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Maoz|first1=Moshe|last2=Yaniv|first2=Avner|date=2013-11-26|title=Syria Under Assad (RLE Syria)|url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315818948|doi=10.4324/9781315818948 |isbn=978-1-317-81839-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The rebranding lead up to the formation of HTS in 2017, a merger of Jabhat Fatah al-Sham with several smaller Islamist groups.

== Leadership and Structure ==
[[File:Ahmed al-Sharaa in July 2025 (cropped).jpg|thumb|193x193px|Ahmed Al-Sharaa 2025]]
HTS is led by Ahmed Hussein al-Sharaa, also known as Abu Mohammad al-Julani, which is his fighter name. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|last=Abouzeid|first=Rania|date=2012-12-25|title=Interview with Official of Jabhat Al-Nusra, Syria's Islamist Militia Group|language=en-US|magazine=Time|url=https://world.time.com/2012/12/25/interview-with-a-newly-designated-syrias-jabhat-al-nusra/|access-date=2025-05-01|issn=0040-781X|archive-date=2017-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110212219/http://world.time.com/2012/12/25/interview-with-a-newly-designated-syrias-jabhat-al-nusra/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is HTS´s founder and Syria's current political leader. Before joining HTS he was part of Jabhat al-Nusra and also had ties with al-Qaeda, but he denies any ideological affiliation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429426063|title=Handbook of Terrorist and Insurgent Groups: A Global Survey of Threats, Tactics, and Characteristics|last1=Romaniuk|first1=Scott N.|last2=Roul|first2=Animesh|last3=Fabe|first3=Pamela|last4=Besenyő|first4=János|date=2024-09-19|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-429-42606-3|edition=1|location=Boca Raton|language=en|doi=10.4324/9780429426063}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Abdul-Rahim Attoun]] (Abu Abdullah al-Shami) is HTS´s chief religious figure and plays a critical role in the group’s ideological direction and political strategy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Who is who? Meet HTS ideologue Abd al-Rahim Atoun, top jurist and strategist - Türkiye Today|url=https://www.turkiyetoday.com/region/who-is-who-meet-hts-ideologue-abd-al-rahim-atoun-top-jurist-and-strategist-90575/|access-date=2025-05-01|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; His influence was a key factor in HTS shift from an al-Qaeda affiliate into a local-focused actor embedded in a nationalist movement. Overtime, HTS underwent several internal transformations distancing itself from its transnational jihadist roots to focus on local governance.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://academic.oup.com/book/56006|title=The Rule is for None but Allah: Islamist Approaches to Governance|date=2023-07-15|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-769039-0|editor-last=Cook|editor-first=Joana|edition=1|language=en|doi=10.1093/oso/9780197690390.001.0001|editor-last2=Maher|editor-first2=Shiraz}}&lt;/ref&gt; This shift was exemplified by the establishment of the [[Syrian Salvation Government]] (SSG) in Idlib in 2017. With its own ministries and departments, the civilian technocratic administrative body oversees governance in HTS controlled areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Keser|first1=Ahmet|last2=Fakhoury|first2=Fareed|date=2025-01-02|title=Hay'at Tahrir Al-Sham (HTS) from an Insurgent Group to a Local Authority: Emergence, Development and Social Support Base|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1057610X.2022.2082833|journal=Studies in Conflict &amp; Terrorism|language=en|volume=48|issue=1|pages=46–66|doi=10.1080/1057610X.2022.2082833|issn=1057-610X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Structurally, HTS is divided into military and administrative arms, while the military and intelligence branches are firmly under HTS´s control. Their governance model, although conservative, is not extremist.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; HTS Islamist governance emphasizes the application of [[Sharia|Sharia law]] but claims to not enforce radical interpretations. In efforts to portray a more inclusive image HTS states to protect rights of non-Muslim citizens and religious minorities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Relations with Internal and External Actors ==
As Syria’s current government, al-Sharaa’s administration has maintained complex relationships with both domestic and international actors, with its policies viewed as either progressive or regressive depending on the context. One major turning point in these relations occurred in 2017,  when HTS bombed Damascus which killed mainly Iraqi Shia Muslims. Since then, many nations have categorized HTS as a terrorist group.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-12-12|title=The de facto authority in Syria is a designated terrorist group: What happens now? {{!}} UN News|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/12/1158126|access-date=2025-05-01|website=news.un.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most countries do not recognize or support HTS, such as the United States, [[European Union]], [[United Kingdom]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Furlong|first=Ray|title=Western Countries Face Dilemma Over Syria's Blacklisted New Rulers|language=en|work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/syria-hts-terrorism-designation-west/33232662.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com|access-date=2025-05-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Furlong|first=Ray|title=Western Countries Face Dilemma Over Syria's Blacklisted New Rulers|language=en|work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/syria-hts-terrorism-designation-west/33232662.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com|access-date=2025-05-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; The United Nations (UN) also categorized HTS as a terrorist group in 2018 in a key Security Council resolution.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

Meanwhile, regional actors have continued to affirm their influence over Syria’s complex political and military landscape. Turkey, seeing an opportunity to expand its influence, backed the [[Syrian National Army]] (SNA) and continued its military operations against the Kurdish-led [[Syrian Democratic Forces]] (SDF), while offering to train Syria’s future armed forces. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kardaş|first=Şaban|date=2025|title=Turkey's Long Game in Syria: Moving beyond Ascendance|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/mepo.12807|journal=Middle East Policy|language=en|volume=32|issue=1|pages=22–37|doi=10.1111/mepo.12807|issn=1475-4967}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2025-02-13|title=The talks shaping Syria's new constitution will exclude Kurdish forces, organizers say|url=https://apnews.com/article/syria-national-dialogue-ahmad-alsharaa-hts-sdf-10e445388360ff5abe9f6bd99131302e|access-date=2025-05-01|website=AP News|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Israel intensified its presence by occupying areas in southern Syria, including the United Nations (UN) [[buffer zone]] and Mount Hermon. They justify their actions as a security measure and as targeted strikes on sites previously used for chemical weapons by the Assad regime.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Mills|first1=Claire|last2=Loft|first2=Philip|date=2025-01-05|title=Syria after Assad: Consequences and interim authorities 2025|url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-10161/|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2015|title=Resistance and Coexistence: Exploring Iranian and Syrian Involvement in the Creation of Hezbollah|url=https://doi.org/10.5040/9798400663130.ch-005|journal=Hezbollah|pages=113–130|doi=10.5040/9798400663130.ch-005 |isbn=979-8-4006-6313-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; For Iran and [[Hezbollah]], Assad’s fall marked a significant setback. It broke a key link in Iran’s regional “axis of resistance” and reduced its power in the Levant. [[Russia]], having provided Assad asylum, appeared to reduce its military role, although HTS indicated some openness to allowing Russia to retain bases, if it served Syria’s interests. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=US will not pursue $10m bounty on HTS leader after diplomats visit Syria|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/us-wont-pursue-10m-bounty-htss-ahmed-al-sharaa-after-diplomats-visit-syria?utm_source=chatgpt.com|access-date=2025-05-01|website=Middle East Eye|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Ahmed al-Sharaa greets Hadja Lahbib in Syria.jpg|thumb|Ahmed al-Sharaa greets European Commissioner for Humanitarian Aid and Crisis Management in Syria|340x340px|left]]Against the landscape of changing alliances and ongoing instability, humanitarian concerns remain urgent. In a statement published in November 29, 2024, Al-Sharaa urged that soldiers refrain from violence, and to respect the diversity of sects and cultures in Syria. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=إدارة العمليات العسكرية|url=https://t.me/aleamaliaat_aleaskaria/91|access-date=2025-05-01|website=Telegram}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, as recently as March 2025, the UN has reported targeted attacks and killings of Alawites (the minority that was protected under Assad regime). This includes children and women in the coast of Syria, where most of them reside.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-12-12|title=The de facto authority in Syria is a designated terrorist group: What happens now? {{!}} UN News|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/12/1158126|access-date=2025-05-01|website=news.un.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The humanitarian crisis remains an issue in Syria; people need food, clean water, healthcare, and safe places to live. Hospitals and clinics are damaged or closed, and there are not enough doctors or medical care.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Nurintan|first1=Okdela|last2=Masya|first2=Maora Rianti|last3=Satria|first3=Randhi|chapter=Humanitarian Actions of Médecins Sans Frontières' Response to Humanitarian Crisis in Syria 2011-2015 |date=2018|title=4th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES|chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.5220/0007034100010001|publisher=SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications|pages=1|doi=10.5220/0007034100010001 |isbn=978-989-758-313-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; HTS is seeking increased support, but many areas still suffer because of the war and past government actions. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Keser|first1=Ahmet|last2=and Fakhoury|first2=Fareed|date=2025-01-02|title=Hay'at Tahrir Al-Sham (HTS) from an Insurgent Group to a Local Authority: Emergence, Development and Social Support Base|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1057610X.2022.2082833|journal=Studies in Conflict &amp; Terrorism|volume=48|issue=1|pages=46–66|doi=10.1080/1057610X.2022.2082833|issn=1057-610X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Marking a notable political shift, HTS cooperates with the SDF under a March 2025 agreement, integrating SDF into national institutions. This marks a major shift from past conflict and suggests HTS is working with some parts of the broader opposition, especially against common threats like [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIS]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; However, HTS continues to clash with Turkey-backed SNA forces, particularly because of ongoing Turkish-SDF tensions. Turkey worked with HTS to keep stability in Idlib and provided help through aid and security arrangements .&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; In return, HTS allowed Turkish troops to watch over ceasefire zones and stop the spread of violence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Keser|first1=Ahmet|last2=and Fakhoury|first2=Fareed|date=2025-01-02|title=Hay'at Tahrir Al-Sham (HTS) from an Insurgent Group to a Local Authority: Emergence, Development and Social Support Base|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/1057610X.2022.2082833?needAccess=true&amp;|journal=Studies in Conflict &amp; Terrorism|volume=48|issue=1|pages=46–66|doi=10.1080/1057610X.2022.2082833|issn=1057-610X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

HTS received mixed international responses. Saudi Arabia welcomed Al-Sharaa on February 2025 to discuss bilateral relations. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=dhojnacki|date=2024-12-24|title=What role will the Gulf states play in shaping the new Syria?|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/what-role-will-gulf-states-play-in-shaping-the-new-syria/?utm_source=chatgpt.com|access-date=2025-05-01|website=Atlantic Council|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other countries like the U.S. and some in Europe have started talking with HTS, showing they may be open to working with the group if it becomes more moderate. &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;
== Current Status and Developments ==
[[File:Syrian Civil War map (August 7, 2024).svg|thumb|Military situation before the opposition offensives in late 2024, showing areas controlled by Tahrir al-Sham (white) and the Assad regime (red).]]
On the 8&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; of  December 2024 the Assad government was removed by a group of rebel forces led by Hay ’at Tahrir al-Sham.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Factors that influenced the collapse of the dictatorship were the Turkish support for the rebels, Russia’s attention shift to the war in Ukraine and Israeli attacks weakening Iran and Hezbollah. After these events HTS set up a transitional government and dissolved the Syrian parliament, which was dominated by the [[Baathist party]]. In January 2025 it named Ahmed al-Shaara as its interim President.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Key demands are a new Syrian constitution, the integration of non-state armed groups into Syria's official forces, including the SDF and reunifying of Syrian territories and administrative bodies under centralized state control.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2025-02-13|title=The talks shaping Syria's new constitution will exclude Kurdish forces, organizers say|url=https://apnews.com/article/syria-national-dialogue-ahmad-alsharaa-hts-sdf-10e445388360ff5abe9f6bd99131302e|access-date=2025-05-01|website=AP News|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; However HTS faces major challenges.  First, there is a lack of international and national credibility and a global reluctance to engage with an HTS-led government'''.'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-03-21|title=1|url=https://doi.org/10.46632/jemm/11/1|journal=REST Journal on Emerging Trends in Modelling and Manufacturing|volume=11|issue=1 march 2025|doi=10.46632/jemm/11/1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Secondly, Syria is still divided. Other powerful groups, like the Kurdish-led SDF and Turkish-backed rebel forces, reject HTS control over Syria. Thirdly, after years of civil war and sanctions, it has led to the economy being damaged. The future of HTS´s government therefore remains uncertain as it struggles to gain legitimacy, rebuild a fractured nation, and navigate regional and international dynamics.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hay at Tahrir al-Sham}}
[[Category:2017 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorism]]
[[Category:Sunni organizations]]
[[Category:Islamist militant groups]]</text>
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{{Infobox philosopher
| honorific_prefix  = 
| name              = Linda Martín Alcoff
| native_name       = &lt;!-- add name in the philosopher's language or script if different from the English name --&gt;
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| image             =  
| alt               = 
| caption           = 
| other_names       = Linda Alcoff
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| birth_place       = [[Panama]]
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| nationality       = American
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| education         = {{hlist | [[Georgia State University]] (BA, MA) | [[Brown University]] (PhD)}}
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| signature_alt     = 
| era               = [[Contemporary philosophy]]
| region            = [[Western philosophy]]
| school_tradition  = {{hlist | [[Continental philosophy]] | [[feminist philosophy]]}}
| institutions      = {{hlist | [[Hunter College]] | [[CUNY Graduate Center]]}}
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| doctoral_advisor  = [[Ernest Sosa]]
| academic_advisors = 
| doctoral_students = 
| notable_students  = 
| main_interests    = {{hlist | [[Social epistemology]] | [[feminist philosophy]] | [[philosophy of gender]] and [[race (human categorization)|race]] | [[Michel Foucault|Foucault]]}}
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}}

'''Linda Martín Alcoff''' is a Latin American philosophy professor at [[Hunter College]] in [[New York City]]. She studies how knowledge, identity, and power are connected. Her areas of interest include [[feminism]], race, and the ideas of philosopher [[Michel Foucault]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CUNY&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=CUNY Graduate Center Faculty Bio |url=https://www.gc.cuny.edu/Page-Elements/Academics-Research-Centers-Initiatives/Doctoral-Programs/Philosophy/Faculty-Bios/Linda-Martin-Alcoff |publisher=City University of New York |accessdate=June 21, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alcoff wrote or edited multiple books, including ''Visible Identities: Race, Gender, and the Self'' (2006), ''The Future of Whiteness'' (2015), and ''Rape and Resistance'' (2018). Her works on public philosophy have appeared in [[The Guardian]] and [[The New York Times]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Guardian Author Page |url=https://www.theguardian.com/profile/linda-mart-n-alcoff |website=The Guardian |accessdate=June 22, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NYTimes Opinionator Author Page |url=https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/author/linda-martin-alcoff/ |website=The New York Times |accessdate=June 22, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alcoff wants more people from different backgrounds to be involved in philosophy. She thinks their ideas can create new ways of studying things, like how feminism changed philosophy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mann&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mann |first=Bonnie |year=2013 |title=Three White Men Walk into a Bar |journal=Radical Philosophy Review |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=733–746 |doi=10.5840/radphilrev201316354}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CHE&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://www.chronicle.com/article/Female-Philosophers-Shake-Up/136629/|title=Women Challenge Male Philosophers to Make Room in Unfriendly Field|last=Wilson|first=Robin|date=January 14, 2013|work=|publisher=Chronicle of Higher Education|volume=59|location=chronicle.com|pages=A1–A6|issue=19}}&lt;/ref&gt; She is a leader in philosophy. She held a top position in a big philosophy group and now helps run a magazine all about feminist philosophy.&lt;ref name=&quot;APApast&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=APA Divisional Presidents &amp; Addresses |url=http://www.apaonline.org/?page=presidents |publisher=American Philosophical Association |accessdate=February 22, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;search23Feb2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 23, 2018 |title=Announcement from Hypatia's Board of Directors and Task Force Co-Chairs |url=http://hypatiaphilosophy.org/announcements/announcement-hypatias-board-directors-task-force-co-chairs/ |url-status=live |publisher=Hypatia |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301164503/http://hypatiaphilosophy.org/announcements/announcement-hypatias-board-directors-task-force-co-chairs/ |archivedate=March 1, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Weinberg24July2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Weinberg |first=Justin |date=July 24, 2017 |title=Hypatia's Associate Editors Resign |work=Daily Nous |url=http://dailynous.com/2017/07/24/hypatias-associate-editors-resign/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Early life and education==
Alcoff was born in [[Panama]],&lt;ref name=YancyAlcoff/&gt; the younger of two daughters to an Irish mother, Laura, and Panamanian father, Miguel Angel Martín, who met while studying at [[Florida State University]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Alcoff|first1=Linda Martin|title=The Future of Whiteness|url=https://archive.org/details/futureofwhitenes0000alco|date=2015|publisher=Polity Press|location=Cambridge and Malden|pages=[https://archive.org/details/futureofwhitenes0000alco/page/30 30]–31, 34}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her father became a professor of history at the [[Universidad de Panama]].&lt;ref&gt;Alcoff, Linda Martín (2006). ''Visible Identities: Race, Gender and the Self''. Oxford University Press. pp. vii, 8.&lt;/ref&gt; When her parents separated, Alcoff moved with her mother and sister to Florida when she was three.&lt;ref name=&quot;YancyAlcoff&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Yancy|first1=George|last2=Alcoff|first2=Linda Martín|title=Philosophy's Lost Body and Soul|url=https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/02/04/philosophys-lost-body-and-soul/|work=The New York Times|date=February 4, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1980 she got a degree in philosophy from [[Georgia State University]] and in 1983 an MA, also in philosophy. She did her doctoral work at [[Brown University]], completed her [[dissertation]] under the direction of Ernest Sosa, [[Martha Nussbaum]], and Richard Schmitt and got her PhD in 1987.&lt;ref name=CV/&gt;

==Career==
===Positions held===
Alcoff was an assistant professor of philosophy at Kalamazoo College for a year, then moved to [[Syracuse University]]. There, she taught for the next ten years. She became associate professor in 1995 and full professor in 1999. She worked in several jobs at [[Cornell University]] (1994–1995), Aarhus University (November 1999), Florida Atlantic University (Fall 2000), and Brown University (Spring 2001). She took a position as professor of philosophy and [[women's studies]] at Stony Brook University in 2002. In 2009 she became professor of philosophy at Hunter College and the [[City University of New York]] Graduate Center.&lt;ref name=&quot;CV&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Alcoff|first=Linda Martín|title=Curriculum Vitae|url=http://www.alcoff.com/curriculum-vitae|publisher=alcoff.com|access-date=February 23, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129195111/http://www.alcoff.com/curriculum-vitae|archive-date=January 29, 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alcoff wanted to make philosophy diverse. To help this, she started the &quot;Pluralist's Guide to Philosophy&quot; with Paul Taylor and William Wilkerson.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pluralist&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Pluralist Guide to Philosophy Home|url=https://sites.psu.edu/pluralistsguide/|accessdate=June 21, 2020|archive-date=March 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314081419/https://sites.psu.edu/pluralistsguide/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; From 2010 to 2013, she was co-editor-in-chief of the feminist philosophy journal ''Hypatia'' with Ann Cudd.&lt;ref name=&quot;editorialboardMarch2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Editorial board|url=http://hypatiaphilosophy.org/about/editorialboard/|publisher=Hypatia|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301224919/http://hypatiaphilosophy.org/about/editorialboard/|archivedate=March 1, 2018|date=March 1, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; She also managed its board of associate editors during the Hypatia transracialism controversy in 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brubaker18May2017&quot;&gt;Brubaker, Roger (May 18, 2017). [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/18/opinion/the-uproar-over-transracialism.html &quot;The Uproar Over 'Transracialism'&quot;]. ''The New York Times''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Alcoff|first1=Linda Martin|title=Here's my take.|url=https://www.facebook.com/lsalcoff/posts/10156108465053047|via=Facebook|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20170515200503/https://www.facebook.com/lsalcoff/posts/10156108465053047|archivedate=May 15, 2017|date=May 4, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the debates, a group was formed to address governance issues within the journal. In February 2018, Alcoff became president of the board of directors of Hypatia, Inc.&lt;ref name=search23Feb2018/&gt;&lt;ref name=Weinberg24July2017/&gt;

===Research===
Alcoff has explored various topics, including Foucault's ideas, sexual violence, [[epistemology]] politics, gender, race identity, and Latino issues.&lt;ref name=CV/&gt; She has authored four books: ''Real Knowing: New Versions of Coherence Theory'' (1996), ''Visible Identities: Race, Gender and the Self'' (2006), ''The Future of Whiteness'' (2015), and ''Rape and Resistance'' (2018).&lt;ref name=CV/&gt; Additionally, she has edited ten volumes, written numerous peer-reviewed articles, and contributed to many book chapters and encyclopedia entries.&lt;ref name=CV/&gt; Her article &quot;The Problem of Speaking for Others&quot; (1991) in ''Cultural Critique'' has been widely cited, with nearly 3000 citations according to [[Google Scholar]].&lt;ref name=GSc&gt;{{cite web|title=Google Scholar|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=8bOBag4AAAAJ|access-date=June 21, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In her book ''Visible Identities: Race, Gender and the Self'', Alcoff tried to give a detailed understanding of [[social identity]] by integrating her previous work in epistemology, metaphysics, and ethnic, racial, and gender politics.&lt;ref name=&quot;ndpr1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Sundstrom|first=Ronald|title=Visible Identities: Race, Gender and the Self (Review)|url=http://ndpr.nd.edu/news/visible-identities-race-gender-and-the-self/|journal=Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews|date=June 22, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; She told that geographic location significantly influences social identity beyond other factors, although she doesn't see it as deterministic.&lt;ref name=ndpr1/&gt;

In her article &quot;The Problem of Speaking for Others,&quot; Alcoff studied the difficulties of representation when someone speaks on behalf of others, using concepts from social epistemology like social location and identity. She proposes &quot;four sets of interrogatory practices&quot; to guide speaking for others across different social positions: firstly, individuals should question their own motives to ensure they aren't driven by a desire for control. Secondly, they should be aware of the importance of context and location, and they should know how shifting words to another context alters their meaning. Thirdly, accountability and openness to criticism are important. Lastly, individuals must consider the real effects of their words on the discourse and material conditions of those represented.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Alcoff |first1=Linda |date=Winter 1991–1992 |title=The Problem of Speaking for Others |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1354221 |journal=Cultural Critique |volume=20 |issue=20 |pages=5–32 |doi=10.2307/1354221 |jstor=1354221 |access-date=June 14, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Awards and recognitions==
Alcoff got various awards, including an honorary doctorate from the University of Oslo in September 2011. She got the Frantz Fanon Prize for her book ''Visible Identities: Race, Gender and the Self'' from the Caribbean Philosophical Association in 2009. In 2005, she was recognized as a Distinguished Woman in Philosophy by the Society for Women in Philosophy. Additionally, she held the Meredith Professorship for Excellence in Teaching at Syracuse University from 1995 to 1998.&lt;ref name=CV/&gt; Her work in philosophy was further acknowledged when she was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.amacad.org/new-members-2023 |title=New Members |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date= |website=American Academy of Arts &amp; Sciences |publisher= |access-date=2023-04-23 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Selected works==
*{{cite book|last1=Alcoff|first1=Linda Martín|title=Real Knowing: New Versions of the Coherence Theory|url=https://archive.org/details/realknowingnewve00alco|url-access=registration|date=1996|publisher=Cornell University Press|location=New York|isbn=9780801430473 }}
*{{cite book | last = Alcoff | first = Linda | contribution = Cultural feminism versus post-structuralism: the identity crisis in feminist theory | editor-last1 = Nicholson | editor-first1 = Linda | title = The Second Wave: A Reader in Feminist Theory | pages = 330–355 | publisher = Routledge | location = New York | year = 1997 | isbn = 9780415917612}}
*Alcoff, Linda Martín (2006). ''Visible Identities: Race, Gender and the Self''. Oxford University Press.
* {{cite book | last1 = Alcoff | first1 = Linda | last2 = Kittay | first2 = Eva | author-link2 = Eva Kittay | title = The Blackwell Guide to Feminist Philosophy | publisher = Blackwell Publishing | location = Malden, MA, and Oxford | year = 2007 | isbn = 9780631224273 }}
*{{cite book|last1=Alcoff|first1=Linda Martín|title=The Future of Whiteness|url=https://archive.org/details/futureofwhitenes0000alco|date=2015|publisher=Polity Press|location=Cambridge and Malden, MA}}
*{{cite book|last1=Alcoff|first1=Linda Martín|title=Rape and Resistance|url=https://archive.org/details/raperesistanceun0000alco|date=2018| isbn = 9780745691916}}


== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alcoff, Linda Martin}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:American feminists]]
[[Category:American philosophers]]</text>
      <sha1>m1vw8ymw2vfn9yqzskhifz9thuhh4om</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wherever You Are</title>
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      <text bytes="708" sha1="m4whhfw3cxxij7nb1nwmuxkcm1n3ypp" xml:space="preserve">'''&quot;Wherever You Are&quot;''' is a song recorded by American [[country music]] artist [[Jack Ingram]].

==Music video==
The music video was directed by David McClister and premiered in January 5, 2006. It features Jack performing in different locations including a desert, a garage, and in a room with purple lights.

The video debuted at number 20 on [[CMT (American TV channel)|CMT]]'s ''Top 20 Countdown'' for the week of February 16, 2006.

The video for the single peaked at #2 on CMT's ''Top Twenty Countdown'' for the week of May 18, 2006.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Jack Ingram}}

[[Category:2005 songs]]
[[Category:Big Machine Records singles]]
[[Category:Jack Ingram songs]]
[[Category:Texas songs]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>List of original members of the Society of the Cincinnati</title>
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      <text bytes="44547" sha1="a6x96w70wxhzljo19ejaet9nts08x59" xml:space="preserve">This is a list of the founding members of the [[Society of the Cincinnati]].

{{Gallery
 |title=
 |align=center
|Edward Savage George Washington 1790.jpg|[[George Washington]]
|Karl G Schweikart - Tadeusz Kościuszko (ÖaL).jpg|[[Tadeusz Kościuszko]]
|Hamiltontrumbull-crop.jpg|[[Alexander Hamilton]]
|AaronBurr.jpg|[[Aaron Burr]]
|Gilbert du Motier Marquis de Lafayette.PNG|[[Marquis de Lafayette]]
|Maréchal de Rochambeau.jpg|[[Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau]]
|John Paul Jones by Charles Wilson Peale, c1781.jpg|[[John Paul Jones]]
|Commodore Joshua Barney- many interesting facts connected with the life of Commodore Joshua Barney, hero of the United States navy, 1776-1812, also a compilation of genealogical material relating to (14776689134).jpg|[[Joshua Barney]]
|PUTNAM exb.jpg|[[Rufus Putnam]]
|GustavHeinrichvonWetterRosenthal.jpg|[[Gustave Rosenthal]]
|Anthony Wayne, uniform.jpg|[[Anthony Wayne]]
|Thomas Truxtun.jpg|[[Thomas Truxtun]]
||[[David Ziegler]]
|SamuelBlachleyWebb.jpg|[[Samuel Blachley Webb]]
|ArthurStClairOfficialPortrait.jpg|[[Arthur St. Clair]]
|WILLIAMS exb.jpg|[[Otho Holland Williams]]
|Nathanael Greene by John Trumbull 1792.jpeg|Nathaniel Greene
|Varnum2.jpg|[[James Mitchel Varnum]]
|Henry Knox by Peale.jpg|Henry Knox Portrait by [[Charles Willson Peale]], {{circa}} 1784
|General Benjamin Lincoln-restored.jpg|Benjamin Lincoln
|DanielMorgan.jpeg|Daniel Morgan
|HenryLee.jpeg|Henry Lee III
|Lt. Col. Francis Tennille.jpg|[[Francis Tennille]]
|Lachlan McIntosh.jpg|General [[Lachlan McIntosh]]
|Benjamin_Tallmadge_by_Ralph Earl.jpeg|[[Benjamin Tallmadge]]
|Major General Friedrich Wilhelm Augustus Baron von Steuben by Ralph Earl.jpeg|alt25=Painting Steuben in uniform|[[Major General von Steuben]]
|Richard varick officer continental army.png|[[Richard Varick]]
|Marinus Willett MET DT2936.jpg|[[Marinus Willett]]
|PeterGansevoortByStuart.jpeg|[[Peter Gansevoort]], a 1794 oil painting by [[Gilbert Stuart]]
|HoratioGatesByStuart crop.jpg|[[Horatio Gates]], a 1794 painting by [[Gilbert Stuart]]
|Gilbert Stuart - Major-General Henry Dearborn - 1913.793 - Art Institute of Chicago.jpg|[[Henry Dearborn]]
|John Trumbull Gilbert Stuart 1818.jpeg|[[John Trumbull]], an 1818 painting by [[Gilbert Stuart]]
|Gilbert Stuart, Govenor John Brooks, c. 1820, HAA.jpg|[[John Brooks (governor)|John Brooks]], an 1820 painting by [[Gilbert Stuart]]
}}
== United States ==

=== Connecticut ===

[[Abraham Baldwin]], [[Joel Barlow]], [[Zebulon Butler]], [[Henry Champion (general)|Henry Champion]], [[John Chester (Connecticut soldier)|John Chester]], [[Jonathan Hart]], [[David Humphreys (soldier)|David Humphreys]], [[Ebenezer Huntington]], [[Jedediah Huntington]], [[Jacob Kingsbury]], [[John Mansfield (American politician)|John Mansfield]], [[Joseph Spencer]], [[Heman Swift]], [[Benjamin Tallmadge]], [[Jonathan Trumbull, Jr.]], John Wyllys, [[Palgrave Wyllys]], Amos Walbridge (major), [[9th Connecticut Regiment|Samuel B. Webb]], Jeremiah West (Surgeon)&lt;ref&gt;Metcalf, Bryce (1938). ''Original Members and Other Officers Eligible to the [[Society of the Cincinnati]], 1783-1938: With the Institution, Rules of Admission, and Lists of the Officers of the General and State Societies'' Strasburg, VA: Shenandoah Publishing House, Inc., p. 333.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Delaware ===

Daniel Jenifer Adams, Enoch Anderson, Joseph Anderson, Thomas Anderson, William Anderson, [[Caleb Prew Bennett]], James Campbell, John Driskill, Henry Duff, Reuben Gilder, [[David Hall (Delaware governor)|David Hall]], Joseph Hossman, John Vance Hyatt, Peter Jacquett, Jr., James Jones, Charles Kidd, David Kirkpatrick, [[Robert Kirkwood|Robert Henry Kirkwood]], [[Henry Latimer (senator)|Henry Latimer]], John Learmonth, William McKennan, [[Allen McLane|Allen (Allan) McLane]], Stephen McWilliam, [[Nathaniel Mitchell]], George Monro, James Moore, [[John Patten (American politician)|John Patten]], John Platt, Charles Pope, George Purvis, [[Edward Roche (politician)|Edward Roche]], Ebenezer Augustus Smith, [[James Tilton]], Nathaniel Twinning, Joseph Vaughan, William Adams (son of Nathan Adams), and Joseph Haslet (son of [[John Haslet]]).

=== Georgia ===

[[James Armstrong (Georgia)|James Armstrong]], [[Samuel Elbert]], [[George Mathews (Georgia)|George Mathews]], [[John Milton (Georgia politician)|John Milton]], [[Francis Tennille]].

=== Maryland ===

Lloyd Beall, Joshua Burgess, [[John Hoskins Stone|John H. Stone]], [[Samuel Smith (Maryland politician)|Samuel Smith]], William Lynch Lamar, Josias Carvel Hall, [[John Eager Howard]], [[Mordecai Gist]], [[James Craik]], [[John Gunby]], [[James Peale]], [[Moses Rawlings]], [[Thomas Lancaster Lansdale]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Register of the Society of the Cincinnati of Maryland|year=1897|publisher=Order of the Society|location=[[Baltimore, Maryland]]|page=[https://archive.org/details/registerofsociet05soci/page/78 78]|url=https://archive.org/details/registerofsociet05soci|quote=Thomas Lancaster Lansdale.}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[James Lingan]], [[Levin Winder]], [[Nathaniel Ramsey]], [[William Smallwood]], [[Tench Tilghman]], [[Otho Holland Williams]], Richard Pindell (surgeon),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Register of the Society of the Cincinnati of Maryland|year=1897|publisher=Order of the Society|location=[[Baltimore, Maryland]]|page=[https://archive.org/details/registerofsociet05soci/page/96 96]|url=https://archive.org/details/registerofsociet05soci}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thomas Hussey Luckett.

Further list from Saffell:&lt;ref name=&quot;genealogytrails.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;

John Eccleston, John Nicholson, Henry Hardman, John Davidson, William D. Beall, William Brown, John Cotes, Richard Dorsey, David Morrow, Ezekiel Hayne, Thomas Boyd, Samuel Morrow, James Armstrong, Thomas Mason, Samuel McPherson, Henry Baldwin, James Bracco, John Hamilton, William Campbell, George Hamilton, John L. Elbert, Nicholas Ricketts, David Hopkins, Basil Burgess, Thomas Price, James Smith, Jonathan Morris, Edward Hall, Isaac Rawlings, Edward OJdham, William Reily, John Kilty, John Jordan, Perry Benson, Michael Boyer, John J. Jacobs, Edward Dyer, Philip Reed, Samuel Hanson, Arthur Harris, Samuel B. Beall, Edward Spurrier, John Brevitt, William Pendergast, Thomas Rouse, William Kilty, Francis Revelly, Thomas Bealty, Mark McPherson, Henry Gaither, John Sears, Christopher Richmond, Edward Compton, Samuel F. Keene, John Sprigg Belt, John Hughes, Benjamin Price, James Bruff, William Bruce, Elisha Harrison, Adamson Tannehill, John D. Carey, James Mann, John Gassaway, Thomas A. Dyson, Henry Clements, Samuel Edrniston, John T. Lowe, William Smoote, Elihu Hall, Malachi Bonham, Hezekiah Ford, Gerard Wood, Henry H. Chapman, Isaac Hanson, Benjamin Fickle, Richard Anderson, John Smith, James W. Gray, John Mitchell, Nathan Wright, William Goldsborough, Walter Muse, James Baques, Clement Skerrett, Henry Gassaway, Bobert Gerry, Edward Pratt, Horatio Clagett, John Swan, Rezin Davis, James McFadon, Mountjoy Bailey, Paul Bentalou, John Carlisle, Archibald McAllister, John Gale, Eichard Waters, George Handy, John Trueman, Gassaway Watkins, [[Joseph Smith]], Levin Denwood, Alexander Trueman, Joseph Cross, John Smith, James Somerville, Ebenezer Denny, James G. Heron, Daniel Jenifer, Richard Pindell, Jonathan Sellman, Walter Warfield, Thomas Woolford, Benjamin Brooks, Lilburn W. Williams, James Ewing, Eichard Chiderson, James Winchester, Samuel T. Wright, George Winchester, David Luckett, Osborn Williams, John Lynn, Joshua Rutledge, Philip Hill, Peregrine Fitzhugh, John Lynch.

=== Massachusetts ===

Stephen Abbot, [[Jeduthan Baldwin]], [[John Brooks (governor)|John Brooks]], [[Henry Burbeck]], [[David Cobb (Massachusetts)|David Cobb]], [[John Crane (soldier)|John Crane]], [[Thomas Humphrey Cushing]], [[William Eustis]], [[Constant Freeman]], [[John Greaton]], [[Africa Hamlin]], [[William Heath]], [[William Hull]], [[Thomas Hunt (soldier)|Thomas Hunt]], [[Henry Knox]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Society&quot;/&gt; [[Henry Jackson (Continental Army general)|Henry Jackson]], [[Michael Jackson (American Revolution)|Michael Jackson]], [[Simon Larned]], [[Benjamin Lincoln]], [[Samuel Nicholson]], [[William North]], Alexander Oliver, [[Rufus Putnam]], William Shepard, [[William Stacy]], [[Benjamin Tupper]], Elisha Horton, Abraham Williams, John Yeomans, Dr. Abijah Richardson.
&lt;ref&gt;The Institution and Proceedings of the Society of the Cincinnati&lt;/ref&gt;
OM	Abbot, Josiah, Ens.	2nd Reg. MCL
OM	Abbot, Stephen, Capt.	8th Reg. MCL
OM	Adams, Henry, Surg. [S]	6th Reg, MCL
OM	Adams, Henry, Surgeon	6th Reg. MCL
OM	Alden, Judah, Capt.	2nd Reg. MCL
OM	Allen, Nathaniel Coit, Capt.	4th Reg. MCL
OM	Allen, Noah, Maj.	1st Reg. MCL
OM	Allen, Noah, Maj. [S]	1st Reg. MCL
OM	Ames, Jotham, 1st Lt.	2nd Reg. MCL
OM	Andrews, William, 1st Lt.  *	3rd Reg. Cont. Artillery
OM	Armstrong, Samuel, 2nd Lt.*	3rd Reg. MCL
OM	Ashley, Moses, Maj.	6th Reg. MCL
OM	Austin, John, 2nd Lt.	3rd Reg. Cont. Artillery
OM	Bailey, Adams, Capt. 	2nd Reg. MCL
OM	Bailey, Luther, Capt. 	2nd Reg. MCL
OM	Balcom, Joseph, Lt.	6th Reg. MCL
OM	Baldwin, Jeduthan, Col. 	Corps of Engineers
OM	Ballantine, Ebenezer, Surg. Mate	6th Reg. MCL
OM	Ballard, William Hudson, Maj.          	15th Reg. MCL
OM	Bancroft, James, Lt. (son of James) 	8th Reg. MCL
OM	Barlow, Joel Chap.	Massachusetts Cont. Brigade (end of war)
OM	Bassett, Barachiah, Lt. Col.	14th Reg. MCL
OM	Bates, Joseph, Capt.	7th Reg. MCL
OM	Baury de Bellerive, Louis, Capt. 	Chausseurs de San Domingo, French
OM	Baylies, Hodijah, Maj.	Aide-de-Camp to General Washington
OM	Benson, Joshua, Jr., Capt.	5th Reg. MCL
OM	Blake, Edward, Jr., 2nd Lt.	3rd Reg. Cont. Artillery
OM	Blanchard, John, Capt.	4th Reg. MCL
OM	Blodget, Caleb, Lt.	1st Reg. [[New Hampshire]] Cont. Line
OM	Bowles, Ralph Hart, 1st Lt. 	Jackson's Additional Continenatl Reg.
OM	Bowman, Samuel, Lt. 	1st Reg. MCL
OM	Bradford, Andrew, Lt.	7th Reg. MCL
OM	Bradford, Gamaliel, Col. 	14th Reg. MCL
OM	Bradford, Gamaliel, Jr., Lt.	Jackson's Additional Cont. Reg.
OM	Bradford, Robert, Capt. 	2nd Reg. MCL
OM	Bramhall, Joshua, 1st Lt.	3rd Reg. MCL
OM	Brigham, Origin, Surg. Mate	2nd Reg. MCL
OM	Brooks, John, Lt. Col. 	7th Reg. MCL
OM	Brown, Ebenezer, Lt.	1st Reg. MCL
OM	Brown, Oliver, Capt. Lt.	3rd Reg. Cont. Artillery
OM	Bugbee, Edward, Lt.	2nd Canadian Cont. Reg.
OM	Bullard, Asa, Lt.	2nd Reg. MCL
OM	Burbeck, Henry, Capt.	3rd Reg. Cont. Artillery
OM	Burnam, John, Maj.	5th Reg. MCL
OM	Bussey, Isaiah, Capt. Lt. 	3rd Reg. Cont. Artillery
OM	Callender, John, Capt. Lt.	3rd Reg. Cont. Artillery
OM	Carleton, Moses, Lt.	5th Reg. MCL
OM	Carleton, Osgood, 1st Lt.	Corps of Invalids – Quartermaster
OM	Castaing, Peter la Grace, (Pierre) 1st Lt.	Aide-de-Camp to Gen. Duportail (Fr.)
OM	Chambers, Matthew, Capt.	6th Reg. MCL
OM	Chapin, Samuel, 1st Lt.	4th Reg. MCL
OM	Clap, Caleb, Capt. 	4th Reg. MCL
OM	Clap, Joshua, Lt.	3rd Reg. MCL
OM	Clayes, Peter, Capt. 	6th Reg. MCL
OM	Cobb, David, Lt. Col.	5th Reg. MCL
OM	Cogswell, Amos, Capt.	3rd Reg. MCL
OM	Cogswell, Samuel, 1st Lt.	4th Reg. MCL
OM	Cogswell, Thomas, Lt. Col.	15th Reg. MCL
OM	Condy, Thomas Hollis, 1st Lt.	4th Reg. MCL
OM	Cook, David, Capt.	3rd Reg. Cont. Artillery
OM	Cooper, Ezekiel, Capt.	2nd Reg. MCL
OM	Cooper, Samuel, 2nd Lt. 	3rd Reg. Cont. Artillery
OM	Crane, John, Col. 	3rd Reg. Cont. Artillery
OM	Crane, John, Surgeon	6th Reg. MCL
OM	Crocker, Joseph, Capt.	3rd Reg. MCL
OM	Crowley, Florence, 1st Lt.	3rd Reg. Cont. Artillery
OM	Cushing, Nathaniel, Brig., Maj.	1st Reg MCL
OM	Cushing, Thomas Humphrey, 1st Lt.	1st Reg. MCL
OM	Dana, Benjamin, 1st Lt. 	13th Reg. MCL
OM	Danforth, Joshua, Lt.	2nd Reg. MCL
OM	Daniels, Japheth, Capt.	6th Reg. MCL
OM	Darby, Samuel, Maj.	8th Reg. MCL
OM	Davis, Ebenezer, Lt.	3rd Reg. MCL
OM	Davis, James, 2nd Lt.	3rd Reg. MCL
OM	Davis, John, Lt.	4th Reg. MCL
OM	Dean, Walter, Capt. 	10th Reg. MCL
OM	Dix, Nathan, Capt.	3rd Reg. MCL	
OM	Dodge, Levi, 2nd Lt.	1st Reg. MCL
OM	Dolliver, Peter, Capt.	Jackson's Additional Cont. Reg.
OM	Donnell, Nathaniel, Capt.	3rd Reg. Cont. Artillery
OM	Drew, Seth, Maj. App Out 	3rd Reg. MCL
OM	Duffield, John, Surgeon	3rd Reg. Cont. Artillery
OM	Eaton, Benjamin, 2nd Lt.	3rd Reg. Cont. Artillery
OM	Edwards, Thomas, Lt. 	2nd Reg. MCL
OM	Egleston, Azariah, Lt.	1st Reg. MCL
OM	Emerson, Nehemiah, Capt. [S]	10th Reg. MCL
OM	Emery, Ephraim, Lt.	6th Reg. MCL
OM	Eustis, William, Hosp. Surgeon	Hospital Dept.
OM	Everett, Pelatiah, 1st Lt.	1st Reg. MCL
OM	Eysandeau, William [Guillaume], Lt.	3rd Reg. MCL [Fr?]
OM	Felt, Jonathan, Capt. *	7th Reg. MCL
OM	Fernald, Tobias, Lt. Col.          	10th Reg. MCL
OM	Finley, James Edward Burr, Surgeon	4th Reg. MCL
OM	Finley, Samuel, Jr., Surgeon	7th Reg. MCL
OM	Fisk, Joseph, Surgeon 	1st Reg. MCL
OM	Floyd, Ebenezer, Ens.	1st Reg. MCL
OM	Foster, Elisha, Ens.	2nd Reg. MCL
OM	Foster, Thomas, Lt. 	8th Reg. MCL
OM	Fowle, John, Capt.	3rd Reg. MCL
OM	Freeman, Constant, Capt. Lt.	3rd Reg. Cont. Artillery
OM	Freeman, Thomas Davis, Lt.	7th Reg. MCL
OM	Frink, Samuel, Ens.	4th Reg. MCL
OM	Frost, Samuel, Capt.	6th Reg. MCL
OM	Frothingham, Benjamin, Capt.	3rd Reg. Cont. Artillery
OM	Frye, Frederick, Ens.	1st Reg. MCL
OM	Fuller, John, Capt. 	4th Reg. MCL
OM	Gardner, James, Capt. Lt.	3rd Reg. Cont. Artillery
OM	Garret, Andrew, Lt.	6th Reg. MCL
OM	George, John, Capt. Lt.	3rd Reg. Cont. Artillery
OM	Gibbs, Caleb, Maj.	2nd Reg. MCL
OM	Gilbert, Benjamin, Lt.	3rd Reg. MCL
OM	Goodale, Nathan, Capt.	1st Reg. MCL
OM	Goodwin, Francis LeBaron, Surg. Mate	3rd Reg. MCL
OM	Greaton, John, Brig. Gen.	Cont. Army
OM	Greaton, John Wheelwright, Ens.         	3rd Reg. MCL
OM	Greaton, Richard Humphrey, Ens.	3rd Reg. MCL
OM	Green, Francis, Capt.	1st Reg. MCL
OM	Greenleaf, William, 1st Lt.	8th Reg. MCL
OM	Gridley, John, Capt. Lt. 	3rd Reg. Cont. Artillery
OM	Hall, James, Capt. Lt.	3rd Reg. Cont. Artillery
OM	Hamlin, Africa, Ens. 	4th Reg. MCL
OM	Hancock, Belcher, Capt.	1st Reg. MCL
OM	Hart, John, Surgeon	2nd Reg. MCL
OM	Hartshorn, Thomas, Capt.	8th Reg. MCL
OM	Harvey, Elisha, Capt. Lt.	2nd Reg. Cont. Artillery
OM	Haskell, Elnathan, Brev. Maj.	Jackson's Additional Cont. Reg.
OM	Haskell, Jonathan, Lt.	2nd Reg. MCL
OM	Hastings, John, Capt.	7th Reg. MCL
OM	Heath, William, Maj. Gen.	Cont. Army
OM	Heywood, Benjamin, Capt. (Heyward)  	6th Reg. MCL
OM	Hildreth, William, Lt.	8th Reg. MCL
OM	Hill, Jeremiah, 1st Lt.	2nd Reg. MCL
OM	Hinds, Bartlett, Capt.	10th Reg. MCL
OM	Hiwell, John, 1st Lt.	3rd Reg. Cont. Artillery
OM	Hobby, John, Capt.	3rd Reg. MCL
OM	Holbrook, David, Capt. 	4th Reg. MCL
OM	Holden, Aaron, 1st Lt.	7th Reg. MCL
OM	Holden, Abel, Capt.	6th Reg. MCL
OM	Holden, John, Jr., 1st Lt.	2nd Reg. MCL
OM	Holden, Levi, 1st Lt. 	6th Reg. MCL
OM	Holland, Ivory, 1st Lt. 	5th Reg. MCL
OM	Holland, Park, Lt. 	5th Reg. MCL
OM	Hollister, Jesse, Capt.	4th Reg. MCL
OM	Homans, John, Surg. 	2nd Reg. Cont. Dragoons
OM	Homans, John, Surg. [S] 	2nd Reg. Cont. Dragoons
OM	Hooker, Zibeon, 1st Lt.	5th Reg. MCL
OM	Horton, Elisha, Ens.	12th Reg. MCL
OM	Houdin, Michael Gabriel, Capt.	2nd Reg. MCL
OM	Howe, Richard Surcomb, Ens.	4th Reg. MCL
OM	Hull, William, Lt. Col. 	3rd Reg. MCL
OM	Hunt, Abraham, Capt.	1st Reg. MCL
OM	Hunt, Ephraim, 1st Lt.	4th Reg. MCL
OM	Hunt, Thomas, Capt. 	3rd Reg. MCL
OM	Hurd, John, Jr., Ens.	2nd Reg. MCL
OM	Ingersoll, George, 1st Lt.	3rd Reg. Cont. Artillery
OM	Jackson, Amasa, Ens. 	3rd Reg. MCL
OM	Jackson, Charles, Ens.	3rd Reg. MCL
OM	Jackson, Daniel, 1st Lt. 	3rd Reg. Cont. Artillery
OM	Jackson, Ebenezer, 2nd Lt.	3rd Reg. Cont. Artillery
OM	Jackson, Henry, Col.	4th Reg. MCL
OM	Jackson, Michael Brevet Maj. Gen. 	3rd Reg. MCL
OM	Jackson, Michael, 2nd Lt.	3rd Reg. MCL
OM	Jackson, Simon, Capt. Lt.	2nd Reg. MCL
OM	Jackson, Thomas, Capt.	3rd Reg. Cont. Artillery
OM	Jefferds, Samuel, 1st Lt.	3rd Reg. Cont. Artillery
OM	Johnston, John, Capt. Lt.	Knox's Artillery
OM	Killam, Joseph, Capt.	1st Reg. MCL
OM	King, Zebulon, Capt.	4th Reg. MCL
OM	Knapp, Moses, Maj.	5th Reg. MCL
OM	Knowles, Charles, Capt., Lt.	3rd Reg. Cont. Artillery
OM	Knox, Henry, Maj. Gen	Cont. Army
OM	Larned, Simon, Capt.	Aide-de-Camp to General Glover
OM	Laughton, William (Lawton),Surg. Mate	5th Reg. MCL
OM	Leavenworth, Nathaniel, Surg. Mate	2nd Reg. MCL
OM	Lee, Daniel, Capt.	3rd Reg. MCL
OM	Lee, William Raymond, Col.	Lee's Additional Cont. Reg.
OM	Leland, Joseph, 1st Lt. *	8th Reg. MCL
OM	Leonard, Jacob, Ens.	2nd Reg. MCL
OM	Leverett, William, Lt.	Jackson's Additional Cont. Reg.
OM	Lillie, John, Brev. Maj. 	Aide-de-Camp to General Knox
OM	Lincoln, Benjamin, Maj. Gen.	Cont. Army
OM	Lincoln, Rufus, Capt. 	7th Reg. MCL
OM	Liswell, John, 2nd Lt.	3rd Reg. Cont. Artillery
OM	Lithgow, William, Maj. 	11th Reg. MCL
OM	Lockwood, William, Brig. Chap.	1st Massachusetts Cont. Brigade
OM	Lord, Jeremiah, Ens.	2nd Reg. MCL
OM	Lovell, James, Ens.	Lee's Battalion of Light Dragoons
OM	Lunt, Daniel, Capt. 	1st Reg. MCL
OM	Lyman, Cornelius, Ens.	2nd Reg. MCL
OM	Marble, Henry, 2nd Lt.	5th Reg. MCL
OM	Mason, David, Jr., Lt.	3rd Reg. Cont. Artillery
OM	Maxwell, Hugh, Lt. Col. 	3rd Reg. MCL
OM	Maynard, John, Lt.	3rd Reg. MCL
OM	Maynard, Jonathan, Capt.	7th Reg. MCL
OM	Maynard, William, Lt.	Corps of Invalids – wounded at Bunker Hill
OM	McCay [M’Cay], Daniel, Ens.	1st Reg. MCL
OM	McKendry, William, 2nd Lt.	4th Reg. MCL
OM	Means, James, Capt.	2nd Reg. MCL
OM	Mellish, Samuel, 1st Lt.	3rd Reg. MCL
OM	Miller, Jeremiah, Capt.	1st Reg. MCL
OM	Miller, Joseph, 2nd Lt.	6th Reg. MCL
OM	Mills, John, Capt.	1st Reg. MCL
OM	Mills, William, Capt.	4th Reg. MCL
OM	Mooers, Benjamin, Lt.	2nd Canadian Cont. Reg.
OM	Moor, William, 1st Lt.	3rd Reg. Cont. Artillery
OM	Moore, William, Capt. 	4th Reg. MCL
OM	Morgan, Benjamin, Surg. Mate	1st Reg. MCL
OM	Morrill, Amos, Maj.	Reid's New Hampshire Cont. Battalion
OM	Morton, Silas, 1st Lt.	2nd Reg. MCL
OM	Myrick, Samuel, 2nd Lt. *	2nd Reg. MCL
OM	Nason, Nathaniel, 1st Lt.	1st Reg. MCL
OM	Nelson, Henry, Lt. 	3rd Reg. MCL
OM	Newhall, Ezra, Lt. Col. 	4th Reg. MCL
OM	Newman, Samuel, Lt.	Cont. Navy
OM	Nicholson, Samuel, Capt. 	Cont. Navy
OM	Nixon, Thomas, Col.	6th Reg. MCL
OM	North, William, Capt.	Aide-de-Camp to General Steuben
OM	Oliver, Alexander, Ens.	5th Reg. MCL
OM	[[Robert Oliver (soldier)|Robert Oliver]], Maj. 2nd Reg. MCL
OM	Pardee, Aaron, 2nd Lt.	3rd Reg. Cont. Artillery
OM	Parker, Benjamin, 1st Lt.	9th Reg. MCL
OM	Parker, Elias J., 1st Lt.	1st Reg. MCL
OM	Paterson, John Brig. Gen.	Cont. Army
OM	Peabody, Ebenezer, 1st Lt.	7th Reg. MCL
OM	Peirce, John, Capt.	3rd Reg. Cont. Artillery
OM	Peirce, Silas, Capt.	8th Reg. MCL
OM	Perkins, William, Maj.	3rd Reg. Cont. Artillery
OM	Peters, Andrew, Lt. Col.	15th Reg. MCL
OM	Pettengill, Joseph, Maj.	1st Reg. MCL
OM	Phelon, Edward, Lt.	Aide-de-Camp to General Rufus Putnam
OM	Phelon, John, 1st Lt. 	3rd Reg. MCL
OM	Phelon, Patrick, 1st Lt.	3rd Reg. MCL
OM	Pickering, Timothy, Col. *	Quartermaster General, Cont. Army
OM	Pierce, Benjamin, Lt.	1st Reg. MCL
OM	Pike, Benjamin, Capt.	6th Reg. MCL
OM	Pope, Isaac, Maj.	3rd Reg. MCL
OM	Popkin, John, Lt. Col.	3rd Reg. Cont. Artillery
OM	Porter, Benjamin Jones, Surg. Mate	4th Reg. MCL
OM	Pratt, Joel, Lt. *	4th Reg. MCL
OM	Pray, John, Capt.	1st Reg. MCL
OM	Prescott, Joseph, Surg. Mate	Hospital Dept.
OM	Price, William, 1st Lt.	3rd Reg. Cont. Artillery
OM	Putnam, Rufus, Brig. Gen.	Cont. Army
OM	Randall, Thomas, Capt.	3rd Reg. Cont. Artillery
OM	Rawson, Jeduthan, Ens.	2nd Reg. MCL
OM	Reab, George, Lt.	4th Reg. MCL
OM	Remich, Timothy, Maj.	1st Reg. MCL – Brigade Major
OM	Remich, Timothy, Maj. [S] 	1st Reg. MCL – Brigade Major
OM	Rice, Nathan, Maj.	4th Reg. MCL
OM	Rice, Oliver, Lt.	4th Reg. MCL
OM	Richardson, Abijah, Surg.	5th Reg. MCL
OM	Rickard, William, Lt.	4th Reg. MCL
OM	Ripley, Hezekiah, 1st Lt.	2nd Reg. MCL
OM	Roberts, Richard Brooke, Capt.	Aide-de-Camp to General Lincoln
OM	Rouse, Oliver, Capt. [Brevet]	12th Reg. MCL
OM	Rowe, John, Ens.	8th Reg. MCL
OM	Sampson, Crocker, 1st Lt. 	7th Reg. MCL
OM	Sargent, Winthrop, Capt.	Aide-de-Camp to General Howe
OM	Satterlee, William, Capt.	2nd Canadian Cont. Reg.
OM	Savage, Henry, 1st Lt.	Aide-de-Camp to General Nixon
OM	Savage, Joseph, Capt. 	2nd Reg. Cont. Artillery
OM	Sawyer, James, Ens. 	8th Reg. MCL
OM	Scammell, Samuel Leslie, Ens.	2nd Reg. MCL
OM	Scott, James Miles, Ens.	4th Reg. MCL
OM	Selden, Charles, 1st Lt.	9th Reg. MCL
OM	Sever, James, Ens.	7th Reg. MCL
OM	Sewall, Henry, Capt.	2nd Reg. MCL
OM	Seward, Thomas, Capt.	3rd Reg. Cont. Artillery
OM	Shaw, Samuel, Capt.	Aide-de-Camp to General Knox
OM	Shepard, William Jr., Ens. *	4th Reg. MCL
OM	Shepard, William, Col. App Out	4th Reg. MCL
OM	Shute, Daniel, Surg.	4th Reg. MCL
OM	Smith, Ebenezer, Capt.   	8th Reg. MCL  [d. 1824]
OM	Smith, Ebenezer, Capt. 	2nd Reg. MCL  [d. 1816]
OM	Smith, John Kilby, Capt.	6th Reg. MCL
OM	Smith, Joseph, 1st Lt.	5th Reg. MCL
OM	Smith, Josiah, Lt.	6th Reg. MCL
OM	Smith, Silvanus, Capt. 	5th Reg. MCL
OM	Smith, Simeon, Capt.	Warner's Additional Cont. Reg.
OM	Spring, Simeon, 1st Lt.	4th Reg. MCL
OM	Sprout, Ebenezer, Lt. Col. 	2nd Reg. MCL
OM	Stacy, William, Lt. Col.	4th Reg. MCL
OM	Stafford, John Roosevelt, Ens.         	3rd Reg. MCL
OM	Stevens, William, Capt.	Cont. Artillery
OM	Stocker, Ebenezer, 2nd Lt.	3rd Reg. MCL
OM	Stone, Jonathan, Capt.	5th Reg. MCL
OM	Stone, Nathaniel, 1st Lt.	1st Reg. MCL
OM	Storer, Ebenezer, Lt.	2nd Reg. MCL
OM	Storey, William, Capt.	8th Reg. MCL
OM	Story, John, Lt. Col.	Aide-de-Camp to General Alexander
OM	Sumner, Job, Maj. (John) 	3rd Reg. MCL
OM	[[Caleb Swan|Swan, Caleb]], Ens.	8th Reg, MCL
OM	Taylor, Jr., Othniel, Capt. 	10th Reg. MCL
OM	Taylor, Tertius, 2nd Lt.	1st Reg. MCL
OM	Taylor, William, 1st Lt.	2nd Reg. MCL
OM	Thacher, James, Surg. 	9th Reg. MCL
OM	Thacher, Nathaniel, Lt.	5th Reg. MCL
OM	Thomas, John, Surgeon 	3rd Reg. MCL
OM	Thomas, Joseph, Capt.	2nd Reg. Cont. Artillery
OM	Thompson, Thaddeus, Surg.	6th Reg. MCL
OM	Tisdale, James, Capt. *	3rd Reg. MCL
OM	Torrey, William, 1st Lt.	2nd Reg. MCL  [d. 1828]
OM	Torrey, William, 2nd Lt. 	2nd Canadian (Hazen's) Reg. [1831]
OM	Town, Jacob, Lt.	2nd Reg. MCL
OM	Townsend, David, Surg. General	Hospital Dept.
OM	Treadwell, William, Capt.	3rd Reg. Cont. Artillery
OM	Trescott, Lemuel, Maj.	7th Reg. MCL
OM	Trotter, John, Capt.	Aide-de-Camp to General Rufus Putnam
OM	Trowbridge, Luther, 1st Lt.	7th Reg. MCL
OM	Tucker, Joseph, Lt.	7th Reg. MCL
OM	Tucker, Samuel, Capt. 	Cont. Navy
OM	Tudor, William, Lt. Col. 	Judge Advocate General, Cont. Army
OM	Tupper, Anselm, Lt.	6th Reg. MCL
OM	Tupper, Benjamin, Col.	6th Reg. MCL
OM	Turner, Jonathan, Capt.	5th Reg. MCL
OM	Turner, Marlbry, Lt.	2nd Reg. MCL
OM	Turner, Peleg, 2nd Lt.	10th Reg. MCL
OM	Turner, Thomas, Capt. 	7th Reg. MCL
OM	Vose, Elijah, Lt. Col.	1st Reg. MCL
OM	Vose, Joseph, Col. [Brev. Brig. Gen.]  	1st Reg. MCL
OM	Vose, Thomas, Capt.	3rd Reg. Cont. Artillery
OM	Wales, Joseph, Lt.	6th Reg. MCL
OM	Walker, Edward, Lt.	4th Reg. MCL
OM	Walker, Robert, Capt. 	2nd Reg. MCL
OM	Wardwell, Joseph, Ens.	1st Reg. MCL
OM	Warren, Adriel, 1st Lt.	1st Reg. MCL
OM	Warren, James, Jr., Lt. 	Cont. Navy
OM	Warren, John, Lt.	5th Reg. MCL
OM	Watson, William, Capt.	3rd Reg. MCL
OM	Wattles, Mason, Capt.	6th Reg. MCL
OM	Webb, George, Capt.	4th Reg. MCL
OM	Webber, Daniel, Lt.	2nd Reg. MCL
OM	Wellington, Elisha, 2nd Lt.	7th Reg. MCL
OM	Wells, Benjamin, Lt.	1st Reg. MCL
OM	Wells, James A., Lt.	4th Reg. MCL
OM	Wells, Thomas, Capt. 	3rd Reg. Cont. Artillery
OM	Wesson, James, Col.	9th Reg. MCL
OM	White, Edward, 2nd Lt.	3rd Reg. MCL
OM	White, Haffield, Capt. 	5th Reg. MCL
OM	Whiting, John, Lt.	2nd Reg. MCL
OM	Whitwell, Samuel, Surg.	3rd Reg. MCL
OM	Wigglesworth, Edward, Col.	13th Reg. MCL
OM	Wild, Ebenezer, 2nd Lt.	1st Reg. MCL
OM	Williams, Abraham, Capt. 	2nd Reg. MCL
OM	Williams, Ebenezer, 1st Lt.	1st Reg. MCL
OM	Williams, John, Capt.	1st Reg. MCL
OM	Williams, Joseph, Capt.	3rd Reg. MCL
OM	Williams, Robert, 1st Lt.	4th Reg. MCL
OM	Wing, Jonathan, Ens.	1st Reg. MCL
OM	Winslow, John, Capt.	3rd Reg. Cont. Artillery
OM	Woodbridge, Christopher, Capt.	3rd Reg. MCL
OM	Woodward, Samuel, Surg. Mate	3rd Reg. Cont. Artillery
OM	Yeomans, John, 1st Lt.	4th Reg. MCL

=== New Hampshire ===

John Adams, Samuel Adams, Joseph Boynton, Jonathan Cass, Samuel Cherry, Jonathan Cilley, [[Joseph Cilley (state senator)|Joseph Cilley]], Amos Cogswell, [[Henry Dearborn]], Amos Emerson, Jeremiah Fogg, Isaac Frye, [[Nicholas Gilman]], Daniel Gookin, John Harvey, James Harvey McClary, Michael McClary, Neal McGaffey, Joshua Merrow, Joseph Mills, Josiah Munro, William Parker, Jr., Adna Penniman, Jonathan Perkins, Jeremiah Prichard, [[Benjamin Pierce (governor)|Benjamin Pierce]], [[James Reed (soldier)|James Reed]], William Rowell, Ebenezer Sullivan, [[John Sullivan (general)|John Sullivan]], Robert Bradford Wilkins.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Original Members &amp;#124; New Hampshire Society of the Cincinnati|url=http://www.nhsocietyofthecincinnati.org/original-members/|website=nhsocietyofthecincinnati.org|accessdate=17 May 2019}}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== New Jersey ===

James Anderson, Abraham Appleton, [[James Francis Armstrong]], Daniel Baldwin, Jeremiah Ballard, William Barton, [[John Beatty (Continental Congress)|John Beatty]], John Bishop, John Blair, [[Joseph Bloomfield]], Absalom Bonham, James Bonnell, Seth Bowen, Nathaniel Bowman, [[David Brearley]], Almarin Brooks, Jeremiah Bruen, Joseph Buck, [[William Burnet (physician)|William Burnet]], Eden Burrowes, John Burrowes, [[Lambert Cadwalader]], George Walker Campbell, Jabez Campfield, Samuel Conn, John Conway, Richard Cox, John Noble Cumming, Ephraim Darby, [[Elias Dayton]], [[Jonathan Dayton]], Cyrus De Hart, Nathaniel Donnell, Lewis Ford Dunham, [[Ebenezer Elmer]], Eli Elmer, Peter Faulkner, Chilion Ford, Mahlon Ford, [[David Forman (general)|David Forman]], Jonathan Forman, James Giles, Luther Halsey, Jacob Harris, James Heard, John Heard, [[William Helms]], Dr. Thomas Henderson, Samuel Hendry, John Hollinshead, John Holmes, Jonathan Holmes, John Hopper, John Howell, [[Richard Howell]], Andrew Hunter, Jacob Hyer, William Kersey, Abraham Kinney, John Kinney, [[Shepard Kollock]], Derick Lane, Nathaniel Leonard, Richard Lloyd, Francis Luce, Absalom Martin, Giles Mead, Alexander Mitchell, [[Aaron Ogden]], [[Matthias Ogden]], [[Benajah Osmun]], John Peck, Robert Pemberton, [[William Sanford Pennington]], Jonathan Phillips, Jacob Piatt, William Piatt, John Polhemus, Samuel Reading, Anthony Reckless, John Reed, John Reed, John Reucastle, Jonathan Rhea, John Ross, Cornelius Riker Sedam, Samuel C. Seeley, [[Israel Shreve]], Samuel Moore Shute, William Shute, Jonathan Snowden, [[Oliver Spencer]], Moses Sprowl, Ebenezer Stockton, Abraham Stout, Wessel Ten Broeck Stout, Edmund Disney Thomas, William Tuttle, George Walker, Abel Weymen, Ephraim Lockhart Whitlock.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/societyofcincinn00sociiala |title=The Society of the Cincinnati in the state of New Jersey |date=1898 |location=Trenton |publisher=The J. L. Murphy publishing company, printers|via=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== New York ===

[[Aaron Burr]], [[George Clinton (vice president)|George Clinton]], [[James Clinton]], [[John Doughty]], [[Nicholas Fish]], [[Peter Gansevoort]], [[Alexander Hamilton]], [[Rufus King]], Joseph Hardy, John Keese(major), [[John Lamb (general)|John Lamb]] (general), [[Morgan Lewis (governor)|Morgan Lewis]], [[Henry Beekman Livingston]], [[Henry Brockholst Livingston]], [[Alexander McDougall]], [[Charles McKnight]], [[David Olyphant]], [[Philip Schuyler]], [[John Morin Scott]], [[William Stephens Smith]], [[John Stagg Jr]], [[Ebenezer Stevens]],&lt;ref&gt;&quot;John Austin Stevens, Founder, First President&quot;. SonsOfTheRevolution.org (New York: Sons of the Revolution in the State of New York Inc.). 2009. Retrieved January 4, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;John Austin Stevens, Founder, First President&quot;. FrauncesTavernMuseum.org (New York: Sons of the Revolution in the State of New York Inc.). 2002. Retrieved 2010-01-04.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Silas Talbot]], [[Benjamin Tallmadge]], [[Philip Van Cortlandt]], [[Henry Vanderburgh]], Cornelius Van Dyck,&lt;ref name=OrigMem&gt;The Society of the Cincinnati, Original Members http://genealogytrails.com/main/societyofthecincinnati.html#ORIGINALMEMBERS Retrieved 22 NOV 2016&lt;/ref&gt; John Van Dyck,&lt;ref name=OrigMem/&gt; [[Richard Varick]], [[William Scudder]], [[Dr. Caleb Sweet]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Kim Torp |url=http://genealogytrails.com/main/societyofthecincinnati.html#NY |title=THE SOCIETY OF THE CINCINNATI - History, Constitution, First Officers, First Members - presented by Genealogy Trails |publisher=Genealogytrails.com |date=February 6, 2007 |accessdate=November 2, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maj.Gen. [[Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben]], Lt.Col., Bernardus Swartwout, Cornelius Swartwout, BG [[Philip Van Cortlandt]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5YLAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA305|title=Institution of the Society of the Cincinnati: Formed by the Officers of the American Army of the Revolution, ... |first=John |last=Schuyler |date=1886 |accessdate=December 4, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Frederick, Baron de Weissenfels|Friedrich Heinrich von Weissenfels]].

Further list from Saffell:&lt;ref name=&quot;genealogytrails.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://genealogytrails.com/main/societyofthecincinnati.html#ORIGINALMEMBERS|title=Free Family Records for researching family trees|website=genealogytrails.com|access-date=2019-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Saffell, William Thomas Roberts; Records of the Revolutionary War; 1858; New York, Pudney &amp; Russell&lt;/ref&gt;

Jonas Addoms, Peter Anspach, Aaron Aorson, Josiah Bagley, John Bard, Sebastian Bauman, Jerrick Beekman, William Belknap,Walter Bicker, Leonard Bleecker, James Bradford, James Brewster, David Brooks, Joseph Browne, Robert Burnett, Jonathan Burrall, Caleb Brewster, Aaron Burr, Duncan Campbell, John Cape, Nehemiah Carpenter, James Chrystie, Matthew Clarkson, James Clinton, George Clinton, Alexander Clinton, Christopher Codwise, Robert Cochran, Surgeon General John Cochran, William Colbreath, Michael Connolly, John Conway, Samuel Cooper, Andrew Cragie, John D. Crimshier, Ebenezer Crosby, Henry Cunningham, James Davidson, Henry Demler, Daniel Denniston, George J. Denniston, Pierre Regnier De Rousse, Simeon De Witt, Samuel Dodge, Samuel Dodge, John Doughty, Henry Dubois, Edward Dunscomb, Baron Charles D Aurier, John Elliott, Andrew English, James Fairlie, Ephraim Fenno, Nicholas Fish, George Fleming, John Fondy, Duoy Fondy, Joseph Foote, Theodocius Fowler, Joseph Frelick, John Furman, [[John Gano]], David Gano, Peter Gansevoort, Benjamin Gilbert, James Giles, Aquilla Giles, John Graham, Charles Graham, Stephen Graham, Silas Gray, John W. Greaton, John Green, James Gregg, James Grier, John Grier, Isaac Guion, Hoysted Hacker, Mordecai Hale, Jonathan Hullctt, Luther Halsey, Alexander Hamilton, [[Abijah Hammond]], John F. Hamtramck, Francis Hanmer, Abraham Hardensburg, Joseph Hardy, Samuel Hay, Nathaniel Henry, Benjamin Herring, Abel Holden, Bazaleel Howe, Isaac Hubbell, James Miles Hughes, Thomas Hunt, Christopher Button, Ephraim Hunt, Abraham Hyatt, Thomas T. Jackson, Cornelius T. Jansen, James Johnston, Robert Johnson, John Keese, Jacob Kemper, Daniel Hemper, John Lamb, Garret Lansing, John Lawrence, Nathaniel Lawrence, Jonathan Lawrence, George Leycraft, William Leycraft, Benjamin Ledyard, Isaac Ledyard, Morgan Lewis, Samuel Logan, Lebbcus Loomis, Henry E. Lutterloh, Abraham Leggett, Alexander McDougall, Renald S. Mc Dongall, Charles McKnight, Daniel McLane, Thomas Machin, Peter Magee, Samuel Mansfield, John Marsh, Elihu Marshall, Daniel Menema, Andrew Moodie, Joseph Morrell, William W. Morris, Ebenezer Macomber, Peter Nestell, Charles Newkirk, James Nicholson, Daniel Niven, William North, Nathaniel Norton, Daniel Parker, Charles Parsons, Henry Pawling, Samuel T. Pell, Robert Pemberton, Nathaniel Pendleton, William Peters, Richard Platt, William Popham, Henry Pray, William Price, Abner Prior, Thomas Randall, John Reed, Jacob Reed, John R. B. Rogers, Wilhelmus Ryckman, Baron De Steuben, John Sandford, Derick Schuyler, Philip Schuyler, William Scudder, John Shaw, Israel Smith, William S. Smith, Isaac Smith, Ephraim Snow, John Stagg, John Stake, Jehosaphat Starr, Gerard Stediford, Ebenezer Stevens, James Stewart, William Strachan, Caleb Swan, Bernardus Swartwout, Cornelius Swartwout, Caleb Sweet, George Sytez, William Stewart, Ebenezer Storer, Silas Talbott, Samuel Tallmadge, William Tapp, Peter Taulman, John C. Ten Broeck, Adam Ten Broeck, Alexander Thompson, Henry Tiebout, Thomas Tillotson, William Torrey, Robert Troup, John Trumbull, Thomas Turner, John F. Vacher, Philip Van Courtlandt, Cornelius Van Dyck, Henry Vandeburg, Bartholomew Vandeburg, John Van Dyck, Rudolph Van Hovenburgh, David Van Home, Jeremiah Van Rennselaer, Goosse Van Schaick, Garret Van Wagenen, Tunis Van Wagenan, Richard Varick, Veter Vosborough, Nicholas Van Rennselaer, John Waldron, Benjamin Walker, Jedediah Waterman, James Walson, Samuel B. Webb, Charles F. Weisenfels, Frederick Weisenfels, Jacob H. Wendell, John H. Wendell, Michael Wetzell, Andrew White, Anthony Walton White, Murinus Willett, Robert Wilson, Jacob Wright, Ephraim Woodruff, Peter Woodward

=== North Carolina ===

[[William Lee Alexander]], James Armstrong, John Armstrong, Thomas Armstrong, John Baptist Ashe, Samuel Ashe, Jr., Peter Bacot, Benjamin Bailey, Kedar Ballard, Robert Bell, [[Jacob Blount]], Reading Blount, Adam Boyd, Joseph Blyth(e), Gee Bradley, Alexander Brevard, Joseph Brevard, William Bush, Thomas Callender, John Campbell, James Campen, Benjamin Carter, [[Thomas Clark (North Carolina soldier)|Thomas Clark]], John Clendennen, Benjamin Coleman, John Craddock, Anthony Crutcher, John Daves, Samuel Denny, Charles Dixon, Tilghman Dixon, Wynn Dixon, George Doherty, Thomas Donoho, Thomas Evans, [[Richard Fenner]], Robert Fenner, William Ferebee, Thomas Finney, John Ford (Foard), James Furgus (Fergus), Charles Gerrard (Garrard), Francis Graves, James West Green, Joshua Hadley, Clement Hall, [[Selby Harney]], Robert Hays, John Hill, Thomas Hogg, Hardy Holmes, [[Robert Howe (Continental Army officer)|Robert Howe]], John Ingles, Curtis Ivey, Abner Lamb, Nathaniel Lawrence, Nehemiah Long, Archibald Lytle, William Lytle, William Maclean (McLane), William McClure, James McDougall, John McNees, Griffith John McRee, Joseph Monfort, James Moore, Hardy Murfree, John Nelson, Thomas Pasture (Pasteur), [[William Polk (colonel)|William Polk]], Robert Raiford, Jesse Read, John Read (Reed), Joseph Thomas Rhodes, William Sanders (Saunders), Anthony Sharp(e), Daniel Shaw, Stephen Slade, John Slaughter, Jesse Steed, John Summers, [[Jethro Sumner]], James Tate, Howell Tatum, James Tatum, James Thackston, Nathaniel Williams, William Williams, and Edward Yarborough.

=== Pennsylvania ===

Lt James McMichael, [[John Armstrong, Jr.]], [[Joshua Barney]], [[John Barry (naval officer)|John Barry]], William Bingham, [[Thomas Boude]], [[Daniel Brodhead]], [[David Brooks (American politician)|David Brooks]], [[Edward Butler (soldier)|Edward Butler]], [[Richard Butler (general)|Richard Butler]], [[Thomas Butler (soldier)|Thomas Butler]], [[William Butler (colonel)|William Butler]], [[Thomas S. Crago|Thomas Craig]], [[Richard Dale]], James Gilchrist, [[Edward Hand]], [[Josiah Harmar]], [[Thomas Hartley]], Stewart Herbert, Richard Humpton, [[William Irvine (general)|William Irvine]], Francis Johnston, [[John Paul Jones]], Mareen Lamar, [[Robert Magaw]], [[Thomas Mifflin]], [[John Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg]], [[Alexander Murray (1755-1821)|Alexander Murray]], [[Lewis Nicola]], [[Samuel Nicholas]], Zebulon Pike, [[Thomas Proctor (general)|Thomas Proctor]], [[Arthur St. Clair]], [[William Thompson (general)|William Thompson]], [[Anthony Wayne]], [[Baron von Steuben]], [[Isaac Van Horne]], Jacob Bower.[[Gustave Rosenthal]]

Further list from Saffell:&lt;ref name=&quot;genealogytrails.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;

John Armstrong, Thos. Wylis, Francis White, James McLean, Sam. Doty, W. Ferguson, David Zeigler, F. Mentges, J. Pratt, Richd. Fullerton, Geo. Bush, John Strieker, Erkuries Beatty, Wm. Moore, Robt. McConnell, Jab. Weitzel, Wm. Wilson, James Armstrong, Jno. Bankson, J. McFarlane, Jno. Markland, Jno. Bush, Thos. Doyle, Jos. Harmar, R. Allison, Andrew. Lytle, T. Seely, John Doyle, Jas. F. McPherson, William Magaw, Anty. Wayne, William McHatton, C. De Marcellin, Le Koy, Le Chevalier De Lambert, H. Henly, Andrew Henderson, Joseph Ashton, Edward Speer, Robt. McMordie, John Stoy, Walter Stewart, Enos Reeves, James Morris Jones, Jno. McDowell, E. Edwards, P. Peres, Andrew Porter, Francis Nichols, Francis Proctor, William Murrin, Hen. D. Purcell, Andy. Walker, Stewart Herbert, J. Mackinney, Francis Johnston, Ja: Chrystie, Henry Bicker, Wilder Bevins, Benj. Lodge, Thomas Dungan, T. Robinson, Jas. Gamble, Henry Piercy, Alexander. Parker, Jas. Chambers, Matthew Maus, Fredrick. Vernon, J. Grier, John B. Webster, J. Moore, A. G. Claypoole, Daniel Brodhead, Matthew McConnell, James Glentworth, J. Stake, W. Van Lear, T. B. Bowen, W. Macpherson, David. S. Franks, Jesse Crosley, Jno. Strieker, Stephen Moylan, Zebn. Pike, John Davis, Isaac Craig, Stephen Bayard, W. Finney, S. Montgomery, John E. B. Rogers, Wm. McCurdy, Jno. Reily, Thos. Proctor, Chas. Turnbull, James Lloyd, James Hamilton, Ph. Liebery, Jean Aug. De Florat, Jno. Wigton, John Harper, John Christie, Benj. Bartholomew, Samaul. A. McCoffrey, John Jordan, Isaac Van Home, Js. Campbell, Jno. McClelan, J. McCullam, Beading Beatty, Wm. Sproat, Eichd. Butler, Isaac B. Dunn, W. McDowell, Edw. Crawford, John Eose, Wm. Martin, John Marshall, Jas. Parr, C. North,  Ln. Davis,  Francis Murray, Wm. Kogers, James R. Reid, John Patterson, John Van Court, Jno. Stotesbury, Jas. Pettigrew, Peter Smith, John Armstrong, Edmund Bourke, T. Boude, George Stevenson, Robt. Parker, Jas. McMichael, Levi Griffith, James Montgomery, Thomas Douglas, Barnabas Binney, Thos. Bond, Edward. Hand, T. Campbell, Wm. Lusk, George North, Andw. Irvine, John Nevill, John Boyd, Jacob Mytinger, Jno. Michon, Robt. Sample, Alex. Benstead, Wm. Henderson, Robert Wilkin, Adm. Hubley, Worsley Ernes, Nat. Irish, Thomas M. McCalla, Ezekiel Howell, Robt. Coltman, John Bryce, Matthew McGuire, Robert McGaw, James G. Heron, Wm. Sade, Wm. Wilkins, James Gilchrist, Thos. McIntire, Blackall Wm. Ball, John Humphrey, William Power, James Smith, L. Keene, A. St. Clair, Jer. Jackson, Job Vernon, Eobert Patton, Sam L Smith, Robt Martin, Philippe Avabing, John Craig, Ber d Kibley, James Davidson, J. Talbott, George Tudor, Sam l Bryson, Wm. Price, Jonah Hallett, Wm. Williams, Philip Shrawder, Samuel Talbott, Barthol ? Von Heer, Sam L Reed, Gabriel Peterson, Daniel St. Clair, John Weidman, William McMurray, Jeremiah Freeman, Hugh Martin, Joseph L, Jno. Nice, Will. Mackey, John Hughes, J. B. Tilden, Richard Hampton, J. Simonds, Jacob Bower,

=== Rhode Island ===

[[Israel Angell]], [[William Barton (soldier)|William Barton]], [[Archibald Crary]], [[Nathanael Greene]], [[Moses Hazen]], Daniel Jackson, [[William Jones (governor)|William Jones]], [[Daniel Lyman]], [[Coggeshall Olney]], [[Jeremiah Olney]], [[Stephen Olney]], [[Henry Sherburne (colonel)|Henry Sherburne]], [[Silas Talbot]], [[William Tew]], [[Simeon Thayer]], [[James Mitchell Varnum]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.varnumcontinentals.org/about.htm |title=General James Mitchell Varnum House Armory History |publisher=Varnum Continentals |accessdate=2013-11-02 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209072945/http://varnumcontinentals.org/about.htm |archivedate=2013-12-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/revwar/image_gal/indeimg/varnum.html |title=James Mitchell Varnum |publisher=Nps.gov |date=2001-10-17 |accessdate=2013-11-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Abraham Whipple]], Joseph Arnold.

=== Virginia ===

Charter members from Virginia include:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|jstor=4242109|title=Virginia Society of the Cincinnati|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_virginia-magazine-of-history-and-biography_1898-07_6_1/page/22|journal=The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography|volume=6|date=July 1898|issue=1|pages=22–29|publisher=Virginia Historical Society}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Richard Clough Anderson Sr.]], George Baylor, [[Francis T. Brooke]], [[Abraham Buford]], [[Nicholas Cabell]], William Overton Callis, [[Edward Carrington]], [[Louis de Corny]], John Cropper, [[William Davies (Virginia)|William Davies]], [[Christian Febiger]], [[Horatio Gates]], John Gibson, [[William Grayson]], [[John W. Green|John Green]], [[Charles Harrison (general)|Charles Harrison]], [[William Heth]], Peter Higgins, [[Samuel Hopkins (congressman)|Samuel Hopkins]], [[Henry Lee III]], [[John Crittenden, Sr.]], [[Charles S. Lewis|Charles Lewis]], [[George Mathews (Georgia)|George Mathews]], [[James Monroe]], [[Daniel Morgan]], [[John Muhlenberg]], [[John Neville (general)|John Neville]], [[Thomas Overton]], Major Charles Pelham, [[Thomas Posey]], [[Major John Pryor]], Robert Rankin, [[William Russell (Virginia)|William Russell]], [[Charles Scott (governor)|Charles Scott]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/listoforiginalme00soci/page/8/mode/2up?view=theater|title=List of The Original Members of The Society of the Cincinnati in the State of Virginia|website=archive.org|year=1896 |access-date=2023-01-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.americanrevolutioninstitute.org/soldiers-and-sailors-of-the-revolutionary-war/officers-represented-in-the-society-of-the-cincinnati/|title=Officers Represented in the Society of the Cincinnati|website=www.americanrevolutioninstitute.org|access-date=2023-01-20|archive-date=2021-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413005731/https://www.americanrevolutioninstitute.org/soldiers-and-sailors-of-the-revolutionary-war/officers-represented-in-the-society-of-the-cincinnati/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;,Alexander Skinner, John Stith, [[Richard Taylor (colonel)|Richard Taylor]], [[John Ward (Society of the Cincinnati)|John Ward]], [[John Watts (sailor)|John Watts]], [[George Washington]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Society&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.societyofthecincinnati.org/about/history|title=The Society of the Cincinnati|website=www.societyofthecincinnati.org|access-date=2019-06-09}}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; George Augustine Washington, [[George Weedon]], David Williams, Willis Wilson, [[James Wood (governor)|James Wood]], Henry Young.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/listoforiginalme00soci/page/8/mode/2up?view=theater|title=List of The Original Members of The Society of the Cincinnati in the State of Virginia|website=archive.org|year=1896 |access-date=2023-01-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.americanrevolutioninstitute.org/soldiers-and-sailors-of-the-revolutionary-war/officers-represented-in-the-society-of-the-cincinnati/|title=Officers Represented in the Society of the Cincinnati|website=www.americanrevolutioninstitute.org|access-date=2023-01-20|archive-date=2021-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413005731/https://www.americanrevolutioninstitute.org/soldiers-and-sailors-of-the-revolutionary-war/officers-represented-in-the-society-of-the-cincinnati/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== South Carolina ===

[[Isaac Huger]], James Kennedy, [[Charles Lining]], [[William Moultrie]], [[Thomas Pinckney]], Nathaniel Abney

== Other countries ==
=== France ===
[[Jean Baptiste, marquis de Traversay|Jean Baptiste de Traversay]], [[Maxime Julien Émeriau de Beauverger]], [[Pierre Douville]], [[Pierre L'Enfant]], [[Louis-René Levassor de Latouche Tréville]], [[Paul François Ignace de Barlatier de Mas]], [[Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette|Gilbert du Motier]], [[Louis Marc Antoine de Noailles]], [[Georges René Le Peley de Pléville]], [[Charles Armand Tuffin, marquis de la Rouërie|Charles Armand Tuffin]], [[Jean Gaspard Vence]], [[Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth|Alexandre-Théodore-Victor]], [[Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau|Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur]], [[Joseph de Cambis]], [[Claude-Anne de Rouvroy de Saint Simon]], [[Maurice Jean Marie Boudin de Launay de Tromelin]], [[House of Roquefeuil-Blanquefort|Pierre de Roquefeuil]].

=== Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth ===
[[Tadeusz Kościuszko]]

=== Sweden ===
Count [[Axel von Fersen the Younger|Axel von Fersen]], Baron [[Curt von Stedingk]]. (Members of the French Society.)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Original members of the Society of the Cincinnati, List of}}
[[Category:Lists of people]]</text>
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    <title>World War II in the Balkans</title>
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{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict    = Balkans in World War II
| place       = [[Balkans]]
| partof      = the [[Mediterranean and Middle East theatres of World War II| Mediterranean and Middle East]] and [[European theatre of World War II]]
| date        = 1940 — 8 May 1945
| combatant1  = '''1940-1941'''&lt;br&gt;{{flag|United Kingdom}}
*{{flag|Australia}}
*{{flagcountry|Dominion of New Zealand}}
{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Greece|state}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Yugoslavia|state}}
| combatant2  = '''1940-1941'''&lt;br&gt;{{flagcountry|Fascist Italy}}
*{{flagcountry|Italian Albania}}
{{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)}}
| commander1  = {{plainlist|
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Winston Churchill]]
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of Greece|state}} [[George II of Greece|George II]]
* {{flagicon|Jugoslavija|1918}} [[Peter II of Yugoslavia|Peter II]]
* {{flagicon|Jugoslavija|1943}} [[Josip Broz Tito]]
* {{flagicon|Communist Albania|1944-state}} [[Enver Hoxha]]
* {{flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[Joseph Stalin]]}}
| commander2  = {{plainlist|
* {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Adolf Hitler]] {{KIA|Death of Adolf Hitler}}
* {{flagicon|Fascist Italy}} [[Benito Mussolini]] {{executed|Death of Benito Mussolini}}
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)}} [[Miklós Horthy]]}}
| result      = '''1940–1941''': [[Axis Powers|Axis]] victory&lt;br&gt;'''1944–1945''': [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] victory
| image       = Balkans 1941.jpg
| caption     = Map of the [[Invasion of Yugoslavia|invasion of Yugoslavia]]
| combatant1a = '''1944-1945'''&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Soviet Union|1936}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|DF Yugoslavia}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagdeco|Greece|old}} [[Greek resistance|Greek partisans]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagdeco|Communist Albania|1944-state}} [[Democratic Government of Albania|Albania]]&lt;br&gt;'''Former Axis Powers'''&lt;br&gt;{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Romania}} (from August 1944)&lt;br&gt;{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Bulgaria}} (from September 1944)&lt;br&gt;{{flagdeco|Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)}} {{ill|Provisional National Government (Hungary)|lt= Hungary (Debrecen government)|ru|Временное национальное правительство (Венгрия)}} (from December 1944)&lt;hr&gt;'''Support:'''&lt;br&gt;{{flag|United Kingdom}}
*{{flagdeco|UK|air force}} [[Balkan Air Force]]
*{{flagdeco|UK}} [[Special Operations Executive|SOE]]
{{flag|United States|1912}}
| combatant2a = '''1944-1945'''&lt;br&gt;{{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)}} (independent until October 1944)&lt;br&gt;{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Romania}} (until August 1944)&lt;br&gt;{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Bulgaria}} (until September 1944)&lt;br&gt;'''Axis puppet states'''&lt;br&gt;{{flagcountry|Independent State of Croatia}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagcountry|German occupation of Albania}} (until November 1944)&lt;br&gt;{{flagdeco|Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)}} [[Government of National Unity (Hungary)|Hungary (Axis government)]] (from October 1944)&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Hellenic State (1941–1944)|name=Greece}} (until October 1944)&lt;br&gt;([[Axis powers#Co-belligerent states|and others]])&lt;hr&gt;
{{flag|Chetniks}}&lt;br&gt; [[File:Balli Kombetar.png|left|frameless|22x22px]] [[Balli Kombëtar]]
}}
{{Campaignbox World War II}}

The '''[[Balkans|Balkan]] region in [[World War II]]''' had many nations involved including [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]], [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary]], [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]], [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[World War II by country|and other countries]] on both the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] and [[Axis powers|Axis]] sides.

== History ==

=== 1940-1941 ===
{{Main|Greco-Italian War|Invasion of Yugoslavia}}
[[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]] was invaded by [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italy]] in October of 1940, but the Greeks counterattacked, and pushed through [[Albania]]. Not long after in November, [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary]] and [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] joined the [[Axis powers|Axis]]. [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] joined in March.

[[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] joined the Axis in March of 1941, but left after a coup, so [[Invasion of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia was invaded]] by the Axis powers. Both fell to the invasion shortly after, and resistance was formed.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-09-09|title=World War II - Central Europe, Balkans, 1940-41 {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-II/Central-Europe-and-the-Balkans-1940-41|access-date=2024-09-09|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 1944-1945 ===
The [[Soviets]] invaded Romanian territory in March 1944, and in August, [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] capitulated, with [[Bulgaria]] following in September. The Soviets helped the [[Yugoslav Partisans]] [[Liberation of Yugoslavia|liberate Yugoslavia]], and the British landed in Greece to liberate the country. In November, [[LANÇ|Albanian partisans]] liberated [[Albania]], and set up a [[Democratic Government of Albania|provisional government]]. Soviet forces also invaded [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary]]. At this point, Hungary wanted to join the war against Germany, but a pro-axis coup (Operation Panzerfaust) removed [[Miklós Horthy]] (regent of Hungary) from power. And a [[Government of National Unity (Hungary)|puppet government]] was established. The fighting caught up to the Hungarian capital city, [[Budapest]], and the Soviets [[Budapest offensive|encircled]] the city and a few months later, Budapest was under control of the Soviet Union.{{Refn|Around the same time Budapest was encircled, a {{ill|Provisional National Government (Hungary)|lt=pro-soviet government|ru|Временное национальное правительство (Венгрия)}} in Hungary was formed that controlled all the areas the Soviet controlled.}}

In March, the [[Democratic Federal Yugoslavia|Yugoslavs]] formed a [[Provisional Government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia|Provisional Government]]. In April, the Soviets and Partisans launched a final offensive into Axis territory. [[Sarajevo]] was liberated on the 6th, and the Soviets entered [[Austria]] and entered [[Vienna]]. On the 8th of May, [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] officially surrendered. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=German Surrender|url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/timeline-event/holocaust/1942-1945/german-forces-surrender-to-the-allies|access-date=2024-11-24|website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Refn|The last axis forces surrendered 17 days later at the end of the [[battle of Odžak]].}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:World War II]]
[[Category:Balkans]]
[[Category:1940 in Europe]]
[[Category:1941 in Europe]]
[[Category:1942 in Europe]]
[[Category:1943 in Europe]]
[[Category:1944 in Europe]]
[[Category:1945 in Europe]]</text>
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      <text bytes="943" sha1="n6ap2iifjcxv7skxp1jxzed6frrk633" xml:space="preserve">This is a timeline documenting the events of [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] in the year 2005.

==Events==
* [[Winter Solstice (band)|Winter Solstice]] releases the music video for &quot;Following Caligula&quot; premiered through [[Yahoo Music|Yahoo! Music]] on May 25, 2005.
* [[Despised Icon]] releases the music video for &quot;The Sunset Will Never Charm Us&quot; premiered through Yahoo! Music on October 17, 2005.

==Albums released==
===March===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;width:20px;&quot;| Day
! style=&quot;width:200px;&quot;| Artist
! style=&quot;width:250px;&quot;| Album
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 8
| [[Winter Solstice (band)|Winter Solstice]]
| ''[[The Fall of Rome]]''
|}

===April===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;width:20px;&quot;| Day
! style=&quot;width:200px;&quot;| Artist
! style=&quot;width:250px;&quot;| Album
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 5
| [[Despised Icon]]
| ''[[The Healing Process]]''
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2005 in music]]

{{music-stub}}</text>
      <sha1>n6ap2iifjcxv7skxp1jxzed6frrk633</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>10880813</id>
      <parentid>10880812</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T06:59:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-33677-22</username>
        <id>1817798</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>10880813</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="937" sha1="3kgc661un4f9tfwhp53rdf8juxxg3o5" xml:space="preserve">This is a timeline documenting the events of [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] in the year 2005.

==Events==
* [[Winter Solstice (band)|Winter Solstice]] releases the music video for &quot;Following Caligula&quot; premiered through [[Yahoo|Yahoo! Music]] on May 25, 2005.
* [[Despised Icon]] releases the music video for &quot;The Sunset Will Never Charm Us&quot; premiered through Yahoo! Music on October 17, 2005.

==Albums released==
===March===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;width:20px;&quot;| Day
! style=&quot;width:200px;&quot;| Artist
! style=&quot;width:250px;&quot;| Album
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 8
| [[Winter Solstice (band)|Winter Solstice]]
| ''[[The Fall of Rome]]''
|}

===April===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;width:20px;&quot;| Day
! style=&quot;width:200px;&quot;| Artist
! style=&quot;width:250px;&quot;| Album
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 5
| [[Despised Icon]]
| ''[[The Healing Process]]''
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2005 in music]]

{{music-stub}}</text>
      <sha1>3kgc661un4f9tfwhp53rdf8juxxg3o5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>10880832</id>
      <parentid>10880813</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T08:01:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-33689-06</username>
        <id>1817815</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>10880832</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="938" sha1="scygga0gkgxmpze6or82592cmr06gf7" xml:space="preserve">This is a timeline documenting the events of [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] in the year 2005.

==Events==
* [[Winter Solstice (band)|Winter Solstice]] releases the music video for &quot;Following Caligula&quot; premiered through [[Yahoo!|Yahoo! Music]] on May 25, 2005.
* [[Despised Icon]] releases the music video for &quot;The Sunset Will Never Charm Us&quot; premiered through Yahoo! Music on October 17, 2005.

==Albums released==
===March===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;width:20px;&quot;| Day
! style=&quot;width:200px;&quot;| Artist
! style=&quot;width:250px;&quot;| Album
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 8
| [[Winter Solstice (band)|Winter Solstice]]
| ''[[The Fall of Rome]]''
|}

===April===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;width:20px;&quot;| Day
! style=&quot;width:200px;&quot;| Artist
! style=&quot;width:250px;&quot;| Album
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 5
| [[Despised Icon]]
| ''[[The Healing Process]]''
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2005 in music]]

{{music-stub}}</text>
      <sha1>scygga0gkgxmpze6or82592cmr06gf7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Little Princess (British TV series)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1112424</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880725</id>
      <parentid>10857424</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T03:38:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Days all ho abd gone</username>
        <id>1817728</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>10880725</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5443" sha1="9cam69tyb06b7wyygn0iac4o3xu8ukw" xml:space="preserve">{{italictitle}}
'''''Little Princess''''' is a kike 2006 British [[animated]] children's television series created by [[The Illuminated Film Company]]. The series is based on the picture books by [[Tony Ross]] of the same title, which have been published since 1986. The programme is shown in the UK as part of [[Channel 5 (UK)|Channel 5]]'s ''[[Milkshake!]]''

== Plot ==
The British animated series based on the picture books by Tony Ross is about a little four-year-old princess who keeps the whole castle on her toes with her energy, thirst for adventure and rebelliousness. The king and queen, the prime minister, the general, the nanny, the cook, the [[admiral]] and also the gardener are not part of the court for the little princess, but first and foremost playmates. She idolises her [[teddy bear]] Gilbert and loves to romp around in the large castle park with her dog Scruff and her cat Puss. And if something breaks during her exploration tours, she chases away any trouble with her disarming smile. No one can be mad with this little princess. Typically, many episodes are titled with &quot;I want …&quot;.

== Episodes ==
===Series 1===
# I Want My Tooth
# I Don't Want Help
# I Don't Want to Go to Bed
# I Don't Know What to be
# I Want to Whistle
# I Want My Dummy
# I Can't Remember
# I Don't Want a Bath
# I Didn't Do It
# I Don't Want to Comb My Hair
# I Don't Like Salad
# I Want to do Magic
# I Don't Want to Tidy Up
# I Want a Trumpet
# I Don't Want to Share
# I Don't Like Worms
# I Want My Voice Back
# What's Wrong with Gilbert?
# I Want a Tent
# I Want to Win
# I Don't Want a Cold
# Maid's Day Off?
# Can I Keep It?
# I Want to Cook
# I Don't Like Autumn
# I Don't Want Nits
# I Want My New Shoes
# I Want My Snail
# But They're Mine…
# I Want a Sledge
===Series 2===
# I Want a Shop
# It's Sports Day!
# I Want to be a Pirate
# I Want to Go to the Fair
# I Want to Dress Up
# I Want a Surprise
# I Want a Bicycle
# I Don't Want to Leave Home
# I Want a Best Friend
# I Don't Want to Kiss Great Aunty
# I Want a Midnight Feast
# I Want to be Good
# I Want My Crayons
# I Want to be Tall
# I Want My Plaster
# I Want a Swing
# I Want to be a Baby
# I Want to be a Cavegirl
# I Want My Puppets
# Mother's Day!
# I Want to be an Explorer
# I Want to Collect
# I Want to be Queen
# I Want to Play Football
# I Want to Play in the Rain
# I Want Baked Beans
# I Don't Want to Dance
# I Want to Go on Holiday
# I Want My Sheep
# I Don't Want to Miss It
# I Want to do a Show
# Can I Have It Back Now, Please?
# I Want to Find the Treasure
# I Don't Like Thunderstorms
# I Can Keep a Secret
===Series 3===
# I Want My Horace
# I Want to be a Bridesmaid
# Who Turned off the Lights?
# I Want My Treehouse
# I Want to be a Vet
# I Want to Cut Out
# I Want Scruff
# I Want to Skate
# I Want to Go to the Seaside
# Please Don't Go
# I Want My Duck
# I'm Going to Win the Rosette
# I Don't Like Arguments
# I Want to Sing
# I Want to Play a Joke
# I Want to be a Detective
# I Want My Robin
# I Want a Gymkhana
# I'll Make You Strong
# I Don't Want to Play the Piano
# I Want to Go to Space
# I Want to be a Policeman
# I Want to Go Camping
# I Want to Recycle
# I Want to be a Nurse
# I Want to Play Hide and Seek
# I Want a New Bedroom
# I Want Your Tiara
# I Want to be Famous
# I Want a Sleepover
# I Want to Ice Skate
# I Want a Pen Pal
# I Want a Go Kart
# I Mustn't Be Bossy
# I Want My Stick Insect

===Series 4===
# Gilbot
# Surprise
# Rainbow
# Picture Perfect Princess
# Teacher
# Sister
# Little Princess Says
# Little Princess Lends a Hand
# Watch the Birdie
# Safari
# SeeSaw
# Down Under Up Over
# Medal
# Doll's House
# Cowgirl
# Fish
# I'll Try to be Quiet
# Turn on the Taps
# I Want My Tree
# Little Princess and the Sunflower
# Forever
# I Want to be a Sloth
# New Toilet
# Inventor
# Time Thingy
# Apple Juice
# Tea for Two
# Cloud Fishing
# Where's Puss?
# The Princess Who Cried Wolf

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Other websites ==
* {{Official website}}
* {{IMDb title|0934676|Little Princess}}

{{tv-stub}}
[[Category:2000s British animated comedy television series]]
[[Category:2000s British children's comedy television series]]
[[Category:2000s preschool education television series]]
[[Category:2000s Welsh television series]]
[[Category:2006 British animated television series debuts]]
[[Category:2010s British animated comedy television series]]
[[Category:2010s British children's comedy television series]]
[[Category:2010s preschool education television series]]
[[Category:2010s Welsh television series]]
[[Category:2020s British animated comedy television series]]
[[Category:2020s British children's comedy television series]]
[[Category:2020s preschool education television series]]
[[Category:2020 British animated television series endings]]
[[Category:Animated television series about children]]
[[Category:Television series about princesses]]
[[Category:British animated preschool education television series]]
[[Category:British children's animated comedy television series]]
[[Category:British children's animated fantasy television series]]
[[Category:British English-language television shows]]
[[Category:British flash animated television series]]
[[Category:British television shows based on children's books]]
[[Category:Channel 5 (UK) television programmes]]
[[Category:S4C original programming]]
[[Category:Welsh-language television programs]]
[[Category:Welsh television series]]</text>
      <sha1>9cam69tyb06b7wyygn0iac4o3xu8ukw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>10880776</id>
      <parentid>10880725</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T04:46:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ravensfire</username>
        <id>121204</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/Days all ho abd gone|Days all ho abd gone]] ([[User talk:Days all ho abd gone|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by Ferien. ([[WP:TW|TW]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="5438" sha1="dlj7pikfjyver3nx7syu0a3dqsexofp" xml:space="preserve">{{italictitle}}
'''''Little Princess''''' is a 2006 British [[animated]] children's television series created by [[The Illuminated Film Company]]. The series is based on the picture books by [[Tony Ross]] of the same title, which have been published since 1986. The programme is shown in the UK as part of [[Channel 5 (UK)|Channel 5]]'s ''[[Milkshake!]]''

== Plot ==
The British animated series based on the picture books by Tony Ross is about a little four-year-old princess who keeps the whole castle on her toes with her energy, thirst for adventure and rebelliousness. The king and queen, the prime minister, the general, the nanny, the cook, the [[admiral]] and also the gardener are not part of the court for the little princess, but first and foremost playmates. She idolises her [[teddy bear]] Gilbert and loves to romp around in the large castle park with her dog Scruff and her cat Puss. And if something breaks during her exploration tours, she chases away any trouble with her disarming smile. No one can be mad with this little princess. Typically, many episodes are titled with &quot;I want …&quot;.

== Episodes ==
===Series 1===
# I Want My Tooth
# I Don't Want Help
# I Don't Want to Go to Bed
# I Don't Know What to be
# I Want to Whistle
# I Want My Dummy
# I Can't Remember
# I Don't Want a Bath
# I Didn't Do It
# I Don't Want to Comb My Hair
# I Don't Like Salad
# I Want to do Magic
# I Don't Want to Tidy Up
# I Want a Trumpet
# I Don't Want to Share
# I Don't Like Worms
# I Want My Voice Back
# What's Wrong with Gilbert?
# I Want a Tent
# I Want to Win
# I Don't Want a Cold
# Maid's Day Off?
# Can I Keep It?
# I Want to Cook
# I Don't Like Autumn
# I Don't Want Nits
# I Want My New Shoes
# I Want My Snail
# But They're Mine…
# I Want a Sledge
===Series 2===
# I Want a Shop
# It's Sports Day!
# I Want to be a Pirate
# I Want to Go to the Fair
# I Want to Dress Up
# I Want a Surprise
# I Want a Bicycle
# I Don't Want to Leave Home
# I Want a Best Friend
# I Don't Want to Kiss Great Aunty
# I Want a Midnight Feast
# I Want to be Good
# I Want My Crayons
# I Want to be Tall
# I Want My Plaster
# I Want a Swing
# I Want to be a Baby
# I Want to be a Cavegirl
# I Want My Puppets
# Mother's Day!
# I Want to be an Explorer
# I Want to Collect
# I Want to be Queen
# I Want to Play Football
# I Want to Play in the Rain
# I Want Baked Beans
# I Don't Want to Dance
# I Want to Go on Holiday
# I Want My Sheep
# I Don't Want to Miss It
# I Want to do a Show
# Can I Have It Back Now, Please?
# I Want to Find the Treasure
# I Don't Like Thunderstorms
# I Can Keep a Secret
===Series 3===
# I Want My Horace
# I Want to be a Bridesmaid
# Who Turned off the Lights?
# I Want My Treehouse
# I Want to be a Vet
# I Want to Cut Out
# I Want Scruff
# I Want to Skate
# I Want to Go to the Seaside
# Please Don't Go
# I Want My Duck
# I'm Going to Win the Rosette
# I Don't Like Arguments
# I Want to Sing
# I Want to Play a Joke
# I Want to be a Detective
# I Want My Robin
# I Want a Gymkhana
# I'll Make You Strong
# I Don't Want to Play the Piano
# I Want to Go to Space
# I Want to be a Policeman
# I Want to Go Camping
# I Want to Recycle
# I Want to be a Nurse
# I Want to Play Hide and Seek
# I Want a New Bedroom
# I Want Your Tiara
# I Want to be Famous
# I Want a Sleepover
# I Want to Ice Skate
# I Want a Pen Pal
# I Want a Go Kart
# I Mustn't Be Bossy
# I Want My Stick Insect

===Series 4===
# Gilbot
# Surprise
# Rainbow
# Picture Perfect Princess
# Teacher
# Sister
# Little Princess Says
# Little Princess Lends a Hand
# Watch the Birdie
# Safari
# SeeSaw
# Down Under Up Over
# Medal
# Doll's House
# Cowgirl
# Fish
# I'll Try to be Quiet
# Turn on the Taps
# I Want My Tree
# Little Princess and the Sunflower
# Forever
# I Want to be a Sloth
# New Toilet
# Inventor
# Time Thingy
# Apple Juice
# Tea for Two
# Cloud Fishing
# Where's Puss?
# The Princess Who Cried Wolf

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Other websites ==
* {{Official website}}
* {{IMDb title|0934676|Little Princess}}

{{tv-stub}}
[[Category:2000s British animated comedy television series]]
[[Category:2000s British children's comedy television series]]
[[Category:2000s preschool education television series]]
[[Category:2000s Welsh television series]]
[[Category:2006 British animated television series debuts]]
[[Category:2010s British animated comedy television series]]
[[Category:2010s British children's comedy television series]]
[[Category:2010s preschool education television series]]
[[Category:2010s Welsh television series]]
[[Category:2020s British animated comedy television series]]
[[Category:2020s British children's comedy television series]]
[[Category:2020s preschool education television series]]
[[Category:2020 British animated television series endings]]
[[Category:Animated television series about children]]
[[Category:Television series about princesses]]
[[Category:British animated preschool education television series]]
[[Category:British children's animated comedy television series]]
[[Category:British children's animated fantasy television series]]
[[Category:British English-language television shows]]
[[Category:British flash animated television series]]
[[Category:British television shows based on children's books]]
[[Category:Channel 5 (UK) television programmes]]
[[Category:S4C original programming]]
[[Category:Welsh-language television programs]]
[[Category:Welsh television series]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>List of Roblox games</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1115004</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880771</id>
      <parentid>10877219</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T04:09:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-31282-00</username>
        <id>1817744</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Soon</comment>
      <origin>10880771</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2705" sha1="ql7gy1kupq0mux7ue6yqw5cjttsc56c" xml:space="preserve">{{context|date=August 2024}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of ''Roblox'' games}}
The online [[video game]] and [[game creation system]] ''[[Roblox]]'' has many games (officially referred to as &quot;experiences&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Robertson |first=Adi |date=May 14, 2021 |title=Apple said Roblox developers don't make games, and now Roblox agrees |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/5/14/22436014/apple-roblox-epic-fortnite-trial-what-is-game-name-change |url-status=live |access-date=December 21, 2021 |website=[[The Verge]] |archive-date=September 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903170009/https://www.theverge.com/2021/5/14/22436014/apple-roblox-epic-fortnite-trial-what-is-game-name-change }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peterson |first=Mike |date=May 14, 2021 |title=Roblox rebrands as 'experience' creation platform amid Epic Games v. Apple trial |url=https://appleinsider.com/articles/21/05/14/roblox-rebrands-as-experience-creation-platform-amid-epic-games-v-apple-trial |url-status=live |access-date=December 21, 2021 |website=[[AppleInsider]] |archive-date=August 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823200633/https://appleinsider.com/articles/21/05/14/roblox-rebrands-as-experience-creation-platform-amid-epic-games-v-apple-trial }}&lt;/ref&gt; created by users of their creation tool, ''[[Roblox Studio]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=August 21, 2020 |title=Gamers are logging millions of hours a day on Roblox |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2020/08/21/gamers-are-logging-millions-of-hours-a-day-on-roblox |url-status=live |access-date=August 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328183921/https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2020/08/21/gamers-are-logging-millions-of-hours-a-day-on-roblox |archive-date=March 28, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Games that received online attention ==
This is a list of ''Roblox'' games that have received online attention:

* 99 Nights In The Forest
* [[Adopt Me!]]
* Arsenal
* Bee Swarm Simulator
* Brookhaven RP
* Dandy's World
* Dead Rails
* Doors
* Dress to Impress
* Fisch
* Flee the Facility
* Forsaken
* Frontlines
* Hide and Seek Extreme
* Grow a Garden 2
* [[Grow a Garden]]
* Jailbreak
* MeepCity
* Murder Mystery 2
* Natural Disaster Survival
* Off-Roading Epic
* Pet Simulator
* Phantom Forces
* Piggy
* Plants vs. Brainrots
* Rift Royale
* Royale High
* Scuba Diving at Quill Lake
* SharkBite
* Speed Run 4
* [[Steal a Brainrot]]
* Super Bomb Survival
* Theme Park Tycoon 2
* The Forge
* The Mimic
* Together
* Tower of Hell
* Welcome to Bloxburg
* Work at a Pizza Place

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Roblox|*]]
[[Category:Lists]]</text>
      <sha1>ql7gy1kupq0mux7ue6yqw5cjttsc56c</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chile national under-17 football team</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1115482</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880521</id>
      <parentid>9655386</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T19:46:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>I diaze1993</username>
        <id>376908</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Competitive record */</comment>
      <origin>10880521</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8466" sha1="pe0trpsevwbxs9hobppylzx676ftfrm" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox national football team
| Name               = Chile Under-17
| Badge              = Federación de Fútbol de Chile logo.svg
| Badge_size         = 200px
| FIFA Trigramme     = CHI
| Nickname           = ''La Rojita'' (The Little Red One) 
| Association        = ''[[Football Federation of Chile|Federación de Fútbol de Chile]]''
| Confederation      = [[CONMEBOL]] ([[South America]])
| Coach              = [[Hernán Caputto]]
| Captain            = TBA
| pattern_la1=_chi2122h|pattern_b1=_chi2122h|pattern_ra1=_chi2122h|pattern_sh1=_adidaswhite|pattern_so1=_3_stripes_white
| leftarm1=ff0000|body1=ff0000|rightarm1=ff0000|shorts1=0000ff|socks1=FF0000
| pattern_la2=_chi2122a|pattern_b2=_chi2122a|pattern_ra2=_chi2122a|pattern_sh2=_adidasred|pattern_so2=_3_stripes_red
| leftarm2=FFFFFF|body2=FFFFFF|rightarm2=FFFFFF|shorts2=FFFFFF|socks2=FFFFFF|
| First game         = {{fbu|17|Brazil|1968}} 2–1 {{fbu-rt|17|Chile}}&lt;br/&gt;([[Argentina]]; April 1985)
| Largest win        = {{fbu|17|Chile}} 7–1 {{fbu-rt|17|Bolivia}}&lt;br/&gt;([[Pedro Juan Caballero, Paraguay|Caballero]], [[Paraguay]]; 5 March 1997)
| Largest loss       = {{fbu|17|Brasil}} 10–1 {{fbu-rt|17|Chile}}&lt;br/&gt;([[Lima]], [[Peru]]; 1995)
| Regional name      = [[FIFA U-17 World Cup]]
|Regional cup apps  = 5
|Regional cup first = [[1993 FIFA U-17 World Championship|1993]]
|Regional cup best  = Third Place [[Image:Bronze medal icon.svg|14px]] ([[1993 FIFA U-17 World Championship|1993]])
| 2ndRegional name      = [[South American Under-17 Football Championship|South American U-17 Championship]]
|2ndRegional cup apps  = 19
|2ndRegional cup first = [[1985 South American Under-16 Football Championship|1985]]
|2ndRegional cup best  = Runners-ups [[Image:Silver medal icon.svg|14px]] ([[1993 South American Under-17 Football Championship|1993]], [[2017 South American Under-17 Football Championship|2017]], [[2019 South American Under-17 Football Championship|2019]])
}}
{{MedalTableTop}}
{{MedalSport|Under-17 [[FIFA U-17 World Cup|World Cup]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[1993 FIFA U-17 World Championship|1993 Japan]]|[[#1993 FIFA U-17 World Championship|Team]]}}
{{MedalBottom}}
{{MedalTableTop}}
{{MedalSport|[[South American Under-17 Football Championship]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[1993 South American Under-17 Football Championship|1993 Colombia]]|NA}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2017 South American Under-17 Football Championship|2017 Chile]]|[[2017 South American Under-17 Football Championship squads#Chile|Team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[1997 South American Under-17 Football Championship|1997 Paraguay]]|NA}}
{{MedalBottom}}
{{MedalTableTop}}
{{MedalSport|Premier Under-16 [[Milk Cup]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[Milk Cup|1998 Premier]]|NA}}
{{MedalBottom}}
The '''Chile national under-17 football team''' represents [[Chile]] in youth international football completions. They have qualified for the [[FIFA U-17 World Cup]] five times with their best finish being third place in 1993. They hosted the [[2015 FIFA U-17 World Cup]] on their home soil.

==Competitive record==
{{col-begin}}{{col-2}}
===FIFA Under-17 World Cup record===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
!colspan=10|[[FIFA U-17 World Cup|FIFA U-17 World Cup record]]
|-
!Year
!Round
!Position
!Pld
!W
!D*
!L
!GF
!GA
|-
|{{flagicon|China}} [[1985 FIFA U-16 World Championship|1985]]||colspan=9 rowspan=4|''Did not qualify''
|-
|{{flagicon|Canada}} [[1987 FIFA U-16 World Championship|1987]]
|-
|{{flagicon|Scotland}} [[1989 FIFA U-16 World Championship|1989]]
|-
|{{flagicon|Italy}} [[1991 FIFA U-17 World Championship|1991]]
|- style=&quot;background:#c96;&quot;
|{{flagicon|Japan|1947}} [[1993 FIFA U-17 World Championship|1993]]||'''Third Place'''||'''3rd'''||'''6'''||'''2'''||'''3'''||'''1'''||'''12'''||'''10''' 
|-
|{{flagicon|Ecuador}} [[1995 FIFA U-17 World Championship|1995]]||colspan=9|''Did not qualify''
|-
|{{flagicon|Egypt}} [[1997 FIFA U-17 World Championship|1997]]||Group Stage||9th||3||1||1||1||7||4 
|-
|{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[1999 FIFA U-17 World Championship|1999]]||colspan=9 rowspan=8|''Did not qualify''
|-
|{{flagicon|Trinidad and Tobago}} [[2001 FIFA U-17 World Championship|2001]]
|-
|{{flagicon|Finland}} [[2003 FIFA U-17 World Championship|2003]]
|-
|{{flagicon|Peru}} [[2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship|2005]]
|-
|{{flagicon|South Korea|1997}} [[2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup|2007]]
|-
|{{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup|2009]]
|-
|{{flagicon|Mexico}} [[2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup|2011]]
|-
|{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}} [[2013 FIFA U-17 World Cup|2013]]
|-
|style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot;|{{flagicon|Chile}} [[2015 FIFA U-17 World Cup|2015]]||Round of 16||13th||4||1||1||2||7||11 
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup|2017]]||Group Stage||21st||3||0||1||2||0||7 
|-
|{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[2019 FIFA U-17 World Cup|2019]]||Round of 16||16th||4||1||0||3||7||9
|-
|{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[2023 FIFA U-17 World Cup|2023]]||colspan=9|''Did not qualify''
|-
|{{flagicon|Qatar}} [[2025 FIFA U-17 World Cup|2025]]||Group Stage|| 33rd ||3|||1||1||1||3||4
|-
|{{flagicon|Qatar}} [[2026 FIFA U-17 World Cup|2026]]||colspan=9|''To be determined''
|-
!Total||Third Place||7/20||23||6||7||10||36||45
|}
{{col-2}}

===South American Under-17 Football Championship record===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
!colspan=9|[[South American Under-17 Football Championship|South American Under-17 Football Championship record]]
|-
!Year
!Round
!Position
!GP
!W
!D*
!L
!GS
!GA
|-style=&quot;background:#9ACDFF&quot;
|{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[1985 South American Under-16 Football Championship|1985]]||Fourth Place||4th||8||3||1||4||11||11
|-
|{{flagicon|Peru}} [[1986 South American Under-16 Football Championship|1986]]||Group Stage||9th||4||0||3||1||3||4   
|-
|{{flagicon|Ecuador}} [[1988 South American Under-16 Football Championship|1988]]||Group Stage||5th||4||2||0||2||8||5  
|-style=&quot;background:#9ACDFF&quot;
|{{flagicon|Paraguay|1990}} [[1991 South American Under-17 Football Championship|1991]]||Fourth Place||4th||7||2||3||2||7||5 
|-bgcolor=silver
|{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[1993 South American Under-17 Football Championship|1993]]||'''Runners-up'''||'''2nd'''||'''7'''||'''2'''||'''3'''||'''2'''||'''20'''||'''13'''   
|-style=&quot;background:#9ACDFF&quot;
|{{flagicon|Peru}} [[1995 South American Under-17 Football Championship|1995]]||Fourth Place||4th||7||1||3||3||11||23
|-bgcolor=cc9966
|{{flagicon|Paraguay|1990}} [[1997 South American Under-17 Football Championship|1997]]||Third Place||3rd||7||3||1||3||14||12
|-
|{{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[1999 South American Under-17 Football Championship|1999]]||Group Stage||7th||4||1||1||2||4||5
|-
|{{flagicon|Peru}} [[2001 South American Under-17 Football Championship|2001]]||Group Stage||10th||4||0||1||3||9||13
|-
|{{flagicon|Bolivia}} [[2003 South American Under-17 Football Championship|2003]]||Group Stage||6th||4||1||0||3||4||7
|-
|{{flagicon|Venezuela|1954}} [[2005 South American Under-17 Football Championship|2005]]||Group Stage||5th||4||2||0||2||6||7
|-
|{{flagicon|Ecuador}} [[2007 South American Under-17 Football Championship|2007]]||Group Stage||9th||4||1||0||3||3||5
|-
|style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot;|{{flagicon|Chile}} [[2009 South American Under-17 Football Championship|2009]]||Group Stage||7th||4||1||1||2||4||7
|-
|{{flagicon|Ecuador}} [[2011 South American Under-17 Football Championship|2011]]||Group Stage||8th||4||1||1||2||5||8
|-
|{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[2013 South American Under-17 Football Championship|2013]]||Group Stage||8th||4||0||3||1||3||4
|-
|{{flagicon|Paraguay}} [[2015 South American Under-17 Football Championship|2015]]||Group Stage||10th||4||0||0||4||4||12
|-bgcolor=silver
|style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot;|{{flagicon|Chile}} [[2017 South American Under-17 Football Championship|2017]]||'''Runners-up'''||'''2nd'''||'''9'''||'''5'''||'''2'''||'''2'''||'''7'''||'''9'''
|-
|-bgcolor=silver
|{{flagicon|Peru}} [[2019 South American Under-17 Football Championship|2019]]||'''Runners-up'''||'''2nd'''||'''9'''||'''5'''||'''2'''||'''2'''||'''17'''||'''9'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Ecuador}} [[2023 South American U-17 Championship|2023]]||Group Stage||6th||9||2||1||6||5||15
|- 
!Total||Runners-up||19/19||102||32||26||49||145||159
|}
{{col-end}}

''*Draws include knockout matches decided on [[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|penalty kicks]].''

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{National sports teams of Chile}}

[[Category:National under-17 football teams]]
[[Category:Football in Chile]]
[[Category:National sports teams of Chile]]</text>
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  <page>
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'''Santiago''' is a city in the [[Provinces of the Philippines|province]] of [[Isabela (province)|Isabela]], [[Philippines]]. According to the 2020 census, 148,580 people lived there.

==Media== 
*ME Radio Santiago 1575 kHz (DWJT-AM; Audiovisual Communicators, Inc. and operated by JCT Broadcasting Productions owned by Mayor Jamayane C. Tan)
 
{{asia-stub}}

[[Category:Cities in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Isabela (province)]]</text>
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'''Santiago''' is a city in the [[Provinces of the Philippines|province]] of [[Isabela (province)|Isabela]], [[Philippines]]. According to the 2020 census, 148,580 people lived there.

==Media== 
*ME Radio Santiago 1521 kHz (DWJT-AM; Audiovisual Communicators, Inc. and operated by JCT Broadcasting Productions owned by Mayor Jamayane C. Tan)
 
{{asia-stub}}

[[Category:Cities in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Isabela (province)]]</text>
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'''Santiago''' is a city in the [[Provinces of the Philippines|province]] of [[Isabela (province)|Isabela]], [[Philippines]]. According to the 2020 census, 148,580 people lived there.

==Media== 
*ME Radio Santiago 1521 kHz (DWJT-AM; Audiovisual Communicators, Inc. and operated by JCT Broadcasting Productions owned by Mayor Jamayne C. Tan)
 
{{asia-stub}}

[[Category:Cities in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Isabela (province)]]</text>
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'''Santiago''' is a city in the [[Provinces of the Philippines|province]] of [[Isabela (province)|Isabela]], [[Philippines]]. According to the 2020 census, 148,580 people lived there.

{{asia-stub}}

[[Category:Cities in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Isabela (province)]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>List of Peppa Pig episodes</title>
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      <minor />
      <comment>/* Series 7 (2026) */ I did this because more new episodes of the seventh season of &quot;Peppa Pig Tales&quot; have arrived.</comment>
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      <text bytes="87238" sha1="6oa3n81jj559idkwc7epo005146v5ka" xml:space="preserve">{{more sources|date=October 2025}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of ''Peppa Pig'' episodes}}
{{Very long|date=August 2025}}
''[[Peppa Pig]]'' is a British [[preschool]] [[animated]] [[television series]], It was produced by [[Astley Baker Davies]]. The show is about a piglet and her family and friends. Each episode is five minutes long.

==Series overview==
&lt;onlyinclude&gt;{{Series overview
| color1     = red
| link1      = &lt;includeonly&gt;List of Peppa Pig episodes&lt;/includeonly&gt;#Series 1 (2003-04)
| episodes1  = 52
| start1     = {{Start date|2004|05|31|df=y}}
| end1       = {{End date|2004|11|30|df=y}}
| color2     = blue
| link2      = &lt;includeonly&gt;List of Peppa Pig episodes&lt;/includeonly&gt;#Series 2 (2005–07)
| episodes2  = 52
| start2     = {{Start date|2006|09|4|df=y}}
| end2       = {{End date|2007|06|20|df=y}}
| color2S    = 	#CE2029
| link2S     = &lt;includeonly&gt;List of Peppa Pig episodes&lt;/includeonly&gt;#Christmas special (2007)
| linkT2S    = Christmas special
| episodes2S = 2
| start2S    = {{Start date|2007|12|25|df=y}}
| color3     = orange
| link3      = &lt;includeonly&gt;List of Peppa Pig episodes&lt;/includeonly&gt;#Series 3-4 (2009–10)
| episodes3  = 52
| start3     = {{Start date|2009|05|4|df=y}}
| end3       = {{End date|2010|12|17|df=y}}
| color4     = green
| link4      = &lt;includeonly&gt;List of Peppa Pig episodes&lt;/includeonly&gt;#Series 5-6 (2011–13)
| episodes4  = 52
| start4     = {{Start date|2011|05|23|df=y}}
| end4       = {{End date|2013|01|01|df=y}}
| color4S    = 	#BEDBED
| link4S     = &lt;includeonly&gt;List of Peppa Pig episodes&lt;/includeonly&gt;#Specials (2015—16)
| linkT4S    = Specials
| episodes4S = 3
| start4S    = {{Start date|2015|02|14|df=y}}
| end4S      = {{End date|2016|03|6|df=y}}
| color5     = cyan
| link5      = &lt;includeonly&gt;List of Peppa Pig episodes&lt;/includeonly&gt;#Series 7 (2016–18)
| episodes5  = 52
| start5     = {{Start date|2016|10|24|df=y}}
| end5       = {{End date|2018|09|21|df=y}}
| color5S    = 	#FF91A4
| link5S     = &lt;includeonly&gt;List of Peppa Pig episodes&lt;/includeonly&gt;#Film (2017)
| linkT5S    = Film
| start5S    = {{Start date|2017|04|7|df=y}}
| color6     = yellow
| link6      = &lt;includeonly&gt;List of Peppa Pig episodes&lt;/includeonly&gt;#Series 8 (2019–20)
| episodes6  = 52
| start6     = {{Start date|2019|02|5|df=y}}
| end6       = {{End date|2020|10|7|df=y}}
| color7     = purple
| link7      = &lt;includeonly&gt;List of Peppa Pig episodes&lt;/includeonly&gt;#Series 9 (2021–23)
| episodes7  = 65
| start7     = {{Start date|2021|03|8|df=y}}
| end7       = {{End date|2023|02|23|df=y}}
| color8     = pink
| link8      = &lt;includeonly&gt;List of Peppa Pig episodes&lt;/includeonly&gt;#Series 10 (2023–25)
| episodes8  = 52
| start8     = {{Start date|2023|12|11|df=y}}
| end8       = {{End date|2025|03|30|df=y}}
| color9     = 	#FB607F
| link9      = &lt;includeonly&gt;List of Peppa Pig episodes&lt;/includeonly&gt;#Series 11 (2025-)
| episodes9  = 
| start9     = {{Start date|2025|05|30|df=y}}
}}
&lt;/onlyinclude&gt;

==Episodes==
===Series 1 (2004)===
{{Main|Peppa Pig series 1}}

===Series 2 (2005–07)===
{{Main|Peppa Pig series 2}}

===Series 3 (2009–10)===
{{Main|Peppa Pig series 3}}

===Series 4 (2011-16)===
{{Main|Peppa Pig series 4}}

===Series 5 (2016–18)===
{{Main|Peppa Pig series 5}}

===Series 6 (2019-20)===
{{Main|Peppa Pig series 6}}

===Series 7 (2021–23)===
{{Main|Peppa Pig series 7}}

===Series 8 (2023–25)===
{{Main|Peppa Pig series 8}}

===Series 9 (2025-26)===
{{Episode table|background=#884258|overall=8|series=8|title=36|writer=16|aux1=12|airdate=20|aux4=16|aux1T=Premiere|aux4T=DVD reference|dontclose = y}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
 |EpisodeNumber   = 434
 |EpisodeNumber2  = 1
 |Title           = Bigger House
 |WrittenBy       =
 |Aux1            = Cinemas
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|05|30|df=y}} {{Start date|2025|08|04|df=y}} (Nick Jr.)
 |Aux4            =
 |LineColor       = 884258
 |ShortSummary = With the arrival of the new baby, Mummy Pig decides that they need a bigger house.
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
 |EpisodeNumber   = 435
 |EpisodeNumber2  = 2
 |Title           = The Big Build
 |WrittenBy       =
 |Aux1            = Cinemas
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|05|30|df=y}} {{Start date|2025|08|05|df=y}} (Nick Jr.)
 |Aux4            =
 |LineColor       = 884258
 |ShortSummary = Daddy Pig helps construct the new house.
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
 |EpisodeNumber   = 436
 |EpisodeNumber2  = 3
 |Title           = Decorating
 |WrittenBy       =
 |Aux1            = Cinemas
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|05|30|df=y}} {{Start date|2025|08|06|df=y}} (Nick Jr.)
 |Aux4            =
 |LineColor       = 884258
 |ShortSummary = Peppa and George decide on how their new rooms should look.
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
 |EpisodeNumber   = 437
 |EpisodeNumber2  = 4
 |Title           = Bigger Car
 |WrittenBy       =
 |Aux1            = Cinemas
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|05|30|df=y}} {{Start date|2025|08|07|df=y}} (Nick Jr.)
 |Aux4            =
 |LineColor       = 884258
 |ShortSummary = Daddy Pig gets a larger car to replace their older one, as it lacks any more room for the new arrival.
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
 |EpisodeNumber   = 438
 |EpisodeNumber2  = 5
 |Title           = Patchwork Quilt
 |WrittenBy       =
 |Aux1            = Cinemas
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|05|30|df=y}}
 |Aux4            =
 |LineColor       = 884258
 |ShortSummary = Peppa and Mummy Pig help make a nice quilt for the baby.
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
 |EpisodeNumber   = 439
 |EpisodeNumber2  = 6
 |Title           = Sibling School
 |WrittenBy       =
 |Aux1            = Cinemas
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|05|30|df=y}} {{Start date|2025|08|11|df=y}} (Nick Jr.)
 |Aux4            =
 |LineColor       = 884258
 |ShortSummary = Peppa and George visit a special school run by Miss Rabbit on how to look after newborns.
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
 |EpisodeNumber   = 440
 |EpisodeNumber2  = 7
 |Title           = New Baby
 |WrittenBy       =
 |Aux1            = Cinemas
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|05|30|df=y}} {{Start date|2025|08|12|df=y}} (Nick Jr.)
 |Aux4            =
 |LineColor       = 884258
 |ShortSummary = Mummy Pig is about to give birth to a loving baby girl, and Peppa and George; who are staying with Granny and Grandpa Pig, are excited for the arrival.
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
 |EpisodeNumber   = 441
 |EpisodeNumber2  = 8
 |Title           = Baby Names
 |WrittenBy       =
 |Aux1            = Cinemas
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|05|30|df=y}}
 |Aux4            =
 |LineColor       = 884258
 |ShortSummary = Peppa sees the new baby for the first time, and tries to think of a good name for her.
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
 |EpisodeNumber   = 442
 |EpisodeNumber2  = 9
 |Title           = Holding the Baby
 |WrittenBy       =
 |Aux1            = Cinemas
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|05|30|df=y}}
 |Aux4            =
 |LineColor       = 884258
 |ShortSummary = Peppa feels unsure about holding Evie Pig for the first time.
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
 |EpisodeNumber   = 443
 |EpisodeNumber2  = 10
 |Title           = Granny Sheep's Art Van
 |WrittenBy       =
 |Aux1            = Nickelodeon
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|11|17|df=y}} (Nickelodeon)
 |Aux4            =
 |LineColor       = 884258
 |ShortSummary = Driving along in Mummy Sheep's car, they spot an old van at the Recycling Center. With the help of Peppa's friends, they make the van colorful! And with Granddad Dog's help, Granny Sheep can now take art out into the world!
}} 
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
 |EpisodeNumber   = 444
 |EpisodeNumber2  = 11
 |Title           = Being Inspired
 |WrittenBy       =
 |Aux1            = Nickelodeon
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|11|18|df=y}} (Nickelodeon)
 |Aux4            =
 |LineColor       = 884258
 |ShortSummary = Peppa and friends, along with Mummy Sheep and Granny Sheep, are taking Vanessa to Grampy Rabbit's boat yard to be inspired. The children make all sorts of creations from things lying around, and they display them for all to see on Vanessa's new art wall!
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
 |EpisodeNumber   = 445
 |EpisodeNumber2  = 12
 |Title           = Jigsaw Festival
 |WrittenBy       =
 |Aux1            = Nickelodeon
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|11|19|df=y}} (Nickelodeon)
 |Aux4            =
 |LineColor       = 884258
 |ShortSummary = Peppa and George are at a Jigsaw festival with Granny and Grandpa Pig. Old Mrs. Donkey explains how important it is not to lose a jigsaw piece.
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
 |EpisodeNumber   = 446
 |EpisodeNumber2  = 13
 |Title           = Hobbies
 |WrittenBy       =
 |Aux1            = Nickelodeon
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|11|20|df=y}} (Nickelodeon)
 |Aux4            =
 |LineColor       = 884258
 |ShortSummary = The children share what they and their parents like to do for fun, but everyone knows Peppa's hobby is jumping in muddy puddles!
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
 |EpisodeNumber   = 447
 |EpisodeNumber2  = 14
 |Title           = Penny Polar Bear's Party
 |WrittenBy       =
 |Aux1            = Nickelodeon
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|11|24|df=y}} (Nickelodeon)
 |Aux4            =
 |LineColor       = 884258
 |ShortSummary = Peppa, Suzy, Rebecca, Danny, Pedro, Gerald and Molly are invited to Penny's birthday party, where they play hockey!
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
 |EpisodeNumber   = 448
 |EpisodeNumber2  = 15
 |Title           = The Biggest Picture in the World
 |WrittenBy       =
 |Aux1            = Nickelodeon
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|11|25|df=y}} (Nickelodeon)
 |Aux4            =
 |LineColor       = 884258
 |ShortSummary = Peppa and Suzy gather their friends for an art project. With the help of Granny Sheep, the children create a mural on the wall using various painting techniques.
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
 |EpisodeNumber   = 449
 |EpisodeNumber2  = 16
 |Title           = Martial Arts
 |WrittenBy       =
 |Aux1            = Nickelodeon
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|11|26|df=y}} (Nickelodeon)
 |Aux4            =
 |LineColor       = 884258
 |ShortSummary = At the gym, Madame Gazelle is teaching the children about martial arts. Along with Mr Bull, the children learn how to fall safely, balance and even how to throw punches in the right stance.
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
 |EpisodeNumber   = 450
 |EpisodeNumber2  = 17
 |Title           = Doctor Hamster's Ant Farm
 |WrittenBy       =
 |Aux1            = Nickelodeon
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|11|27|df=y}} (Nickelodeon)
 |Aux4            =
 |LineColor       = 884258
 |ShortSummary = Dr. Hamster is visiting the playgroup today, and she has brought a giant ant farm. With all the talk about ants, they don't notice they've escaped!
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
 |EpisodeNumber   = 451
 |EpisodeNumber2  = 18
 |Title           = Hearing Test
 |WrittenBy       =
 |Aux1            = Channel 5
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|03|09|df=y}}
 |Aux4            =
 |LineColor       = 884258
 |ShortSummary = Peppa and George have a hearing test, where George finds out he is moderately deaf in one of his ears and needs a hearing aid.
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
 |EpisodeNumber   = 452
 |EpisodeNumber2  = 19
 |Title           = Favourite Sound
 |WrittenBy       =
 |Aux1            = Channel 5
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|03|10|df=y}}
 |Aux4            =
 |LineColor       = 884258
 |ShortSummary = Peppa helps George discover the different sounds now that he has a hearing aid.
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
 |EpisodeNumber   = 453
 |EpisodeNumber2  = 20
 |Title           = Hospital Sleepover
 |WrittenBy       =
 |Aux1            = Channel 5
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|03|11|df=y}}
 |Aux4            =
 |LineColor       = 884258
 |ShortSummary = Peppa is out with Grandpa Pig cleaning his boat, but it soon turns around when he drops an anchor on his foot.
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
 |EpisodeNumber   = 454
 |EpisodeNumber2  = 21
 |Title           = Caring for Grandpa Pig
 |WrittenBy       =
 |Aux1            = Channel 5
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|03|12|df=y}}
 |Aux4            =
 |LineColor       = 884258
 |ShortSummary = Grandpa Pig is sad to be in the hospital, but thankfully, Granny Pig, Peppa and her family are there to care for him.
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
 |EpisodeNumber   = 455
 |EpisodeNumber2  = 22
 |Title           = Duck Race!
 |WrittenBy       =
 |Aux1            = Nick Jr.
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|04|02|df=y}}
 |Aux4            =
 |LineColor       = 884258
 |ShortSummary = Peppa and her friends race their ducks. Who will be the winner?
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
 |EpisodeNumber   = 456
 |EpisodeNumber2  = 23
 |Title           = Grown-Up Playground
 |WrittenBy       =
 |Aux1            = Nick Jr.
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|04|1|df=y}}
 |Aux4            =
 |LineColor       = 884258
 |ShortSummary = Peppa and her friends find out about outdoor gyms.
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
 |EpisodeNumber   = 457
 |EpisodeNumber2  = 24
 |Title           = Run Daddy Run!
 |WrittenBy       =
 |Aux1            = Nick Jr.
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|03|30|df=y}}
 |Aux4            =
 |LineColor       = 884258
 |ShortSummary = Daddy Pig decides to train to compete in the London Marathon.
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
 |EpisodeNumber   = 458
 |EpisodeNumber2  = 25
 |Title           = Coach Peppa
 |WrittenBy       =
 |Aux1            = Nick Jr. 
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|03|30|df=y}}
 |Aux4            =
 |LineColor       = 884258
 |ShortSummary = Peppa continues to help out Daddy Pig with his training.
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
 |EpisodeNumber   = 459
 |EpisodeNumber2  = 26
 |Title           = The London Marathon
 |WrittenBy       =
 |Aux1            = Nick Jr.
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|03|31|df=y}}
 |Aux4            =
 |LineColor       = 884258
 |ShortSummary = It's the day of the London Marathon, and the family are cheering Daddy Pig on.
}}
{{End|html=y|Episode table}}

==''Peppa Pig Tales'' (2022-present)==
These episodes are uploaded weekly on Saturdays on [[YouTube]]. These have a different voice cast for the characters to typical episodes.

===Series 1 (2022-23)===
{{Episode table|series=|title=|writer=|airdate=|dontclose = y}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| Title = Nappy Change
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman &amp; Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|10|29|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| Title = Football Game
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman &amp; Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|10|30|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| Title = Plane Ride
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock, Naomi Smith &amp; Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|05|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| Title = Football Referee
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock, Naomi Smith &amp; Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|06|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| Title = Happy Thanksgiving
| WrittenBy = Bita Joudaki &amp; Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|11|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| Title = Road Safety
| WrittenBy = Bita Joudaki &amp; Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|12|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| Title = Fireworks
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|18|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| Title = Hot and Cold
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|19|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| Title = Pillow Fort
| WrittenBy = Bita Joudaki &amp; Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|25|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 10
| Title = Football Party
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman &amp; Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|26|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 11
| Title = Snorkelling
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|12|02|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 12
| Title = Christmas with Baby Alexander
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock, Naomi Smith &amp; Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|12|03|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 13
| Title = Sports Day at Playgroup
| WrittenBy = Bita Joudaki &amp; Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|12|09|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 14
| Title = Christmas Lunch
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman &amp; Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|12|10|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 15
| Title = Mystery Box
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|12|16|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 16
| Title = Board Games
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock, Naomi Smith &amp; Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|12|17|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 17
| Title = Christmas Tree
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|12|23|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 18
| Title = Snow Monster
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock, Naomi Smith &amp; Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|12|24|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 19
| Title = New Years Eve
| WrittenBy = Bita Joudaki &amp; Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|12|30|df=yes}} 
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 20
| Title = New Years Resolution
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman &amp; Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|12|31|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 21
| Title = Back to School
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|06|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 22
| Title = Fruit and Veg Scavenger Hunt
| WrittenBy = Bita Joudaki &amp; Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|07|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 23
| Title = Vending Machine
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman &amp; Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|13|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 24
| Title = Backwards Day
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock, Naomi Smith &amp; Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|14|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 25
| Title = Duckpond Diversion
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman &amp; Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|02|05|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 26
| Title = Valentines Pizza
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock, Naomi Smith &amp; Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|02|06|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 27
| Title = Valentines Surprise
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|02|12|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 28
| Title = American Football
| WrittenBy = Bita Joudaki &amp; Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|02|13|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 29
| Title = Big Bug Museum
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|02|17|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 30
| Title = Pancake Day
| WrittenBy = Bita Joudaki &amp; Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|02|18|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor =
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 31
| Title = Colour Changing Game
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|02|24|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor =
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 32
| Title = Magic Story
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock, Naomi Smith &amp; Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|02|25|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor =
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 33
| Title = Hedgehog
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|03|03|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor =
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 34
| Title = Bees
| WrittenBy = Bita Joudaki &amp; Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|03|04|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor =
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 35
| Title = Slide Race
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|03|10|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor =
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 36
| Title = Toilet Trail
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|03|11|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor =
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 37
| Title = Cars, Buses and Trains
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|03|17|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor =
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 38
| Title = Baby Bumps
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|03|18|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor =
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 39
| Title = Arts and Crafts
| WrittenBy = Bita Joudaki
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|03|24|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor =
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 40
| Title = Sleepover at the Museum
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|03|25|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor =
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 41
| Title = April Fools Day
| WrittenBy = Bita Joudaki
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|03|31|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor =
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 42
| Title = Jokes and Pranks
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|04|01|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor =
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 43
| Title = Sort the Rubbish
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|04|07|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor =
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 44
| Title = Easter
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|04|08|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor =
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 45
| Title = Baby Alexander Visits Playgroup
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|04|14|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor =
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 46
| Title = Cops and Robbers
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|04|15|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor =
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 47
| Title = Superhero School
| WrittenBy = Bita Joudaki
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|04|21|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor =
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 48
| Title = Vegetables on the Moon
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|04|22|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 49
| Title = Cinco de Mayo
| WrittenBy = Bita Joudaki
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|05|05|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 50
| Title = King of the Playgroup
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|05|06|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 51
| Title = Seesaw Time
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|05|12|df=yes}}
| LineColor = 
| ShortSummary =
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 52
| Title = Transportation
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|05|13|df=yes}}
| LineColor = 
| ShortSummary =
}}
{{End|html=y|Episode table}}

===Series 2 (2023)===
{{Episode table|series=|title=|writer=|airdate=|dontclose = y}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| Title = Getting Dressed 
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman 
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|05|19|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #F63A78
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| Title = Packing a Picnic
| WrittenBy = Bita Joudaki
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|05|20|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #F63A78
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| Title = Takeaway
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|05|26|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #F63A78
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| Title = Garden Den
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|05|27|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #F63A78
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| Title = Go Karts
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|06|02|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #F63A78
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| Title = Fishing Trip
| WrittenBy = Bita Joudaki
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|06|03|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #F63A78
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| Title = Dentist for the Day
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman &amp; Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|06|09|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #F63A78
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| Title = Boat Race
| WrittenBy = Bita Joudaki &amp; Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|06|10|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #F63A78
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| Title = Volcano Science
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock, Naomi Smith &amp; Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|06|16|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #F63A78
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 10
| Title = Arcade Fever
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|06|17|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #F63A78
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 11
| Title = Underground
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock, Naomi Smith &amp; Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|06|23|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 12
| Title = Bowling Party
| WrittenBy = Bita Joudaki &amp; Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|06|24|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 13
| Title = Obstacle Course
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman &amp; Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|06|30|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 14
| Title = Independence Day
| WrittenBy = Bita Joudaki &amp; Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|01|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 15
| Title = Shuffleboard
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock, Naomi Smith &amp; Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|07|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 16
| Title = Cruise Ship Captain
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|08|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 17
| Title = World Emoji Day
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock, Naomi Smith &amp; Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|14|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 18
| Title = Juice Factory
| WrittenBy = Bita Joudaki &amp; Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|15|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 19
| Title = Buffet Restaurant 
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman &amp; Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|21|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 20
| Title = Water Games
| WrittenBy = Bita Joudaki &amp; Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|22|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 21
| Title = Cameras
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|28|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 22
| Title = Concert
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|29|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 23
| Title = Airshow
| WrittenBy = Bita Joudaki
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|08|04|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 24
| Title = Shoe Shop
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|08|05|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 25
| Title = Very Long Story
| WrittenBy = Bita Joudaki
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|08|11|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 26
| Title = Ice Cream Sundaes
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|08|12|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 27
| Title = Sleep Over
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|08|18|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 28
| Title = Yoga
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|08|19|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 29
| Title = Picture Day
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|08|25|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 30
| Title = Fun House
| WrittenBy = Bita Joudaki
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|08|26|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 31
| Title = Spa Day
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|09|01|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 32
| Title = Tacos
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|09|02|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 33
| Title = Prizes
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|09|08|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 34
| Title = Magic Show
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|09|09|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 35
| Title = Play Dates
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|09|16|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 36
| Title = Toyland Giants
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|09|22|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 37
| Title = Muddy Race
| WrittenBy = Bita Joudaki
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|09|29|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 38
| Title = Scooter Lesson
| WrittenBy = Bita Joudaki
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|10|06|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 39
| Title = Maze
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|10|13|df=yes}} 
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 40
| Title = Ghost Hunt
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|10|20|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 41
| Title = Halloween Costumes
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|10|21|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 42
| Title = Tricky Treats
| WrittenBy = Bita Joudaki
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|10|27|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 43
| Title = The Movies
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|11|03|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 44
| Title = Grown Up Jobs
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|11|04|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 45
| Title = Charity Shop
| WrittenBy = Bita Joudaki
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|11|10|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 46
| Title = Train Sleepover
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|11|17|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 47
| Title = The Doctors
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|11|18|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 48
| Title = Sweet Shop
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|11|24|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 49
| Title = New School Bus
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|11|25|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 50
| Title = Toy Shop
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|12|01|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 51
| Title = Chocolate Factory
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|12|08|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 52
| Title = Christmas Swim at Sea
| WrittenBy = Bita Joudaki
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|12|15|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{End|html=y|Episode table}}

===Series 3 (2024)===
{{Episode table |series= |title= |writer= |airdate= |dontclose = y}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| Title = Train Robbery
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman 
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|01|05|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| Title = Supermarket Sprint
| WrittenBy = Rebecca Hyland
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|01|06|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| Title = Celery Stick Falls
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|01|12|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| Title = Toy Factory 
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|01|13|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| Title = Balloons 
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|01|19|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| Title = Mermaids 
| WrittenBy = Rebecca Hyland
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|01|20|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| Title = Tree House Camp Out 
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|01|26|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| Title = Shopping Robot
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|01|27|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| Title = Police Car Rescue
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|02|02|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 10
| Title = Disco Limo
| WrittenBy = Rebecca Hyland
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|02|03|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 11
| Title = Carrot Catcher
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|02|09|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 12
| Title = Pancake Restaurant 
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|02|10|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 13
| Title = Fairy Tales
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|02|16|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 14
| Title = Granny Pig's Messy Birthday Party
| WrittenBy = Rebecca Hyland
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|02|17|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 15
| Title = All Fall Down
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|02|23|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 16
| Title = Surprise Lift 
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|02|24|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 17
| Title = Sandwich Shop 
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|01|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 18
| Title = Bouncy Maze 
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|02|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 19
| Title = Mother's Day Breakfast 
| WrittenBy = Rebecca Hyland
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|08|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 20
| Title = Secret Room
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|09|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 21
| Title = Slime Race
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|15|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 22
| Title = Refill Station
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|16|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 23
| Title = Karate Class
| WrittenBy = Rebecca Hyland
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|22|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 24
| Title = Catch The Bunny
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|23|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 25
| Title = Cake Pranks
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|29|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 26
| Title = Video Call 
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|04|04|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 27
| Title = Red Light, Green Light
| WrittenBy = Rebecca Hyland
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|04|05|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 28
| Title = Ducks In Tinyland
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|04|11|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 29
| Title = Peppa's Tie Dye 
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|04|12|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 30
| Title = Fancy Bathroom 
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|04|18|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 31
| Title = Whooshing Watering Cans
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|04|19|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 32
| Title = Ice Lollies
| WrittenBy = Rebecca Hyland
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|04|25|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 33
| Title = Space Party
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|04|26|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 34
| Title = Sticky Notes
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|05|02|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 35
| Title = Airport
| WrittenBy = Rebecca Hyland
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|05|03|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 36
| Title = Delivered
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|05|09|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 37
| Title = The Calm Room
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|05|10|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 38
| Title = Lost In The Movie Theatre
| WrittenBy = Rebecca Hyland
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|05|16|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 39
| Title = Prehistoric George
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|05|17|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 40
| Title = Toothpaste
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|05|23|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 41
| Title = Playground Dig
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|05|24|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 42
| Title = Romantic Dinner 
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|05|30|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 43
| Title = Jail
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|05|31|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 44
| Title = Pottery Class
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|06|06|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 45
| Title = Quack, Quack, Honk!
| WrittenBy = Rebecca Hyland
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|06|07|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 46
| Title = Growing Up
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|06|13|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 47
| Title = Muddy Puddle Mystery
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|06|14|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 48
| Title = Climb!
| WrittenBy = Rebecca Hyland
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|06|20|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 49
| Title = The Great Alien Invasion
| WrittenBy = Rebecca Hyland &amp; Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|06|21|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 50
| Title = Hide and Seek in The Garden
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|06|27|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 51
| Title = The Rocket Ride
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|06|28|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 52
| Title = Garage Games
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|07|04|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{End|html=y|Episode table}}

===Series 4 (2024-25)===
{{Episode table|series=|title=|writer=|airdate=|dontclose=y}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| Title = Muddy Slide 
| WrittenBy = Rebecca Hyland
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|07|08|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| Title = Experiments
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|07|14|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| Title = Super Peppa
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|07|15|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| Title = Very French Breakfast 
| WrittenBy = Rebecca Hyland
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|07|21|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| Title = Sandy Island
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|07|22|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| Title = Surf 'n' Skate
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|07|28|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| Title = Iced Lolly Surprise
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|07|29|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| Title = Blowup Splash Course
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|08|04|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| Title = Bad Mitten
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|08|05|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 10
| Title = Sushi Train
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|08|11|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 11
| Title = Baby Food
| WrittenBy = Rebecca Hyland
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|08|12|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 12
| Title = Splash Battle
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|08|18|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 13
| Title = Dance Party Bus
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|08|19|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 14
| Title = First Aid
| WrittenBy = Rebecca Hyland
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|08|25|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 15
| Title = Peppa's Cardboard Castle
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|08|26|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 16
| Title = Agents &amp; Spies
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|01|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 17
| Title = Fancy Splashy Garden Party
| WrittenBy = Rebecca Hyland
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|02|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 18
| Title = Mystery Drinks
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|08|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 19
| Title = Peppa vs George 
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|09|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 20
| Title = Little Robot
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|15|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 21
| Title = Game Night
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|16|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 22
| Title = Cabin Pressure
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|22|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 23
| Title = School Shopping 
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|23|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 24
| Title = Daddy's New Glasses
| WrittenBy = Rebecca Hyland
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|29|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 25
| Title = Tidy Up
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|30|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 26
| Title = Noisy Nightmare
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|06|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 27
| Title = Dirt Blaster
| WrittenBy = Gretchen Mallorie
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|07|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 28
| Title = Trick Or Treat
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|13|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 29
| Title = Pasta Bar
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|14|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 30
| Title = Donations Day
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|20|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 31
| Title = Mystery Hide-Out
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|21|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 32
| Title = Spooky Funhouse
| WrittenBy = Gretchen Mallorie
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|27|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 33
| Title = Electic Car
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|28|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 34
| Title = Halloween Mummies
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|03|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 35
| Title = Fridgey Friend
| WrittenBy = Gretchen Mallorie
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|04|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 36
| Title = Sick Day
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|10|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 37
| Title = DIY
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|11|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 38
| Title = Peppa's Tropical Island Adventure
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|17|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 39
| Title = Ready, Set, Bake
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|18|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 40
| Title = Drive-Thru
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|24|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 41
| Title = Video Diary
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|25|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 42
| Title = Wonder Skates
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham &amp; Gretchen Mallorie
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|12|01|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 43
| Title = Movie Night
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|12|07|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 44
| Title = Tooth Ache
| WrittenBy = Gretchen Mallorie
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|12|08|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 45
| Title = Box Fort Maze
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|12|14|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 46
| Title = Christmas Shopping 
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|12|15|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 47
| Title = Visiting Santa
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|12|21|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 48
| Title = Peppa's Hotel
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|12|22|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 49
| Title = Naughty or Nice
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|12|13|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 50
| Title = Mystery Gift
| WrittenBy = Gretchen Mallorie
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|12|14|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 51
| Title = Santa's Workshop
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|12|20|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 52
| Title = Playing Games
| WrittenBy = Gretchen Mallorie
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|12|21|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{End|html=y|Episode table}}

===Series 5 (2025)===
{{Episode table|series=|title=|writer=|airdate=|dontclose=y}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| Title = Train Station
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|01|11|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| Title = Around the World Food
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|01|12|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| Title = Secret Restaurant 
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|01|18|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| Title = Sleepover Party
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|01|19|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| Title = Mystery Sweets
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|01|25|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| Title = Chinese Restaurant Buffet
| WrittenBy = Gretchen Mallorie
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|01|26|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| Title = Really Big Shop
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|02|01|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| Title = Popcorn Machine 
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|02|02|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| Title = Valentine's Day
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|02|08|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 10
| Title = Tunnel of Love
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|02|09|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 11
| Title = Dress Up Day
| WrittenBy = Alison Ray
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|02|15|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 12
| Title = Fondue
| WrittenBy = Jeremy Krause
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|02|16|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 13
| Title = Mummy Mischief Returns!
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|02|22|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 14
| Title = So Much Music
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|02|23|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 15
| Title = Pancake Festival 
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|02|28|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 16
| Title = Fixing the Party Bus
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|03|01|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 17
| Title = Easter Egg Hunt
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|03|07|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 18
| Title = Paint Party
| WrittenBy = Alison Ray
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|03|08|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 19
| Title = A Trip Through Time
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|03|14|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 20
| Title = Really Big News
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|03|15|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 21
| Title = Japanese Shop
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|03|21|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 22
| Title = Even More Mummy's Day
| WrittenBy = Alison Ray
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|03|22|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 23
| Title = Noisy Treasure Hunt 
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|03|28|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 24
| Title = Queen Of The Castle
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|03|29|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 25
| Title = Cravings
| WrittenBy = Alison Ray
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|04|04|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 26
| Title = Falling Out
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|04|05|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 27
| Title = Island Beach Campout
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|04|11|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 28
| Title = Jelly Mission
| WrittenBy = Alison Ray
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|04|12|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 29
| Title = Coins
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|04|18|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 30
| Title = Baby Check
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|04|19|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 31
| Title = Safety Centre
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|04|25|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 32
| Title = Teamwork Challenge
| WrittenBy = Alison Ray
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|04|26|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 33
| Title = Dragons By The Dungeons
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|05|02|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 34
| Title = Baby Balloon
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|05|03|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 35
| Title = Ice Creams vs Smoothies
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|05|09|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 36
| Title = Baby Shower
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|05|10|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 37
| Title = Doctors And Patients
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|05|16|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 38
| Title = Toy Machine
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|05|17|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 39
| Title = Camp Colourful
| WrittenBy = Alison Ray
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|05|23|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 40
| Title = Very Big Slides
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|05|24|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 41
| Title = Breakfast-o-matic
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|05|30|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 42
| Title = Ultrasound
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|05|31|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 43
| Title = It's Finished!
| WrittenBy = Alison Ray
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|06|06|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 44
| Title = Decorating Day
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|06|07|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 45
| Title = All the Doors
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|06|13|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 46
| Title = Test Drive
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|06|14|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 47
| Title = Evie
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|06|20|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 48
| Title = Safety First
| WrittenBy = Alison Ray
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|06|21|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 49
| Title = Cardboard Hospital
| WrittenBy = Alison Ray
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|06|27|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 50
| Title = Ice Cream Factory
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|06|28|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 51
| Title = Evie's Bedtime
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|07|04|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 52
| Title = House Warming Party
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham 
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|07|05|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{End|html=y|Episode table}}

===Series 6 (2025-26)===
{{Episode table |series= |title= |writer= |airdate= |dontclose = y}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| Title = Dino-saw-fari
| WrittenBy = Alison Ray
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|07|11|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| Title = N'night
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|07|12|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| Title = First-Aid Room
| WrittenBy = Jeremy Krause
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|07|18|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| Title = Toilet Factory
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|07|19|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| Title = Silly Pictures
| WrittenBy = 
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|07|25|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| Title = The Quiet Game
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|07|26|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| Title = Beep Beep
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|01|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| Title = Bath Time
| WrittenBy = Alison Ray
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|02|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| Title = Sights and Sounds!
| WrittenBy = Alison Ray
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|08|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 10
| Title = Tree Top Obstacle Course
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|09|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 11
| Title = Lava
| WrittenBy = Jeremy Krause
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|15|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 12
| Title = The Lazy River
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|16|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 13
| Title = Magic Red Button
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|22|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 14
| Title = Tiny Land Rescue Mission
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|29|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 15
| Title = Rainbow Buffet
| WrittenBy = Alison Ray
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|30|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 16
| Title = Picture Shop
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|09|05|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 17
| Title = Super Foods
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|09|06|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 18
| Title = Cardboard Castles
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|09|12|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 19
| Title = Broken Toy
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|09|13|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 20
| Title = Baby Walk
| WrittenBy = Alison Ray
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|09|19|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 21
| Title = Spooky Roller Coaster
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|09|20|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 22
| Title = Escalators
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|09|26|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 23
| Title = Giant Croissant
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|09|27|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 24
| Title = Peace and Quiet
| WrittenBy = Jessica Silcock &amp; Naomi Smith
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|10|03|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 25
| Title = Virtual Holiday
| WrittenBy = Tom Gidman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|10|04|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 26
| Title = Fossil
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|10|10|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 27
| Title = Reservoir Visit
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|10|11|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 28
| Title = Princess Party
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|10|17|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 29
| Title = Family Costume
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|10|18|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 30
| Title = Baby Food
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|10|24|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 31
| Title = Witches &amp; Fairies
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|10|25|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 32
| Title = Fireworks Night
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|10|31|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 33
| Title = Lil Town
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|11|01|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 34
| Title = Fancy Train
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|11|07|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 35
| Title = Evie's Check Up
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|11|08|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 36
| Title = Say Yes
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|11|14|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 37
| Title = Big Dinner
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|11|15|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 38
| Title = Fun Lesson
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|11|21|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 39
| Title = Illusions
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|11|22|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 40
| Title = Massive Mess
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|11|28|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 41
| Title = Christmas Eve
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|11|29|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 42
| Title = Christmas Light Trail
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|12|05|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 43
| Title = Karaoke
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|12|06|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 44
| Title = Ice World
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|12|12|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 45
| Title = Festive Buffet
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|12|19|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 46
| Title = Cosy Day
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|12|26|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 47
| Title = Squashpuff
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|01|02|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 48
| Title = Doll House
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|01|09|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 49
| Title = Giant Teeth
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|01|16|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 50
| Title = Video Call
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|01|23|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 51
| Title = Indoor Water Park
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|01|30|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 52
| Title = George
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|02|06|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{End|html=y|Episode table}}

===Series 7 (2026)===
{{Episode table |series= |title= |writer= |airdate= |dontclose = y}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| Title = Baby Albums
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|02|07|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| Title = Valentine's Spy Mission
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|02|12|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| Title = Oink and Seek
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|02|13|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| Title = Watermelon Experiments
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|02|14|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| Title = Cinema Trip
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|02|20|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| Title = Race Cars
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|02|21|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| Title = Dragon Dasher
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|02|27|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| Title = Painting with Evie
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|02|28|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| Title = Hearing Aid
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|03|06|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 10
| Title = Daddy's Mystery Itchoos
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|03|07|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 11
| Title = Fire Station
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|03|13|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 12
| Title = Sci-Fi Convention
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|03|14|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 13
| Title = Nappy Race
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|03|20|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 14
| Title = The Big Ride
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|03|21|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 15
| Title = Evie's First Bus Ride
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|03|27|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 16
| Title = Easter Evie
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|03|28|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 17
| Title = Marathon Training
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|04|03|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 18
| Title = X-Ray
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|04|04|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 19
| Title = Fundraising
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|04|10|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 20
| Title = Escape Room
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|04|11|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 21
| Title = Mini Marathon
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|04|17|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 22
| Title = Metal Detector Quest
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|04|24|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 23
| Title =  Daddy Pig's Marathon
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|05|01|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 24
| Title = Super Duper Heroes
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|05|02|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 25
| Title = The Warehouse
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|05|08|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 26
| Title = Arcade Games
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|05|09|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 27
| Title = Escape From the Zoo
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|05|15|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 28
| Title = Match Day
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|05|16|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 29
| Title = New Clothes
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|05|22|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 30
| Title = Squashpuff Shake
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|05|23|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 31
| Title = Old Rusty Bike
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|05|29|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 32
| Title = Evie's First Bike Ride
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|05|30|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 33
| Title = Walkabout
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|06|05|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 34
| Title = Sleepover with Chloe
| WrittenBy = Ryan Denham
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|06|06|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 35
| Title = 
| WrittenBy = 
| OriginalAirDate = 
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 36
| Title = 
| WrittenBy = 
| OriginalAirDate = 
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 37
| Title = 
| WrittenBy = 
| OriginalAirDate = 
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 38
| Title = 
| WrittenBy = 
| OriginalAirDate = 
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 39
| Title = 
| WrittenBy = 
| OriginalAirDate = 
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 40
| Title = 
| WrittenBy = 
| OriginalAirDate = 
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 41
| Title = 
| WrittenBy = 
| OriginalAirDate = 
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 42
| Title = 
| WrittenBy = 
| OriginalAirDate = 
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 43
| Title = 
| WrittenBy = 
| OriginalAirDate = 
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 44
| Title = 
| WrittenBy = 
| OriginalAirDate = 
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 45
| Title = 
| WrittenBy = 
| OriginalAirDate = 
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 46
| Title = 
| WrittenBy = 
| OriginalAirDate = 
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 47
| Title = 
| WrittenBy = 
| OriginalAirDate = 
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 48
| Title = 
| WrittenBy = 
| OriginalAirDate = 
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 49
| Title = 
| WrittenBy = 
| OriginalAirDate = 
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 50
| Title = 
| WrittenBy = 
| OriginalAirDate = 
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 51
| Title = 
| WrittenBy = 
| OriginalAirDate = 
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|list
| EpisodeNumber = 52
| Title = 
| WrittenBy = 
| OriginalAirDate = 
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #00AB67
}}
{{End|html=y|Episode table}}

==References==
{{Expand section|date=April 2026}}
{{reflist|30em}}

==Other websites==
* {{IMDb episodes|0426769|Peppa Pig}}
* [https://www.peppapig.co.uk/ ''Peppa Pig'' official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814180304/https://www.peppapig.co.uk/ |date=2022-08-14 }}
* [https://www.milkshake.tv/peppa-pig ''Peppa Pig''] at [[Milkshake!|milkshake.tv]]
* [http://www.nickjr.co.uk/peppa-pig/ ''Peppa Pig''] at [[Nick Jr. Channel|nickjr.co.uk]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Peppa Pig}}
[[Category:Peppa Pig|*]]
[[Category:Lists of comedy television series episodes]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wiktor Skworc</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="4704" sha1="jq5zo37fq8f2uswl4gj8dn0oj8fseds" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Christian leader
| type             = Archbishop
| honorific_prefix = 
| name             = Wiktor Skworc
| honorific_suffix = 
| title            = Archbishop Emeritus of Katowice
| image            = Wiktor Skworc 2020 communion.jpg
| image_size       = 
| alt              = 
| caption          = Wiktor Skworc in 2020
| native_name      = 
| native_name_lang = 
| church           = [[Roman Catholic Church]]
| archdiocese      = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Katowice|Archdiocese of Katowice]]
| term             = 2011–2023
| predecessor      = Damian Zimoń
| successor        = [[Adrian Galbas]]
| ordination       = 19 April 1973
| consecration     = 6 January 1998
| consecrated_by   = [[Pope John Paul II]]
| birth_name       = Wiktor Skworc
| birth_date       = 19 May 1948
| birth_place      = [[Bielszowice]], [[Poland]]
| nationality      = Polish
| religion         = Roman Catholic
| occupation       = 
| profession       = 
| alma_mater       = 
| motto            = ''Omnia propter Evangelium''
| coat_of_arms     = Coat of arms of Wiktor Skworc.svg
}}

'''Wiktor Skworc''' (born 19 May 1948)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Archidiecezja Katowicka - Abp senior Wiktor Skworc|url=https://archidiecezjakatowicka.pl/biskupi/abp-senior-wiktor-skworc|access-date=2024-08-01|website=archidiecezjakatowicka.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a Polish [[Roman Catholic]] [[Archbishop]]. He is the Archbishop of [[Archdiocese of Katowice|Katowice]].

== Early life ==
Wiktor Skworc was born on 19 May 1948 in [[Bielszowice]], [[Poland]]. He became a [[priest]] on 19 April 1973.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=SKWORC Wiktor (1997-2011)|url=https://diecezja.tarnow.pl/index.php/biskupi|access-date=2024-08-01|website=diecezja.tarnow.pl|language=pl-pl|archive-date=2024-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804051518/https://diecezja.tarnow.pl/index.php/biskupi|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Career ==
In 1998, Pope [[John Paul II]] made him the [[Bishop]] of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tarnów|Tarnów]]. In 2011, he became the Archbishop of Katowice.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Controversies ==
In 2002, Bishop Skworc handled a case involving a priest named Stanisław P. This priest was accused of [[Child sexual abuse|sexually abusing children]]. Bishop Skworc removed him from his position and sent him on leave. Later, he sent the priest to work in [[Ukraine]]. He did not inform the [[Vatican City|Vatican]] or the [[police]]. The priest abused more children in Ukraine. When he returned in 2008, Bishop Skworc gave him a job in [[Krynica-Zdrój]], where he worked with children again. In 2010, after more accusations, the bishop suspended (he could not perform his duties as a priest) the priest and banned him from working with children. In 2013, the Vatican found the priest guilty and [[Punishment|punished]] him. Bishop Skworc asked the [[Marek Jędraszewski|Archbishop of Kraków]] to investigate his actions. In 2021, the Vatican finished the investigation and found Bishop Skworc had made mistakes. He asked for a [[coadjutor bishop]] (an auxiliary [[bishop]] with the right to succeed him) and gave up some of his roles. Skworc resigned in May 2023. In December 2021, [[Pope Francis]] appointed [[Adrian Galbas]] as the coadjutor bishop.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|title=Abp. Wiktor Skworc pod lupą tarnowskiej prokuratury|url=https://www.rybnik.com.pl/wiadomosci,abp-wiktor-skworc-pod-lupa-tarnowskiej-prokuratury,wia5-3266-55691.html|access-date=2024-08-01|website=www.rybnik.com.pl|language=pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Abp Skworc wysłał księdza pedofila do Ukrainy. Watykan umył ręce|url=https://oko.press/wiktor-skworc-wyslal-ksiedza-pedofila-do-ukrainy-watykan-umyl-rece|access-date=2024-08-01|website=oko.press|language=pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-07-15|title=Biskup wysłał księdza pedofila do Ukrainy. Wciąż nie został przesłuchany|url=https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/tylko-w-onecie/biskup-wyslal-seryjnego-pedofila-do-ukrainy-wciaz-nie-zostal-przesluchany/10m9657|access-date=2024-08-01|website=Onet Wiadomości|language=pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2023-05-29|title=Tuszował pedofilię. Abp Skworc przeprosił wiernych w ostatnim liście|url=https://www.o2.pl/informacje/tuszowal-pedofilie-abp-skworc-przeprosil-wiernych-w-ostatnim-liscie-6903245431675616a|access-date=2024-08-01|website=o2.pl|language=pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Other websites ==
* [https://archidiecezjakatowicka.pl/ Archdiocese of Katowice]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Skworc, Wiktor}}

[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Polish Roman Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:Catholic Church sexual abuse scandals]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sabrina Salerno</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1130985</id>
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      <text bytes="1282" sha1="p3jf67oplwo4vau3edx5l8wtwtvrl66" xml:space="preserve">'''Sabrina Debora Salerno''' (born 15 March 1968), known mononymously as '''Sabrina''', is an [[Italy|Italian]] singer, songwriter, [[record producer]], model, actress and television presenter.

[[File:Sabrina Salerno 30 October 2010.jpg|thumb|Salerno performing in Moscow, 2010]]

During her career, she has sold over 20 million records worldwide and scored ten international hits, including three number ones. Internationally, she is best known for her 1987 single &quot;Boys (Summertime Love)&quot;, which topped the charts in [[France]] and [[Switzerland]], and peaked at No. 3 in the [[United Kingdom]]. The song was accompanied by a provocative [[music video]], which established Sabrina's image as a [[sex symbol]]. Her other popular recordings include &quot;All of Me (Boy Oh Boy)&quot;, &quot;My Chico&quot;, &quot;Like a Yo-Yo&quot;, &quot;Gringo&quot;, &quot;Siamo donne&quot; and a [[cover version]] of &quot;Call Me&quot;. Her famous albums including Yeah Yeah, Boys (Summertime Love) and more.w

==See also==
*[[Spagna]]
*[[Valerie Dore]]
*[[Taffy (singer)|Taffy]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Salerno, Sabrina}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Italian singers]]
[[Category:Italian actors]]
[[Category:Italian models]]
[[Category:Italian record producers]]
[[Category:Glamour models]]

{{bio-stub}}</text>
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      <text bytes="1281" sha1="hr87xccca2agmo5hbg8zj7iy96m25v2" xml:space="preserve">'''Sabrina Debora Salerno''' (born 15 March 1968), known mononymously as '''Sabrina''', is an [[Italy|Italian]] singer, songwriter, [[record producer]], model, actress and television presenter.

[[File:Sabrina Salerno 30 October 2010.jpg|thumb|Salerno performing in Moscow, 2010]]

During her career, she has sold over 20 million records worldwide and scored ten international hits, including three number ones. Internationally, she is best known for her 1987 single &quot;Boys (Summertime Love)&quot;, which topped the charts in [[France]] and [[Switzerland]], and peaked at No. 3 in the [[United Kingdom]]. The song was accompanied by a provocative [[music video]], which established Sabrina's image as a [[sex symbol]]. Her other popular recordings include &quot;All of Me (Boy Oh Boy)&quot;, &quot;My Chico&quot;, &quot;Like a Yo-Yo&quot;, &quot;Gringo&quot;, &quot;Siamo donne&quot; and a [[cover version]] of &quot;Call Me&quot;. Her famous albums including Yeah Yeah, Boys (Summertime Love) and more.

==See also==
*[[Spagna]]
*[[Valerie Dore]]
*[[Taffy (singer)|Taffy]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Salerno, Sabrina}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Italian singers]]
[[Category:Italian actors]]
[[Category:Italian models]]
[[Category:Italian record producers]]
[[Category:Glamour models]]

{{bio-stub}}</text>
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* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Cyprus{{{2|{{{suffix|}}}}}}|Cyprus]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Iran{{{2|{{{suffix|}}}}}}|Iran]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Israel{{{2|{{{suffix|}}}}}}|Israel]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Saudi Arabia{{{2|{{{suffix|}}}}}}|Saudi Arabia]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Turkey{{{2|{{{suffix|}}}}}}|Turkey]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} the United Arab Emirates{{{2|{{{suffix|}}}}}}|United Arab Emirates]]

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{{Collapsible option}}

==See also==
* [[Template:Middle East]]
* [[Template:About continent and region topic templates|About continent and region topic templates]] for advice on using this template.
* [[Template:Continent-based templates]]

[[Category:Middle East navigational boxes| ]]
[[Category:Topics templates by region or continent|Middle East]]
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| name   = {{{name|Middle East topic}}}
| title  = {{#if:{{{title|}}} | {{{title}}} | {{#ifexist:{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} the Middle East{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}} | [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} the Middle East{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}]] | {{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} the Middle East{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}} }} }}
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| titlestyle = {{{titlestyle|}}}
| state  = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| border = {{{border|}}}
| navbar = {{{navbar|}}}
| groupstyle = {{{groupstyle|}}}
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* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Bahrain{{{2|{{{suffix|}}}}}}|Bahrain]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Cyprus{{{2|{{{suffix|}}}}}}|Cyprus]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Egypt{{{2|{{{suffix|}}}}}}|Egypt]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Iran{{{2|{{{suffix|}}}}}}|Iran]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Iraq{{{2|{{{suffix|}}}}}}|Iraq]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Israel{{{2|{{{suffix|}}}}}}|Israel]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Jordan{{{2|{{{suffix|}}}}}}|Jordan]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Kuwait{{{2|{{{suffix|}}}}}}|Kuwait]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Lebanon{{{2|{{{suffix|}}}}}}|Lebanon]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Oman{{{2|{{{suffix|}}}}}}|Oman]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Palestine{{{2|{{{suffix|}}}}}}|Palestine]] ([[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} the Gaza Strip{{{2|{{{suffix|}}}}}}|Gaza Strip]], [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} the West Bank{{{2|{{{suffix|}}}}}}|West Bank]]) 
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Qatar{{{2|{{{suffix|}}}}}}|Qatar]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Saudi Arabia{{{2|{{{suffix|}}}}}}|Saudi Arabia]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Syria{{{2|{{{suffix|}}}}}}|Syria]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Turkey{{{2|{{{suffix|}}}}}}|Turkey]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} the United Arab Emirates{{{2|{{{suffix|}}}}}}|United Arab Emirates]]
* [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Yemen{{{2|{{{suffix|}}}}}}|Yemen]]

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{{Collapsible option}}

==See also==
* [[Template:Middle East]]
* [[Template:About continent and region topic templates|About continent and region topic templates]] for advice on using this template.
* [[Template:Continent-based templates]]

[[Category:Middle East navigational boxes| ]]
[[Category:Topics templates by region or continent|Middle East]]
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| name  = Regions of the world
| title = [[Earth]]'s primary [[United Nations geoscheme|regions]] and [[subregion]]s
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| bodyclass = hlist

| group1 = [[World]]s
| list1  = 
* [[Down Under]]
* [[New World]]
* [[Old World]]
* [[Three-world model|Three/Four Worlds]]
** [[First World]]
** [[Second World]]
** [[Third World]]
** [[Fourth World]]

| group2 = [[Hemispheres of Earth|Hemispheres]]
| list2  = 
* [[Eastern Hemisphere]]
* [[Land and water hemispheres|Land Hemisphere]]
* [[Northern Hemisphere]]
* [[Southern Hemisphere]]
* [[Land and water hemispheres|Water Hemisphere]]
* [[Western Hemisphere]]

| group3 = [[Landmass]]es
| list3  = 
* [[Afro-Eurasia|Africa-Eurasia]]
** [[Eurasia]]
* [[Americas|America]]
* [[Antarctica]]
* [[Mainland Australia|Australia]]
* [[Zealandia]] 
** [[submerged continent|submerged]]

| group4 = [[Continent]]s
| list4  = {{Navbox|subgroup
| group1 = [[Africa]]
| list1  = 
* [[Mediterranean basin|Mediterranean]]
* [[Sahara]]n
** [[North Africa|Northern]]
*** [[Middle East]]
*** [[Middle East and North Africa]]
* [[Sub-Saharan Africa|Sub-Saharan]]
** [[Central Africa|Central]]
** [[East Africa|East]]
*** [[Horn of Africa|Horn]]
*** [[African Great Lakes|Great Lakes]]
** [[Southern Africa|Southern]]
** [[West Africa|Western]]

| group2 = [[Antarctica]]
| list2  = 
* [[East Antarctica]]
** [[Antarctic Plateau]]
* [[Transantarctic Mountains]]
* [[West Antarctica]]
** [[Antarctic Peninsula]]

| group3 = [[Asia]]
| list3  = 
* [[Asia–Pacific]]
* [[Central Asia|Central]]
** [[Aral Sea]]
** [[Aralkum Desert]]
** [[Caspian Sea]]
* [[East Asia|Eastern]]
** [[Inner Asia]]
*** [[Greater Central Asia]]
** [[Northeast Asia|Northeastern]]
* [[Far East]]
** [[Pacific Asia]]
*** [[Russian Far East]]
* [[North Asia|Northern]]
** [[Siberia]]
** [[Ural (region)|Ural]]
* [[Pacific Asia]]
* [[Southeast Asia|Southeastern]]
** [[Mainland Southeast Asia|Mainland]]
** [[Maritime Southeast Asia|Maritime]]
* [[South Asia|Southern]]
** [[Himalayan states]]
** [[Indian subcontinent]]
** [[Regions of South Asia|Subregions]]
* [[West Asia|Western]]
** [[Arabian Peninsula]]
** [[Caucasus]]
*** [[South Caucasus]]
** [[Greater Iran]]
*** [[Iranian Plateau]]
*** [[Dead Sea]]
** [[Middle East]]
*** [[Middle East and North Africa]]
*** [[Near East]]

| group4 = [[Europe]]
| list4  = 
* [[Central Europe|Central]]
* [[Eastern Europe|Eastern]]
** [[Balkans]]
** [[Caucasus]]
*** [[North Caucasus]]
*** [[South Caucasus]]
*** [[Southern Russia]]
** [[European Russia]]
** [[Southeast Europe|Southeastern]]
* [[Northern Europe|Northern]]
** [[Baltic states|Baltic]]
** [[British Isles]]
** [[Nordic countries|Nordic]]
** [[Northwestern Europe|Northwestern]]
** [[Scandinavia]]
*** [[Scandinavian Peninsula]]
* [[Southern Europe|Southern]]
** [[Mediterranean basin|Mediterranean]]
** [[Middle East]]
** [[Italy (geographical region)|South-central]]
*** [[Italian Peninsula|Apennine Peninsula]]
** [[Southeast Europe|South-eastern]]
*** [[Balkans|Balkan Peninsula]]
** [[Iberian Peninsula|South-western]]
*** [[Iberian Peninsula]]
* [[Western Europe|Western]]
** [[Atlantic Europe|Atlantic]]
** [[Low Countries]]
** [[Northwestern Europe|Northwestern]]
* [[Celtic nations|Celtic]]
* [[Germanic-speaking Europe|Germanic]]
* [[Romance-speaking Europe|Romance]]
* [[Slavs|Slavic]]

| group5 = [[North America]]
| list5  = 
* [[Aridoamerica]]
* [[Caribbean]]
* [[Central America|Central]]
* [[Mesoamerica]]
* [[Middle America (Americas)|Middle]]
* [[Northern America|Northern]]
** [[Appalachia]]
** [[Bible Belt]]
** [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]]
** [[Great Lakes region|Great Lakes]]
** [[Mid-Atlantic (United States)|Mid-Atlantic]]
** [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]]
** [[Mountain states]]
** [[New England]]
** [[Northeastern United States]]
** [[Pacific Northwest]]
** [[Southern United States]]
** [[Southwestern United States|Southwest]]
** [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]]
** [[West South Central states|West South Central United States]]
** [[Western United States]]
** [[Atlantic Canada]]
** [[Canadian Prairies]]
** [[Eastern Canada]]
** [[Northern Canada]]
** [[Western Canada]]
* [[Northern Mexico]]
* [[West Indies]]
* [[Anglo-America|Anglo]]
* [[French America|French]]
* [[Latin America|Latin]]
** [[Ibero-America|Ibero]]
*** [[Hispanic America|Hispanic]]
*** [[Portuguese America|Portuguese]]
* [[Latin America and the Caribbean]]

| group6 = [[Oceania]]
| list6  = 
* [[Australasia]]
** [[Australia (continent)|Australia]]
*** [[Mainland Australia]]
*** [[New Guinea]]
*** [[Tasmania]]
** [[Zealandia]]
* [[Melanesia]]
** [[Island Melanesia]]
* [[Micronesia]]
* [[Near Oceania]]
* [[Polynesia]]
* [[Remote Oceania]]

| group7 = [[South America]]
| list7  = 
* [[Amazon basin|Amazon Plain]]
** [[Amazon Basin (sedimentary basin)|Amazon Basin]]
** [[Amazon rainforest|Amazon Rainforest]]
* [[Andean Community|Andean States]]
* [[Brazilian Highlands]]
* [[Caribbean South America]]
* [[The Guianas]]
* [[Latin America and the Caribbean]]
* [[Southern Cone]]
** [[Patagonia]]
}}

| group5 = [[Lists of islands|Islands]]
| list5  = {{Navbox|subgroup

| group1 = By [[continent]]
| list1  = 
* [[List of islands of Africa|Africa]]
* [[Lists of islands of the Americas|America]]
** [[List of islands of North America|North America]]
*** [[List of Caribbean islands|Caribbean]]
*** [[List of islands of Central America|Central America]]
** [[List of islands of South America|South America]]
* [[List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands|Antarctica]]
* [[List of islands of Asia|Asia]]
* [[List of islands of Europe|Europe]]
** [[List of European islands by area|by area]]
** [[List of European islands by population|by population]]
* [[List of islands in the Pacific Ocean|Oceania]]
** [[List of islands of Australia|Australia]]
** [[List of islands of New Zealand|New Zealand]]

| group2 = By [[ocean]]
| list2  = 
* [[List of islands in the Arctic Ocean|Arctic Ocean]]
* [[List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]]
** [[List of islands in the Baltic Sea|Baltic Sea]]
** [[List of islands in the Black Sea|Black Sea]]
** [[List of Caribbean islands|Caribbean Sea]]
** [[List of islands in the Irish Sea|Irish Sea]]
** [[List of islands in the Mediterranean|Mediterranean Sea]]
*** [[List of islands in the Adriatic|Adriatic Sea]]
*** [[List of Aegean Islands|Aegean Sea]]
*** [[Ionian Islands|Ionian Sea]]
* [[List of islands in the Indian Ocean|Indian Ocean]]
** [[List of islands in the Persian Gulf|Persian Gulf]]
* [[List of islands in the Pacific Ocean|Pacific Ocean]]
** [[List of islands in the East China Sea|East China Sea]]
** [[List of islands in the South China Sea|South China Sea]]
* [[List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands|Southern Ocean]]
 }}

| group6 = [[Ocean]]s
| list6  = 
* [[Southern Ocean|Antarctic/Southern Ocean]]
** [[Antarctic Convergence]]
* [[Arctic Ocean]]
* [[Atlantic Ocean]]
* [[Indian Ocean]]
* [[Pacific Ocean]]
** [[Great Barrier Reef]]
** [[Mariana Trench]]
** [[Ring of Fire]]
* [[Ocean#World Ocean|World Ocean]]

| group7 = Other [[Body of water|waterbodies]]
| list7  = 
* [[List of lakes|Lakes]] 
** [[lists of lakes|lists]]
* [[Lists of rivers|Rivers]]
* [[List of seas on Earth|Seas]]

| group8 = [[:Category:Rim regions|Rim]]
| list8  = 
* [[Atlantic Rim]]
* [[Indian Ocean Rim]]
* [[Mediterranean Rim]]
* [[Pacific Rim]]

| group9 = [[Polar regions of Earth|Polar]]
| list9  = 
* [[Antarctic]]
* [[Arctic]]

| group10 = [[:Category:Global regions|Global]]
| list10  = 
* [[Global East]]
* [[The Geographical Pivot of History#The Heartland|Global Heartland]]
* [[Global North and Global South|Global North]]
* [[Northeast Asia|Global Northeast]]
* [[Global Northwest]]
* [[Global North and Global South|Global South]]
* [[Global Southeast]]
* [[Global Southwest]]
* [[Western world|Global West]]

| below = 
* {{icon|Template}} [[Template:Continents of Earth|Continents of Earth]]{{\}}[[Template:List of seas|List of seas]]{{\}}[[Template:Earth|Physical Earth]]

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
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| name  = Regions of the world
| title = [[Earth]]'s primary [[United Nations geoscheme|regions]] and [[subregion]]s
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| bodyclass = hlist

| group1 = [[World]]s
| list1  = 
* [[Arab World]]
* [[Down Under]]
* [[New World]]
* [[Old World]]
* [[Three-world model|Four Worlds]]
** [[First World]]
** [[Second World]]
** [[Third World]]
** [[Fourth World]]

| group2 = [[Hemispheres of Earth|Hemispheres]]
| list2  = 
* [[Eastern Hemisphere]]
* [[Land and water hemispheres|Land Hemisphere]]
* [[Northern Hemisphere]]
* [[Southern Hemisphere]]
* [[Land and water hemispheres|Water Hemisphere]]
* [[Western Hemisphere]]

| group3 = [[Landmass]]es
| list3  = 
* [[Afro-Eurasia|Africa-Eurasia]]
** [[Eurasia]]
* [[Americas|America]]
* [[Antarctica]]
* [[Mainland Australia|Australia]]
* [[Zealandia]] 
** [[submerged continent|submerged]]

| group4 = [[Continent]]s
| list4  = {{Navbox|subgroup
| group1 = [[Africa]]
| list1  = 
* [[Mediterranean basin|Mediterranean]]
* [[Sahara]]n
** [[North Africa|Northern]]
*** [[Maghreb]]
*** [[Mashriq]]
*** [[Middle East]]
*** [[Middle East and North Africa]]
* [[Sub-Saharan Africa|Sub-Saharan]]
** [[Central Africa|Central]]
** [[East Africa|East]]
*** [[Horn of Africa|Horn]]
*** [[African Great Lakes|Great Lakes]]
** [[Southern Africa|Southern]]
** [[West Africa|Western]]

| group2 = [[Antarctica]]
| list2  = 
* [[East Antarctica]]
** [[Antarctic Plateau]]
* [[Transantarctic Mountains]]
* [[West Antarctica]]
** [[Antarctic Peninsula]]

| group3 = [[Asia]]
| list3  = 
* [[Asia–Pacific]]
* [[Central Asia|Central]]
** [[Aral Sea]]
** [[Aralkum Desert]]
** [[Caspian Sea]]
* [[East Asia|Eastern]]
** [[Inner Asia]]
*** [[Greater Central Asia]]
** [[Northeast Asia|Northeastern]]
* [[Far East]]
** [[Pacific Asia]]
*** [[Russian Far East]]
* [[North Asia|Northern]]
** [[Siberia]]
** [[Ural (region)|Ural]]
* [[Pacific Asia]]
* [[Southeast Asia|Southeastern]]
** [[Mainland Southeast Asia|Mainland]]
** [[Maritime Southeast Asia|Maritime]]
* [[South Asia|Southern]]
** [[Himalayan states]]
** [[Indian subcontinent]]
** [[Regions of South Asia|Subregions]]
* [[West Asia|Western]]
** [[Arabian Peninsula]]
** [[Caucasus]]
*** [[South Caucasus]]
** [[Greater Iran]]
*** [[Iranian Plateau]]
** [[Levant]]
*** [[Dead Sea]]
*** [[Levantine Sea]]
** [[Middle East]]
*** [[Mashriq]]
*** [[Middle East and North Africa]]
*** [[Near East]]

| group4 = [[Europe]]
| list4  = 
* [[Central Europe|Central]]
* [[Eastern Europe|Eastern]]
** [[Balkans]]
** [[Caucasus]]
*** [[North Caucasus]]
*** [[South Caucasus]]
*** [[Southern Russia]]
** [[European Russia]]
** [[Southeast Europe|Southeastern]]
* [[Northern Europe|Northern]]
** [[Baltic states|Baltic]]
** [[British Isles]]
** [[Nordic countries|Nordic]]
** [[Northwestern Europe|Northwestern]]
** [[Scandinavia]]
*** [[Scandinavian Peninsula]]
* [[Southern Europe|Southern]]
** [[Mediterranean basin|Mediterranean]]
** [[Middle East]]
** [[Italy (geographical region)|South-central]]
*** [[Italian Peninsula|Apennine Peninsula]]
** [[Southeast Europe|South-eastern]]
*** [[Balkans|Balkan Peninsula]]
** [[Iberian Peninsula|South-western]]
*** [[Iberian Peninsula]]
* [[Western Europe|Western]]
** [[Atlantic Europe|Atlantic]]
** [[Low Countries]]
** [[Northwestern Europe|Northwestern]]
* [[Celtic nations|Celtic]]
* [[Germanic-speaking Europe|Germanic]]
* [[Romance-speaking Europe|Romance]]
* [[Slavs|Slavic]]

| group5 = [[North America]]
| list5  = 
* [[Aridoamerica]]
* [[Caribbean]]
* [[Central America|Central]]
* [[Mesoamerica]]
* [[Middle America (Americas)|Middle]]
* [[Northern America|Northern]]
** [[Appalachia]]
** [[Bible Belt]]
** [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]]
** [[Great Lakes region|Great Lakes]]
** [[Mid-Atlantic (United States)|Mid-Atlantic]]
** [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]]
** [[Mountain states]]
** [[New England]]
** [[Northeastern United States]]
** [[Pacific Northwest]]
** [[Southern United States]]
** [[Southwestern United States|Southwest]]
** [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]]
** [[West South Central states|West South Central United States]]
** [[Western United States]]
** [[Atlantic Canada]]
** [[Canadian Prairies]]
** [[Eastern Canada]]
** [[Northern Canada]]
** [[Western Canada]]
* [[Northern Mexico]]
* [[West Indies]]
* [[Anglo-America|Anglo]]
* [[French America|French]]
* [[Latin America|Latin]]
** [[Ibero-America|Ibero]]
*** [[Hispanic America|Hispanic]]
*** [[Portuguese America|Portuguese]]
* [[Latin America and the Caribbean]]

| group6 = [[Oceania]]
| list6  = 
* [[Australasia]]
** [[Australia (continent)|Australia]]
*** [[Mainland Australia]]
*** [[New Guinea]]
*** [[Tasmania]]
** [[Zealandia]]
* [[Melanesia]]
** [[Island Melanesia]]
* [[Micronesia]]
* [[Near Oceania]]
* [[Polynesia]]
* [[Remote Oceania]]

| group7 = [[South America]]
| list7  = 
* [[Amazon basin|Amazon Plain]]
** [[Amazon Basin (sedimentary basin)|Amazon Basin]]
** [[Amazon rainforest|Amazon Rainforest]]
* [[Andean Community|Andean States]]
* [[Brazilian Highlands]]
* [[Caribbean South America]]
* [[The Guianas]]
* [[Latin America and the Caribbean]]
* [[Southern Cone]]
** [[Patagonia]]
}}

| group5 = [[Lists of islands|Islands]]
| list5  = {{Navbox|subgroup

| group1 = By [[continent]]
| list1  = 
* [[List of islands of Africa|Africa]]
* [[Lists of islands of the Americas|America]]
** [[List of islands of North America|North America]]
*** [[List of Caribbean islands|Caribbean]]
*** [[List of islands of Central America|Central America]]
** [[List of islands of South America|South America]]
* [[List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands|Antarctica]]
* [[List of islands of Asia|Asia]]
* [[List of islands of Europe|Europe]]
** [[List of European islands by area|by area]]
** [[List of European islands by population|by population]]
* [[List of islands in the Pacific Ocean|Oceania]]
** [[List of islands of Australia|Australia]]
** [[List of islands of New Zealand|New Zealand]]

| group2 = By [[ocean]]
| list2  = 
* [[List of islands in the Arctic Ocean|Arctic Ocean]]
* [[List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]]
** [[List of islands in the Baltic Sea|Baltic Sea]]
** [[List of islands in the Black Sea|Black Sea]]
** [[List of Caribbean islands|Caribbean Sea]]
** [[List of islands in the Irish Sea|Irish Sea]]
** [[List of islands in the Mediterranean|Mediterranean Sea]]
*** [[List of islands in the Adriatic|Adriatic Sea]]
*** [[List of Aegean Islands|Aegean Sea]]
*** [[Ionian Islands|Ionian Sea]]
* [[List of islands in the Indian Ocean|Indian Ocean]]
** [[List of islands in the Persian Gulf|Persian Gulf]]
* [[List of islands in the Pacific Ocean|Pacific Ocean]]
** [[List of islands in the East China Sea|East China Sea]]
** [[List of islands in the South China Sea|South China Sea]]
* [[List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands|Southern Ocean]]
 }}

| group6 = [[Ocean]]s
| list6  = 
* [[Southern Ocean|Antarctic/Southern Ocean]]
** [[Antarctic Convergence]]
* [[Arctic Ocean]]
* [[Atlantic Ocean]]
* [[Indian Ocean]]
* [[Pacific Ocean]]
** [[Great Barrier Reef]]
** [[Mariana Trench]]
** [[Ring of Fire]]
* [[Ocean#World Ocean|World Ocean]]

| group7 = Other [[Body of water|waterbodies]]
| list7  = 
* [[List of lakes|Lakes]] 
** [[lists of lakes|lists]]
* [[Lists of rivers|Rivers]]
* [[List of seas on Earth|Seas]]

| group8 = [[:Category:Rim regions|Rim]]
| list8  = 
* [[Atlantic Rim]]
* [[Indian Ocean Rim]]
* [[Mediterranean Rim]]
* [[Pacific Rim]]

| group9 = [[Polar regions of Earth|Polar]]
| list9  = 
* [[Antarctic]]
* [[Arctic]]

| group10 = [[:Category:Global regions|Global]]
| list10  = 
* [[Global East]]
* [[The Geographical Pivot of History#The Heartland|Global Heartland]]
* [[Global North and Global South|Global North]]
* [[Northeast Asia|Global Northeast]]
* [[Global Northwest]]
* [[Global North and Global South|Global South]]
* [[Global Southeast]]
* [[Global Southwest]]
* [[Western world|Global West]]

| below = 
* {{icon|Template}} [[Template:Continents of Earth|Continents of Earth]]{{\}}[[Template:List of seas|List of seas]]{{\}}[[Template:Earth|Physical Earth]]

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>Bill Conti</title>
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{{Infobox musical artist
| name             = Bill Conti
| image            = Bill Conti - For Your Eyes Only.jpg
| caption          = Conti in 2026
| alias            = 
| birth_name       = William Conti
| birth_date       = {{Birth date|1942|4|13}}
| birth_place      = [[Providence, Rhode Island]], U.S.
| death_date       = {{Death date and age|2026|6|6|1942|4|13}}
| death_place      = 
| genre            = [[Film score]], [[disco]]
| occupation       = [[Composer]], [[Conducting|conductor]]
| years_active     = 1969–present
| label            = 
| website          = 
}}

'''William &quot;Bill&quot; Conti''' (born April 13, 1942) is an American composer and conductor. He is best known for his scores in movies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Larkin&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music]]|editor=Colin Larkin|editor-link=Colin Larkin (writer)|publisher=[[Virgin Books]]|date=1997|edition=Concise|isbn=1-85227-745-9|pages=297/8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life ==
Conti was born in Rhode Island, and began studying piano at age seven. He received a Bachelor of Music degree from Juilliard School of Music in New York, followed by a master's. 

== Career ==
He composed his first musical score for a movie called ''Candidate for Killing''. Conti playing piano was part of the score for the 1971 Oscar-winning Best Foreign Language Film, ''The Garden of the Finzi-Continis''. Conti arrived in California in 1974, and started working as a music composer in [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]]. He scored ''[[Harry and Tonto]]'', which got him national attention. Soon after, he composed the score for ''[[Rocky]]'' (1976).&lt;ref name=&quot;Bill Conti | LA Phil&quot;&gt; https://www.laphil.com/musicdb/artists/1213/bill-conti&lt;/ref&gt; 
 
He went on to score ''[[Rocky II]]'' (1979), ''[[Rocky III]]'' (1982), ''[[Rocky V]]'' (1990), ''[[Rocky Balboa (film)|Rocky Balboa]]'' (2006), ''[[The Karate Kid|The Karate Kid I]]'' (1984), ''[[The Karate Kid Part II]]'' (1986), ''[[The Karate Kid Part III]]'' (1989), ''[[The Next Karate Kid]]'' (1994), ''[[For Your Eyes Only (film)|For Your Eyes Only]]'' (1981), ''[[Dynasty (1981 TV series)|Dynasty]]'' (and its sequel ''[[The Colbys]]''), and ''[[The Right Stuff (film)|The Right Stuff]]'' (1983), which earned him an [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]]. He also received nominations in the Best Original Song category for &quot;Gonna Fly Now&quot; from ''Rocky'' and for the title song of ''For Your Eyes Only''. He was the musical director at the Academy Awards a record nineteen times.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=http://musicbehindthescreen.blogspot.co.uk/2014/02/cue-bill-conti.html |title=The Music Behind the Screen: Cue Bill Conti |journal=Music Behind the Screen |date=February 24, 2014 |access-date=December 11, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119204410/http://musicbehindthescreen.blogspot.co.uk/2014/02/cue-bill-conti.html |archive-date=November 19, 2015 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Conti is known for his collaborations with director [[John G. Avildsen]], having scored fourteen movies for Avildsen, beginning with ''Rocky'' (1976), starring [[Sylvester Stallone]], and ending with ''Inferno'' (1999), starring [[Jean-Claude Van Damme]]. Their collaboration included such pictures as the first three films in ''The Karate Kid franchise'' (1984–1989), ''Slow Dancing in the Big City'' (1978), ''The Formula'' (1980), and ''Neighbors'' (1981).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.soundtrackcorner.de/inferno-p8105.htm | title=Inferno - Bill Conti - soundtrack (CD) }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The recipient of various accolades, including an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]], five [[Emmy Awards|Emmy]] awards,&lt;ref name=&quot;Bill Conti | LA Phil&quot; /&gt; and three [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe]] nominations, his compositions have sold in excess of eight million albums.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bill Conti | LA Phil&quot; /&gt; For his contributions to the entertainment industry, Conti received a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] in 1989. In 1995, the [[American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers]] (ASCAP) awarded Conti the Golden Soundtrack Award for lifetime achievement in film and television.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bill Conti | LA Phil&quot; /&gt;

== Personal life ==

Conti has said regarding his influences growing up, “In the 1950s and ’60s, the composers I grew up listening to, and who made the greatest impression on me, were Miklos Rozsa – and the soundtracks to his big brass-led Roman picture scores – and [[Lalo Schifrin]] who was an excellent composer. So I always wanted to write the big loud stuff”.&lt;ref&gt; https://www.gigslutz.co.uk/interview-bill-conti-always-wanted-play-big-loud-stuff/&lt;/ref&gt;

Conti lives in a home built in 1924 in the Hancock Park section of [[Los Angeles]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bill Conti | LA Phil&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:American composers]]
[[Category:People from Rhode Island]]
[[Category:American conductors]]</text>
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      <comment>[[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/Jun62026herme1|Jun62026herme1]] ([[User talk:Jun62026herme1|talk]]) to last version by PaulLim11</comment>
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      <text bytes="4930" sha1="9acr8iea02wh1nt7phjco5fd0a3d0lo" xml:space="preserve">{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name             = Bill Conti
| image            = Bill Conti - For Your Eyes Only.jpg
| caption          = Conti in 2026
| alias            = 
| birth_name       = William Conti
| birth_date       = {{Birth date and age|1942|4|13}}
| birth_place      = [[Providence, Rhode Island]], U.S.
| death_date       = 
| death_place      = 
| genre            = [[Film score]], [[disco]]
| occupation       = [[Composer]], [[Conducting|conductor]]
| years_active     = 1969–present
| label            = 
| website          = 
}}

'''William &quot;Bill&quot; Conti''' (born April 13, 1942) is an American composer and conductor. He is best known for his scores in movies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Larkin&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music]]|editor=Colin Larkin|editor-link=Colin Larkin (writer)|publisher=[[Virgin Books]]|date=1997|edition=Concise|isbn=1-85227-745-9|pages=297/8}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Early life ==
Conti was born in Rhode Island, and began studying piano at age seven. He received a Bachelor of Music degree from Juilliard School of Music in New York, followed by a master's. 

== Career ==
He composed his first musical score for a movie called ''Candidate for Killing''. Conti playing piano was part of the score for the 1971 Oscar-winning Best Foreign Language Film, ''The Garden of the Finzi-Continis''. Conti arrived in California in 1974, and started working as a music composer in [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]]. He scored ''[[Harry and Tonto]]'', which got him national attention. Soon after, he composed the score for ''[[Rocky]]'' (1976).&lt;ref name=&quot;Bill Conti | LA Phil&quot;&gt; https://www.laphil.com/musicdb/artists/1213/bill-conti&lt;/ref&gt; 
 
He went on to score ''[[Rocky II]]'' (1979), ''[[Rocky III]]'' (1982), ''[[Rocky V]]'' (1990), ''[[Rocky Balboa (film)|Rocky Balboa]]'' (2006), ''[[The Karate Kid|The Karate Kid I]]'' (1984), ''[[The Karate Kid Part II]]'' (1986), ''[[The Karate Kid Part III]]'' (1989), ''[[The Next Karate Kid]]'' (1994), ''[[For Your Eyes Only (film)|For Your Eyes Only]]'' (1981), ''[[Dynasty (1981 TV series)|Dynasty]]'' (and its sequel ''[[The Colbys]]''), and ''[[The Right Stuff (film)|The Right Stuff]]'' (1983), which earned him an [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]]. He also received nominations in the Best Original Song category for &quot;Gonna Fly Now&quot; from ''Rocky'' and for the title song of ''For Your Eyes Only''. He was the musical director at the Academy Awards a record nineteen times.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=http://musicbehindthescreen.blogspot.co.uk/2014/02/cue-bill-conti.html |title=The Music Behind the Screen: Cue Bill Conti |journal=Music Behind the Screen |date=February 24, 2014 |access-date=December 11, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119204410/http://musicbehindthescreen.blogspot.co.uk/2014/02/cue-bill-conti.html |archive-date=November 19, 2015 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Conti is known for his collaborations with director [[John G. Avildsen]], having scored fourteen movies for Avildsen, beginning with ''Rocky'' (1976), starring [[Sylvester Stallone]], and ending with ''Inferno'' (1999), starring [[Jean-Claude Van Damme]]. Their collaboration included such pictures as the first three films in ''The Karate Kid franchise'' (1984–1989), ''Slow Dancing in the Big City'' (1978), ''The Formula'' (1980), and ''Neighbors'' (1981).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.soundtrackcorner.de/inferno-p8105.htm | title=Inferno - Bill Conti - soundtrack (CD) }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The recipient of various accolades, including an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]], five [[Emmy Awards|Emmy]] awards,&lt;ref name=&quot;Bill Conti | LA Phil&quot; /&gt; and three [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe]] nominations, his compositions have sold in excess of eight million albums.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bill Conti | LA Phil&quot; /&gt; For his contributions to the entertainment industry, Conti received a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] in 1989. In 1995, the [[American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers]] (ASCAP) awarded Conti the Golden Soundtrack Award for lifetime achievement in film and television.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bill Conti | LA Phil&quot; /&gt;

== Personal life ==

Conti has said regarding his influences growing up, “In the 1950s and ’60s, the composers I grew up listening to, and who made the greatest impression on me, were Miklos Rozsa – and the soundtracks to his big brass-led Roman picture scores – and [[Lalo Schifrin]] who was an excellent composer. So I always wanted to write the big loud stuff”.&lt;ref&gt; https://www.gigslutz.co.uk/interview-bill-conti-always-wanted-play-big-loud-stuff/&lt;/ref&gt;

Conti lives in a home built in 1924 in the Hancock Park section of [[Los Angeles]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bill Conti | LA Phil&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:American composers]]
[[Category:People from Rhode Island]]
[[Category:American conductors]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>MBC Group</title>
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{{Infobox company
| name = MBC Group CJSC
| logo = MBC Group Logo.svg
| former_name = Middle East Broadcasting Center (1991-2003)
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|1991|09|18|df=y}}
| hq_location = [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| area_served =
| key_people = Mike Sneesby (CEO)
| owner = *[[Public Investment Fund]] (54%)&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2577885/business-economy|title=Saudi Arabia's PIF to acquire 54% stake in MBC Group|date=2024-11-03|website=arabnews.com|publisher=Arab News|access-date=2024-11-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| website = {{Official URL}}
}}

'''MBC Group''' or '''Middle East Broadcasting Center''' is a [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] [[television]] company founded and chaired by [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]]. It broadcasts a variety of entertainment and non-entertainment television channels. Its headquarters are in the city of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;allied:&quot;&gt;[http://www.allied-media.com/ARABTV/ana_tv_and_middle_east_broadcast.htm MBC TV - Middle East Broadcasting - Arabic Television] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060720064736/http://www.allied-media.com/ARABTV/ana_tv_and_middle_east_broadcast.htm|date=20 July 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Origin of the name ==
The name (MBC) is an abbreviation for: '''Middle''' '''East''' '''Broadcasting Center''', which means arabic: ''مركز تلفزيون الشرق الأوسط''.

== Group Channels ==
=== MBC 2 ===
{{Main|MBC 2 (Middle East and North Africa)}}

In 2003, '''MBC 2''' was launched, which was and still is specialized in the world of [[Movie theater|cinema]] and foreign [[Movie|movies]], especially [[United States|American]] ones. The first movie I showed was ''[[Jumanji]]'' and ''[[Scoop with Raya]]''.

=== MBC 4 ===
{{Main|MBC 4}}

in 2005, a new channel, '''MBC 4''', was launched, dedicated to foreign programs and series in general, and American ones in particular. It is generally in English but subtitled into Arabic, and some specializing in programs such as Extra Turki, La Faille, Gomorrah, Noobees, [[Mr. Meaty]], Code Lyoko Evolution, Tala (El Rostro de Analía), El Cuerpo del Deseo, [[Power Rangers]]. Miss Farah, The 45 Rules of Divorce, My Brilliant Friend, [[Miss Farah]], Confessions of a Fashionista, The Q Cut, Visit to be Treated, Travel for Your Health, Extra Turkey, [[Zeke and Luther]]. Newton's Cradle. in the world of [[Movie theater|cinema]] and foreign [[Movie|movies]], especially American movies. It often shows romantic movies, drama movies, and comedies, especially [[United States|American]] ones. The first movie I showed was ''[[Jumanji]]'' and ''[[Scoop with Raya]]''. and showing a number of Turkish series dubbed into Arabic.

=== MBC Action ===
{{Main|MBC Action}}

On March 5, 2007, a new channel was launched '''MBC Action''', which specializes in action series and movies (fighting, police, gangs), wrestling, and some programs specializing in action and wrestling programs such as [[WWE]], [[WWE Raw]], La Faille, Gomorrah, Noobees, [[Mr. Meaty]], Code Lyoko Evolution, Tala (El Rostro de Analía), [[Power Rangers]]. [[Zeke and Luther]]. Newton's Cradle, WWE Wal3ooha, and Action News. The first movie I showed was Jumanji. Which was and still is specialized in the world of [[Movie theater|cinema]] and foreign [[Movie|movies]], especially [[United States|American]] ones.

=== MBC Persia ===
{{Main|MBC Persia}}

In 2008, '''MBC Persia''', a channel specializing in broadcasting American movies, series and programs translated into [[Persian language|Persian]], and showing a number of Turkish series dubbed into Persian.

=== MBC Max ===
{{Main|MBC Max}}

On October 26, 2008, '''MBC MAX''' was launched, specializing in famous foreign movies. This channel is considered a complement to MBC 2, which is famous for showing foreign movies, especially American movies. It often shows romantic movies, drama movies, and comedies. The first movie I showed was ''[[Jumanji]]'' and ''[[Scoop with Raya]]''. Which was and still is specialized in the world of [[Movie theater|cinema]] and foreign [[Movie|movies]], especially [[United States|American]] ones. and showing a number of Turkish series dubbed into Arabic.

=== MBC Masr 2 ===
{{Main|MBC Masr 2}}

'''MBC Masr 2''', a satellite channel affiliated with [[MBC Masr]], began broadcasting in 2014 by MBC Group. It is a free channel that presents a group of series and entertainment programs. The channel specifically shows. specializing in famous foreign movies. dedicated to foreign programs and series in general, and American ones in particular. It is generally in English but subtitled into Arabic, and some specializing in programs such as Extra Turki, La Faille, Gomorrah, [[WWE]], [[WWE Raw]], Newton's Cradle, WWE Wal3ooha, and Action News.Noobees, [[Mr. Meaty]], Code Lyoko Evolution, Tala (El Rostro de Analía), El Cuerpo del Deseo, [[Power Rangers]]. Miss Farah, The 45 Rules of Divorce, My Brilliant Friend, [[Miss Farah]], Confessions of a Fashionista, The Q Cut, Visit to be Treated, Travel for Your Health, Extra Turkey, [[Zeke and Luther]]. Newton's Cradle. in the world of [[Movie theater|cinema]] and foreign [[Movie|movies]], especially American movies. It often shows romantic movies, drama movies, and comedies, especially [[United States|American]] ones. The first movie I showed was ''[[Jumanji]]'' and ''[[Scoop with Raya]]''. and showing a number of Indian and Turkish series dubbed into Arabic.

=== MBC Masr Drama ===
'''MBC Masr Drama''' is a drama series started in February 20, 2025. and showing a number of Turkish series dubbed into Arabic. The channel specifically shows. specializing in famous foreign movies. dedicated to foreign programs and series in general, and American ones in particular. It is generally in English but subtitled into Arabic, and some specializing in programs such as La Faille, Gomorrah, and Newton's Cradle,. Noobees, [[Mr. Meaty]], Code Lyoko Evolution, Tala (El Rostro de Analía), [[Power Rangers]]. Miss Farah, The 45 Rules of Divorce, My Brilliant Friend, [[Miss Farah]], Confessions of a Fashionista, The Q Cut, El Cuerpo del Deseo, [[Zeke and Luther]]. Newton's Cradle. in the world of [[Movie theater|cinema]] and foreign [[Movie|movies]], especially American movies. It often shows romantic movies, drama movies, and comedies, especially [[United States|American]] ones. The first movie I showed was ''[[Jumanji]]''. and showing a number of Indian and Turkish series dubbed into Arabic.

=== MBC Bollywood ===
{{Main|MBC Bollywood}}

On October 26, 2013, the group launched [[MBC Bollywood]], a channel specializing in showing Indian movies and series.

=== MBC LOUD FM ===
In May 2023, MBC Group announced the launch of MBC LOUD FM Radio, stating that it is &quot;the first English-speaking FM entertainment station in Saudi Arabia&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=«عكاظ» (الرياض)|date=2023-05-15|title=«مجموعة MBC» تُطلق راديو «MBC LOUD FM»|url=https://www.okaz.com.sa/variety/na/2133444|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515183742/https://www.okaz.com.sa/variety/na/2133444|archive-date=2023-05-15|access-date=2023-05-15|website=Okaz|language=Arabic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== MBC Shahid ===
MBC Shahid is the first video on demand (VOD) and video on demand (SVOD) platform in the Arab world. Today, it has become the world’s leading streaming platform, with quality content for all Arab families, and a home for original international productions quality. Under it falls the VIP package, which includes &quot;Shahid Originals&quot; and &quot;Shahid Premieres&quot;, in addition to the latest international, foreign movies recently released from cinemas, in parallel with live broadcasts of a group of the most-watched regional and international TV channels in HD quality; not to mention sports content, and younger viewers, and many other leading exclusive shows. All of this in addition to a selection of international productions from Disney, Marvel, FOX, ABC Studios and others.

For the first time in the Arab region, Shahid platform launched Shahid digital channels without subscription and in high definition (HD) image technology, to satisfy all tastes from music to series, movies, plays, programs and others, starting from September 26. Digital channels, or what is called in platform language (Fast Channels), reflect a new era of interactive digital broadcasting services (live streaming) for video on demand via open platforms, and it is a pioneering step in this sector that has recently begun to develop and spread rapidly everywhere around the world. This service is a hybrid between VOD and SVOD, providing carefully curated lists of premium content for free to viewers, with commercial breaks. In this context, Shahid’s new digital channels offer rich content to viewers without the need for subscription, through 21 digital channels available on the Shahid platform in high-definition (HD) image technology.

=== MBC Studios ===
'''MBC Studios''' A subsidiary of MBC Group, specializing in high-quality production with international specifications and [[post-production]] services. It is a regional market leader in producing and distributing the best content, in addition to providing innovative program design services, documentaries, factual entertainment content, talk shows, dubbed drama and other programs. MBC Studios has established pioneering global partnerships with major international production studios in Hollywood, London and elsewhere, to launch joint cinematic and dramatic works, most notably the movie Desert Warrior, which was filmed in Saudi Arabia, starring [[Anthony Mackie]] and Aisha Hart, and the movie Kandahar, starring [[Gerard Butler]], which was also filmed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. MBC Studios also produces and markets international works with international specifications, such as the series &quot;Slave Market&quot; and the series &quot;Rise of the Witches&quot; and others.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Other websites ==
* [https://www.mbc.net/ Official website of MBC Group]
* {{Facebook}}
* {{Twitter}}

[[Category:Arabic-language television stations]]
[[Category:Television networks]]
[[Category:1991 establishments in France]]
[[Category:1991 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Dubai]]
[[Category:Saudi Arabian television networks]]
[[Category:Arabic-language mass media]]
[[Category:Saudi Arabian culture]]
[[Category:Hollywood, Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Bollywood]]
[[Category:MBC Group| ]]</text>
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{{Infobox company
| name = MBC Group CJSC
| logo = MBC Group Logo.svg
| former_name = Middle East Broadcasting Center (1991-2003)
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|1991|09|18|df=y}}
| hq_location = [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| area_served =
| key_people = Mike Sneesby (CEO)
| owner = *[[Public Investment Fund]] (54%)&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2577885/business-economy|title=Saudi Arabia's PIF to acquire 54% stake in MBC Group|date=2024-11-03|website=arabnews.com|publisher=Arab News|access-date=2024-11-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| website = {{Official URL}}
}}

'''MBC Group''' or '''Middle East Broadcasting Center''' is a [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] [[television]] company founded and chaired by [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]]. It broadcasts a variety of entertainment and non-entertainment television channels. Its headquarters are in the city of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;allied:&quot;&gt;[http://www.allied-media.com/ARABTV/ana_tv_and_middle_east_broadcast.htm MBC TV - Middle East Broadcasting - Arabic Television] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060720064736/http://www.allied-media.com/ARABTV/ana_tv_and_middle_east_broadcast.htm|date=20 July 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Origin of the name ==
The name (MBC) is an abbreviation for: '''Middle''' '''East''' '''Broadcasting Center'''.

== Group Channels ==
=== MBC 2 ===
{{Main|MBC 2 (Middle East and North Africa)}}

In 2003, '''MBC 2''' was launched, which was and still is specialized in the world of [[Movie theater|cinema]] and foreign [[Movie|movies]], especially [[United States|American]] ones. The first movie I showed was ''[[Jumanji]]'' and ''[[Scoop with Raya]]''.

=== MBC 4 ===
{{Main|MBC 4}}

in 2005, a new channel, '''MBC 4''', was launched, dedicated to foreign programs and series in general, and American ones in particular. It is generally in English but subtitled into Arabic, and some specializing in programs such as Extra Turki, La Faille, Gomorrah, Noobees, [[Mr. Meaty]], Code Lyoko Evolution, Tala (El Rostro de Analía), El Cuerpo del Deseo, [[Power Rangers]]. Miss Farah, The 45 Rules of Divorce, My Brilliant Friend, [[Miss Farah]], Confessions of a Fashionista, The Q Cut, Visit to be Treated, Travel for Your Health, Extra Turkey, [[Zeke and Luther]]. Newton's Cradle. in the world of [[Movie theater|cinema]] and foreign [[Movie|movies]], especially American movies. It often shows romantic movies, drama movies, and comedies, especially [[United States|American]] ones. The first movie I showed was ''[[Jumanji]]'' and ''[[Scoop with Raya]]''. and showing a number of Turkish series dubbed into Arabic.

=== MBC Action ===
{{Main|MBC Action}}

On March 5, 2007, a new channel was launched '''MBC Action''', which specializes in action series and movies (fighting, police, gangs), wrestling, and some programs specializing in action and wrestling programs such as [[WWE]], [[WWE Raw]], La Faille, Gomorrah, Noobees, [[Mr. Meaty]], Code Lyoko Evolution, Tala (El Rostro de Analía), [[Power Rangers]]. [[Zeke and Luther]]. Newton's Cradle, WWE Wal3ooha, and Action News. The first movie I showed was Jumanji. Which was and still is specialized in the world of [[Movie theater|cinema]] and foreign [[Movie|movies]], especially [[United States|American]] ones.

=== MBC Persia ===
{{Main|MBC Persia}}

In 2008, '''MBC Persia''', a channel specializing in broadcasting American movies, series and programs translated into [[Persian language|Persian]], and showing a number of Turkish series dubbed into Persian.

=== MBC Max ===
{{Main|MBC Max}}

On October 26, 2008, '''MBC MAX''' was launched, specializing in famous foreign movies. This channel is considered a complement to MBC 2, which is famous for showing foreign movies, especially American movies. It often shows romantic movies, drama movies, and comedies. The first movie I showed was ''[[Jumanji]]'' and ''[[Scoop with Raya]]''. Which was and still is specialized in the world of [[Movie theater|cinema]] and foreign [[Movie|movies]], especially [[United States|American]] ones. and showing a number of Turkish series dubbed into Arabic.

=== MBC Masr 2 ===
{{Main|MBC Masr 2}}

'''MBC Masr 2''', a satellite channel affiliated with [[MBC Masr]], began broadcasting in 2014 by MBC Group. It is a free channel that presents a group of series and entertainment programs. The channel specifically shows. specializing in famous foreign movies. dedicated to foreign programs and series in general, and American ones in particular. It is generally in English but subtitled into Arabic, and some specializing in programs such as Extra Turki, La Faille, Gomorrah, [[WWE]], [[WWE Raw]], Newton's Cradle, WWE Wal3ooha, and Action News.Noobees, [[Mr. Meaty]], Code Lyoko Evolution, Tala (El Rostro de Analía), El Cuerpo del Deseo, [[Power Rangers]]. Miss Farah, The 45 Rules of Divorce, My Brilliant Friend, [[Miss Farah]], Confessions of a Fashionista, The Q Cut, Visit to be Treated, Travel for Your Health, Extra Turkey, [[Zeke and Luther]]. Newton's Cradle. in the world of [[Movie theater|cinema]] and foreign [[Movie|movies]], especially American movies. It often shows romantic movies, drama movies, and comedies, especially [[United States|American]] ones. The first movie I showed was ''[[Jumanji]]'' and ''[[Scoop with Raya]]''. and showing a number of Indian and Turkish series dubbed into Arabic.

=== MBC Masr Drama ===
'''MBC Masr Drama''' is a drama series started in February 20, 2025. and showing a number of Turkish series dubbed into Arabic. The channel specifically shows. specializing in famous foreign movies. dedicated to foreign programs and series in general, and American ones in particular. It is generally in English but subtitled into Arabic, and some specializing in programs such as La Faille, Gomorrah, and Newton's Cradle,. Noobees, [[Mr. Meaty]], Code Lyoko Evolution, Tala (El Rostro de Analía), [[Power Rangers]]. Miss Farah, The 45 Rules of Divorce, My Brilliant Friend, [[Miss Farah]], Confessions of a Fashionista, The Q Cut, El Cuerpo del Deseo, [[Zeke and Luther]]. Newton's Cradle. in the world of [[Movie theater|cinema]] and foreign [[Movie|movies]], especially American movies. It often shows romantic movies, drama movies, and comedies, especially [[United States|American]] ones. The first movie I showed was ''[[Jumanji]]''. and showing a number of Indian and Turkish series dubbed into Arabic.

=== MBC Bollywood ===
{{Main|MBC Bollywood}}

On October 26, 2013, the group launched [[MBC Bollywood]], a channel specializing in showing Indian movies and series.

=== MBC LOUD FM ===
In May 2023, MBC Group announced the launch of MBC LOUD FM Radio, stating that it is &quot;the first English-speaking FM entertainment station in Saudi Arabia&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=«عكاظ» (الرياض)|date=2023-05-15|title=«مجموعة MBC» تُطلق راديو «MBC LOUD FM»|url=https://www.okaz.com.sa/variety/na/2133444|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515183742/https://www.okaz.com.sa/variety/na/2133444|archive-date=2023-05-15|access-date=2023-05-15|website=Okaz|language=Arabic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== MBC Shahid ===
MBC Shahid is the first video on demand (VOD) and video on demand (SVOD) platform in the Arab world. Today, it has become the world’s leading streaming platform, with quality content for all Arab families, and a home for original international productions quality. Under it falls the VIP package, which includes &quot;Shahid Originals&quot; and &quot;Shahid Premieres&quot;, in addition to the latest international, foreign movies recently released from cinemas, in parallel with live broadcasts of a group of the most-watched regional and international TV channels in HD quality; not to mention sports content, and younger viewers, and many other leading exclusive shows. All of this in addition to a selection of international productions from Disney, Marvel, FOX, ABC Studios and others.

For the first time in the Arab region, Shahid platform launched Shahid digital channels without subscription and in high definition (HD) image technology, to satisfy all tastes from music to series, movies, plays, programs and others, starting from September 26. Digital channels, or what is called in platform language (Fast Channels), reflect a new era of interactive digital broadcasting services (live streaming) for video on demand via open platforms, and it is a pioneering step in this sector that has recently begun to develop and spread rapidly everywhere around the world. This service is a hybrid between VOD and SVOD, providing carefully curated lists of premium content for free to viewers, with commercial breaks. In this context, Shahid’s new digital channels offer rich content to viewers without the need for subscription, through 21 digital channels available on the Shahid platform in high-definition (HD) image technology.

=== MBC Studios ===
'''MBC Studios''' A subsidiary of MBC Group, specializing in high-quality production with international specifications and [[post-production]] services. It is a regional market leader in producing and distributing the best content, in addition to providing innovative program design services, documentaries, factual entertainment content, talk shows, dubbed drama and other programs. MBC Studios has established pioneering global partnerships with major international production studios in Hollywood, London and elsewhere, to launch joint cinematic and dramatic works, most notably the movie Desert Warrior, which was filmed in Saudi Arabia, starring [[Anthony Mackie]] and Aisha Hart, and the movie Kandahar, starring [[Gerard Butler]], which was also filmed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. MBC Studios also produces and markets international works with international specifications, such as the series &quot;Slave Market&quot; and the series &quot;Rise of the Witches&quot; and others.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Other websites ==
* [https://www.mbc.net/ Official website of MBC Group]
* {{Facebook}}
* {{Twitter}}

[[Category:Arabic-language television stations]]
[[Category:Television networks]]
[[Category:1991 establishments in France]]
[[Category:1991 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Dubai]]
[[Category:Saudi Arabian television networks]]
[[Category:Arabic-language mass media]]
[[Category:Saudi Arabian culture]]
[[Category:Hollywood, Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Bollywood]]
[[Category:MBC Group| ]]</text>
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{{Infobox company
| name = MBC Group CJSC
| logo = MBC Group Logo.svg
| native_name = مجموعة إم بي سي
| native_name_lang = ar
| former_name = Middle East Broadcasting Center (1991-2003)
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|1991|09|18|df=y}}
| hq_location = [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| area_served = [[Middle East and North Africa]]
| key_people = [[Waleed bin Ibrahim Al Ibrahim]] (Chairman)&lt;br/&gt;Mike Sneesby (CEO)
| owner = *[[Public Investment Fund]] (54%)&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2577885/business-economy|title=Saudi Arabia's PIF to acquire 54% stake in MBC Group|date=2024-11-03|website=arabnews.com|publisher=Arab News|access-date=2024-11-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Waleed bin Ibrahim Al Ibrahim]] (36%)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://cma.org.sa/en/Market/Prospectuses/Documents/MBC_en.pdf|title=MBC Group Prospectus|date=2023-12-14|website=cma.gov.sa|publisher=Capital Market Authority|access-date=2024-04-17|archive-date=2024-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924073846/https://cma.org.sa/en/Market/Prospectuses/Documents/MBC_En.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| website = {{official URL}}
}}

'''MBC Group''' or '''Middle East Broadcasting Center''' is a [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] [[television]] company founded and chaired by [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] businessman Walid bin Ibrahim Al-Ibrahim. It broadcasts a variety of entertainment and non-entertainment television channels. Its headquarters are in the city of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;allied:&quot;&gt;[http://www.allied-media.com/ARABTV/ana_tv_and_middle_east_broadcast.htm MBC TV - Middle East Broadcasting - Arabic Television] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060720064736/http://www.allied-media.com/ARABTV/ana_tv_and_middle_east_broadcast.htm|date=20 يوليو 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Origin of the name ==
The name (MBC) is an abbreviation for: '''Middle''' '''East''' '''Broadcasting Center''', which means arabic: ''مركز تلفزيون الشرق الأوسط''.

== Group Channels ==
=== MBC 1 ===
{{Main|MBC 1 (Middle East and North Africa)}}
The [[Middle East]] Beacon (TV) Center began in the early [[1990s|nineties]] with the start of broadcasting '''MBC''' (now known by its new name, '''MBC 1''') as the first privately owned, open [[satellite television]] station, broadcasting around the clock. It began broadcasting on September 18, 1991. The channel was headquartered in [[London]], [[United Kingdom]]. It presented entertainment and news programmes that had a large following throughout [[Arab world]]. The founder of Al Amal Channel offered to buy MBC from the United Kingdom in 2007 and succeeded in developing it. It is distinguished by showing the most famous Arab drama works and is unique in showing foreign singing talent discovery programs in an Arab way, such as: ''[[Arab Idol]]'' and ''[[The Voice: Ahla Sawt]]''. Talent discovery programs ''[[Arabs Got Talent]]'' and [[The X Factor (Middle Eastern and North African TV series)|''The X Factor'']], as well as the entertainment program that keeps up with all the news of art and celebrities in the Arab and foreign world, ''ET Bel Arabi''. (The channel also broadcasts some matches [[Saudi Professional League]]) and currently dubbing movies into Arabic, and dubbed Indian and foreign movies dubbed into Arabic, and showing them.

=== MBC FM ===
{{Main|MBC FM}}

In 1994, the radio station MBC FM was launched, which offers Gulf and Arabic music, as well as quiz and puzzle programs, and discusses local Saudi issues every morning. In 2002, the headquarters of the Middle East [[Lighthouse]] (TV) Center moved to [[United Arab Emirates|the United Arab Emirates]], specifically to Dubai Media City. It expanded its activities and launched new stations specializing in specific matters.

=== MBC 2 ===
{{Main|MBC 2 (Middle East and North Africa)}}

In 2003, '''MBC 2''' was launched, which was and still is specialized in the world of [[Movie theater|cinema]] and foreign [[Movie|movies]], especially [[United States|American]] ones. The first movie I showed was ''[[Jumanji]]'' and ''[[Scoop with Raya]]''.

=== Al Arabiya ===
{{Main|Al Arabiya}}

In the same year, specifically on March 3, 2003, coinciding with the entry of American forces and a few days before the fall of Baghdad (2003), [[Al Arabiya]] satellite channel launched from the MBC newsroom a new channel specializing in news, breaking news, news programs, [[current affairs]], economic and financial news. It is the leading Al Arabiya news station in this field. The channel's first test, which was its coverage of the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|Iraq occupation]] war, contributed to its success. It broadcasts around the clock. In addition to news bulletins, it presents analytical programmes and interviews with prominent political and non-political figures, as well as documentary programmes. Its most prominent programs are The Third Eye, Special Mission, Death Industry, and Frankly. It is noteworthy that many of the faces of [[BBC]], which was previously broadcasting and was interrupted for several years and then resumed work, moved to work at Al Arabiya Channel.

The channel's general manager today is Mamdouh Al-Mahini.

=== Al Hadath ===
{{Main|Al Hadath}}

Al Hadath is a Saudi Arabian news channel that began broadcasting in 2012 on Thursday 12-1-2012. It is a subsidiary channel of Al Arabiya News Channel. Its director is Mamdouh Al Muhaini. The channel came to provide more coverage of the Arab revolutions, support the [[Syrian revolution]], and provide press coverage, political dialogues, and documentaries, so that Al Arabiya at that time would continue its coverage and regular programs instead of long follow-ups. Observers see that it comes in the context of competition with [[Al Jazeera]], especially after Al Arabiya’s success in covering the [[Syrian civil war]] and some other events of [[Arab Spring]].

'''Al Arabiya FM'''

A news channel broadcast over the radio in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Its launch was announced during Al Arabiya’s twentieth anniversary celebration held in the Saudi capital, Riyadh, in March 2023.

=== MBC 3 ===
{{Main|MBC 3}}

Soon after, in 2004, a new station specializing in children's cartoons and series, '''MBC 3''', was launched, after the group realized that 40% of its viewers were under 15 years old. The station came to target the new generation of young viewers, by broadcasting [[cartoon series]], new programs for children, and live segments from time to time presented by three girls, Dania, Ezza, and Asala, and two young men, Muhannad and Nabil. Some of the most famous series that feature it are: ''Yu -Gi-Oh'', [[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series)|''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles'']], [[Looney Tunes|''Looney Tunes'']], [[batman: The Animated Series|''Batman'']] and [[Astro Boy|''Astro Boy'']]. Today, the channel broadcasts locally produced programmes aimed at children, in addition to the most popular international programmes from major brands.

=== MBC 4 ===
{{Main|MBC 4}}

in 2005, a new channel, '''MBC 4''', was launched, dedicated to foreign programs and series in general, and American ones in particular. It is generally in English but dubbed into Arabic.

=== Panorama FM ===
In the same year 2003, the network launched another radio channel, Panorama FM, which targets young people across the Arab world. The channel broadcasts talk shows, in addition to the latest Arabic songs. In a short time, it was able to gain a large number of followers.

=== MBC Action ===
{{Main|MBC Action}}

On March 5, 2007, a new channel was launched '''MBC Action''', which specializes in action series and movies (fighting, police, gangs), wrestling, and some programs specializing in action and wrestling programs such as [[WWE]], [[WWE Raw]], La Faille, Gomorrah, Noobees, [[Mr. Meaty]], Code Lyoko Evolution, Tala (El Rostro de Analía), [[Power Rangers]]. [[Zeke and Luther]]. Newton's Cradle, WWE Wal3ooha, and Action News. The first movie I showed was Jumanji. Which was and still is specialized in the world of [[Movie theater|cinema]] and foreign [[Movie|movies]], especially [[United States|American]] ones.

=== MBC Persia ===
{{Main|MBC Persia}}

In 2008, '''MBC Persia''', a channel specializing in broadcasting American movies, series and programs translated into [[Persian language|Persian]], and showing a number of Turkish series dubbed into Persian.

=== MBC Max ===
{{Main|MBC Max}}

On October 26, 2008, '''MBC MAX''' was launched, specializing in famous foreign movies. This channel is considered a complement to MBC 2, which is famous for showing foreign movies, especially American movies. It often shows romantic movies, drama movies, and comedies. The first movie I showed was ''[[Jumanji]]'' and ''[[Scoop with Raya]]''. Which was and still is specialized in the world of [[Movie theater|cinema]] and foreign [[Movie|movies]], especially [[United States|American]] ones.

=== MBC + Drama ===
'''MBC + Drama''' is an encrypted TV channel that started broadcasting on February 1, 2009. It broadcasts many Arab drama series, and is affiliated with MBC Group.

=== MBC Drama ===
{{Main|MBC Drama (Middle East and North Africa)}}

'''MBC Drama''' is a TV channel that started broadcasting on November 27, 2010. It broadcasts many Arab and Gulf drama series for free.

=== MBC Masr ===
{{Main|MBC Masr}}

Launched on November 9, 2012, it is a channel specialized in showing [[Egypt|Egyptian]] programs. One of the most prominent programmes presented on the channel is “Useful Sentence” presented by Mona El Shazly, which is a political programme that discusses political events in Egypt. MBC Masr +2 also appeared at the beginning of Ramadan 2013, which broadcasts programmes two hours later.

=== MBC Masr 2 ===
{{Main|MBC Masr 2}}

'''MBC Masr 2''', a satellite channel affiliated with [[MBC Masr]], began broadcasting in 2014 by MBC Group. It is a free channel that presents a group of Arab series and entertainment programs. The channel specifically shows Egyptian programs, art, drama, and sometimes Egyptian movies. specializing in famous foreign movies.

=== MBC Masr Drama ===
'''MBC Masr Drama''' is a Egyptian drama series started in February 20, 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=إطلاق mbc مصر دراما.. مدير عام الشبكة: نستهدف الارتقاء بالصناعة الدرامية المحلية والعربية|language=ar-AR|work=مصراوي.كوم|url=https://www.masrawy.com/news/news_egypt/details/2025/2/20/2731034/%D8%A5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82-mbc-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%A9-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9|access-date=2025-12-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== MBC Bollywood ===
{{Main|MBC Bollywood}}

On October 26, 2013, the group launched [[MBC Bollywood]], a channel specializing in showing Indian movies and series.

=== MBC Iraq ===
{{Main|MBC Iraq}}

'''MBC Iraq''' is an open-access [[television]] channel, broadcast by the Middle East Broadcasting Center, launched on February 17 , 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=الرئيسية - MBC.net|url=https://www.mbc.net/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530223320/https://www.mbc.net/|archive-date=30 مايو 2019|access-date=2019-02-02|website=www.mbc.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; The channel broadcasts various programmes that reflect the reality of the Iraqi street with its various components, and the channel is a qualitative leap in the media field in Iraq. The channel was broadcast on February 17, 2019, corresponding to Jumada Al-Thani 12, 1440. On February 15, it broadcast the Winter at Tantora concert in Al-Ula, Saudi Arabia, featuring Iraqi singers Kazem El Saher and Elham Al-Madfai. The Beit Beauty program was also broadcast on its opening day.

=== MBC 5 ===
'''MBC 5''' is the latest channel of the MBC Group targeting audiences in the Maghreb and [[North Africa]] region. The channel's first broadcast was launched on September 21, 2019.

=== MBC LOUD FM ===
In May 2023, MBC Group announced the launch of MBC LOUD FM Radio, stating that it is &quot;the first English-speaking FM entertainment station in Saudi Arabia&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=«عكاظ» (الرياض)|date=2023-05-15|title=«مجموعة MBC» تُطلق راديو «MBC LOUD FM»|url=https://www.okaz.com.sa/variety/na/2133444|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515183742/https://www.okaz.com.sa/variety/na/2133444|archive-date=2023-05-15|access-date=2023-05-15|website=Okaz|language=Arabic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== MBC Shahid ===
MBC Shahid is the first video on demand (VOD) and video on demand (SVOD) platform in the Arab world. Today, it has become the world’s leading Arabic streaming platform, with quality content for all Arab families, and a home for original Arabic productions of international quality. Under it falls the VIP package, which includes &quot;Shahid Originals&quot; and &quot;Shahid Premieres&quot;, in addition to the latest Arabic movies recently released from cinemas, in parallel with live broadcasts of a group of the most-watched Arab, regional and international TV channels in HD quality; not to mention sports content, children’s content and younger viewers, and many other leading exclusive shows. All of this in addition to a selection of international productions from Disney, Marvel, FOX, ABC Studios and others. Shahid also includes other packages such as the &quot;Sports Package&quot; which displays SSC channels that show the Saudi Professional Football League, Saudi [[Association football|football]] and sports competitions, and other regional and international sports competitions hosted by the Saudi Arabia.

For the first time in the Arab region, Shahid platform launched Shahid digital channels without subscription and in high definition (HD) image technology, to satisfy all tastes from music to series, movies, plays, programs and others, starting from September 26. Digital channels, or what is called in platform language (Fast Channels), reflect a new era of interactive digital broadcasting services (live streaming) for video on demand via open platforms, and it is a pioneering step in this sector that has recently begun to develop and spread rapidly everywhere around the world. This service is a hybrid between VOD and SVOD, providing carefully curated lists of premium content for free to viewers, with commercial breaks. In this context, Shahid’s new digital channels offer rich content to viewers without the need for subscription, through 21 digital channels available on the Shahid platform in high-definition (HD) image technology.

=== MBC Studios ===
'''MBC Studios''' A subsidiary of MBC Group, specializing in high-quality production with international specifications and [[post-production]] services. It is a regional market leader in producing and distributing the best content, in addition to providing innovative program design services, documentaries, Arabic drama, factual entertainment content, talk shows, dubbed drama and other programs. MBC Studios has established pioneering global partnerships with major international production studios in Hollywood, London and elsewhere, to launch joint cinematic and dramatic works, most notably the movie Desert Warrior, which was filmed in Saudi Arabia, starring [[Anthony Mackie]] and Aisha Hart, and the movie Kandahar, starring [[Gerard Butler]], which was also filmed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. MBC Studios also produces and markets Arabic works with international specifications, such as the series &quot;Rashash&quot; and the series &quot;Rise of the Witches&quot; and others.

== Problems ==
In one of the WikiLeaks leaks, MBC was mentioned in one of the documents that talked about a meeting between two American figures in a Starbucks cafe in [[Jeddah]], and one of them said, &quot;The government is the one that supports this openness and sees it as an opponent of extremist thought&quot; and &quot;that the intellectual war is prevailing here and the American media through channels like MBC and Rotana is winning the minds of the average citizen in a way that Alhurra or other American [[propaganda]] outlets were unable to do&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09RIYADH651_a.html Cable: 09RIYADH651_a] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629210330/https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09RIYADH651_a.html|date=29 يونيو 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Awards ==
MBC Group won the &quot;Cultural Institutions/Private Sector Track&quot; award from the National Cultural Awards Initiative in its fourth session 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Limited|first=Elaph Publishing|date=2024-09-10|title=وليد آل ابراهيم: الفوز مسؤولية كبيرة ومصدر إلهام|url=https://elaph.com/Web/News/2024/09/1547899.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911015635/https://elaph.com/Web/News/2024/09/1547899.html|archive-date=2024-09-11|access-date=2024-09-11|website=Elaph - إيلاف|language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=«الثقافة السعودية» تتوّج الروّاد والمبدعين في 16 قطاعاً ثقافياً|url=https://aawsat.com/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82/5059325-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%91%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%8A-16-%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%8B-%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8B|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911025443/https://aawsat.com/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82/5059325-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%91%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%8A-16-%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%8B-%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8B|archive-date=2024-09-11|access-date=2024-09-11|website=aawsat.com|language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Other websites ==
* [https://www.mbc.net/ Official website of MBC Group]
* {{Facebook}}
* {{Twitter}}

[[Category:Arabic-language television stations]]
[[Category:Television networks]]
[[Category:1991 establishments in France]]
[[Category:1991 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:MBC Group| ]]</text>
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    <title>Ice Age: Boiling Point</title>
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      <id>10880615</id>
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      <text bytes="4561" sha1="0gmmg4emxkh9k5liv3ypxixiqu41syx" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox film
| name           = Ice Age: Boiling Point
| image          = 
| alt            = 
| caption        = Official teaser logo
| director       = &lt;!-- MUST HAVE RELIABLE SOURCE. SEE WP:CITE. --&gt;
| producer       = &lt;!-- MUST HAVE RELIABLE SOURCE. SEE WP:CITE. --&gt;
| screenplay     = &lt;!-- MUST HAVE RELIABLE SOURCE. SEE WP:CITE. --&gt;
| starring       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ray Romano]]
* [[John Leguizamo]]
* [[Denis Leary]]
* [[Queen Latifah]]
* [[Simon Pegg]]
}}
| music          = 
| cinematography = 
| editing        = 
| studio         = [[20th Century Animation]],
[[Blue Sky Studios]]
| distributor    = [[20th Century Studios]]
| released       = {{Film date|2027|02|05}}
| runtime        = 
| country        = United States
| language       = English
| budget         = 
| gross          = 
}}

'''''Ice Age: Boiling Point''''' (also called '''''Ice Age 6: Boiling Point''''' or simply known as '''''Ice Age 6''''') is an upcoming American animated adventure comedy movie. It is produced by [[20th Century Animation]] and distributed by [[20th Century Studios]]. It will serve as a sequel to ''[[Ice Age: Collision Course]]'' (2016), the seventh overall installment in the ''[[Ice Age (franchise)|Ice Age]]'' movie series. [[Ray Romano]], [[John Leguizamo]], [[Denis Leary]], [[Simon Pegg]], and [[Queen Latifah]] will reprise their roles from the previous movie. It will be the first theatrical ''Ice Age'' movie not to be produced by [[Blue Sky Studios]], after it closed on April 10, 2021.

''Ice Age: Boiling Point'' is scheduled to be released in the United States on February 5, 2027.

== Cast ==

* [[Ray Romano]] as Manny, a [[woolly mammoth]] and the leader of the Herd.
* [[John Leguizamo]] as Sid, a [[ground sloth]] and the founder of the Herd.
* [[Denis Leary]] as Diego, a [[saber-toothed cat]] and the co-leader of the Herd.
* [[Queen Latifah]] as Ellie, a female woolly mammoth and Manny's wife.
* [[Simon Pegg]] as Buck, a one-eyed [[weasel]] and a dinosaur hunter.

== Production ==
On the possibility of a potential sequel to ''[[Ice Age: Collision Course]]'' in June 2016, co-director Galen T. Chu said that there were some ideas for the sixth, seventh installment of the ''Ice Age'' series. In July 2016, ''Bustle'' noted that the potential of ''Ice Age: Boiling Point'' being produced was relatively high even though it could mostly depend on the box office performance of the fifth movie.

In February 2017, ''PopWrapped'' commented on the subject of a sequel, pointing out the fifth movie's poor reception and how the sequels &quot;do not quite connect on an emotional level like the original&quot;, suggesting that the sixth film should return to its roots by reintroducing the humans from the first film.

In February 2022, producer Lori Forte discussed the possibility of a sequel while promoting ''The Ice Age Adventures of Buck Wild'', saying, &quot;I think it's a little premature. We hope that people will respond to this, and that will promote us to be able to do another movie. If the audiences want it, we've got plenty of ideas. There's no end to ideas and adventures and characters, so we're ready if they're ready.&quot;

In September 2024, [[John Leguizamo]], the voice of Sid in the ''Ice Age'' movies, revealed that the sixth movie was in development. By November 2024, during D23 in Brazil, the movie was officially announced to be in production with [[Ray Romano]], Leguizamo, [[Denis Leary]], [[Simon Pegg]], and [[Queen Latifah]] reprising their roles from the previous movies. On August 30, 2025, Disney revealed that the movie was titled ''Ice Age: Boiling Point''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Variety&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Dunn |first=Jack |title='Ice Age 6' Titled 'Ice Age: Boiling Point,' Sets 2027 Release |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/ice-age-boiling-point-release-date-disney-1236503113/ |website=Variety |accessdate=September 3, 2025 |date=August 30, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Release ==
''Ice Age: Boiling Point'' is scheduled to be released in the United States on February 5, 2027.&lt;ref name=&quot;Variety&quot;/&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Upcoming animated movies]]
[[Category:2027 movies]]
[[Category:2020s sequel movies]]
[[Category:2020s adventure comedy movies]]
[[Category:2027 computer-animated movies]]
[[Category:2020s English-language movies]]
[[Category:2020s family movies]]
[[Category:American adventure comedy movies]]
[[Category:American computer-animated movies]]
[[Category:American family movies]]
[[Category:American sequel movies]]
[[Category:English-language movies]]
[[Category:Ice Age (franchise)]]</text>
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      <id>10880616</id>
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      <text bytes="4566" sha1="3gur1wgep5988r1wwvu8wd82rmndud5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox film
| name           = Ice Age: Boiling Point
| image          = 
| alt            = 
| caption        = Official teaser logo
| director       = &lt;!-- MUST HAVE RELIABLE SOURCE. SEE WP:CITE. --&gt;
| producer       = &lt;!-- MUST HAVE RELIABLE SOURCE. SEE WP:CITE. --&gt;
| screenplay     = &lt;!-- MUST HAVE RELIABLE SOURCE. SEE WP:CITE. --&gt;
| starring       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ray Romano]]
* [[John Leguizamo]]
* [[Denis Leary]]
* [[Queen Latifah]]
* [[Simon Pegg]]
}}
| music          = 
| cinematography = 
| editing        = 
| studio         = [[20th Century Animation]],
[[Blue Sky Studios]]
| distributor    = [[20th Century Studios]]
| released       = {{Film date|2027|02|05}}
| runtime        = 
| country        = United States
| language       = English
| budget         = 
| gross          = 
}}

'''''Ice Age: Boiling Point''''' (also called '''''Ice Age 6: Boiling Point''''' or simply known as '''''Ice Age 6''''') is an upcoming 2027 American animated adventure comedy movie. It is produced by [[20th Century Animation]] and distributed by [[20th Century Studios]]. It will serve as a sequel to ''[[Ice Age: Collision Course]]'' (2016), the seventh overall installment in the ''[[Ice Age (franchise)|Ice Age]]'' movie series. [[Ray Romano]], [[John Leguizamo]], [[Denis Leary]], [[Simon Pegg]], and [[Queen Latifah]] will reprise their roles from the previous movie. It will be the first theatrical ''Ice Age'' movie not to be produced by [[Blue Sky Studios]], after it closed on April 10, 2021.

''Ice Age: Boiling Point'' is scheduled to be released in the United States on February 5, 2027.

== Cast ==

* [[Ray Romano]] as Manny, a [[woolly mammoth]] and the leader of the Herd.
* [[John Leguizamo]] as Sid, a [[ground sloth]] and the founder of the Herd.
* [[Denis Leary]] as Diego, a [[saber-toothed cat]] and the co-leader of the Herd.
* [[Queen Latifah]] as Ellie, a female woolly mammoth and Manny's wife.
* [[Simon Pegg]] as Buck, a one-eyed [[weasel]] and a dinosaur hunter.

== Production ==
On the possibility of a potential sequel to ''[[Ice Age: Collision Course]]'' in June 2016, co-director Galen T. Chu said that there were some ideas for the sixth, seventh installment of the ''Ice Age'' series. In July 2016, ''Bustle'' noted that the potential of ''Ice Age: Boiling Point'' being produced was relatively high even though it could mostly depend on the box office performance of the fifth movie.

In February 2017, ''PopWrapped'' commented on the subject of a sequel, pointing out the fifth movie's poor reception and how the sequels &quot;do not quite connect on an emotional level like the original&quot;, suggesting that the sixth film should return to its roots by reintroducing the humans from the first film.

In February 2022, producer Lori Forte discussed the possibility of a sequel while promoting ''The Ice Age Adventures of Buck Wild'', saying, &quot;I think it's a little premature. We hope that people will respond to this, and that will promote us to be able to do another movie. If the audiences want it, we've got plenty of ideas. There's no end to ideas and adventures and characters, so we're ready if they're ready.&quot;

In September 2024, [[John Leguizamo]], the voice of Sid in the ''Ice Age'' movies, revealed that the sixth movie was in development. By November 2024, during D23 in Brazil, the movie was officially announced to be in production with [[Ray Romano]], Leguizamo, [[Denis Leary]], [[Simon Pegg]], and [[Queen Latifah]] reprising their roles from the previous movies. On August 30, 2025, Disney revealed that the movie was titled ''Ice Age: Boiling Point''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Variety&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Dunn |first=Jack |title='Ice Age 6' Titled 'Ice Age: Boiling Point,' Sets 2027 Release |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/ice-age-boiling-point-release-date-disney-1236503113/ |website=Variety |accessdate=September 3, 2025 |date=August 30, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Release ==
''Ice Age: Boiling Point'' is scheduled to be released in the United States on February 5, 2027.&lt;ref name=&quot;Variety&quot;/&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Upcoming animated movies]]
[[Category:2027 movies]]
[[Category:2020s sequel movies]]
[[Category:2020s adventure comedy movies]]
[[Category:2027 computer-animated movies]]
[[Category:2020s English-language movies]]
[[Category:2020s family movies]]
[[Category:American adventure comedy movies]]
[[Category:American computer-animated movies]]
[[Category:American family movies]]
[[Category:American sequel movies]]
[[Category:English-language movies]]
[[Category:Ice Age (franchise)]]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Der-Wir-Ing</username>
        <id>404478</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-33703-25|~2026-33703-25]] ([[User talk:~2026-33703-25|talk]]) to last version by Ravensfire: not providing a [[WP:RS|reliable source]] ([[WP:CITE]], [[WP:RS]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="4539" sha1="ezv889cec2i20fltg9atadjpr7nw4il" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox film
| name           = Ice Age: Boiling Point
| image          = 
| alt            = 
| caption        = Official teaser logo
| director       = &lt;!-- MUST HAVE RELIABLE SOURCE. SEE WP:CITE. --&gt;
| producer       = &lt;!-- MUST HAVE RELIABLE SOURCE. SEE WP:CITE. --&gt;
| screenplay     = &lt;!-- MUST HAVE RELIABLE SOURCE. SEE WP:CITE. --&gt;
| starring       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ray Romano]]
* [[John Leguizamo]]
* [[Denis Leary]]
* [[Queen Latifah]]
* [[Simon Pegg]]
}}
| music          = 
| cinematography = 
| editing        = 
| studio         = [[20th Century Animation]]
| distributor    = [[20th Century Studios]]
| released       = {{Film date|2027|02|05}}
| runtime        = 
| country        = United States
| language       = English
| budget         = 
| gross          = 
}}

'''''Ice Age: Boiling Point''''' (also called '''''Ice Age 6: Boiling Point''''' or simply known as '''''Ice Age 6''''') is an upcoming American animated adventure comedy movie. It is produced by [[20th Century Animation]] and distributed by [[20th Century Studios]]. It will serve as a sequel to ''[[Ice Age: Collision Course]]'' (2016), the seventh overall installment in the ''[[Ice Age (franchise)|Ice Age]]'' movie series. [[Ray Romano]], [[John Leguizamo]], [[Denis Leary]], [[Simon Pegg]], and [[Queen Latifah]] will reprise their roles from the previous movie. It will be the first theatrical ''Ice Age'' movie not to be produced by [[Blue Sky Studios]], after it closed on April 10, 2021.

''Ice Age: Boiling Point'' is scheduled to be released in the United States on February 5, 2027.

== Cast ==

* [[Ray Romano]] as Manny, a [[woolly mammoth]] and the leader of the Herd.
* [[John Leguizamo]] as Sid, a [[ground sloth]] and the founder of the Herd.
* [[Denis Leary]] as Diego, a [[saber-toothed cat]] and the co-leader of the Herd.
* [[Queen Latifah]] as Ellie, a female woolly mammoth and Manny's wife.
* [[Simon Pegg]] as Buck, a one-eyed [[weasel]] and a dinosaur hunter.

== Production ==
On the possibility of a potential sequel to ''[[Ice Age: Collision Course]]'' in June 2016, co-director Galen T. Chu said that there were some ideas for the sixth, seventh installment of the ''Ice Age'' series. In July 2016, ''Bustle'' noted that the potential of ''Ice Age: Boiling Point'' being produced was relatively high even though it could mostly depend on the box office performance of the fifth movie.

In February 2017, ''PopWrapped'' commented on the subject of a sequel, pointing out the fifth movie's poor reception and how the sequels &quot;do not quite connect on an emotional level like the original&quot;, suggesting that the sixth film should return to its roots by reintroducing the humans from the first film.

In February 2022, producer Lori Forte discussed the possibility of a sequel while promoting ''The Ice Age Adventures of Buck Wild'', saying, &quot;I think it's a little premature. We hope that people will respond to this, and that will promote us to be able to do another movie. If the audiences want it, we've got plenty of ideas. There's no end to ideas and adventures and characters, so we're ready if they're ready.&quot;

In September 2024, [[John Leguizamo]], the voice of Sid in the ''Ice Age'' movies, revealed that the sixth movie was in development. By November 2024, during D23 in Brazil, the movie was officially announced to be in production with [[Ray Romano]], Leguizamo, [[Denis Leary]], [[Simon Pegg]], and [[Queen Latifah]] reprising their roles from the previous movies. On August 30, 2025, Disney revealed that the movie was titled ''Ice Age: Boiling Point''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Variety&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Dunn |first=Jack |title='Ice Age 6' Titled 'Ice Age: Boiling Point,' Sets 2027 Release |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/ice-age-boiling-point-release-date-disney-1236503113/ |website=Variety |accessdate=September 3, 2025 |date=August 30, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Release ==
''Ice Age: Boiling Point'' is scheduled to be released in the United States on February 5, 2027.&lt;ref name=&quot;Variety&quot;/&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Upcoming animated movies]]
[[Category:2027 movies]]
[[Category:2020s sequel movies]]
[[Category:2020s adventure comedy movies]]
[[Category:2027 computer-animated movies]]
[[Category:2020s English-language movies]]
[[Category:2020s family movies]]
[[Category:American adventure comedy movies]]
[[Category:American computer-animated movies]]
[[Category:American family movies]]
[[Category:American sequel movies]]
[[Category:English-language movies]]
[[Category:Ice Age (franchise)]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Penteract</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>10880356</id>
      <parentid>10782664</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T14:34:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>VoidStrikeWiki</username>
        <id>1817322</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>I made the article easier to read, improved it, and made it detailed, not too long, but understandable.</comment>
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[[File:Penteract-q1q4-q3q5.gif|thumb|A rotating penteract (5-cube projection in 3D). A combination of 2 [[Tesseract|Tesseracts]].]]

A '''penteract''' (also called a '''5-cube''') is a five-dimensional [[hypercube]], and the 5D analogue of a [[cube]] and [[tesseract]]. It belongs to the infinite family of n-dimensional cubes (n-cubes).

== Overview ==
The penteract exists in 5D Euclidean space and is defined as all points whose coordinates are either 0 or 1 in five dimensions. It is built by extending a [[tesseract]] into a fifth dimension.

It is represented by the Schläfli symbol {4,3,3,3}.

== Elements ==
The structure contains:
* [[File:Penteract-q4q5.gif|thumb|A Rotating penteract projection undergoing a simple rotation.]]32 vertices (2⁵)
* 80 edges
* 80 square faces
* 40 cubic cells
* 10 tesseract 4-faces

Each vertex connects to 5 edges, one per dimension.

== Construction ==
A penteract is formed by recursively extending lower-dimensional shapes: point →  [[line]] → [[square]] → [[cube]] → [[tesseract]] → penteract.

Each step doubles the number of vertices, following the pattern of the [[hypercube]] family.

== Properties ==
Like all hypercubes, it is highly symmetric and regular. It generalizes the structure of the [[square]] (2D), [[cube]] (3D), and [[tesseract]] (4D).

== Visualization ==
A true 5D object cannot be visualized directly. Instead, it is studied using:
* 3D projections
* 4D slices
* animated rotations of wireframes

These projections distort structure but preserve connectivity.

== Applications ==
Penteracts appear in:
* [[Geometry|higher-dimensional geometry]]
* [[theoretical physics]]
* [[machine learning]] (high-dimensional spaces)
* [[computer science]]

== See also ==
* [[Hypercube]]
* [[Cube]]
* [[Tesseract]]
* 5-orthoplex
* n-cube

{{Math-stub}}
[[Category:Polytopes]]
[[Category:Higher-dimensional geometry]]</text>
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      <id>10880359</id>
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[[File:Penteract-q1q4-q3q5.gif|thumb|A rotating penteract (5-cube projection in 3D). A combination of 2 [[Tesseract|Tesseracts]].]]

A '''penteract''' (also called a '''5-cube''') is a five-dimensional [[hypercube]], and the 5D analogue of a [[cube]] and [[tesseract]]. It belongs to the infinite family of n-dimensional cubes (n-cubes).

== Overview ==
The penteract exists in 5D Euclidean space and is defined as all points whose coordinates are either 0 or 1 in five dimensions. It is built by extending a [[tesseract]] into a fifth dimension.

It is represented by the Schläfli symbol {4,3,3,3}.

== Elements ==
The structure contains:
* [[File:Penteract-q4q5.gif|thumb|A Rotating penteract projection undergoing a simple rotation.]]32 vertices (2⁵)
* 80 edges
* 80 square faces
* 40 cubic cells
* 10 tesseract 4-faces

Each vertex connects to 5 edges, one per dimension.

== Construction ==
A penteract is formed by recursively extending lower-dimensional shapes: point →  [[line]] → [[square]] → [[cube]] → [[tesseract]] → penteract.

Each step doubles the number of vertices, following the pattern of the [[hypercube]] family.

== Properties ==
Like all hypercubes, it is highly symmetric and regular. It generalizes the structure of the [[square]] (2D), [[cube]] (3D), and [[tesseract]] (4D).

== Visualization ==
A true 5D object cannot be visualized directly. Instead, it is studied using:
* 3D projections
* 4D slices
* animated rotations of wireframes

These projections distort structure but preserve connectivity.

== Applications ==
Penteracts appear in:
* [[Geometry|higher-dimensional geometry]]
* [[theoretical physics]]
* [[machine learning]] (high-dimensional spaces)
* [[computer science]]

== See also ==
* [[Hypercube]]
* [[Cube]]
* [[Tesseract]]
* 5-orthoplex
* n-cube

{{Math-stub}}
[[Category:Polytopes]]
[[Category:Higher-dimensional geometry]]
[[Category:Physics]]</text>
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    <title>First Lady of Colombia</title>
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        <username>PierceGrant</username>
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      <minor />
      <comment>/* Causes and initiatives */</comment>
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      <text bytes="4893" sha1="r5r9xagpexj7f2whbgs7keho6yk12re" xml:space="preserve">{{About|role of the wives of the president of Colombia|others|List of first ladies of the Colombia}}{{Infobox Political post
|post            = First Lady
|body            = Colombia
|image           = Veronica Alcocer 2023.jpg
|incumbent       = [[Verónica Alcocer]]
|incumbentsince  = August 7, 2022
|residence       = [[Casa de Nariño]]
|formation       = {{start date and age|1886|04|1}}
|inaugural       = [[Soledad Román de Núñez]]
|website         = {{URL2|https://petro.presidencia.gov.co/prensa/primera-dama/ |firstlady}}
|style           = Madam First Lady
}}
'''First Lady of Colombia''' ('''First Lady of the Nation''') is the [[title]] and role held by the hostess of the [[Casa de Nariño]]. This is usually the wife of the [[president of Colombia]], during the president's term in office.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.funcionpublica.gov.co/eva/gestornormativo/norma.php?i=111898|title=Concepto 015491 de 2020 Departamento Administrativo de la Función Pública, Primera Dama de la Nacíon|access-date=26 December 2022|date=15 January 2020|website=Función Publica}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://colombia.as.com/actualidad/que-hace-la-primera-dama-en-colombia-funciones-y-responsabilidades-del-cargo-n/|title=¿Qué hace la primera dama en Colombia? Funciones y responsabilidades del cargo|access-date=26 December 2022|date=27 September 2022|website=Colombia.As}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Verónica Alcocer]] is the current [[First Lady|first lady]] of [[Colombia]], in role since August 2022 as the wife of President [[Gustavo Petro]].

== Origins and role ==
The first lady is not elected by the people of Colombia. There are no official [[Job|jobs]] she is officially required to perform and she is not paid for being the first lady.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.canalcapital.gov.co/noticias-capital-migracion/cuales-son-las-funciones-la-primera-dama-colombia|title=¿Cuáles son las funciones de la Primera Dama en Colombia?|access-date=25 May 2025|date=24 May 2022|work=Canal Capital|archive-date=30 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430113720/https://www.canalcapital.gov.co/noticias-capital-migracion/cuales-son-las-funciones-la-primera-dama-colombia|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.eltiempo.com/politica/gobierno/funciones-de-la-primera-dama-de-la-nacion-y-cuanto-gana-575518|title=En el Congreso proponen que desaparezca la figura de la Primera Dama|access-date=26 March 2022|date=23 March 2021|last=Mercado|first=Luisa|work=El Tiempo}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first lady is often involved in political campaigns and managements of the [[Casa de Nariño]] and participate in [[Socialite|social]] causes. They also represent the president at official and ceremonial occasions and accompany the [[president]] on foreign summits and events.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.semana.com/politica/articulo/cuales-son-las-funciones-de-la-primera-dama-en-colombia/202208/|title=¿Cuáles son las funciones de la primera dama en Colombia?|access-date=26 December 2022|date=26 September 2022|website=Semana}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bluradio.com/nacion/que-funciones-cumple-la-primera-dama-en-colombia-so35|title=¿Qué funciones cumple la primera dama en Colombia?|access-date=26 December 2022|date=25 September 2022|website=Blu Radio}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Office of the First Lady ==
According to the Colombian legal system, the first lady is a private [[Citizenship|citizen]], which prevents her from having her own office and staff. Therefore, since 1994 the office has been without functions although it continues to exist in a ceremonial manner.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-71776|title=Acaban con Despacho de la Primera Dama|access-date=May 2, 2024|date=March 11, 1994|website=El Tiempo}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Causes and initiatives ==
Since the 1930s, several first ladies have stood out for being promoters of social issues that have no interference in the country's political area. A staff supports her agenda.
* [[María Teresa Londoño]]; Collections to the Colombian troops in the Colombo-Peruvian War
* [[María Michelsen de López]]; Orphans' rights
* [[Lorenza Villegas de Santos]]; [[Public health]] care
* [[Bertha Hernández de Ospina]]; [[Women's rights movement|Women's rights]] and [[civil rights]]
* [[Cecilia de la Fuente de Lleras]]; [[Child malnutrition]] and orphans' rights
* [[Cecilia Caballero Blanco]]; [[Legitimacy|Illegitimate]] child's rights
* [[Nidya Quintero]]; Care in natural disasters
* [[Nohra Puyana de Pastrana]]; Charity and care in natural disasters
* [[Ana Milena Muñoz de Gaviria]]; Education and culture
* [[Lina Moreno de Uribe]]; Women's reproductive health care
* [[María Clemencia de Santos]]; Medical care for children
* [[María Juliana Ruiz]]; Child malnutrition

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Politics of Colombia]]
[[Category:First Ladies of Colombia|* ]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4893" sha1="cjeuhtg9owmt6cy6zntdo3mb09op21i" xml:space="preserve">{{About|role of the wives of the president of Colombia|others|List of first ladies of the Colombia}}{{Infobox Political post
|post            = First Lady
|body            = Colombia
|image           = Veronica Alcocer 2023.jpg
|incumbent       = [[Verónica Alcocer]]
|incumbentsince  = August 7, 2022
|residence       = [[Casa de Nariño]]
|formation       = {{start date and age|1886|04|1}}
|inaugural       = [[Soledad Román de Núñez]]
|website         = {{URL2|https://petro.presidencia.gov.co/prensa/primera-dama/ |firstlady}}
|style           = Madam First Lady
}}
'''First Lady of Colombia''' ('''First Lady of the Nation''') is the [[title]] and role held by the hostess of the [[Casa de Nariño]]. This is usually the wife of the [[president of Colombia]], during the president's term in office.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.funcionpublica.gov.co/eva/gestornormativo/norma.php?i=111898|title=Concepto 015491 de 2020 Departamento Administrativo de la Función Pública, Primera Dama de la Nacíon|access-date=26 December 2022|date=15 January 2020|website=Función Publica}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://colombia.as.com/actualidad/que-hace-la-primera-dama-en-colombia-funciones-y-responsabilidades-del-cargo-n/|title=¿Qué hace la primera dama en Colombia? Funciones y responsabilidades del cargo|access-date=26 December 2022|date=27 September 2022|website=Colombia.As}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Verónica Alcocer]] is the current [[First Lady|first lady]] of [[Colombia]], in role since August 2022 as the wife of President [[Gustavo Petro]].

== Origins and role ==
The first lady is not elected by the people of Colombia. There are no official [[Job|jobs]] she is officially required to perform and she is not paid for being the first lady.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.canalcapital.gov.co/noticias-capital-migracion/cuales-son-las-funciones-la-primera-dama-colombia|title=¿Cuáles son las funciones de la Primera Dama en Colombia?|access-date=25 May 2025|date=24 May 2022|work=Canal Capital|archive-date=30 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430113720/https://www.canalcapital.gov.co/noticias-capital-migracion/cuales-son-las-funciones-la-primera-dama-colombia|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.eltiempo.com/politica/gobierno/funciones-de-la-primera-dama-de-la-nacion-y-cuanto-gana-575518|title=En el Congreso proponen que desaparezca la figura de la Primera Dama|access-date=26 March 2022|date=23 March 2021|last=Mercado|first=Luisa|work=El Tiempo}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first lady is often involved in political campaigns and managements of the [[Casa de Nariño]] and participate in [[Socialite|social]] causes. They also represent the president at official and ceremonial occasions and accompany the [[president]] on foreign summits and events.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.semana.com/politica/articulo/cuales-son-las-funciones-de-la-primera-dama-en-colombia/202208/|title=¿Cuáles son las funciones de la primera dama en Colombia?|access-date=26 December 2022|date=26 September 2022|website=Semana}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bluradio.com/nacion/que-funciones-cumple-la-primera-dama-en-colombia-so35|title=¿Qué funciones cumple la primera dama en Colombia?|access-date=26 December 2022|date=25 September 2022|website=Blu Radio}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Office of the First Lady ==
According to the Colombian legal system, the first lady is a private [[Citizenship|citizen]], which prevents her from having her own office and staff. Therefore, since 1994 the office has been without functions although it continues to exist in a ceremonial manner.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-71776|title=Acaban con Despacho de la Primera Dama|access-date=May 2, 2024|date=March 11, 1994|website=El Tiempo}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Causes and initiatives ==
Since the 1930s, several first ladies have stood out for being promoters of social issues that have no interference in the country's political area. A staff supports her agenda.
* [[María Teresa Londoño]]; Collections to the Colombian troops in the Colombo-Peruvian War
* [[María Michelsen de López]]; Orphans' rights
* [[Lorenza Villegas de Santos]]; [[Public health]] care
* [[Bertha Hernández de Ospina]]; [[Women's rights movement|Women's rights]] and [[civil rights]]
* [[Cecilia de la Fuente de Lleras]]; [[Child malnutrition]] and orphans' rights
* [[Cecilia Caballero Blanco]]; [[Legitimacy|Illegitimate]] child's rights
* [[Nydia Quintero]]; Care in natural disasters
* [[Nohra Puyana de Pastrana]]; Charity and care in natural disasters
* [[Ana Milena Muñoz de Gaviria]]; Education and culture
* [[Lina Moreno de Uribe]]; Women's reproductive health care
* [[María Clemencia de Santos]]; Medical care for children
* [[María Juliana Ruiz]]; Child malnutrition

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Politics of Colombia]]
[[Category:First Ladies of Colombia|* ]]</text>
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    <title>Michael (2026 movie)</title>
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{{Infobox movie
| image          = 
| caption        = Official movie logo
| director       = [[Antoine Fuqua]]
| producer       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Graham King]]
* [[John Branca]]
* John McClain
}}
| writer         = [[John Logan (writer)|John Logan]]
| starring       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Jaafar Jackson]]
* [[Colman Domingo]]
* [[Nia Long]]
* [[Miles Teller]]
* [[Laura Harrier]]
* [[Kat Graham]]
* [[Larenz Tate]]
* [[Derek Luke]]
}}
| music          = 
| cinematography = [[Dion Beebe]]
| editing        = 
| studio         = {{Plainlist|
* [[Lionsgate Studios|Lionsgate]]
* [[GK Films]]
}}
| distributor    = {{Plainlist|
*[[Lionsgate Films|Lionsgate]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(United States)&lt;/small&gt;
*[[Universal Pictures]] &lt;small&gt;(International)&lt;/small&gt;
}}
| released       = {{Film date|2026|04|24}}
| runtime        = 
| country        = United States
| language       = English
| budget         = $860.7 million
| gross          = 
}}
'''''Michael''''' is an American [[Biographical movie|biographical]] [[musical movie|musical]] [[drama movie]] directed by [[Antoine Fuqua]], written by [[John Logan]], and produced by [[Graham King]], [[John Branca]], and John McClain.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=‘Emancipation’s Antoine Fuqua To Direct Michael Jackson Biopic For Lionsgate; John Logan Script &amp; ‘Bohemian Rhapsody’s Graham King Producing With Estate|url=https://deadline.com/2023/01/michael-jackson-antoine-fuqua-directing-movie-biopic-michael-lionsgate-graham-king-john-logan-1235225582/|publisher=[[Deadline|Deadline Hollywood]]|accessdate=March 4, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; It follows the early life of the American singer [[Michael Jackson|Michael Jackson,]] covering the period from his involvement in [[the Jackson 5]] in the 1960s to the [[Bad Tölz|Bad World Tour]] in the late 1980s. Jackson is portrayed by his nephew [[Jaafar Jackson]] and as a child by [[Juliano Valdi]], both in their movie debuts. The [[ensemble cast]] also features [[Nia Long]], [[KeiLyn Durrell Jones]], [[Laura Harrier]], [[Jessica Sula]], [[Mike Myers]], [[Miles Teller]], and [[Colman Domingo]].

The movie was released on April 24, 2026,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Michael Jackson Biopic ‘Michael’ Pushes Release to October 2025|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-news/michael-jackson-biopic-release-october-2025-1235154260/|publisher=[[Rolling Stone]]|accessdate=March 4, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; in which has grossed $860.7 million worldwide, making it the second-highest-grossing movie of 2026 and the third-highest-grossing biographical movie of all time. ''Michael'' received negative reviews from critics, who praised Jaafar's performance but criticized the story as &quot;sanitized&quot;. A sequel is in development.

== Plot ==
The movie follows Michael Jackson's life beyond the music, from his time with [[the Jackson 5]] to his early solo career in the late 1980s.

== Production ==
[[Principal photography]] began on January 22, 2024 in [[Santa Barbara, California]] and finished on May 30.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://thesource.com/2024/01/22/michael-jacksons-biopic-begins-filming/|accessdate=March 4, 2025|title=Michael Jackson’s Biopic Begins Filming|publisher=[[The Source]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://collider.com/michael-jackson-biopic-release-date-delayed/|accessdate=March 4, 2025|title=Antoine Fuqua's Michael Jackson Biopic Just Moonwalked Its Release Date Back Several Months|publisher=[[Valne|Collider]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Jaafar Jackson]] as [[Michael Jackson]]
**Juliano Krue Valdi as young Michael
*[[Colman Domingo]] as [[Joe Jackson]]
*[[Nia Long]] as [[Katherine Jackson]]
*[[Miles Teller]] as [[John Branca]]
*[[Laura Harrier]] as [[Suzanne de Passe]]
*Jamal R. Henderson as [[Jermaine Jackson]]
**Jayden Harville as young Jermaine
*Tre Horton as [[Marlon Jackson]]
**Jaylen Lyndon Hunter as young Marlon
*Rhyan Hill as [[Tito Jackson]]
**Judah Edwards as young Tito
*[[Joseph David-Jones]] as [[Jackie Jackson]]
**Nathaniel Logan McIntyre as young Jackie
*[[Kat Graham]] as [[Diana Ross]]
*[[Larenz Tate]] as [[Berry Gordy]]
*[[Jessica Sula]] as [[La Toya Jackson]]
*Liv Symone as [[Gladys Knight]]
*[[Kevin Shinick]] as [[Dick Clark]]
*KeiLyn Durrel Jones as Bill Bray
*[[Kendrick Sampson]] as [[Quincy Jones]]
*[[Derek Luke]] as [[Johnnie Cochran]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Other websites==
*{{IMDb title|11378946|Michael}}

{{Michael Jackson}}

[[Category:2026 movies]]
[[Category:2020s biographical movies]]
[[Category:2020s musical movies]]
[[Category:2020s drama movies]]
[[Category:2020s English-language movies]]
[[Category:African-American movies]]
[[Category:American biographical movies]]
[[Category:American musical movies]]
[[Category:American drama movies]]
[[Category:Movies directed by Antoine Fuqua]]
[[Category:Movies set in Indiana]]
[[Category:Lionsgate movies]]
[[Category:Michael Jackson]]
[[Category:Universal Pictures movies]]
[[Category:Upcoming movies]]
[[Category:Movies about musical groups]]</text>
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      <id>10880399</id>
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{{Infobox movie
| image          = 
| caption        = Official movie logo
| director       = [[Antoine Fuqua]]
| producer       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Graham King]]
* [[John Branca]]
* John McClain
}}
| writer         = [[John Logan (writer)|John Logan]]
| starring       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Jaafar Jackson]]
* [[Colman Domingo]]
* [[Nia Long]]
* [[Miles Teller]]
* [[Laura Harrier]]
* [[Kat Graham]]
* [[Larenz Tate]]
* [[Derek Luke]]
}}
| music          = 
| cinematography = [[Dion Beebe]]
| editing        = 
| studio         = {{Plainlist|
* [[Lionsgate Studios|Lionsgate]]
* [[GK Films]]
}}
| distributor    = {{Plainlist|
*[[Lionsgate Films|Lionsgate]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(United States)&lt;/small&gt;
*[[Universal Pictures]] &lt;small&gt;(International)&lt;/small&gt;
}}
| released       = {{Film date|2026|04|24}}
| runtime        = 
| country        = United States
| language       = English
| budget         = $860.7 million
| gross          = 
}}
'''''Michael''''' is an American [[Biographical movie|biographical]] [[musical movie|musical]] [[drama movie]] directed by [[Antoine Fuqua]], written by [[John Logan]], and produced by [[Graham King]], [[John Branca]], and John McClain.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=‘Emancipation’s Antoine Fuqua To Direct Michael Jackson Biopic For Lionsgate; John Logan Script &amp; ‘Bohemian Rhapsody’s Graham King Producing With Estate|url=https://deadline.com/2023/01/michael-jackson-antoine-fuqua-directing-movie-biopic-michael-lionsgate-graham-king-john-logan-1235225582/|publisher=[[Deadline|Deadline Hollywood]]|accessdate=March 4, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; It follows the early life of the American singer [[Michael Jackson|Michael Jackson,]] covering the period from his involvement in [[the Jackson 5]] in the 1960s to the [[Bad Tölz|Bad World Tour]] in the late 1980s. Jackson is portrayed by his nephew [[Jaafar Jackson]] and as a child by [[Juliano Valdi]], both in their movie debuts. The [[ensemble cast]] also features [[Nia Long]], [[KeiLyn Durrell Jones]], [[Laura Harrier]], [[Jessica Sula]], [[Mike Myers]], [[Miles Teller]], and [[Colman Domingo]].

The movie was released on April 24, 2026,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Michael Jackson Biopic ‘Michael’ Pushes Release to October 2025|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-news/michael-jackson-biopic-release-october-2025-1235154260/|publisher=[[Rolling Stone]]|accessdate=March 4, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; in which has grossed $860.7 million worldwide, making it the second-highest-grossing movie of 2026 and the third-highest-grossing biographical movie of all time. ''Michael'' received negative reviews from critics, who praised Jaafar's performance but criticized the story as &quot;sanitized&quot;. A sequel is in development.

== Plot ==

=== Childhood and the Jackson 5 ===
The movie opens in 1966 with steel mill worker [[Joe Jackson|Joseph Jackson]] ([[Colman Domingo]]) ruthlessly pushing his five young sons into a musical act. Child actor [[Juliano Valdi|Juliano Krue Valdi]] plays the young Michael, whose prodigious talent on lead vocals is nurtured under the constant shadow of his father's iron will and [[physical abuse]]. Under [[Motown|Motown Records]], the group skyrockets to fame, forcing the family to move from a small house in the Midwest to an expansive estate in [[Encino, Los Angeles|Encino]], [[California]].

=== Rise of a solo icon ===
As Michael grows older (played by his nephew, [[Jaafar Jackson]]), he longs to break free from his father's controlling management. With the help of his mother, [[Katherine Jackson|Katherine]] ([[Nia Long]]), and attorney [[John Branca]] ([[Miles Teller]]), Michael takes charge of his own career. He channels his creative ambitions to record legendary solo albums like ''[[Off the Wall]]'' and the record-breaking ''[[Thriller (album)|Thriller]]''. This era is marked by his obsessive pursuit of musical perfection, his signature choreography, and his attempts to navigate intense global fame.

=== Personal struggles and public persona ===
The movie highlights Michael's duality: on stage, he is a revolutionary performer, but off stage, he struggles to make human connections due to his early loss of a normal childhood. His longing for a carefree life manifests in his obsession with [[Peter Pan]], his construction of the [[Neverland Ranch]], and his growing collection of exotic animals. The movie touches upon his changing appearance, his diagnosis and struggles with [[vitiligo]], and his genuine devotion to his fans and charity work.

=== Culmination ===
Rather than exploring later-life controversies, the movie focuses heavily on the triumphs of his artistic journey and culminates with spectacular re-enactments of his iconic concert performances.

== Production ==
[[Principal photography]] began on January 22, 2024 in [[Santa Barbara, California]] and finished on May 30.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://thesource.com/2024/01/22/michael-jacksons-biopic-begins-filming/|accessdate=March 4, 2025|title=Michael Jackson’s Biopic Begins Filming|publisher=[[The Source]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://collider.com/michael-jackson-biopic-release-date-delayed/|accessdate=March 4, 2025|title=Antoine Fuqua's Michael Jackson Biopic Just Moonwalked Its Release Date Back Several Months|publisher=[[Valne|Collider]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Jaafar Jackson]] as [[Michael Jackson]]
**Juliano Krue Valdi as young Michael
*[[Colman Domingo]] as [[Joe Jackson]]
*[[Nia Long]] as [[Katherine Jackson]]
*[[Miles Teller]] as [[John Branca]]
*[[Laura Harrier]] as [[Suzanne de Passe]]
*Jamal R. Henderson as [[Jermaine Jackson]]
**Jayden Harville as young Jermaine
*Tre Horton as [[Marlon Jackson]]
**Jaylen Lyndon Hunter as young Marlon
*Rhyan Hill as [[Tito Jackson]]
**Judah Edwards as young Tito
*[[Joseph David-Jones]] as [[Jackie Jackson]]
**Nathaniel Logan McIntyre as young Jackie
*[[Kat Graham]] as [[Diana Ross]]
*[[Larenz Tate]] as [[Berry Gordy]]
*[[Jessica Sula]] as [[La Toya Jackson]]
*Liv Symone as [[Gladys Knight]]
*[[Kevin Shinick]] as [[Dick Clark]]
*KeiLyn Durrel Jones as Bill Bray
*[[Kendrick Sampson]] as [[Quincy Jones]]
*[[Derek Luke]] as [[Johnnie Cochran]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Other websites==
*{{IMDb title|11378946|Michael}}

{{Michael Jackson}}

[[Category:2026 movies]]
[[Category:2020s biographical movies]]
[[Category:2020s musical movies]]
[[Category:2020s drama movies]]
[[Category:2020s English-language movies]]
[[Category:African-American movies]]
[[Category:American biographical movies]]
[[Category:American musical movies]]
[[Category:American drama movies]]
[[Category:Movies directed by Antoine Fuqua]]
[[Category:Movies set in Indiana]]
[[Category:Lionsgate movies]]
[[Category:Michael Jackson]]
[[Category:Universal Pictures movies]]
[[Category:Upcoming movies]]
[[Category:Movies about musical groups]]</text>
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{{Infobox movie
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| director       = [[Antoine Fuqua]]
| producer       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Graham King]]
* [[John Branca]]
* John McClain
}}
| writer         = [[John Logan (writer)|John Logan]]
| starring       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Jaafar Jackson]]
* [[Colman Domingo]]
* [[Nia Long]]
* [[Miles Teller]]
* [[Laura Harrier]]
* [[Kat Graham]]
* [[Larenz Tate]]
* [[Derek Luke]]
}}
| music          = 
| cinematography = [[Dion Beebe]]
| editing        = 
| studio         = {{Plainlist|
* [[Lionsgate Studios|Lionsgate]]
* [[GK Films]]
}}
| distributor    = {{Plainlist|
*[[Lionsgate Films|Lionsgate]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(United States)&lt;/small&gt;
*[[Universal Pictures]] &lt;small&gt;(International)&lt;/small&gt;
}}
| released       = {{Film date|2026|04|24}}
| runtime        = 
| country        = United States
| language       = English
| budget         = $860.7 million
| gross          = 
}}
'''''Michael''''' is an American [[Biographical movie|biographical]] [[musical movie|musical]] [[drama movie]] directed by [[Antoine Fuqua]], written by [[John Logan]], and produced by [[Graham King]], [[John Branca]], and John McClain.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=‘Emancipation’s Antoine Fuqua To Direct Michael Jackson Biopic For Lionsgate; John Logan Script &amp; ‘Bohemian Rhapsody’s Graham King Producing With Estate|url=https://deadline.com/2023/01/michael-jackson-antoine-fuqua-directing-movie-biopic-michael-lionsgate-graham-king-john-logan-1235225582/|publisher=[[Deadline|Deadline Hollywood]]|accessdate=March 4, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; It follows the early life of the American singer [[Michael Jackson|Michael Jackson,]] covering the period from his involvement in [[the Jackson 5]] in the 1960s to the [[Bad Tölz|Bad World Tour]] in the late 1980s. Jackson is portrayed by his nephew [[Jaafar Jackson]] and as a child by [[Juliano Valdi]], both in their movie debuts. The [[ensemble cast]] also features [[Nia Long]], [[KeiLyn Durrell Jones]], [[Laura Harrier]], [[Jessica Sula]], [[Mike Myers]], [[Miles Teller]], and [[Colman Domingo]].

The movie was released on April 24, 2026,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Michael Jackson Biopic ‘Michael’ Pushes Release to October 2025|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-news/michael-jackson-biopic-release-october-2025-1235154260/|publisher=[[Rolling Stone]]|accessdate=March 4, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; in which has grossed $860.7 million worldwide, making it the second-highest-grossing movie of 2026 and the third-highest-grossing biographical movie of all time. ''Michael'' received negative reviews from critics, who praised Jaafar's performance but criticized the story as &quot;sanitized&quot;. A sequel is in development.

== Plot ==

=== Childhood and the Jackson 5 ===
The movie opens in 1966 with steel mill worker [[Joe Jackson|Joseph Jackson]] ([[Colman Domingo]]) ruthlessly pushing his five young sons into a musical act. Child actor [[Juliano Valdi|Juliano Krue Valdi]] plays the young Michael, whose prodigious talent on lead vocals is nurtured under the constant shadow of his father's iron will and [[physical abuse]]. Under [[Motown|Motown Records]], the group skyrockets to fame, forcing the family to move from a small house in the Midwest to an expansive estate in [[Encino, Los Angeles|Encino]], [[California]].

=== Rise of a solo icon ===
As Michael grows older (played by his nephew, [[Jaafar Jackson]]), he longs to break free from his father's controlling management. With the help of his mother, [[Katherine Jackson|Katherine]] ([[Nia Long]]), and attorney [[John Branca]] ([[Miles Teller]]), Michael takes charge of his own career. He channels his creative ambitions to record legendary solo albums like ''[[Off the Wall]]'' and the record-breaking ''[[Thriller (album)|Thriller]]''. This era is marked by his obsessive pursuit of musical perfection, his signature choreography, and his attempts to navigate intense global fame.

=== Personal struggles and public persona ===
The movie highlights Michael's duality: on stage, he is a revolutionary performer, but off stage, he struggles to make human connections due to his early loss of a normal childhood. His longing for a carefree life manifests in his obsession with [[Peter Pan]], his construction of the [[Neverland Ranch]], and his growing collection of exotic animals. The movie touches upon his changing appearance, his diagnosis and struggles with [[vitiligo]], and his genuine devotion to his fans and charity work.

=== Culmination ===
Rather than exploring later-life controversies, the movie focuses heavily on the triumphs of his artistic journey and culminates with spectacular re-enactments of his iconic concert performances.

== Production ==
Development began in November 2019, when it was reported that the producer [[Graham King]] had secured the rights to produce a movie about Jackson, with Logan attached to write. Lionsgate Films announced the movie in February 2022. In January 2023, Fuqua was announced as the director, and Jaafar was cast as Michael. Further casting took place from January to April 2024.

After delays caused by the [[2023 SAG-AFTRA strike]], [[principal photography]] began on January 22, 2024 in [[Santa Barbara, California]] and finished on May 30.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://thesource.com/2024/01/22/michael-jacksons-biopic-begins-filming/|accessdate=March 4, 2025|title=Michael Jackson’s Biopic Begins Filming|publisher=[[The Source]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://collider.com/michael-jackson-biopic-release-date-delayed/|accessdate=March 4, 2025|title=Antoine Fuqua's Michael Jackson Biopic Just Moonwalked Its Release Date Back Several Months|publisher=[[Valne|Collider]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; After a clause was discovered in a legal settlement, references to the [[1993 Michael Jackson sexual abuse allegations|1993 child sexual abuse allegations against Michael]] were removed, the third act was revised, and reshoots took place in June 2025, bringing the total production budget to $155–200 million.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Jaafar Jackson]] as [[Michael Jackson]]
**Juliano Krue Valdi as young Michael
*[[Colman Domingo]] as [[Joe Jackson]]
*[[Nia Long]] as [[Katherine Jackson]]
*[[Miles Teller]] as [[John Branca]]
*[[Laura Harrier]] as [[Suzanne de Passe]]
*Jamal R. Henderson as [[Jermaine Jackson]]
**Jayden Harville as young Jermaine
*Tre Horton as [[Marlon Jackson]]
**Jaylen Lyndon Hunter as young Marlon
*Rhyan Hill as [[Tito Jackson]]
**Judah Edwards as young Tito
*[[Joseph David-Jones]] as [[Jackie Jackson]]
**Nathaniel Logan McIntyre as young Jackie
*[[Kat Graham]] as [[Diana Ross]]
*[[Larenz Tate]] as [[Berry Gordy]]
*[[Jessica Sula]] as [[La Toya Jackson]]
*Liv Symone as [[Gladys Knight]]
*[[Kevin Shinick]] as [[Dick Clark]]
*KeiLyn Durrel Jones as Bill Bray
*[[Kendrick Sampson]] as [[Quincy Jones]]
*[[Derek Luke]] as [[Johnnie Cochran]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Other websites==
*{{IMDb title|11378946|Michael}}

{{Michael Jackson}}

[[Category:2026 movies]]
[[Category:2020s biographical movies]]
[[Category:2020s musical movies]]
[[Category:2020s drama movies]]
[[Category:2020s English-language movies]]
[[Category:African-American movies]]
[[Category:American biographical movies]]
[[Category:American musical movies]]
[[Category:American drama movies]]
[[Category:Movies directed by Antoine Fuqua]]
[[Category:Movies set in Indiana]]
[[Category:Lionsgate movies]]
[[Category:Michael Jackson]]
[[Category:Universal Pictures movies]]
[[Category:Upcoming movies]]
[[Category:Movies about musical groups]]</text>
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      <id>10880418</id>
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{{Infobox movie
| image          = Michael logo.png
| caption        = Official movie logo
| director       = [[Antoine Fuqua]]
| producer       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Graham King]]
* [[John Branca]]
* John McClain
}}
| writer         = [[John Logan (writer)|John Logan]]
| starring       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Jaafar Jackson]]
* [[Colman Domingo]]
* [[Nia Long]]
* [[Miles Teller]]
* [[Laura Harrier]]
* [[Larenz Tate]]
* [[Derek Luke]]
}}
| music          = 
| cinematography = [[Dion Beebe]]
| editing        = 
| studio         = {{Plainlist|
* [[Lionsgate Studios|Lionsgate]]
* [[GK Films]]
}}
| distributor    = {{Plainlist|
*[[Lionsgate Films|Lionsgate]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(United States)&lt;/small&gt;
*[[Universal Pictures]] &lt;small&gt;(International)&lt;/small&gt;
}}
| released       = {{Film date|2026|04|24}}
| runtime        = 
| country        = United States
| language       = English
| budget         = $860.7 million
| gross          = 
}}
'''''Michael''''' is an American [[Biographical movie|biographical]] [[musical movie|musical]] [[drama movie]] directed by [[Antoine Fuqua]], written by [[John Logan]], and produced by [[Graham King]], [[John Branca]], and John McClain.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=‘Emancipation’s Antoine Fuqua To Direct Michael Jackson Biopic For Lionsgate; John Logan Script &amp; ‘Bohemian Rhapsody’s Graham King Producing With Estate|url=https://deadline.com/2023/01/michael-jackson-antoine-fuqua-directing-movie-biopic-michael-lionsgate-graham-king-john-logan-1235225582/|publisher=[[Deadline|Deadline Hollywood]]|accessdate=March 4, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; It follows the early life of the American singer [[Michael Jackson|Michael Jackson,]] covering the period from his involvement in [[the Jackson 5]] in the 1960s to the [[Bad Tölz|Bad World Tour]] in the late 1980s. Jackson is portrayed by his nephew [[Jaafar Jackson]] and as a child by [[Juliano Valdi]], both in their movie debuts. The [[ensemble cast]] also features [[Nia Long]], [[KeiLyn Durrell Jones]], [[Laura Harrier]], [[Jessica Sula]], [[Mike Myers]], [[Miles Teller]], and [[Colman Domingo]].

== Plot ==

=== Childhood and the Jackson 5 ===
The movie opens in 1966 with steel mill worker [[Joe Jackson|Joseph Jackson]] ([[Colman Domingo]]) ruthlessly pushing his five young sons into a musical act. Child actor [[Juliano Valdi|Juliano Krue Valdi]] plays the young Michael, whose prodigious talent on lead vocals is nurtured under the constant shadow of his father's iron will and [[physical abuse]]. Under [[Motown|Motown Records]], the group skyrockets to fame, forcing the family to move from a small house in the Midwest to an expansive estate in [[Encino, Los Angeles|Encino]], [[California]].

=== Rise of a solo icon ===
As Michael grows older (played by his nephew, [[Jaafar Jackson]]), he longs to break free from his father's controlling management. With the help of his mother, [[Katherine Jackson|Katherine]] ([[Nia Long]]), and attorney [[John Branca]] ([[Miles Teller]]), Michael takes charge of his own career. He channels his creative ambitions to record legendary solo albums like ''[[Off the Wall]]'' and the record-breaking ''[[Thriller (album)|Thriller]]''. This era is marked by his obsessive pursuit of musical perfection, his signature choreography, and his attempts to navigate intense global fame.

=== Personal struggles and public persona ===
The movie highlights Michael's duality: on stage, he is a revolutionary performer, but off stage, he struggles to make human connections due to his early loss of a normal childhood. His longing for a carefree life manifests in his obsession with [[Peter Pan]], his construction of the [[Neverland Ranch]], and his growing collection of exotic animals. The movie touches upon his changing appearance, his diagnosis and struggles with [[vitiligo]], and his genuine devotion to his fans and charity work.

=== Culmination ===
Rather than exploring later-life controversies, the movie focuses heavily on the triumphs of his artistic journey and culminates with spectacular re-enactments of his iconic concert performances.

== Production ==
Development began in November 2019, when it was reported that the producer [[Graham King]] had secured the rights to produce a movie about Jackson, with Logan attached to write. Lionsgate Films announced the movie in February 2022. In January 2023, Fuqua was announced as the director, and Jaafar was cast as Michael. Further casting took place from January to April 2024.

After delays caused by the [[2023 SAG-AFTRA strike]], [[principal photography]] began on January 22, 2024 in [[Santa Barbara, California]] and finished on May 30.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://thesource.com/2024/01/22/michael-jacksons-biopic-begins-filming/|accessdate=March 4, 2025|title=Michael Jackson’s Biopic Begins Filming|publisher=[[The Source]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://collider.com/michael-jackson-biopic-release-date-delayed/|accessdate=March 4, 2025|title=Antoine Fuqua's Michael Jackson Biopic Just Moonwalked Its Release Date Back Several Months|publisher=[[Valne|Collider]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; After a clause was discovered in a legal settlement, references to the [[1993 Michael Jackson sexual abuse allegations|1993 child sexual abuse allegations against Michael]] were removed, the third act was revised, and reshoots took place in June 2025, bringing the total production budget to $155–200 million.

The movie was released on April 24, 2026, in which has grossed $860.7 million worldwide, making it the second-highest-grossing movie of 2026 and the third-highest-grossing biographical movie of all time. ''Michael'' received negative reviews from critics, who praised Jaafar's performance but criticized the story as &quot;sanitized&quot;. A sequel is in development.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Jaafar Jackson]] as [[Michael Jackson]]
**Juliano Krue Valdi as young Michael
*[[Colman Domingo]] as [[Joe Jackson]]
*[[Nia Long]] as [[Katherine Jackson]]
*[[Miles Teller]] as [[John Branca]]
*[[Laura Harrier]] as [[Suzanne de Passe]]
*Jamal R. Henderson as [[Jermaine Jackson]]
**Jayden Harville as young Jermaine
*Tre Horton as [[Marlon Jackson]]
**Jaylen Lyndon Hunter as young Marlon
*Rhyan Hill as [[Tito Jackson]]
**Judah Edwards as young Tito
*[[Joseph David-Jones]] as [[Jackie Jackson]]
**Nathaniel Logan McIntyre as young Jackie
*[[Larenz Tate]] as [[Berry Gordy]]
*[[Jessica Sula]] as [[La Toya Jackson]]
*Liv Symone as [[Gladys Knight]]
*[[Kevin Shinick]] as [[Dick Clark]]
*KeiLyn Durrel Jones as Bill Bray
*[[Kendrick Sampson]] as [[Quincy Jones]]
*[[Derek Luke]] as [[Johnnie Cochran]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Other websites==
*{{IMDb title|11378946|Michael}}

{{Michael Jackson}}

[[Category:2026 movies]]
[[Category:2020s biographical movies]]
[[Category:2020s musical movies]]
[[Category:2020s drama movies]]
[[Category:2020s English-language movies]]
[[Category:African-American movies]]
[[Category:American biographical movies]]
[[Category:American musical movies]]
[[Category:American drama movies]]
[[Category:Movies directed by Antoine Fuqua]]
[[Category:Movies set in Indiana]]
[[Category:Lionsgate movies]]
[[Category:Michael Jackson]]
[[Category:Universal Pictures movies]]
[[Category:Upcoming movies]]
[[Category:Movies about musical groups]]</text>
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{{Infobox movie
| image          = Michael logo.png
| caption        = Official movie logo
| director       = [[Antoine Fuqua]]
| producer       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Graham King]]
* [[John Branca]]
* John McClain
}}
| writer         = [[John Logan (writer)|John Logan]]
| starring       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Jaafar Jackson]]
* [[Colman Domingo]]
* [[Nia Long]]
* [[Miles Teller]]
* [[Laura Harrier]]
* [[Larenz Tate]]
* [[Derek Luke]]
}}
| music          = 
| cinematography = [[Dion Beebe]]
| editing        = 
| studio         = {{Plainlist|
* [[Lionsgate Studios|Lionsgate]]
* [[GK Films]]
}}
| distributor    = {{Plainlist|
*[[Lionsgate Films|Lionsgate]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(United States)&lt;/small&gt;
*[[Universal Pictures]] &lt;small&gt;(International)&lt;/small&gt;
}}
| released       = {{Film date|2026|04|24}}
| runtime        = 
| country        = United States
| language       = English
| budget         = $860.7 million
| gross          = 
}}
'''''Michael''''' is an American [[Biographical movie|biographical]] [[musical movie|musical]] [[drama movie]] directed by [[Antoine Fuqua]], written by [[John Logan]], and produced by [[Graham King]], [[John Branca]], and John McClain.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=‘Emancipation’s Antoine Fuqua To Direct Michael Jackson Biopic For Lionsgate; John Logan Script &amp; ‘Bohemian Rhapsody’s Graham King Producing With Estate|url=https://deadline.com/2023/01/michael-jackson-antoine-fuqua-directing-movie-biopic-michael-lionsgate-graham-king-john-logan-1235225582/|publisher=[[Deadline|Deadline Hollywood]]|accessdate=March 4, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; It follows the early life of the American singer [[Michael Jackson|Michael Jackson,]] covering the period from his involvement in [[the Jackson 5]] in the 1960s to the [[Bad Tölz|Bad World Tour]] in the late 1980s. Jackson is portrayed by his nephew [[Jaafar Jackson]] and as a child by [[Juliano Valdi]], both in their movie debuts. The [[ensemble cast]] also features [[Nia Long]], [[KeiLyn Durrell Jones]], [[Laura Harrier]], [[Jessica Sula]], [[Mike Myers]], [[Miles Teller]], and [[Colman Domingo]].

== Plot ==

=== Childhood and the Jackson 5 ===
The movie opens in 1966 with steel mill worker [[Joe Jackson|Joseph Jackson]] ([[Colman Domingo]]) ruthlessly pushing his five young sons into a musical act. Child actor [[Juliano Valdi|Juliano Krue Valdi]] plays the young Michael, whose prodigious talent on lead vocals is nurtured under the constant shadow of his father's iron will and [[physical abuse]]. Under [[Motown|Motown Records]], the group skyrockets to fame, forcing the family to move from a small house in the Midwest to an expansive estate in [[Encino, Los Angeles|Encino]], [[California]].

=== Rise of a solo icon ===
As Michael grows older (played by his nephew, [[Jaafar Jackson]]), he longs to break free from his father's controlling management. With the help of his mother, [[Katherine Jackson|Katherine]] ([[Nia Long]]), and attorney [[John Branca]] ([[Miles Teller]]), Michael takes charge of his own career. He channels his creative ambitions to record legendary solo albums like ''[[Off the Wall]]'' and the record-breaking ''[[Thriller (album)|Thriller]]''. This era is marked by his obsessive pursuit of musical perfection, his signature choreography, and his attempts to navigate intense global fame.

=== Personal struggles and public persona ===
The movie highlights Michael's duality: on stage, he is a revolutionary performer, but off stage, he struggles to make human connections due to his early loss of a normal childhood. His longing for a carefree life manifests in his obsession with [[Peter Pan]], his construction of the [[Neverland Ranch]], and his growing collection of exotic animals. The movie touches upon his changing appearance, his diagnosis and struggles with [[vitiligo]], and his genuine devotion to his fans and charity work.

=== Culmination ===
Rather than exploring later-life controversies, the movie focuses heavily on the triumphs of his artistic journey and culminates with spectacular re-enactments of his iconic concert performances.

== Production ==
Development began in November 2019, when it was reported that the producer [[Graham King]] had secured the rights to produce a movie about Jackson, with Logan attached to write. Lionsgate Films announced the movie in February 2022. In January 2023, Fuqua was announced as the director, and Jaafar was cast as Michael. Further casting took place from January to April 2024.

After delays caused by the [[2023 SAG-AFTRA strike]], [[principal photography]] began on January 22, 2024 in [[Santa Barbara, California]] and finished on May 30.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://thesource.com/2024/01/22/michael-jacksons-biopic-begins-filming/|accessdate=March 4, 2025|title=Michael Jackson’s Biopic Begins Filming|publisher=[[The Source]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://collider.com/michael-jackson-biopic-release-date-delayed/|accessdate=March 4, 2025|title=Antoine Fuqua's Michael Jackson Biopic Just Moonwalked Its Release Date Back Several Months|publisher=[[Valne|Collider]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; After a clause was discovered in a legal settlement, references to the [[1993 Michael Jackson sexual abuse allegations|1993 child sexual abuse allegations against Michael]] were removed, the third act was revised, and reshoots took place in June 2025, bringing the total production budget to $155–200 million.

The movie was released on April 24, 2026, in which has grossed $860.7 million worldwide, making it the second-highest-grossing movie of 2026 and the third-highest-grossing biographical movie of all time. ''Michael'' received negative reviews from critics, who praised Jaafar's performance but criticized the story as &quot;sanitized&quot;. A sequel is in development.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Jaafar Jackson]] as [[Michael Jackson]]
**[[Juliano Valdi]] as young Michael
*[[Colman Domingo]] as [[Joe Jackson]], Michael's father
*[[Nia Long]] as [[Katherine Jackson]], Michael's mother
*[[Miles Teller]] as [[John Branca]], Michael's attorney 
*[[Laura Harrier]] as [[Suzanne de Passe]], creative assistant to Berry Gordy at [[Motown]]
*Jamal R. Henderson as [[Jermaine Jackson]]
**Jayden Harville as young Jermaine
*Tre Horton as [[Marlon Jackson]]
**Jaylen Lyndon Hunter as young Marlon
*Rhyan Hill as [[Tito Jackson]]
**Judah Edwards as young Tito
*[[Joseph David-Jones]] as [[Jackie Jackson]]
**Nathaniel Logan McIntyre as young Jackie
*[[Larenz Tate]] as [[Berry Gordy]], music producer and president of Motown
*[[Jessica Sula]] as [[La Toya Jackson]], Michael's older sister
*Liv Symone as [[Gladys Knight]]
*[[KeiLyn Durrel Jones]] as [[Bill Bray]], Michael's bodyguard
*[[Kendrick Sampson]] as [[Quincy Jones]], a co-producer for three of Michael's solo albums
*[[Mike Myers]] as [[Walter Yetnikoff]], president of [[CBS Records]]
*[[Deon Cole]] as [[Don King]], a boxing promoter
*Asia Fuqua as [[Ola Ray]] (credited as &quot;Thriller Girlfriend&quot;), Michael's co-star in the &quot;Thriller&quot; music video
*Jono Petrie as [[John Landis]] (credited as &quot;Thriller Short Film Director&quot;), the director of the &quot;Thriller&quot; music video
*[[Paul Hipp]] as [[Bob Giraldi]] (credited as &quot;Commercial Director&quot;), the director of the &quot;[[Beat It]]&quot; music video and the 1984 Pepsi commercial
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Other websites==
*{{IMDb title|11378946|Michael}}

{{Michael Jackson}}

[[Category:2026 movies]]
[[Category:2020s biographical movies]]
[[Category:2020s musical movies]]
[[Category:2020s drama movies]]
[[Category:2020s English-language movies]]
[[Category:African-American movies]]
[[Category:American biographical movies]]
[[Category:American musical movies]]
[[Category:American drama movies]]
[[Category:Movies directed by Antoine Fuqua]]
[[Category:Movies set in Indiana]]
[[Category:Lionsgate movies]]
[[Category:Michael Jackson]]
[[Category:Universal Pictures movies]]
[[Category:Upcoming movies]]
[[Category:Movies about musical groups]]</text>
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{{Infobox movie
| image          = Michael logo.png
| caption        = Official movie logo
| director       = [[Antoine Fuqua]]
| producer       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Graham King]]
* [[John Branca]]
* John McClain
}}
| writer         = [[John Logan (writer)|John Logan]]
| starring       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Jaafar Jackson]]
* [[Colman Domingo]]
* [[Nia Long]]
* [[Miles Teller]]
* [[Laura Harrier]]
* [[Larenz Tate]]
* [[Derek Luke]]
}}
| music          = 
| cinematography = [[Dion Beebe]]
| editing        = 
| studio         = {{Plainlist|
* [[Lionsgate Studios|Lionsgate]]
* [[GK Films]]
}}
| distributor    = {{Plainlist|
*[[Lionsgate Films|Lionsgate]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(United States)&lt;/small&gt;
*[[Universal Pictures]] &lt;small&gt;(International)&lt;/small&gt;
}}
| released       = {{Film date|2026|04|24}}
| runtime        = 
| country        = United States
| language       = English
| budget         = $860.7 million
| gross          = 
}}
'''''Michael''''' is an American [[Biographical movie|biographical]] [[musical movie|musical]] [[drama movie]] directed by [[Antoine Fuqua]], written by [[John Logan]], and produced by [[Graham King]], [[John Branca]], and John McClain.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=‘Emancipation’s Antoine Fuqua To Direct Michael Jackson Biopic For Lionsgate; John Logan Script &amp; ‘Bohemian Rhapsody’s Graham King Producing With Estate|url=https://deadline.com/2023/01/michael-jackson-antoine-fuqua-directing-movie-biopic-michael-lionsgate-graham-king-john-logan-1235225582/|publisher=[[Deadline|Deadline Hollywood]]|accessdate=March 4, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; It follows the early life of the American singer [[Michael Jackson|Michael Jackson,]] covering the period from his involvement in [[the Jackson 5]] in the 1960s to the [[Bad Tölz|Bad World Tour]] in the late 1980s. Jackson is portrayed by his nephew [[Jaafar Jackson]] and as a child by [[Juliano Valdi]], both in their movie debuts. The [[ensemble cast]] also features [[Nia Long]], [[KeiLyn Durrell Jones|KeiLyn Durrel Jones]], [[Laura Harrier]], [[Jessica Sula]], [[Mike Myers]], [[Miles Teller]], and [[Colman Domingo]].

== Plot ==

=== Childhood and the Jackson 5 ===
The movie opens in 1966 with steel mill worker [[Joe Jackson|Joseph Jackson]] ([[Colman Domingo]]) ruthlessly pushing his five young sons into a musical act. Child actor [[Juliano Valdi|Juliano Krue Valdi]] plays the young Michael, whose prodigious talent on lead vocals is nurtured under the constant shadow of his father's iron will and [[physical abuse]]. Under [[Motown|Motown Records]], the group skyrockets to fame, forcing the family to move from a small house in the Midwest to an expansive estate in [[Encino, Los Angeles|Encino]], [[California]].

=== Rise of a solo icon ===
As Michael grows older (played by his nephew, [[Jaafar Jackson]]), he longs to break free from his father's controlling management. With the help of his mother, [[Katherine Jackson|Katherine]] ([[Nia Long]]), and attorney [[John Branca]] ([[Miles Teller]]), Michael takes charge of his own career. He channels his creative ambitions to record legendary solo albums like ''[[Off the Wall]]'' and the record-breaking ''[[Thriller (album)|Thriller]]''. This era is marked by his obsessive pursuit of musical perfection, his signature choreography, and his attempts to navigate intense global fame.

=== Personal struggles and public persona ===
The movie highlights Michael's duality: on stage, he is a revolutionary performer, but off stage, he struggles to make human connections due to his early loss of a normal childhood. His longing for a carefree life manifests in his obsession with [[Peter Pan]], his construction of the [[Neverland Ranch]], and his growing collection of exotic animals. The movie touches upon his changing appearance, his diagnosis and struggles with [[vitiligo]], and his genuine devotion to his fans and charity work.

=== Culmination ===
Rather than exploring later-life controversies, the movie focuses heavily on the triumphs of his artistic journey and culminates with spectacular re-enactments of his iconic concert performances.

== Production ==
Development began in November 2019, when it was reported that the producer [[Graham King]] had secured the rights to produce a movie about Jackson, with Logan attached to write. Lionsgate Films announced the movie in February 2022. In January 2023, Fuqua was announced as the director, and Jaafar was cast as Michael. Further casting took place from January to April 2024.

After delays caused by the [[2023 SAG-AFTRA strike]], [[principal photography]] began on January 22, 2024 in [[Santa Barbara, California]] and finished on May 30.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://thesource.com/2024/01/22/michael-jacksons-biopic-begins-filming/|accessdate=March 4, 2025|title=Michael Jackson’s Biopic Begins Filming|publisher=[[The Source]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://collider.com/michael-jackson-biopic-release-date-delayed/|accessdate=March 4, 2025|title=Antoine Fuqua's Michael Jackson Biopic Just Moonwalked Its Release Date Back Several Months|publisher=[[Valne|Collider]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; After a clause was discovered in a legal settlement, references to the [[1993 Michael Jackson sexual abuse allegations|1993 child sexual abuse allegations against Michael]] were removed, the third act was revised, and reshoots took place in June 2025, bringing the total production budget to $155–200 million.

The movie was released on April 24, 2026, in which has grossed $860.7 million worldwide, making it the second-highest-grossing movie of 2026 and the third-highest-grossing biographical movie of all time. ''Michael'' received negative reviews from critics, who praised Jaafar's performance but criticized the story as &quot;sanitized&quot;. A sequel is in development.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Jaafar Jackson]] as [[Michael Jackson]]
**[[Juliano Valdi]] as young Michael
*[[Colman Domingo]] as [[Joe Jackson]], Michael's father
*[[Nia Long]] as [[Katherine Jackson]], Michael's mother
*[[Miles Teller]] as [[John Branca]], Michael's attorney 
*[[Laura Harrier]] as [[Suzanne de Passe]], creative assistant to Berry Gordy at [[Motown]]
*Jamal R. Henderson as [[Jermaine Jackson]]
**Jayden Harville as young Jermaine
*Tre Horton as [[Marlon Jackson]]
**Jaylen Lyndon Hunter as young Marlon
*Rhyan Hill as [[Tito Jackson]]
**Judah Edwards as young Tito
*[[Joseph David-Jones]] as [[Jackie Jackson]]
**Nathaniel Logan McIntyre as young Jackie
*[[Larenz Tate]] as [[Berry Gordy]], music producer and president of Motown
*[[Jessica Sula]] as [[La Toya Jackson]], Michael's older sister
*Liv Symone as [[Gladys Knight]]
*[[KeiLyn Durrel Jones]] as [[Bill Bray]], Michael's bodyguard
*[[Kendrick Sampson]] as [[Quincy Jones]], a co-producer for three of Michael's solo albums
*[[Mike Myers]] as [[Walter Yetnikoff]], president of [[CBS Records]]
*[[Deon Cole]] as [[Don King]], a boxing promoter
*Asia Fuqua as [[Ola Ray]] (credited as &quot;Thriller Girlfriend&quot;), Michael's co-star in the &quot;Thriller&quot; music video
*Jono Petrie as [[John Landis]] (credited as &quot;Thriller Short Film Director&quot;), the director of the &quot;Thriller&quot; music video
*[[Paul Hipp]] as [[Bob Giraldi]] (credited as &quot;Commercial Director&quot;), the director of the &quot;[[Beat It]]&quot; music video and the 1984 Pepsi commercial
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Other websites==
*{{IMDb title|11378946|Michael}}

{{Michael Jackson}}

[[Category:2026 movies]]
[[Category:2020s biographical movies]]
[[Category:2020s musical movies]]
[[Category:2020s drama movies]]
[[Category:2020s English-language movies]]
[[Category:African-American movies]]
[[Category:American biographical movies]]
[[Category:American musical movies]]
[[Category:American drama movies]]
[[Category:Movies directed by Antoine Fuqua]]
[[Category:Movies set in Indiana]]
[[Category:Lionsgate movies]]
[[Category:Michael Jackson]]
[[Category:Universal Pictures movies]]
[[Category:Upcoming movies]]
[[Category:Movies about musical groups]]</text>
      <sha1>8hsmmgcgxdlw8kxshdwnhx5bnwd5c0c</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>10880431</id>
      <parentid>10880429</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:09:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-33575-39</username>
        <id>1817387</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Childhood and the Jackson 5 */</comment>
      <origin>10880431</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7976" sha1="ft8q5i8168x9b5jbuli7z6q3b3rh1q3" xml:space="preserve">{{italictitle}}
{{Infobox movie
| image          = Michael logo.png
| caption        = Official movie logo
| director       = [[Antoine Fuqua]]
| producer       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Graham King]]
* [[John Branca]]
* John McClain
}}
| writer         = [[John Logan (writer)|John Logan]]
| starring       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Jaafar Jackson]]
* [[Colman Domingo]]
* [[Nia Long]]
* [[Miles Teller]]
* [[Laura Harrier]]
* [[Larenz Tate]]
* [[Derek Luke]]
}}
| music          = 
| cinematography = [[Dion Beebe]]
| editing        = 
| studio         = {{Plainlist|
* [[Lionsgate Studios|Lionsgate]]
* [[GK Films]]
}}
| distributor    = {{Plainlist|
*[[Lionsgate Films|Lionsgate]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(United States)&lt;/small&gt;
*[[Universal Pictures]] &lt;small&gt;(International)&lt;/small&gt;
}}
| released       = {{Film date|2026|04|24}}
| runtime        = 
| country        = United States
| language       = English
| budget         = $860.7 million
| gross          = 
}}
'''''Michael''''' is an American [[Biographical movie|biographical]] [[musical movie|musical]] [[drama movie]] directed by [[Antoine Fuqua]], written by [[John Logan]], and produced by [[Graham King]], [[John Branca]], and John McClain.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=‘Emancipation’s Antoine Fuqua To Direct Michael Jackson Biopic For Lionsgate; John Logan Script &amp; ‘Bohemian Rhapsody’s Graham King Producing With Estate|url=https://deadline.com/2023/01/michael-jackson-antoine-fuqua-directing-movie-biopic-michael-lionsgate-graham-king-john-logan-1235225582/|publisher=[[Deadline|Deadline Hollywood]]|accessdate=March 4, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; It follows the early life of the American singer [[Michael Jackson|Michael Jackson,]] covering the period from his involvement in [[the Jackson 5]] in the 1960s to the [[Bad Tölz|Bad World Tour]] in the late 1980s. Jackson is portrayed by his nephew [[Jaafar Jackson]] and as a child by [[Juliano Valdi]], both in their movie debuts. The [[ensemble cast]] also features [[Nia Long]], [[KeiLyn Durrell Jones|KeiLyn Durrel Jones]], [[Laura Harrier]], [[Jessica Sula]], [[Mike Myers]], [[Miles Teller]], and [[Colman Domingo]].

== Plot ==

=== Childhood and the Jackson 5 ===
The movie opens in 1966 with steel mill worker [[Joe Jackson|Joseph Jackson]] ([[Colman Domingo]]) ruthlessly pushing his five young sons into a musical act called [[the Jackson 5]]. Child actor [[Juliano Valdi|Juliano Krue Valdi]] plays the young Michael, whose prodigious talent on lead vocals is nurtured under the constant shadow of his father's iron will and [[physical abuse]]. Under [[Motown|Motown Records]], the group skyrockets to fame, forcing the family to move from a small house in the Midwest to an expansive estate in [[Encino, Los Angeles|Encino]], [[California]].

=== Rise of a solo icon ===
As Michael grows older (played by his nephew, [[Jaafar Jackson]]), he longs to break free from his father's controlling management. With the help of his mother, [[Katherine Jackson|Katherine]] ([[Nia Long]]), and attorney [[John Branca]] ([[Miles Teller]]), Michael takes charge of his own career. He channels his creative ambitions to record legendary solo albums like ''[[Off the Wall]]'' and the record-breaking ''[[Thriller (album)|Thriller]]''. This era is marked by his obsessive pursuit of musical perfection, his signature choreography, and his attempts to navigate intense global fame.

=== Personal struggles and public persona ===
The movie highlights Michael's duality: on stage, he is a revolutionary performer, but off stage, he struggles to make human connections due to his early loss of a normal childhood. His longing for a carefree life manifests in his obsession with [[Peter Pan]], his construction of the [[Neverland Ranch]], and his growing collection of exotic animals. The movie touches upon his changing appearance, his diagnosis and struggles with [[vitiligo]], and his genuine devotion to his fans and charity work.

=== Culmination ===
Rather than exploring later-life controversies, the movie focuses heavily on the triumphs of his artistic journey and culminates with spectacular re-enactments of his iconic concert performances.

== Production ==
Development began in November 2019, when it was reported that the producer [[Graham King]] had secured the rights to produce a movie about Jackson, with Logan attached to write. Lionsgate Films announced the movie in February 2022. In January 2023, Fuqua was announced as the director, and Jaafar was cast as Michael. Further casting took place from January to April 2024.

After delays caused by the [[2023 SAG-AFTRA strike]], [[principal photography]] began on January 22, 2024 in [[Santa Barbara, California]] and finished on May 30.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://thesource.com/2024/01/22/michael-jacksons-biopic-begins-filming/|accessdate=March 4, 2025|title=Michael Jackson’s Biopic Begins Filming|publisher=[[The Source]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://collider.com/michael-jackson-biopic-release-date-delayed/|accessdate=March 4, 2025|title=Antoine Fuqua's Michael Jackson Biopic Just Moonwalked Its Release Date Back Several Months|publisher=[[Valne|Collider]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; After a clause was discovered in a legal settlement, references to the [[1993 Michael Jackson sexual abuse allegations|1993 child sexual abuse allegations against Michael]] were removed, the third act was revised, and reshoots took place in June 2025, bringing the total production budget to $155–200 million.

The movie was released on April 24, 2026, in which has grossed $860.7 million worldwide, making it the second-highest-grossing movie of 2026 and the third-highest-grossing biographical movie of all time. ''Michael'' received negative reviews from critics, who praised Jaafar's performance but criticized the story as &quot;sanitized&quot;. A sequel is in development.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Jaafar Jackson]] as [[Michael Jackson]]
**[[Juliano Valdi]] as young Michael
*[[Colman Domingo]] as [[Joe Jackson]], Michael's father
*[[Nia Long]] as [[Katherine Jackson]], Michael's mother
*[[Miles Teller]] as [[John Branca]], Michael's attorney 
*[[Laura Harrier]] as [[Suzanne de Passe]], creative assistant to Berry Gordy at [[Motown]]
*Jamal R. Henderson as [[Jermaine Jackson]]
**Jayden Harville as young Jermaine
*Tre Horton as [[Marlon Jackson]]
**Jaylen Lyndon Hunter as young Marlon
*Rhyan Hill as [[Tito Jackson]]
**Judah Edwards as young Tito
*[[Joseph David-Jones]] as [[Jackie Jackson]]
**Nathaniel Logan McIntyre as young Jackie
*[[Larenz Tate]] as [[Berry Gordy]], music producer and president of Motown
*[[Jessica Sula]] as [[La Toya Jackson]], Michael's older sister
*Liv Symone as [[Gladys Knight]]
*[[KeiLyn Durrel Jones]] as [[Bill Bray]], Michael's bodyguard
*[[Kendrick Sampson]] as [[Quincy Jones]], a co-producer for three of Michael's solo albums
*[[Mike Myers]] as [[Walter Yetnikoff]], president of [[CBS Records]]
*[[Deon Cole]] as [[Don King]], a boxing promoter
*Asia Fuqua as [[Ola Ray]] (credited as &quot;Thriller Girlfriend&quot;), Michael's co-star in the &quot;Thriller&quot; music video
*Jono Petrie as [[John Landis]] (credited as &quot;Thriller Short Film Director&quot;), the director of the &quot;Thriller&quot; music video
*[[Paul Hipp]] as [[Bob Giraldi]] (credited as &quot;Commercial Director&quot;), the director of the &quot;[[Beat It]]&quot; music video and the 1984 Pepsi commercial
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Other websites==
*{{IMDb title|11378946|Michael}}

{{Michael Jackson}}

[[Category:2026 movies]]
[[Category:2020s biographical movies]]
[[Category:2020s musical movies]]
[[Category:2020s drama movies]]
[[Category:2020s English-language movies]]
[[Category:African-American movies]]
[[Category:American biographical movies]]
[[Category:American musical movies]]
[[Category:American drama movies]]
[[Category:Movies directed by Antoine Fuqua]]
[[Category:Movies set in Indiana]]
[[Category:Lionsgate movies]]
[[Category:Michael Jackson]]
[[Category:Universal Pictures movies]]
[[Category:Upcoming movies]]
[[Category:Movies about musical groups]]</text>
      <sha1>ft8q5i8168x9b5jbuli7z6q3b3rh1q3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Deaths in 2026</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1174548</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880281</id>
      <parentid>10880272</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T12:01:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-29279-73</username>
        <id>1804013</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* June */</comment>
      <origin>10880281</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13714" sha1="8vv0v8ouad3u3jah34ulahfzeznnq6y" xml:space="preserve">Names are reported under the date of death, in alphabetical order. A typical entry reports information in the following sequence:

* Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent [[nationality]] (if applicable), what subject was noted for, cause of death (if known), and a reference.
Entries without a source should be removed. &lt;!--Please check to see if someone is already listed before listing them--&gt;
&lt;!--
* * * * * * * Please adhere to the guidelines below when adding a name to this article. * * * * * * *
 
A typical entry reports information in the following sequence: Name, age, country of citizenship at birth or nationality if the subject is not eligible (for example, in the case of animals), subsequent nationality (if applicable), what subject was noted for, cause of death (if known), and reference. Names are reported under the date of death. Names under each date are reported in alphabetical order by surname or pseudonym.

(1) Please add only those meeting Wikipedia notability guidelines. Include a reference to a reliable source.[a] [b] If a Wikipedia article for the dead does not yet exist, reconsider whether the subject is actually notable. If so, consider writing an article yourself. Those without a Wikipedia article are removed after one month.

(2) Please understand that the intent of this article is to report notable deaths. Tragic deaths, while unfortunate, do not necessarily render the dead &quot;notable&quot;. If you report the death of a notable subject that does not already have a Wikipedia article, consider starting one.

(3) Please add entries in alphabetical order by family name. Please avoid over-linking. As such, please do not add links to nationalities, common occupations, or common causes of death. Rather, include only &quot;links that aid navigation and understanding&quot;. Thank you.

(4) References should be in &lt;ref&gt;[url &amp; title]&lt;/ref&gt; format, as full citations make the page too slow to load, and too big to edit.

(5) Please do not move deaths from the previous month until the 8th of current month.
--Notes--
[a] See [[WP:RS]] for definition of reliable source, and [[WP:BLPSOURCE]] for living and recently deceased persons.
[b] For information on using information from Ancestry.com, Find-a-grave, or IMDb, please see [[WP:ELPEREN]].
* * * * * * * Please adhere to the guidelines above when adding a name to this article. * * * * * * *

--&gt;
{{TOC right}}

==June==
===7===

===6===

===5===
*[[Bernadette Chirac]], 93, French politician, [[List of spouses or partners of the president of France|first lady]] (1995–2007).
*[[Anthony Head]], 72, English actor (''[[Buffy the Vampire Slayer]]'', ''[[Ted Lasso]]'', ''[[Merlin (2008 TV series)|Merlin]]''), complications from pneumonia.&lt;ref name=&quot;headdeath&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=5 June 2026|title=Buffy and Ted Lasso star Anthony Head dies at 72|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cd0p0rz4n0mo|access-date=5 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===4===
*[[Fergus Slattery]], 77, Irish [[International Rugby Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] rugby union player ([[British &amp; Irish Lions]], [[Barbarian F.C.|Barbarians]], [[Ireland national rugby union team|national team]]).
*[[John Swan (Bermudian politician)|John Swan]], 90, Bermudian politician, [[List of premiers of Bermuda|premier]] (1982–1995).
*[[Chunchuna Villafañe]], 92, Argentine actress (''[[No toquen a la nena]]'', ''[[The Official Story]]'', ''[[I Never Been in Vienna]]'').

===3===
*[[Chung King-fai]], 89, Hong Kong actor (''[[Black Mask (1996 movie)|Black Mask]]'', ''[[My Family (Hong Kong TV series)|My Family]]'', ''[[Welcome to the House]]'').
*[[Sally Grace]], 74, English actress (''[[The Animals of Farthing Wood (TV series)|The Animals of Farthing Wood]]'', ''[[Coronation Street]]'', ''[[Ghost Story (1974 movie)|Ghost Story]]'').
*[[Angela Morant]], 84–85, British actress (''[[I, Claudius (TV series)|I, Claudius]]'', ''[[Brookside (TV series)|Brookside]]'', ''[[Dixon of Dock Green]]'').

===2===
*[[Peabo Bryson]], 75, American singer (&quot;[[Tonight, I Celebrate My Love]]&quot;, &quot;[[Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)|Beauty and the Beast]]&quot;, &quot;[[A Whole New World]]&quot;), [[Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals|Grammy]] winner ([[35th Annual Grammy Awards|1993]], [[36th Annual Grammy Awards|1994]]), stroke.

===1===
*[[Knut Husebø]], 80, Norwegian visual artist and actor (''[[Life and Death (1980 movie)|Life and Death]]'', ''[[Julia Julia]]'', ''[[Apprentice to Murder]]'').

==May==
===31===
*[[Ronald LaPread]], 75, American musician ([[Commodores]]).

===30===
*[[Dorita Burgos]], 90, Argentine actress (''[[The Campanelli's Picnic]]'', ''[[Los caballeros de la cama redonda]]'').
*[[Josefina Molina]], 89, Spanish film director (''[[Esquilache]]'', ''[[Teresa de Jesús]]''), screenwriter and television producer.

===29===
*[[Sidney Moko Mead]], 99, New Zealand [[Māori people|Māori]] anthropologist and historian.

===28===
*[[Abdrabbuh Mansour Hadi]], 80, Yemeni politician, [[President of Yemen|president]] (2012–2022), [[Vice President of Yemen|vice president]] (1994–2012), and [[Ministry of Defense (Yemen)|minister of defense]] (1994), heart attack.

===27===
*[[Klaus Emmerich (director)|Klaus Emmerich]], 82, German film director (''[[The First Polka]]'', ''[[Trokadero]]'').

===26===

===25===
*[[Rene Belmonte]], 55, Brazilian screenwriter [[If I Were You (2006 movie)|(''If I Were You'']], [[Novo Mundo (TV series)|''Novo Mundo'']], ''[[Federal Bank Heist]]'').
*[[Sonny Rollins]], 95, American jazz saxophonist (&quot;[[Airegin]]&quot;, &quot;[[Doxy (song)|Doxy]]&quot;, &quot;[[St. Thomas (song)|St. Thomas]]&quot;).

===24===

===23===
*[[Thérèse Liotard]], 80, French actress (''[[Viens chez moi, j'habite chez une copine]]'', ''[[My Father's Glory (movie)|My Father's Glory]]'', ''[[My Mother's Castle (movie)|My Mother's Castle]]'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Gajderowicz|first=Jessica|date=2026-05-23|title=Viens chez moi, j’habite chez une copine : après Michel Blanc, décès à 80 ans de la comédienne Thérèse Liotard|url=https://www.public.fr/viens-chez-moi-jhabite-chez-une-copine-apres-michel-blanc-deces-a-80-ans-de-la-comedienne-therese-liotard|access-date=2026-05-24|website=Public|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Jools Topp|Dame Jools Topp]], 68, New Zealand musician and comedian ([[Topp Twins]]), breast cancer.

===22===
*[[Tamati Reedy]], 89, New Zealand Māori academic, rugby union player ([[Ngati Porou East Coast Rugby Football Union|East Coast]], [[Thames Valley Rugby Football Union|Thames Valley]], [[Māori All Blacks]]), and public servant.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2026-05-23|title=Ngāti Porou leader Tā Tamati Reedy dies aged 89|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/te-manu-korihi/596090/ngati-porou-leader-ta-tamati-reedy-dies-aged-89|access-date=2026-05-24|website=RNZ|language=en-nz}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===21===
* [[Kyle Busch]], 41, American racing driver ([[NASCAR]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2026-05-24|title=Nascar star Kyle Busch died of severe pneumonia and sepsis, family says|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ceqpwx5741no|access-date=2026-05-24|website=www.bbc.com|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Michael Keating (actor)|Michael Keating]], 79, English actor (''[[Blakes 7]]'', ''[[EastEnders]]'', ''[[Doctor Who]]'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2026-05-21|title=Eastenders and Blake’s 7 star Michael Keating dies aged 79|url=https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/tv/news/michael-keating-death-age-eastenders-cause-b2981285.html|access-date=2026-05-24|website=The Independent|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===20===
*[[George Eastman (actor)|George Eastman]], 83, Italian actor (''[[Antropophagus]]'', ''[[Rabid Dogs]]'') and screenwriter (''[[Keoma (movie)|Keoma]]'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2026-05-21|title=George Eastman, è morto l'attore, papà di Arianna Montefiori|url=https://www.ildifforme.it/spettacoli/cinema/george-esatman-arianna-montefiori/|access-date=2026-05-24|language=it-IT}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===19===
*[[Péter Scherer]], 64, Hungarian actor (''[[The Lord's Lantern in Budapest]]'', ''[[Kontroll]]'', ''[[One Day in Europe]]'').

===18===
*[[Alexander Held]], 67, German actor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.focus.de/kultur/stars/schauspieler-alexander-held-stirbt-mit-67-jahren_109b64a0-16b5-4927-af4a-1d52526817a9.html | title=Schauspieler Alexander Held stirbt mit 67 Jahren | work=[[Focus Online]] | date=19 May 2026 |language=de |access-date=19 May 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===17===
*[[Scott Hastings (rugby union)|Scott Hastings]], 61, Scottish rugby union player ([[Watsonian FC|Watsonians]], [[Edinburgh Rugby|Edinburgh]], [[Scotland national rugby union team|national team]]), non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
*[[M. J. K. Smith]], 92, English cricketer ([[Leicestershire County Cricket Club|Leicestershire]], [[Warwickshire County Cricket Club|Warwickshire]], [[England cricket team|national team]]).

===16===
*[[Dennis Locorriere]], 76, American singer and guitarist ([[Dr. Hook]]), kidney disease.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bird|first=Daniel|last2=Association|first2=Izzie Addison, Press|date=2026-05-17|title=Dr Hook star dead after 'long and courageous battle'|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/dennis-locorriere-dead-dr-hook-37168692|access-date=2026-05-24|website=Daily Mirror|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===15===
*[[Angelica Domröse]], 85, German actress (''[[Love's Confusion]]'', ''[[The Adventures of Werner Holt (movie)|The Adventures of Werner Holt]]'', ''[[The Legend of Paul and Paula]]'').

===14===
*[[Krzysztof Piesiewicz]], 80, Polish screenwriter (''[[No End (movie)|No End]]'', ''[[The Double Life of Veronique]]'') and politician, [[Senate of Poland|senator]] (1991–1993, 1997–2011).
*[[Alan Rothwell]], 89, English actor (''[[Coronation Street]]'', ''[[Brookside (TV series)|Brookside]]'', ''[[Heartbeat (British TV series)|Heartbeat]]'') and television presenter.

===13===
*[[Clarence Carter]], 90, American singer-songwriter (&quot;[[Slip Away (Clarence Carter song)|Slip Away]]&quot;, &quot;[[Patches (Chairmen of the Board song)|Patches]]&quot;, &quot;[[Strokin']]&quot;), complications from pneumonia, prostate cancer and sepsis.

===12===
*[[Stanisława Celińska]], 79, Polish actress (''[[Mamuśki]]'', ''[[The Maids of Wilko]]'', ''[[Landscape After the Battle]]'').
*[[Jack Taylor (American actor)|Jack Taylor]], 99, American actor (''[[Succubus (movie)|Succubus]]'', ''[[Conan the Barbarian (1982 movie)|Conan the Barbarian]]'', ''[[The Ninth Gate]]'').

===11===
*[[Mal Anderson]], 91, Australian [[International Tennis Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] tennis player.
*[[Brandon Clarke]], 29, Canadian basketball player ([[Memphis Grizzlies]])&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/memphis-grizzlies-player-brandon-clarke-dies-at-29/3889534/ 29-year-old Memphis Grizzlies player Brandon Clarke dies in the San Fernando Valley]&lt;/ref&gt;

===10===
*[[Rosemarie Bergmans]], 82, Belgian actress (''[[Pauline and Paulette]]'').
*[[Michael Pennington]], 82, English actor (''[[Return of the Jedi]]'', ''[[Hamlet (1969 movie)|Hamlet]]''), co-founder of the [[English Shakespeare Company]].

===9===
*[[Bobby Cox]], 84, American [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|Hall of Fame]] baseball manager ([[Atlanta Braves]], [[Toronto Blue Jays]]), player, and coach, [[World Series]] champion ([[1977 World Series|1977]], [[1995 World Series|1995]]).
*[[Maurice R. Greenberg]], 101, American businessman and philanthropist

===8===
*[[Festus Mogae]], 86, Botswana politician and economist, [[President of Botswana|president]] (1998–2008).

===7===

===6===
*[[Ted Turner]], 87, American businessman and media owner ([[CNN]], [[WPCH-TV|WTBS]], [[TNT (American TV channel)|TNT]]).&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cnn.com/2026/05/06/us/ted-turner-death CNN founder Ted Turner, a pioneer of cable TV news, dies at 87]&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Cavayé Yéguié Djibril]], 86, Cameroonian politician, [[List of Presidents of the National Assembly of Cameroon|president of the National Assembly]] (1992–2026).&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cameroon-concord.com/headlines/cavaye-yeguie-djibril-dies-days-after-removal-as-assembly-speaker Cavaye Yéguié Djibril Dies Days After Removal as Assembly Speaker]&lt;/ref&gt;

===5===
*[[Lee Hong-koo]], 91, South Korean diplomat and politician, [[Prime Minister of South Korea|prime minister]] (1994–1995) and [[List of ambassadors of South Korea to the United States|ambassador to the United States]] (1998–2000).
*[[Jonathan Tiersten]], 60, American actor (''[[Sleepaway Camp]]'', ''[[Return to Sleepaway Camp]]'', ''[[The Perfect House (2011 American movie)|The Perfect House]]'').

===4===
* [[Stein Erik Hagen]], 69, Norwegian businessman.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Haugan|first=Bjørn|last2=Farestvedt|first2=Ingrid Bjørndal|last3=Tovan|first3=Anders Ihle|last4=Storebø|first4=Ingrid|date=2026-05-04|title=Stein Erik Hagen (69) er død|url=https://www.vg.no/nyheter/i/OkyV0A/stein-erik-hagen-69-er-doed|access-date=2026-05-04|website=VG|language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===3===
*[[Claire Maurier]], 97, French actress (''[[La Cage aux Folles (movie)|La Cage aux Folles]]'', ''[[Amélie]]'', ''[[A Bad Son]]'').

===2===

===1===

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Other websites==
*[https://www.theguardian.com/tone/obituaries ''The Guardian'' (UK) obituaries]
*[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/ ''The Telegraph'' (UK) obituaries]
*[http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/obituaries/ Obituaries, ''Chicago Tribune'']
*[https://latimes.com/news/obituaries/ Obituaries, ''Los Angeles Times'']
*[https://www.nytimes.com/pages/obituaries/index.html ''The New York Times'', obituaries]
*[https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/obituaries/ ''The Washington Post'' obituaries]
*[http://www.smh.com.au/obituaries ''The Sydney Morning Herald'' (Australia) obituaries]

{{Deaths by month and year}}

[[Category:2026 deaths|*]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>10880580</id>
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      <text bytes="13865" sha1="hwjmtux0z8fjklcft5ajpi36fvbcnev" xml:space="preserve">Names are reported under the date of death, in alphabetical order. A typical entry reports information in the following sequence:

* Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent [[nationality]] (if applicable), what subject was noted for, cause of death (if known), and a reference.
Entries without a source should be removed. &lt;!--Please check to see if someone is already listed before listing them--&gt;
&lt;!--
* * * * * * * Please adhere to the guidelines below when adding a name to this article. * * * * * * *
 
A typical entry reports information in the following sequence: Name, age, country of citizenship at birth or nationality if the subject is not eligible (for example, in the case of animals), subsequent nationality (if applicable), what subject was noted for, cause of death (if known), and reference. Names are reported under the date of death. Names under each date are reported in alphabetical order by surname or pseudonym.

(1) Please add only those meeting Wikipedia notability guidelines. Include a reference to a reliable source.[a] [b] If a Wikipedia article for the dead does not yet exist, reconsider whether the subject is actually notable. If so, consider writing an article yourself. Those without a Wikipedia article are removed after one month.

(2) Please understand that the intent of this article is to report notable deaths. Tragic deaths, while unfortunate, do not necessarily render the dead &quot;notable&quot;. If you report the death of a notable subject that does not already have a Wikipedia article, consider starting one.

(3) Please add entries in alphabetical order by family name. Please avoid over-linking. As such, please do not add links to nationalities, common occupations, or common causes of death. Rather, include only &quot;links that aid navigation and understanding&quot;. Thank you.

(4) References should be in &lt;ref&gt;[url &amp; title]&lt;/ref&gt; format, as full citations make the page too slow to load, and too big to edit.

(5) Please do not move deaths from the previous month until the 8th of current month.
--Notes--
[a] See [[WP:RS]] for definition of reliable source, and [[WP:BLPSOURCE]] for living and recently deceased persons.
[b] For information on using information from Ancestry.com, Find-a-grave, or IMDb, please see [[WP:ELPEREN]].
* * * * * * * Please adhere to the guidelines above when adding a name to this article. * * * * * * *

--&gt;
{{TOC right}}

==June==
===7===

===6===
*[[Julio Jung]], 84, Chilean actor (''[[Coronation (2000 movie)|Coronation]]'', ''[[El regalo]]'', ''[[And Suddenly the Dawn]]'') and radio announcer.

===5===
*[[Bernadette Chirac]], 93, French politician, [[List of spouses or partners of the president of France|first lady]] (1995–2007).
*[[Anthony Head]], 72, English actor (''[[Buffy the Vampire Slayer]]'', ''[[Ted Lasso]]'', ''[[Merlin (2008 TV series)|Merlin]]''), complications from pneumonia.&lt;ref name=&quot;headdeath&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=5 June 2026|title=Buffy and Ted Lasso star Anthony Head dies at 72|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cd0p0rz4n0mo|access-date=5 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===4===
*[[Fergus Slattery]], 77, Irish [[International Rugby Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] rugby union player ([[British &amp; Irish Lions]], [[Barbarian F.C.|Barbarians]], [[Ireland national rugby union team|national team]]).
*[[John Swan (Bermudian politician)|John Swan]], 90, Bermudian politician, [[List of premiers of Bermuda|premier]] (1982–1995).
*[[Chunchuna Villafañe]], 92, Argentine actress (''[[No toquen a la nena]]'', ''[[The Official Story]]'', ''[[I Never Been in Vienna]]'').

===3===
*[[Chung King-fai]], 89, Hong Kong actor (''[[Black Mask (1996 movie)|Black Mask]]'', ''[[My Family (Hong Kong TV series)|My Family]]'', ''[[Welcome to the House]]'').
*[[Sally Grace]], 74, English actress (''[[The Animals of Farthing Wood (TV series)|The Animals of Farthing Wood]]'', ''[[Coronation Street]]'', ''[[Ghost Story (1974 movie)|Ghost Story]]'').
*[[Angela Morant]], 84–85, British actress (''[[I, Claudius (TV series)|I, Claudius]]'', ''[[Brookside (TV series)|Brookside]]'', ''[[Dixon of Dock Green]]'').

===2===
*[[Peabo Bryson]], 75, American singer (&quot;[[Tonight, I Celebrate My Love]]&quot;, &quot;[[Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)|Beauty and the Beast]]&quot;, &quot;[[A Whole New World]]&quot;), [[Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals|Grammy]] winner ([[35th Annual Grammy Awards|1993]], [[36th Annual Grammy Awards|1994]]), stroke.

===1===
*[[Knut Husebø]], 80, Norwegian visual artist and actor (''[[Life and Death (1980 movie)|Life and Death]]'', ''[[Julia Julia]]'', ''[[Apprentice to Murder]]'').

==May==
===31===
*[[Ronald LaPread]], 75, American musician ([[Commodores]]).

===30===
*[[Dorita Burgos]], 90, Argentine actress (''[[The Campanelli's Picnic]]'', ''[[Los caballeros de la cama redonda]]'').
*[[Josefina Molina]], 89, Spanish film director (''[[Esquilache]]'', ''[[Teresa de Jesús]]''), screenwriter and television producer.

===29===
*[[Sidney Moko Mead]], 99, New Zealand [[Māori people|Māori]] anthropologist and historian.

===28===
*[[Abdrabbuh Mansour Hadi]], 80, Yemeni politician, [[President of Yemen|president]] (2012–2022), [[Vice President of Yemen|vice president]] (1994–2012), and [[Ministry of Defense (Yemen)|minister of defense]] (1994), heart attack.

===27===
*[[Klaus Emmerich (director)|Klaus Emmerich]], 82, German film director (''[[The First Polka]]'', ''[[Trokadero]]'').

===26===

===25===
*[[Rene Belmonte]], 55, Brazilian screenwriter [[If I Were You (2006 movie)|(''If I Were You'']], [[Novo Mundo (TV series)|''Novo Mundo'']], ''[[Federal Bank Heist]]'').
*[[Sonny Rollins]], 95, American jazz saxophonist (&quot;[[Airegin]]&quot;, &quot;[[Doxy (song)|Doxy]]&quot;, &quot;[[St. Thomas (song)|St. Thomas]]&quot;).

===24===

===23===
*[[Thérèse Liotard]], 80, French actress (''[[Viens chez moi, j'habite chez une copine]]'', ''[[My Father's Glory (movie)|My Father's Glory]]'', ''[[My Mother's Castle (movie)|My Mother's Castle]]'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Gajderowicz|first=Jessica|date=2026-05-23|title=Viens chez moi, j’habite chez une copine : après Michel Blanc, décès à 80 ans de la comédienne Thérèse Liotard|url=https://www.public.fr/viens-chez-moi-jhabite-chez-une-copine-apres-michel-blanc-deces-a-80-ans-de-la-comedienne-therese-liotard|access-date=2026-05-24|website=Public|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Jools Topp|Dame Jools Topp]], 68, New Zealand musician and comedian ([[Topp Twins]]), breast cancer.

===22===
*[[Tamati Reedy]], 89, New Zealand Māori academic, rugby union player ([[Ngati Porou East Coast Rugby Football Union|East Coast]], [[Thames Valley Rugby Football Union|Thames Valley]], [[Māori All Blacks]]), and public servant.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2026-05-23|title=Ngāti Porou leader Tā Tamati Reedy dies aged 89|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/te-manu-korihi/596090/ngati-porou-leader-ta-tamati-reedy-dies-aged-89|access-date=2026-05-24|website=RNZ|language=en-nz}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===21===
* [[Kyle Busch]], 41, American racing driver ([[NASCAR]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2026-05-24|title=Nascar star Kyle Busch died of severe pneumonia and sepsis, family says|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ceqpwx5741no|access-date=2026-05-24|website=www.bbc.com|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Michael Keating (actor)|Michael Keating]], 79, English actor (''[[Blakes 7]]'', ''[[EastEnders]]'', ''[[Doctor Who]]'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2026-05-21|title=Eastenders and Blake’s 7 star Michael Keating dies aged 79|url=https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/tv/news/michael-keating-death-age-eastenders-cause-b2981285.html|access-date=2026-05-24|website=The Independent|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===20===
*[[George Eastman (actor)|George Eastman]], 83, Italian actor (''[[Antropophagus]]'', ''[[Rabid Dogs]]'') and screenwriter (''[[Keoma (movie)|Keoma]]'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2026-05-21|title=George Eastman, è morto l'attore, papà di Arianna Montefiori|url=https://www.ildifforme.it/spettacoli/cinema/george-esatman-arianna-montefiori/|access-date=2026-05-24|language=it-IT}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===19===
*[[Péter Scherer]], 64, Hungarian actor (''[[The Lord's Lantern in Budapest]]'', ''[[Kontroll]]'', ''[[One Day in Europe]]'').

===18===
*[[Alexander Held]], 67, German actor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.focus.de/kultur/stars/schauspieler-alexander-held-stirbt-mit-67-jahren_109b64a0-16b5-4927-af4a-1d52526817a9.html | title=Schauspieler Alexander Held stirbt mit 67 Jahren | work=[[Focus Online]] | date=19 May 2026 |language=de |access-date=19 May 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===17===
*[[Scott Hastings (rugby union)|Scott Hastings]], 61, Scottish rugby union player ([[Watsonian FC|Watsonians]], [[Edinburgh Rugby|Edinburgh]], [[Scotland national rugby union team|national team]]), non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
*[[M. J. K. Smith]], 92, English cricketer ([[Leicestershire County Cricket Club|Leicestershire]], [[Warwickshire County Cricket Club|Warwickshire]], [[England cricket team|national team]]).

===16===
*[[Dennis Locorriere]], 76, American singer and guitarist ([[Dr. Hook]]), kidney disease.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bird|first=Daniel|last2=Association|first2=Izzie Addison, Press|date=2026-05-17|title=Dr Hook star dead after 'long and courageous battle'|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/dennis-locorriere-dead-dr-hook-37168692|access-date=2026-05-24|website=Daily Mirror|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===15===
*[[Angelica Domröse]], 85, German actress (''[[Love's Confusion]]'', ''[[The Adventures of Werner Holt (movie)|The Adventures of Werner Holt]]'', ''[[The Legend of Paul and Paula]]'').

===14===
*[[Krzysztof Piesiewicz]], 80, Polish screenwriter (''[[No End (movie)|No End]]'', ''[[The Double Life of Veronique]]'') and politician, [[Senate of Poland|senator]] (1991–1993, 1997–2011).
*[[Alan Rothwell]], 89, English actor (''[[Coronation Street]]'', ''[[Brookside (TV series)|Brookside]]'', ''[[Heartbeat (British TV series)|Heartbeat]]'') and television presenter.

===13===
*[[Clarence Carter]], 90, American singer-songwriter (&quot;[[Slip Away (Clarence Carter song)|Slip Away]]&quot;, &quot;[[Patches (Chairmen of the Board song)|Patches]]&quot;, &quot;[[Strokin']]&quot;), complications from pneumonia, prostate cancer and sepsis.

===12===
*[[Stanisława Celińska]], 79, Polish actress (''[[Mamuśki]]'', ''[[The Maids of Wilko]]'', ''[[Landscape After the Battle]]'').
*[[Jack Taylor (American actor)|Jack Taylor]], 99, American actor (''[[Succubus (movie)|Succubus]]'', ''[[Conan the Barbarian (1982 movie)|Conan the Barbarian]]'', ''[[The Ninth Gate]]'').

===11===
*[[Mal Anderson]], 91, Australian [[International Tennis Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] tennis player.
*[[Brandon Clarke]], 29, Canadian basketball player ([[Memphis Grizzlies]])&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/memphis-grizzlies-player-brandon-clarke-dies-at-29/3889534/ 29-year-old Memphis Grizzlies player Brandon Clarke dies in the San Fernando Valley]&lt;/ref&gt;

===10===
*[[Rosemarie Bergmans]], 82, Belgian actress (''[[Pauline and Paulette]]'').
*[[Michael Pennington]], 82, English actor (''[[Return of the Jedi]]'', ''[[Hamlet (1969 movie)|Hamlet]]''), co-founder of the [[English Shakespeare Company]].

===9===
*[[Bobby Cox]], 84, American [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|Hall of Fame]] baseball manager ([[Atlanta Braves]], [[Toronto Blue Jays]]), player, and coach, [[World Series]] champion ([[1977 World Series|1977]], [[1995 World Series|1995]]).
*[[Maurice R. Greenberg]], 101, American businessman and philanthropist

===8===
*[[Festus Mogae]], 86, Botswana politician and economist, [[President of Botswana|president]] (1998–2008).

===7===

===6===
*[[Ted Turner]], 87, American businessman and media owner ([[CNN]], [[WPCH-TV|WTBS]], [[TNT (American TV channel)|TNT]]).&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cnn.com/2026/05/06/us/ted-turner-death CNN founder Ted Turner, a pioneer of cable TV news, dies at 87]&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Cavayé Yéguié Djibril]], 86, Cameroonian politician, [[List of Presidents of the National Assembly of Cameroon|president of the National Assembly]] (1992–2026).&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cameroon-concord.com/headlines/cavaye-yeguie-djibril-dies-days-after-removal-as-assembly-speaker Cavaye Yéguié Djibril Dies Days After Removal as Assembly Speaker]&lt;/ref&gt;

===5===
*[[Lee Hong-koo]], 91, South Korean diplomat and politician, [[Prime Minister of South Korea|prime minister]] (1994–1995) and [[List of ambassadors of South Korea to the United States|ambassador to the United States]] (1998–2000).
*[[Jonathan Tiersten]], 60, American actor (''[[Sleepaway Camp]]'', ''[[Return to Sleepaway Camp]]'', ''[[The Perfect House (2011 American movie)|The Perfect House]]'').

===4===
* [[Stein Erik Hagen]], 69, Norwegian businessman.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Haugan|first=Bjørn|last2=Farestvedt|first2=Ingrid Bjørndal|last3=Tovan|first3=Anders Ihle|last4=Storebø|first4=Ingrid|date=2026-05-04|title=Stein Erik Hagen (69) er død|url=https://www.vg.no/nyheter/i/OkyV0A/stein-erik-hagen-69-er-doed|access-date=2026-05-04|website=VG|language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===3===
*[[Claire Maurier]], 97, French actress (''[[La Cage aux Folles (movie)|La Cage aux Folles]]'', ''[[Amélie]]'', ''[[A Bad Son]]'').

===2===

===1===

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Other websites==
*[https://www.theguardian.com/tone/obituaries ''The Guardian'' (UK) obituaries]
*[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/ ''The Telegraph'' (UK) obituaries]
*[http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/obituaries/ Obituaries, ''Chicago Tribune'']
*[https://latimes.com/news/obituaries/ Obituaries, ''Los Angeles Times'']
*[https://www.nytimes.com/pages/obituaries/index.html ''The New York Times'', obituaries]
*[https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/obituaries/ ''The Washington Post'' obituaries]
*[http://www.smh.com.au/obituaries ''The Sydney Morning Herald'' (Australia) obituaries]

{{Deaths by month and year}}

[[Category:2026 deaths|*]]</text>
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      <text bytes="14039" sha1="qpffc8h03o9u8514rbj8pjxns0vx4tl" xml:space="preserve">Names are reported under the date of death, in alphabetical order. A typical entry reports information in the following sequence:

* Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent [[nationality]] (if applicable), what subject was noted for, cause of death (if known), and a reference.
Entries without a source should be removed. &lt;!--Please check to see if someone is already listed before listing them--&gt;
&lt;!--
* * * * * * * Please adhere to the guidelines below when adding a name to this article. * * * * * * *
 
A typical entry reports information in the following sequence: Name, age, country of citizenship at birth or nationality if the subject is not eligible (for example, in the case of animals), subsequent nationality (if applicable), what subject was noted for, cause of death (if known), and reference. Names are reported under the date of death. Names under each date are reported in alphabetical order by surname or pseudonym.

(1) Please add only those meeting Wikipedia notability guidelines. Include a reference to a reliable source.[a] [b] If a Wikipedia article for the dead does not yet exist, reconsider whether the subject is actually notable. If so, consider writing an article yourself. Those without a Wikipedia article are removed after one month.

(2) Please understand that the intent of this article is to report notable deaths. Tragic deaths, while unfortunate, do not necessarily render the dead &quot;notable&quot;. If you report the death of a notable subject that does not already have a Wikipedia article, consider starting one.

(3) Please add entries in alphabetical order by family name. Please avoid over-linking. As such, please do not add links to nationalities, common occupations, or common causes of death. Rather, include only &quot;links that aid navigation and understanding&quot;. Thank you.

(4) References should be in &lt;ref&gt;[url &amp; title]&lt;/ref&gt; format, as full citations make the page too slow to load, and too big to edit.

(5) Please do not move deaths from the previous month until the 8th of current month.
--Notes--
[a] See [[WP:RS]] for definition of reliable source, and [[WP:BLPSOURCE]] for living and recently deceased persons.
[b] For information on using information from Ancestry.com, Find-a-grave, or IMDb, please see [[WP:ELPEREN]].
* * * * * * * Please adhere to the guidelines above when adding a name to this article. * * * * * * *

--&gt;
{{TOC right}}

==June==
===7===

===6===
*[[Julio Jung]], 84, Chilean actor (''[[Coronation (2000 movie)|Coronation]]'', ''[[El regalo]]'', ''[[And Suddenly the Dawn]]'') and radio announcer.

===5===
*[[Bernadette Chirac]], 93, French politician, [[List of spouses or partners of the president of France|first lady]] (1995–2007).
*[[Christiane Cohendy]], 86, French actress (''[[The Creator (1999 movie)|The Creator]]'', ''[[The Horseman on the Roof]]'', ''[[The Passerby (1982 movie)|The Passerby]]'').
*[[Anthony Head]], 72, English actor (''[[Buffy the Vampire Slayer]]'', ''[[Ted Lasso]]'', ''[[Merlin (2008 TV series)|Merlin]]''), complications from pneumonia.&lt;ref name=&quot;headdeath&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=5 June 2026|title=Buffy and Ted Lasso star Anthony Head dies at 72|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cd0p0rz4n0mo|access-date=5 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===4===
*[[Fergus Slattery]], 77, Irish [[International Rugby Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] rugby union player ([[British &amp; Irish Lions]], [[Barbarian F.C.|Barbarians]], [[Ireland national rugby union team|national team]]).
*[[John Swan (Bermudian politician)|John Swan]], 90, Bermudian politician, [[List of premiers of Bermuda|premier]] (1982–1995).
*[[Chunchuna Villafañe]], 92, Argentine actress (''[[No toquen a la nena]]'', ''[[The Official Story]]'', ''[[I Never Been in Vienna]]'').

===3===
*[[Chung King-fai]], 89, Hong Kong actor (''[[Black Mask (1996 movie)|Black Mask]]'', ''[[My Family (Hong Kong TV series)|My Family]]'', ''[[Welcome to the House]]'').
*[[Sally Grace]], 74, English actress (''[[The Animals of Farthing Wood (TV series)|The Animals of Farthing Wood]]'', ''[[Coronation Street]]'', ''[[Ghost Story (1974 movie)|Ghost Story]]'').
*[[Angela Morant]], 84–85, British actress (''[[I, Claudius (TV series)|I, Claudius]]'', ''[[Brookside (TV series)|Brookside]]'', ''[[Dixon of Dock Green]]'').

===2===
*[[Peabo Bryson]], 75, American singer (&quot;[[Tonight, I Celebrate My Love]]&quot;, &quot;[[Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)|Beauty and the Beast]]&quot;, &quot;[[A Whole New World]]&quot;), [[Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals|Grammy]] winner ([[35th Annual Grammy Awards|1993]], [[36th Annual Grammy Awards|1994]]), stroke.

===1===
*[[Knut Husebø]], 80, Norwegian visual artist and actor (''[[Life and Death (1980 movie)|Life and Death]]'', ''[[Julia Julia]]'', ''[[Apprentice to Murder]]'').

==May==
===31===
*[[Ronald LaPread]], 75, American musician ([[Commodores]]).

===30===
*[[Dorita Burgos]], 90, Argentine actress (''[[The Campanelli's Picnic]]'', ''[[Los caballeros de la cama redonda]]'').
*[[Josefina Molina]], 89, Spanish film director (''[[Esquilache]]'', ''[[Teresa de Jesús]]''), screenwriter and television producer.

===29===
*[[Sidney Moko Mead]], 99, New Zealand [[Māori people|Māori]] anthropologist and historian.

===28===
*[[Abdrabbuh Mansour Hadi]], 80, Yemeni politician, [[President of Yemen|president]] (2012–2022), [[Vice President of Yemen|vice president]] (1994–2012), and [[Ministry of Defense (Yemen)|minister of defense]] (1994), heart attack.

===27===
*[[Klaus Emmerich (director)|Klaus Emmerich]], 82, German film director (''[[The First Polka]]'', ''[[Trokadero]]'').

===26===

===25===
*[[Rene Belmonte]], 55, Brazilian screenwriter [[If I Were You (2006 movie)|(''If I Were You'']], [[Novo Mundo (TV series)|''Novo Mundo'']], ''[[Federal Bank Heist]]'').
*[[Sonny Rollins]], 95, American jazz saxophonist (&quot;[[Airegin]]&quot;, &quot;[[Doxy (song)|Doxy]]&quot;, &quot;[[St. Thomas (song)|St. Thomas]]&quot;).

===24===

===23===
*[[Thérèse Liotard]], 80, French actress (''[[Viens chez moi, j'habite chez une copine]]'', ''[[My Father's Glory (movie)|My Father's Glory]]'', ''[[My Mother's Castle (movie)|My Mother's Castle]]'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Gajderowicz|first=Jessica|date=2026-05-23|title=Viens chez moi, j’habite chez une copine : après Michel Blanc, décès à 80 ans de la comédienne Thérèse Liotard|url=https://www.public.fr/viens-chez-moi-jhabite-chez-une-copine-apres-michel-blanc-deces-a-80-ans-de-la-comedienne-therese-liotard|access-date=2026-05-24|website=Public|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Jools Topp|Dame Jools Topp]], 68, New Zealand musician and comedian ([[Topp Twins]]), breast cancer.

===22===
*[[Tamati Reedy]], 89, New Zealand Māori academic, rugby union player ([[Ngati Porou East Coast Rugby Football Union|East Coast]], [[Thames Valley Rugby Football Union|Thames Valley]], [[Māori All Blacks]]), and public servant.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2026-05-23|title=Ngāti Porou leader Tā Tamati Reedy dies aged 89|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/te-manu-korihi/596090/ngati-porou-leader-ta-tamati-reedy-dies-aged-89|access-date=2026-05-24|website=RNZ|language=en-nz}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===21===
* [[Kyle Busch]], 41, American racing driver ([[NASCAR]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2026-05-24|title=Nascar star Kyle Busch died of severe pneumonia and sepsis, family says|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ceqpwx5741no|access-date=2026-05-24|website=www.bbc.com|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Michael Keating (actor)|Michael Keating]], 79, English actor (''[[Blakes 7]]'', ''[[EastEnders]]'', ''[[Doctor Who]]'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2026-05-21|title=Eastenders and Blake’s 7 star Michael Keating dies aged 79|url=https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/tv/news/michael-keating-death-age-eastenders-cause-b2981285.html|access-date=2026-05-24|website=The Independent|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===20===
*[[George Eastman (actor)|George Eastman]], 83, Italian actor (''[[Antropophagus]]'', ''[[Rabid Dogs]]'') and screenwriter (''[[Keoma (movie)|Keoma]]'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2026-05-21|title=George Eastman, è morto l'attore, papà di Arianna Montefiori|url=https://www.ildifforme.it/spettacoli/cinema/george-esatman-arianna-montefiori/|access-date=2026-05-24|language=it-IT}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===19===
*[[Péter Scherer]], 64, Hungarian actor (''[[The Lord's Lantern in Budapest]]'', ''[[Kontroll]]'', ''[[One Day in Europe]]'').

===18===
*[[Alexander Held]], 67, German actor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.focus.de/kultur/stars/schauspieler-alexander-held-stirbt-mit-67-jahren_109b64a0-16b5-4927-af4a-1d52526817a9.html | title=Schauspieler Alexander Held stirbt mit 67 Jahren | work=[[Focus Online]] | date=19 May 2026 |language=de |access-date=19 May 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===17===
*[[Scott Hastings (rugby union)|Scott Hastings]], 61, Scottish rugby union player ([[Watsonian FC|Watsonians]], [[Edinburgh Rugby|Edinburgh]], [[Scotland national rugby union team|national team]]), non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
*[[M. J. K. Smith]], 92, English cricketer ([[Leicestershire County Cricket Club|Leicestershire]], [[Warwickshire County Cricket Club|Warwickshire]], [[England cricket team|national team]]).

===16===
*[[Dennis Locorriere]], 76, American singer and guitarist ([[Dr. Hook]]), kidney disease.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bird|first=Daniel|last2=Association|first2=Izzie Addison, Press|date=2026-05-17|title=Dr Hook star dead after 'long and courageous battle'|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/dennis-locorriere-dead-dr-hook-37168692|access-date=2026-05-24|website=Daily Mirror|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===15===
*[[Angelica Domröse]], 85, German actress (''[[Love's Confusion]]'', ''[[The Adventures of Werner Holt (movie)|The Adventures of Werner Holt]]'', ''[[The Legend of Paul and Paula]]'').

===14===
*[[Krzysztof Piesiewicz]], 80, Polish screenwriter (''[[No End (movie)|No End]]'', ''[[The Double Life of Veronique]]'') and politician, [[Senate of Poland|senator]] (1991–1993, 1997–2011).
*[[Alan Rothwell]], 89, English actor (''[[Coronation Street]]'', ''[[Brookside (TV series)|Brookside]]'', ''[[Heartbeat (British TV series)|Heartbeat]]'') and television presenter.

===13===
*[[Clarence Carter]], 90, American singer-songwriter (&quot;[[Slip Away (Clarence Carter song)|Slip Away]]&quot;, &quot;[[Patches (Chairmen of the Board song)|Patches]]&quot;, &quot;[[Strokin']]&quot;), complications from pneumonia, prostate cancer and sepsis.

===12===
*[[Stanisława Celińska]], 79, Polish actress (''[[Mamuśki]]'', ''[[The Maids of Wilko]]'', ''[[Landscape After the Battle]]'').
*[[Jack Taylor (American actor)|Jack Taylor]], 99, American actor (''[[Succubus (movie)|Succubus]]'', ''[[Conan the Barbarian (1982 movie)|Conan the Barbarian]]'', ''[[The Ninth Gate]]'').

===11===
*[[Mal Anderson]], 91, Australian [[International Tennis Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] tennis player.
*[[Brandon Clarke]], 29, Canadian basketball player ([[Memphis Grizzlies]])&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/memphis-grizzlies-player-brandon-clarke-dies-at-29/3889534/ 29-year-old Memphis Grizzlies player Brandon Clarke dies in the San Fernando Valley]&lt;/ref&gt;

===10===
*[[Rosemarie Bergmans]], 82, Belgian actress (''[[Pauline and Paulette]]'').
*[[Michael Pennington]], 82, English actor (''[[Return of the Jedi]]'', ''[[Hamlet (1969 movie)|Hamlet]]''), co-founder of the [[English Shakespeare Company]].

===9===
*[[Bobby Cox]], 84, American [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|Hall of Fame]] baseball manager ([[Atlanta Braves]], [[Toronto Blue Jays]]), player, and coach, [[World Series]] champion ([[1977 World Series|1977]], [[1995 World Series|1995]]).
*[[Maurice R. Greenberg]], 101, American businessman and philanthropist

===8===
*[[Festus Mogae]], 86, Botswana politician and economist, [[President of Botswana|president]] (1998–2008).

===7===

===6===
*[[Ted Turner]], 87, American businessman and media owner ([[CNN]], [[WPCH-TV|WTBS]], [[TNT (American TV channel)|TNT]]).&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cnn.com/2026/05/06/us/ted-turner-death CNN founder Ted Turner, a pioneer of cable TV news, dies at 87]&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Cavayé Yéguié Djibril]], 86, Cameroonian politician, [[List of Presidents of the National Assembly of Cameroon|president of the National Assembly]] (1992–2026).&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cameroon-concord.com/headlines/cavaye-yeguie-djibril-dies-days-after-removal-as-assembly-speaker Cavaye Yéguié Djibril Dies Days After Removal as Assembly Speaker]&lt;/ref&gt;

===5===
*[[Lee Hong-koo]], 91, South Korean diplomat and politician, [[Prime Minister of South Korea|prime minister]] (1994–1995) and [[List of ambassadors of South Korea to the United States|ambassador to the United States]] (1998–2000).
*[[Jonathan Tiersten]], 60, American actor (''[[Sleepaway Camp]]'', ''[[Return to Sleepaway Camp]]'', ''[[The Perfect House (2011 American movie)|The Perfect House]]'').

===4===
* [[Stein Erik Hagen]], 69, Norwegian businessman.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Haugan|first=Bjørn|last2=Farestvedt|first2=Ingrid Bjørndal|last3=Tovan|first3=Anders Ihle|last4=Storebø|first4=Ingrid|date=2026-05-04|title=Stein Erik Hagen (69) er død|url=https://www.vg.no/nyheter/i/OkyV0A/stein-erik-hagen-69-er-doed|access-date=2026-05-04|website=VG|language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===3===
*[[Claire Maurier]], 97, French actress (''[[La Cage aux Folles (movie)|La Cage aux Folles]]'', ''[[Amélie]]'', ''[[A Bad Son]]'').

===2===

===1===

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Other websites==
*[https://www.theguardian.com/tone/obituaries ''The Guardian'' (UK) obituaries]
*[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/ ''The Telegraph'' (UK) obituaries]
*[http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/obituaries/ Obituaries, ''Chicago Tribune'']
*[https://latimes.com/news/obituaries/ Obituaries, ''Los Angeles Times'']
*[https://www.nytimes.com/pages/obituaries/index.html ''The New York Times'', obituaries]
*[https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/obituaries/ ''The Washington Post'' obituaries]
*[http://www.smh.com.au/obituaries ''The Sydney Morning Herald'' (Australia) obituaries]

{{Deaths by month and year}}

[[Category:2026 deaths|*]]</text>
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      <id>10880800</id>
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      <text bytes="14213" sha1="25z8ai0ykp0tnttl3y84a0lk7agqwew" xml:space="preserve">Names are reported under the date of death, in alphabetical order. A typical entry reports information in the following sequence:

* Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent [[nationality]] (if applicable), what subject was noted for, cause of death (if known), and a reference.
Entries without a source should be removed. &lt;!--Please check to see if someone is already listed before listing them--&gt;
&lt;!--
* * * * * * * Please adhere to the guidelines below when adding a name to this article. * * * * * * *
 
A typical entry reports information in the following sequence: Name, age, country of citizenship at birth or nationality if the subject is not eligible (for example, in the case of animals), subsequent nationality (if applicable), what subject was noted for, cause of death (if known), and reference. Names are reported under the date of death. Names under each date are reported in alphabetical order by surname or pseudonym.

(1) Please add only those meeting Wikipedia notability guidelines. Include a reference to a reliable source.[a] [b] If a Wikipedia article for the dead does not yet exist, reconsider whether the subject is actually notable. If so, consider writing an article yourself. Those without a Wikipedia article are removed after one month.

(2) Please understand that the intent of this article is to report notable deaths. Tragic deaths, while unfortunate, do not necessarily render the dead &quot;notable&quot;. If you report the death of a notable subject that does not already have a Wikipedia article, consider starting one.

(3) Please add entries in alphabetical order by family name. Please avoid over-linking. As such, please do not add links to nationalities, common occupations, or common causes of death. Rather, include only &quot;links that aid navigation and understanding&quot;. Thank you.

(4) References should be in &lt;ref&gt;[url &amp; title]&lt;/ref&gt; format, as full citations make the page too slow to load, and too big to edit.

(5) Please do not move deaths from the previous month until the 8th of current month.
--Notes--
[a] See [[WP:RS]] for definition of reliable source, and [[WP:BLPSOURCE]] for living and recently deceased persons.
[b] For information on using information from Ancestry.com, Find-a-grave, or IMDb, please see [[WP:ELPEREN]].
* * * * * * * Please adhere to the guidelines above when adding a name to this article. * * * * * * *

--&gt;
{{TOC right}}

==June==
===7===

===6===
*[[Julio Jung]], 84, Chilean actor (''[[Coronation (2000 movie)|Coronation]]'', ''[[El regalo]]'', ''[[And Suddenly the Dawn]]'') and radio announcer.

===5===
*[[Bernadette Chirac]], 93, French politician, [[List of spouses or partners of the president of France|first lady]] (1995–2007).
*[[Christiane Cohendy]], 86, French actress (''[[The Creator (1999 movie)|The Creator]]'', ''[[The Horseman on the Roof]]'', ''[[The Passerby (1982 movie)|The Passerby]]'').
*[[Anthony Head]], 72, English actor (''[[Buffy the Vampire Slayer]]'', ''[[Ted Lasso]]'', ''[[Merlin (2008 TV series)|Merlin]]''), complications from pneumonia.&lt;ref name=&quot;headdeath&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=5 June 2026|title=Buffy and Ted Lasso star Anthony Head dies at 72|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cd0p0rz4n0mo|access-date=5 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===4===
*[[Patrick Godfrey]], 93, English actor (''[[Maurice (1987 movie)|Maurice]]'', ''[[The Count of Monte Cristo (2002 movie)|The Count of Monte Cristo]]'', ''[[Ever After]]'').
*[[Fergus Slattery]], 77, Irish [[International Rugby Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] rugby union player ([[British &amp; Irish Lions]], [[Barbarian F.C.|Barbarians]], [[Ireland national rugby union team|national team]]).
*[[John Swan (Bermudian politician)|John Swan]], 90, Bermudian politician, [[List of premiers of Bermuda|premier]] (1982–1995).
*[[Chunchuna Villafañe]], 92, Argentine actress (''[[No toquen a la nena]]'', ''[[The Official Story]]'', ''[[I Never Been in Vienna]]'').

===3===
*[[Chung King-fai]], 89, Hong Kong actor (''[[Black Mask (1996 movie)|Black Mask]]'', ''[[My Family (Hong Kong TV series)|My Family]]'', ''[[Welcome to the House]]'').
*[[Sally Grace]], 74, English actress (''[[The Animals of Farthing Wood (TV series)|The Animals of Farthing Wood]]'', ''[[Coronation Street]]'', ''[[Ghost Story (1974 movie)|Ghost Story]]'').
*[[Angela Morant]], 84–85, British actress (''[[I, Claudius (TV series)|I, Claudius]]'', ''[[Brookside (TV series)|Brookside]]'', ''[[Dixon of Dock Green]]'').

===2===
*[[Peabo Bryson]], 75, American singer (&quot;[[Tonight, I Celebrate My Love]]&quot;, &quot;[[Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)|Beauty and the Beast]]&quot;, &quot;[[A Whole New World]]&quot;), [[Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals|Grammy]] winner ([[35th Annual Grammy Awards|1993]], [[36th Annual Grammy Awards|1994]]), stroke.

===1===
*[[Knut Husebø]], 80, Norwegian visual artist and actor (''[[Life and Death (1980 movie)|Life and Death]]'', ''[[Julia Julia]]'', ''[[Apprentice to Murder]]'').

==May==
===31===
*[[Ronald LaPread]], 75, American musician ([[Commodores]]).

===30===
*[[Dorita Burgos]], 90, Argentine actress (''[[The Campanelli's Picnic]]'', ''[[Los caballeros de la cama redonda]]'').
*[[Josefina Molina]], 89, Spanish film director (''[[Esquilache]]'', ''[[Teresa de Jesús]]''), screenwriter and television producer.

===29===
*[[Sidney Moko Mead]], 99, New Zealand [[Māori people|Māori]] anthropologist and historian.

===28===
*[[Abdrabbuh Mansour Hadi]], 80, Yemeni politician, [[President of Yemen|president]] (2012–2022), [[Vice President of Yemen|vice president]] (1994–2012), and [[Ministry of Defense (Yemen)|minister of defense]] (1994), heart attack.

===27===
*[[Klaus Emmerich (director)|Klaus Emmerich]], 82, German film director (''[[The First Polka]]'', ''[[Trokadero]]'').

===26===

===25===
*[[Rene Belmonte]], 55, Brazilian screenwriter [[If I Were You (2006 movie)|(''If I Were You'']], [[Novo Mundo (TV series)|''Novo Mundo'']], ''[[Federal Bank Heist]]'').
*[[Sonny Rollins]], 95, American jazz saxophonist (&quot;[[Airegin]]&quot;, &quot;[[Doxy (song)|Doxy]]&quot;, &quot;[[St. Thomas (song)|St. Thomas]]&quot;).

===24===

===23===
*[[Thérèse Liotard]], 80, French actress (''[[Viens chez moi, j'habite chez une copine]]'', ''[[My Father's Glory (movie)|My Father's Glory]]'', ''[[My Mother's Castle (movie)|My Mother's Castle]]'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Gajderowicz|first=Jessica|date=2026-05-23|title=Viens chez moi, j’habite chez une copine : après Michel Blanc, décès à 80 ans de la comédienne Thérèse Liotard|url=https://www.public.fr/viens-chez-moi-jhabite-chez-une-copine-apres-michel-blanc-deces-a-80-ans-de-la-comedienne-therese-liotard|access-date=2026-05-24|website=Public|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Jools Topp|Dame Jools Topp]], 68, New Zealand musician and comedian ([[Topp Twins]]), breast cancer.

===22===
*[[Tamati Reedy]], 89, New Zealand Māori academic, rugby union player ([[Ngati Porou East Coast Rugby Football Union|East Coast]], [[Thames Valley Rugby Football Union|Thames Valley]], [[Māori All Blacks]]), and public servant.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2026-05-23|title=Ngāti Porou leader Tā Tamati Reedy dies aged 89|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/te-manu-korihi/596090/ngati-porou-leader-ta-tamati-reedy-dies-aged-89|access-date=2026-05-24|website=RNZ|language=en-nz}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===21===
* [[Kyle Busch]], 41, American racing driver ([[NASCAR]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2026-05-24|title=Nascar star Kyle Busch died of severe pneumonia and sepsis, family says|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ceqpwx5741no|access-date=2026-05-24|website=www.bbc.com|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Michael Keating (actor)|Michael Keating]], 79, English actor (''[[Blakes 7]]'', ''[[EastEnders]]'', ''[[Doctor Who]]'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2026-05-21|title=Eastenders and Blake’s 7 star Michael Keating dies aged 79|url=https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/tv/news/michael-keating-death-age-eastenders-cause-b2981285.html|access-date=2026-05-24|website=The Independent|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===20===
*[[George Eastman (actor)|George Eastman]], 83, Italian actor (''[[Antropophagus]]'', ''[[Rabid Dogs]]'') and screenwriter (''[[Keoma (movie)|Keoma]]'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2026-05-21|title=George Eastman, è morto l'attore, papà di Arianna Montefiori|url=https://www.ildifforme.it/spettacoli/cinema/george-esatman-arianna-montefiori/|access-date=2026-05-24|language=it-IT}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===19===
*[[Péter Scherer]], 64, Hungarian actor (''[[The Lord's Lantern in Budapest]]'', ''[[Kontroll]]'', ''[[One Day in Europe]]'').

===18===
*[[Alexander Held]], 67, German actor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.focus.de/kultur/stars/schauspieler-alexander-held-stirbt-mit-67-jahren_109b64a0-16b5-4927-af4a-1d52526817a9.html | title=Schauspieler Alexander Held stirbt mit 67 Jahren | work=[[Focus Online]] | date=19 May 2026 |language=de |access-date=19 May 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===17===
*[[Scott Hastings (rugby union)|Scott Hastings]], 61, Scottish rugby union player ([[Watsonian FC|Watsonians]], [[Edinburgh Rugby|Edinburgh]], [[Scotland national rugby union team|national team]]), non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
*[[M. J. K. Smith]], 92, English cricketer ([[Leicestershire County Cricket Club|Leicestershire]], [[Warwickshire County Cricket Club|Warwickshire]], [[England cricket team|national team]]).

===16===
*[[Dennis Locorriere]], 76, American singer and guitarist ([[Dr. Hook]]), kidney disease.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bird|first=Daniel|last2=Association|first2=Izzie Addison, Press|date=2026-05-17|title=Dr Hook star dead after 'long and courageous battle'|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/dennis-locorriere-dead-dr-hook-37168692|access-date=2026-05-24|website=Daily Mirror|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===15===
*[[Angelica Domröse]], 85, German actress (''[[Love's Confusion]]'', ''[[The Adventures of Werner Holt (movie)|The Adventures of Werner Holt]]'', ''[[The Legend of Paul and Paula]]'').

===14===
*[[Krzysztof Piesiewicz]], 80, Polish screenwriter (''[[No End (movie)|No End]]'', ''[[The Double Life of Veronique]]'') and politician, [[Senate of Poland|senator]] (1991–1993, 1997–2011).
*[[Alan Rothwell]], 89, English actor (''[[Coronation Street]]'', ''[[Brookside (TV series)|Brookside]]'', ''[[Heartbeat (British TV series)|Heartbeat]]'') and television presenter.

===13===
*[[Clarence Carter]], 90, American singer-songwriter (&quot;[[Slip Away (Clarence Carter song)|Slip Away]]&quot;, &quot;[[Patches (Chairmen of the Board song)|Patches]]&quot;, &quot;[[Strokin']]&quot;), complications from pneumonia, prostate cancer and sepsis.

===12===
*[[Stanisława Celińska]], 79, Polish actress (''[[Mamuśki]]'', ''[[The Maids of Wilko]]'', ''[[Landscape After the Battle]]'').
*[[Jack Taylor (American actor)|Jack Taylor]], 99, American actor (''[[Succubus (movie)|Succubus]]'', ''[[Conan the Barbarian (1982 movie)|Conan the Barbarian]]'', ''[[The Ninth Gate]]'').

===11===
*[[Mal Anderson]], 91, Australian [[International Tennis Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] tennis player.
*[[Brandon Clarke]], 29, Canadian basketball player ([[Memphis Grizzlies]])&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/memphis-grizzlies-player-brandon-clarke-dies-at-29/3889534/ 29-year-old Memphis Grizzlies player Brandon Clarke dies in the San Fernando Valley]&lt;/ref&gt;

===10===
*[[Rosemarie Bergmans]], 82, Belgian actress (''[[Pauline and Paulette]]'').
*[[Michael Pennington]], 82, English actor (''[[Return of the Jedi]]'', ''[[Hamlet (1969 movie)|Hamlet]]''), co-founder of the [[English Shakespeare Company]].

===9===
*[[Bobby Cox]], 84, American [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|Hall of Fame]] baseball manager ([[Atlanta Braves]], [[Toronto Blue Jays]]), player, and coach, [[World Series]] champion ([[1977 World Series|1977]], [[1995 World Series|1995]]).
*[[Maurice R. Greenberg]], 101, American businessman and philanthropist

===8===
*[[Festus Mogae]], 86, Botswana politician and economist, [[President of Botswana|president]] (1998–2008).

===7===

===6===
*[[Ted Turner]], 87, American businessman and media owner ([[CNN]], [[WPCH-TV|WTBS]], [[TNT (American TV channel)|TNT]]).&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cnn.com/2026/05/06/us/ted-turner-death CNN founder Ted Turner, a pioneer of cable TV news, dies at 87]&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Cavayé Yéguié Djibril]], 86, Cameroonian politician, [[List of Presidents of the National Assembly of Cameroon|president of the National Assembly]] (1992–2026).&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cameroon-concord.com/headlines/cavaye-yeguie-djibril-dies-days-after-removal-as-assembly-speaker Cavaye Yéguié Djibril Dies Days After Removal as Assembly Speaker]&lt;/ref&gt;

===5===
*[[Lee Hong-koo]], 91, South Korean diplomat and politician, [[Prime Minister of South Korea|prime minister]] (1994–1995) and [[List of ambassadors of South Korea to the United States|ambassador to the United States]] (1998–2000).
*[[Jonathan Tiersten]], 60, American actor (''[[Sleepaway Camp]]'', ''[[Return to Sleepaway Camp]]'', ''[[The Perfect House (2011 American movie)|The Perfect House]]'').

===4===
* [[Stein Erik Hagen]], 69, Norwegian businessman.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Haugan|first=Bjørn|last2=Farestvedt|first2=Ingrid Bjørndal|last3=Tovan|first3=Anders Ihle|last4=Storebø|first4=Ingrid|date=2026-05-04|title=Stein Erik Hagen (69) er død|url=https://www.vg.no/nyheter/i/OkyV0A/stein-erik-hagen-69-er-doed|access-date=2026-05-04|website=VG|language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===3===
*[[Claire Maurier]], 97, French actress (''[[La Cage aux Folles (movie)|La Cage aux Folles]]'', ''[[Amélie]]'', ''[[A Bad Son]]'').

===2===

===1===

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Other websites==
*[https://www.theguardian.com/tone/obituaries ''The Guardian'' (UK) obituaries]
*[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/ ''The Telegraph'' (UK) obituaries]
*[http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/obituaries/ Obituaries, ''Chicago Tribune'']
*[https://latimes.com/news/obituaries/ Obituaries, ''Los Angeles Times'']
*[https://www.nytimes.com/pages/obituaries/index.html ''The New York Times'', obituaries]
*[https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/obituaries/ ''The Washington Post'' obituaries]
*[http://www.smh.com.au/obituaries ''The Sydney Morning Herald'' (Australia) obituaries]

{{Deaths by month and year}}

[[Category:2026 deaths|*]]</text>
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    <title>Jiajing Emperor</title>
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      <text bytes="12212" sha1="0vqc9hvkpwzexvzrd6uagjegqg1uitm" xml:space="preserve">{{Use British English|date=March 2025}}
{{distinguish|Jiaqing Emperor}}
{{infobox royalty
|name = Jiajing Emperor
|image = [[File:Portrait officiel de l'empereur Jiajing.jpg|250px]]
|caption = Portrait on a [[hanging scroll]] in Taiwan
|succession = [[List of emperors of the Ming dynasty|Emperor of the Ming dynasty]]
|reign = 27 May 1521 —  23 January 1567
|coronation = 27 May 1521
|cor-type = Enthronement
|predecessor = Zhengde Emperor
|successor = Longqing Emperor
|succession1 = [[Prince of Xing]]
|reign1 = 15 April — 27 May 1521
|predecessor1 = [[Zhu Youyuan|Zhu Youyuan, Prince Xian of Xing]]
|successor1 = Abolished;&lt;br&gt;Absorbed into the crown 
|spouse = {{marriage|[[Empress Chen (Jiajing)|Xiaojiesu]]|1522|1528|end=[[Death|died]]}}&lt;br&gt;{{marriage|[[Empress Zhang (Jiajing)|Zhang]]|1522|1534|end=dep.}}&lt;br&gt;{{marriage|[[Empress Fang|Xiaolie]]|1530|1547|end=d.}}&lt;br&gt;{{marriage|[[Empress Xiaoke (Jiajing)|Xiaoke]]&lt;br&gt;[[File:Mère de Longqing.jpg|10px|Empress Xiaoke of Ming, the wife of the '''Jiajing Emperor''']]&lt;br&gt;|1530|1554|end=d.}}
|spouse-type = Consort(s)
|title=Prince of Xing}}
[[File:明世宗像.jpg|thumb|250px]]
The '''Jiajing Emperor''' (Real name: '''Zhu Houcong'''; Temple name: '''Emperor Shizong of Ming'''; Art name: '''Yaozhai''',{{sfnp|Wanli yehuo bian|loc=Vol. 1}}{{efn|{{zh|t=堯齋|s=尧斋|p=Yáozhāi}}}} '''Leixuan''',{{sfnp|Wanli yehuo bian|loc=Vol. 1}}{{efn|{{zh|t=雷軒|s=雷轩|p=Léixuān}}}} and '''Tianchi Diaosou'''{{sfnp|Wanli yehuo bian|loc=Vol. 1}}{{efn|{{zh|t=天池釣叟|s=天池钓叟|p=Tiānchí Diàosǒu}}}}; 16 September 1507 — 23 January 1567) was the [[Emperor]] of the ''[[Ming Dynasty]]'' from 1521 until his death in 1567. His predecessor was his cousin the Zhengde Emperor. 

The Jiajing Emperor was born as a cousin of the reigning [[Zhengde Emperor]], making his accession to the throne unexpected. However, after the Zhengde Emperor died without a heir, the government, led by Senior Grand Secretary [[Yang Tinghe]] and [[Empress Zhang (Hongzhi)|Empress Dowager Zhang]], selected him as the new ruler. A dispute over the legal legitimacy of his [[accession]], known as the [[Great Rites Controversy]], arose between the emperor and the officials. After three years, the emperor prevailed, and his main opponents were either banished or executed.

Like the Zhengde Emperor, the Jiajing Emperor chose to reside outside the [[Forbidden City]] in [[Beijing]]. In 1542, he moved to the [[Taiye Lake|West Park]], located west of the Forbidden City. He constructed a complex of Taoist temples and palaces inspired by the [[Taoism|Taoist belief]] of the [[Xian (Taoist)|Land of Immortals]]. There, he surrounded himself with loyal [[Eunuch|eunuchs]], Taoist [[Monk|monks]], and trusted [[Advisor|advisers]], including grand secretaries and ministers of rites. His main advisers were Zhang Fujing, [[Xia Yan (Ming dynasty)|Xia Yan]], [[Yan Song]], and [[Xu Jie (Ming dynasty)|Xu Jie]].

At the beginning of his reign, the borders were relatively peaceful, though Mongols under [[Altan Khan]] began pushing for the restoration of [[free trade]] in the 1540s. The emperor refused and attempted to close the borders by strengthening the [[Great Wall of China]], prompting Altan Khan to raid Beijing's outskirts in 1550. The conflict continued until the reign of Jiajing's successor, Longqing, who allowed trade to resume.

The [[Wokou]] pirates also posed a threat in the southeastern provinces of [[Zhejiang]], [[Fujian]], and [[Guangdong]] throughout the 1540s. The Ming government attempted to address this by implementing stricter [[Law|laws]] against private overseas trade in the 1520s, but [[piracy]] peaked in the 1550s. The issue began to diminish in the 1560s after the Longqing Emperor relaxed maritime trade laws.

In 1556, northern China experienced the [[1556 Shaanxi earthquake]], the deadliest in history, killing over 800,000 people. Despite this, the economy thrived, with growth in [[agriculture]], [[industry]], and trade. The traditional [[Confucianism|Confucian]] philosophy of [[Zhu Xi|Zhuism]] gave way to more individualistic ideas championed by [[Wang Yangming]].

In his later years, the emperor's obsession with [[immortality]] led to questionable actions, including his interest in [[alchemy]] and [[Girl|young girls]]. He sent Taoist priests across the land to collect [[Mineral|minerals]] for life-extending potions, which contained harmful substances like [[Arsenic trioxide|arsenic]], [[lead]], and [[Mercury (element)|mercury]], likely shortening his life.

== Childhood ==

[[File:Porcelaine_chinoise_Guimet_261101.jpg|thumb|left|210px|A porcelain vase from the Jiajing era, [[Guimet Museum]], Paris]]

Zhu Houcong, the future Jiajing Emperor, was born on 16 September 1507 as the eldest son of [[Zhu Youyuan]], Prince of Xing, and Lady Shao, a [[Concubinage|concubine]] of the [[Chenghua Emperor]]. Zhu Youyuan, the fourth son of the Chenghua Emperor, was known for his [[poetry]] and [[calligraphy]]. Zhu Houcong’s mother, Jiang, was the daughter of Jiang Xiao, an officer in Beijing’s garrison. Zhu Houcong's parents lived in Anlu (now [[Zhongxiang]]) in Huguang, central China, where he was born.{{sfnp|Geiss|1998|p=440}}{{sfnp|Goodrich|Fang|1976|p=315}}

Zhu Houcong received a Confucian [[education]], with his father as his primary [[tutor]]. After his father's death in 1519, Zhu Houcong, assisted by Yuan Zonggao, took responsibility for managing the household.{{sfnp|Geiss|1998|p=441}} Following the customary mourning period, he officially became the Prince of Xing in March 1521.{{sfnp|Goodrich|Fang|1976|p=316}}

==Reign==
{{List collapsed|1=

}}The '''Jiajing Emperor''' (1507–1567) was the 12th emperor of the [[Ming dynasty]], ruling from 1521 to 1567. His reign was marked by political controversy and reforms.

====Ascension to the Throne====

The [[Zhengde Emperor]] died on 20 April 1521.{{sfnp|Goodrich|Fang|1976|p=308}} Zhu Houcong, a cousin of the Zhengde Emperor, was selected to become the next emperor. However, Ming succession law stated that only the sons of the empress could inherit the throne. Since Zhu Houcong's father was not the son of the empress, his succession was legally questionable. To resolve this, Grand Secretary [[Yang Tinghe]] proposed [[Adoption|adopting]] Zhu Houcong as the Hongzhi Emperor’s son.{{sfnp|Geiss|1998|p=442}}

Zhu Houcong rejected the adoption but accepted the throne. On 27 May 1521, he formally ascended the throne and chose the era name &quot;Jiajing.&quot;{{sfnp|Goodrich|Fang|1976|p=316}}{{sfnp|Geiss|1998|p=443}}

{{MetaSidebar|5=The proposal for the era name Shaozhi (Continuation of proper governance) by the grand secretaries was rejected by the Jiajing Emperor. It is believed that Shaozhi was a summary of the government's call for the Jiajing Emperor to take the throne and follow the policies and rituals set by the founders of the dynasty in order to ensure proper governance. This expressed a desire for continuity in rule. The era name Jiajing means &quot;admirable and tranquility&quot; and is derived from a passage in the ''Book of Documents'', in which the [[Duke of Zhou]] admonishes the young [[King Cheng of Zhou|King Cheng]] and praises King [[Wu Ding]] of the [[Shang dynasty]] for his admirable and tranquil leadership. Wu Ding was commended for restoring the fallen prestige of the Shang dynasty not through force, but through the radiance of his virtue. Therefore, the era name Jiajing can be seen as a criticism of the state of the country and the Zhengde regime, as well as a declaration of a policy of change and restoration.{{sfnp|Geiss|1990|pp=37–51}}

In the mentioned reprimand, [[King Wen of Zhou|King Wen]], the father of the founder of the Zhou dynasty, [[King Wu of Zhou|King Wu]], is also contrasted with the unworthy last Shang king, [[King Zhou of Shang|Zhou]]. The Jiajing Emperor saw a parallel between King Wen, Zhou and Wu, and his noble father, unworthy Zhengde Emperor, and himself. Therefore, he judged that he did not owe the throne to the grand secretaries, ministers, or the [[Empress Zhang (Hongzhi)|empress dowager]], but to the virtues of his father recognized by the Heavens.{{efn|[[Mencius]] used an analogy to justify King Wu's claim to the throne: King Wen, who was loyal to the Shang dynasty and virtuous, gained the favor of Heaven and his son was able to establish a new dynasty and restore proper governance.{{sfnp|Geiss|1990|pp=37–51}}}} This was the basis of his respect for his parents and his rejection of adoption in the Great Rites Controversy.{{sfnp|Geiss|1990|pp=37–51}}}}
The day after the Zhengde Emperor's death, a delegation of high-ranking dignitaries left Beijing for Anlu to inform the prince of the situation.{{efn|The delegation was led by Xu Guangzuo, Duke of Ding (a descendant of [[Xu Da]]); Zhang Heling, Marquis of Shouning and the younger brother of the Empress Dowager Zhang; the commandant-escort Cui Yuan, husband of the Chenghua Emperor's daughter; Grand Secretary Liang Chu; Minister of Rites Mao Cheng; and three highly ranked eunuchs.{{sfnp|Dardess|2016|p=7}}}} They arrived in Anlu on 2 May.{{sfnp|Dardess|2016|p=7}} Zhu Houcong accepted them, familiarised himself with the [[edict]] of the empress dowager, and agreed to ascend the throne. On 7 May,{{sfnp|Goodrich|Fang|1976|p=316}} he set out for Beijing accompanied by forty of his own advisers and [[Servant|servants]].{{sfnp|Dardess|2016|p=8}} Yang Tinghe issued orders for him to be welcomed in Beijing as the heir to the throne, but Zhu Houcong refused to appear as the heir apparent, stating that he was invited to assume the imperial rank and was therefore the emperor, not the son of the emperor.{{sfnp|Geiss|1990|pp=37–51}} According to the grand secretaries and the government, he was the son of the Hongzhi Emperor. He forced his way into the city with imperial honors and on the same day, 27 May 1521, he ceremoniously ascended the throne.{{sfnp|Goodrich|Fang|1976|p=316}}{{sfnp|Geiss|1998|p=443}} The young emperor reportedly chose the name of his era himself, from his favorite chapter of the ''[[Book of Documents]]'', with ''jia'' meaning &quot;to improve, make splendid&quot; and ''jing'' meaning &quot;to pacify&quot; in Chinese.{{sfnp|Dardess|2016|p=1}}

====Great Rites Controversy====

The Jiajing Emperor wanted to posthumously elevate his father, but Yang Tinghe insisted on formal adoption to legitimize his rule. The emperor rejected this and instead pushed for the elevation of his parents to imperial status.{{sfnp|Geiss|1998|p=444}} By 1521, the emperor succeeded in having his parents and grandmother granted imperial rank.{{sfnp|Geiss|1998|p=445}} However, this sparked conflicts that led to Yang Tinghe's resignation in 1524.{{sfnp|Geiss|1998|p=448}}

====Autocratic Rule====

The emperor's strong stance on his rights led him to govern [[Autocratic|autocratically]], rejecting the influence of grand secretaries. This led to the rise of the Confucian scholar [[Wang Yangming]] and a shift in intellectual thought during his reign.{{sfnp|Geiss|1998|p=449}}

====Honoring Parents and Legitimizing Government====

In 1530, the Jiajing Emperor published a [[biography]] of his great-great-great-great-great-grandmother, [[Empress Ma]], and the book ''Nüxun'' (Instructions for Women), attributed to her.{{sfnp|Goodrich|Fang|1976|p=317}} He also worked to honor his parents and ancestors, restoring ancestral temples and overseeing rituals. After his mother’s death in 1538, he made plans to [[Burial|bury]] her alongside his father near Beijing.{{sfnp|Goodrich|Fang|1976|p=316}}

==Family==

The Jiajing Emperor had three empresses during his reign. The first, [[Empress Chen (Jiajing)|Lady Chen]], was chosen for him by his aunt, [[Empress Zhang (Hongzhi)|Empress Dowager Zhang]]. Lady Chen became empress in 1522, but in 1528, she suffered a [[miscarriage]] and died on 21 October of that year due to a [[dispute]] with the emperor.{{sfnp|Geiss|1998|p=461}}

===Children with Lady Chen===

* Miscarrriage (1528){{sfnp|History of Ming|loc=Vol. 114}}

==Death==

He died in the place at West Park in 1567.{{sfnp|Geiss|1998|p=508}}

==References==
{{refs}}
==Notes==
{{notes}}

[[Category:1500s births]]</text>
      <sha1>0vqc9hvkpwzexvzrd6uagjegqg1uitm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>List of programmes shown by Milkshake!</title>
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    <id>1177759</id>
    <revision>
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        <id>1817345</id>
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      <comment>/* Programming */</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11295" sha1="blsniy9fiv98jqv00ucwetvu6uvk82b" xml:space="preserve">This is a list of programmes currently shown on [[Channel 5 (British TV channel)|Channel 5]]'s [[programming block]], [[Milkshake!]] in the United Kingdom.

==Programming==

===Current programming===
* ''[[The Adventures of Paddington (2019 TV series)|The Adventures of Paddington]]''
* ''Aneeshwar's Outdoor Adventures''
* ''[[Ben &amp; Holly's Little Kingdom]]''
* ''Circle Square''
* ''Cooking with the Gills''
* ''[[Daisy &amp; Ollie|Daisy and Ollie]]''
* ''[[Fireman Sam]]''
* ''Go Green With The Grimwades''
* ''[[Kangaroo Beach]] ''
* ''[[Kid-E-Cats]]''
* ''Meet the Experts''
* ''Meet the Hedgehogs''
* ''Milkshake! Monkey''
* ''Milkshake! Story Den''
* ''Milkshake! Summer Fun''
* ''Mimi's World''
* ''MixMups''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://kidscreen.com/2022/03/17/milkshake-adds-mixmups-and-its-blend-of-diverse-preschool-play/ |title=Archive » Milkshake! adds MixMups and its blend of diverse preschool play |publisher=Kidscreen |date=17 March 2022 |accessdate=23 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Odo''
* ''[[Oggy Oggy]]''
* ''[[Peppa Pig]]''
* ''Pop Paper City''
* ''[[Pip and Posy]]''
* ''Pirata and Capitano''
* ''Reu and Harper's Wonderworld''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.kidscreen.com/2023/04/24/milkshake-tackles-multiculturalism-with-a-new-playdate-series/ | title=Milkshake! tackles multiculturalism with a new playdate series }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Show Me How''
* ''Stan and Gran''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kidscreen.com/2023/07/05/channel-5s-milkshake-serves-up-three-new-series/|title=Channel 5's Milkshake! serves up three new series}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Sunny Bunnies]]''
* ''The World According to Grandpa''
* ''[[Thomas &amp; Friends]]''
* ''[[Tim Rex in Space]]''
* ''Tweedy and Fluff''&lt;ref name=&quot;animationmagazine1&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/channel-5s-milkshake-sets-kids-slate-at-cmc/ | title=Channel 5's Milkshake! Sets Kids Slate at CMC | date=6 July 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Programming from Nick Jr. (U.S.)====
* ''[[Abby Hatcher]]''
* ''[[Baby Shark's Big Show!]]''
* ''[[Blaze and the Monster Machines]]''
* ''[[Blue's Clues &amp; You!]]''
* ''[[Bubble Guppies]]''
* ''[[Dora the Explorer (TV series)|Dora the Explorer]]'' (season 7 only)
* ''[[Paw Patrol]]''
* ''[[Rubble &amp; Crew]]''
* ''[[Santiago of the Seas]]''
* ''[[Rusty Rivets]]'' (2017–2019)
* ''[[Ryan's Mystery Playdate]]'' (2020)
* ''[[Shimmer and Shine]]''
* ''[[Sunny Day (TV series)|Sunny Day]]'' (2019–2020)
* ''[[Top Wing]]''

====Other acquired programming====
* ''[[Chip and Potato]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3400wdbZLoE | title=- YouTube | website=[[YouTube]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;nowiki&gt;[[Final Space]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* ''[[Mecha Builders]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.c21media.net/news/channel-5s-milkshake-picks-up-sesame-street-animated-spin-off-mecha-builders/ | title=Channel 5's Milkshake! Picks up Sesame Street animated spin-off Mecha Builders }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Noddy, Toyland Detective]]''
* ''[[Ricky Zoom]]''
* ''[[Thomas &amp; Friends: All Engines Go]]''

===Upcoming programming===
* ''[[Thomas &amp; Friends (2026)|Thomas &amp; Friends]]'' (2026)
* ''[[Bob the Builder: Wonderful Buildings]]'' (2026/2027)

===Former programming===
* ''[[The Adventures of Sinbad]]''
* ''[[The Adventures of the Bush Patrol]]''
* ''Angels of Jarm'' (2007-2017)
* ''Anytime Tales''
* ''[[Atlantis High]]''
* ''Audrey and Friends'' (2002)
* ''Aussie Antics''
* ''[[Batman: The Brave and the Bold]]''
* ''Beachcomber Bay''
* ''[[The Beeps]]'' (2007–2015)
* ''The Beginner's Bible''
* ''[[Beyblade (manga)|Beyblade]]''
* ''Big School'' (2007–2013)
* ''Bird Bath''
* ''[[Blue Water High]]''
* ''[[Bob the Builder (2015 TV series)|Bob the Builder]]'' (2015-2021) (now on [[LittleBe]])
* ''Boyz and Girlz''
* ''[[Braceface]]''
* ''[[Butterbean's Café]]''
* ''Castle Farm'' (2010–2014)
* ''[[City of Friends]]''
* ''Collecting Things''
* ''Cowboyz and Cowgirlz''
* ''[[Dan Dare: Pilot of the Future (TV series)|Dan Dare: Pilot of the Future]]''
* ''[[Dappledown Farm]]'' (1997-2004)
* ''The Day Henry Met…''
* ''[[Deepwater Black]]''
* ''Demolition Dad''
* ''[[Dig &amp; Dug with Daisy]]''
* ''[[Don't Blame Me (TV series)|Don't Blame the Koalas]]''
* ''[[Dora and Friends: Into the City!]]''
* ''[[Dragon Booster]]''
* ''[[Duel Masters]]''
* ''Enchanted Tales''
* ''[[The Enid Blyton Adventure Series]]''
* ''Eric Carle Stories''
* ''Family!''
* ''[[Fat Dog Mendoza]]''
* ''[[Floogals]]''
* ''Funky Town''
* ''Funky Valley''
* ''[[Gadget &amp; the Gadgetinis]]''
* ''[[Gerald McBoing-Boing (TV series)|Gerald McBoing-Boing]]'' (2005–2016)
* ''Gigglebug''
* ''[[Groundling Marsh]]''
* ''[[Hana's Helpline]]''
* ''[[Havakazoo]]''
* ''[[Igam Ogam]]''
* ''Insect Antics''
* ''[[James the Cat]]'' (1998 series)
* ''[[KaBlam!]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://pbs.twimg.com/media/ETBHpHkX0AAH2Gq?format=jpg&amp;name=4096x4096|title=RadioTimes, 13-19 March 1999 (Saturday 13 March)|access-date=9 November 2021|archive-date=9 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109024120/https://pbs.twimg.com/media/ETBHpHkX0AAH2Gq?format=jpg&amp;name=4096x4096|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Klootz''
* ''[[Land of the Lost (1991 TV series)|Land of the Lost]]''
* ''[[Lassie (1954 TV series)|Lassie]]''
* ''[[Lily's Driftwood Bay]]'' (2015–2017) (now on [[LittleBe]])
* ''[[The Littl' Bits]]''
* ''Little Antics''
* ''Little Lodgers'' (2007-2016)
* ''[[Little Princess (British TV series)|Little Princess]]''
* ''Loggerheads''
* ''[[Looney Tunes]]''
* ''[[Luo Bao Bei]]''
* ''[[Max Steel (2000 TV series)|Max Steel]]'' 
* ''MechaNick''
* ''[[Mega Babies]]''
* ''The Milky and Shake Show'' (2008–2011)
* ''Milkshake! Bop Box'' (2009–2020)
* ''Milkshake! Bopping About'' (2017–?)
* ''A Milkshake! Christmas''
* ''Milkshake! Festive Fun''
* ''Milkshake! Music Box''
* ''Milkshake! Bop Box Boogie'' (2020–2021)
* ''The Milkshake! Show'' (2007–2016)
* ''Milkshake! Show Songs''
* ''A Milkshake! Summer''
* ''[[Mirror, Mirror (TV series)|Mirror, Mirror]]''
* ''Mist: Sheepdog Tales'' (2007–2015)
* ''Monkey Makes''
* ''[[Mofy]]''
* ''Mya Go''
* ''[[Nella the Princess Knight]]'' (2017–2020)
* ''[[Olivia (TV series)|Olivia]]''
* ''[[Oswald (TV series)|Oswald]]'' (2002–2009)
* ''The Secret Life of Kittens''
* ''[[Slugterra]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://toyworldmag.co.uk/slugterra-premieres-on-channel-5/|title=Slugterra premieres on Channel 5|website=Toy World Magazine &amp;#124; The business magazine with a passion for toys|date=15 August 2013|access-date=21 March 2020|archive-date=21 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321094621/https://toyworldmag.co.uk/slugterra-premieres-on-channel-5/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Snobs (TV series)|Snobs]]''
* ''Softies''
* ''Shane the Chef''
* ''[[Stickin' Around]]''
* ''[[Strange Dawn]]''
* ''[[ThunderCats (2011 TV series)|ThunderCats]]''
* ''TREX''
* ''[[The Tribe (1999 TV series)|The Tribe]]''
* ''[[True Jackson, VP]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;web.archive.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.channel5.com/shows/shake|title=Shake! &amp;#124; Channel 5|date=7 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807090213/http://www.channel5.com/shows/shake|archive-date=7 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[USA High]]''
* ''[[Wanda and the Alien (TV series)|Wanda and the Alien]]'' (2014–2018)
* ''[[What-a-Mess]]''
* ''What Makes Me Happy''
* ''When I Grow Up''
* ''Why!''
* ''[[Wil Cwac Cwac]]''
* ''[[The Wind in the Willows (TV series)|The Wind in the Willows]]''
* ''[[Wissper]]''
* ''[[Wizards of Waverly Place]]'' 
* ''[[The Wonder Years]]''
* ''Woolamaloo''
* ''[[The WotWots]]'' (2009–2017)

====Programming from Cartoon Network (U.S.)====
* ''[[The Powerpuff Girls]]'' (1998 series)

====Programming from Playhouse Disney (U.S.)====
* ''[[Bear in the Big Blue House]]'' (2000–2007)
* ''[[The Book of Pooh]]'' (2002–2008)

====Other acquired programming====
* ''A House That's Just Like Yours''
* ''[[Abby's Flying Fairy School]]'' (2010–2015)
* ''[[Adventures from the Book of Virtues]]''
* ''[[The Adventures of Bottle Top Bill and His Best Friend Corky|The Adventures of Bottle Top Bill]]''
* ''[[Alvin and the Chipmunks (1983 TV series)|Alvin and the Chipmunks]]''
* ''Animal Antics''
* ''Animal Express''
* ''Animal Families''
* ''Animal Xtremes''
* ''[[Babar (TV series)|Babar]]''
* ''[[Bananas in Pyjamas]]'' (2012–2017)
* ''[[Beast Wars: Transformers]]''
* ''[[Becca's Bunch]]''
* ''[[Chloe's Closet]]'' (2019–2020) (now on [[LittleBe]])
* ''Chiro and Friends'' (2008–2013)
* ''[[Digby Dragon]]''
* ''[[Ebb and Flo]]''
* ''[[Fifi and the Flowertots]]'' (2005–2014)
* ''[[Franklin (TV series)|Franklin]]'' (2002–2009)
* ''[[Harry and His Bucket Full of Dinosaurs]]'' (2005–2014)
* ''[[Havakazoo]]''
* ''[[Hi-5 (Australian TV series)|Hi-5]]'' (2002–mid late 2008)
* ''[[James the Cat]]''
* ''[[Jane and the Dragon (TV series)|Jane and the Dragon]]''
* ''[[Jelly Jamm]]'' (2012–2016)
* ''[[LazyTown]]'' (2013–2016)
* ''[[Maple Town]]''
* ''[[Mio Mao]]'' (2004–2017)
* ''[[Miss Spider's Sunny Patch Friends]]''
* ''[[The Mr. Men Show]]''
* ''[[Mr. Men and Little Miss]]''
* ''[[Muppet Babies (1984 TV series)|Muppet Babies]]''
* ''Noddy in Toyland'' (2009–2021)
* ''Nosey''
* ''Number Adventures''
* ''[[Old Bear Stories]]''
* ''Olive the Ostrich''
* ''[[Olly the Little White Van]]'' (2011–2018)
* ''[[PB Bear and Friends]]''
* ''Pets!''
* ''[[Pip Ahoy!]]'' (2014–2018) (now on [[LittleBe]])
* ''[[Pingu]]'' (2017–2018) (now on [[Sky Kids (TV channel)|Sky Kids]])
* ''[[Plonsters]]''
* ''Play!''
* ''[[Pocoyo]]'' (2005–2011)
* ''[[Poko (TV series)|Poko]]''
* ''[[Poppy Cat]]'' (2020-2021)
* ''[[Postman Pat]] '' (2000–2009) (now on [[CBeebies]])
* ''[[Popular (TV series)|Popular]]''
* ''[[Power Rangers]]''
* ''[[Power Rangers Megaforce]]''
* ''[[Power Rangers Samurai]]''
* ''[[Puffin Rock]]''
* ''[[Roary the Racing Car]]'' (2007–2021)
* ''[[Rolie Polie Olie]]'' (2002–2008)
* ''[[Roobarb|Roobarb/Roobarb and Custard Too]]'' (2005–2013, 2016)
* ''[[Rupert Bear, Follow the Magic...]]''
* ''Sailor Sid''
* ''Sandy and Mr. Flapper''
* ''[[The Save-Ums!]]'' (2003–2015)
* ''Say it with Noddy'' (2005–2009)
* ''Seaside Antics''
* ''[[Secret Life of Toys]]''
* ''The Secret of Eel Island''
* ''[[The Shoe People]]''
* ''[[The Singing Kettle]]'' (2001–2005)
* ''[[Singled Out]]''
* ''Sister Said''
* ''[[Simon in the Land of Chalk Drawings]]'' (2002 version, 2003-2007)
* ''[[Tickety Toc]]'' (now on [[Sky Kids (TV channel)|Sky Kids]])
* ''[[Tickle, Patch and Friends]]''
* ''Tiger, Tiger''
* ''[[Titch (TV series)|Titch]]''
* ''Toby's Travelling Circus''
* ''[[Toot the Tiny Tugboat]]''
* ''[[The Treacle People]]''
* ''[[The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends]]''
* ''[[Zack &amp; Quack|Zack and Quack]]''

====Programming originally produced for or aired on PBS Kids====
* ''[[Angelina Ballerina: The Next Steps]]'' (2011–2017)
* ''[[Barney &amp; Friends]]'' (2002–2007)
* ''[[Bert and Ernie's Great Adventures]]'' (2008–2015)
* ''[[Elmo's World]]'' (2002–2012)
* ''[[Franny's Feet]]'' (2003–2009)
* ''[[George Shrinks]]'' (2005-2011)
* ''[[Jay Jay the Jet Plane]]'' (2002–2009)
* ''[[Make Way for Noddy]]'' (2002–2016)
* ''[[Wimzie's House]]''
==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Lists of television series by network|Milkshake!]]
[[Category:Channel 5 (UK) television programmes]]</text>
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    <title>MBC Masr 2</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-33192-75</username>
        <id>1817735</id>
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      <comment>Redirected page to [[MBC Group]]</comment>
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      <contributor>
        <username>CountryANDWestern</username>
        <id>1618275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit(s) by [[User:~2026-33192-75|~2026-33192-75]]:  ([[User:BZPN/MassRollback|MR]])</comment>
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{{Infobox television channel
| name = MBC Masr 2
| logo = MBC Masr 2 Logo.svg
| logo_size = 
| launch_date = {{start date and age|2014|10|25|df=y}}
| country = [[Egypt]]
| language = [[Arabic]]
| picture_format = [[576i]] ([[Standard-definition television|SDTV]])&lt;br/&gt;[[1080i]] ([[High-definition television|HDTV]])
| owner = [[MBC Group]]
| sister_channels = [[MBC 2 (Middle East and North Africa)|MBC2]]&lt;br /&gt;[[MBC 4|MBC4]]&lt;br /&gt;[[MBC Action]]&lt;br /&gt;[[MBC Max]]&lt;br /&gt;[[MBC Persia]]&lt;br /&gt;MBC+ Variety[[MBC+ Power]]&lt;br /&gt;[[MBC Variety]]&lt;br /&gt;[[MBC Bollywood]]&lt;br /&gt;[[MBC Masr]]
| area = [[Middle East and North Africa]]
| network = [[MBC Group]]
| headquarters = [[Cairo]], Egypt
| website = {{url|http://www.mbc.net/ar/mbc-maser.html}}
}}
'''MBC Masr 2''' is a private satellite channel that broadcasts Egyptian programs, art, drama and sometimes [[Egypt|Egyptian]] movies. It began broadcasting in [[2014]]  by [[MBC Group]]. It is a free-to-air channel that offers a range of Arabic series.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=الرئيسية - MBC مصر -  MBC.net|url=http://www.mbc.net/ar/mbc-maser.html|access-date=2025-11-24|website=www.mbc.net|language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:2014 establishments]]

{{tv-stub}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Vanguard Animation</title>
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      <contributor>
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      <text bytes="9873" sha1="0ojmt2tvfzgku8hwk0qfhrux17on5ng" xml:space="preserve">{{Distinguish|text=the 1943-1951 movie company [[Vanguard Productions]]}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Vanguard Films &amp; Animation
| logo =
| logo_size =
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = [[Computer animation]]&lt;br /&gt;[[VFX]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Motion-capture]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Animated]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|2002}}
| founders = [[John H. Williams (movie producer)|John H. Williams]]&lt;br /&gt;Neil Braun
| location_city = [[West Hollywood, California]]
| location_country = United States
| locations = 3
| key_people = John H. Williams ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])&lt;br /&gt;[[Gary Chapman (director)|Gary Chapman]] (Head of Prod.)
| owner = 
| num_employees = 10
| parent = 
| products = 
| revenue = 
| subsid = [[Rabbit Ears Productions|Rabbit Ears Entertainment, L.L.C.]]
| operating profit = 
| homepage = {{URL|https://vanguardanimation.com}}
}}
'''Vanguard Films &amp; Animation Studio''', also known as '''Vanguard Animation''', is an independent American computer animation production studio founded in 2002 by producer [[John H. Williams (movie producer)|John H. Williams]] and Neil Braun.&lt;ref name=Business1 /&gt; The studio has offices in [[Vancouver, British Columbia]], [[Canada]] and [[Ealing Studios]] in [[London]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom]]. [[Starz Distribution]] (then IDT Entertainment) formerly owns a minority stake in the studio.

==History==
The studio was founded in 2002 by [[John H. Williams (movie producer)|John H. Williams]].&lt;ref name=Business1 /&gt; For its launch, it signed with [[Ealing Studios]] a four-picture deal to produce sub-$40 million computer-animated movies.&lt;ref name=PRNewswireDisney&gt;{{cite news|title=The Walt Disney Studios and 'Shrek' producer John Williams partner for new CG animated film output|url=http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/the-walt-disney-studios-and-shrek-producer-john-williams-partner-for-new-cg-animated-film-output-155236635.html|access-date=3 May 2013|newspaper=PR Newswire|date=5 September 2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=The Walt Disney Studios and 'Shrek' Producer John Williams Partner For New CG Animated Film Output.|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+Walt+Disney+Studios+and+%27Shrek%27+Producer+John+Williams+Partner...-a091079919|access-date=3 May 2013|newspaper=The Free Library|date=5 September 2002|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305020300/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+Walt+Disney+Studios+and+%27Shrek%27+Producer+John+Williams+Partner...-a091079919|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The following year in July 2003, Vanguard sold a minority stake to [[IDT Corporation]] and partnered with its animation unit, Digital Production Solutions, to co-produce and co-own all Vanguard's properties,&lt;ref name=Business1&gt;{{cite news|title=IDT Media's Digital Production Solutions -DPS- Signs Joint Venture and Partnership Agreement with Vanguard Animation; DPS Also Gets First Look Rights on all Vanguard Animation Work|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20030722005152/en/IDT-Medias-Digital-Production-Solutions--DPS--Signs|access-date=April 20, 2012|newspaper=Business Wire|date=July 22, 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=VarietyIDT&gt;{{cite news|last=Bloom|first=David|title=Vanguard sells stake, inks IDT co-prod'n deal|url=https://variety.com/2003/film/news/vanguard-sells-stake-inks-idt-co-prod-n-deal-1117889715/|access-date=May 4, 2013|newspaper=Variety|date=July 22, 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; including ''[[Valiant (2005 movie)|Valiant]]'' (2005) produced for [[Disney]].&lt;ref name=PRNewswireDisney /&gt;

The company was part of the then-new &quot;pipeline-free&quot; trend (reported by ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' in 2006&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Debruge |first1=Peter |title=Cutting Corners: Indie-Style Producers Do without Pipelines |journal=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=June 2, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;) in animation production, where the companies didn't keep the talent on payroll and instead were &quot;establishing a team from scratch to execute each feature&quot;, allowing them to secure tax breaks from the governments. For example, the feature &quot;[[Valiant (movie)|Valiant]]&quot; was produced in the UK in order to collect the tax incentives there. With UK incentives ending, the production (for &quot;[[Space Chimps]]&quot;) moved to Canada ([[Vancouver]]).{{sfn|Bernardi|Hoxter|2017|p=160}} 

==Filmography==
===Feature films===
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;  
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10 | #
!! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=400 | Title
!! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=100 | Release date
!! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=75 | Gross
!! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=50 | [[Rotten Tomatoes]]
!! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=50 | [[Metacritic]]
|-

| align=&quot;left&quot; | 1 || align=&quot;left&quot; | ''[[Valiant (movie)|Valiant]]'' ||  {{dts|2005|8|19}} (US) || $61,746,888 || 32% || 45%
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 2 || align=&quot;left&quot; | ''[[Happily N'Ever After]]'' ||  {{dts|2007|01|05}} (US) || $38,085,778 || 6% || 28%
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 3 || align=&quot;left&quot; | ''[[Space Chimps]]'' || {{dts|2008|07|18}} || $64,834,964 || 33% || 36%
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 4 || align=&quot;left&quot; | ''[[Space Chimps 2: Zartog Strikes Back]]'' (DTV) || {{dts|2010|05|28}} || $4,124,518 || 0% || {{n/a}} 
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 5 || align=&quot;left&quot; | ''[[Get Squirrely]]'' || {{dts|2016|11|04}} || $1,224,520&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?page=&amp;country=UK&amp;id=_fGETSQUIRRELYANI01|title=Get Squirrely|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=May 29, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; || 34% || {{n/a}}
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 6 || align=&quot;left&quot; | ''[[Gnome Alone]]'' || {{dts|2017|11|2}} || $10,800,715&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt5851786/?ref_=bo_se_r_1|title=Gnome Alone (2017) |access-date=August 29, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; || 44% || {{n/a}}
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 7 || align=&quot;left&quot; | ''[[Charming (movie)|Charming]]'' || {{dts|2018|04|20}} || $8,751,856&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Charming (2018)|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl3806364673/weekend/|website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=October 29, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; || 24% || {{n/a}}
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 8 || align=&quot;left&quot; | ''[[Trouble (2019 movie)|Trouble]]'' || {{dts|2019|08|08}} || $11,942,158&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |   url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt6772524/?ref_=bo_se_r_1|title=Trouble (2019) |access-date= October 29, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; || 36% || {{n/a}}
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 9 || align=&quot;left&quot; | ''[[Fearless (2020 movie)|Fearless]]'' ||{{dts|2020|08|14}} || {{n/a}} || 49% || {{n/a}} 
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 10 || align=&quot;left&quot; | ''[[Rally Road Racers]]'' ||{{dts|2023|05|12}} || $2,790,163 || 73% || {{n/a}} 
|-
|}

===Short films===
* ''Frank Was a Monster Who Wanted to Dance''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Frank Was a Monster Who Wanted to Dance (2001)|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0302577/|publisher=IMDb|access-date=November 12, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Unproduced projects===
* ''Citizen Siege'' - A science fiction thriller animated film that was to be co-produced by Vanguard and video game developer [[Oddworld Inhabitants]].&lt;ref name=Oddworld&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://oddworldlibrary.net/toe/Citizen_Siege|title = Citizen Siege - the Oddworld Encyclopædia}}&lt;/ref&gt; The plot involves an expatriate who returns home to find that he has been repossessed, in a shady underhive-like world where a corporate government rules the continent.&lt;ref name=Joystik&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.joystiq.com/2006/10/30/citizen-siege-oddworld-studios-new-game-and-cg-film-project/|title = Video Game News &amp; Reviews}}&lt;/ref&gt; The movie was originally scheduled to release in 2009, but the date was pushed back to an unknown date. As of 2019, there have been no recent developments regarding the film's production.
*''Alien Rock Band''&lt;ref name=&quot;alien&quot;&gt;{{Cite press release | title = Panda's Stevenson Joins Vanguard's Alien Rock Band | publisher = [[Animation World Network]] | date = 2010-11-08 | url = http://www.awn.com/news/people/pandas-stevenson-joins-vanguards-alien-rock-band | accessdate = February 7, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*''Rotten Island''&lt;ref name=&quot;alien&quot; /&gt;
*''Buzby''&lt;ref name=&quot;alien&quot; /&gt;
*''City of Dragons''&lt;ref name=&quot;alien&quot; /&gt;
*''Atomic Circus''&lt;ref name=&quot;alien&quot; /&gt;
*''Oz Wars''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite press release | title = Mike Johnson to Helm Animated Oz Wars | publisher = [[ComingSoon.net]] | date = 2010-12-15 | url = http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=72433 | accessdate = February 7, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*''[[Ribbit (movie)|Ribbit]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Ribbit ~ Gary Chapman ~ Vanguard Animation|url=http://anination.free.fr/film.php?film=ribbit}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[The Twits (movie)|''The Twits'']]
*''[[Galaxy High]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Galaxy&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url= https://deadline.com/2011/05/vanguard-makes-three-picture-deal-with-authorscribe-ross-venokur-130141/|publisher=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]|accessdate=February 7, 2022|title=Vanguard Makes Three-Picture Deal With Author/Scribe Ross Venokur|date=May 10, 2011|author=Mike Fleming}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*''The Gnome King''&lt;ref name=&quot;Galaxy&quot;/&gt;

==See also==
* [[List of computer-animated films]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last1=Bernardi|first1=D.|last2=Hoxter|first2=J.|title=Off the Page: Screenwriting in the Era of Media Convergence|publisher=University of California Press|year=2017|isbn=978-0-520-96104-3|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1LMuDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA160|chapter=New Markets and Microbudgets: &quot;Independent&quot; Storytellers|pages=139–181|access-date=2024-12-14}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://vanguardanimation.com}}

{{Vanguard Animation}}
{{Animation industry in the United States}}
{{West Hollywood, California}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Vanguard Animation| ]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in California]]
[[Category:American animation studios]]
[[Category:American companies established in 2002]]
[[Category:Companies based in West Hollywood, California]]
[[Category:Entertainment companies established in 2002]]
[[Category:Movie production companies based in California]]

{{stub}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>10880815</id>
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        <username>Simba1997!28</username>
        <id>1784326</id>
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      <text bytes="9865" sha1="3goexv9jrmm5n6ig23ghsg61yi2v22t" xml:space="preserve">{{Distinguish|text=the 1943-1951 movie company [[Vanguard Productions]]}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Vanguard Films &amp; Animation
| logo =
| logo_size =
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = [[Computer animation]]&lt;br /&gt;[[VFX]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Motion-capture]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Animated]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|2002}}
| founders = [[John H. Williams (movie producer)|John H. Williams]]&lt;br /&gt;Neil Braun
| location_city = [[West Hollywood, California]]
| location_country = United States
| locations = 3
| key_people = John H. Williams ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])&lt;br /&gt;[[Gary Chapman (director)|Gary Chapman]] (Head of Prod.)
| owner = 
| num_employees = 10
| parent = 
| products = 
| revenue = 
| subsid = [[Rabbit Ears Productions|Rabbit Ears Entertainment, L.L.C.]]
| operating profit = 
| homepage = {{URL|https://vanguardanimation.com}}
}}
'''Vanguard Films &amp; Animation Studio''', also known as '''Vanguard Animation''', is an independent American computer animation production studio founded in 2002 by producer [[John H. Williams (movie producer)|John H. Williams]] and Neil Braun.&lt;ref name=Business1 /&gt; The studio has offices in [[Vancouver, British Columbia]], [[Canada]] and [[Ealing Studios]] in [[London]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom]]. [[Starz Distribution]] (then IDT Entertainment) formerly owns a minority stake in the studio.

==History==
The studio was founded in 2002 by [[John H. Williams (movie producer)|John H. Williams]].&lt;ref name=Business1 /&gt; For its launch, it signed with [[Ealing Studios]] a four-picture deal to produce sub-$40 million computer-animated movies.&lt;ref name=PRNewswireDisney&gt;{{cite news|title=The Walt Disney Studios and 'Shrek' producer John Williams partner for new CG animated film output|url=http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/the-walt-disney-studios-and-shrek-producer-john-williams-partner-for-new-cg-animated-film-output-155236635.html|access-date=3 May 2013|newspaper=PR Newswire|date=5 September 2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=The Walt Disney Studios and 'Shrek' Producer John Williams Partner For New CG Animated Film Output.|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+Walt+Disney+Studios+and+%27Shrek%27+Producer+John+Williams+Partner...-a091079919|access-date=3 May 2013|newspaper=The Free Library|date=5 September 2002|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305020300/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+Walt+Disney+Studios+and+%27Shrek%27+Producer+John+Williams+Partner...-a091079919|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The following year in July 2003, Vanguard sold a minority stake to [[IDT Corporation]] and partnered with its animation unit, Digital Production Solutions, to co-produce and co-own all Vanguard's properties,&lt;ref name=Business1&gt;{{cite news|title=IDT Media's Digital Production Solutions -DPS- Signs Joint Venture and Partnership Agreement with Vanguard Animation; DPS Also Gets First Look Rights on all Vanguard Animation Work|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20030722005152/en/IDT-Medias-Digital-Production-Solutions--DPS--Signs|access-date=April 20, 2012|newspaper=Business Wire|date=July 22, 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=VarietyIDT&gt;{{cite news|last=Bloom|first=David|title=Vanguard sells stake, inks IDT co-prod'n deal|url=https://variety.com/2003/film/news/vanguard-sells-stake-inks-idt-co-prod-n-deal-1117889715/|access-date=May 4, 2013|newspaper=Variety|date=July 22, 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; including ''[[Valiant (film)|Valiant]]'' (2005) produced for [[Disney]].&lt;ref name=PRNewswireDisney /&gt;

The company was part of the then-new &quot;pipeline-free&quot; trend (reported by ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' in 2006&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Debruge |first1=Peter |title=Cutting Corners: Indie-Style Producers Do without Pipelines |journal=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=June 2, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;) in animation production, where the companies didn't keep the talent on payroll and instead were &quot;establishing a team from scratch to execute each feature&quot;, allowing them to secure tax breaks from the governments. For example, the feature &quot;[[Valiant (film)|Valiant]]&quot; was produced in the UK in order to collect the tax incentives there. With UK incentives ending, the production (for &quot;[[Space Chimps]]&quot;) moved to Canada ([[Vancouver]]).{{sfn|Bernardi|Hoxter|2017|p=160}}

==Filmography==
===Feature films===
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;  
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10 | #
!! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=400 | Title
!! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=100 | Release date
!! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=75 | Gross
!! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=50 | [[Rotten Tomatoes]]
!! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=50 | [[Metacritic]]
|-

| align=&quot;left&quot; | 1 || align=&quot;left&quot; | ''[[Valiant (movie)|Valiant]]'' ||  {{dts|2005|8|19}} (US) || $61,746,888 || 32% || 45%
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 2 || align=&quot;left&quot; | ''[[Happily N'Ever After]]'' ||  {{dts|2007|01|05}} (US) || $38,085,778 || 6% || 28%
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 3 || align=&quot;left&quot; | ''[[Space Chimps]]'' || {{dts|2008|07|18}} || $64,834,964 || 33% || 36%
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 4 || align=&quot;left&quot; | ''[[Space Chimps 2: Zartog Strikes Back]]'' (DTV) || {{dts|2010|05|28}} || $4,124,518 || 0% || {{n/a}} 
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 5 || align=&quot;left&quot; | ''[[Get Squirrely]]'' || {{dts|2016|11|04}} || $1,224,520&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?page=&amp;country=UK&amp;id=_fGETSQUIRRELYANI01|title=Get Squirrely|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=May 29, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; || 34% || {{n/a}}
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 6 || align=&quot;left&quot; | ''[[Gnome Alone]]'' || {{dts|2017|11|2}} || $10,800,715&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt5851786/?ref_=bo_se_r_1|title=Gnome Alone (2017) |access-date=August 29, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; || 44% || {{n/a}}
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 7 || align=&quot;left&quot; | ''[[Charming (movie)|Charming]]'' || {{dts|2018|04|20}} || $8,751,856&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Charming (2018)|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl3806364673/weekend/|website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=October 29, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; || 24% || {{n/a}}
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 8 || align=&quot;left&quot; | ''[[Trouble (2019 movie)|Trouble]]'' || {{dts|2019|08|08}} || $11,942,158&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |   url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt6772524/?ref_=bo_se_r_1|title=Trouble (2019) |access-date= October 29, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; || 36% || {{n/a}}
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 9 || align=&quot;left&quot; | ''[[Fearless (2020 movie)|Fearless]]'' ||{{dts|2020|08|14}} || {{n/a}} || 49% || {{n/a}} 
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 10 || align=&quot;left&quot; | ''[[Rally Road Racers]]'' ||{{dts|2023|05|12}} || $2,790,163 || 73% || {{n/a}} 
|-
|}

===Short films===
* ''Frank Was a Monster Who Wanted to Dance''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Frank Was a Monster Who Wanted to Dance (2001)|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0302577/|publisher=IMDb|access-date=November 12, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Unproduced projects===
* ''Citizen Siege'' - A science fiction thriller animated film that was to be co-produced by Vanguard and video game developer [[Oddworld Inhabitants]].&lt;ref name=Oddworld&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://oddworldlibrary.net/toe/Citizen_Siege|title = Citizen Siege - the Oddworld Encyclopædia}}&lt;/ref&gt; The plot involves an expatriate who returns home to find that he has been repossessed, in a shady underhive-like world where a corporate government rules the continent.&lt;ref name=Joystik&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.joystiq.com/2006/10/30/citizen-siege-oddworld-studios-new-game-and-cg-film-project/|title = Video Game News &amp; Reviews}}&lt;/ref&gt; The movie was originally scheduled to release in 2009, but the date was pushed back to an unknown date. As of 2019, there have been no recent developments regarding the film's production.
*''Alien Rock Band''&lt;ref name=&quot;alien&quot;&gt;{{Cite press release | title = Panda's Stevenson Joins Vanguard's Alien Rock Band | publisher = [[Animation World Network]] | date = 2010-11-08 | url = http://www.awn.com/news/people/pandas-stevenson-joins-vanguards-alien-rock-band | accessdate = February 7, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*''Rotten Island''&lt;ref name=&quot;alien&quot; /&gt;
*''Buzby''&lt;ref name=&quot;alien&quot; /&gt;
*''City of Dragons''&lt;ref name=&quot;alien&quot; /&gt;
*''Atomic Circus''&lt;ref name=&quot;alien&quot; /&gt;
*''Oz Wars''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite press release | title = Mike Johnson to Helm Animated Oz Wars | publisher = [[ComingSoon.net]] | date = 2010-12-15 | url = http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=72433 | accessdate = February 7, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*''[[Ribbit (movie)|Ribbit]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Ribbit ~ Gary Chapman ~ Vanguard Animation|url=http://anination.free.fr/film.php?film=ribbit}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[The Twits (movie)|''The Twits'']]
*''[[Galaxy High]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Galaxy&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url= https://deadline.com/2011/05/vanguard-makes-three-picture-deal-with-authorscribe-ross-venokur-130141/|publisher=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]|accessdate=February 7, 2022|title=Vanguard Makes Three-Picture Deal With Author/Scribe Ross Venokur|date=May 10, 2011|author=Mike Fleming}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*''The Gnome King''&lt;ref name=&quot;Galaxy&quot;/&gt;

==See also==
* [[List of computer-animated films]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last1=Bernardi|first1=D.|last2=Hoxter|first2=J.|title=Off the Page: Screenwriting in the Era of Media Convergence|publisher=University of California Press|year=2017|isbn=978-0-520-96104-3|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1LMuDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA160|chapter=New Markets and Microbudgets: &quot;Independent&quot; Storytellers|pages=139–181|access-date=2024-12-14}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://vanguardanimation.com}}

{{Vanguard Animation}}
{{Animation industry in the United States}}
{{West Hollywood, California}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Vanguard Animation| ]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in California]]
[[Category:American animation studios]]
[[Category:American companies established in 2002]]
[[Category:Companies based in West Hollywood, California]]
[[Category:Entertainment companies established in 2002]]
[[Category:Movie production companies based in California]]

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      <text bytes="9864" sha1="cxv8cbaz21wanhiutmykibjpfaryf51" xml:space="preserve">{{Distinguish|text=the 1943-1951 movie company [[Vanguard Productions]]}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Vanguard Films &amp; Animation
| logo =
| logo_size =
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = [[Computer animation]]&lt;br /&gt;[[VFX]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Motion-capture]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Animated]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|2002}}
| founders = [[John H. Williams (movie producer)|John H. Williams]]&lt;br /&gt;Neil Braun
| location_city = [[West Hollywood, California]]
| location_country = United States
| locations = 3
| key_people = John H. Williams ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])&lt;br /&gt;[[Gary Chapman (director)|Gary Chapman]] (Head of Prod.)
| owner = 
| num_employees = 10
| parent = 
| products = 
| revenue = 
| subsid = [[Rabbit Ears Productions|Rabbit Ears Entertainment, L.L.C.]]
| operating profit = 
| homepage = {{URL|https://vanguardanimation.com}}
}}
'''Vanguard Films &amp; Animation Studio''', also known as '''Vanguard Animation''', is an independent American computer animation production studio founded in 2002 by producer [[John H. Williams (movie producer)|John H. Williams]] and Neil Braun.&lt;ref name=Business1 /&gt; The studio has offices in [[Vancouver, British Columbia]], [[Canada]] and [[Ealing Studios]] in [[London]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom]]. [[Starz Distribution]] (then IDT Entertainment) formerly owns a minority stake in the studio.

==History==
The studio was founded in 2002 by [[John H. Williams (movie producer)|John H. Williams]].&lt;ref name=Business1 /&gt; For its launch, it signed with [[Ealing Studios]] a four-picture deal to produce sub-$40 million computer-animated movies.&lt;ref name=PRNewswireDisney&gt;{{cite news|title=The Walt Disney Studios and 'Shrek' producer John Williams partner for new CG animated film output|url=http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/the-walt-disney-studios-and-shrek-producer-john-williams-partner-for-new-cg-animated-film-output-155236635.html|access-date=3 May 2013|newspaper=PR Newswire|date=5 September 2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=The Walt Disney Studios and 'Shrek' Producer John Williams Partner For New CG Animated Film Output.|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+Walt+Disney+Studios+and+%27Shrek%27+Producer+John+Williams+Partner...-a091079919|access-date=3 May 2013|newspaper=The Free Library|date=5 September 2002|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305020300/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+Walt+Disney+Studios+and+%27Shrek%27+Producer+John+Williams+Partner...-a091079919|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The following year in July 2003, Vanguard sold a minority stake to [[IDT Corporation]] and partnered with its animation unit, Digital Production Solutions, to co-produce and co-own all Vanguard's properties,&lt;ref name=Business1&gt;{{cite news|title=IDT Media's Digital Production Solutions -DPS- Signs Joint Venture and Partnership Agreement with Vanguard Animation; DPS Also Gets First Look Rights on all Vanguard Animation Work|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20030722005152/en/IDT-Medias-Digital-Production-Solutions--DPS--Signs|access-date=April 20, 2012|newspaper=Business Wire|date=July 22, 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=VarietyIDT&gt;{{cite news|last=Bloom|first=David|title=Vanguard sells stake, inks IDT co-prod'n deal|url=https://variety.com/2003/film/news/vanguard-sells-stake-inks-idt-co-prod-n-deal-1117889715/|access-date=May 4, 2013|newspaper=Variety|date=July 22, 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; including ''[[Valiant (film)|Valiant]]'' (2005) produced for [[Disney]].&lt;ref name=PRNewswireDisney /&gt;

The company was part of the then-new &quot;pipeline-free&quot; trend (reported by ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' in 2006&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Debruge |first1=Peter |title=Cutting Corners: Indie-Style Producers Do without Pipelines |journal=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=June 2, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;) in animation production, where the companies didn't keep the talent on payroll and instead were &quot;establishing a team from scratch to execute each feature&quot;, allowing them to secure tax breaks from the governments. For example, the feature &quot;[[Valiant (film)|Valiant]]&quot; was produced in the UK in order to collect the tax incentives there. With UK incentives ending, the production (for &quot;[[Space Chimps]]&quot;) moved to Canada ([[Vancouver]]).{{sfn|Bernardi|Hoxter|2017|p=160}}

==Filmography==
===Feature films===
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;  
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10 | #
!! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=400 | Title
!! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=100 | Release date
!! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=75 | Gross
!! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=50 | [[Rotten Tomatoes]]
!! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=50 | [[Metacritic]]
|-

| align=&quot;left&quot; | 1 || align=&quot;left&quot; | ''[[Valiant (film)|Valiant]]'' ||  {{dts|2005|8|19}} (US) || $61,746,888 || 32% || 45%
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 2 || align=&quot;left&quot; | ''[[Happily N'Ever After]]'' ||  {{dts|2007|01|05}} (US) || $38,085,778 || 6% || 28%
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 3 || align=&quot;left&quot; | ''[[Space Chimps]]'' || {{dts|2008|07|18}} || $64,834,964 || 33% || 36%
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 4 || align=&quot;left&quot; | ''[[Space Chimps 2: Zartog Strikes Back]]'' (DTV) || {{dts|2010|05|28}} || $4,124,518 || 0% || {{n/a}} 
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 5 || align=&quot;left&quot; | ''[[Get Squirrely]]'' || {{dts|2016|11|04}} || $1,224,520&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?page=&amp;country=UK&amp;id=_fGETSQUIRRELYANI01|title=Get Squirrely|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=May 29, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; || 34% || {{n/a}}
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 6 || align=&quot;left&quot; | ''[[Gnome Alone]]'' || {{dts|2017|11|2}} || $10,800,715&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt5851786/?ref_=bo_se_r_1|title=Gnome Alone (2017) |access-date=August 29, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; || 44% || {{n/a}}
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 7 || align=&quot;left&quot; | ''[[Charming (movie)|Charming]]'' || {{dts|2018|04|20}} || $8,751,856&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Charming (2018)|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl3806364673/weekend/|website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=October 29, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; || 24% || {{n/a}}
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 8 || align=&quot;left&quot; | ''[[Trouble (2019 movie)|Trouble]]'' || {{dts|2019|08|08}} || $11,942,158&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |   url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt6772524/?ref_=bo_se_r_1|title=Trouble (2019) |access-date= October 29, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; || 36% || {{n/a}}
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 9 || align=&quot;left&quot; | ''[[Fearless (2020 movie)|Fearless]]'' ||{{dts|2020|08|14}} || {{n/a}} || 49% || {{n/a}} 
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 10 || align=&quot;left&quot; | ''[[Rally Road Racers]]'' ||{{dts|2023|05|12}} || $2,790,163 || 73% || {{n/a}} 
|-
|}

===Short films===
* ''Frank Was a Monster Who Wanted to Dance''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Frank Was a Monster Who Wanted to Dance (2001)|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0302577/|publisher=IMDb|access-date=November 12, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Unproduced projects===
* ''Citizen Siege'' - A science fiction thriller animated film that was to be co-produced by Vanguard and video game developer [[Oddworld Inhabitants]].&lt;ref name=Oddworld&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://oddworldlibrary.net/toe/Citizen_Siege|title = Citizen Siege - the Oddworld Encyclopædia}}&lt;/ref&gt; The plot involves an expatriate who returns home to find that he has been repossessed, in a shady underhive-like world where a corporate government rules the continent.&lt;ref name=Joystik&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.joystiq.com/2006/10/30/citizen-siege-oddworld-studios-new-game-and-cg-film-project/|title = Video Game News &amp; Reviews}}&lt;/ref&gt; The movie was originally scheduled to release in 2009, but the date was pushed back to an unknown date. As of 2019, there have been no recent developments regarding the film's production.
*''Alien Rock Band''&lt;ref name=&quot;alien&quot;&gt;{{Cite press release | title = Panda's Stevenson Joins Vanguard's Alien Rock Band | publisher = [[Animation World Network]] | date = 2010-11-08 | url = http://www.awn.com/news/people/pandas-stevenson-joins-vanguards-alien-rock-band | accessdate = February 7, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*''Rotten Island''&lt;ref name=&quot;alien&quot; /&gt;
*''Buzby''&lt;ref name=&quot;alien&quot; /&gt;
*''City of Dragons''&lt;ref name=&quot;alien&quot; /&gt;
*''Atomic Circus''&lt;ref name=&quot;alien&quot; /&gt;
*''Oz Wars''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite press release | title = Mike Johnson to Helm Animated Oz Wars | publisher = [[ComingSoon.net]] | date = 2010-12-15 | url = http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=72433 | accessdate = February 7, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*''[[Ribbit (movie)|Ribbit]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Ribbit ~ Gary Chapman ~ Vanguard Animation|url=http://anination.free.fr/film.php?film=ribbit}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[The Twits (movie)|''The Twits'']]
*''[[Galaxy High]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Galaxy&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url= https://deadline.com/2011/05/vanguard-makes-three-picture-deal-with-authorscribe-ross-venokur-130141/|publisher=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]|accessdate=February 7, 2022|title=Vanguard Makes Three-Picture Deal With Author/Scribe Ross Venokur|date=May 10, 2011|author=Mike Fleming}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*''The Gnome King''&lt;ref name=&quot;Galaxy&quot;/&gt;

==See also==
* [[List of computer-animated films]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last1=Bernardi|first1=D.|last2=Hoxter|first2=J.|title=Off the Page: Screenwriting in the Era of Media Convergence|publisher=University of California Press|year=2017|isbn=978-0-520-96104-3|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1LMuDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA160|chapter=New Markets and Microbudgets: &quot;Independent&quot; Storytellers|pages=139–181|access-date=2024-12-14}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://vanguardanimation.com}}

{{Vanguard Animation}}
{{Animation industry in the United States}}
{{West Hollywood, California}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Vanguard Animation| ]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in California]]
[[Category:American animation studios]]
[[Category:American companies established in 2002]]
[[Category:Companies based in West Hollywood, California]]
[[Category:Entertainment companies established in 2002]]
[[Category:Movie production companies based in California]]

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      <text bytes="1467" sha1="8q0kuq5t6oybal7rhwmotert5fkp5fg" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox television channel
| name = Zee Alwan
| logo = Zee Alwan 2025.jpg
| language = [[Arabic]]
| logo_alt = 
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2012|7|10|df=y}}
| picture_format = [[480p]] ([[Standard-definition television|SD]]) (4:3)
| owner = [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
| headquarters = [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]]
| website = {{URL | http://www.zeealwan.com}}
| online_serv_1 = [[ZEE5]]
| online_chan_1 = SD
| country = [[United Arab Emirates]]
| sister_channels = [[Zee TV]]&lt;br&gt;[[Zee Aflam]]
}}
'''Zee Alwan''' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: زي ألوان) is a satellite [[Television network|television channel]] launched on July 10, 2012. Owned by [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]], it is headquartered in [[Dubai]] with an office in [[Saudi Arabia]]. The channel broadcasts a variety of through a rich programming lineup that includes [[Bollywood|Indian movies]] dubbed into Arabic, including TV series, cooking shows, health and beauty, sports, travel and tourism programs, and more. It also broadcasts as well as numerous Arabic shows and programs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=البيان|title=إطلاق قناة «زي ألوان» لمحبي الدراما العربية و الأفلام الهندية المدبلجة|url=https://www.albayan.ae/five-senses/mirrors/2012-07-11-1.1686494|access-date=2025-07-15|website=www.albayan.ae|language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{tv-stub}}

[[Category:Arabic-language mass media]]</text>
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    <title>Cubelles</title>
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      <text bytes="2011" sha1="kctdyonoe749toilo65d5yf9uqfzt0w" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                   = Cubelles
| native_name            = 
| settlement_type        = [[Municipalities of Spain|Municipality]]
&lt;!-- images, nickname, motto --&gt;
| image_skyline          = 
| imagesize              = 265px
| image_caption          = 
| image_flag             = 
| image_seal             = Escut de Cubelles.svg
&lt;!-- maps and coordinates --&gt;
| pushpin_map            = Spain#Catalonia#Spain Province of Barcelona
| pushpin_mapsize        = 265px
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_relief         = yes
| coordinates            = {{coord|41|12|29.6|N|1|40|11.4|E}}
&lt;!-- location --&gt;
| subdivision_type       = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name       = {{ESP}}
| subdivision_type1      = [[Autonomous communities of Spain|A. community]]
| subdivision_name1      = {{flag|Catalonia|name=Catalunya}}
| subdivision_type2      = [[Provinces of Spain|Province]]
| subdivision_name2      = {{flagcountry|Province of Barcelona}}
&lt;!-- government type, leaders --&gt;
| leader_title           = Mayor
| leader_name            = Rosa Fonoll
&lt;!-- area --&gt;
| area_total_km2         = 13.33
&lt;!-- population --&gt;
| population_total       = 16,111
| population_as_of       = January 1, 2021
| population_density_km2 = 1,209
&lt;!-- time zone(s) --&gt;
| timezone               = 
| utc_offset             = +01:00
&lt;!-- postal codes, area code --&gt;
| postal_code_type       = [[Postal code]]
| postal_code            = 08880
&lt;!-- blank fields (section 1) --&gt;
| blank_name_sec2        = [[Community Identification Number|MCN]]
| blank_info_sec2        = 08074
&lt;!-- website, footnotes --&gt;
| website                = {{Official|1=https://www.cubelles.cat/}}
}}

'''Cubelles''' is a [[Municipalities of Spain|municipality]] in the [[Province of Barcelona]], in [[Catalonia]], [[Spain]].

[[File:Localització de Cubelles respecte del Garraf.svg|Location within Garraf]]

{{Municipalities in Barcelona}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Geo-stub}}

[[Category:Municipalities in Catalonia]]</text>
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    <title>Percent yield</title>
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      <text bytes="1054" sha1="5n5f700i7stmqsxfd9bgna1hdton9ka" xml:space="preserve">.The '''percent yield''' is the [[amount]] less or greater [[produced]] by a [[reaction]] against the amount the [[person]] doing the reaction thinks it will be.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BjXhDwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=barron's+let's+review+regents+chemistry&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiwj-TOvNGOAxXWEVkFHS0UKAwQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&amp;q=barron's%20let's%20review%20regents%20chemistry&amp;f=false|title=Let's Review Regents: Physics--Physical Setting 2020|last=Lazar|first=Miriam A.|last2=Tarendash|first2=Albert|date=2020-06-19|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-5062-7087-6|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sometimes in real life, a reaction may not go as how the person may think it will.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The percent yield is found by dividing the amount found in real life by the amount the person doing the reaction thinks it will be, and then [[multiplying]] it by a [[hundred]] to get a [[percent]] [[amount]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}


{{chem-stub}}

[[Category:Chemistry]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Calafell</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1209273</id>
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      <id>10880490</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-06T18:56:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Xavikos808</username>
        <id>836766</id>
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      <text bytes="2001" sha1="ovvlyzm8eeu2cazy7tqpehq4hown014" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                   = Calafell
| native_name            = 
| settlement_type        = [[Municipalities of Spain|Municipality]]
&lt;!-- images, nickname, motto --&gt;
| image_skyline          = 
| imagesize              = 265px
| image_caption          = 
| image_flag             = 
| image_seal             = Escut de Calafell.svg
&lt;!-- maps and coordinates --&gt;
| pushpin_map            = Spain#Catalonia
| pushpin_mapsize        = 265px
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_relief         = yes
| coordinates            = {{coord|41|12|03.5|N|1|33|58.4|E}}
&lt;!-- location --&gt;
| subdivision_type       = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name       = {{ESP}}
| subdivision_type1      = [[Autonomous communities of Spain|A. community]]
| subdivision_name1      = {{flag|Catalonia|name=Catalunya}}
| subdivision_type2      = [[Provinces of Spain|Province]]
| subdivision_name2      = {{flagcountry|Province of Tarragona}}
&lt;!-- government type, leaders --&gt;
| leader_title           = Mayor
| leader_name            = Ramon Ferré
&lt;!-- area --&gt;
| area_total_km2         = 20.18
&lt;!-- population --&gt;
| population_total       = 28,348
| population_as_of       = January 1, 2021
| population_density_km2 = 1,405
&lt;!-- time zone(s) --&gt;
| timezone               = 
| utc_offset             = +01:00
&lt;!-- postal codes, area code --&gt;
| postal_code_type       = [[Postal code]]
| postal_code            = 43820, 43882
&lt;!-- blank fields (section 1) --&gt;
| blank_name_sec2        = [[Community Identification Number|MCN]]
| blank_info_sec2        = 43037
&lt;!-- website, footnotes --&gt;
| website                = {{Official|1=https://calafell.cat/}}
}}

'''Calafell''' is a [[Municipalities of Spain|municipality]] in the [[Province of Tarragona]], in [[Catalonia]], [[Spain]].

[[File:Localització de Calafell respecte del Baix Penedès.svg|Location within Baix Penedès]]

{{Municipalities in Tarragona}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Geo-stub}}

[[Category:Municipalities in Catalonia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cunit</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1209278</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880484</id>
      <parentid>10436943</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T18:49:41Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Xavikos808</username>
        <id>836766</id>
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      <text bytes="2002" sha1="8od036v9k8wxd82usijdzreedzcq3hi" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                   = Cunit
| native_name            = 
| settlement_type        = [[Municipalities of Spain|Municipality]]
&lt;!-- images, nickname, motto --&gt;
| image_skyline          = 
| imagesize              = 265px
| image_caption          = 
| image_flag             = Flag of Cunit.svg
| image_seal             = Escut de Cunit.svg
&lt;!-- maps and coordinates --&gt;
| pushpin_map            = Spain#Catalonia
| pushpin_mapsize        = 265px
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_relief         = yes
| coordinates            = {{coord|41|11|53.5|N|1|37|55.8|E}}
&lt;!-- location --&gt;
| subdivision_type       = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name       = {{ESP}}
| subdivision_type1      = [[Autonomous communities of Spain|A. community]]
| subdivision_name1      = {{flag|Catalonia|name=Catalunya}}
| subdivision_type2      = [[Provinces of Spain|Province]]
| subdivision_name2      = {{flagcountry|Province of Tarragona}}
&lt;!-- government type, leaders --&gt;
| leader_title           = Mayor
| leader_name            = Jaume Casañas
&lt;!-- area --&gt;
| area_total_km2         = 9.650
&lt;!-- population --&gt;
| population_total       = 13,984
| population_as_of       = January 1, 2021
| population_density_km2 = 1,449
&lt;!-- time zone(s) --&gt;
| timezone               = 
| utc_offset             = +01:00
&lt;!-- postal codes, area code --&gt;
| postal_code_type       = [[Postal code]]
| postal_code            = 43881
&lt;!-- blank fields (section 1) --&gt;
| blank_name_sec2        = [[Community Identification Number|MCN]]
| blank_info_sec2        = 43051
&lt;!-- website, footnotes --&gt;
| website                = {{Official|1=https://www.cunit.cat/}}
}}

'''Cunit''' is a [[Municipalities of Spain|municipality]] in the [[Province of Tarragona]], in [[Catalonia]], [[Spain]].

[[File:Localització de Cunit respecte del Baix Penedès.svg|Location within Baix Penedès]]

{{Municipalities in Tarragona}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Geo-stub}}

[[Category:Municipalities in Catalonia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Requests for permissions/Temporary account IP viewer</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>1218955</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880632</id>
      <parentid>10811715</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T00:14:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Der-Wir-Ing</username>
        <id>404478</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>10880632</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2488" sha1="1q58e44hlxlc41gmf6erlll9bn4lzsv" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Autoarchive resolved section | age = 3 | level = 4 | archive =((FULLPAGENAME))/Archives/((year)) | show = yes}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
==Current requests for temporary account IP viewer==

====[[User:ExplorerofSpace]]====
*{{User2|ExplorerofSpace}} ([[Special:Userrights/ExplorerofSpace|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#002bb8&quot;&gt;'''assign permissions'''&lt;/span&gt;]])
I am requesting because temporary accounts are a thing and I need access to account IP's for patrolling purposes and to identify potential abuse. I have experience reverting vandalism more on other wikis and plan to edit way more here. I meet minimum requirments and think it would help a lot. [[User:ExplorerofSpace|ExplorerofSpace]] ([[User talk:ExplorerofSpace|talk]]) 22:29, 4 April 2026 (UTC)

:{{notdone}} - While your account is technically older than 6 months, you have been editing for less than that time.  Additionally, I do not see a need for it at this time on the Simple Wikipedia as I don't see you interacting with temporary accounts frequently.  I also question your creation of [[Template:IP Viewed]] and its placement on multiple pages.  I am not confident that you can use the TAIV status appropriately. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 14:22, 8 April 2026 (UTC)
::Hey, thanks for providing a reason and I do agree. I will interact with temp accounts more, do more patrolling, and request agin next month or so. Also, I have replied on the template topic. [[User:ExplorerofSpace|ExplorerofSpace]] ([[User talk:ExplorerofSpace|talk]]) 20:45, 8 April 2026 (UTC)

=== [[User:Der-Wir-Ing]] ===
*{{user2|Der-Wir-Ing}}([[Special:Userrights/Der-Wir-Ing|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#002bb8&quot;&gt;'''assign permissions'''&lt;/span&gt;]])
Hi, I help since quite a while revert vandalism, but since we got temporary accounts, I can no longer see IPs here on simple which would be helpfull to see open proxies. I am admin on de-wiki since many years and I was [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&amp;logid=43782366 de-CU] and [[:de:Wikipedia:Schiedsgericht/Geschichte#Liste_der_ehemaligen_Mitglieder_des_Schiedsgerichts|de-Arb]]for a term each. I'm also the [[:fr:Wikipédia:Visualisateur_d'IP_des_comptes_temporaires/Statut/Archives/2025#(Traité)_Demande_de_Der-Wir-Ing|first IP-viewer on fr wiki]].

As I have less then 300 edits a steward would be needed to set the flag in my case. --[[User:Der-Wir-Ing|Der-Wir-Ing]] ([[User talk:Der-Wir-Ing|talk]]) 00:14, 7 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>1q58e44hlxlc41gmf6erlll9bn4lzsv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>10880642</id>
      <parentid>10880632</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T00:33:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fr33kman</username>
        <id>15149</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* User:Der-Wir-Ing */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>10880642</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2784" sha1="mixi4n2xaabmzzuwk9kx861lzwi1jgj" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Autoarchive resolved section | age = 3 | level = 4 | archive =((FULLPAGENAME))/Archives/((year)) | show = yes}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
==Current requests for temporary account IP viewer==

====[[User:ExplorerofSpace]]====
*{{User2|ExplorerofSpace}} ([[Special:Userrights/ExplorerofSpace|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#002bb8&quot;&gt;'''assign permissions'''&lt;/span&gt;]])
I am requesting because temporary accounts are a thing and I need access to account IP's for patrolling purposes and to identify potential abuse. I have experience reverting vandalism more on other wikis and plan to edit way more here. I meet minimum requirments and think it would help a lot. [[User:ExplorerofSpace|ExplorerofSpace]] ([[User talk:ExplorerofSpace|talk]]) 22:29, 4 April 2026 (UTC)

:{{notdone}} - While your account is technically older than 6 months, you have been editing for less than that time.  Additionally, I do not see a need for it at this time on the Simple Wikipedia as I don't see you interacting with temporary accounts frequently.  I also question your creation of [[Template:IP Viewed]] and its placement on multiple pages.  I am not confident that you can use the TAIV status appropriately. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 14:22, 8 April 2026 (UTC)
::Hey, thanks for providing a reason and I do agree. I will interact with temp accounts more, do more patrolling, and request agin next month or so. Also, I have replied on the template topic. [[User:ExplorerofSpace|ExplorerofSpace]] ([[User talk:ExplorerofSpace|talk]]) 20:45, 8 April 2026 (UTC)

=== [[User:Der-Wir-Ing]] ===
*{{user2|Der-Wir-Ing}}([[Special:Userrights/Der-Wir-Ing|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#002bb8&quot;&gt;'''assign permissions'''&lt;/span&gt;]])
Hi, I help since quite a while revert vandalism, but since we got temporary accounts, I can no longer see IPs here on simple which would be helpfull to see open proxies. I am admin on de-wiki since many years and I was [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&amp;logid=43782366 de-CU] and [[:de:Wikipedia:Schiedsgericht/Geschichte#Liste_der_ehemaligen_Mitglieder_des_Schiedsgerichts|de-Arb]]for a term each. I'm also the [[:fr:Wikipédia:Visualisateur_d'IP_des_comptes_temporaires/Statut/Archives/2025#(Traité)_Demande_de_Der-Wir-Ing|first IP-viewer on fr wiki]].

As I have less then 300 edits a steward would be needed to set the flag in my case. --[[User:Der-Wir-Ing|Der-Wir-Ing]] ([[User talk:Der-Wir-Ing|talk]]) 00:14, 7 June 2026 (UTC)

:{{not done}} You don't meet the time requirements at this point. You've less than six months experience. Come back in a few months. Thx,  '''''[[User:Fr33kman|&lt;span style=&quot;color: darkgreen&quot;&gt;fr33k&lt;/span&gt;]][[User talk:Fr33kman|&lt;span style=&quot;color: navy&quot;&gt;man&lt;/span&gt;]]''''' 00:33, 7 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>mixi4n2xaabmzzuwk9kx861lzwi1jgj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>10880665</id>
      <parentid>10880642</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T00:54:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ferien</username>
        <id>1011873</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* User:Der-Wir-Ing */ re</comment>
      <origin>10880665</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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==Current requests for temporary account IP viewer==

====[[User:ExplorerofSpace]]====
*{{User2|ExplorerofSpace}} ([[Special:Userrights/ExplorerofSpace|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#002bb8&quot;&gt;'''assign permissions'''&lt;/span&gt;]])
I am requesting because temporary accounts are a thing and I need access to account IP's for patrolling purposes and to identify potential abuse. I have experience reverting vandalism more on other wikis and plan to edit way more here. I meet minimum requirments and think it would help a lot. [[User:ExplorerofSpace|ExplorerofSpace]] ([[User talk:ExplorerofSpace|talk]]) 22:29, 4 April 2026 (UTC)

:{{notdone}} - While your account is technically older than 6 months, you have been editing for less than that time.  Additionally, I do not see a need for it at this time on the Simple Wikipedia as I don't see you interacting with temporary accounts frequently.  I also question your creation of [[Template:IP Viewed]] and its placement on multiple pages.  I am not confident that you can use the TAIV status appropriately. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 14:22, 8 April 2026 (UTC)
::Hey, thanks for providing a reason and I do agree. I will interact with temp accounts more, do more patrolling, and request agin next month or so. Also, I have replied on the template topic. [[User:ExplorerofSpace|ExplorerofSpace]] ([[User talk:ExplorerofSpace|talk]]) 20:45, 8 April 2026 (UTC)

=== [[User:Der-Wir-Ing]] ===
*{{user2|Der-Wir-Ing}}([[Special:Userrights/Der-Wir-Ing|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#002bb8&quot;&gt;'''assign permissions'''&lt;/span&gt;]])
Hi, I help since quite a while revert vandalism, but since we got temporary accounts, I can no longer see IPs here on simple which would be helpfull to see open proxies. I am admin on de-wiki since many years and I was [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&amp;logid=43782366 de-CU] and [[:de:Wikipedia:Schiedsgericht/Geschichte#Liste_der_ehemaligen_Mitglieder_des_Schiedsgerichts|de-Arb]]for a term each. I'm also the [[:fr:Wikipédia:Visualisateur_d'IP_des_comptes_temporaires/Statut/Archives/2025#(Traité)_Demande_de_Der-Wir-Ing|first IP-viewer on fr wiki]].

As I have less then 300 edits a steward would be needed to set the flag in my case. --[[User:Der-Wir-Ing|Der-Wir-Ing]] ([[User talk:Der-Wir-Ing|talk]]) 00:14, 7 June 2026 (UTC)

:{{not done}} You don't meet the time requirements at this point. You've less than six months experience. Come back in a few months. Thx,  '''''[[User:Fr33kman|&lt;span style=&quot;color: darkgreen&quot;&gt;fr33k&lt;/span&gt;]][[User talk:Fr33kman|&lt;span style=&quot;color: navy&quot;&gt;man&lt;/span&gt;]]''''' 00:33, 7 June 2026 (UTC)
:{{re|Fr33kman}} I had a small off-wiki discussion with DWI that basically concluded just before you made your comment - so this isn't intended to override anything you've just put, this is just what we mentioned in that conversation being put here onto the public page, please make of it what you will. 
:The 300 edit minimum is clearly not met -the time requirement technically is as the account has been created for some time - the question here is instead whether this counts as [[:foundation:Policy:Wikimedia Access to Temporary Account IP Addresses Policy#Exceptions to minimum requirements|an exception in foundation policy]], as a proof that an exception could be granted. Policy says, {{tq|If a user account does not meet the criteria above, but still has a legitimate reason to access temporary account IP addresses, for a purpose that cannot be '''reasonably''' addressed by users who already have this access, stewards are authorized to grant exceptions to the above criteria.}} (bolding mine) If DWI was to send me (or another user with access) every temporary account he came across to check for open proxies, would that be reasonable? With the number of temporary accounts it appears he is intending to check, it appears not. Given the level of trustworthiness here, an exemption could be made, though would require a consensus among a few admins. I had mentioned at first that 1) DWI is likely to reach 300 edits soon anyway and 2) with the level of cross-wiki anti-vandalism work he has been doing lately, he could just request global rollback anyway, likely with no issue. That was pretty much what my response was going to be, as a comment rather than not done, but I think this is to go down the exception route - this is something I am personally okay with entertaining here, as it could be something to address sooner or later, be it here locally or more globally. So the question is more whether as a wiki, we want to grant the exception or not, then a steward can approve if we decide to. I do not want to turn this into a super wide discussion, as we prefer rollback requests to be Done/Not done processes, so we might wish to discuss this more on Simple talk. I should also say, on a purely practical basis given the scenario - the fact this could be resolved otherwise through another rights request or more edits - I lean towards no. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] &lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])&lt;/small&gt; 00:54, 7 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>8xwwcmnrkskkrcenqivgygj1um7i6yj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>10880845</id>
      <parentid>10880665</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T08:55:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Barras</username>
        <id>40117</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* User:Der-Wir-Ing */ cmt</comment>
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==Current requests for temporary account IP viewer==

====[[User:ExplorerofSpace]]====
*{{User2|ExplorerofSpace}} ([[Special:Userrights/ExplorerofSpace|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#002bb8&quot;&gt;'''assign permissions'''&lt;/span&gt;]])
I am requesting because temporary accounts are a thing and I need access to account IP's for patrolling purposes and to identify potential abuse. I have experience reverting vandalism more on other wikis and plan to edit way more here. I meet minimum requirments and think it would help a lot. [[User:ExplorerofSpace|ExplorerofSpace]] ([[User talk:ExplorerofSpace|talk]]) 22:29, 4 April 2026 (UTC)

:{{notdone}} - While your account is technically older than 6 months, you have been editing for less than that time.  Additionally, I do not see a need for it at this time on the Simple Wikipedia as I don't see you interacting with temporary accounts frequently.  I also question your creation of [[Template:IP Viewed]] and its placement on multiple pages.  I am not confident that you can use the TAIV status appropriately. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 14:22, 8 April 2026 (UTC)
::Hey, thanks for providing a reason and I do agree. I will interact with temp accounts more, do more patrolling, and request agin next month or so. Also, I have replied on the template topic. [[User:ExplorerofSpace|ExplorerofSpace]] ([[User talk:ExplorerofSpace|talk]]) 20:45, 8 April 2026 (UTC)

=== [[User:Der-Wir-Ing]] ===
*{{user2|Der-Wir-Ing}}([[Special:Userrights/Der-Wir-Ing|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#002bb8&quot;&gt;'''assign permissions'''&lt;/span&gt;]])
Hi, I help since quite a while revert vandalism, but since we got temporary accounts, I can no longer see IPs here on simple which would be helpfull to see open proxies. I am admin on de-wiki since many years and I was [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&amp;logid=43782366 de-CU] and [[:de:Wikipedia:Schiedsgericht/Geschichte#Liste_der_ehemaligen_Mitglieder_des_Schiedsgerichts|de-Arb]]for a term each. I'm also the [[:fr:Wikipédia:Visualisateur_d'IP_des_comptes_temporaires/Statut/Archives/2025#(Traité)_Demande_de_Der-Wir-Ing|first IP-viewer on fr wiki]].

As I have less then 300 edits a steward would be needed to set the flag in my case. --[[User:Der-Wir-Ing|Der-Wir-Ing]] ([[User talk:Der-Wir-Ing|talk]]) 00:14, 7 June 2026 (UTC)

:{{not done}} You don't meet the time requirements at this point. You've less than six months experience. Come back in a few months. Thx,  '''''[[User:Fr33kman|&lt;span style=&quot;color: darkgreen&quot;&gt;fr33k&lt;/span&gt;]][[User talk:Fr33kman|&lt;span style=&quot;color: navy&quot;&gt;man&lt;/span&gt;]]''''' 00:33, 7 June 2026 (UTC)
:{{re|Fr33kman}} I had a small off-wiki discussion with DWI that basically concluded just before you made your comment - so this isn't intended to override anything you've just put, this is just what we mentioned in that conversation being put here onto the public page, please make of it what you will. 
:The 300 edit minimum is clearly not met -the time requirement technically is as the account has been created for some time - the question here is instead whether this counts as [[:foundation:Policy:Wikimedia Access to Temporary Account IP Addresses Policy#Exceptions to minimum requirements|an exception in foundation policy]], as a proof that an exception could be granted. Policy says, {{tq|If a user account does not meet the criteria above, but still has a legitimate reason to access temporary account IP addresses, for a purpose that cannot be '''reasonably''' addressed by users who already have this access, stewards are authorized to grant exceptions to the above criteria.}} (bolding mine) If DWI was to send me (or another user with access) every temporary account he came across to check for open proxies, would that be reasonable? With the number of temporary accounts it appears he is intending to check, it appears not. Given the level of trustworthiness here, an exemption could be made, though would require a consensus among a few admins. I had mentioned at first that 1) DWI is likely to reach 300 edits soon anyway and 2) with the level of cross-wiki anti-vandalism work he has been doing lately, he could just request global rollback anyway, likely with no issue. That was pretty much what my response was going to be, as a comment rather than not done, but I think this is to go down the exception route - this is something I am personally okay with entertaining here, as it could be something to address sooner or later, be it here locally or more globally. So the question is more whether as a wiki, we want to grant the exception or not, then a steward can approve if we decide to. I do not want to turn this into a super wide discussion, as we prefer rollback requests to be Done/Not done processes, so we might wish to discuss this more on Simple talk. I should also say, on a purely practical basis given the scenario - the fact this could be resolved otherwise through another rights request or more edits - I lean towards no. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] &lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])&lt;/small&gt; 00:54, 7 June 2026 (UTC)
:I don't see any problem with making an exception to the global policy. I think such cases aren't properly covered by the policy yet. Someone with admin or other advanced rights on another project should be able to request this right as and when needed. While only around 50 edits are missing, I'd rather grant the right than see 50 unnecessary edits made just to fulfil the policy requirement. We would most likely grant the tool anyway when he reaches 300 edits here. Granting the right now doesn't seem to be a big deal. -[[User:Barras|&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style&quot;&gt;'''Barras'''&lt;/span&gt;]] [[User Talk:Barras|&lt;span style=&quot;color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style&quot;&gt;'''talk'''&lt;/span&gt;]] 08:55, 7 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>qrzdrctemkxwbsby6f0w4qbvkn76ltw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>10880875</id>
      <parentid>10880845</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T11:47:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fr33kman</username>
        <id>15149</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* User:Der-Wir-Ing */ Reply</comment>
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==Current requests for temporary account IP viewer==

====[[User:ExplorerofSpace]]====
*{{User2|ExplorerofSpace}} ([[Special:Userrights/ExplorerofSpace|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#002bb8&quot;&gt;'''assign permissions'''&lt;/span&gt;]])
I am requesting because temporary accounts are a thing and I need access to account IP's for patrolling purposes and to identify potential abuse. I have experience reverting vandalism more on other wikis and plan to edit way more here. I meet minimum requirments and think it would help a lot. [[User:ExplorerofSpace|ExplorerofSpace]] ([[User talk:ExplorerofSpace|talk]]) 22:29, 4 April 2026 (UTC)

:{{notdone}} - While your account is technically older than 6 months, you have been editing for less than that time.  Additionally, I do not see a need for it at this time on the Simple Wikipedia as I don't see you interacting with temporary accounts frequently.  I also question your creation of [[Template:IP Viewed]] and its placement on multiple pages.  I am not confident that you can use the TAIV status appropriately. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 14:22, 8 April 2026 (UTC)
::Hey, thanks for providing a reason and I do agree. I will interact with temp accounts more, do more patrolling, and request agin next month or so. Also, I have replied on the template topic. [[User:ExplorerofSpace|ExplorerofSpace]] ([[User talk:ExplorerofSpace|talk]]) 20:45, 8 April 2026 (UTC)

=== [[User:Der-Wir-Ing]] ===
*{{user2|Der-Wir-Ing}}([[Special:Userrights/Der-Wir-Ing|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#002bb8&quot;&gt;'''assign permissions'''&lt;/span&gt;]])
Hi, I help since quite a while revert vandalism, but since we got temporary accounts, I can no longer see IPs here on simple which would be helpfull to see open proxies. I am admin on de-wiki since many years and I was [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&amp;logid=43782366 de-CU] and [[:de:Wikipedia:Schiedsgericht/Geschichte#Liste_der_ehemaligen_Mitglieder_des_Schiedsgerichts|de-Arb]]for a term each. I'm also the [[:fr:Wikipédia:Visualisateur_d'IP_des_comptes_temporaires/Statut/Archives/2025#(Traité)_Demande_de_Der-Wir-Ing|first IP-viewer on fr wiki]].

As I have less then 300 edits a steward would be needed to set the flag in my case. --[[User:Der-Wir-Ing|Der-Wir-Ing]] ([[User talk:Der-Wir-Ing|talk]]) 00:14, 7 June 2026 (UTC)

:{{not done}} You don't meet the time requirements at this point. You've less than six months experience. Come back in a few months. Thx,  '''''[[User:Fr33kman|&lt;span style=&quot;color: darkgreen&quot;&gt;fr33k&lt;/span&gt;]][[User talk:Fr33kman|&lt;span style=&quot;color: navy&quot;&gt;man&lt;/span&gt;]]''''' 00:33, 7 June 2026 (UTC)
:{{re|Fr33kman}} I had a small off-wiki discussion with DWI that basically concluded just before you made your comment - so this isn't intended to override anything you've just put, this is just what we mentioned in that conversation being put here onto the public page, please make of it what you will. 
:The 300 edit minimum is clearly not met -the time requirement technically is as the account has been created for some time - the question here is instead whether this counts as [[:foundation:Policy:Wikimedia Access to Temporary Account IP Addresses Policy#Exceptions to minimum requirements|an exception in foundation policy]], as a proof that an exception could be granted. Policy says, {{tq|If a user account does not meet the criteria above, but still has a legitimate reason to access temporary account IP addresses, for a purpose that cannot be '''reasonably''' addressed by users who already have this access, stewards are authorized to grant exceptions to the above criteria.}} (bolding mine) If DWI was to send me (or another user with access) every temporary account he came across to check for open proxies, would that be reasonable? With the number of temporary accounts it appears he is intending to check, it appears not. Given the level of trustworthiness here, an exemption could be made, though would require a consensus among a few admins. I had mentioned at first that 1) DWI is likely to reach 300 edits soon anyway and 2) with the level of cross-wiki anti-vandalism work he has been doing lately, he could just request global rollback anyway, likely with no issue. That was pretty much what my response was going to be, as a comment rather than not done, but I think this is to go down the exception route - this is something I am personally okay with entertaining here, as it could be something to address sooner or later, be it here locally or more globally. So the question is more whether as a wiki, we want to grant the exception or not, then a steward can approve if we decide to. I do not want to turn this into a super wide discussion, as we prefer rollback requests to be Done/Not done processes, so we might wish to discuss this more on Simple talk. I should also say, on a purely practical basis given the scenario - the fact this could be resolved otherwise through another rights request or more edits - I lean towards no. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] &lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])&lt;/small&gt; 00:54, 7 June 2026 (UTC)
:I don't see any problem with making an exception to the global policy. I think such cases aren't properly covered by the policy yet. Someone with admin or other advanced rights on another project should be able to request this right as and when needed. While only around 50 edits are missing, I'd rather grant the right than see 50 unnecessary edits made just to fulfil the policy requirement. We would most likely grant the tool anyway when he reaches 300 edits here. Granting the right now doesn't seem to be a big deal. -[[User:Barras|&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style&quot;&gt;'''Barras'''&lt;/span&gt;]] [[User Talk:Barras|&lt;span style=&quot;color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style&quot;&gt;'''talk'''&lt;/span&gt;]] 08:55, 7 June 2026 (UTC)
::i don't see anything to an exception. The WMF says 6 months.  '''''[[User:Fr33kman|&lt;span style=&quot;color: darkgreen&quot;&gt;fr33k&lt;/span&gt;]][[User talk:Fr33kman|&lt;span style=&quot;color: navy&quot;&gt;man&lt;/span&gt;]]''''' 11:47, 7 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>Steal a Brainrot</title>
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      <text bytes="3401" sha1="25m01nl8ci94nl7ni8xnzwgkxeuqum0" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox video game
| title = Steal a Brainrot
| image = SAB Goblin 380 (2-2-2025).jpg
| caption = 
| platforms = [[macOS]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Android (operating system)|Android]]&lt;br/&gt;[[iOS]]&lt;br/&gt;[[iPadOS]]&lt;br/&gt;[[PlayStation 4]]&lt;br/&gt;[[PlayStation 5]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Xbox One]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Xbox Series X]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Xbox Series S]]
| released = May 15, 2025
| developer = DoBig Studios&lt;br&gt;Brazilian Spyder
| modes = [[Multiplayer]]
}}
'''Steal a Brainrot''' is a [[multiplayer video game]] released on May 15, 2025 on [[Roblox]]. It was developed by SpyderSammy, and owned by DoBig Studios. It is based on [[Italian brainrot]], an [[internet meme]]. The goal of the game is to get Brainrots, mainly by stealing them from other players.

''Steal a Brainrot'' is the second Roblox game to have reach 20 million players at once, the first being ''[[Grow a Garden]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;ign&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Phillips|first=Tom|date=August 26, 2025|title=Roblox Hits Fresh Player Record, Towering Over Steam and Fortnite, Amid 'War' Between its Two Most Popular Games, Grow a Garden and Steal a Brainrot|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/roblox-hits-fresh-player-record-towering-over-steam-and-fortnite-amid-war-between-its-two-most-popular-games-grow-a-garden-and-steal-a-brainrot|access-date=September 22, 2025|website=IGN|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The game became popular on social media, where users have shared ideas and popular videos of children getting upset over losing their Brainrots.&lt;ref name=&quot;crashout&quot;/&gt;

==Gameplay==
In the game, players have to get Brainrots, characters that are based on the Internet meme [[Italian brainrot]]. Brainrots give players in-game money over time.&lt;ref name=&quot;gr&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Bošnjak |first1=Dominik |title=Roblox's Latest Hit Game: What Is Steal a Brainrot? |url=https://gamerant.com/roblox-what-is-steal-a-brainrot-explained-gameplay-player-count-scripts/ |accessdate=13 September 2025 |work=[[Game Rant]] |date=29 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; In order to get these Brainrots, users can buy Brainrots from a red [[conveyor belt]] in the middle of the game. Users can also steal a Brainrot from other players.&lt;ref name=&quot;screenrant2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Peterson |first1=Kaitlyn |title=Roblox's Bizarre New Hit, Steal A Brainrot, Takes Over! |url=https://screenrant.com/roblox-steal-brainrot-fad-explanation/ |accessdate=13 September 2025 |work=[[ScreenRant]] |date=23 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;crashout&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Hernandez |first1=Patricia |title=Inside the explosive 'brainrot' game that's got millions of kids crashing out |url=https://www.polygon.com/616251/steal-a-brainrot-roblox-explainer-what-is/ |accessdate=13 September 2025 |work=Polygon |date=25 July 2025 |ref=polygon}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PCGAMER&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Philips |first1=Kara |title=One of Roblox's biggest experiences right now is a bizarre Italian Brainrot character-stealing simulator and, lord help me, I now understand why it's so popular |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/games/sim/one-of-robloxs-biggest-experiences-right-now-is-a-bizarre-italian-brainrot-character-stealing-simulator-and-lord-help-me-i-now-understand-why-its-so-popular/ |accessdate=13 September 2025 |work=[[PCGamer]] |date=1 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Brainrots are stored in bases which have 8 spaces to hold characters.&lt;ref name=&quot;PCGAMER&quot;/&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Online games]]
[[Category:Roblox]]
[[Category:Games]]
[[Category:Video games]]</text>
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    <title>Shashank Subramanyam</title>
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      <comment>This profile is of a famous legend Shashank Subramanyam and all the info published are widely available online and also is also published on the Govt of India's Sangeet Natak Akademi profile of artists.</comment>
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      <text bytes="5602" sha1="asl2lq0t0etlv2xv0z1b7htgioj6fxg" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox musical artist  &lt;!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --&gt;
| name              = Shashank Subramanyam
| caption           = 
| image             = Shashank-Subramanyam DSC00005.jpg
| image_upright     = 
| background        = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| birth_name        = 
| alias             = 
| birth_place       = Rudrapatna, India
| death_date        = {{Death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}}
| instrument        = [[Venu]] flute
| genre             = [[Carnatic music]]; [[Indian classical music]]
| occupation        = Musician
| years_active      = 1984–present
| label             = 
| website           = {{URL|shashank.org}}
}}
'''Shashank Subramanyam''' (born 14 October 1978)&lt;ref name=&quot;p337&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine | title=Two Early Starters Who Continue To Add Shine To Indian Music | magazine=[[:en:Outlook India|Outlook India]] | date=2017-10-14 | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/features/two-early-starters-who-continue-to-add-shine-to-indian-music-news-303033 | access-date=2025-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a bamboo [[flute]] player from [[India]]. 

Hailing from a Tamil iyer family, was born in Rudrapatna, [[Karnataka]] and lived in [[Bangalore]] for a brief period and moved to [[Chennai]]&lt;ref name=&quot;r333&quot;&gt;{{cite news | title=Friday Review Chennai : On an innovative journey | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date=2009-01-16 | url=http://www.shashank.org/images/pressclips/thehindu2009innovativejourney.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091223203827/http://www.shashank.org/images/pressclips/thehindu2009innovativejourney.htm |via=www.shashank.org| archive-date=2009-12-23 | url-status=dead | access-date=2025-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;. His father, M.N. Subramanyam, was a biochemist.  &lt;ref name=&quot;t480&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=BIO | website=Shashank Subramanyam | date=1970-01-01 | url=https://www.shashank.org/about | access-date=2025-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Father Subramanyam started teaching Shashank [[music]] when he was very young. By the age of two and a half, he could name all 72 Melakarta scales. He first learned singing and to play the [[violin]], but after he started playing the venu [[flute]], he loved it and decided to focus on it.&lt;ref name=&quot;c245&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Shashank Subramanyam | website=darbar.org | date=2015-05-24 | url=https://www.darbar.org/artist/shashank-subramanyam/87 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318073925/https://www.darbar.org/artist/shashank-subramanyam/87 | archive-date=2020-03-18 | url-status=dead | access-date=2025-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

He received the Karnataka Government's music scholarship at age 5.&lt;ref name=&quot;r333&quot; /&gt; According to legend, when he was six years old, he just picked up his father's flute — an amateur musician — and started playing it, surprising everyone around him.&lt;ref name=&quot;p337&quot; /&gt; 

He had intense training in Vocal under Palghat K.V. Narayanaswamy, the doyen of Carnatic Music and later Hindustani Music under the legendary Pandit Jasraj&lt;ref name=&quot;y752&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.shashank.org/shashank2.html |title=Biography Shashank |work=India Artist Management |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all  |archive-date=6 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106013114/http://www.shashank.org/shashank2.html |via=www.shashank.org }}&lt;/ref&gt;. He mostly learnt to play the flute, without a teacher, something that led to his creating a unique style for himself.&lt;ref name=&quot;y817&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.shashank.org/images/pressclips/th90.jpg |title=Carefully nurtured prodigy |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 December 1990  |via=www.shashank.org |format=JPG  |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192916/http://www.shashank.org/images/pressclips/th90.jpg |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is commonly accepted that Subramanyam's 1990's senior slot performance at the Madras Music Academy gave him huge fame and set a tone for what was to come later.&lt;ref name=&quot;p337&quot; /&gt; 

Subramanyam's concert career has taken him to more than 50 countries and apart from being a featured soloist, he has collaborated with host of artists from India and around the world including Guitarists John McLaughlin, Paco De Lucia, Tabla Maestro Zakir Hussain, Vocalist Pt. Jasraj, Ajoy Charaborthy, Rakesh Chaurasia, Ustad Shahid Parvez, Shujaat Khan. Vishwa Mohan Bhatt, Wuppertal and Leipzig Philharmonic Orchestras, Jazz bands among others.

Subramanyam is the youngest person to have received the Indian government's Sangeet Natak Akademi senior award 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;k402&quot;&gt;{{cite newspaper | last=Menon | first=Rajitha | title=Grammy nominated flautist performs in city | newspaper=[[:en:Deccan Herald|Deccan Herald]] | date=2020-01-23 | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/grammy-nominated-flautist-performs-in-city-797474.html | access-date=2025-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has received many honours, the French Govt bestowed him the Chevalier medal and title Ordre des Arts et des Lettres -  2022, title &quot;Kalaimamani&quot; from the [[Tamil Nadu]] government in 2001.

== Personal life ==
M.N. Subramanyam, a biochemist and amateur musician was Subramanyam's father.&lt;ref name=&quot;p337&quot; /&gt; Hemalatha was his mother. Subramanyam is the father of a son, Samvit and a daughter, Swara.&lt;ref name=&quot;t480&quot; /&gt; He is married to Shirisha, a [[Bharata Natyam|Bharatanatyam]] dancer.&lt;ref name=&quot;r333&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subramanyam, Shashank}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Flutists]]
[[Category:Indian musicians]]
[[Category:People from Karnataka]]

{{performing-arts-stub}}</text>
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      <comment>Reverted to revision 10842356 by Ravensfire: Revert. Complex language and promotional . ([[WP:TW|TW]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="4938" sha1="4u2941hq1lxg4mo7nhyffwlno3wmzvt" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox musical artist  &lt;!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --&gt;
| name              = Shashank Subramanyam
| caption           = 
| image             = Shashank-Subramanyam DSC00005.jpg
| image_upright     = 
| background        = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| birth_name        = 
| alias             = 
| birth_place       = Rudrapatna, India
| death_date        = {{Death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}}
| instrument        = [[Venu]] flute
| genre             = [[Carnatic music]]; [[Indian classical music]]
| occupation        = Musician
| years_active      = 1984–present
| label             = 
| website           = {{URL|shashank.org}}
}}
'''Shashank Subramanyam''' (born 14 October 1978)&lt;ref name=&quot;p337&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine | title=Two Early Starters Who Continue To Add Shine To Indian Music | magazine=[[:en:Outlook India|Outlook India]] | date=2017-10-14 | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/features/two-early-starters-who-continue-to-add-shine-to-indian-music-news-303033 | access-date=2025-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a bamboo [[flute]] player from [[India]]. 

He was born in the village of Rudrapatna, in [[Karnataka]] and lived in [[Bangalore]] and [[Chennai]] in his growing up years.&lt;ref name=&quot;r333&quot;&gt;{{cite news | title=Friday Review Chennai : On an innovative journey | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date=2009-01-16 | url=http://www.shashank.org/images/pressclips/thehindu2009innovativejourney.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091223203827/http://www.shashank.org/images/pressclips/thehindu2009innovativejourney.htm |via=www.shashank.org| archive-date=2009-12-23 | url-status=dead | access-date=2025-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; His father, M.N. Subramanyam, was a biochemist.  He now lives in Chennai with his family.&lt;ref name=&quot;t480&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=BIO | website=Shashank Subramanyam | date=1970-01-01 | url=https://www.shashank.org/about | access-date=2025-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Subramanyam started learning [[music]] when he was very young. By the age of two and a half, he could name all 72 Melakarta scales. He first learned singing and to play the [[violin]], but after he started playing the venu [[flute]], he loved it and decided to focus on it.&lt;ref name=&quot;c245&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Shashank Subramanyam | website=darbar.org | date=2015-05-24 | url=https://www.darbar.org/artist/shashank-subramanyam/87 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318073925/https://www.darbar.org/artist/shashank-subramanyam/87 | archive-date=2020-03-18 | url-status=dead | access-date=2025-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; He received the Karnataka Government's music scholarship at age 5.&lt;ref name=&quot;r333&quot; /&gt; According to legend, when he was six years old, he just picked up his father's flute — an amateur musician — and started playing it, surprising everyone around him.&lt;ref name=&quot;p337&quot; /&gt; He learnt to play the flute under parental guidance, without a teacher.&lt;ref name=&quot;y817&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.shashank.org/images/pressclips/th90.jpg |title=Carefully nurtured prodigy |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 December 1990  |via=www.shashank.org |format=JPG  |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192916/http://www.shashank.org/images/pressclips/th90.jpg |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is commonly accepted that Subramanyam's 1990 performance at the Madras Music Academy made him famous.&lt;ref name=&quot;p337&quot; /&gt; Subramanyam is the youngest person to have received the Indian government's Sangeet Natak Akademi senior award.&lt;ref name=&quot;k402&quot;&gt;{{cite newspaper | last=Menon | first=Rajitha | title=Grammy nominated flautist performs in city | newspaper=[[:en:Deccan Herald|Deccan Herald]] | date=2020-01-23 | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/grammy-nominated-flautist-performs-in-city-797474.html | access-date=2025-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has received many honours, including the title &quot;Kalaimamani&quot; from the [[Tamil Nadu]] government.&lt;ref name=&quot;y752&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.shashank.org/shashank2.html |title=Biography Shashank |work=India Artist Management |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all  |archive-date=6 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106013114/http://www.shashank.org/shashank2.html |via=www.shashank.org }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Singer|vocalist]] [[Pandit]] [[Jasraj]] also taught him [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] vocal (North Indian) music.&lt;ref name=&quot;y752&quot; /&gt;

== Personal life ==
M.N. Subramanyam, a biochemist and amateur musician was Subramanyam's father.&lt;ref name=&quot;p337&quot; /&gt; Hemalatha was his mother. Subramanyam is the father of a son, Samvit and a daughter, Swara.&lt;ref name=&quot;t480&quot; /&gt; He is married to Shirisha, a [[Bharata Natyam|Bharatanatyam]] dancer.&lt;ref name=&quot;r333&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subramanyam, Shashank}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Flutists]]
[[Category:Indian musicians]]
[[Category:People from Karnataka]]

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    <title>MBC Action</title>
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      <text bytes="3443" sha1="rei1y43f3i9knzv3pjpe6mkn56521jo" xml:space="preserve">{{Complex|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = MBC Action
| logo = MBC Action Logo.svg
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2007|3|5|df=y}}
| language = {{Ubl|English|Arabic}}
| type = [[Satellite television|Satellite]] [[television network]]
| owner = [[MBC Group]]
| picture_format = [[1080i]] ([[High-definition television|HDTV]])&lt;br /&gt;[[576i]] ([[Standard-definition television|SDTV]])
| area = [[Middle East and North Africa]]
| network = [[MBC Group]]
| headquarters = [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| sister_channels = [[MBC 2 (Middle Eastern and North African TV channel)|MBC2]]&lt;br /&gt;[[MBC 4|MBC4]]&lt;br /&gt;[[MBC Max]]&lt;br /&gt;[[MBC Persia]]&lt;br /&gt;[[MBC+ Variety]]&lt;br /&gt;MBC+ Power&lt;br /&gt;MBC Variety HD&lt;br /&gt;[[MBC Bollywood]]&lt;br /&gt;[[MBC Masr]]
| website = https://www.mbc.net/mbcaction
}}

'''MBC Action''' is a [[free-to-air]] television channel in the [[Saudi Arabia]] owned by [[MBC Group]], specializing in broadcasting action and thriller movies, series and programs, the channel was launched on March 5, 2007. Its 24-hour content includes the latest and biggest action movies and television productions, in addition to many [[WWE]] wrestling shows and mixed martial arts. (From MTV, VIVA, 5USA, Crime + Investigation With AXN &amp; Comedy Central) MTV's Awkward. &amp; [[Teen Wolf (2011 TV series)]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=العلامات التجارية|url=https://www.mbc.net/ar/channels?title=MBC%20ACTION|access-date=2025-11-25|website=www.mbc.net|language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== English language &amp; International English language Movies &amp; TV Shows, (Drama, Thriller, Crime, Reality From Nickelodeon, Disney Channel, MTV, Adult Swim, Channel V, Crime &amp; Investigation, VIVA, AXN With Sports &amp; Comedy Central) ==

* Awkward. Season 1-5 2011-2016 (Previously air on [[MTV]], [[Comedy Central]], Star World, 5USA &amp; Horror Channel)
* [[Teen Wolf (2011 TV series)]] Season 1-6 2011-2017 (Previously air on [[MTV]], [[Comedy Central]], Star World, Showtime Women, AXN, 5USA &amp; Horror Channel)
* Smallville
* True Blood
* Big Time Rush
* Jonas
* Power Rangers (Franchise series)
* UFC: 321 Aspinall vs. Gane
* The Vampire Diaries
* WWE Raw
* WWE Smackdown
* Arrow
* I Am Number Four
* Sucker Punch
* Kick-Ass
* Kick-Ass 2
* Supernatural
* Action Zone
* Must Haves
* Planet Action
* Code Lyoko Evolution
* Power Rangers Samurai
* Power Rangers Super Samurai
* Power Rangers Megaforce
* Sher
* Aye Ishq-e-Junoon
* Fred: The Show
* Cut
* Aaron Stone
* Tower Prep
* Newton's Cradle
* Slave Market
* M.I. High
* Detective Conan
* Supah Ninjas
* The Sparticle Mystery
* [[Desert Force|Desert Force Academy]]
* Ra. One
* Race
* The Really Loud House
* Nicky, Ricky, Dicky and Dawn
* Wanted
* Resident Evil: Afterlife
* Drake &amp; Josh
* The Thundermans Undercover
* Ace Lightning
* Wicked Science
* Spider-Man: The New Animated Series
* Salt
* Henry Danger
* The Thundermans
* Henry Danger
* Esref Ruya
* A.B.I.
* Cukur (The Pit)
* Totally Spies!: The Movie
* Fast Five
* Drive Angry
* Mission: Impossible - Ghost Protocol

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Other websites ==

* {{Facebook}}
* {{YouTube|c=MBCAction}}

[[Category:MBC Group]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Arabic-language mass media]]
[[Category:Arabic-language television stations]]
[[Category:Hollywood, Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Saudi Arabian television networks]]
[[Category:Television channels in Asia]]
[[Category:Dubai]]
[[Category:Saudi Arabian culture]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>10880733</id>
      <parentid>10880732</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T03:49:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-33192-75</username>
        <id>1817735</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* English language &amp; International English language Movies &amp; TV Shows, (Drama, Thriller, Crime, Reality From Nickelodeon, Disney Channel, MTV, Adult Swim, Channel V, Crime &amp; Investigation, VIVA, AXN With Sports &amp; Comedy Central) */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3469" sha1="9ygafg9zab9bwsbp3hzi9pnpvqqxfqx" xml:space="preserve">{{Complex|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = MBC Action
| logo = MBC Action Logo.svg
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2007|3|5|df=y}}
| language = {{Ubl|English|Arabic}}
| type = [[Satellite television|Satellite]] [[television network]]
| owner = [[MBC Group]]
| picture_format = [[1080i]] ([[High-definition television|HDTV]])&lt;br /&gt;[[576i]] ([[Standard-definition television|SDTV]])
| area = [[Middle East and North Africa]]
| network = [[MBC Group]]
| headquarters = [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| sister_channels = [[MBC 2 (Middle Eastern and North African TV channel)|MBC2]]&lt;br /&gt;[[MBC 4|MBC4]]&lt;br /&gt;[[MBC Max]]&lt;br /&gt;[[MBC Persia]]&lt;br /&gt;[[MBC+ Variety]]&lt;br /&gt;MBC+ Power&lt;br /&gt;MBC Variety HD&lt;br /&gt;[[MBC Bollywood]]&lt;br /&gt;[[MBC Masr]]
| website = https://www.mbc.net/mbcaction
}}

'''MBC Action''' is a [[free-to-air]] television channel in the [[Saudi Arabia]] owned by [[MBC Group]], specializing in broadcasting action and thriller movies, series and programs, the channel was launched on March 5, 2007. Its 24-hour content includes the latest and biggest action movies and television productions, in addition to many [[WWE]] wrestling shows and mixed martial arts. (From MTV, VIVA, 5USA, Crime + Investigation With AXN &amp; Comedy Central) MTV's Awkward. &amp; [[Teen Wolf (2011 TV series)]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=العلامات التجارية|url=https://www.mbc.net/ar/channels?title=MBC%20ACTION|access-date=2025-11-25|website=www.mbc.net|language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== English language &amp; International English language Movies &amp; TV Shows, (Drama, Thriller, Crime, Reality From Nickelodeon, Disney Channel, MTV, Adult Swim, Channel V, Crime &amp; Investigation, VIVA, AXN With Sports &amp; Comedy Central) ==

* Awkward. Season 1-5 2011-2016 (Previously air on [[MTV]], [[Comedy Central]], Star World, 5USA &amp; Horror Channel)
* [[Teen Wolf (2011 TV series)]] Season 1-6 2011-2017 (Previously air on [[MTV]], [[Comedy Central]], Star World, Showtime Women, AXN, 5USA &amp; Horror Channel)
* Smallville
* True Blood
* Big Time Rush
* Jonas
* Power Rangers (Franchise series)
* UFC: 321 Aspinall vs. Gane
* The Vampire Diaries
* WWE Raw
* WWE Smackdown
* Arrow
* I Am Number Four
* Sucker Punch
* Kick-Ass
* Kick-Ass 2
* Supernatural
* Action Zone
* Must Haves
* Planet Action
* Code Lyoko Evolution
* Power Rangers Samurai
* Power Rangers Super Samurai
* Power Rangers Megaforce
* Sher
* Aye Ishq-e-Junoon
* Fred: The Show
* Cut
* Aaron Stone
* Tower Prep
* Newton's Cradle
* Slave Market
* M.I. High
* Detective Conan
* Supah Ninjas
* The Sparticle Mystery
* [[Desert Force|Desert Force Academy]]
* Ra. One
* Race
* The Really Loud House
* Nicky, Ricky, Dicky and Dawn
* Wanted
* Resident Evil: Afterlife
* Drake &amp; Josh
* The Thundermans Undercover
* Ace Lightning
* Wicked Science
* Spider-Man: The New Animated Series
* Salt
* Henry Danger
* The Thundermans
* Henry Danger
* Esref Ruya
* Yargı (Family Secrets)
* A.B.I.
* Cukur (The Pit)
* Totally Spies!: The Movie
* Fast Five
* Drive Angry
* Mission: Impossible - Ghost Protocol

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Other websites ==

* {{Facebook}}
* {{YouTube|c=MBCAction}}

[[Category:MBC Group]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Arabic-language mass media]]
[[Category:Arabic-language television stations]]
[[Category:Hollywood, Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Saudi Arabian television networks]]
[[Category:Television channels in Asia]]
[[Category:Dubai]]
[[Category:Saudi Arabian culture]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>10880768</id>
      <parentid>10880733</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T04:04:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CountryANDWestern</username>
        <id>1618275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit(s) by [[User:~2026-33192-75|~2026-33192-75]]:  ([[User:BZPN/MassRollback|MR]])</comment>
      <origin>10880768</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1850" sha1="1680nghmrofytn2corob8ezubrzku5l" xml:space="preserve">{{Complex|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = MBC Action
| logo = MBC Action Logo.svg
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2007|3|5|df=y}}
| language = {{Ubl|English|Arabic}}
| type = [[Satellite television|Satellite]] [[television network]]
| owner = [[MBC Group]]
| picture_format = [[1080i]] ([[High-definition television|HDTV]])&lt;br /&gt;[[576i]] ([[Standard-definition television|SDTV]])
| area = [[Middle East and North Africa]]
| network = [[MBC Group]]
| headquarters = [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| sister_channels = [[Al Hadath]]&lt;br&gt;[[Al Arabiya]]&lt;br&gt;[[MBC 1 (Middle East and North Africa)|MBC 1]]&lt;br&gt;[[MBC 2 (Middle Eastern and North African TV channel)|MBC 2]]&lt;br&gt;[[MBC 3]]&lt;br /&gt;[[MBC 4]]&lt;br /&gt;[[MBC Max]]&lt;br /&gt;[[MBC Persia]]&lt;br&gt;[[MBC Drama (Middle East and North Africa)|MBC Drama]]&lt;br /&gt;MBC+ Variety&lt;br /&gt;MBC+ Power&lt;br /&gt;MBC Variety HD&lt;br /&gt;[[MBC Bollywood]]&lt;br /&gt;[[MBC Masr]]&lt;br&gt;[[MBC Masr 2]]
| website = https://www.mbc.net/mbcaction
}}

'''MBC Action''' is a [[free-to-air]] television channel in the [[Saudi Arabia]] owned by [[MBC Group]], specializing in broadcasting action and thriller movies, series and programs, the channel was launched on March 5, 2007. Its 24-hour content includes the latest and biggest action movies and television productions, in addition to many [[WWE]] wrestling shows and mixed martial arts.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=العلامات التجارية|url=https://www.mbc.net/ar/channels?title=MBC%20ACTION|access-date=2025-11-25|website=www.mbc.net|language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Other websites ==

* {{Facebook}}
* {{YouTube|c=MBCAction}}

[[Category:MBC Group]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Arabic-language television stations]]
[[Category:Saudi Arabian television networks]]
[[Category:Television channels in Asia]]
[[Category:Dubai]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kach</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1239542</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880348</id>
      <parentid>10880102</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T14:08:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-33626-07</username>
        <id>1817378</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Kach|KACH]]</comment>
      <origin>10880348</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="29696" sha1="0xntu6lg8zipnacdhgm8meiq6vpk7v7" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox political party
| name             = Kach
| native_name      = {{Script/Hebrew|כך}}
| logo             = Logo of Kach.svg
| colorcode        = {{party color|Kach (political party)}}
| leader           = [[Meir Kahane]]
| founded          = 1971
| ideology         = {{nowrap|[[Religious Zionism]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Halachic state]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Kahanism]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Religious conservatism]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Population transfer]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Economic liberalism]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Anti-communism]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Anti-Arabism]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Criticism of Islam|Anti-Islam]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Ultranationalism]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Weinblum2015&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Sharon Weinblum|title=Security and Defensive Democracy in Israel: A Critical Approach to Political Discourse|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8DtyBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PR10|year= 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-58450-6|page=10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Greater Israel]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of Terrorism, Second Edition |date=2011 |publisher=SAGE Publications |page=321}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Politics of Terrorism A Survey |date=2010 |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis |page=166}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| headquarters     = [[Jerusalem]]
| international    = None
| website          = 
| country          = [[Israel]]
| banned           = 13 March 1994
| colors           = {{Color box|#FFD700|border=darkgray}} [[Gold (color)|Gold]]
{{color box|black}} [[Black|Black]]
| newspaper        = 
| youth_wing       = 
| position         = [[Far-right politics|Far-right]]
| religion         = Primarily [[Orthodox Judaism]] (mainly [[Hardal]])
| national         = 
| symbol           = {{Script/Hebrew|כך}}
| flag             = [[Image:Flag of Kach and Kahane Chai.svg|200px]]
| country2         = [[Palestinian Authority]]
| wing1_title      = Paramilitary wing
| wing1            = [[Jewish Defense League]]
| seats1_title     = Most MKs
| seats1           = {{nowrap|1 (1984)}}
}}
'''Kach''' (Hebrew: כך, lit. 'Thus') was an existing religious Zionist party, existing from 1971 to 1994. Founded by rabbi [[Meir Kahane]] in 1971, drawing upon [[Kahanism|his Jewish-Orthodox-nationalist ideology]], the party won a seat in 1984, after several electoral failures. Later on, it was banned from participating in the next elections in 1988 under the revised [[Knesset]] Elections Law banning parties that incited racism. After Kahane's assassination in 1990 the party offshooted into '''Kach''', led by [[Baruch Marzel]] and '''Kahane Chai''', led by [[Binyamin Ze'ev Kahane|Benny Ze'ev Kahane]], descendant of [[Meir Kahane]], chairman of Kach. 

This party was barred from participating in 1992 elections and banned outright by the Israeli cabinet following statements endorsing the execution of 29 non-Jews by Goldstein at the cave of the Patriarchs by [[Baruch Goldstein]], who was fellow Member of the Kach party. 

Designated as &quot;terrorist&quot; groups by Israel, Canada, Japan, the United States and EU formerly, they are believed to have an overlapping core membership of more/less than 100 people, many of whom are tied to the modern day [[Otzma Yehudit]] party.  

== Background ==

=== Early history ===
[[Meir Kahane|Kahane]] immigrated to [[Israel]] from the [[United States]] in September 1971, at first declaring that he would only involve himself in Jewish education.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sprinzak&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Ehud Sprinzak|title=Brother against Brother|url=https://archive.org/details/brotheragainstbr0000spri|publisher=The Free Press|year=1999|page=[https://archive.org/details/brotheragainstbr0000spri/page/188 189]|isbn=978-0684853444}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, he soon became involved in controversy, initiating protests supportive of expulsion of Arabs from [[Israel]] and the [[Occupied Palestinian Territory|Palestinian territories]]. In 1972, [[Jewish Defense League|JDL]] leaflets were distributed around [[Hebron]], calling for the mayor to stand trial for the [[1929 Hebron massacre]].&lt;ref name=&quot;MFA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/aboutisrael/state/law/pages/the%20kach%20movement%20-%20background%20-%2003-mar-94.aspx|title=The Kach Movement - Background|publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs|date=3 March 1994|access-date=23 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1971, Kahane founded a new party,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Politics/kach.html|title=Israel Political Parties: Kach|encyclopedia=Jewish Virtual Library|access-date=23 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; which ran in the [[1973 Israeli legislative election|1973 elections]] under the name &quot;The League List&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.polsci.ucsb.edu/faculty/hstoll/research/Israeli_Election_Results.xls Complete Israeli Election Results, 1949-2009] UC Santa Barbara {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt; The party won 12,811 votes (0.82%), just 2,857 (0.18%) short of the [[Election threshold|electoral threshold]] at the time (1%) for winning a seat. Following the elections, the party was named &quot;''Kach''&quot;, taken from [[Irgun]] motto &quot;''Rak Kach''&quot; (&quot;Only thus&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Rafael Medoff|author2=Chaim I. Waxman|year=2013|title=Historical Dictionary of Zionism|publisher=Routledge|page=100|isbn=978-1579582869}}&lt;/ref&gt; The party was less successful in the [[1977 Israeli legislative election|1977 elections]], in which it won 4,396 votes (0.25%), and in 1980 Kahane was sentenced to six months in prison for his involvement in a plan to commit an &quot;act of provocation&quot; on the [[Temple Mount|Temple Mt]].&lt;ref name=&quot;MFA&quot; /&gt; The [[1981 Israeli legislative election|1981 elections]] were another failure, with Kach receiving only 5,128 votes (0.27%).

=== Kahane at the Knesset ===
Events in the next couple of years increased the party's profile. In 1982, [[Israel]] withdrew [[Israel Defense Forces|its forces]] out of the [[Sinai Peninsula]], as part of the [[Egypt–Israel peace treaty]] which involved evacuating Israeli settlers living in the peninsula. There was fierce resistance, particularly in [[Yamit]], which used to be [one] of the largest [[Israeli settlements|Jewish settlements]] in the [[Sinai Peninsula]], where several extremists had barricaded themselves inside a [[synagogue]] and were threatening to commit suicide. [[Menachem Begin]]'s government asked Kahane to act as an intermediary and convince them to give in.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pedahzur|first=Ami|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/317068141|title=Jewish terrorism in Israel|last2=Perliger|first2=Arie|date=2009|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-15446-8|series=Columbia studies in terrorism and irregular warfare|location=New York|page=87|oclc=317068141}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Prior to the [[1984 Israeli legislative election|1984 legislative elections]], the party was barred by the [[Israeli Central Elections Committee|Central Elections Committee]] for racism. It successfully appealed to the [[Supreme Court of Israel|Supreme Court]], which reversed the CEC's decision, ruling that the [[Knesset Elections Law]] (one of the [[Basic Laws of Israel]]) did not allow a party to be barred on the grounds of racism, but did suggest that the law be amended.&lt;ref name=&quot;MFA&quot; /&gt; In the elections, the party won 25,907 votes (1.2%), passing the electoral threshold for the first time, and winning one seat, which was duly taken by Kahane.

Kahane's legislative proposals put forth efforts to revoke Israeli citizenship for non-Jews, creation of a homogenous Jewish family, and ending Jewish-Gentile meetings, according to the Code of Hebrew law, compiled by [[Maimonides]] in the ''Mishneh Torah''.

As his political career progressed, Kahane became increasingly isolated in the Knesset. His speeches, boycotted by Knesset members, were made to an empty parliament, except for the duty chairman and the transcriptionist. Kahane's legislative proposals and motions of no-confidence against the government were ignored or rejected by fellow Knesset members. Kahane often pejoratively called other Knesset members &quot;Hellenists&quot; in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. In 1987, [[Meir Kahane|Kahane]] opened a [[yeshiva]] ([[HaRaayon HaYehudi]]) with funding from U.S. supporters, for the teaching of &quot;the Authentic Jewish Idea&quot;.

Despite the boycott, polls showed that the Kach party would have likely received three to four seats in the coming November 1988 elections,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Donald Neff|url=http://www.wrmea.org/1999-july-august/jewish-defense-league-unleashes-campaign-of-violence-in-america.html|title=Jewish Defense League Unleashes Campaign of Violence in America|work=Washington Report on Middle East Affairs|date=July–August 1999|pages=81–82|access-date=23 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6iHOrDQghpcC&amp;q=kach+1988+knesset+elections+poll&amp;pg=PA196|title=Jew vs. Jew: the struggle for the soul of American Jewry|author=Samuel G. Freedman|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=2000|page=196|isbn=9780684859446|access-date=23 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; with some earlier polls forecasting as many as twelve seats,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/Flash.aspx/32251|title=12 Years Since the Assassination of Rabbi Meir Kahane|work=Arutz Sheva|date=23 October 2002|access-date=23 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Bradley Burston|author-link=Bradley Burston|date=12 December 2002|title=Slain Rabbi Meir Kahane Runs From the Grave|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-95237786.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924165509/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-95237786.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=23 June 2015}}{{subscription required}}&lt;/ref&gt; possibly making Kach the third largest party.

=== Ban from running in elections ===
In response to the election of Kach's single representative and following up on the recommendation of the Supreme Court, the Knesset passed an amendment to the Elections Law, which stated:&lt;ref name=&quot;MFA&quot; /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;A list of candidates shall not participate in elections to the Knesset if its objects or actions, expressly or by implication, include one of the following:

:# negation of the existence of the [[Israel|State of Israel]] as a &quot;[[Jewish state]]&quot;;
:# negation of the democratic character of the state.
:# incitement to racism
&lt;/blockquote&gt;As a result, Kach was disqualified from running in the [[1988 Israeli legislative election|1988 elections]] by the Central Elections Committee. The party once again appealed against the decision, with sympathizers of Kahane claiming that security, demographic and religious needs were justification for discrimination against [[Arabs]]. This time the appeal was unsuccessful, with the court stating that the aims and action of Kach were &quot;manifestly racist&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;MFA2&quot; /&gt;

To protest their electoral ban, a group of Kach activists founded [[Sicarii (1989)|Sicarii]] in 1989. Their protests took the form of [[arson]] and [[graffiti]] attacks against Jewish [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] political figures.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Underground group targets Jewish leftists|last=Roseberg|first=Carol|date=28 April 1989|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|page=A8|author-link=Carol Rosenberg}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PedahzurPerliger2011&quot;&gt;{{citation|author1=Ami Pedahzur|title=Jewish Terrorism in Israel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DF03xwLaPucC&amp;pg=PA93|page=93|year=2011|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-15447-5|author2=Arie Perliger}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aftermath after Kahane's death ===
On 5 November 1990, Kahane was assassinated after making a speech in [[New York City]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/19/nyregion/terror-label-no-hindrance-to-anti-arab-jewish-group.html|work=The New York Times|first=Dean E.|last=Murphy|title=Terror Label No Hindrance To Anti-Arab Jewish Group|date=19 December 2000|page=B6|access-date=23 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The prime suspect, [[El Sayyid Nosair]], an Egyptian-born American citizen, was subsequently acquitted of murder, but convicted on gun possession charges.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/23/nyregion/jury-selection-seen-as-crucial-to-verdict.html|work=The New York Times|first=Selwyn|last=Raab|title=Jury Selection Seen As Crucial to Verdict|date=23 December 1991|access-date=23 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kach offshooted into '''Kach''', led by [[Baruch Marzel]], sub. for [[Rabbi]] [[Avraham Toledano]], Mashgiach Ruhani of Yeshivat HaRa'ayon HaYehudi, founded by [[Meir Kahane]] and '''Kahane Chai''', led by [[Binyamin Ze'ev Kahane|Benjamin Ze'ev Kahane]], a descendant of [[Meir Kahane|Rabbi Meir Kahane]], founder of Kach &amp; Kahane Chai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8_weKmqZv0kC&amp;q=%22kahane+chai%22+breakaway&amp;pg=PA153|title=A Brief History of Israel|last=Reich|first=Bernard|date=2008|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9781438108261|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kach &amp; Kahane Chai were banned from participating in [[1992 Israeli legislative election|1992]].

=== Party ban on Kach &amp; Kahane Chai ===
Following both parties noting their support of a 1992 grenade attack on the butchers' market of [[Jerusalem]]'s [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City]], [[Cabinet of Israel|government minister]] [[Amnon Rubinstein]] asked the [[Attorney General of Israel|Attorney General]] to launch criminal proceedings against [[Meir Kahane|Kahane]]/[[Baruch Goldstein|Goldstein]], [[Baruch Marzel]] on the charges of incitement to terrorism.&lt;ref name=&quot;MFA2&quot; /&gt;

In 1994, both the groups were banned under 1948 anti-[[terrorism]] laws&lt;ref name=&quot;treas.gov&quot; /&gt; after issuing sympathy for [[Doctor|Dr.]] [[Baruch Goldstein]], who [[Cave of the Patriarchs massacre|killed 29 civilians]] at the [[Cave of the Patriarchs]], avenging the [[Assassination of Meir Kahane|assassination]] of [[Meir Kahane]] (Goldstein was recruited by the [[Jewish Defense League|JDL]] at an early age).&lt;ref name=&quot;cdi.org&quot; /&gt; 

Many former Kach activists spent time in Israeli jail under [[administrative detention]], particularly [[Noam Federman]], who spent more than 6 months in lockup without being indicted.&lt;ref name=&quot;start&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=EYAL (Fighting Jewish Organization)|url=http://www.start.umd.edu/tops/terrorist_organization_profile.asp?id=4017|work=National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism|publisher=University of Maryland|access-date=23 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624043946/http://www.start.umd.edu/tops/terrorist_organization_profile.asp?id=4017|archive-date=24 June 2015|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

After being convicted for sedition for distributing pamphlets advocating violence against Arabs, [[Binyamin Ze'ev Kahane]] and his wife were killed in a [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian]] ambush in December 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/1095078.stm|work=BBC News|title=The Kahanes: Like father, like son|date=31 December 2000|access-date=23 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aftermath ===
[[File:Kach.jpg|thumb|258x258px|Kach logo spraypainted on a cement block reading &quot;Kahane Chai&quot;]]
[[File:Kach_graf.jpg|thumb|[[Kahanism|Kahanist]] graffiti in [[Hebron]] on a Palestinian home. The words to the top right say &quot;Kahane Chai&quot;. The fist inside the [[Star of David]] is the party logo. Below is the acronym for &quot;Kahane Chai&quot; which is also the Hebrew word for ''strength''.]]
Following the bans on Kach &amp; Kahane Chai, the movements officially disbanded. Kach Leadership formed an advocacy group known as ''The Kahane Movement''. The group's activities consist mainly of maintaining Kahanist website kahane.org. However, ''the Kahane Movement'' is listed on the [[United States]]'s list of terrorist organizations as Kach and Kahane Chai, though the group denies this.

The New Kach Movement existed between 2001 and 2003 and maintained websites posting [[Kahanism|Kachnick]] political commentary and held meetings with informal members. Headed by Israeli-born student Ephraim Hershkovits, it had chapters worldwide and a youth movement, ''Noar haMeir''. Upon returning to live in Israel in 2003, Hershkovits disbanded the movement to avoid harassment by the Israeli government, advising its former members to support ''The Kahane Movement''. After the organization had dissolved, its name was also added to the United States of America's list of terrorist organizations as an alias for &quot;Kach&quot;. Hershkovits was arrested on 7 August 2005 and placed in administrative detention for three months by Israeli authorities.

America continued to designate the group as a [[List of terrorist organisations|terrorist organization]] by the early 2000s,&lt;ref name=&quot;state.gov&quot; /&gt; saying that it engaged in terrorist activity by:

* Using explosives or firearms with intent to endanger the safety of individuals or cause substantial damage to property (including an attempt to car bomb a [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] girls school in [[East Jerusalem]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.wrmea.org/2007-january-february/u.s.-appeals-court-affirms-designation-of-kahane-chai-kach-as-terrorist-groups.html|title=U.S. Appeals Court Affirms Designation of Kahane Chai, Kach as Terrorist Groups|work=Washington Report on Middle East Affairs|date=January–February 2007|agency=The DC Investigative Journalism Collective|access-date=23 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Conspiring to carry out assassinations
* Soliciting funds and members for a terrorist organization

The [[United States Department of State|State Department]] also says that the group is suspected of involvement in a number of low-level attacks since the start of the [[Al-Aqsa Intifada|Second Intifada]] in 2000.&lt;ref name=&quot;cfr&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cfr.org/israel/kach-kahane-chai-israel-extremists/p9178?breadcrumb=%2Fabout%2Fnewsletters%2Feditorial_detail%3Fid%3D1332|title=Kach, Kahane Chai (Israel, extremists)|publisher=Council for Foreign Relations|date=20 March 2008|access-date=23 June 2015|archive-date=4 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604062238/http://www.cfr.org/israel/kach-kahane-chai-israel-extremists/p9178?breadcrumb=%2Fabout%2Fnewsletters%2Feditorial_detail%3Fid%3D1332|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the [[2003 Israeli legislative election|2003 elections]], [[Baruch Marzel]], former chief of Kach ran as number two on the [[Herut – The National Movement|Herut – National Movement]] party list. The party narrowly missed obtaining a seat. In 2004, he founded the [[Jewish National Front]], which gained 24,824 votes (0.7%) in the [[2006 Israeli legislative election|2006 elections]], less than half needed to win a seat. Israeli far-rightist party [[Jewish National Front]] merged into [[Eretz Yisrael Shelanu]] and [[National Union (Israel)|National Union]], for which [[Michael Ben-Ari]], a self-declared follower of [[Meir Kahane]], ran as fourth and secured a spot for Kahanists.

Former Chief Executive of Kahane Chai, a Kach offshoot, [[Yekutiel Ben-Yaakov]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.box.net/shared/ki7ned882t|title=Business Information Report: Kahane Chai Inc|publisher=Dun &amp; Bradstreet Information Services|date=15 July 1994|access-date=23 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; continues to solicit funds in the U.S., with the support of [[Evangelical Christians|Evangelicals]] and [[American Jews|Jewish]] [[Community|Communities]] of [[United States|American]] and/or [[Israeli Jews|Israeli]] origin.

A 2009 ''Haaretz'' story accused the leader of [[Yisrael Beiteinu]], [[Avigdor Lieberman]] of past membership in Kach, an accusation Lieberman denies or repurposes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Lily Galili|date=1 January 2009|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/elections-2009-haaretz-exclusive-avigdor-lieberman-said-to-be-ex-member-of-banned-radical-kach-movement-1.266808|title=Elections 2009 / Haaretz exclusive: Avigdor Lieberman said to be ex-member of banned radical Kach movement|newspaper=Haaretz|access-date=23 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A number of Kach activists, such as Rabbi Benzi Gopstein, [[Baruch Marzel]], [[Itamar Ben-Gvir]] and [[Michael Ben-Ari]], later represented the [[Israel|Israeli]] far-right [[Racial segregation#Israel|segregationist]] movement [[Lehava]], which is affiliated with the [[Otzma Yehudit|Jewish Power party]].&lt;ref name=&quot;strange&quot;&gt;{{cite news |author=Uri Blau|author2=Shai Greenberg|title=A strange kind of mercy|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|date=27 May 2011|url=https://www.haaretz.com/weekend/magazine/a-strange-kind-of-mercy-1.364417|access-date=21 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BenGvir&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/national/.premium-1.632949|author=Yair Ettinger|title=Israel Police arrests four more anti-Arab activists from rightist group Lehava|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|date=21 December 2014|access-date=21 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;marzel&quot;&gt;{{cite news |author=Felicity Kay|date=15 March 2010|newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel/Marzel-urges-super-model-Refaeli-not-to-marry-DiCaprio|title=Marzel urges super model Refaeli not to marry DiCaprio}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Allyn Fisher-Ilan|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/mideast-israel-wedding-idINKBN0GI06E20140818|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623174540/http://in.reuters.com/article/mideast-israel-wedding-idINKBN0GI06E20140818|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 June 2016|title=Israeli wedding of Jew, Muslim draws protesters amid war tensions|date=18 August 2014|publisher=[[Reuters]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Kobi Nachshoni|url=http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3665336,00.html|title=מספר 4 באיחוד הלאומי: כולם מבינים שכהנא צדק|trans-title=Number 4 in the National Union: Everyone Understands that Kahane was Right|publisher=[[Ynet]]|language=he|date=2 February 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=9 March 2009|author=Lior Averbach|url=http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART1/863/684.html|title=הח&quot;כ &quot;הכהניסט&quot; התלונן על אריה גולן: הוא קטע איתי ראיון באמצע|language=he|trans-title=The 'Kahanist' MK complained about Arie Golan: He Cut me Short in an Interview|publisher=[[nrg Maariv]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Otzma Yehudit]] is a [[Kahanism|Kahanist]] [[political party]] that incorporates many of the same followers, especially [[Baruch Marzel]], [[Michael Ben-Ari]], [[Ben-Zion Gopstein|Gopstein]] and [[Itamar Ben-Gvir|Ben-Gvir]].&lt;ref name=&quot;TachlesJP&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=25 February 2019|access-date=25 February 2019|url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel-Elections/What-does-Otzma-Yehudit-and-its-leaders-stand-for-581765|title=What do Otzma Yehudit and its leaders stand for?|work=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|author=Jeremy Sharon}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Political platform ==
The Kach party platform called for legislation on a variety of issues:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=The Others|work=The Jewish Press|date=23 September 1988}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Meir Kahane 1987 266–274&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews|year=1987|publisher=Lyle Stuart|isbn=0818404388|author=Meir Kahane|pages=[https://archive.org/details/uncomfortableque00kaha/page/266 266–274]|url=https://archive.org/details/uncomfortableque00kaha/page/266}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Non-Jews ===

* Non-Jews in Israel (especially [[Israeli Arabs]]) are to be offered the right of residence as a non-citizen. All non-Jews will have total personal rights and no national ones. Those who refuse the offer, and agree to leave quickly and peacefully, will receive compensation for their property, with 10% taken off and placed in a special fund for [[Sephardic Jews]] who left property behind in Arab countries and were never compensated.
* Until then, every [[Arab Israelis|Israeli Arab]] from the age of 18 will serve three years of manual labor, plus yearly manual duty as part of the reserves. The [[Bituah Leumi|National Insurance Institute]], which pays monthly checks for every Arab child until the age of 18, will be transferred to the [[Jewish Agency]], and payment made only to Jews.
* An automatic (death) penalty shall be in force for any Arab terrorist caught.

=== Economy and employment ===

* A five-day-week of work will be introduced throughout the country, with [[Shabbat]] and Sunday being full days of rest. Sunday will be a day for freedom of entertainment, sport, and general pleasure, while the Shabbat will be a day of cessation.
* A free economy will be put into force, with regulations and licenses cut to a minimum, and the [[bureaucracy]] cut to the bone. Taxes will be cut, and capital investment welcome. Worker-participation in factories will be encouraged. The [[Histadrut]] will be limited to being a union only and will have to sell off its holdings. Only free enterprise that brings in foreign investment, and that encourages domestic [[capitalism]] and incentive, will allow Israel to escape its position as a beggar basket-case.
* Minimum wages will be raised to high levels, and underemployment compensation limited only to those who are incapable of working or can prove that they have not been able to find work. [[Hebrew labor|Jewish labor]] will be advocated.
* The huge amounts of budgetary funds that go to the Arab sector will be diverted to the needs of the Jewish underprivileged in the urban neighborhoods and the development towns.&lt;ref name=&quot;If I were Prime Minister…&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=If I were Prime Minister…|work=The Jewish Press|date=11 March 1983}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Education ===

* Organization of Jewish education shall be undertaken, including schools, the army, and state news media. All schools in Israel will be given a basic curriculum in [[Judaism]] and [[Zionism|Jewish national pride]]. Parents who do not wish this can organize their own private schools, but with no government funding.

=== Foreign affairs ===

* The [[Aliyah]] Department shall be re-organized, with all emissaries recalled and a new system implemented under which a shaliach (emissary) sent to a foreign country will be one who himself came from this country.
* A special unit to deal properly with Jew-haters outside of Israel who threaten Jews there will be set up. There will be no sanctuary for murderers of Jews, Israelis or not.
* A special office to deal with the suffering Jews outside of Israel (Syria, Yemen, Ethiopia, Palestine, Iran etc.) will coordinate non-stop protests and pressures throughout the world.
* The humiliation of [[United Nations]] defamation and degradation of Israel will be put to an end with Israel's withdrawal.&lt;ref name=&quot;If I were Prime Minister…&quot; /&gt;

=== Land and sovereignty ===

* Immediate annexation of every part of Israel that is in our hands, and unlimited settlement for Jews everywhere in that area.
* Sovereignty from the [[Temple Mount]] shall be given to the [[Chief Rabbinate of Israel|Rabbinate]]. Jews will have unlimited access to those areas of the [[Temple Mount]] that are permitted entry by [[halakha]], and a [[synagogue]] will be built immediately.
* Every young couple will be offered a [[dunam]] of free land to build a home with minimum [[mortgage]]. This will encourage young couples to leave the cities, and also to live in an environment of air and land, rather than cramped into tiny apartments in high-rise buildings.

=== Military ===

* The Army shall be given a free hand to shoot when it feels necessary at any attacker, including stone-throwers. The entire village of any [[terrorist]], including stone-throwers, shall be expelled from the country.
* Every soldier during his three years of basic army service will learn a manual trade and will be given an opportunity, while in the army, to spend much of his last year at home working in that trade.
* All women will be exempt from army service but will be compelled to do [[national service]] in their neighborhoods and come home every night.
* A separate large army base shall be set up in which [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi Jews]] will do their army service. Any full-time [[yeshiva]] student who does absolutely nothing else will be exempt. The many thousands of part-time [[yeshiva]] students will be doing army service at the special base.

== Electoral history ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Election
!Leader
!Votes
!%
!Seats
!+/–
|-
![[1973 Israeli legislative election|1973]]
&lt;small&gt;(as 'The League List')&lt;/small&gt;
|[[Meir Kahane]]
|12,811
|0.8
|{{Composition bar|0|120|{{party color|Kach (political party)}}}}
|New
|-
![[1977 Israeli legislative election|1977]]
|[[Meir Kahane]]
|4,396
|0.3
|{{Composition bar|0|120|{{party color|Kach (political party)}}}}
|{{Steady}}
|-
![[1981 Israeli legislative election|1981]]
|[[Meir Kahane]]
|5,128
|0.3
|{{Composition bar|0|120|{{party color|Kach (political party)}}}}
|{{Steady}}
|-
![[1984 Israeli legislative election|1984]]
|[[Meir Kahane]]
|25,907
|1.2
|{{Composition bar|1|120|{{party color|Kach (political party)}}}}
|{{Increase}}1
|-
![[1988 Israeli legislative election|1988]]
|[[Meir Kahane]] and [[Baruch Marzel]]
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Party banned, gone underground.
|{{Decrease}}1
|}

== See also ==

* [[Arab–Israeli conflict]]
** [[Israeli-Palestinian conflict]]
*** [[Six-Day War|6 Day War]]
*** [[Israeli-occupied territories|Israeli-occupied Territories]]
*** [[Israeli settlements]]
*** [[Gush Emunim]]
*** [[Iranian Revolution]]
*** [[Far-right politics in Israel]]
*** [[Jewish Defense League|Jewish Defence League (JDL)]]
*** [[Jewish Defense Organization|Jewish Defence Organization (JDO)]]
*** [[Jewish religious terrorism]]
**** [[Kahanism]]
***** [[State of Judea|Free State of Judea]]
***** [[Jewish National Front]]
***** [[Otzma Yehudit]]
* [[Iraqi invasion of Kuwait|Iraqi conquest of Kuwait]]
* [[Gaza War (2008–2009)]]
* [[Gaza war]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Zionist parties]]
[[Category:Kahanism]]
[[Category:Anti-Arab racism]]
[[Category:Meir Kahane]]</text>
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    <title>Operation Torch</title>
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      <comment>Removed countries that never participated and added more countries that did.</comment>
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      <text bytes="9982" sha1="63a6t1i6i21u2f8k5iuhbs3y8muezsy" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict    = Operation Torch
| partof      = the [[North African Campaign]] of&lt;br&gt;[[World War II]]
| image       = Operation Torch - map.jpg
| caption     = Map of Operation Torch
| date        = 8 November – 16 November 1942
| place       = [[French Morocco|Morocco]] and [[French Algeria]]
| result      = Allied victory
| combatant1  = {{flagcountry|United States|1912}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
| combatant2  = {{flag|Vichy France}}&lt;hr&gt;{{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Fascist Italy}}
| commander1  = {{flagicon|United States|1912}} [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]&lt;br/&gt;{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Andrew Cunningham]]&lt;br/&gt;{{flagicon|United States|1912}} [[George S. Patton]]&lt;br/&gt;{{flagicon|United States|1912}} [[Lloyd Fredendall]]&lt;br/&gt;{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Kenneth Arthur Noel Anderson|Kenneth Anderson]]
| commander2  = {{flagicon|France|1830}} [[François Darlan]]&lt;br/&gt;{{flagicon|France|1830}} [[Charles Noguès]]&lt;br/&gt;{{flagicon|France|1830}} [[Frix Michelier]]&lt;br/&gt;{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|naval}} [[Ernst Kals]]
| strength1   = 107,000&lt;br/&gt;(33,000 in Morocco,&lt;br/&gt;39,000 near Algeria,&lt;br/&gt;35,000 near Oran)
| strength2   = '''Vichy France:''' 60,000&lt;br/&gt;'''Germany:''' 2 submarines near Casablanca
| casualties1 = 479+ deaths&lt;br/&gt;720 wounded
| casualties2 = 1,346+ deaths&lt;br/&gt;1,997 wounded
| image-size  = 300px
}}
'''Operation Torch''' (initially '''Operation Gymnast''') was the attack of the [[United States]]–[[United Kingdom]] coalition (the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]]) during the [[North African Campaign|North African campaign]] on the [[Vichy France|Vichy French]] territories in the [[World War II|Second World War]]. It began on 8 November 1942 and ended a week later.

The [[Soviet Union]] had requested several times to the United States and the United Kingdom to immediately act in [[Europe]] and open a second front to share the burden with the [[Red Army]] in [[European theatre of World War II|the fight]] [[Eastern Front (World War II)|against]] [[Nazi Germany]]. While many American commanders supported [[Operation Sledgehammer]] to directly land in the occupied European continent, the British believed it would end in disaster so they proposed an attack on the Vichy French territories in [[North Africa]] to clean up the [[Axis powers|Axis]] forces out of North Africa, increasing control of the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and preparing for an invasion of Southern France in 1943 (in reality it was in [[Operation Dragoon|1944]]). [[President of the United States|US President]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] suspected that activities in Africa would affect the European advancement in 1943 but still supported the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British Prime Minister]] [[Winston Churchill]].

== Background ==
[[File:Operation Torch.jpg|right|350px|thumb|The route of transport trains preparing for the operation.]]
The Allies had planned for an attack led by the US-UK coalition in North Africa/French [[Maghreb]] – [[French Morocco|Morocco]], [[French Algeria|Algeria]] and [[French Tunisia|Tunisia]], the Vichy French territories in name only. With the British entering from Egypt, the Allies can execute an operation to surround the Axis troops in North Africa. Vichy France had around 125,000 troops in the territorial areas and also coastal artillery, 210 usable tanks but outdated and around 500 aircrafts, half of which were fighter aircrafts [[Dewoitine D.520|Dewoitine D520]] with strength near equal to many British and American fighter aircrafts. These forces were split, which include 60,000 troops in Morocco, 15,000 in Tunisia and 50,000 in Algeria with coastal artillery and a small number of aircrafts and tanks. Aditionally, there were around 10 [[Warship|warships]] and 11 [[Submarine|submarines]] in [[Casablanca]].

=== Political reasons ===
The Allies believed the Vichy French would not resist, partly because of information provided by American consul Robert Daniel Murphy in Algeria. France was a former member of the Allies so the US Army prohibited firing first unless they shoot. However, they were still feared about the French still angrying about the United Kingdom's actions in June 1940 to prevent Germany from taking warships from France's hands. The [[attack on Mers-el-Kébir]] killed around 1,300 French sailors.

Rating the good altitudes of the French military was also important and many plans have been executed to ensure their cooperation instead of resistance. The Germans' help for France was mainly by air, many [[Luftwaffe]]'s aircraft bombers were used to attack the Allies' aid to North Africa, targeting Allied ports in Algeria and along the North African coast.

=== Commanders ===
[[Lieutenant general]] [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] was given the command of the operation, the headquarters were based in [[Gibraltar]]. The [[Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force|Allied Naval Expeditionary Force]] commander was Admiral [[Sir Andrew Cunningham]] along with Vice Admiral [[Sir Bertram Ramsay]], who planned the landing.

=== Stragetic controversies ===
Long-serving American commanders remained highly opposed, after the Allied High Command met in [[London]] on 30 July 1942, General [[George Marshall]] and Admiral [[Ernest King]] did not approve the plan. Marshall and other American generals wanted a landing on northern Europe in the final year, but the British disapproved. After Prime Minister Winston Churchill urged a landing of French North Africa in 1942, Marshall suggested to President Franklin D. Roosevelt about cancelling the priorities on Germany and focusing on the [[Pacific War]]. Roosevelt said it would not help the Soviets, with Marshall failed to change the British opinion about it, Roosevelt requested that Operation Torch should be more prioritised than any other activities and should be executed as soon as possible, this was Roosevelt's one of two direct orders to generals in the war.

When executing the plan, Allied military stragetists had to consider the political situations in North Africa, which were complex and also many aspects of political and diplomatic factions. The US had recognized Pétain and the Vichy government in 1940, while Britain did not and instead recognized the [[Free France|Free French]] [[government-in-exile]] of General [[Charles de Gaulle]] and agreed to finance them. North Africa was a part of France's colonial system and had supported the Vichy France in name only, but that support was not popular among the public.

The United States' strageties when planning the attack were to calculate the complexity on the ground. Planners assumed that if leaders were aided by the Allies then they would liberate themselves and the United States had embarked on detailed negotiations under US Consul General Robert Murphy in [[Rabat]] with the Free French movement. Because the British had committed to Charles de Gaulle financially and diplomatically, so it was obvious that the Americans would have to begin a series of negotiations with the Free French and also the attack itself. Due to many competitions of many factions in North Africa, their supports were uncertain and because the need of secrecy so detailed plans were not able to be shared with the French.

=== Allied plans ===
[[Oran]], [[Algiers]] and [[Casablanca]] were selected to be the main targets. The most ideal stragety was to landing in [[Tunis]] to ensure the security for [[French Tunisia|Tunisia]] and create an convenient opportunity to prevent/cut supply lines that go through [[Tripoli]] to [[Rommel]]'s forces in Libya. However, Tunis was too near to the Axis' airfields in [[Sicily]] and [[Sardinia]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;so there were no hope of victory. The Allies would land in [[Bône]] in eastern Algeria, near Tunis than Alger about 300 mi (480 km). Limited resources made the Allies could only land in three beaches and [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] – who believed any plans should include the landings in Oran and Algiers – had two main options: choose the west, land in Casablanca, Oran and Algiers and then quickly move to Tunis which is about 500 mi (800 km) to Algiers from the east once the Vichy opposition is surpressed; or choose the east, land in Oran, Algiers and Bône then proceeding overland to Casablanca which is about 500 mi (800 km) to Oran from the west. Eisenhower supported to the east's plan because of the advantages it brought to take Tunis early and a Casablanca landing near the [[Atlantic Ocean]] would be more dangerous than the [[Mediterranean Sea]].

However, there were concerns that the operation would end [[Francoist Spain|Spain]]'s [[Neutral powers during World War II|neutral]] status. If Spain joins the [[Axis powers]] then the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] might be closed fully, cutting the Allies' communication lines so the Casablanca landing was chosen to reduce the risk because many forces in Algeria and Tunisia might be aided by land from Casablanca (although there were significant difficulties) in case if many straits are closed.

Marshall's opposition to the plan delayed the plan for a month, and his opposition to the landing in Algeria questioned some British military leaders about Marshall's stragetic capability; the [[Royal Navy]] had controlled the Strait of Gibraltar and Spain could not intervene because [[Francisco Franco]] needed to take care of his nation and himself after the [[Spanish Civil War]] ended rather than joining World War II. The landing in Morocco removed control with Tunisia. Eisenhower told [[Patton]] that the past six weeks were his hardest time in his life. When Eisenhower approved the landings in Algeria and Morocco, he pointed that the decision had increased the chance to take Tunis early because the Axis forces would take more time to send troops to Tunisia.
[[Category:World War II]]
[[Category:Invasions of World War II]]
[[Category:North African battles of World War II]]
[[Category:1940s conflicts]]</text>
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    <title>User talk:Erakilos</title>
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        <username>BRPever</username>
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      <comment>/* Block Review */ +</comment>
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==Welcome!==

[[Image:Chocolate chip cookies.jpg|thumb|300px|Some cookies to welcome you! [[File:Face-smile.svg|25px]]]] Hello, I am [[User:Ferien|Ferien]] and [[Wikipedia:WELCOME|welcome to Wikipedia]], Erakilos! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Erakilos|your changes]]. I just wanted to say hi and welcome you to Wikipedia! If you have any questions check out [[Wikipedia:Questions]], or  send me a message on [[User talk:Ferien|my talk page]]. I like to help new people, so don't be afraid to leave a message!  I hope you like Wikipedia and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful:
* [[Wikipedia:Introduction|Introduction]]
* [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars of Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:How to edit a page|How to change a page]]
* [[Help:Contents|Help pages]]
* [[Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages|How to write a very good article]]
Also, when you post on [[Wikipedia:Talk page|talk pages]] you should [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|sign your name]] using four tildes (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); that should automatically produce your username and the date after your post. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedian]]!  --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] &lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])&lt;/small&gt; 11:43, 4 March 2026 (UTC)

:Thanks for the warm welcome and the cookies look delicious! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 11:48, 4 March 2026 (UTC)

== Warning ==

Usually when you see edits like [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=10771055&amp;oldid=10771052&amp;rcid=26946842 these], you can just immediately report them to [[WP:VIP]] with the reason of them being LTAs. [[WP:LTA|LTA]]s are users who create accounts just to make a certain edit and are usually [[meta:Globally locked|locked]] when you make a request at [[:meta:SRG|this page]]. If you need further clarification ping me here. Happy editing! :) [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|talk]]) 12:41, 4 March 2026 (UTC)

:Ah, thank you for the tip! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 12:45, 4 March 2026 (UTC)

== Hello ==

Hello @[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;i can see you just joined Wikipedia 5 days ago, and how do you know articles doesn’t meet the General Notability Guidelines?

do you know what it takes to write articles and you just nominate it for deletion without proper review? [[User:Whattttttttt|Whattttttttt]] ([[User talk:Whattttttttt|talk]]) 08:32, 5 March 2026 (UTC)

:Hello, I’m indeed new here, but before nominating the articles I reviewed the guidelines at [[Wikipedia:GNG]] and [[Wikipedia:Notability (people)]]. Based on my understanding, the articles may not currently meet those criteria. However, I may be mistaken; the discussion at [[WP:RfD]] allows the community to review and decide, and you’re welcome to participate there. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 08:39, 5 March 2026 (UTC)
::Alright, but the subject is already exist on the main English Wikipedia without issues with the same contents and sources. [[User:Whattttttttt|Whattttttttt]] ([[User talk:Whattttttttt|talk]]) 08:49, 5 March 2026 (UTC)

== Massundo ==

This tool is only really for a quite narrow use case where the person you're reverting has made just one edit per page. If they've made multiple, it's best to use twinkle or rollback, as massundo will just make more work for others. Thanks for your patrolling work :) [[User:lp0 on fire|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#c56030;background:inherit;&quot;&gt;lp0&amp;nbsp;on&amp;nbsp;fire&lt;/span&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;[[User talk:lp0 on fire|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#64cea0;background:inherit&quot;&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;]] 09:54, 15 March 2026 (UTC)

:Thank you for the suggestion, I just realized it reverts only the latest revision by a user on a page. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 09:57, 15 March 2026 (UTC)
::No problem :) [[User:lp0 on fire|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#c56030;background:inherit;&quot;&gt;lp0&amp;nbsp;on&amp;nbsp;fire&lt;/span&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;[[User talk:lp0 on fire|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#64cea0;background:inherit&quot;&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;]] 09:59, 15 March 2026 (UTC)

== [[Espoir records]] ==

Thanks for patrolling new pages. For future reference, any page that mentions &quot;Joseph Kargbo&quot; in the context of music or the music industry is the work of [[:en:WP:LTA/JK|a long-term vandal]], and should be tagged for deletion under criterion G5 (block evasion) instead of or in addition to any other criteria. Thanks, [[User:Passengerpigeon|Passengerpigeon]] ([[User talk:Passengerpigeon|talk]]) 01:48, 23 March 2026 (UTC)

:Got it! Thank you for the suggestion. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 02:14, 23 March 2026 (UTC)

== Naldi (singer) – notability clarification ==

Hello,

I would like to comment regarding the article:
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naldi_(singer)

I understand the concern regarding A4 (no indication of importance), however I believe the subject does meet the general notability guideline (WP:GNG).

The article includes multiple independent and reliable secondary sources that provide coverage of the artist, including:

- The Source  
- HipHopSince1987  
- LA Weekly  
- AllHipHop  
- Thrive Times  

These are independent publications that have written about the artist’s work and career development, which suggests significant coverage beyond trivial mentions.

In addition, the artist has been featured by Top Channel (Top Awards), a major media platform in Albania.

The current version of the article has been expanded, properly sourced, and written in a neutral, encyclopedic tone in line with Wikipedia policies.

Given this, I respectfully suggest that the article may not fit the A4 criterion, as there is a clear indication of notability supported by sources.

I would appreciate if you could take another look at the updated version before proceeding with deletion.

Thank you for your time. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-19744-69|&amp;#126;2026-19744-69]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-19744-69|talk]]) 14:44, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

== Rollback granted ==

Hi Erakilos, I've given you rollback as you requested it. Remember to only use rollback for obvious vandalism, and not good faith edits. If you'd like to test it out, please go [[Wikipedia:Rollback feature/Testing ground|here]]. Thank you for your contributions! :)  --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] &lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])&lt;/small&gt; 23:06, 14 April 2026 (UTC)

:Thanks, I’ll keep that in mind. – &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 02:13, 15 April 2026 (UTC)

== Hany Abu-Assad page deleted ==

* {{DRV|Hany Abu-Assad}} Why have you deleted my page? I have put a lot of work into this. I don’t fully understand why you would want it deleted. I am creating a page for my university Bachelor’s degree in Middle Eastern Studies, and I have followed all the rules. I have followed the training on how to create a page, and my references are correctly formatted. I am from Amsterdam, where Hany Abu-Assad is also from, and I have used sources from Dutch media. Could this be the reason?  I kindly request that my page be restored as soon as possible, as this is a serious project I am working on. 

[[User:Lotte van Dam|Lotte van Dam]] ([[User talk:Lotte van Dam|talk]]) 08:15, 30 April 2026 (UTC)

:The reason given for the deletion was that the subject is “not notable,” but Hany Abu-Assad is a well-known Palestinian-Dutch filmmaker and already has a page on the regular Wikipedia. I hope this is not related to his Palestinian background and that this is not the reason why the page was deleted. [[User:Lotte van Dam|Lotte van Dam]] ([[User talk:Lotte van Dam|talk]]) 08:34, 30 April 2026 (UTC)
::Hey @[[User:Lotte van Dam|Lotte van Dam]]! The deletion of the page was not related to Hany Abu-Assad’s Palestinian background. The page was deleted due to notability concerns. Even if sources are properly formatted, they must also demonstrate that the subject meets the notability criteria and has enough sources cited. I understand the effort that goes into creating a new page. You can request that the page be restored or even moved to your user space sandbox so you can improve it at [[WP:Deletion review]]. – &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 09:28, 30 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Thank you very much for your respondse, and please let me know if you notice any mistakes. I’ll be happy to correct them. [[User:Lotte van Dam|Lotte van Dam]] ([[User talk:Lotte van Dam|talk]]) 19:34, 7 May 2026 (UTC)

== Block Review ==
{{unblock|1=I respectfully request that this block be reviewed. The block rationale given for my block is in particular my RFD participation. However, I have participated in RfDs before and this was not my first instance of voting on RFD (as Gotitbro claimed at the CU forum), I didn't mention it on the CU page thinking it was unnecessary when the participation is public, so this was not my unusual behavior specific to this case. My comment on [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/Requests/2026/India_naming_dispute this particular RFD] (For which I believe I have been blocked for?) was my own assessment of the article, and not because of any connection to the blocked user. My editing practices, the use of tools and edit summaries are all what I learned from my 3 month time here and are common among editors as I've seen at [[Wikipedia:RecentChanges]] (This is where I've been mostly active at).
I understand that reasonable editors may interpret behavioral evidence differently, but I believe the evidence presented does not establish that I am the same person as Cyber.Eyes.2005, I therefore ask that the block be reconsidered or independently reviewed. Also pinging the blocking admin {{Ping|Ferien}}. – &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 01:55, 5 June 2026 (UTC)}}
:I have a few questions before I review this request:
** You were able to use common edit summaries from very early on in your editing history. Your use of scripts and several other things (which I can list if necessary) suggest to me that you are not a completely new editor, or that you may have prior experience editing while logged out. Can you explain this?
** Your areas of interest appear quite similar to those of Cyber.Eyes.2005. You mention that your participation in the India naming dispute RfD was not unusual behaviour. Can you point me to other RfDs where you had similar involvement?
** I am not entirely convinced by the explanation that your edit-summary style was simply learned during your three months here. I took a look at recent changes and do not see many editors using edit summaries in quite the same way. There are a number of small similarities with Cyber.Eyes.2005 which, taken together, are difficult to ignore. Can you provide a more detailed explanation for how you developed that editing style?
** The checkuser evidence is not concrete but there are similarities. The evidence being indecisive is not uncommon considering the time gap between use of these accounts. So this does not prove you are unrelated.
:Lastly, I will remind you the best way to get an unblock is to be honest. Unblock is not impossible under condition in that case.--[[User:BRPever|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF00FF;&quot;&gt;B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF7E00;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#00A300;&quot;&gt;P&lt;/span&gt;]]'''&lt;sup&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;''' 21:15, 6 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>i3cvrzgqqicxduq8znabol1z7yhdvqv</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>10880634</id>
      <parentid>10880567</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T00:20:50Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Fr33kman</username>
        <id>15149</id>
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      <comment>/* Block Review */ no</comment>
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==Welcome!==

[[Image:Chocolate chip cookies.jpg|thumb|300px|Some cookies to welcome you! [[File:Face-smile.svg|25px]]]] Hello, I am [[User:Ferien|Ferien]] and [[Wikipedia:WELCOME|welcome to Wikipedia]], Erakilos! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Erakilos|your changes]]. I just wanted to say hi and welcome you to Wikipedia! If you have any questions check out [[Wikipedia:Questions]], or  send me a message on [[User talk:Ferien|my talk page]]. I like to help new people, so don't be afraid to leave a message!  I hope you like Wikipedia and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful:
* [[Wikipedia:Introduction|Introduction]]
* [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars of Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:How to edit a page|How to change a page]]
* [[Help:Contents|Help pages]]
* [[Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages|How to write a very good article]]
Also, when you post on [[Wikipedia:Talk page|talk pages]] you should [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|sign your name]] using four tildes (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); that should automatically produce your username and the date after your post. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedian]]!  --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] &lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])&lt;/small&gt; 11:43, 4 March 2026 (UTC)

:Thanks for the warm welcome and the cookies look delicious! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 11:48, 4 March 2026 (UTC)

== Warning ==

Usually when you see edits like [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=10771055&amp;oldid=10771052&amp;rcid=26946842 these], you can just immediately report them to [[WP:VIP]] with the reason of them being LTAs. [[WP:LTA|LTA]]s are users who create accounts just to make a certain edit and are usually [[meta:Globally locked|locked]] when you make a request at [[:meta:SRG|this page]]. If you need further clarification ping me here. Happy editing! :) [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|talk]]) 12:41, 4 March 2026 (UTC)

:Ah, thank you for the tip! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 12:45, 4 March 2026 (UTC)

== Hello ==

Hello @[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;i can see you just joined Wikipedia 5 days ago, and how do you know articles doesn’t meet the General Notability Guidelines?

do you know what it takes to write articles and you just nominate it for deletion without proper review? [[User:Whattttttttt|Whattttttttt]] ([[User talk:Whattttttttt|talk]]) 08:32, 5 March 2026 (UTC)

:Hello, I’m indeed new here, but before nominating the articles I reviewed the guidelines at [[Wikipedia:GNG]] and [[Wikipedia:Notability (people)]]. Based on my understanding, the articles may not currently meet those criteria. However, I may be mistaken; the discussion at [[WP:RfD]] allows the community to review and decide, and you’re welcome to participate there. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 08:39, 5 March 2026 (UTC)
::Alright, but the subject is already exist on the main English Wikipedia without issues with the same contents and sources. [[User:Whattttttttt|Whattttttttt]] ([[User talk:Whattttttttt|talk]]) 08:49, 5 March 2026 (UTC)

== Massundo ==

This tool is only really for a quite narrow use case where the person you're reverting has made just one edit per page. If they've made multiple, it's best to use twinkle or rollback, as massundo will just make more work for others. Thanks for your patrolling work :) [[User:lp0 on fire|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#c56030;background:inherit;&quot;&gt;lp0&amp;nbsp;on&amp;nbsp;fire&lt;/span&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;[[User talk:lp0 on fire|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#64cea0;background:inherit&quot;&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;]] 09:54, 15 March 2026 (UTC)

:Thank you for the suggestion, I just realized it reverts only the latest revision by a user on a page. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 09:57, 15 March 2026 (UTC)
::No problem :) [[User:lp0 on fire|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#c56030;background:inherit;&quot;&gt;lp0&amp;nbsp;on&amp;nbsp;fire&lt;/span&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;[[User talk:lp0 on fire|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#64cea0;background:inherit&quot;&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;]] 09:59, 15 March 2026 (UTC)

== [[Espoir records]] ==

Thanks for patrolling new pages. For future reference, any page that mentions &quot;Joseph Kargbo&quot; in the context of music or the music industry is the work of [[:en:WP:LTA/JK|a long-term vandal]], and should be tagged for deletion under criterion G5 (block evasion) instead of or in addition to any other criteria. Thanks, [[User:Passengerpigeon|Passengerpigeon]] ([[User talk:Passengerpigeon|talk]]) 01:48, 23 March 2026 (UTC)

:Got it! Thank you for the suggestion. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 02:14, 23 March 2026 (UTC)

== Naldi (singer) – notability clarification ==

Hello,

I would like to comment regarding the article:
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naldi_(singer)

I understand the concern regarding A4 (no indication of importance), however I believe the subject does meet the general notability guideline (WP:GNG).

The article includes multiple independent and reliable secondary sources that provide coverage of the artist, including:

- The Source  
- HipHopSince1987  
- LA Weekly  
- AllHipHop  
- Thrive Times  

These are independent publications that have written about the artist’s work and career development, which suggests significant coverage beyond trivial mentions.

In addition, the artist has been featured by Top Channel (Top Awards), a major media platform in Albania.

The current version of the article has been expanded, properly sourced, and written in a neutral, encyclopedic tone in line with Wikipedia policies.

Given this, I respectfully suggest that the article may not fit the A4 criterion, as there is a clear indication of notability supported by sources.

I would appreciate if you could take another look at the updated version before proceeding with deletion.

Thank you for your time. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-19744-69|&amp;#126;2026-19744-69]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-19744-69|talk]]) 14:44, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

== Rollback granted ==

Hi Erakilos, I've given you rollback as you requested it. Remember to only use rollback for obvious vandalism, and not good faith edits. If you'd like to test it out, please go [[Wikipedia:Rollback feature/Testing ground|here]]. Thank you for your contributions! :)  --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] &lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])&lt;/small&gt; 23:06, 14 April 2026 (UTC)

:Thanks, I’ll keep that in mind. – &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 02:13, 15 April 2026 (UTC)

== Hany Abu-Assad page deleted ==

* {{DRV|Hany Abu-Assad}} Why have you deleted my page? I have put a lot of work into this. I don’t fully understand why you would want it deleted. I am creating a page for my university Bachelor’s degree in Middle Eastern Studies, and I have followed all the rules. I have followed the training on how to create a page, and my references are correctly formatted. I am from Amsterdam, where Hany Abu-Assad is also from, and I have used sources from Dutch media. Could this be the reason?  I kindly request that my page be restored as soon as possible, as this is a serious project I am working on. 

[[User:Lotte van Dam|Lotte van Dam]] ([[User talk:Lotte van Dam|talk]]) 08:15, 30 April 2026 (UTC)

:The reason given for the deletion was that the subject is “not notable,” but Hany Abu-Assad is a well-known Palestinian-Dutch filmmaker and already has a page on the regular Wikipedia. I hope this is not related to his Palestinian background and that this is not the reason why the page was deleted. [[User:Lotte van Dam|Lotte van Dam]] ([[User talk:Lotte van Dam|talk]]) 08:34, 30 April 2026 (UTC)
::Hey @[[User:Lotte van Dam|Lotte van Dam]]! The deletion of the page was not related to Hany Abu-Assad’s Palestinian background. The page was deleted due to notability concerns. Even if sources are properly formatted, they must also demonstrate that the subject meets the notability criteria and has enough sources cited. I understand the effort that goes into creating a new page. You can request that the page be restored or even moved to your user space sandbox so you can improve it at [[WP:Deletion review]]. – &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 09:28, 30 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Thank you very much for your respondse, and please let me know if you notice any mistakes. I’ll be happy to correct them. [[User:Lotte van Dam|Lotte van Dam]] ([[User talk:Lotte van Dam|talk]]) 19:34, 7 May 2026 (UTC)

== Block Review ==
{{unblock reviewed|1=I respectfully request that this block be reviewed. The block rationale given for my block is in particular my RFD participation. However, I have participated in RfDs before and this was not my first instance of voting on RFD (as Gotitbro claimed at the CU forum), I didn't mention it on the CU page thinking it was unnecessary when the participation is public, so this was not my unusual behavior specific to this case. My comment on this particular RFD (For which I believe I have been blocked for?) was my own assessment of the article, and not because of any connection to the blocked user. My editing practices, the use of tools and edit summaries are all what I learned from my 3 month time here and are common among editors as I've seen at Wikipedia:RecentChanges (This is where I've been mostly active at).
I understand that reasonable editors may interpret behavioral evidence differently, but I believe the evidence presented does not establish that I am the same person as Cyber.Eyes.2005, I therefore ask that the block be reconsidered or independently reviewed. Also pinging the blocking admin @Ferien:. – Erakilos 𐤀 2:55 am, 5 June 2026, last Friday (2 days ago) (UTC+1)|decline= You haven't been blocked for bad behaviour, you were blocked for block evasion. --  '''''[[User:Fr33kman|&lt;span style=&quot;color: darkgreen&quot;&gt;fr33k&lt;/span&gt;]][[User talk:Fr33kman|&lt;span style=&quot;color: navy&quot;&gt;man&lt;/span&gt;]]''''' 00:20, 7 June 2026 (UTC)}}</text>
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==Welcome!==

[[Image:Chocolate chip cookies.jpg|thumb|300px|Some cookies to welcome you! [[File:Face-smile.svg|25px]]]] Hello, I am [[User:Ferien|Ferien]] and [[Wikipedia:WELCOME|welcome to Wikipedia]], Erakilos! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Erakilos|your changes]]. I just wanted to say hi and welcome you to Wikipedia! If you have any questions check out [[Wikipedia:Questions]], or  send me a message on [[User talk:Ferien|my talk page]]. I like to help new people, so don't be afraid to leave a message!  I hope you like Wikipedia and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful:
* [[Wikipedia:Introduction|Introduction]]
* [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars of Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:How to edit a page|How to change a page]]
* [[Help:Contents|Help pages]]
* [[Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages|How to write a very good article]]
Also, when you post on [[Wikipedia:Talk page|talk pages]] you should [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|sign your name]] using four tildes (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); that should automatically produce your username and the date after your post. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedian]]!  --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] &lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])&lt;/small&gt; 11:43, 4 March 2026 (UTC)

:Thanks for the warm welcome and the cookies look delicious! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 11:48, 4 March 2026 (UTC)

== Warning ==

Usually when you see edits like [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=10771055&amp;oldid=10771052&amp;rcid=26946842 these], you can just immediately report them to [[WP:VIP]] with the reason of them being LTAs. [[WP:LTA|LTA]]s are users who create accounts just to make a certain edit and are usually [[meta:Globally locked|locked]] when you make a request at [[:meta:SRG|this page]]. If you need further clarification ping me here. Happy editing! :) [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|talk]]) 12:41, 4 March 2026 (UTC)

:Ah, thank you for the tip! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 12:45, 4 March 2026 (UTC)

== Hello ==

Hello @[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;i can see you just joined Wikipedia 5 days ago, and how do you know articles doesn’t meet the General Notability Guidelines?

do you know what it takes to write articles and you just nominate it for deletion without proper review? [[User:Whattttttttt|Whattttttttt]] ([[User talk:Whattttttttt|talk]]) 08:32, 5 March 2026 (UTC)

:Hello, I’m indeed new here, but before nominating the articles I reviewed the guidelines at [[Wikipedia:GNG]] and [[Wikipedia:Notability (people)]]. Based on my understanding, the articles may not currently meet those criteria. However, I may be mistaken; the discussion at [[WP:RfD]] allows the community to review and decide, and you’re welcome to participate there. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 08:39, 5 March 2026 (UTC)
::Alright, but the subject is already exist on the main English Wikipedia without issues with the same contents and sources. [[User:Whattttttttt|Whattttttttt]] ([[User talk:Whattttttttt|talk]]) 08:49, 5 March 2026 (UTC)

== Massundo ==

This tool is only really for a quite narrow use case where the person you're reverting has made just one edit per page. If they've made multiple, it's best to use twinkle or rollback, as massundo will just make more work for others. Thanks for your patrolling work :) [[User:lp0 on fire|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#c56030;background:inherit;&quot;&gt;lp0&amp;nbsp;on&amp;nbsp;fire&lt;/span&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;[[User talk:lp0 on fire|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#64cea0;background:inherit&quot;&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;]] 09:54, 15 March 2026 (UTC)

:Thank you for the suggestion, I just realized it reverts only the latest revision by a user on a page. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 09:57, 15 March 2026 (UTC)
::No problem :) [[User:lp0 on fire|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#c56030;background:inherit;&quot;&gt;lp0&amp;nbsp;on&amp;nbsp;fire&lt;/span&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;[[User talk:lp0 on fire|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#64cea0;background:inherit&quot;&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;]] 09:59, 15 March 2026 (UTC)

== [[Espoir records]] ==

Thanks for patrolling new pages. For future reference, any page that mentions &quot;Joseph Kargbo&quot; in the context of music or the music industry is the work of [[:en:WP:LTA/JK|a long-term vandal]], and should be tagged for deletion under criterion G5 (block evasion) instead of or in addition to any other criteria. Thanks, [[User:Passengerpigeon|Passengerpigeon]] ([[User talk:Passengerpigeon|talk]]) 01:48, 23 March 2026 (UTC)

:Got it! Thank you for the suggestion. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 02:14, 23 March 2026 (UTC)

== Naldi (singer) – notability clarification ==

Hello,

I would like to comment regarding the article:
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naldi_(singer)

I understand the concern regarding A4 (no indication of importance), however I believe the subject does meet the general notability guideline (WP:GNG).

The article includes multiple independent and reliable secondary sources that provide coverage of the artist, including:

- The Source  
- HipHopSince1987  
- LA Weekly  
- AllHipHop  
- Thrive Times  

These are independent publications that have written about the artist’s work and career development, which suggests significant coverage beyond trivial mentions.

In addition, the artist has been featured by Top Channel (Top Awards), a major media platform in Albania.

The current version of the article has been expanded, properly sourced, and written in a neutral, encyclopedic tone in line with Wikipedia policies.

Given this, I respectfully suggest that the article may not fit the A4 criterion, as there is a clear indication of notability supported by sources.

I would appreciate if you could take another look at the updated version before proceeding with deletion.

Thank you for your time. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-19744-69|&amp;#126;2026-19744-69]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-19744-69|talk]]) 14:44, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

== Rollback granted ==

Hi Erakilos, I've given you rollback as you requested it. Remember to only use rollback for obvious vandalism, and not good faith edits. If you'd like to test it out, please go [[Wikipedia:Rollback feature/Testing ground|here]]. Thank you for your contributions! :)  --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] &lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])&lt;/small&gt; 23:06, 14 April 2026 (UTC)

:Thanks, I’ll keep that in mind. – &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 02:13, 15 April 2026 (UTC)

== Hany Abu-Assad page deleted ==

* {{DRV|Hany Abu-Assad}} Why have you deleted my page? I have put a lot of work into this. I don’t fully understand why you would want it deleted. I am creating a page for my university Bachelor’s degree in Middle Eastern Studies, and I have followed all the rules. I have followed the training on how to create a page, and my references are correctly formatted. I am from Amsterdam, where Hany Abu-Assad is also from, and I have used sources from Dutch media. Could this be the reason?  I kindly request that my page be restored as soon as possible, as this is a serious project I am working on. 

[[User:Lotte van Dam|Lotte van Dam]] ([[User talk:Lotte van Dam|talk]]) 08:15, 30 April 2026 (UTC)

:The reason given for the deletion was that the subject is “not notable,” but Hany Abu-Assad is a well-known Palestinian-Dutch filmmaker and already has a page on the regular Wikipedia. I hope this is not related to his Palestinian background and that this is not the reason why the page was deleted. [[User:Lotte van Dam|Lotte van Dam]] ([[User talk:Lotte van Dam|talk]]) 08:34, 30 April 2026 (UTC)
::Hey @[[User:Lotte van Dam|Lotte van Dam]]! The deletion of the page was not related to Hany Abu-Assad’s Palestinian background. The page was deleted due to notability concerns. Even if sources are properly formatted, they must also demonstrate that the subject meets the notability criteria and has enough sources cited. I understand the effort that goes into creating a new page. You can request that the page be restored or even moved to your user space sandbox so you can improve it at [[WP:Deletion review]]. – &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 09:28, 30 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Thank you very much for your respondse, and please let me know if you notice any mistakes. I’ll be happy to correct them. [[User:Lotte van Dam|Lotte van Dam]] ([[User talk:Lotte van Dam|talk]]) 19:34, 7 May 2026 (UTC)

== Block Review ==
{{unblock reviewed|1=I respectfully request that this block be reviewed. The block rationale given for my block is in particular my RFD participation. However, I have participated in RfDs before and this was not my first instance of voting on RFD (as Gotitbro claimed at the CU forum), I didn't mention it on the CU page thinking it was unnecessary when the participation is public, so this was not my unusual behavior specific to this case. My comment on this particular RFD (For which I believe I have been blocked for?) was my own assessment of the article, and not because of any connection to the blocked user. My editing practices, the use of tools and edit summaries are all what I learned from my 3 month time here and are common among editors as I've seen at Wikipedia:RecentChanges (This is where I've been mostly active at).
I understand that reasonable editors may interpret behavioral evidence differently, but I believe the evidence presented does not establish that I am the same person as Cyber.Eyes.2005, I therefore ask that the block be reconsidered or independently reviewed. Also pinging the blocking admin @Ferien:. – Erakilos 𐤀 2:55 am, 5 June 2026, last Friday (2 days ago) (UTC+1)|decline= You haven't been blocked for bad behaviour, you were blocked for block evasion. --  '''''[[User:Fr33kman|&lt;span style=&quot;color: darkgreen&quot;&gt;fr33k&lt;/span&gt;]][[User talk:Fr33kman|&lt;span style=&quot;color: navy&quot;&gt;man&lt;/span&gt;]]''''' 00:20, 7 June 2026 (UTC)}}

:I think my unblock request has been misunderstood? I never said I've been blocked for 'bad behavior'. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 01:13, 7 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>pxv5iunn2haglaqsfnmt16r61eqzikq</sha1>
    </revision>
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      <id>10880696</id>
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        <username>Erakilos</username>
        <id>1756284</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Block Review */ restoring BRPever's comment, I'll answer it.</comment>
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==Welcome!==

[[Image:Chocolate chip cookies.jpg|thumb|300px|Some cookies to welcome you! [[File:Face-smile.svg|25px]]]] Hello, I am [[User:Ferien|Ferien]] and [[Wikipedia:WELCOME|welcome to Wikipedia]], Erakilos! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Erakilos|your changes]]. I just wanted to say hi and welcome you to Wikipedia! If you have any questions check out [[Wikipedia:Questions]], or  send me a message on [[User talk:Ferien|my talk page]]. I like to help new people, so don't be afraid to leave a message!  I hope you like Wikipedia and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful:
* [[Wikipedia:Introduction|Introduction]]
* [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars of Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:How to edit a page|How to change a page]]
* [[Help:Contents|Help pages]]
* [[Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages|How to write a very good article]]
Also, when you post on [[Wikipedia:Talk page|talk pages]] you should [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|sign your name]] using four tildes (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); that should automatically produce your username and the date after your post. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedian]]!  --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] &lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])&lt;/small&gt; 11:43, 4 March 2026 (UTC)

:Thanks for the warm welcome and the cookies look delicious! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 11:48, 4 March 2026 (UTC)

== Warning ==

Usually when you see edits like [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=10771055&amp;oldid=10771052&amp;rcid=26946842 these], you can just immediately report them to [[WP:VIP]] with the reason of them being LTAs. [[WP:LTA|LTA]]s are users who create accounts just to make a certain edit and are usually [[meta:Globally locked|locked]] when you make a request at [[:meta:SRG|this page]]. If you need further clarification ping me here. Happy editing! :) [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|talk]]) 12:41, 4 March 2026 (UTC)

:Ah, thank you for the tip! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 12:45, 4 March 2026 (UTC)

== Hello ==

Hello @[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;i can see you just joined Wikipedia 5 days ago, and how do you know articles doesn’t meet the General Notability Guidelines?

do you know what it takes to write articles and you just nominate it for deletion without proper review? [[User:Whattttttttt|Whattttttttt]] ([[User talk:Whattttttttt|talk]]) 08:32, 5 March 2026 (UTC)

:Hello, I’m indeed new here, but before nominating the articles I reviewed the guidelines at [[Wikipedia:GNG]] and [[Wikipedia:Notability (people)]]. Based on my understanding, the articles may not currently meet those criteria. However, I may be mistaken; the discussion at [[WP:RfD]] allows the community to review and decide, and you’re welcome to participate there. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 08:39, 5 March 2026 (UTC)
::Alright, but the subject is already exist on the main English Wikipedia without issues with the same contents and sources. [[User:Whattttttttt|Whattttttttt]] ([[User talk:Whattttttttt|talk]]) 08:49, 5 March 2026 (UTC)

== Massundo ==

This tool is only really for a quite narrow use case where the person you're reverting has made just one edit per page. If they've made multiple, it's best to use twinkle or rollback, as massundo will just make more work for others. Thanks for your patrolling work :) [[User:lp0 on fire|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#c56030;background:inherit;&quot;&gt;lp0&amp;nbsp;on&amp;nbsp;fire&lt;/span&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;[[User talk:lp0 on fire|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#64cea0;background:inherit&quot;&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;]] 09:54, 15 March 2026 (UTC)

:Thank you for the suggestion, I just realized it reverts only the latest revision by a user on a page. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 09:57, 15 March 2026 (UTC)
::No problem :) [[User:lp0 on fire|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#c56030;background:inherit;&quot;&gt;lp0&amp;nbsp;on&amp;nbsp;fire&lt;/span&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;[[User talk:lp0 on fire|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#64cea0;background:inherit&quot;&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;]] 09:59, 15 March 2026 (UTC)

== [[Espoir records]] ==

Thanks for patrolling new pages. For future reference, any page that mentions &quot;Joseph Kargbo&quot; in the context of music or the music industry is the work of [[:en:WP:LTA/JK|a long-term vandal]], and should be tagged for deletion under criterion G5 (block evasion) instead of or in addition to any other criteria. Thanks, [[User:Passengerpigeon|Passengerpigeon]] ([[User talk:Passengerpigeon|talk]]) 01:48, 23 March 2026 (UTC)

:Got it! Thank you for the suggestion. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 02:14, 23 March 2026 (UTC)

== Naldi (singer) – notability clarification ==

Hello,

I would like to comment regarding the article:
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naldi_(singer)

I understand the concern regarding A4 (no indication of importance), however I believe the subject does meet the general notability guideline (WP:GNG).

The article includes multiple independent and reliable secondary sources that provide coverage of the artist, including:

- The Source  
- HipHopSince1987  
- LA Weekly  
- AllHipHop  
- Thrive Times  

These are independent publications that have written about the artist’s work and career development, which suggests significant coverage beyond trivial mentions.

In addition, the artist has been featured by Top Channel (Top Awards), a major media platform in Albania.

The current version of the article has been expanded, properly sourced, and written in a neutral, encyclopedic tone in line with Wikipedia policies.

Given this, I respectfully suggest that the article may not fit the A4 criterion, as there is a clear indication of notability supported by sources.

I would appreciate if you could take another look at the updated version before proceeding with deletion.

Thank you for your time. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-19744-69|&amp;#126;2026-19744-69]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-19744-69|talk]]) 14:44, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

== Rollback granted ==

Hi Erakilos, I've given you rollback as you requested it. Remember to only use rollback for obvious vandalism, and not good faith edits. If you'd like to test it out, please go [[Wikipedia:Rollback feature/Testing ground|here]]. Thank you for your contributions! :)  --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] &lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])&lt;/small&gt; 23:06, 14 April 2026 (UTC)

:Thanks, I’ll keep that in mind. – &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 02:13, 15 April 2026 (UTC)

== Hany Abu-Assad page deleted ==

* {{DRV|Hany Abu-Assad}} Why have you deleted my page? I have put a lot of work into this. I don’t fully understand why you would want it deleted. I am creating a page for my university Bachelor’s degree in Middle Eastern Studies, and I have followed all the rules. I have followed the training on how to create a page, and my references are correctly formatted. I am from Amsterdam, where Hany Abu-Assad is also from, and I have used sources from Dutch media. Could this be the reason?  I kindly request that my page be restored as soon as possible, as this is a serious project I am working on. 

[[User:Lotte van Dam|Lotte van Dam]] ([[User talk:Lotte van Dam|talk]]) 08:15, 30 April 2026 (UTC)

:The reason given for the deletion was that the subject is “not notable,” but Hany Abu-Assad is a well-known Palestinian-Dutch filmmaker and already has a page on the regular Wikipedia. I hope this is not related to his Palestinian background and that this is not the reason why the page was deleted. [[User:Lotte van Dam|Lotte van Dam]] ([[User talk:Lotte van Dam|talk]]) 08:34, 30 April 2026 (UTC)
::Hey @[[User:Lotte van Dam|Lotte van Dam]]! The deletion of the page was not related to Hany Abu-Assad’s Palestinian background. The page was deleted due to notability concerns. Even if sources are properly formatted, they must also demonstrate that the subject meets the notability criteria and has enough sources cited. I understand the effort that goes into creating a new page. You can request that the page be restored or even moved to your user space sandbox so you can improve it at [[WP:Deletion review]]. – &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 09:28, 30 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Thank you very much for your respondse, and please let me know if you notice any mistakes. I’ll be happy to correct them. [[User:Lotte van Dam|Lotte van Dam]] ([[User talk:Lotte van Dam|talk]]) 19:34, 7 May 2026 (UTC)

== Block Review ==
{{unblock reviewed|1=I respectfully request that this block be reviewed. The block rationale given for my block is in particular my RFD participation. However, I have participated in RfDs before and this was not my first instance of voting on RFD (as Gotitbro claimed at the CU forum), I didn't mention it on the CU page thinking it was unnecessary when the participation is public, so this was not my unusual behavior specific to this case. My comment on this particular RFD (For which I believe I have been blocked for?) was my own assessment of the article, and not because of any connection to the blocked user. My editing practices, the use of tools and edit summaries are all what I learned from my 3 month time here and are common among editors as I've seen at Wikipedia:RecentChanges (This is where I've been mostly active at).
I understand that reasonable editors may interpret behavioral evidence differently, but I believe the evidence presented does not establish that I am the same person as Cyber.Eyes.2005, I therefore ask that the block be reconsidered or independently reviewed. Also pinging the blocking admin @Ferien:. – Erakilos 𐤀 2:55 am, 5 June 2026, last Friday (2 days ago) (UTC+1)|decline= You haven't been blocked for bad behaviour, you were blocked for block evasion. --  '''''[[User:Fr33kman|&lt;span style=&quot;color: darkgreen&quot;&gt;fr33k&lt;/span&gt;]][[User talk:Fr33kman|&lt;span style=&quot;color: navy&quot;&gt;man&lt;/span&gt;]]''''' 00:20, 7 June 2026 (UTC)}}

:I think my unblock request has been misunderstood? I never said I've been blocked for 'bad behavior'. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 01:13, 7 June 2026 (UTC)

:I have a few questions before I review this request:
** You were able to use common edit summaries from very early on in your editing history. Your use of scripts and several other things (which I can list if necessary) suggest to me that you are not a completely new editor, or that you may have prior experience editing while logged out. Can you explain this?
** Your areas of interest appear quite similar to those of Cyber.Eyes.2005. You mention that your participation in the India naming dispute RfD was not unusual behaviour. Can you point me to other RfDs where you had similar involvement?
** I am not entirely convinced by the explanation that your edit-summary style was simply learned during your three months here. I took a look at recent changes and do not see many editors using edit summaries in quite the same way. There are a number of small similarities with Cyber.Eyes.2005 which, taken together, are difficult to ignore. Can you provide a more detailed explanation for how you developed that editing style?
** The checkuser evidence is not concrete but there are similarities. The evidence being indecisive is not uncommon considering the time gap between use of these accounts. So this does not prove you are unrelated.
:Lastly, I will remind you the best way to get an unblock is to be honest. Unblock is not impossible under condition in that case.--[[User:BRPever|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF00FF;&quot;&gt;B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF7E00;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#00A300;&quot;&gt;P&lt;/span&gt;]]'''&lt;sup&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;''' 21:15, 6 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>tnv1e5477wwb6j6ghglkokxdl8e3p9r</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
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        <id>1756284</id>
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      <comment>/* Block Review */ Reply</comment>
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==Welcome!==

[[Image:Chocolate chip cookies.jpg|thumb|300px|Some cookies to welcome you! [[File:Face-smile.svg|25px]]]] Hello, I am [[User:Ferien|Ferien]] and [[Wikipedia:WELCOME|welcome to Wikipedia]], Erakilos! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Erakilos|your changes]]. I just wanted to say hi and welcome you to Wikipedia! If you have any questions check out [[Wikipedia:Questions]], or  send me a message on [[User talk:Ferien|my talk page]]. I like to help new people, so don't be afraid to leave a message!  I hope you like Wikipedia and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful:
* [[Wikipedia:Introduction|Introduction]]
* [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars of Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:How to edit a page|How to change a page]]
* [[Help:Contents|Help pages]]
* [[Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages|How to write a very good article]]
Also, when you post on [[Wikipedia:Talk page|talk pages]] you should [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|sign your name]] using four tildes (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); that should automatically produce your username and the date after your post. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedian]]!  --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] &lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])&lt;/small&gt; 11:43, 4 March 2026 (UTC)

:Thanks for the warm welcome and the cookies look delicious! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 11:48, 4 March 2026 (UTC)

== Warning ==

Usually when you see edits like [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=10771055&amp;oldid=10771052&amp;rcid=26946842 these], you can just immediately report them to [[WP:VIP]] with the reason of them being LTAs. [[WP:LTA|LTA]]s are users who create accounts just to make a certain edit and are usually [[meta:Globally locked|locked]] when you make a request at [[:meta:SRG|this page]]. If you need further clarification ping me here. Happy editing! :) [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|talk]]) 12:41, 4 March 2026 (UTC)

:Ah, thank you for the tip! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 12:45, 4 March 2026 (UTC)

== Hello ==

Hello @[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;i can see you just joined Wikipedia 5 days ago, and how do you know articles doesn’t meet the General Notability Guidelines?

do you know what it takes to write articles and you just nominate it for deletion without proper review? [[User:Whattttttttt|Whattttttttt]] ([[User talk:Whattttttttt|talk]]) 08:32, 5 March 2026 (UTC)

:Hello, I’m indeed new here, but before nominating the articles I reviewed the guidelines at [[Wikipedia:GNG]] and [[Wikipedia:Notability (people)]]. Based on my understanding, the articles may not currently meet those criteria. However, I may be mistaken; the discussion at [[WP:RfD]] allows the community to review and decide, and you’re welcome to participate there. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 08:39, 5 March 2026 (UTC)
::Alright, but the subject is already exist on the main English Wikipedia without issues with the same contents and sources. [[User:Whattttttttt|Whattttttttt]] ([[User talk:Whattttttttt|talk]]) 08:49, 5 March 2026 (UTC)

== Massundo ==

This tool is only really for a quite narrow use case where the person you're reverting has made just one edit per page. If they've made multiple, it's best to use twinkle or rollback, as massundo will just make more work for others. Thanks for your patrolling work :) [[User:lp0 on fire|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#c56030;background:inherit;&quot;&gt;lp0&amp;nbsp;on&amp;nbsp;fire&lt;/span&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;[[User talk:lp0 on fire|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#64cea0;background:inherit&quot;&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;]] 09:54, 15 March 2026 (UTC)

:Thank you for the suggestion, I just realized it reverts only the latest revision by a user on a page. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 09:57, 15 March 2026 (UTC)
::No problem :) [[User:lp0 on fire|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#c56030;background:inherit;&quot;&gt;lp0&amp;nbsp;on&amp;nbsp;fire&lt;/span&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;[[User talk:lp0 on fire|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#64cea0;background:inherit&quot;&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;]] 09:59, 15 March 2026 (UTC)

== [[Espoir records]] ==

Thanks for patrolling new pages. For future reference, any page that mentions &quot;Joseph Kargbo&quot; in the context of music or the music industry is the work of [[:en:WP:LTA/JK|a long-term vandal]], and should be tagged for deletion under criterion G5 (block evasion) instead of or in addition to any other criteria. Thanks, [[User:Passengerpigeon|Passengerpigeon]] ([[User talk:Passengerpigeon|talk]]) 01:48, 23 March 2026 (UTC)

:Got it! Thank you for the suggestion. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 02:14, 23 March 2026 (UTC)

== Naldi (singer) – notability clarification ==

Hello,

I would like to comment regarding the article:
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naldi_(singer)

I understand the concern regarding A4 (no indication of importance), however I believe the subject does meet the general notability guideline (WP:GNG).

The article includes multiple independent and reliable secondary sources that provide coverage of the artist, including:

- The Source  
- HipHopSince1987  
- LA Weekly  
- AllHipHop  
- Thrive Times  

These are independent publications that have written about the artist’s work and career development, which suggests significant coverage beyond trivial mentions.

In addition, the artist has been featured by Top Channel (Top Awards), a major media platform in Albania.

The current version of the article has been expanded, properly sourced, and written in a neutral, encyclopedic tone in line with Wikipedia policies.

Given this, I respectfully suggest that the article may not fit the A4 criterion, as there is a clear indication of notability supported by sources.

I would appreciate if you could take another look at the updated version before proceeding with deletion.

Thank you for your time. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-19744-69|&amp;#126;2026-19744-69]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-19744-69|talk]]) 14:44, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

== Rollback granted ==

Hi Erakilos, I've given you rollback as you requested it. Remember to only use rollback for obvious vandalism, and not good faith edits. If you'd like to test it out, please go [[Wikipedia:Rollback feature/Testing ground|here]]. Thank you for your contributions! :)  --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] &lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])&lt;/small&gt; 23:06, 14 April 2026 (UTC)

:Thanks, I’ll keep that in mind. – &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 02:13, 15 April 2026 (UTC)

== Hany Abu-Assad page deleted ==

* {{DRV|Hany Abu-Assad}} Why have you deleted my page? I have put a lot of work into this. I don’t fully understand why you would want it deleted. I am creating a page for my university Bachelor’s degree in Middle Eastern Studies, and I have followed all the rules. I have followed the training on how to create a page, and my references are correctly formatted. I am from Amsterdam, where Hany Abu-Assad is also from, and I have used sources from Dutch media. Could this be the reason?  I kindly request that my page be restored as soon as possible, as this is a serious project I am working on. 

[[User:Lotte van Dam|Lotte van Dam]] ([[User talk:Lotte van Dam|talk]]) 08:15, 30 April 2026 (UTC)

:The reason given for the deletion was that the subject is “not notable,” but Hany Abu-Assad is a well-known Palestinian-Dutch filmmaker and already has a page on the regular Wikipedia. I hope this is not related to his Palestinian background and that this is not the reason why the page was deleted. [[User:Lotte van Dam|Lotte van Dam]] ([[User talk:Lotte van Dam|talk]]) 08:34, 30 April 2026 (UTC)
::Hey @[[User:Lotte van Dam|Lotte van Dam]]! The deletion of the page was not related to Hany Abu-Assad’s Palestinian background. The page was deleted due to notability concerns. Even if sources are properly formatted, they must also demonstrate that the subject meets the notability criteria and has enough sources cited. I understand the effort that goes into creating a new page. You can request that the page be restored or even moved to your user space sandbox so you can improve it at [[WP:Deletion review]]. – &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 09:28, 30 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Thank you very much for your respondse, and please let me know if you notice any mistakes. I’ll be happy to correct them. [[User:Lotte van Dam|Lotte van Dam]] ([[User talk:Lotte van Dam|talk]]) 19:34, 7 May 2026 (UTC)

== Block Review ==
{{unblock reviewed|1=I respectfully request that this block be reviewed. The block rationale given for my block is in particular my RFD participation. However, I have participated in RfDs before and this was not my first instance of voting on RFD (as Gotitbro claimed at the CU forum), I didn't mention it on the CU page thinking it was unnecessary when the participation is public, so this was not my unusual behavior specific to this case. My comment on this particular RFD (For which I believe I have been blocked for?) was my own assessment of the article, and not because of any connection to the blocked user. My editing practices, the use of tools and edit summaries are all what I learned from my 3 month time here and are common among editors as I've seen at Wikipedia:RecentChanges (This is where I've been mostly active at).
I understand that reasonable editors may interpret behavioral evidence differently, but I believe the evidence presented does not establish that I am the same person as Cyber.Eyes.2005, I therefore ask that the block be reconsidered or independently reviewed. Also pinging the blocking admin @Ferien:. – Erakilos 𐤀 2:55 am, 5 June 2026, last Friday (2 days ago) (UTC+1)|decline= You haven't been blocked for bad behaviour, you were blocked for block evasion. --  '''''[[User:Fr33kman|&lt;span style=&quot;color: darkgreen&quot;&gt;fr33k&lt;/span&gt;]][[User talk:Fr33kman|&lt;span style=&quot;color: navy&quot;&gt;man&lt;/span&gt;]]''''' 00:20, 7 June 2026 (UTC)}}

:I think my unblock request has been misunderstood? I never said I've been blocked for 'bad behavior'. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 01:13, 7 June 2026 (UTC)

:I have a few questions before I review this request:
** You were able to use common edit summaries from very early on in your editing history. Your use of scripts and several other things (which I can list if necessary) suggest to me that you are not a completely new editor, or that you may have prior experience editing while logged out. Can you explain this?
** Your areas of interest appear quite similar to those of Cyber.Eyes.2005. You mention that your participation in the India naming dispute RfD was not unusual behaviour. Can you point me to other RfDs where you had similar involvement?
** I am not entirely convinced by the explanation that your edit-summary style was simply learned during your three months here. I took a look at recent changes and do not see many editors using edit summaries in quite the same way. There are a number of small similarities with Cyber.Eyes.2005 which, taken together, are difficult to ignore. Can you provide a more detailed explanation for how you developed that editing style?
** The checkuser evidence is not concrete but there are similarities. The evidence being indecisive is not uncommon considering the time gap between use of these accounts. So this does not prove you are unrelated.
:Lastly, I will remind you the best way to get an unblock is to be honest. Unblock is not impossible under condition in that case.--[[User:BRPever|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF00FF;&quot;&gt;B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF7E00;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#00A300;&quot;&gt;P&lt;/span&gt;]]'''&lt;sup&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;''' 21:15, 6 June 2026 (UTC)
::Yes, I can explain that.
::1. ‎Yes, I had wiki-editing experience prior to joining SEW, although not on Wikipedia itself. I contributed extensively to Miraheze wikis and had been doing so for approximately 2-3 years before editing here. I actually mentioned this shortly after joining Simple English Wikipedia ([https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=10766465 diff]). Because wiki editing conventions are broadly similar across platforms, I did not find it difficult to adapt. I had originally intended to begin editing on English Wikipedia, but ended up here and stayed.
::2. ‎Regarding topic interests, the main overlap is South Asia. Given the size of the region and it being a contentious topic here on Wikipedia, I do not think it is unusual for multiple editors to share that area of interest. I am from the South Asian region. I also edit South Asian topics extensively on English Wikipedia, including article creation. As for the India naming dispute RfD, my participation was not my first involvement in RfDs (As the CU request stated &quot;at an article they've never edited before and at a forum they've never visited prior&quot;). I have both voted and nominated articles for RFD; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/Requests/2026/Wikit%C3%B3lica 1], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/Requests/2026/Andrew_Hulbert 2].
::3. ‎About the edit summaries, the examples cited in the CU discussion have straightforward explanations. I learned &quot;copyedit&quot; from new user edit suggestions on my homepage, these were the [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions/Erakilos&amp;target=Erakilos&amp;dir=prev first edits I made here ]. Summaries such as &quot;POV&quot; and &quot;unsourced&quot; are common shorthand descriptions that I frequently encountered on English Wikipedia and adopted myself. As for tools, I learned about QD logs and usage while editing here, observing the RC page many users here keep QD logs. The tool I use most extensively is Twinkle, tho my familiarity with Twinkle comes from prior wiki-editing experience, including Miraheze, most of its usage I learned while editing here. I believe it's also the most common tool here at SEW.
::I've tried my best to answer your questions. If there are any specific concerns or examples you would like me to address in more detail, I would be happy to do so. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 02:22, 7 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>3cvby8fwv1fvyxgfh42391aj7bef7g7</sha1>
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==Welcome!==

[[Image:Chocolate chip cookies.jpg|thumb|300px|Some cookies to welcome you! [[File:Face-smile.svg|25px]]]] Hello, I am [[User:Ferien|Ferien]] and [[Wikipedia:WELCOME|welcome to Wikipedia]], Erakilos! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Erakilos|your changes]]. I just wanted to say hi and welcome you to Wikipedia! If you have any questions check out [[Wikipedia:Questions]], or  send me a message on [[User talk:Ferien|my talk page]]. I like to help new people, so don't be afraid to leave a message!  I hope you like Wikipedia and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful:
* [[Wikipedia:Introduction|Introduction]]
* [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars of Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:How to edit a page|How to change a page]]
* [[Help:Contents|Help pages]]
* [[Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages|How to write a very good article]]
Also, when you post on [[Wikipedia:Talk page|talk pages]] you should [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|sign your name]] using four tildes (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); that should automatically produce your username and the date after your post. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedian]]!  --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] &lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])&lt;/small&gt; 11:43, 4 March 2026 (UTC)

:Thanks for the warm welcome and the cookies look delicious! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 11:48, 4 March 2026 (UTC)

== Warning ==

Usually when you see edits like [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=10771055&amp;oldid=10771052&amp;rcid=26946842 these], you can just immediately report them to [[WP:VIP]] with the reason of them being LTAs. [[WP:LTA|LTA]]s are users who create accounts just to make a certain edit and are usually [[meta:Globally locked|locked]] when you make a request at [[:meta:SRG|this page]]. If you need further clarification ping me here. Happy editing! :) [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|talk]]) 12:41, 4 March 2026 (UTC)

:Ah, thank you for the tip! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 12:45, 4 March 2026 (UTC)

== Hello ==

Hello @[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;i can see you just joined Wikipedia 5 days ago, and how do you know articles doesn’t meet the General Notability Guidelines?

do you know what it takes to write articles and you just nominate it for deletion without proper review? [[User:Whattttttttt|Whattttttttt]] ([[User talk:Whattttttttt|talk]]) 08:32, 5 March 2026 (UTC)

:Hello, I’m indeed new here, but before nominating the articles I reviewed the guidelines at [[Wikipedia:GNG]] and [[Wikipedia:Notability (people)]]. Based on my understanding, the articles may not currently meet those criteria. However, I may be mistaken; the discussion at [[WP:RfD]] allows the community to review and decide, and you’re welcome to participate there. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 08:39, 5 March 2026 (UTC)
::Alright, but the subject is already exist on the main English Wikipedia without issues with the same contents and sources. [[User:Whattttttttt|Whattttttttt]] ([[User talk:Whattttttttt|talk]]) 08:49, 5 March 2026 (UTC)

== Massundo ==

This tool is only really for a quite narrow use case where the person you're reverting has made just one edit per page. If they've made multiple, it's best to use twinkle or rollback, as massundo will just make more work for others. Thanks for your patrolling work :) [[User:lp0 on fire|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#c56030;background:inherit;&quot;&gt;lp0&amp;nbsp;on&amp;nbsp;fire&lt;/span&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;[[User talk:lp0 on fire|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#64cea0;background:inherit&quot;&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;]] 09:54, 15 March 2026 (UTC)

:Thank you for the suggestion, I just realized it reverts only the latest revision by a user on a page. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 09:57, 15 March 2026 (UTC)
::No problem :) [[User:lp0 on fire|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#c56030;background:inherit;&quot;&gt;lp0&amp;nbsp;on&amp;nbsp;fire&lt;/span&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;[[User talk:lp0 on fire|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#64cea0;background:inherit&quot;&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;]] 09:59, 15 March 2026 (UTC)

== [[Espoir records]] ==

Thanks for patrolling new pages. For future reference, any page that mentions &quot;Joseph Kargbo&quot; in the context of music or the music industry is the work of [[:en:WP:LTA/JK|a long-term vandal]], and should be tagged for deletion under criterion G5 (block evasion) instead of or in addition to any other criteria. Thanks, [[User:Passengerpigeon|Passengerpigeon]] ([[User talk:Passengerpigeon|talk]]) 01:48, 23 March 2026 (UTC)

:Got it! Thank you for the suggestion. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 02:14, 23 March 2026 (UTC)

== Naldi (singer) – notability clarification ==

Hello,

I would like to comment regarding the article:
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naldi_(singer)

I understand the concern regarding A4 (no indication of importance), however I believe the subject does meet the general notability guideline (WP:GNG).

The article includes multiple independent and reliable secondary sources that provide coverage of the artist, including:

- The Source  
- HipHopSince1987  
- LA Weekly  
- AllHipHop  
- Thrive Times  

These are independent publications that have written about the artist’s work and career development, which suggests significant coverage beyond trivial mentions.

In addition, the artist has been featured by Top Channel (Top Awards), a major media platform in Albania.

The current version of the article has been expanded, properly sourced, and written in a neutral, encyclopedic tone in line with Wikipedia policies.

Given this, I respectfully suggest that the article may not fit the A4 criterion, as there is a clear indication of notability supported by sources.

I would appreciate if you could take another look at the updated version before proceeding with deletion.

Thank you for your time. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-19744-69|&amp;#126;2026-19744-69]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-19744-69|talk]]) 14:44, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

== Rollback granted ==

Hi Erakilos, I've given you rollback as you requested it. Remember to only use rollback for obvious vandalism, and not good faith edits. If you'd like to test it out, please go [[Wikipedia:Rollback feature/Testing ground|here]]. Thank you for your contributions! :)  --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] &lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])&lt;/small&gt; 23:06, 14 April 2026 (UTC)

:Thanks, I’ll keep that in mind. – &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 02:13, 15 April 2026 (UTC)

== Hany Abu-Assad page deleted ==

* {{DRV|Hany Abu-Assad}} Why have you deleted my page? I have put a lot of work into this. I don’t fully understand why you would want it deleted. I am creating a page for my university Bachelor’s degree in Middle Eastern Studies, and I have followed all the rules. I have followed the training on how to create a page, and my references are correctly formatted. I am from Amsterdam, where Hany Abu-Assad is also from, and I have used sources from Dutch media. Could this be the reason?  I kindly request that my page be restored as soon as possible, as this is a serious project I am working on. 

[[User:Lotte van Dam|Lotte van Dam]] ([[User talk:Lotte van Dam|talk]]) 08:15, 30 April 2026 (UTC)

:The reason given for the deletion was that the subject is “not notable,” but Hany Abu-Assad is a well-known Palestinian-Dutch filmmaker and already has a page on the regular Wikipedia. I hope this is not related to his Palestinian background and that this is not the reason why the page was deleted. [[User:Lotte van Dam|Lotte van Dam]] ([[User talk:Lotte van Dam|talk]]) 08:34, 30 April 2026 (UTC)
::Hey @[[User:Lotte van Dam|Lotte van Dam]]! The deletion of the page was not related to Hany Abu-Assad’s Palestinian background. The page was deleted due to notability concerns. Even if sources are properly formatted, they must also demonstrate that the subject meets the notability criteria and has enough sources cited. I understand the effort that goes into creating a new page. You can request that the page be restored or even moved to your user space sandbox so you can improve it at [[WP:Deletion review]]. – &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 09:28, 30 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Thank you very much for your respondse, and please let me know if you notice any mistakes. I’ll be happy to correct them. [[User:Lotte van Dam|Lotte van Dam]] ([[User talk:Lotte van Dam|talk]]) 19:34, 7 May 2026 (UTC)

== Block Review ==
{{unblock reviewed|1=I respectfully request that this block be reviewed. The block rationale given for my block is in particular my RFD participation. However, I have participated in RfDs before and this was not my first instance of voting on RFD (as Gotitbro claimed at the CU forum), I didn't mention it on the CU page thinking it was unnecessary when the participation is public, so this was not my unusual behavior specific to this case. My comment on this particular RFD (For which I believe I have been blocked for?) was my own assessment of the article, and not because of any connection to the blocked user. My editing practices, the use of tools and edit summaries are all what I learned from my 3 month time here and are common among editors as I've seen at Wikipedia:RecentChanges (This is where I've been mostly active at).
I understand that reasonable editors may interpret behavioral evidence differently, but I believe the evidence presented does not establish that I am the same person as Cyber.Eyes.2005, I therefore ask that the block be reconsidered or independently reviewed. Also pinging the blocking admin @Ferien:. – Erakilos 𐤀 2:55 am, 5 June 2026, last Friday (2 days ago) (UTC+1)|decline= You haven't been blocked for bad behaviour, you were blocked for block evasion. --  '''''[[User:Fr33kman|&lt;span style=&quot;color: darkgreen&quot;&gt;fr33k&lt;/span&gt;]][[User talk:Fr33kman|&lt;span style=&quot;color: navy&quot;&gt;man&lt;/span&gt;]]''''' 00:20, 7 June 2026 (UTC)}}

:I think my unblock request has been misunderstood? I never said I've been blocked for 'bad behavior'. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 01:13, 7 June 2026 (UTC)

:I have a few questions before I review this request:
** You were able to use common edit summaries from very early on in your editing history. Your use of scripts and several other things (which I can list if necessary) suggest to me that you are not a completely new editor, or that you may have prior experience editing while logged out. Can you explain this?
** Your areas of interest appear quite similar to those of Cyber.Eyes.2005. You mention that your participation in the India naming dispute RfD was not unusual behaviour. Can you point me to other RfDs where you had similar involvement?
** I am not entirely convinced by the explanation that your edit-summary style was simply learned during your three months here. I took a look at recent changes and do not see many editors using edit summaries in quite the same way. There are a number of small similarities with Cyber.Eyes.2005 which, taken together, are difficult to ignore. Can you provide a more detailed explanation for how you developed that editing style?
** The checkuser evidence is not concrete but there are similarities. The evidence being indecisive is not uncommon considering the time gap between use of these accounts. So this does not prove you are unrelated.
:Lastly, I will remind you the best way to get an unblock is to be honest. Unblock is not impossible under condition in that case.--[[User:BRPever|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF00FF;&quot;&gt;B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF7E00;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#00A300;&quot;&gt;P&lt;/span&gt;]]'''&lt;sup&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;''' 21:15, 6 June 2026 (UTC)
::Yes, I can explain that.
::1. ‎Yes, I had wiki-editing experience prior to joining SEW, although not on Wikipedia itself. I contributed extensively to Miraheze wikis and had been doing so for approximately 2-3 years before editing here. I actually mentioned this shortly after joining Simple English Wikipedia ([https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=10766465 diff]), where I thought SEW was a forked Wiki. Because wiki editing conventions are broadly similar across platforms, I did not find it difficult to adapt. I had originally intended to begin editing on English Wikipedia, but ended up here and stayed.
::2. ‎Regarding topic interests, the main overlap is South Asia. Given the size of the region and it being a contentious topic here on Wikipedia, I do not think it is unusual for multiple editors to share that area of interest. I am from the South Asian region. I also edit South Asian topics extensively on English Wikipedia, including article creation. As for the India naming dispute RfD, my participation was not my first involvement in RfDs (As the CU request stated &quot;at an article they've never edited before and at a forum they've never visited prior&quot;). I have both voted and nominated articles for RFD before; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/Requests/2026/Wikit%C3%B3lica 1], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/Requests/2026/Andrew_Hulbert 2].
::3. ‎About the edit summaries, the examples cited in the CU discussion have straightforward explanations. I learned &quot;copyedit&quot; from new user edit suggestions on my homepage, these were the [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions/Erakilos&amp;target=Erakilos&amp;dir=prev first edits I made here ]. Summaries such as &quot;POV&quot; and &quot;unsourced&quot; are common shorthand descriptions that I frequently encountered on English Wikipedia and adopted myself. As for tools, I learned about QD logs and usage while editing here, observing the RC page many users here keep QD logs. The tool I use most extensively is Twinkle, tho my familiarity with Twinkle comes from prior wiki-editing experience, including Miraheze, most of its usage I learned while editing here. I believe it's also the most common tool here at SEW.
::I've tried my best to answer your questions. If there are any specific concerns or examples you would like me to address in more detail, I would be happy to do so. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 02:22, 7 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>t5v5qnkyiokhxgqdxnw6c1qust8hx1f</sha1>
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==Welcome!==

[[Image:Chocolate chip cookies.jpg|thumb|300px|Some cookies to welcome you! [[File:Face-smile.svg|25px]]]] Hello, I am [[User:Ferien|Ferien]] and [[Wikipedia:WELCOME|welcome to Wikipedia]], Erakilos! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Erakilos|your changes]]. I just wanted to say hi and welcome you to Wikipedia! If you have any questions check out [[Wikipedia:Questions]], or  send me a message on [[User talk:Ferien|my talk page]]. I like to help new people, so don't be afraid to leave a message!  I hope you like Wikipedia and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful:
* [[Wikipedia:Introduction|Introduction]]
* [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars of Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:How to edit a page|How to change a page]]
* [[Help:Contents|Help pages]]
* [[Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages|How to write a very good article]]
Also, when you post on [[Wikipedia:Talk page|talk pages]] you should [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|sign your name]] using four tildes (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); that should automatically produce your username and the date after your post. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedian]]!  --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] &lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])&lt;/small&gt; 11:43, 4 March 2026 (UTC)

:Thanks for the warm welcome and the cookies look delicious! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 11:48, 4 March 2026 (UTC)

== Warning ==

Usually when you see edits like [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=10771055&amp;oldid=10771052&amp;rcid=26946842 these], you can just immediately report them to [[WP:VIP]] with the reason of them being LTAs. [[WP:LTA|LTA]]s are users who create accounts just to make a certain edit and are usually [[meta:Globally locked|locked]] when you make a request at [[:meta:SRG|this page]]. If you need further clarification ping me here. Happy editing! :) [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|talk]]) 12:41, 4 March 2026 (UTC)

:Ah, thank you for the tip! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 12:45, 4 March 2026 (UTC)

== Hello ==

Hello @[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;i can see you just joined Wikipedia 5 days ago, and how do you know articles doesn’t meet the General Notability Guidelines?

do you know what it takes to write articles and you just nominate it for deletion without proper review? [[User:Whattttttttt|Whattttttttt]] ([[User talk:Whattttttttt|talk]]) 08:32, 5 March 2026 (UTC)

:Hello, I’m indeed new here, but before nominating the articles I reviewed the guidelines at [[Wikipedia:GNG]] and [[Wikipedia:Notability (people)]]. Based on my understanding, the articles may not currently meet those criteria. However, I may be mistaken; the discussion at [[WP:RfD]] allows the community to review and decide, and you’re welcome to participate there. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 08:39, 5 March 2026 (UTC)
::Alright, but the subject is already exist on the main English Wikipedia without issues with the same contents and sources. [[User:Whattttttttt|Whattttttttt]] ([[User talk:Whattttttttt|talk]]) 08:49, 5 March 2026 (UTC)

== Massundo ==

This tool is only really for a quite narrow use case where the person you're reverting has made just one edit per page. If they've made multiple, it's best to use twinkle or rollback, as massundo will just make more work for others. Thanks for your patrolling work :) [[User:lp0 on fire|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#c56030;background:inherit;&quot;&gt;lp0&amp;nbsp;on&amp;nbsp;fire&lt;/span&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;[[User talk:lp0 on fire|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#64cea0;background:inherit&quot;&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;]] 09:54, 15 March 2026 (UTC)

:Thank you for the suggestion, I just realized it reverts only the latest revision by a user on a page. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 09:57, 15 March 2026 (UTC)
::No problem :) [[User:lp0 on fire|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#c56030;background:inherit;&quot;&gt;lp0&amp;nbsp;on&amp;nbsp;fire&lt;/span&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;[[User talk:lp0 on fire|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#64cea0;background:inherit&quot;&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;]] 09:59, 15 March 2026 (UTC)

== [[Espoir records]] ==

Thanks for patrolling new pages. For future reference, any page that mentions &quot;Joseph Kargbo&quot; in the context of music or the music industry is the work of [[:en:WP:LTA/JK|a long-term vandal]], and should be tagged for deletion under criterion G5 (block evasion) instead of or in addition to any other criteria. Thanks, [[User:Passengerpigeon|Passengerpigeon]] ([[User talk:Passengerpigeon|talk]]) 01:48, 23 March 2026 (UTC)

:Got it! Thank you for the suggestion. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 02:14, 23 March 2026 (UTC)

== Naldi (singer) – notability clarification ==

Hello,

I would like to comment regarding the article:
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naldi_(singer)

I understand the concern regarding A4 (no indication of importance), however I believe the subject does meet the general notability guideline (WP:GNG).

The article includes multiple independent and reliable secondary sources that provide coverage of the artist, including:

- The Source  
- HipHopSince1987  
- LA Weekly  
- AllHipHop  
- Thrive Times  

These are independent publications that have written about the artist’s work and career development, which suggests significant coverage beyond trivial mentions.

In addition, the artist has been featured by Top Channel (Top Awards), a major media platform in Albania.

The current version of the article has been expanded, properly sourced, and written in a neutral, encyclopedic tone in line with Wikipedia policies.

Given this, I respectfully suggest that the article may not fit the A4 criterion, as there is a clear indication of notability supported by sources.

I would appreciate if you could take another look at the updated version before proceeding with deletion.

Thank you for your time. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-19744-69|&amp;#126;2026-19744-69]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-19744-69|talk]]) 14:44, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

== Rollback granted ==

Hi Erakilos, I've given you rollback as you requested it. Remember to only use rollback for obvious vandalism, and not good faith edits. If you'd like to test it out, please go [[Wikipedia:Rollback feature/Testing ground|here]]. Thank you for your contributions! :)  --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] &lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])&lt;/small&gt; 23:06, 14 April 2026 (UTC)

:Thanks, I’ll keep that in mind. – &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 02:13, 15 April 2026 (UTC)

== Hany Abu-Assad page deleted ==

* {{DRV|Hany Abu-Assad}} Why have you deleted my page? I have put a lot of work into this. I don’t fully understand why you would want it deleted. I am creating a page for my university Bachelor’s degree in Middle Eastern Studies, and I have followed all the rules. I have followed the training on how to create a page, and my references are correctly formatted. I am from Amsterdam, where Hany Abu-Assad is also from, and I have used sources from Dutch media. Could this be the reason?  I kindly request that my page be restored as soon as possible, as this is a serious project I am working on. 

[[User:Lotte van Dam|Lotte van Dam]] ([[User talk:Lotte van Dam|talk]]) 08:15, 30 April 2026 (UTC)

:The reason given for the deletion was that the subject is “not notable,” but Hany Abu-Assad is a well-known Palestinian-Dutch filmmaker and already has a page on the regular Wikipedia. I hope this is not related to his Palestinian background and that this is not the reason why the page was deleted. [[User:Lotte van Dam|Lotte van Dam]] ([[User talk:Lotte van Dam|talk]]) 08:34, 30 April 2026 (UTC)
::Hey @[[User:Lotte van Dam|Lotte van Dam]]! The deletion of the page was not related to Hany Abu-Assad’s Palestinian background. The page was deleted due to notability concerns. Even if sources are properly formatted, they must also demonstrate that the subject meets the notability criteria and has enough sources cited. I understand the effort that goes into creating a new page. You can request that the page be restored or even moved to your user space sandbox so you can improve it at [[WP:Deletion review]]. – &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 09:28, 30 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Thank you very much for your respondse, and please let me know if you notice any mistakes. I’ll be happy to correct them. [[User:Lotte van Dam|Lotte van Dam]] ([[User talk:Lotte van Dam|talk]]) 19:34, 7 May 2026 (UTC)

== Block Review ==
{{unblock reviewed|1=I respectfully request that this block be reviewed. The block rationale given for my block is in particular my RFD participation. However, I have participated in RfDs before and this was not my first instance of voting on RFD (as Gotitbro claimed at the CU forum), I didn't mention it on the CU page thinking it was unnecessary when the participation is public, so this was not my unusual behavior specific to this case. My comment on this particular RFD (For which I believe I have been blocked for?) was my own assessment of the article, and not because of any connection to the blocked user. My editing practices, the use of tools and edit summaries are all what I learned from my 3 month time here and are common among editors as I've seen at Wikipedia:RecentChanges (This is where I've been mostly active at).
I understand that reasonable editors may interpret behavioral evidence differently, but I believe the evidence presented does not establish that I am the same person as Cyber.Eyes.2005, I therefore ask that the block be reconsidered or independently reviewed. Also pinging the blocking admin @Ferien:. – Erakilos 𐤀 2:55 am, 5 June 2026, last Friday (2 days ago) (UTC+1)|decline= You haven't been blocked for bad behaviour, you were blocked for block evasion. --  '''''[[User:Fr33kman|&lt;span style=&quot;color: darkgreen&quot;&gt;fr33k&lt;/span&gt;]][[User talk:Fr33kman|&lt;span style=&quot;color: navy&quot;&gt;man&lt;/span&gt;]]''''' 00:20, 7 June 2026 (UTC)}}

:I think my unblock request has been misunderstood? I never said I've been blocked for 'bad behavior'. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 01:13, 7 June 2026 (UTC)

:I have a few questions before I review this request:
** You were able to use common edit summaries from very early on in your editing history. Your use of scripts and several other things (which I can list if necessary) suggest to me that you are not a completely new editor, or that you may have prior experience editing while logged out. Can you explain this?
** Your areas of interest appear quite similar to those of Cyber.Eyes.2005. You mention that your participation in the India naming dispute RfD was not unusual behaviour. Can you point me to other RfDs where you had similar involvement?
** I am not entirely convinced by the explanation that your edit-summary style was simply learned during your three months here. I took a look at recent changes and do not see many editors using edit summaries in quite the same way. There are a number of small similarities with Cyber.Eyes.2005 which, taken together, are difficult to ignore. Can you provide a more detailed explanation for how you developed that editing style?
** The checkuser evidence is not concrete but there are similarities. The evidence being indecisive is not uncommon considering the time gap between use of these accounts. So this does not prove you are unrelated.
:Lastly, I will remind you the best way to get an unblock is to be honest. Unblock is not impossible under condition in that case.--[[User:BRPever|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF00FF;&quot;&gt;B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF7E00;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#00A300;&quot;&gt;P&lt;/span&gt;]]'''&lt;sup&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;''' 21:15, 6 June 2026 (UTC)
::Yes, I can explain that.
::1. ‎Yes, I had wiki-editing experience prior to joining SEW, although not on Wikipedia itself. I contributed extensively to Miraheze wikis and had been doing so for approximately 2-3 years before editing here. I actually mentioned this shortly after joining Simple English Wikipedia ([https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=10766465 diff]), where I thought SEW was a forked Wiki. Because wiki editing conventions are broadly similar across platforms, I did not find it difficult to adapt. I had originally intended to begin editing on English Wikipedia, but ended up here and stayed.
::2. ‎Regarding topic interests, the main overlap is South Asia. Given the size of the region and it being a contentious topic here on Wikipedia, I do not think it is unusual for multiple editors to share that area of interest. I am from the South Asian region. I also edit South Asian topics extensively on English Wikipedia, including article creation. As for the India naming dispute RfD, my participation was not my first involvement in RfDs (As the CU request stated &quot;at an article they've never edited before and at a forum they've never visited prior&quot;). I have both voted and nominated articles for RFD before; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/Requests/2026/Wikit%C3%B3lica 1], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/Requests/2026/Andrew_Hulbert 2], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/Requests/2026/Principality_of_Kagame 3], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/Requests/2026/Template:IP_Viewed 4].
::3. ‎About the edit summaries, the examples cited in the CU discussion have straightforward explanations. I learned &quot;copyedit&quot; from new user edit suggestions on my homepage, these were the [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions/Erakilos&amp;target=Erakilos&amp;dir=prev first edits I made here ]. Summaries such as &quot;POV&quot; and &quot;unsourced&quot; are common shorthand descriptions that I frequently encountered on English Wikipedia and adopted myself. As for tools, I learned about QD logs and usage while editing here, observing the RC page many users here keep QD logs. The tool I use most extensively is Twinkle, tho my familiarity with Twinkle comes from prior wiki-editing experience, including Miraheze, most of its usage I learned while editing here. I believe it's also the most common tool here at SEW.
::I've tried my best to answer your questions. If there are any specific concerns or examples you would like me to address in more detail, I would be happy to do so. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 02:22, 7 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <text bytes="96495" sha1="ow8l1s32465ilsvmfp43dgemnngh8pi" xml:space="preserve">{{talk archive}}

== Tech News: 2025-39 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W39&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 On September 24th at 15:00 UTC], all Wikimedia sites users will experience a brief read-only period due to a scheduled [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter server switchover]]. The Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team will redirect all traffic from one primary server to its backup. You can listen to the switchover using the [http://listen.hatnote.com/ &quot;Listen to Wikipedia&quot;] tool, where you will hear edits stop for a few minutes during the read-only phase, then resume. This twice-yearly datacenter server switchover ensures reliability by testing the backup datacenter, so that our sites can stay online even if the primary datacenter fails. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the process on the Diff blog]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* Editors of [[f:Special:Mylanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-12#Next round of Wiktionaries to receive embedded Wikifunctions calls|60 more Wiktionaries]] will soon be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them into their pages. A function takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, like adding numbers, converting miles to meters, calculating elapsed time, or declining a word into a case. They will join the other [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-29#Wikifunctions available on 65 Wiktionaries|65 Wiktionary language editions]], which already have access to embedded Wikifunctions calls. Later this year, plans are in place to expand to more Wiktionaries and the Incubator.
* A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Technical metadata of another page|parser function]] has been added: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#contentmodel}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. Template editors and admins can use it to get the localized or canonical name of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|content model]] of a specific page. The function makes it easier to create and edit system messages, such as ''MediaWiki:editinginterface'', even when you switch types of pages, like wiki, JavaScript, CSS or JSON page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328254]
* Adding or editing a &lt;code&gt;DISPLAYTITLE&lt;/code&gt; for an article using VisualEditor will no longer be broken. Editors who use VisualEditor mode to modify the &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{DISPLAYTITLE}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; would no longer have the literal text &quot;DISPLAYTITLE&quot; or its localized variant added to their articles. A list of pages that may have been affected and might need cleanup is documented in [[phab:P83438|this ticket]]. 
* Beta users of the Wikipedia Android app can now try the redesigned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Activity Tab Experiment|Activity tab]], which replaces the Edits tab. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.20|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Wikifunctions users can now import many essential facts involving [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6011|geo-coordinates]], [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6010|quantities]] and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6064|time]] values from Wikidata. This is made possible by the creation of Wikifunctions types for these values, which makes them available for use by functions in Wikifunctions. Learn more about how this works in [[c:File:ImportingWikidataDatatypesIntoWikifunctions.webm|this video]] and Wikifunctions' [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-01#News in Types I: Wikidata quantity|August 1 newsletter]] (for quantities) and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-22#News in Types: Wikidata geo-coordinate|August 22 newsletter]] (for geo-coordinates).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W39&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:56, 22 September 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29305556 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-40 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Palazzo delle Poste (Latina)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Postelittoria2.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
Il '''Palazzo delle Poste''', fino al 1945 Ricevitoria Postelegrafonica di Littoria, è un edificio postale di Latina, situato in piazzale dei Bonificatori.

Costruito nel 1932 in stile razionalista con influenze futuriste, riscontrabili nell'utilizzo di ampie superfici vetrate e di volumi verticali, oltre che per la presenza di l’utilizzo di materiali e scelte di design molto in voga all'epoca come, come i mattoni a vista, il travertino di Tivoli e l'Anticorodal (una lega di alluminio), ospita l'ufficio postale Latina Centro. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 00:58, 29 September 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=29341788 --&gt;

== Notability Of Nyanzi Martin Luther  ==

[[User:Jymboy|Jymboy]] ([[User talk:Jymboy|talk]]) 17:47, 29 September 2025 (UTC)

:Halo,sir I was told that to have an article about Nyanzi Martin Luther in Wikipedia I should first create it as a username space on my account then ask for its moving to main name space but I have failed to create. Here is the article well written and cited with independent reliable news sources and indepth articles about the subject.yoi can add on more research for verification. [[User:Jymboy|Jymboy]] ([[User talk:Jymboy|talk]]) 17:49, 29 September 2025 (UTC)

== Tech News: 2025-40 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W40&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* A major software upgrade has been made to [[phab:|Phabricator]]. The update introduces performance improvements, a refreshed search interface, enhancements to Maniphest task search, updates to user profile pages and project workboards, new Herald automation features, as well as general text input, mobile experience improvements and more. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/phame/post/view/321/iterative_improvements_september_2025/]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Community Tech team will release the new Community Wishlist extension on October 1, that will improve the way wishes will be submitted. The new extension will allow users to add tags to their wishes to better categorise them, and (in a future iteration) to filter them by status, tags and focus areas. It will also be possible to support individual wishes again, as requested by the community in many instances. The old system will be retired. There will be a brief period of downtime while the extension is deployed and wishes are migrated to the new system. You can read more about this [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|in the latest update]] or you can consult the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CommunityRequests|current documentation on MediaWiki]].
* As announced [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|on Diff blog]], the production trial of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|hCaptcha]] service for bot detection has begun. The trial is currently using hCaptcha to protect account creation on Chinese, Persian, Portuguese, Indonesian, Japanese, and Turkish Wikipedias, where it will replace our existing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ConfirmEdit#FancyCaptcha|CAPTCHA]] (FancyCaptcha). The goal with the trial is to better block bots while also improving usability and accessibility for users who encounter CAPTCHA challenges.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|deployed]] to Wikimedia Commons. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. On Commons, anyone who is a registered user can use it as an event participant. To use it as an organizer, someone needs to have the [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Event organizers|event organizer right]].
* [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to German Wikipedia. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|test the feature]] on testwiki or [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on betawiki] as well. Please share your thoughts on [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Templates used in sub-references|using templates in sub-references]] or [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|volunteer to become a pilot wiki]].
* On wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|Mentorship]] system, communities can now opt experienced editors out of Mentorship through [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship}}]]. Within this setting, communities may define thresholds, based on edit count and account age, to decide when an editor is considered experienced enough to no longer receive Mentorship. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403563]
* The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tone Check|Tone check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Tone language model for the following languages: Arabic, Czech, German, Hebrew, Indonesian, Dutch, Polish, Russian, Turkish, Chinese, Farsi, Italian, Norwegian, Romanian and Latvian. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/Tone_Check/Model_evaluation|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on October 3, which will be the start date of the test.
* The rollout of [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|multiblocks]] had the side effect that non-active block logs may have been shown on {{#special:Contributions}} and on blocked users' user and user_talk pages. This issue will be fully resolved in a few days. As part of the fix, [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=sp-contributions-blocked-notice}} messages prefixed with &lt;code&gt;sp-contributions-blocked-notice&lt;/code&gt;] will be removed and replaced with [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=blocked-notice-logextract}} those prefixed with &lt;code&gt;blocked-notice-logextract&lt;/code&gt;] in a few weeks. Please help translate the new messages and update any local overrides if needed.
* There was a bug with links added using visual editor if they included characters such as &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[ ] |&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; after the fragment identifier (&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;#&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;). They were not encoded properly creating an incorrect link. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404823]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote/en}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[q:ms:|&lt;code&gt;q:ms:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404698]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|User Info Card]] now displays currently active global lock/blocks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401128]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Later this week, editors using Lua modules will be able to use the &lt;code&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.title.newBatch|mw.title.newBatch]]&lt;/code&gt; function to look up the existence of up to 25 pages at once, in a way that only increases the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parser functions#Expensive parser functions|expensive function]] count once.
* A new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Unsupported Tools Working Group]] has been formed as part of ongoing efforts to collectively determine technical work priorities, similar to the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product &amp; Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). The working group will help prioritize and review requests for support of unmaintained extensions, gadgets, bots, and tools. For the first cycle, the group will be prioritizing an unsupported Wikimedia Commons tool.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.21|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W40&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:53, 29 September 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29355230 --&gt;

== ''The Signpost'': 2 October 2025 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
* News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-02/News and notes|Larry Sanger returns with &quot;Nine Theses on Wikipedia&quot;; WMF publishes transparency report]]

* In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-02/In the media|Extraordinary eruption of &quot;EVIL&quot; explained]]

* Disinformation report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-02/Disinformation report|Emails from a paid editing client]]

* Discussion report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-02/Discussion report|Sourcing, conduct, policy and LLMs: another 1,339 threads analyzed]]

* Community view: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-02/Community view|The pressing questions of the modern WWW, as seen from the Village Pump]]

* Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-02/Recent research|Is Wikipedia a merchant of (non-)doubt for glyphosate?; eight projects awarded Wikimedia Research Fund grants]]

* Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-02/Opinion|Some disputes aren't worth it]]

* Obituary: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-02/Obituary|Michael Q. Schmidt]]

* Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-02/Traffic report|Death, hear me call your name]]

* Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-02/Comix|A grand spectacle]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 06:55, 2 October 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-41 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Majed Abu Maraheel]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Majed Abu Maraheel''' was a Palestinian long-distance runner, football player, security officer, and athletics coach, who was the first Palestinian to compete at the Olympic Games. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 12:48, 6 October 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-41 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#paste|Paste Check]] is a new Edit Check feature to help avoid and fight copyright violations. When editors paste text into an article, Paste Check prompts them to confirm the origin and licensing of the content. Starting Wednesday, 8 October, [[phab:T403680|22 wikis will test Paste Check]]. Paste Check will help new volunteers understand and follow the policies and guidelines necessary to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia projects.
'''Updates for editors'''
* Mobile devices will receive mobile articles directly on the standard domain (like &lt;code&gt;en.wikipedia.org&lt;/code&gt;), instead of via a redirect to an &quot;m&quot; domain (like &lt;code&gt;en.m.wikipedia.org&lt;/code&gt;). This change improves performance. This week it will be enabled on Wikipedias. The existing mobile URLs and the &quot;Desktop view&quot; opt-out remain available. [[mw:Requests for comment/Mobile domain sunsetting/2025 Announcement|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214998]
* New [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#creationdate and lasteditdate|date filters]], &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;creationdate:&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;lasteditdate:&lt;/code&gt;, are now available in the wiki search engine. This allows users to filter search results by a page's first or last revision date. The filters support comparison operators (e.g. &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&gt;2024&lt;/code&gt;) and relative dates (e.g. &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;today-1d&lt;/code&gt;), making it easier to find recently updated content or pages within specific age ranges. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403593]
* [[f:|Wikifunctions]] now supports rich text in embedded calls across the 150 wikis where it's enabled. To showcase this, the team created a [[f:Z26333|Latin declination table]] that Wiktionary editors can use to automatically generate noun forms, producing clear, formatted results — see an [[f:Wikifunctions:Embedded function calls/Wiktionary tables demonstration|example output]]. If you need any help or have any feedback, please [[f:Wikifunctions:Project chat|contact the Wikifunctions Team]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T397402]
* An edit link will now appear inside the categories box on article pages for logged in users, which will directly launch the VisualEditor category dialog. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291691]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a problem downloading pdf files last week and that has been resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405957]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The field &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;rev_sha1&lt;/code&gt; in the revision database table is being removed in favor of &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;content_sha1&lt;/code&gt; in the content database table. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/2D2M3SP4WHR6BXXKTZ2PBLZQYR3EGQVR/ the announcement] for more information.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web|Reader Experience team]] will roll out [[w:en:Light-on-dark color scheme|Dark Mode]] user interface on all Wikimedia sites on October 29, 2025. All anonymous users of Wikimedia sites will have the option to activate a color scheme that features light-colored text on a dark background. This is designed to provide a more comfortable reading experience, especially in low-light situations. Template authors and technical contributors are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|learn how to make pages ready for Dark mode]] and address any compatibility issues found in templates in their wiki before the enablement. Please contact the Web team for questions or any support on [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading#|this talk page]] before the enablement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628]
* Starting on Monday, October 6, API endpoints under the &lt;code&gt;rest.php&lt;/code&gt; path will be rerouted through a new internal API Gateway. Individual wikis will be updated based on the standard release groups, with total traffic increased over time. This change is expected to be non-breaking and non-disruptive. If any issues are observed, please file a Phabricator ticket to the [[phab:tag/serviceops/|Service Ops team board]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400130]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.22|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W41&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:24, 6 October 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-42 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Abortion in Eritrea]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
In Eritrea, abortion is banned except on the grounds of pregnancy from rape or incest, pregnancy of a minor, or risk to physical or mental health. Legal abortions require medical or judicial approval. Prior to Eritrea's independence, it applied Ethiopia's abortion law of the 1950s, which banned abortion unless life-saving. After independence, the 1991 penal code adapted this law to lift punishments on abortions on the grounds of rape, incest, or risk to life or health, but legal abortions did not exist in effect. The penal codes of 2001 and 2015 required physicians to prove health grounds for abortion. Unsafe abortion is common and contributes to maternal mortality in Eritrea. Post-abortion care is unavailable in some regions. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 01:06, 13 October 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-42 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W42&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Last week, improvements to account security and two-factor authentication (2FA) features were enabled across all wikis. These changes include user interface improvements for [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity], the support of multiple 2FA methods via authenticator apps and portable security keys (previously users could only enable one method), and a new Recovery Codes module which facilitates fewer account lockouts due to lost two-factor apps and devices. As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project, work is continuing through the rest of 2025 on further user experience improvements, and support for passkeys as an alternate second factor. 

'''Updates for editors'''

* Another part of the Account security project is making 2FA generally available to all users. Along with editors with advanced privileges, such as administrators and bureaucrats, 40% of editors now have access to 2FA. You can check if you have access at [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity]. Instructions for activation are on the linked page. The plan is to continue increasing availability if it is determined that the user support capabilities are able to support global usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400579]
* This week, users at wikis where talk page [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|Usability Improvements]] are already available by default (everywhere ''except'' the 12 wikis listed in [[phab:T379264|T379264]]) will gain the ability to Thank a comment directly from the talk page it appears on. Before this change, Thanking could only be done by visiting the revision history of the talk page. You can [[diffblog:2025/10/13/revolutionizing-gratitude-a-new-era-of-thanking-comments/|learn more about this change]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366095]
* Users who have not [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|verified their email address]] will soon be receiving monthly Notification reminders to do so. This is because users who have verified their email can more easily recover their account. These reminders will not be sent if the user is inactive or removes the unverified email from their account. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email_confirmation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T58074]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a fix was made for an occasional error with saving translated paragraphs in the Content Translation tool, and the related error messages are now easier to see. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376531]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''

* The Unsupported Tools Working Group has chosen [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] as the first tool for its pilot cycle. The group will explore ways to improve and sustain the tool over the coming months. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Learn more on Meta]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.23|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W42&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:00, 13 October 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29434481 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-43 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Liberation of Auschwitz concentration camp]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Auschwitz Liberated January 1945.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
On 27 January 1945, Auschwitz—a Nazi concentration camp and extermination camp in occupied Poland where more than a million people were murdered as part of the Nazis' &quot;Final Solution&quot; to the Jewish question—was liberated by the Soviet Red Army during the Vistula–Oder Offensive. Although most of the prisoners had been forced onto a death march, about 7,000 had been left behind. The Soviet soldiers attempted to help the survivors and were shocked at the scale of Nazi crimes. The date is recognized as International Holocaust Remembrance Day. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:04, 20 October 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-43 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W43&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* To optimize how user data is stored in our databases, the saved preferences of users who haven't logged in for over five years and have fewer than 100 edits will be cleared. When those users return, default settings will apply. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406724]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a broken link from the GlobalContributions interface message to the XTools GlobalContributions page which has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406415]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The work to reroute all traffic to API endpoints under the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;rest.php&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; route through a common API gateway is now complete. If any issues are observed, please file a phabricator ticket to the [[phab:tag/serviceops/|Service Ops team board]].
* Edits to Wikidata references or qualifiers will now be shown in RecentChanges and Watchlist entries on other wikis less often, reducing unnecessary notifications. This will reduce the overall quantity of 'noisy' entries. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401290]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.24|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W43&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:37, 20 October 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29478670 --&gt;

== ''The Signpost'': 20 October 2025 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
* News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-20/News and notes|Board shuffles, LLM blocks increase, IPs are going away]]

* Special report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-20/Special report|The election that isn't]]

* Interview: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-20/Interview|The BoT bump]]

* In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-20/In the media|An incident at WikiConference North America; WMF reports AI-related traffic drop and explains Wikipedia to US conservatives]]

* Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-20/Traffic report|One click after another]]

* Humour: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-20/Humour|Wikipedia pay rates]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 22:46, 20 October 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-44 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Black Diaries]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Black Diaries''' are diaries purported to have been written by the Irish revolutionary Roger Casement, which contained accounts of homosexual liaisons with young men. They cover the years 1903, 1910 and 1911 (two) and were handed in to Scotland Yard after his capture in April 1916. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:52, 27 October 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=29487357 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-44 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W44&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Wikipedia iOS app has launched an A/B/C test of improvements made to the tabbed browsing feature for select regions and languages. The test, named “More dynamic tabs”, explores new tab experiences and includes “Did you know” and “Because you read” article recommendations. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)/New Tab Experience and Recommendations Experiment|read more on the project page]].
* Autoconfirmed users on [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|small]] and [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|medium wikis]] with the CampaignEvents extension can now use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] without the Event Organizer right. This feature lets organizers enable registration, manage participants, and lets users register with one click instead of signing event pages.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue of flashing colors when holding or pressing the arrow keys under the dark mode settings in Vector 2022 has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402285]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''

* The CampaignEvents extension will be deployed to all remaining wikis during the week of 17 November 2025. The extension currently includes three features: Event Registration, Collaboration List, and Invitation List. For this rollout, Invitation List will not be enabled on Wikifunctions and MediaWiki unless requested by those communities. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|Visit the deployment page to learn more]].
* The SwaggerUI-based REST sandbox experience is now live on all wiki projects. The sandbox can be accessed through the [[{{#special:RestSandbox}}]] page. Please report any issues to the MediaWiki Interfaces team board, or join the discussion on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|project launch]] page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/6931/]
* Transform endpoints with a trailing slash path in the MediaWiki REST API are now marked as deprecated. They will remain functional during this time, but removal is expected by the end of January 2026. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=mw-extra&amp;title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox]. See the [[mw:API/Deprecation|MediaWiki REST API Deprecation]] page for more detailed information about the API deprecation policies and procedures.
* A dedicated [[mw:API:REST API/Changelog|changelog now exists for the MediaWiki REST API]]. The changelog provides an overview of these changes, making it easier for developers to keep track of improvements and iterations. Announcements will also continue to flow through the standard communication channels, including Tech News and email distribution lists, but can now be more easily referenced from a central location. If you have feedback about the style, structure, or content of this changelog, please [[mw:API talk:REST API/Changelog|join the discussion]].
* Administrators can delete the tracking category which was previously added by the JsonConfig extension, as it is no longer used. See the categories linked from [[d:Q130635582#sitelinks-wikipedia|Q130635582]]. It is OK if there are still pages listed in the category as that is just a caching issue, and they will be automatically cleared out the next time each page is edited. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378352]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.25|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W44&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:32, 27 October 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29513638 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-45 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Consolations (Liszt)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Franz Liszt - Consolation No. 3, Lento placido.ogg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Consolations''', S. 171a/172 (German: Tröstungen) are a set of six solo piano works by Franz Liszt. The compositions take the musical style of nocturnes with each having its own distinctive style. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 01:52, 3 November 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=29558323 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-45 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W45&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Administrators will now find that [[{{#special:MergeHistory}}]] is now significantly more flexible about what it can merge. It can now merge sections taken from the middle of the history of the source (rather than only the start) and insert revisions anywhere in the history of the destination page (rather than only the start). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382958]
* For users with &quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-autotopicsub}}&quot; [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|enabled in their preferences]], starting a new topic or adding a reply to an existing topic will now subscribe them to replies to that topic. Previously, this would only happen if the DiscussionTools &quot;{{int:Skin-action-addsection}}&quot; or &quot;{{int:Discussiontools-replybutton}}&quot; widgets were used. When DiscussionTools was originally launched existing accounts were not opted in to automatic topic subscriptions, so this change should primarily affect newer accounts and users who have deliberately changed their preferences since that time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290778]
* Scribunto modules can now be used to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#SVG library|generate SVG images]]. This can be used to build charts, graphics and other visualizations dynamically through Lua, reducing the need to compose them externally and upload them as files. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405861]
* Wikimedia sites now provide all anonymous users with the option to enable a dark mode color scheme, featuring light-colored text on a dark background. This enhancement aims to deliver a more enjoyable reading experience, especially in dimly lit environments.  [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628]
* Users with large watchlists have long faced timeouts when editing [[Special:EditWatchlist|Special:EditWatchlist]]. The page now loads entries in smaller sections instead of all at once due to a paging update, allowing everyone to edit their watchlists smoothly. As part of the database update, sorting by expiry has been removed because it was over 100× slower than sorting by title. A [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Wishlist/W454 community wish] has been created to explore alternative ways to restore sort-by-expiry. If this feature is important to you, please support the wish! [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T41510]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the fixing of the persisting highlighting when using VisualEditor find and replace during a query. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407318]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Since 2019 the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]] at https://w.wiki is available for all Wikimedia wikis to create short links to articles, permalinks, diffs, etc. It is available in the sidebar as &quot;Get shortened URL&quot;. There are 30 wikis that also install an older &quot;ShortUrl&quot; extension. The old extension will soon be removed. This means &lt;code&gt;/s/&lt;/code&gt; URLs will not be advertised under article titles via HTML &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;class=&quot;title-shortlink&quot;&lt;/code&gt;. The &lt;code&gt;/s/&lt;/code&gt; URLs will keep working. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107188]
* On Thursday, October 30, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team|MediaWiki Interfaces]] and [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Service Operations]] teams began rerouting Action API traffic through a common API gateway. Individual wikis will be updated based on the standard release groups, with total traffic increased over time. This change is expected to be non-breaking and non-disruptive. If any issues are observed, please file a Phabricator ticket to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/tag/serviceops/ Service Ops team] board.
* MediaWiki Train deployments will pause for the final two weeks of 2025: 22 December and 29 December. Backport windows will also pause between Monday, 22 December 2025 and Thursday, 2 January 2026. A backport window is a scheduled time to add things like bug fixes and configuration changes. There are seven deployment trains remaining for 2025. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/SMWTEAES4SDLDUSK4HMWNBSKNCXZAWYN/]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.26|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* In 2025, the Wikimedia Foundation reported that AI systems and search engines increasingly use Wikipedia content without driving users to the site, contributing to an 8% drop in human pageviews compared to 2024. After detecting bots disguised as humans, Wikimedia updated its traffic data to reflect this shift. Read more about current user trends on Wikipedia in [[diffblog:2025/10/17/new-user-trends-on-wikipedia/|a Diff blog post]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W45&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:35, 3 November 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29552512 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-46 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Marine coastal ecosystem]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Vegetation and fauna processes controlling benthic biogeochemical fluxes.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''marine coastal ecosystem''' is a marine ecosystem which occurs where the land meets the ocean. Worldwide there is about 620,000 kilometres (390,000 mi) of coastline. Coastal habitats extend to the margins of the continental shelves, occupying about 7 percent of the ocean surface area. Marine coastal ecosystems include many very different types of marine habitats, each with their own characteristics and species composition. They are characterized by high levels of biodiversity and productivity.

For example, estuaries are areas where freshwater rivers meet the saltwater of the ocean, creating an environment that is home to a wide variety of species, including fish, shellfish, and birds. Salt marshes are coastal wetlands which thrive on low-energy shorelines in temperate and high-latitude areas, populated with salt-tolerant plants such as cordgrass and marsh elder that provide important nursery areas for many species of fish and shellfish. Mangrove forests survive in the intertidal zones of tropical or subtropical coasts, populated by salt-tolerant trees that protect habitat for many marine species, including crabs, shrimp, and fish. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 01:54, 10 November 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=29584005 --&gt;

== ''The Signpost'': 10 November 2025 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
* News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-11-10/News and notes|Temporary accounts go live and WMF board member self-suspends]]

* Community view: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-11-10/Community view|Six Wikipedians' thoughts on Grokipedia, and the humanity of it all]]

* Wikicup report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-11-10/Wikicup report|BeanieFan11, WikiCup victor of 2025, covers the results]]

* In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-11-10/In the media|Jimbo's book, an argument about genocide, and a train of shame]]

* Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-11-10/Recent research|Taking stock of the 2024–2025 research grants]]

* Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-11-10/Opinion|With Grokipedia, top-down control of knowledge is new again]]

* Obituary: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-11-10/Obituary|Struway]]

* Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-11-10/Traffic report|The documentaried, the disowned, the deceased, Diwali and the Dodgers]]

* Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-11-10/Comix|Head of steam]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 12:57, 10 November 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&amp;oldid=29568932 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-46 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W46&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
[[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]]
* Starting November 12, users will see a change in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Usability improvements|appearance of talk pages]] on [[Phab:T379264|some Wikipedias]]. Almost [[phab:T392121|all wikis]] have received this design change; [[phab:T409297|English Wikipedia]] will get these changes later. You can read more [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. Users can opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in their user preferences]] in &quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}&quot;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379264]
* MediaWiki can now display a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protection indicators|page indicator]] automatically while a page is protected. This feature is disabled by default. It can be enabled by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|community request]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12347]
* Using the &quot;{{int:showpreview}}&quot; or &quot;{{int:showdiff}}&quot; buttons in the wikitext editor will now carry over certain URL parameters like '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#useskin|useskin]]', '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#uselang|uselang]]' and '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Section#Editing sections|section]]'. This update also fixes an issue where, if the browser crashed while previewing an edit to a single section, saving this edit could overwrite the entire page with just that section’s content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62744][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24029][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T155097]
* Wikivoyage wikis can use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Markers and counters|colored map markers in the article text]]. The text of these markers will now be shown in contrasting black or white color, instead of always being white. Local workarounds for the problem can be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369454]
* The Activity tab in the Wikipedia Android app is now available for all users. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/Activity_Tab_Experiment]
* The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment called &quot;Image browsing&quot; to test how to make it easier for readers to browse and discover images on Wikipedia articles. This experiment, a mobile-only A/B test, will go live on English Wikipedia in the week of November 17 and will run for four weeks, affecting 0.05% of users on English wiki. The test launched on November 3 on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese wikis, affecting up to 10% of users on those wikis. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Reader_Growth/WE3.1.3_Image_Browsing]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example the inability to lock accounts on mobile sites has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T256185]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#November 2025 committee nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]] members. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open through 2025-11-28.
* The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT issuer field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]] has been changed to &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://meta.wikimedia.org&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199]
* The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT subject field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] will soon change from &lt;code&gt;&lt;user id&gt;&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;mw:&lt;identity type&gt;:&lt;user id&gt;&lt;/code&gt;, where &lt;code&gt;&lt;identity type&gt;&lt;/code&gt; is typically &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;CentralAuth:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;!-- not a typo --&gt; (for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]]) or &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;local:&lt;wiki id&gt;&lt;/code&gt; (for other wikis). This is to avoid conflicts between different user ID types, and to make OAuth 2 access tokens and the &lt;code&gt;sessionJwt&lt;/code&gt; cookie more similar. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199]
* MediaWiki's block messages ([[MediaWiki:Blockedtext|blockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-partial|blockedtext-partial]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext|autoblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Systemblockedtext|systemblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-tempuser|blockedtext-tempuser]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext-tempuser|autoblockedtext-tempuser]]) now support additional parameters indicating whether the user is blocked from editing their own user talk page &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;$9&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; or emailing other users &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;$&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;10&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285612]
* A &lt;code&gt;REL1_45&lt;/code&gt; branch for MediaWiki core and each of the extensions and skins in Wikimedia git has been created. This is the first step in the release process for MediaWiki 1.45.0, scheduled for late November 2025. If you are working on a critical bug fix or working on a new feature, you may need to take note of this change. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/ZUY7TY3Z6XPZWZVAZV63OPO5OW52Q6GE/]
* The process for generating CirrusSearch dumps has been updated due to slowing performance. If you encounter any issues migrating to the replacement dumps, please contact the Search Platform Team for support. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366248][https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/3KQPOR6ACVN6OVLMLZPIBXQSWQKW4E3K/]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.2|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W46&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:38, 10 November 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-47 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Elephant communication]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Three elephant's curly kisses.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Elephants communicate''' via touching, visual displays, vocalisations, seismic vibrations, and semiochemicals. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:24, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-47 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W47&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is experimenting with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4_Reading lists|reading lists on mobile web]], allowing logged-in readers with no edits to save private lists of articles for later. The experiment is running on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias since the week of 10 November, and will begin on English Wikipedia the week of 17 November.
* Users who can’t receive their email verification code during login can now get help by submitting a form on a new special page. This update is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] initiative. If your account has an email address, please make sure you still have access to it. When logging in from a new device or location without 2FA, you may be asked to enter a 6-digit code sent by email to finish logging in. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Why are you requiring me to enter a code from my email to log in? Can I opt out of this?|Learn more]].
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q13324|Minangkabau]] ([[s:min:|&lt;code&gt;s:min:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408317]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, the Content Transform Team rolled out Parsoid as the default parser to many low-traffic Wikipedias and is preparing the next step to high traffic ones. This message is an invitation for you to opt-in to Parsoid, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation, and identify any issues you might encounter with your own workflow using bots, gadgets, or user scripts. Please, let us know through the ''&quot;Report Visual Bug&quot;'' link in the Tools sidebar or create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]].
* Unsupported Tools: Several issues with [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] have been fixed, including filename-related upload failures, black-video imports, and retry handling. AV1 support has also been added. Ongoing work focuses on backend stability, ffmpeg errors, subtitle imports, metadata handling, and playlist uploads. To track specific tasks, check the [[phab:tag/video2commons/|Phabricator board]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.3|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* Save the date for the next Wikimedia Hackathon happening in Milan, Italy from May 1–3, 2026. Registration will open in January 2026. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/Hackathon-2026/ Scholarship applications are currently open], and will close on November 28, 2025. If you have any questions, please email &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;hackathon@wikimedia.org&lt;/bdi&gt;.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W47&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:26, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29627455 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-48 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Animal-made art]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Painting Queen 1024x768.png|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Animal-made art''' consists of works by non-human animals, that have been considered by humans to be artistic, including visual works, music, photography, and videography. Some of these are created naturally by animals, often as courtship displays, while others are created with human involvement.

There have been debates about the copyright status of these works, with the United States Copyright Office stating in 2014 that works that lack human authorship cannot have their copyright registered at the US Copyright Office. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:13, 24 November 2025 (UTC)
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== Eligibility  ==

[[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-34829-27|&amp;#126;2025-34829-27]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2025-34829-27|talk]]) 14:46, 24 November 2025 (UTC)

:@[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] according tomy research it seens the subject Nyanzi Martin Luther is now Worth a Wikipedia article,how do you see Mr Fusion [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-34829-27|&amp;#126;2025-34829-27]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2025-34829-27|talk]]) 14:47, 24 November 2025 (UTC)

== Tech News: 2025-48 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W48&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Last week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Wikimedia Search Team]] recreated the &quot;DWIM&quot; (Do What I Mean) gadget functionality server-side, for Russian and Hebrew Wikipedias. This feature adds cross-keyboard suggestions to the standard search-box suggestions. For example, searching for ''&lt;span lang=&quot;und&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;cxfcnmt&lt;/span&gt;'' on Russian Wikipedia will now add suggestions for ''&lt;span lang=&quot;ru&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;счастье&lt;/span&gt;'' (&quot;happiness&quot;) that the user probably intended. They plan to enable this feature for other Russian and Hebrew wikis this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408734]
* Later this week, users of the &quot;{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}&quot; [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will have syntax highlighting available in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]]. This requires that the &quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-sourcemodetoolbar}}&quot; preference be set. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407918]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|Campaign events extension]] – the set of tools for coordinating events and other on-wiki collaborations has now been deployed to all Wikimedia wikis. A new feature known as [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Collaborative contribution]] to help organizers and participants see the impact of activities has also been added. Join the upcoming [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Connection learning session 3|learning session]] to see the new feature in action and share your feedback.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug which stopped CodeReviewBot from working, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410417]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
*  Users of Wikimedia API can join a usability study to help validate the new design of Wikimedia REST API sandboxes. Interested participants should fill the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/487662 recruitment survey]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IREJRRWTZTGCYWQHDMSNJFTQAEPOOAE3/]
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team is deprecating XSLT stylesheets within the Action API. Support for &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;format=xml'''&amp;xlst={stylesheet}'''&lt;/code&gt; will be removed from Wikimedia projects by the end of November, 2025. In addition, it will soon be disabled by default in MediaWiki release versions: v1.43 (LTS), v1.44, and v1.45. Support for XSLT stylesheets will be fully removed from MediaWiki v1.46 (expected to release between April and May 2026). [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/5AX7UWAVVUNUSBOIRHMNOKWOZ5EZI3JX/]
* The WDQS legacy endpoint ([https://query-legacy-full.wikidata.org/ query-legacy-full.wikidata.org]) will be decommissioned at the end of December 2025, and finally closed down on 7th January 2026. After this date, users should expect requests to query.wikidata.org that require the full graph to fail or return invalid results if they are not rewritten to use SPARQL federation. The team encourages users to ensure that tools and workflows use the supported WDQS endpoints (&lt;span dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://query.wikidata.org/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt; - Main graph or &lt;span dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt; - Scholarly graph). For support with migrating use cases, please review the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Data_access|Data Access]] and [[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query|Request a Query]] pages for details and assistance on alternative access methods.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.4|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W48&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:56, 24 November 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29702226 --&gt;

== ''The Signpost'': 1 December 2025 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
* News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-01/News and notes|Election cycles come and go, and Wikimedia Foundation achieves record revenue in 2024–2025!]]

* In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-01/In the media|Wales walk-off, antisemitism, supernatural powers, feminism turmoil, saints, and sex]]

* Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-01/Recent research|At least 80 million inconsistent facts on Wikipedia – can AI help find them?]]

* Disinformation report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-01/Disinformation report|Epstein email exchanges planned strategy, edits and reported progress]]

* Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-01/Traffic report|It's a family affair]]

* Book review: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-01/Book review|''The Seven Rules of Trust'']]

* From the archives: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-01/From the archives|&quot;I have been asked by Jeffrey Epstein ...&quot;]]

* Humour: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-01/Humour|An interview with Wikipe-tan]]

* Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-01/Opinion|AI finds errors in 90% of Wikipedia's best articles]]

* Serendipity: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-01/Serendipity|Highlights from the itWikiCon 2025]]

* Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-01/Comix|Madness]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 00:17, 1 December 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-49 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Halachic state]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The term &quot;'''halachic state'''&quot; (Hebrew: מְדִינַת הֲלָכָה‎ Medīnat Hălāḵā) refers to a sovereign state that endorses Judaism in an official capacity and governs by Jewish religious law. It has been a subject of discussion among Orthodox Jews, particularly with regard to modern Israel, which, although a Jewish state, is not classified as a theocracy. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 08:01, 1 December 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=29719355 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-49 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W49&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Wikipedia Year in Review 2025 will be available on December 2 for users of iOS and Android Wikipedia apps, featuring new personalized insights, updated reading highlights, and refreshed designs. Learn more on the review's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/Updates|project page]].
* The Growth team is working on improving the text and presentation of the Verification Email sent to new users to make them more welcoming, useful and informative. Some new text have been drafted for A/B testing and you can help by translating them. See [[phab:T396155|Phabricator]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]] will now be deployed at Japanese, Urdu and Chinese Wikipedias on December 2. Add a link is based on a prediction model that suggests links to be added to articles. While this feature has already been available on most Wikipedias, the prediction model could not support certain languages. A new model has now been developed to handle these languages, and it will be gradually rolled out to other Wikipedias over time. If you would like to know more, please contact [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where search boxes on some Commons pages showed no results due to switch from SpecialSearch to MediaSearch, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399476]
* Two new wikis have been created:
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q36846|Toki Pona]] ([[w:tok:|&lt;code&gt;w:tok:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404457]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} in [[d:Q33655|Nigerian Pidgin]] ([[q:pcm:|&lt;code&gt;q:pcm:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408318]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.5|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation is in the early stages of exploring approaches to '''Article guidance'''. The initiative aims to identify interventions that could help new editors easily understand and apply existing Wikipedia practices and policies when creating an article. The project is in the exploration and early experimental design phase. All community members are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|learn more]] about the project, and share their thoughts on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Article guidance|the talk page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W49&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:58, 1 December 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29732328 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-50 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:ru:Сто лошадей]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:One Hundred Horses]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:A_Hundred_Steeds.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''One Hundred Horses''''' (Chinese: 百駿圖) is a Qing dynasty silk and ink painting by Giuseppe Castiglione. It was painted in 1728 for the Yongzheng emperor. The painting depicts a hundred horses in a variety of poses and activities, combining Western realism with traditional Chinese composition and brushwork.  

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:29, 8 December 2025 (UTC)
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&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W50&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/50|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Anybody who wishes to secure their user account can now use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). This is available to all registered users of all Wikimedia projects. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] initiative. Later, 2FA will be required for all users who can take security- or privacy-sensitive actions.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Following last week's deployments, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]] feature, which allows editors to add suggested links during editing, will be available to an additional [[Phab:T410469|33 Wikipedias]] starting on 9 December. This expansion is possible thanks to the new prediction model that now supports all languages, including those that were previously not covered. While the feature has been available on most Wikipedias for some time, this rollout brings us closer to using the improved model everywhere. If you have any questions or would like more details please contact [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]].
* Last week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Search Platform team]] added [[w:en:Transliteration|transliterated]] as-you-type search suggestions to Georgian wikis. If there are only a few regular search suggestions, then queries in Latin or Cyrillic script [[phab:T127003|are now rewritten into Georgian script]] to look for more matches. For example, searching for either &lt;bdi lang=&quot;ka-Latn&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;''bedniereba''&lt;/bdi&gt; or &lt;bdi lang=&quot;ka-Cyrl&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;''бедниереба''&lt;/bdi&gt; will now suggest the existing article about &lt;bdi lang=&quot;ka&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;ბედნიერება&lt;/bdi&gt; (&quot;happiness&quot;). You can recommend other languages where transliterated suggestions would be useful [[phab:T375215|on Phabricator]] for future development.
* Later this week, a controlled experiment will begin for editors on the 100 largest Wikipedias who are editing a section in the mobile web visual editor. 50% of these editors will notice a new &quot;Edit full page&quot; button that will enable them to expand their editing session to the whole page. This feature is intended to make it easier for people on mobile web to edit any article section, regardless of which section-edit icon they tapped to begin. The experiment will last ~4 weeks. You can find [[phab:T409112|more details]] about the project.
* Later this week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Reader Growth team]] will launch a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.1.14 Expanded Mobile Sections|mobile web experiment]] to expand all article sections by default (currently they are collapsed by default) and pin the section header the user is currently reading to the top of the page. The experiment will affect 10% of users on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409485]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/2025 Year in Review|Wikipedia Year in Review 2025]], a feature in the Wikipedia mobile apps (iOS and Android) that provides users with a personalised summary of their engagement with Wikipedia over the year, is now available on the iOS and Android apps. This edition includes expanded personalised insights, improved reading highlights, new donor messaging, and updated designs. Open the app to view your Year in Review and explore your reading journey from 2025.
* A recent software bug caused edits made with VisualEditor to make unintended changes to wikitext, including removing whitespace and replacing spaces with underscores in wikilinks inside citations. This was partially fixed last week, and further fixes are in progress. Editors who used VisualEditor between November 28 and December 2 should review their edits for unexpected modifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411238]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the incorrect handling of URLs copied from the address bar of Microsoft Edge users, has been resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341281]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting this week, users of the &quot;{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}&quot; [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] as the editor for Lua, JavaScript, CSS, JSON and Vue content models, instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]]. With this, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linters]] will be upgraded. This is part of a larger effort to eventually replace CodeEditor and provide a consistent code editing experience. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373711]
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* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

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&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:45, 8 December 2025 (UTC)
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  <page>
    <title>Eurovision Song Contest 2027</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1260247</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880277</id>
      <parentid>10880266</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T12:00:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Greenock125</username>
        <id>652309</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>PLEASE STOP</comment>
      <origin>10880277</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8001" sha1="kley6mjmki8m92qr0rjse8itnafzg5h" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox song contest
| name = Eurovision Song Contest
| year = 2027
| logo = [[File:ESC 2027 Map.svg|310px]]
| alt = 
| theme = ''United by Music&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ebu.ch/news/2023/11/united-by-music-chosen-as-permanent-slogan-for-eurovision-song-contest|title='United By Music' chosen as permanent slogan for Eurovision Song Contest|publisher=[[European Broadcasting Union]]|website=ebu.ch|date=14 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| semi1 = May 2027
| semi2 = May 2027
| final = May 2027
| venue = TBD, [[Bulgaria]]
| presenters = 
| musdirector = 
| director = 
| esc_director = Martin Green
| show_supervisor = 
| exproducer = 
| host = {{ill|Bulgarian National Television|en}} (BNT)
| opening = 
| interval = 
| participants update = June 2026
| entries = 7
| finalists = 
| debut =
| return ={{Esc|North Macedonia}}
| nonreturn = 
| vote = 
| winner = 
| Map PreList = 
}}
The '''Eurovision Song Contest 2027''' will be the 71st edition of the [[Eurovision Song Contest]]. The contest will be held in [[Bulgaria in the Eurovision Song Contest|Bulgaria]], after their win at the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2026|2026 contest]] with the song &quot;{{ill|Bangaranga|en}}&quot; by [[Dara (Bulgarian singer)|Dara]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/stories/dara-wins-the-eurovision-song-contest-2026-for-bulgaria/|title=DARA wins the Eurovision Song Contest 2026 for Bulgaria|website=eurovision.com|date=17 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; It will be organised by the [[European Broadcasting Union]] (EBU) and host broadcaster {{ill|Bulgarian National Television|en}} (BNT).

==Overview==
It will be the first time that [[Bulgaria in the Eurovision Song Contest|Bulgaria]] will host the contest. The country has previously hosted the [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2015]].

==Location==
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot;
|+Cities that have expressed interest in hosting the contest
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| City
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Venue
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Notes
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| {{Refh}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| [[Burgas]]
| {{ill|Arena Burgas|en}}
| Can hold up to 15,000 people for concerts. Candidacy supported by the Burgas municipal council.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/17/eurovision-2027-burgas-expresses-interest-in-hosting/|title=Eurovision 2027: Burgas Expresses its Interest in Hosting|website=Eurovoix|date=17 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| [[Plovdiv]]
| {{ill|Kolodruma|en}}
| Can hold up to 7,500 people for concerts.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/17/eurovision-2027-plovdiv-intends-to-bid-to-host/|title=Eurovision 2027: Plovdiv Intends to Bid to Host Eurovision|website=Eurovoix|date=17 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| [[Sofia]]
| {{ill|Arena Sofia|en}}
| Hosted the [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2015]]. Can hold up to 17,906 people for concerts.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/17/eurovision-2027-sofia-will-bid-to-host-eurovision/|title=Eurovision 2027: Mayor Confirms Sofia Will Bid to Host Eurovision|website=Eurovoix|date=17 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| [[Varna, Bulgaria|Varna]]
| {{ill|Palace of Culture and Sports|en}}
| Kongresna Hall can hold up to 6,000 people.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://forbesbulgaria.com/2026/05/18/varna-i-plovdiv-vlizat-v-nadprevarata-za-domakinstvoto-na-evroviziya/|title=Варна и Пловдив влизат в надпреварата за домакинството на „Евровизия“|website=Forbes Bulgaria|date=18 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==Provisional list of participants==
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sticky-header&quot;
|+Provisional participants of the Eurovision Song Contest 2027
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Country
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Broadcaster
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Artist
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Song
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Language
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Songwriter(s)
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Ref.
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{esc|Bulgaria}}
| {{ill|Bulgarian National Television|en|lt=BNT}}
| {{N/A|}}
| {{N/A|}}
| {{N/A|}}
| {{N/A|}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://en.euromix.co.il/2026/01/31/surprise-bulgaria-confirms-participation-in-eurovision-2027/|title=Surprise: Bulgaria Confirms Participation in Eurovision 2027!|website=en.euromix.co.il|date=31 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{esc|Denmark}}
| {{ill|DR (broadcaster)|en|lt=DR}}
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; {{TBA| TBA 13 February 2027}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/16/eurovision-2027-what-do-we-know-already/|title=Eurovision 2027: What Do We Know Already?|website=Eurovoix|date=16 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{esc|Finland}}
| [[Yle]]
| colspan = &quot;4&quot; {{TBA| TBA 20 February 2027}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/12/uuden-musiikin-kilpailu-2027-on-february-20/|title=Finland: Uuden Musiikin Kilpailu 2027 on February 20|website=Eurovoix|date=12 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{esc|Germany}}
| {{ill|Südwestrundfunk|en|lt=SWR}}
| {{N/A|}}
| {{N/A|}}
| {{N/A|}}
| {{N/A|}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/04/18/germany-confirms-national-selection-for-eurovision-2027/|title=🇩🇪 Germany: SWR Confirms National Selection for Eurovision 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=18 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{esc|Luxembourg}}
| {{ill|RTL Télé Lëtzebuerg|en|lt=RTL}}
| {{N/A|}}
| {{N/A|}}
| {{N/A|}}
| {{N/A|}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/21/prime-minister-frieden-confirms-luxembourgs-intention-to-compete-in-eurovision-2027/|title=🇱🇺 Luxembourg: Prime Minister Frieden Confirms Luxembourg's Intention to Compete in Eurovision 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=21 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{esc|North Macedonia}}
| {{ill|Macedonian Radio Television|en|lt=MRT}}
| {{N/A|}}
| {{N/A|}}
| {{N/A|}}
| {{N/A|}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/21/north-macedonia-return-eurovision-confirmed-2027/|title=🇲🇰 North Macedonia: Return to Eurovision Confirmed for 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=21 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{esc|San Marino}}
| {{ill|San Marino RTV|en|lt=SMRTV}}
| {{N/A|}}
| {{N/A|}}
| {{N/A|}}
| {{N/A|}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/13/san-marino-eurovision-2027-starts-today/|title=San Marino: Work on Eurovision 2027 Starts Today|website=Eurovoix|date=13 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

===Other countries===
Countries with an active [[European Broadcasting Union|EBU]] membership that participated in [[Eurovision Song Contest 2026|2026]] but have not announced their participation in 2027:
* {{esc|Albania}}
* {{esc|Armenia}}
* {{esc|Australia}}
* {{esc|Austria}}
* {{esc|Azerbaijan}}
* {{esc|Belgium}}
* {{esc|Croatia}}
* {{esc|Cyprus}}
* {{esc|Czech Republic}}
* {{esc|Estonia}}
* {{esc|France}}
* {{esc|Georgia}}
* {{esc|Greece}}
* {{esc|Israel}}
* {{esc|Italy}}
* {{esc|Latvia}}
* {{esc|Lithuania}}
* {{esc|Malta}}
* {{esc|Moldova}}
* {{esc|Montenegro}}
* {{esc|Norway}}
* {{esc|Poland}}
* {{esc|Portugal}}
* {{esc|Romania}}
* {{esc|Serbia}}
* {{esc|Sweden}}
* {{esc|Switzerland}}
* {{esc|Ukraine}}
* {{esc|United Kingdom}}

Countries with an active [[European Broadcasting Union|EBU]] membership that have participated in the [[Eurovision Song Contest]] previously but have not announced their participation for 2027:
* {{esc|Andorra}}
* {{esc|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
* {{esc|Hungary}}
* {{esc|Iceland}}
* {{esc|Ireland}}
* {{esc|Monaco}}
* {{esc|Morocco}}
* {{esc|Netherlands}}
* {{esc|Slovakia}}
* {{esc|Slovenia}}
* {{esc|Spain}}
* {{esc|Turkey}}

===Non-EBU members===
The following countries' that are pushing for [[European Broadcasting Union|EBU]] membership that have expressed interest in debuting in 2027:
* {{flag|Kosovo}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/31/kosovo-rtk-director-renews-call-for-kosovos-inclusion-eurovision-junior-eurovision/|title=🇽🇰 Kosovo: RTK Director Renews Call for Kosovo’s Inclusion in Eurovision and Junior Eurovision|website=Eurovoix|date=31 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Other websites==
* {{URL|http://www.eurovision.com/|Official website}}

{{Eurovision Song Contest}}

[[Category:Eurovision Song Contest]]
[[Category:May events]]</text>
      <sha1>kley6mjmki8m92qr0rjse8itnafzg5h</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>10880391</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-06T15:21:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ESC Marq</username>
        <id>1786073</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>ESC 2027 Presenter (Speculative)</comment>
      <origin>10880391</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8021" sha1="4h459qe0yuy3qoogb1ne6dh9vzcfovc" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox song contest
| name = Eurovision Song Contest
| year = 2027
| logo = [[File:ESC 2027 Map.svg|310px]]
| alt = 
| theme = ''United by Music&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ebu.ch/news/2023/11/united-by-music-chosen-as-permanent-slogan-for-eurovision-song-contest|title='United By Music' chosen as permanent slogan for Eurovision Song Contest|publisher=[[European Broadcasting Union]]|website=ebu.ch|date=14 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| semi1 = May 2027
| semi2 = May 2027
| final = May 2027
| venue = TBD, [[Bulgaria]]
| presenters = [[Maria Bakalova]]
| musdirector = 
| director = 
| esc_director = Martin Green
| show_supervisor = 
| exproducer = 
| host = {{ill|Bulgarian National Television|en}} (BNT)
| opening = 
| interval = 
| participants update = June 2026
| entries = 7
| finalists = 
| debut = 
| return = {{Esc|North Macedonia}}
| nonreturn = 
| vote = 
| winner = 
| Map PreList = 
}}
The '''Eurovision Song Contest 2027''' will be the 71st edition of the [[Eurovision Song Contest]]. The contest will be held in [[Bulgaria in the Eurovision Song Contest|Bulgaria]], after their win at the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2026|2026 contest]] with the song &quot;{{ill|Bangaranga|en}}&quot; by [[Dara (Bulgarian singer)|Dara]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/stories/dara-wins-the-eurovision-song-contest-2026-for-bulgaria/|title=DARA wins the Eurovision Song Contest 2026 for Bulgaria|website=eurovision.com|date=17 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; It will be organised by the [[European Broadcasting Union]] (EBU) and host broadcaster {{ill|Bulgarian National Television|en}} (BNT).

==Overview==
It will be the first time that [[Bulgaria in the Eurovision Song Contest|Bulgaria]] will host the contest. The country has previously hosted the [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2015]].

==Location==
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot;
|+Cities that have expressed interest in hosting the contest
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| City
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Venue
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Notes
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| {{Refh}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| [[Burgas]]
| {{ill|Arena Burgas|en}}
| Can hold up to 15,000 people for concerts. Candidacy supported by the Burgas municipal council.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/17/eurovision-2027-burgas-expresses-interest-in-hosting/|title=Eurovision 2027: Burgas Expresses its Interest in Hosting|website=Eurovoix|date=17 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| [[Plovdiv]]
| {{ill|Kolodruma|en}}
| Can hold up to 7,500 people for concerts.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/17/eurovision-2027-plovdiv-intends-to-bid-to-host/|title=Eurovision 2027: Plovdiv Intends to Bid to Host Eurovision|website=Eurovoix|date=17 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| [[Sofia]]
| {{ill|Arena Sofia|en}}
| Hosted the [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2015]]. Can hold up to 17,906 people for concerts.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/17/eurovision-2027-sofia-will-bid-to-host-eurovision/|title=Eurovision 2027: Mayor Confirms Sofia Will Bid to Host Eurovision|website=Eurovoix|date=17 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| [[Varna, Bulgaria|Varna]]
| {{ill|Palace of Culture and Sports|en}}
| Kongresna Hall can hold up to 6,000 people.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://forbesbulgaria.com/2026/05/18/varna-i-plovdiv-vlizat-v-nadprevarata-za-domakinstvoto-na-evroviziya/|title=Варна и Пловдив влизат в надпреварата за домакинството на „Евровизия“|website=Forbes Bulgaria|date=18 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==Provisional list of participants==
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sticky-header&quot;
|+Provisional participants of the Eurovision Song Contest 2027
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Country
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Broadcaster
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Artist
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Song
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Language
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Songwriter(s)
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Ref.
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{esc|Bulgaria}}
| {{ill|Bulgarian National Television|en|lt=BNT}}
| {{N/A|}}
| {{N/A|}}
| {{N/A|}}
| {{N/A|}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://en.euromix.co.il/2026/01/31/surprise-bulgaria-confirms-participation-in-eurovision-2027/|title=Surprise: Bulgaria Confirms Participation in Eurovision 2027!|website=en.euromix.co.il|date=31 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{esc|Denmark}}
| {{ill|DR (broadcaster)|en|lt=DR}}
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; {{TBA| TBA 13 February 2027}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/16/eurovision-2027-what-do-we-know-already/|title=Eurovision 2027: What Do We Know Already?|website=Eurovoix|date=16 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{esc|Finland}}
| [[Yle]]
| colspan = &quot;4&quot; {{TBA| TBA 20 February 2027}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/12/uuden-musiikin-kilpailu-2027-on-february-20/|title=Finland: Uuden Musiikin Kilpailu 2027 on February 20|website=Eurovoix|date=12 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{esc|Germany}}
| {{ill|Südwestrundfunk|en|lt=SWR}}
| {{N/A|}}
| {{N/A|}}
| {{N/A|}}
| {{N/A|}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/04/18/germany-confirms-national-selection-for-eurovision-2027/|title=🇩🇪 Germany: SWR Confirms National Selection for Eurovision 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=18 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{esc|Luxembourg}}
| {{ill|RTL Télé Lëtzebuerg|en|lt=RTL}}
| {{N/A|}}
| {{N/A|}}
| {{N/A|}}
| {{N/A|}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/21/prime-minister-frieden-confirms-luxembourgs-intention-to-compete-in-eurovision-2027/|title=🇱🇺 Luxembourg: Prime Minister Frieden Confirms Luxembourg's Intention to Compete in Eurovision 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=21 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{esc|North Macedonia}}
| {{ill|Macedonian Radio Television|en|lt=MRT}}
| {{N/A|}}
| {{N/A|}}
| {{N/A|}}
| {{N/A|}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/21/north-macedonia-return-eurovision-confirmed-2027/|title=🇲🇰 North Macedonia: Return to Eurovision Confirmed for 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=21 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{esc|San Marino}}
| {{ill|San Marino RTV|en|lt=SMRTV}}
| {{N/A|}}
| {{N/A|}}
| {{N/A|}}
| {{N/A|}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/13/san-marino-eurovision-2027-starts-today/|title=San Marino: Work on Eurovision 2027 Starts Today|website=Eurovoix|date=13 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

===Other countries===
Countries with an active [[European Broadcasting Union|EBU]] membership that participated in [[Eurovision Song Contest 2026|2026]] but have not announced their participation in 2027:
* {{esc|Albania}}
* {{esc|Armenia}}
* {{esc|Australia}}
* {{esc|Austria}}
* {{esc|Azerbaijan}}
* {{esc|Belgium}}
* {{esc|Croatia}}
* {{esc|Cyprus}}
* {{esc|Czech Republic}}
* {{esc|Estonia}}
* {{esc|France}}
* {{esc|Georgia}}
* {{esc|Greece}}
* {{esc|Israel}}
* {{esc|Italy}}
* {{esc|Latvia}}
* {{esc|Lithuania}}
* {{esc|Malta}}
* {{esc|Moldova}}
* {{esc|Montenegro}}
* {{esc|Norway}}
* {{esc|Poland}}
* {{esc|Portugal}}
* {{esc|Romania}}
* {{esc|Serbia}}
* {{esc|Sweden}}
* {{esc|Switzerland}}
* {{esc|Ukraine}}
* {{esc|United Kingdom}}

Countries with an active [[European Broadcasting Union|EBU]] membership that have participated in the [[Eurovision Song Contest]] previously but have not announced their participation for 2027:
* {{esc|Andorra}}
* {{esc|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
* {{esc|Hungary}}
* {{esc|Iceland}}
* {{esc|Ireland}}
* {{esc|Monaco}}
* {{esc|Morocco}}
* {{esc|Netherlands}}
* {{esc|Slovakia}}
* {{esc|Slovenia}}
* {{esc|Spain}}
* {{esc|Turkey}}

===Non-EBU members===
The following countries' that are pushing for [[European Broadcasting Union|EBU]] membership that have expressed interest in debuting in 2027:
* {{flag|Kosovo}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/31/kosovo-rtk-director-renews-call-for-kosovos-inclusion-eurovision-junior-eurovision/|title=🇽🇰 Kosovo: RTK Director Renews Call for Kosovo’s Inclusion in Eurovision and Junior Eurovision|website=Eurovoix|date=31 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Other websites==
* {{URL|http://www.eurovision.com/|Official website}}

{{Eurovision Song Contest}}

[[Category:Eurovision Song Contest]]
[[Category:May events]]</text>
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      <id>10880836</id>
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      <text bytes="8157" sha1="s0zcgb39a34g03wodzi9zc12vyy8cpc" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox song contest
| name = Eurovision Song Contest
| year = 2027
| logo = [[File:KonkursPiosenkiEurowizja2027Bulgaria.png|270px]]
| alt = 
| theme = ''United by Music&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ebu.ch/news/2023/11/united-by-music-chosen-as-permanent-slogan-for-eurovision-song-contest|title='United By Music' chosen as permanent slogan for Eurovision Song Contest|publisher=[[European Broadcasting Union]]|website=ebu.ch|date=14 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| semi1 = May 2027
| semi2 = May 2027
| final = May 2027
| venue = TBD, [[Bulgaria]]
| presenters = [[Maria Bakalova]]
| musdirector = 
| director = 
| esc_director = Martin Green
| show_supervisor = 
| exproducer = 
| host = {{ill|Bulgarian National Television|en}} (BNT)
| opening = 
| interval = 
| participants update = June 2026
| entries = 7
| finalists = 
| debut = 
| return = {{Esc|North Macedonia}}
| nonreturn = 
| vote = 
| winner = 
| Map PreList = 
}}
The '''Eurovision Song Contest 2027''' will be the 71st edition of the [[Eurovision Song Contest]]. The contest will be held in [[Bulgaria in the Eurovision Song Contest|Bulgaria]], after their win at the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2026|2026 contest]] with the song &quot;{{ill|Bangaranga|en}}&quot; by [[Dara (Bulgarian singer)|Dara]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/stories/dara-wins-the-eurovision-song-contest-2026-for-bulgaria/|title=DARA wins the Eurovision Song Contest 2026 for Bulgaria|website=eurovision.com|date=17 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; It will be organised by the [[European Broadcasting Union]] (EBU) and host broadcaster {{ill|Bulgarian National Television|en}} (BNT).

==Overview==
It will be the first time that [[Bulgaria in the Eurovision Song Contest|Bulgaria]] will host the contest. The country has previously hosted the [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2015]].

==Location==
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot;
|+Cities that have expressed interest in hosting the contest
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| City
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Venue
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Notes
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| {{Refh}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| [[Burgas]]
| {{ill|Arena Burgas|en}}
| Can hold up to 15,000 people for concerts. Candidacy supported by the Burgas municipal council.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/17/eurovision-2027-burgas-expresses-interest-in-hosting/|title=Eurovision 2027: Burgas Expresses its Interest in Hosting|website=Eurovoix|date=17 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| [[Plovdiv]]
| {{ill|Kolodruma|en}}
| Can hold up to 7,500 people for concerts.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/17/eurovision-2027-plovdiv-intends-to-bid-to-host/|title=Eurovision 2027: Plovdiv Intends to Bid to Host Eurovision|website=Eurovoix|date=17 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| [[Sofia]]
| {{ill|Arena Sofia|en}}
| Hosted the [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2015]]. Can hold up to 17,906 people for concerts.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/17/eurovision-2027-sofia-will-bid-to-host-eurovision/|title=Eurovision 2027: Mayor Confirms Sofia Will Bid to Host Eurovision|website=Eurovoix|date=17 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| [[Varna, Bulgaria|Varna]]
| {{ill|Palace of Culture and Sports|en}}
| Kongresna Hall can hold up to 6,000 people.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://forbesbulgaria.com/2026/05/18/varna-i-plovdiv-vlizat-v-nadprevarata-za-domakinstvoto-na-evroviziya/|title=Варна и Пловдив влизат в надпреварата за домакинството на „Евровизия“|website=Forbes Bulgaria|date=18 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==Provisional list of participants==
[[File:ESC 2027 Map.svg|thumb|310px|Countries which have provisionally confirmed their participation in 2027.]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sticky-header&quot;
|+Provisional participants of the Eurovision Song Contest 2027
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Country
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Broadcaster
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Artist
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Song
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Language
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Songwriter(s)
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Ref.
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{esc|Bulgaria}}
| {{ill|Bulgarian National Television|en|lt=BNT}}
| {{N/A|}}
| {{N/A|}}
| {{N/A|}}
| {{N/A|}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://en.euromix.co.il/2026/01/31/surprise-bulgaria-confirms-participation-in-eurovision-2027/|title=Surprise: Bulgaria Confirms Participation in Eurovision 2027!|website=en.euromix.co.il|date=31 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{esc|Denmark}}
| {{ill|DR (broadcaster)|en|lt=DR}}
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; {{TBA| TBA 13 February 2027}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/16/eurovision-2027-what-do-we-know-already/|title=Eurovision 2027: What Do We Know Already?|website=Eurovoix|date=16 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{esc|Finland}}
| [[Yle]]
| colspan = &quot;4&quot; {{TBA| TBA 20 February 2027}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/12/uuden-musiikin-kilpailu-2027-on-february-20/|title=Finland: Uuden Musiikin Kilpailu 2027 on February 20|website=Eurovoix|date=12 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{esc|Germany}}
| {{ill|Südwestrundfunk|en|lt=SWR}}
| {{N/A|}}
| {{N/A|}}
| {{N/A|}}
| {{N/A|}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/04/18/germany-confirms-national-selection-for-eurovision-2027/|title=🇩🇪 Germany: SWR Confirms National Selection for Eurovision 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=18 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{esc|Luxembourg}}
| {{ill|RTL Télé Lëtzebuerg|en|lt=RTL}}
| {{N/A|}}
| {{N/A|}}
| {{N/A|}}
| {{N/A|}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/21/prime-minister-frieden-confirms-luxembourgs-intention-to-compete-in-eurovision-2027/|title=🇱🇺 Luxembourg: Prime Minister Frieden Confirms Luxembourg's Intention to Compete in Eurovision 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=21 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{esc|North Macedonia}}
| {{ill|Macedonian Radio Television|en|lt=MRT}}
| {{N/A|}}
| {{N/A|}}
| {{N/A|}}
| {{N/A|}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/21/north-macedonia-return-eurovision-confirmed-2027/|title=🇲🇰 North Macedonia: Return to Eurovision Confirmed for 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=21 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{esc|San Marino}}
| {{ill|San Marino RTV|en|lt=SMRTV}}
| {{N/A|}}
| {{N/A|}}
| {{N/A|}}
| {{N/A|}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/13/san-marino-eurovision-2027-starts-today/|title=San Marino: Work on Eurovision 2027 Starts Today|website=Eurovoix|date=13 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

===Other countries===
Countries with an active [[European Broadcasting Union|EBU]] membership that participated in [[Eurovision Song Contest 2026|2026]] but have not announced their participation in 2027:
* {{esc|Albania}}
* {{esc|Armenia}}
* {{esc|Australia}}
* {{esc|Austria}}
* {{esc|Azerbaijan}}
* {{esc|Belgium}}
* {{esc|Croatia}}
* {{esc|Cyprus}}
* {{esc|Czech Republic}}
* {{esc|Estonia}}
* {{esc|France}}
* {{esc|Georgia}}
* {{esc|Greece}}
* {{esc|Israel}}
* {{esc|Italy}}
* {{esc|Latvia}}
* {{esc|Lithuania}}
* {{esc|Malta}}
* {{esc|Moldova}}
* {{esc|Montenegro}}
* {{esc|Norway}}
* {{esc|Poland}}
* {{esc|Portugal}}
* {{esc|Romania}}
* {{esc|Serbia}}
* {{esc|Sweden}}
* {{esc|Switzerland}}
* {{esc|Ukraine}}
* {{esc|United Kingdom}}

Countries with an active [[European Broadcasting Union|EBU]] membership that have participated in the [[Eurovision Song Contest]] previously but have not announced their participation for 2027:
* {{esc|Andorra}}
* {{esc|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
* {{esc|Hungary}}
* {{esc|Iceland}}
* {{esc|Ireland}}
* {{esc|Monaco}}
* {{esc|Morocco}}
* {{esc|Netherlands}}
* {{esc|Slovakia}}
* {{esc|Slovenia}}
* {{esc|Spain}}
* {{esc|Turkey}}

===Non-EBU members===
The following countries' that are pushing for [[European Broadcasting Union|EBU]] membership that have expressed interest in debuting in 2027:
* {{flag|Kosovo}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/31/kosovo-rtk-director-renews-call-for-kosovos-inclusion-eurovision-junior-eurovision/|title=🇽🇰 Kosovo: RTK Director Renews Call for Kosovo’s Inclusion in Eurovision and Junior Eurovision|website=Eurovoix|date=31 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Other websites==
* {{URL|http://www.eurovision.com/|Official website}}

{{Eurovision Song Contest}}

[[Category:Eurovision Song Contest]]
[[Category:May events]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4418" sha1="bs7lf3dy0jyczhv39omenlk02iegz2u" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox social media personality
| name                 = Redeemed Zoomer
| image                = Redeemed Zoomer Modern Day Debate 2025-02.png
| image_size           = 250px
| image_caption        = Ackerman in 2025
| birth_name           = Richard Ackerman
| birth_date           = December 17, 2002 (age 23)
| birth_place          = [[New York (state)|New York]], [[U.S.]]
| death_date           = 
| death_place          = 
| education            = [[Southern Methodist University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Bachelor of Science|BS]])
| spouse               = {{Marriage|Anna Marburger|2024}}
| website              = {{URL|redeemedzoomer.com}}
| youtube_handle        = @redeemed_zoomer
| youtube_display_name  = Redeemed Zoomer
| youtube_years_active  = 2020–present
| youtube_subscribers   = 669 thousand&lt;!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE WITHOUT UPDATING stats_update BELOW --&gt;
| youtube_views         = 107 million&lt;!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE WITHOUT UPDATING stats_update BELOW --&gt;
| stats_update        = April 1 2026

| module              = {{Listen
| filename             = Redeemed Zoomer on the compatibility of Christianity and evolution.wav
| title                = Redeemed Zoomer's voice (2025)
| description          = Ackerman's opening statement during a debate on the compatibility of Christianity and evolution.
| embed                = yes  }}
|twitter_handle=redeemed_zoomer
|twitter_followers=37 thousand
|instagram_handle=@redeemed_zoomer
|instagram_followers=55.9 thousand
|twitter_years_active=2022–present
|instagram_years_active=2021–present}}
'''Richard Ackerman''' (born December 17, 2002), or known online as '''Redeemed Zoomer''' is a American [[YouTuber|youtuber]] and [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] [[Activism|activist]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Redeemed Zoomer|title=Why I'm Presbyterian - KingdomCraft|date=2024-11-22|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gYur9aQE6GU|access-date=2026-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is known for founding Operation Reconquista in 2023 and for owning the Redeemed Zoomer [[YouTube channel|Youtube channel]] which has over 685,000 subscribers as of April 2026.
==Personal life==
Ackerman was born on December 17, 2002 into a family that was [[Nonreligious|not religious]], but he converted to [[Christianity]] in middle school after attending a Christian music camp in the [[Midwestern United States|midwest]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Murphy|first=Fiona|date=2024-08-01|title=Meet Gen Z's proselytizing Presbyterian reformer|url=https://religionnews.com/2024/08/02/meet-gen-zs-proselytizing-protestant/|access-date=2026-04-01|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; After he finished the camp, He became a [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] and joined the [[Presbyterian Church (USA)]] at 14 years old.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

He lived in [[New York City]] before deciding to enter the [[Southern Methodist University|Southern Methodist University (SMU)]] in [[Dallas]], [[Texas]] where he got a [[Bachelor of Arts]] in [[music]] and a [[Bachelor of Science]] in [[pure mathematics]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Linkedin - Richard Ackerman|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/richard-ackerman-b8a418297}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Tooley|first=Mark|date=2024-03-21|title=Reconquering Mainline Protestantism?|url=https://juicyecumenism.com/2024/03/21/reconquering-mainline-protestantism-2/|access-date=2026-04-02|website=Juicy Ecumenism|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |user=redeemed_zoomer |number=1923109019599725008 |title=RZ's Graduation|link=https://x.com/redeemed_zoomer/status/1923109019599725008|first=Richard |last=Ackerman}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In June 2025, he announced that he was planning to achieve a [[Master of Arts]] in [[Reformed theology]] at [[Dubuque Theological Seminary]] in [[Dubuque, Iowa]], with the stated reason being that he wanted [[ordination]] within the PCUSA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Redeemed Zoomer|title=I got into a PCUSA seminary! (school announcement) - KingdomCraft|date=2025-06-06|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkOKBR6NEa0|access-date=2026-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}
==External Links==
* [https://redeemedzoomer.com Official website]
* [https://x.com/redeemed_zoomer/ Redeemed Zoomer] on [[Twitter]]
* [https://www.instagram.com/redeemed_zoomer/ Redeemed Zoomer] on [[Instagram]]
* [https://www.youtube.com/@redeemed_zoomer Redeemed Zoomer] on [[YouTube]]
[[Category:Minecraft YouTubers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2002 births]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4418" sha1="d30z25p4z6am0xo7x2cwh9p34osx1ng" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox social media personality
| name                 = Redeemed Zoomer
| image                = Redeemed Zoomer Modern Day Debate 2025-02.png
| image_size           = 250px
| image_caption        = Ackerman in 2025
| birth_name           = Richard Ackerman
| birth_date           = December 17, 2002 (age 23)
| birth_place          = [[New York (state)|New York]], [[U.S.]]
| death_date           = 
| death_place          = 
| education            = [[Southern Methodist University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Bachelor of Science|BS]])
| spouse               = {{Marriage|Anna Marburger|2024}}
| website              = {{URL|redeemedzoomer.com}}
| youtube_handle        = @redeemed_zoomer
| youtube_display_name  = Redeemed Zoomer
| youtube_years_active  = 2020–present
| youtube_subscribers   = 669 thousand&lt;!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE WITHOUT UPDATING stats_update BELOW --&gt;
| youtube_views         = 107 million&lt;!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE WITHOUT UPDATING stats_update BELOW --&gt;
| stats_update        = April 1 2026

| module              = {{Listen
| filename             = Redeemed Zoomer on the compatibility of Christianity and evolution.wav
| title                = Redeemed Zoomer's voice (2025)
| description          = Ackerman's opening statement during a debate on the compatibility of Christianity and evolution.
| embed                = yes  }}
|twitter_handle=redeemed_zoomer
|twitter_followers=37 thousand
|instagram_handle=@redeemed_zoomer
|instagram_followers=55.9 thousand
|twitter_years_active=2022–present
|instagram_years_active=2021–present}}
'''Richard Ackerman''' (born December 17, 2002), or known online as '''Redeemed Zoomer''' is a American [[YouTuber|youtuber]] and [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] [[Activism|activist]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Redeemed Zoomer|title=Why I'm Presbyterian - KingdomCraft|date=2024-11-22|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gYur9aQE6GU|access-date=2026-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is known for founding Operation Reconquista in 2023 and for owning the Redeemed Zoomer [[YouTube channel|Youtube channel]] which has over 685,000 subscribers as of April 2026.
==Personal life==
Ackerman was born on December 17, 2002 into a family that was [[Nonreligious|not religious]], but he converted to [[Christianity]] in middle school after attending a Christian music camp in the [[Midwestern United States|midwest]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Murphy|first=Fiona|date=2024-08-01|title=Meet Gen Z's proselytizing Presbyterian reformer|url=https://religionnews.com/2024/08/02/meet-gen-zs-proselytizing-protestant/|access-date=2026-04-01|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; After he finished the camp, He became a [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] and joined the [[Presbyterian Church (USA)]] at 14 years old.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

He lived in [[New York City]] before deciding to enter the [[Southern Methodist University|Southern Methodist University (SMU)]] in [[Dallas]], [[Texas]] where he got a [[Bachelor of Arts]] in [[music]] and a [[Bachelor of Science]] in [[pure mathematics]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Linkedin - Richard Ackerman|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/richard-ackerman-b8a418297}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Tooley|first=Mark|date=2024-03-21|title=Reconquering Mainline Protestantism?|url=https://juicyecumenism.com/2024/03/21/reconquering-mainline-protestantism-2/|access-date=2026-04-02|website=Juicy Ecumenism|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |user=redeemed_zoomer |number=1923109019599725008 |title=RZ's Graduation|link=https://x.com/redeemed_zoomer/status/1923109019599725008|first=Richard |last=Ackerman}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In June 2025, he announced that he was planning to achieve a [[Master of Arts]] in [[Reformed theology]] at [[Dubuque Theological Seminary]] in [[Dubuque, Iowa]], with the stated reason being that he wanted [[ordination]] within the PCUSA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Redeemed Zoomer|title=I got into a PCUSA seminary! (school announcement) - KingdomCraft|date=2025-06-06|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkOKBR6NEa0|access-date=2026-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* [https://redeemedzoomer.com Official website]
* [https://x.com/redeemed_zoomer/ Redeemed Zoomer] on [[Twitter]]
* [https://www.instagram.com/redeemed_zoomer/ Redeemed Zoomer] on [[Instagram]]
* [https://www.youtube.com/@redeemed_zoomer Redeemed Zoomer] on [[YouTube]]
[[Category:Minecraft YouTubers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2002 births]]</text>
      <sha1>d30z25p4z6am0xo7x2cwh9p34osx1ng</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>2026 Peruvian general election</title>
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      <text bytes="17283" sha1="och3s09pu918g228ns68s3n6lrw7zja" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox election
| country = Peru
| flag_year = state
| previous_election = 2021 Peruvian general election
| previous_year = 2021
| next_election = 
| next_year = ''2031''
| module = {{Infobox election
| embed              = yes
| election_name      = Presidential election
| type               = Presidential
| registered         = 27,325,432
| turnout            = 73.81% (first round)
| opinion_polls      = Opinion polling for the 2026 Peruvian general election
| election_date      = 12–13 April 2026 (first round)&lt;br /&gt;7 June 2026 (second round)

| image1             = {{CSS image crop|Image = 260406-MITIN-KEIKO-PIURA-064 (cropped).jpg |bSize = 200 |cWidth = 115 |cHeight = 150|oTop = 5|oLeft = 44}}
| candidate1         = [[Keiko Fujimori]]
| party1             = [[Popular Force|FP]]
| running_mate1      = [[Luis Galarreta]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Miki Torres]]
| popular_vote1      = 2,877,678
| percentage1        = 17.18%

| image2             = {{CSS image crop|Image = Congresista Roberto S. Palomino.jpg|thumb|Roberto Sánchez Palomino|bSize = 175 |cWidth = 115 |cHeight = 150|oTop = 10|oLeft = 30}}
| candidate2         = [[Roberto Sánchez (politician)|Roberto Sánchez]]
| party2             = [[Together for Peru|JP]]
| running_mate2      = Analí Márquez&lt;br /&gt;Brígida Curo
| popular_vote2      = 2,015,114
| percentage2        = 12.03%

| title              = President
| before_election    = [[José María Balcázar]]
| before_party       = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| after_election     = 
| after_party        = 
| map_image          = File:Mapa Distrital Elecciones Perú2026.svg
| map_size           = 
| map_caption        = 
| module             = {{Infobox legislative election
| embed              = yes
| election_date      = 12–13 April 2026
| election_name      = Chamber of Deputies
| seats_for_election = All 130 seats in the Chamber of Deputies
| majority_seats     = 66
| leader1            = [[Keiko Fujimori]]
| party1             = [[Popular Force|FP]]
| percentage1        = 
| last_election1     = 24
| seats1             = 39
| leader2            = [[Roberto Sánchez Palomino|Roberto Sánchez]]
| party2             = Together for Peru
| percentage2        = 
| last_election2     = 5
| seats2             = 31
| leader3            = [[Jorge Nieto]]
| party3             = Party of Good Government
| percentage3        = 
| last_election3     = New
| seats3             = 18
| leader4            = [[Rafael López Aliaga]]
| party4             = Popular Renewal
| percentage4        = 
| last_election4     = 13
| seats4             = 16
| leader5            = [[Ricardo Belmont]]
| party5             = Civic Party OBRAS
| percentage5        = 
| last_election5     = New
| seats5             = 15
| leader6            = [[Alfonso López-Chau]]
| party6             = [[Now Nation|AN]]
| percentage6        = 
| last_election6     = New
| seats6             = 11
| map                = 
| map_caption        = 
| module             = {{Infobox legislative election
| embed              = yes
| election_date      = 12–13 April 2026
| election_name      = Senate
| seats_for_election = All 60 seats in the Senate
| majority_seats     = 31
| leader1            = [[Keiko Fujimori]]
| party1             = [[Popular Force|FP]]
| percentage1        = 
| last_election1     = New
| seats1             = 22
| leader2            = [[Roberto Sánchez Palomino|Roberto Sánchez]]
| party2             = Together for Peru
| percentage2        = 
| last_election2     = New
| seats2             = 14
| leader3            = [[Rafael López Aliaga]]
| party3             = Popular Renewal
| percentage3        = 
| last_election3     = New
| seats3             = 8
| leader4            = [[Jorge Nieto]]
| party4             = Party of Good Government
| percentage4        = 
| last_election4     = New
| seats4             = 7
| leader5            = [[Ricardo Belmont]]
| party5             = Civic Party OBRAS
| percentage5        = 
| last_election5     = New
| seats5             = 5
| leader6            = [[Alfonso López-Chau]]
| party6             = [[Now Nation|AN]]
| percentage6        = 
| last_election6     = New
| seats6             = 4
| map                = 
| map_caption        = 
}}}}
}}
}}
[[General elections]] were held in [[Peru]] on 12 April 2026 with a [[run-off election|run-off]] set for 7 June 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 March 2025 |title=Deeply unpopular Peruvian president calls for general elections in April 2026 |url=https://apnews.com/article/peru-elections-declared-2026-president-boluarte-dabea7cd70b6288542317b080b99c8aa |access-date=27 March 2025 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-20 |title=Peru Congress opens door to early elections amid unrest |url=https://apnews.com/article/politics-peru-pedro-castillo-3728208344ba972f850f0de29e5b5802 |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alva |first=Diego |title=Congreso aprueba reconsideración y vuelve al debate adelanto de elecciones para 2023 |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/01/30/congreso-aprueba-reconsideracion-vuelve-al-debate-adelanto-de-elecciones-2023-25081 |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La Republica]] |date=30 January 2023 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alva |first=Diego |title= Dina Boluarte: &quot;El tema de adelanto de elecciones está cerrado, trabajaremos hasta julio de 2026&quot;|url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/gobierno/2023/06/15/dina-boluarte-el-tema-de-adelanto-de-elecciones-esta-cerrado-trabajaremos-hasta-julio-de-2026-411465|access-date=2023-06-17 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La Republica]] |date=17 June 2023 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; The presidential elections will elect the [[President of Peru|president]] and the [[Vice President of Peru|vice presidents]], while the congressional elections will elect members of the [[Congress of the Republic of Peru|Congress of Peru]], which will return to being a bicameral legislature with a 60-seat Senate and 130-seat Chamber of Deputies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aquino |first=Marco |date=December 24, 2025 |title=In Peru, record 34 candidates are presidential hopefuls amid political distrust |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/peru-record-34-candidates-are-presidential-hopefuls-amid-political-distrust-2025-12-24/}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

The last president, [[José Jerí]], was removed from office in February 2026 by Congress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://andina.pe/agencia/video-congreso-aprueba-censura-contra-jose-jeri-66125.aspx|title=Congreso aprueba censura contra José Jerí|access-date=2026-02-17|date=2026-02-17|publisher=Andina|lang=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the first round, [[right-wing]] politician [[Keiko Fujimori]] of [[Popular Force]] and daughter of former president [[Alberto Fujimori]], placed first. [[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]] candidate [[Roberto Sánchez (politician)|Roberto Sánchez]] placed second, narrowly over far-right businessman [[Rafael López Aliaga]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |website=Yahoo News |title=Peru's Sanchez to face Fujimori in runoff as rival signals protests over fraud |url=https://nz.news.yahoo.com/peru-sanchez-face-fujimori-runoff-223434282.html?guccounter=1&amp;guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&amp;guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAEnefgOEckUtMWFCvs2I0pLTi1JbysmAO4Q3ZspTsrWktG20BRU8heN_H5pQHpNaC0eaKrSIuLpMXWuER5wqLObP1FWDJu4Owodp1-cAhp3b5uvcCiKBkA6QrmdWelG07qltNzFJqKVpEHymF5tsilnTTKBed1TnkSEmRoOVggvm |date=13 April 2026 |access-date=15 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Freixes |first=Josep |date=15 April 2026 |title=Left Advances to Peru's Presidential Runoff, Set to Face Keiko Fujimori |url=https://colombiaone.com/2026/04/15/peru-left-presidential-runoff-keiko-fujimori/ |access-date=15 April 2026 |work=ColombiaOne.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because of delays in many polling stations, election authorities extended voting by one day for voters unable to cast their ballots.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Elliott |first1=Lucinda |last2=Aquino |first2=Marco |website=Reuters |title=Peru election marred by delays as conservatives lead early count |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/peruvians-vote-crowded-presidential-race-runoff-looms-2026-04-12/ |date=13 April 2026 |access-date=13 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following Sánchez's rise in votes later in the voting process, López Aliaga reportedly began a [[disinformation campaign]] against electoral authorities, accusing the process of fraud.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aguirre |first=Doris |date=19 April 2026 |title=El ‘plan Morrocoy’ de López Aliaga para anular las elecciones |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/2026/04/19/el-plan-morrocoy-de-lopez-aliaga-para-anular-las-elecciones-onpe-rafael-lopez-aliaga-renovacion-popular-hnews-824040 |access-date=20 April 2026 |website=[[La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Opinion poll==
;{{small|Legend:}}
{{legend|#FFEAEA|Poll performed during the blackout of polling information.|borde=#AAAAAA}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:16px;&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Pollster / Client&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Sample size&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Margin of error&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Date&lt;/small&gt;
! style=&quot;width:50px;&quot; | [[File:260406-MITIN-KEIKO-PIURA-064 (cropped 2).jpg|50x50px|link=Keiko Fujimori]]
! style=&quot;width:50px;&quot; | [[File:Roberto Sánchez Palomino 2022 (retouched).jpg|50x50px]]
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Blank/None&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Undecided&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;width:30px;&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Lead&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! {{Small|[[Keiko Fujimori|Fujimori]]}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Popular Force|FP]]&lt;/small&gt;
! {{Small|[[Roberto Sánchez (politician)|Sánchez]]}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Together for Peru|JP]]&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;background:#FF8000&quot; |
! style=&quot;background:#00FF00&quot; |
|- style=&quot;background-color:#FFEAEA; height:38px;&quot;
| Datum Internacional/América TV&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Encuesta Datum 3/4 junio. |url=https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1Cepo5tDbe/ |work=Radar de Noticias}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 1,201
| –
| 3–4 June 2026
| style=&quot;background:#FF9966&quot;|'''38.8'''
| 37.0
| 14.2
| 10.0
| style=&quot;background:{{Party color|Popular Force}}&quot; | {{color|white|1.8}}
|- style=&quot;background-color:#FFEAEA;&quot;
| Ipsos Perú/Perú21&lt;ref name=ipsos-4jun&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://es-us.noticias.yahoo.com/s%C3%A1nchez-fujimori-empate-t%C3%A9cnico-d%C3%ADas-003215575.html |title=Sánchez y Fujimori en empate técnico a días del balotaje presidencial de Perú |access-date= 5 June 2026 |date=4 June 2026 |website=yahoo.com |language=es }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 1,231
| –
| 3 June 2026
| 43.2
| style=&quot;background:#5EEF72&quot;|'''43.8'''
| 13
| —
| style=&quot;background:{{Party color|Together for Peru}}&quot; | {{color|black|0.6}}
|-
| Ipsos Perú/Perú21&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Perú 21 |title=Será una victoria ajustada ipsos alfredo torres |url=https://peru21.pe/opinion/sera-una-victoria-ajustada-ipsos-alfredo-torres/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=peru21.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 1,204
|–
| 29–30 May 2026
| style=&quot;background:#FF9966&quot;|'''38'''
| 35
| 12
| 15
| style=&quot;background:{{Party color|Popular Force}}&quot; | {{color|white|3}}
|-
| Datum Internacional/El Comercio&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2026-05-31 |title=Encuesta Datum: El 57% considera que el debate será decisivo para definir su voto |url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/encuesta-datum-internacional-el-57-considera-que-el-debate-sera-decisivo-para-definir-su-voto-simulacro-de-votacion-intencion-de-voto-keiko-fujimori-roberto-sanchez-fuerza-popular-juntos-por-el-peru-tlcnota-noticia/?ref=ecr#google_vignette |access-date=2026-05-31 |work=El Comercio |language=es-PE |issn=1605-3052}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 1,501
|–
| 26–30 May 2026
| style=&quot;background:#FF9966&quot;|'''39.8'''
| 35.9
| 13.8
| 10.5
| style=&quot;background:{{Party color|Popular Force}}&quot; | {{color|white|3.9}}
|-
| CIT&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Redactor_SDC |date=2026-05-31 |title=Keiko Fujimori amplía su ventaja y saca casi 8 puntos a Roberto Sánchez: candidata presidencial de Fuerza Popular sube 7.7% |url=https://www.expreso.com.pe/en-portada/keiko-fujimori-amplia-su-ventaja-y-saca-casi-8-puntos-a-roberto-sanchez-candidata-presidencial-de-fuerza-popular-sube-7-7-juntos-por-el-peru-noticia/1290944/ |access-date=2026-06-02 |website=Diario Expreso |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 1,220
|2.8
| 27–29 May 2026
|style=&quot;background:#FF9966&quot;|'''41.1'''
| 33.4
| 13.2
| 12.3
| style=&quot;background:{{Party color|Popular Force}}&quot; | {{color|white|7.7}}
|-
|CPI&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last = Corrales Valqui|first = Marilyn|title = Última encuesta CPI: 13,4% de peruanos indecisos y el 22,6% votaría blanco o viciado en la segunda vuelta entre Keiko Fujimori y Roberto Sánchez|url = https://www.infobae.com/peru/2026/05/29/ultima-encuesta-cpi-134-de-peruanos-indecisos-y-el-226-votaria-blanco-o-viciado-en-la-segunda-vuelta-entre-keiko-fujimori-y-roberto-sanchez/|website = infobae.com|date = 29 May 2026|access-date = 30 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|1,200
|2.8
|26–28 May 2026
|style=&quot;background:#FF9966&quot;|'''32.5'''
|29.1
|22.6
|13.4
| style=&quot;background:{{Party color|Popular Force}}&quot; | {{color|white|3.4}}
|-
| CB Global Data&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edmundo |date=2026-06-01 |title=Empate técnico marca la recta final hacia el balotaje presidencial en Perú |url=https://elmundo.cr/mundo/empate-tecnico-marca-la-recta-final-hacia-el-balotaje-presidencial-en-peru/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=El Mundo CR |language=es-CR}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 1,595
|2.5
| 25–30 May 2026
| style=&quot;background:#FF9966&quot;|'''38.6'''
| 36.5
| 15.1
| 9.8
| style=&quot;background:{{Party color|Popular Force}}&quot; | {{color|white|2.1}}
|-
| Imasolu&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Encuesta Presidencial Segunda Vuelta Mayo 2026: intención de voto entre Keiko Fujimori y Roberto Sánchez |url=https://imasolu.com/portfolio/encuesta-presidencial-segunda-vuelta-mayo-2026-intencion-de-voto-entre-keiko-fujimori-y-roberto-sanchez/ |access-date=2026-06-02 |website=Imasolu |language=es-PE}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|1,200
|2.8
| 23–26 May 2026
|style=&quot;background:#FF9966&quot;|'''39.58'''
| 33.08
| 14.25
| 13.08
| style=&quot;background:{{Party color|Popular Force}}&quot; | {{color|white|6.5}}
|-
|IEP/La República&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last = Saavedra|first = Narda|title = Encuesta IEP entre Keiko Fujimori y Roberto Sánchez: indecisos se duplican y llegan a 26%, blanco y nulo cae al 6%|url = https://larepublica.pe/politica/2026/05/28/encuesta-iep-indecisos-se-duplican-y-llegan-a-26-blanco-y-nulo-cae-al-6-roberto-sanchez-keiko-fujimori-hnews-1026872|website = larepublica.pe|date = 28 May 2026|access-date = 29 May 2026|language = es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|1,204
|2.8
|22–26 May 2026
|style=&quot;background:#FF9966&quot;|'''36'''
|30
|6
|26
| style=&quot;background:{{Party color|Popular Force}}&quot; | {{color|white|6}}
|-
|Datum Internacional/América TV&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title = Encuesta de Datum le da 39.5% de intención de voto a Keiko Fujimori y 36.1% a Roberto Sánchez en segunda vuelta|url = https://elcomercio.pe/politica/elecciones/encuesta-de-datum-le-da-395-de-intencion-de-voto-a-keiko-fujimori-y-361-a-roberto-sanchez-en-segunda-vuelta-ultimas-noticia/|website = elcomercio.pe|date = 22 May 2026|access-date = 22 May 2026|language = es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|1,200
|2.8
|17–20 May 2026
|style=&quot;background:#FF9966&quot;|'''39.5'''
|36.1
|15.9
|8.5
| style=&quot;background:{{Party color|Popular Force}}&quot; | {{color|white|3.4}}
|-
|Ipsos Peru/Péru 21&lt;ref name=ipsos-20may&gt;{{cite news|url=https://peru21.pe/politica/encuesta-ipsos-keiko-supera-con-39-sanchez-35-en-intencion-de-voto/ |title=Encuesta Ipsos: Keiko supera con 39% a Sánchez, que tiene 35% en intención de voto |date=20 May 2026 |website=peru21.pe |access-date=21 May 2026 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|1,210
|2.8
|16–17 May 2026
|style=&quot;background:#FF9966&quot;|'''39'''
|35
|14
|12
| style=&quot;background:{{Party color|Popular Force}}&quot; | {{color|white|4}}
|-
|CIT/Expreso&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.expreso.com.pe/politica/segunda-vuelta-ajustada-keiko-fujimori-supera-por-4-puntos-a-roberto-sanchez-segun-encuesta-cit-fuerza-popular-juntos-por-el-peru-noticia/1288498/ |title=¡Segunda vuelta ajustada! Keiko Fujimori supera por 4 puntos a Roberto Sánchez, según encuesta CIT |date=21 May 2026 |publisher=expreso.com.pe |lang=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 1,220
|2.8
| 14–17 May 2026
| style=&quot;background:#FF9966&quot;|'''40.5'''
| 36
|23.5
|—
| style=&quot;background:{{Party color|Popular Force}}&quot; |{{color|white|4.5}}
|-
|IEP/La República&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/2026/04/29/keiko-fujimori-es-fuerte-en-lima-pero-roberto-sanchez-gana-en-provincias-hnews-1115296 |title=Encuesta IEP: Keiko Fujimori es fuerte en Lima, pero Roberto Sánchez gana en provincias|date=29 April 2026 |website=larepublica.pe }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
| 1,197
|2.8
| 21–25 April 2026
| 31
| style=&quot;background:#5EEF72&quot;|'''32'''
|24
|13
| style=&quot;background:{{Party color|Together for Peru}}&quot; | {{color|black|1}}
|-
|Ipsos Perú/Perú21&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://peru21.pe/politica/encuesta-ipsos-peru21-asi-va-la-intencion-de-voto-para-la-segunda-vuelta/ |title=Encuesta Ipsos-Perú21: Así va la intención de voto para la segunda vuelta |date=26 April 2026 |website=peru21.pe }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 1,208
|2.8
| 23–24 April 2026
| style=&quot;background:#FF9966&quot;|'''38'''
| style=&quot;background:#5EEF72&quot;|'''38'''
|17
|7
| data-sort-value=&quot;0&quot; |Tie
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}


{{politics-stub}}

[[Category:April 2026 events]]</text>
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My name is Peyton Plott. My favorite shows include [[Carl the Collector]], [[Wheel of Fortune (US game show)|Wheel of Fortune]], and [[Battle for Dream Island]]. I was born on [[March 17]], [[2013]].
=Operating systems used=
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&lt;!---My accounts on other websites---&gt;
&lt;!---[https://www.betawiki.net/User:Readmymind8777 My BetaWiki account]---&gt;

=Favorite shows=
* [[Carl the Collector]]
* [[Wheel of Fortune (US game show)|Wheel of Fortune]]
* [[Battle for Dream Island]]
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My name is Peyton Plott. My favorite shows include [[Carl the Collector]], [[Wheel of Fortune (US game show)|Wheel of Fortune]], and [[Battle for Dream Island]]. I was born on [[March 17]], [[2013]].
=Operating systems used=
*Roku OS (2015?-present)
*Fire OS (2015-present)
*Windows 7 (2015-2016)
*Android (2015-present)
*Windows Vista (2017-2019)
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&lt;!---My accounts on other websites---&gt;
&lt;!---[https://www.betawiki.net/User:Readmymind8777 My BetaWiki account]---&gt;

=Favorite shows=
* [[Carl the Collector]]
* [[Wheel of Fortune (US game show)|Wheel of Fortune]]
* [[Battle for Dream Island]]
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My name is Peyton Plott. My favorite shows include [[Carl the Collector]], [[Wheel of Fortune (US game show)|Wheel of Fortune]], and [[Battle for Dream Island]]. I was born on [[March 17]], [[2013]].
=Operating systems used=
*LeapFrog OS (2013?-2015)
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*Ubuntu (2024-2025)
&lt;!---My accounts on other websites---&gt;
&lt;!---[https://www.betawiki.net/User:Readmymind8777 My BetaWiki account]---&gt;

=Favorite shows=
* [[Carl the Collector]]
* [[Wheel of Fortune (US game show)|Wheel of Fortune]]
* [[Battle for Dream Island]]
[[Category:Wikipedians in Idaho]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4561" sha1="n3xx4u701kkces9cbopepmy86zx2ifs" xml:space="preserve">'''Porter Weston Robinson (Born July 1992)''' is an American record producer, DJ, songwriter and singer who was born in [[Atlanta]] and was raised in [[North Carolina]]. 

He was first known for his [[electro house]] music and coined a subgenre named &quot;complextro&quot;, in which he combined the words &quot;complex&quot; and &quot;electro&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Hurt|first=Edd|date=2012-06-28|title=Electro wunderkind and self-described 'complextro' Porter Robinson recognizes no technological constraints|url=https://www.nashvillescene.com/music/electro-wunderkind-and-self-described-complextro-porter-robinson-recognizes-no-technological-constraints/article_69131383-bafb-5f0d-86ee-8e1eea4447f7.html|access-date=2026-04-22|website=Nashville Scene|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He caught the attention of [[dubstep]] artist [[Skrillex]] with his single track &quot;Say My Name&quot;, and signed for his then new record label [[Owsla]] at 18, and released his debut EP [[Spitfire (Porter Robinson EP)|Spitfire]]Spitfire in 2011. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Fusilli|first=Jim|date=2012-07-04|title=Porter Robinson {{!}} A Powerhouse, and He's Not Yet 20 {{!}} By Jim Fusilli|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304299704577502452164796814.html|access-date=2026-04-22|issn=0099-9660}}&lt;/ref&gt;

He released his debut studio album [[Worlds (Porter Robinson album)|Worlds]] in 2014, and peaked at number one on Billboard's Top Dance/Electronic albums. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Porter Robinson {{!}} Biography, Music &amp; News|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/porter-robinson/|access-date=2026-04-22|website=Billboard|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The album recieved critical acclaim from critics and is a major influence on the broader sound in the [[Electronic dance music|EDM]] genre, allowing for more &quot;softer&quot; and &quot;dreamer&quot; sounds to be in the genre. He attempted to make a follow-up to his album and Robinson put high expectations on himself, however he struggled to make a follow-up which resulted in [[writer's block]] and then followed up by [[Depression (mental illness)|depression]], he wrote about the way he felt during these times in his second studio album Nurture.

He began producing music under the alias Virtual Self in 2017, and released a [[Virtual Self (EP)|self-titled EP]] the same year. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bein|first=Kat|date=2017-11-29|title=Porter Robinson’s EP as ‘Virtual Self’ Brings Bright And Dark Together In A Kaleidoscope of Fun: Listen|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/porter-robinson-virtual-self-ep-listen-8053943/|access-date=2026-04-22|website=Billboard|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The single &quot;Ghost Voices&quot; earned Robinson a nomination for the [[Grammy Award|Grammy Awards]] for Best Dance Recording. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bein|first=Kat|date=2019-01-09|title=Porter Robinson on Virtual Self Grammy Nomination: ‘I Won the Moment It Got Nominated’|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/porter-robinson-virtual-self-grammy-nomination-interview-8492911/|access-date=2026-04-22|website=Billboard|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

His second studio album [[Nurture (Porter Robinson album)|Nurture]] was released in 2021, and debuted at number one on Billboard's Top Dance/Electronic Albums. The album recieved critical acclaim, and was said to be one of the best electronic albums of the year, and topped The Fader's list of the &quot;50 Best Albums of 2021&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The 50 best albums of 2021|url=https://www.thefader.com/2021/12/14/the-50-best-albums-of-2021|access-date=2026-04-22|website=The FADER|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

His third studio album [[Smile! :D (Porter Robinson album)|Smile! :D]] was released in 2024 and was supported by a world tour with had 70 shows from 2024 to 2025. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.livenationentertainment.com/2024/04/porter-robinson-announces-smile-d-world-tour-70-dates-in-2024-2025|access-date=2026-04-22|website=www.livenationentertainment.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Discography ==
'''Studio Albums:'''

Worlds (2014)

Nurture (2021)

Smile! :D (2024)

'''EPs:'''

''Spitfire (2011)''

Virtual Self (2017 under the alias Virtual Self)

== Personal life ==
He is in a relationship with Rika Robinson, they started their relationship in 2017, got engaged in 2022, and got married in 2023. 

He has stated that he is close friends with fellow DJs and record producers [[Madeon]] and Dillon Francis. 

He has Sprengel's deformity and has stated that it has led to him having poor posture.

As a child, he was diagnosed with [[Obsessive–compulsive disorder]].

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="4553" sha1="8baes24sfk2om4md44b3o1bfoafica8" xml:space="preserve">'''Porter Weston Robinson (Born July 1992)''' is an American record producer, DJ, songwriter and singer who was born in [[Atlanta]] and was raised in [[North Carolina]]. 

He was first known for his [[electro house]] music and coined a subgenre named &quot;complextro&quot;, in which he combined the words &quot;complex&quot; and &quot;electro&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Hurt|first=Edd|date=2012-06-28|title=Electro wunderkind and self-described 'complextro' Porter Robinson recognizes no technological constraints|url=https://www.nashvillescene.com/music/electro-wunderkind-and-self-described-complextro-porter-robinson-recognizes-no-technological-constraints/article_69131383-bafb-5f0d-86ee-8e1eea4447f7.html|access-date=2026-04-22|website=Nashville Scene|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He caught the attention of [[dubstep]] artist [[Skrillex]] with his single track &quot;Say My Name&quot;, and signed for his then new record label [[Owsla]] at 18, and released his debut EP [[Spitfire (Porter Robinson EP)|Spitfire]] in 2011. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Fusilli|first=Jim|date=2012-07-04|title=Porter Robinson {{!}} A Powerhouse, and He's Not Yet 20 {{!}} By Jim Fusilli|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304299704577502452164796814.html|access-date=2026-04-22|issn=0099-9660}}&lt;/ref&gt;

He released his debut studio album [[Worlds (Porter Robinson album)|Worlds]] in 2014, and peaked at number one on Billboard's Top Dance/Electronic albums. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Porter Robinson {{!}} Biography, Music &amp; News|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/porter-robinson/|access-date=2026-04-22|website=Billboard|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The album recieved critical acclaim from critics and is a major influence on the broader sound in the [[Electronic dance music|EDM]] genre, allowing for more &quot;softer&quot; and &quot;dreamer&quot; sounds to be in the genre. He attempted to make a follow-up to his album and Robinson put high expectations on himself, however he struggled to make a follow-up which resulted in [[writer's block]] and then followed up by [[Depression (mental illness)|depression]], he wrote about the way he felt during these times in his second studio album Nurture.

He began producing music under the alias Virtual Self in 2017, and released a [[Virtual Self (EP)|self-titled EP]] the same year. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bein|first=Kat|date=2017-11-29|title=Porter Robinson’s EP as ‘Virtual Self’ Brings Bright And Dark Together In A Kaleidoscope of Fun: Listen|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/porter-robinson-virtual-self-ep-listen-8053943/|access-date=2026-04-22|website=Billboard|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The single &quot;Ghost Voices&quot; earned Robinson a nomination for the [[Grammy Award|Grammy Awards]] for Best Dance Recording. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bein|first=Kat|date=2019-01-09|title=Porter Robinson on Virtual Self Grammy Nomination: ‘I Won the Moment It Got Nominated’|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/porter-robinson-virtual-self-grammy-nomination-interview-8492911/|access-date=2026-04-22|website=Billboard|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

His second studio album [[Nurture (Porter Robinson album)|Nurture]] was released in 2021, and debuted at number one on Billboard's Top Dance/Electronic Albums. The album recieved critical acclaim, and was said to be one of the best electronic albums of the year, and topped The Fader's list of the &quot;50 Best Albums of 2021&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The 50 best albums of 2021|url=https://www.thefader.com/2021/12/14/the-50-best-albums-of-2021|access-date=2026-04-22|website=The FADER|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

His third studio album [[Smile! :D (Porter Robinson album)|Smile! :D]] was released in 2024 and was supported by a world tour with had 70 shows from 2024 to 2025. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.livenationentertainment.com/2024/04/porter-robinson-announces-smile-d-world-tour-70-dates-in-2024-2025|access-date=2026-04-22|website=www.livenationentertainment.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Discography ==
'''Studio Albums:'''

Worlds (2014)

Nurture (2021)

Smile! :D (2024)

'''EPs:'''

''Spitfire (2011)''

Virtual Self (2017 under the alias Virtual Self)

== Personal life ==
He is in a relationship with Rika Robinson, they started their relationship in 2017, got engaged in 2022, and got married in 2023. 

He has stated that he is close friends with fellow DJs and record producers [[Madeon]] and Dillon Francis. 

He has Sprengel's deformity and has stated that it has led to him having poor posture.

As a child, he was diagnosed with [[Obsessive–compulsive disorder]].

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="4573" sha1="f7nljf4kp9p0zfr8fk95431on51k6h3" xml:space="preserve">'''Porter Weston Robinson (Born July 1992)''' is an American record producer, DJ, songwriter and singer who was born in [[Atlanta]] and was raised in [[North Carolina]]. 

He was first known for his [[electro house]] music and coined a subgenre named &quot;complextro&quot;, in which he combined the words &quot;complex&quot; and &quot;electro&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Hurt|first=Edd|date=2012-06-28|title=Electro wunderkind and self-described 'complextro' Porter Robinson recognizes no technological constraints|url=https://www.nashvillescene.com/music/electro-wunderkind-and-self-described-complextro-porter-robinson-recognizes-no-technological-constraints/article_69131383-bafb-5f0d-86ee-8e1eea4447f7.html|access-date=2026-04-22|website=Nashville Scene|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He caught the attention of [[dubstep]] artist [[Skrillex]] with his single track &quot;Say My Name&quot;, and signed for his then new record label [[Owsla]] at 18, and released his debut EP [[Spitfire (Porter Robinson EP)|Spitfire]] in 2011. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Fusilli|first=Jim|date=2012-07-04|title=Porter Robinson {{!}} A Powerhouse, and He's Not Yet 20 {{!}} By Jim Fusilli|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304299704577502452164796814.html|access-date=2026-04-22|issn=0099-9660}}&lt;/ref&gt;

He released his debut studio album [[Worlds (Porter Robinson album)|Worlds]] in 2014, and peaked at number one on Billboard's Top Dance/Electronic albums. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Porter Robinson {{!}} Biography, Music &amp; News|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/porter-robinson/|access-date=2026-04-22|website=Billboard|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The album recieved critical acclaim from critics and is a major influence on the broader sound in the [[Electronic dance music|EDM]] genre, allowing for more &quot;softer&quot; and &quot;dreamer&quot; sounds to be in the genre. He attempted to make a follow-up to his album and Robinson put high expectations on himself, however he struggled to make a follow-up which resulted in [[writer's block]] and then followed up by [[Depression (mental illness)|depression]], he wrote about the way he felt during these times in his second studio album Nurture.

He began producing music under the alias Virtual Self in 2017, and released a [[Virtual Self (EP)|self-titled EP]] the same year. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bein|first=Kat|date=2017-11-29|title=Porter Robinson’s EP as ‘Virtual Self’ Brings Bright And Dark Together In A Kaleidoscope of Fun: Listen|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/porter-robinson-virtual-self-ep-listen-8053943/|access-date=2026-04-22|website=Billboard|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The single &quot;Ghost Voices&quot; earned Robinson a nomination for the [[Grammy Award|Grammy Awards]] for Best Dance Recording. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bein|first=Kat|date=2019-01-09|title=Porter Robinson on Virtual Self Grammy Nomination: ‘I Won the Moment It Got Nominated’|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/porter-robinson-virtual-self-grammy-nomination-interview-8492911/|access-date=2026-04-22|website=Billboard|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

His second studio album [[Nurture (Porter Robinson album)|Nurture]] was released in 2021, and debuted at number one on Billboard's Top Dance/Electronic Albums. The album recieved critical acclaim, and was said to be one of the best electronic albums of the year, and topped The Fader's list of the &quot;50 Best Albums of 2021&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The 50 best albums of 2021|url=https://www.thefader.com/2021/12/14/the-50-best-albums-of-2021|access-date=2026-04-22|website=The FADER|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

His third studio album [[Smile! :D (Porter Robinson album)|Smile! :D]] was released in 2024 and was supported by a world tour with had 70 shows from 2024 to 2025. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.livenationentertainment.com/2024/04/porter-robinson-announces-smile-d-world-tour-70-dates-in-2024-2025|access-date=2026-04-22|website=www.livenationentertainment.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Discography ==
'''Studio Albums:'''

• Worlds (2014)

• Nurture (2021)

• Smile! :D (2024)

'''EPs:'''

''• Spitfire (2011)''

• Virtual Self (2017 under the alias Virtual Self)

== Personal life ==
He is in a relationship with Rika Robinson, they started their relationship in 2017, got engaged in 2022, and got married in 2023. 

He has stated that he is close friends with fellow DJs and record producers [[Madeon]] and Dillon Francis. 

He has Sprengel's deformity and has stated that it has led to him having poor posture.

As a child, he was diagnosed with [[Obsessive–compulsive disorder]].

== References ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Palestinian exodus from Kuwait (Gulf War)</title>
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      <text bytes="19775" sha1="p3lzfnqzs1t7pqcw3qb7o7uldhj7jlo" xml:space="preserve">Many [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] lived in [[Kuwait]] but left after the [[1990 Gulf War]]. The Palestinian community in Kuwait was a large and important group of foreign residents. From the mid-20th century until the 1990 Gulf War, they played a key role in building and developing the country. At its height, this community was one of the most active and important Palestinian groups abroad, acting as a center for both political activity and economic life. However, after the [[Palestine Liberation Organization|Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)]] supported Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait in 1990, most Palestinians left Kuwait and went to Jordan. This is called the Palestinian exodus from Kuwait. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann|date=1991|title=Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0266s|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=20|pages=42-54}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''History and migration waves''' ===
Palestinian migration to Kuwait took place in several waves, mainly linked to wars and political changes in [[Middle East|the Middle East]].

==== '''Early presence and first wave (before and after 1948)''' ====
Palestinians were already present in Kuwait before the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War|1948 Arab-Israeli War]]. By 1936, Palestinian teachers were working in Kuwaiti schools and were known for their high level of education.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zelkovitz|first=Ido|date=2014|title=A Paradise Lost? the Rise and Fall of the Palestinian Community in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2013.849695|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=50|pages=86-87, 95}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, a first wave of Palestinian migrants arrived in Kuwait. Many were well-educated professionals such as teachers and civil servants. They played an important role in developing the new state’s government and education system during the early oil era.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann Lesch|date=1991|title=Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0266s|journal=Journal of Palestine studies|volume=20|pages=42-43}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuwait’s so called oil boom led to a demand for skilled workers, and made Kuwait a popular destination for Palestinians.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann|date=1991|title=Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0266s|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=20|pages=42}}&lt;/ref&gt;

By 1957, Palestinians made up about 16% of Kuwait’s foreign population. Palestinian migrants during this period were mostly male, with only about 25% of migrants being women. Migration increased further in 1958-1959 when Jordan temporarily allowed easier travel, since many Palestinians had Jordanian passports.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann|date=1991|title=Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0266s|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=20|pages=43}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== '''Second wave (after 1967)''' ====
After the [[Six-Day War|1967 Six-Day War]], a much larger group of Palestinians moved to Kuwait, especially from the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza Strip|the Gaza Strip]]. The population grew rapidly, from about 77,000 in 1965 to over 204,000 in 1975. How people moved also changed. Instead of mostly men migrating alone, entire families began to move. By 1975, the number of men and women in the community was almost equal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

==== '''Third wave and stricter policies (after 1975)''' ====
From the mid-1970s, Kuwait made it harder for people to move there. This is because of wars in nearby countries, like [[Lebanon]] and [[Iraq]]. The Kuwaiti government feared that regional tensions could spread to Kuwait.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann|date=1991|title=Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0266s|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=20|pages=44}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1968-1969, the ''[[Kafala system|Kafala]]'' (sponsorship) system was introduced. Under this system, foreign residents needed a Kuwaiti sponsor (usually an employer) to live and work in the country. Residency was directly tied to employment, meaning that when a job ended, the right to stay also ended.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

This system had many results for Palestinians. They could not obtain permanent residency or [[citizenship]], and they were not allowed to retire in Kuwait. Adult children also needed their own sponsor to remain in the country. As a result, Palestinians faced insecurity. Unlike many other migrant groups, they often had no clear country to return to.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

By 1990, around 400,000 Palestinians lived in Kuwait, compared to about 600,000 Kuwaiti citizens. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zelkovitz|first=Ido|date=2014|title=A Paradise Lost? The Rise and Fall of the Palestinian Community in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2013.849695|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=50|pages=88}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Already before the [[Iraqi invasion of Kuwait|Iraqi invasion]], Kuwait became less welcoming to Palestinians because of economic problems and unemployment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Le Troquer|first=Yann|last2=Al-Oudat|first2=Rozenn Hommery|date=1999|title=From Kuwait to Jordan: The Palestinians' Third Exodus|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/2538306|journal=Journal of Palestine studies|volume=28|issue=3|pages=38}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Iraqi invasion increased these tensions.  

=== '''Economic and social impact of Palestinians in Kuwait''' ===
Palestinians played a major role in building modern Kuwait:

==== '''Government and private sector''' ====
Palestinians played a big role in building Kuwait’s government institutions after Kuwait’s independence.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; In the 1960s, many worked for the government, including senior positions in ministries such as the Ministry of the Interior.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zelkovitz|first=Ido Zelkovitz|date=2014|title=A Paradise Lost? the Rise and Fall of the Palestinian Community in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2013.849695|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=50|pages=87}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As Kuwait became more modern, the government introduced a policy of “Kuwaitization” in the mid-1960s to increase employment for Kuwaiti citizens.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Al-Nakib|first=Mai|date=2014-02|title=‘The People are Missing’: Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/dls.2014.0132|journal=Deleuze Studies|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=27|doi=10.3366/dls.2014.0132|issn=1750-2241}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuwaitis got higher salaries and more secure jobs than foreign workers, which gradually reduced Palestinian participation in government jobs. By the mid-1970s, Palestinians still had important roles, but their share in public sector jobs had declined a lot.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann|date=1991|title=Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0266s|journal=Journal in Palestine Studies|volume=20|pages=44-45}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Palestinians were also active in the private sector, especially in trade and banking. However, their economic influence was limited by law. A 1965 regulation required Kuwaiti majority ownership of industrial companies, and only Kuwaitis were allowed to own banks.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Despite these restrictions, Palestinians remained important contributors to the economy, and around 2,000 were granted Kuwaiti citizenship in the first half of the 1960s in recognition of their role in state-building.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;  

==== '''Education''' ====
Education was one of the most important fields for Palestinians in Kuwait. From the 1930s onward, Palestinian teachers were already working in Kuwaiti schools and were known for their high educational standards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zelkovitz|first=Ido Zelkovitz|date=2014|title=A Paradise Lost? the Rise and Fall of the Palestinian Community in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2013.849695|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=50|pages=86-87, 95}}&lt;/ref&gt; After independence, their role expanded a lot.

By the early 1960s, around half of all teachers in Kuwait were Palestinian.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; In 1966-1967, they still made up about 49% of the teaching workforce.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Palestinians also held government positions in the education sector and contributed to building the modern school system.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

From the mid-1960s, the government began limiting access for non-Kuwaitis. In 1965, a [[quota]] restricted non-Kuwaiti students to 25% of school enrollment, which was further reduced to 10% in 1967-1968.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Secondary schools remained open within these quotas, and Palestinians could also compete for around 10% of places at Kuwait University.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

In response to these limits, the PLO established its own school system in Kuwait, often using public school buildings after hours. By 1976, more than 16,000 Palestinian children were enrolled in these schools.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; However, the Ministry of Education closed them in 1976.

By the mid-1970s, the share of Palestinian teachers had fallen to about 25% as part of broader “Kuwaitization” policies. After 1991, Palestinian children were excluded from public education, and subsidies for private schooling were reduced.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; 

==== '''Politics''' ====
Kuwait provided a relatively open environment for Palestinian political activity compared to many other Arab states. Palestinian organisations were active in both formal and informal political life, but most Palestinians in Kuwait avoided direct involvement in Kuwaiti politics and focused instead on the Palestinian national cause.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

The most important political movement was [[Fatah]], which was founded in Kuwait in 1959 by [[Yasser Arafat]] and other activists.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zelkovitz|first=Ido|date=2014|title=A Paradise Lost? the Rise and Fall of the Palestinian Community in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2013.849695|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=50|pages=87-89}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuwait was also one of the first countries to allow the PLO to operate officially, and it provided financial support to the organisation. From the late 1960s, a system was introduced in which 5% of Palestinian salaries was deducted and transferred to the PLO’s [[Palestine National Fund]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann|date=1991|title=Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0266s|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=20|pages=42-44}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=A history of the modern Middle East: rulers, rebels, and rogues|last=Anderson|first=Betty S.|date=2016|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-8324-8|location=Stanford, California|pages=344}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Palestinian students were also politically active, especially at Kuwait University, where student organizations reflected broader Palestinian political movements.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zelkovitz|first=Ido|date=2014|title=A Paradise Lost? the Rise and Fall of the Palestinian Community in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2013.849695|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=50|pages=90-91}}&lt;/ref&gt;

After the 1990-1991 Gulf War, Palestinian political life in Kuwait collapsed. The PLO office was largely closed, Fatah’s presence was severely reduced, and its office was burned. Several Palestinian activists faced harassment and arrests.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

=== '''The 1990 Crisis and Decline''' ===
The period of relative success for the Palestinian community in Kuwait ended in 1990. A major turning point was the position of Yasser Arafat, who supported [[Saddam Hussein]] during Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zelkovitz|first=Ido|date=2014|title=A Paradise Lost? the Rise and Fall of the Palestinian Community in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2013.849695|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=50|pages=96}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=A history of the modern Middle East: rulers, rebels, and rogues|last=Anderson|first=Betty S.|date=2016|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-8324-8|location=Stanford, California|pages=350}}&lt;/ref&gt; Arafat supported Saddam Hussein because he stood up to Israel and wanted to link withdrawal from Kuwait to the end of the [[Israeli occupation of the West Bank|Israeli occupation]] of Palestine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Anderson|first=Jack|last2=Van Atta|first2=Dale|date=August 25, 1990|title=Why Arafat backed Saddam|work=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1990/08/26/why-arafat-backed-saddam/904a9366-c1e0-4294-ab64-1391b0e3b452/}}&lt;/ref&gt; This decision had serious results for Palestinians living in Kuwait.

Before the Iraqi invasion on 2 August 1990, about 400,000 Palestinians lived in Kuwait.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The Iraqi occupation (August 1990 - February 1991) led to the collapse of this community. By December 1990, only about 150,000 Palestinians remained.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann|date=1991|title=Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0266s|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=20|pages=47}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

During the occupation, the Palestinian community was divided. Some supported Iraq, while others joined the Kuwaiti [[Resistance movement|resistance]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Ibrahim|first=Youssef M.|date=March 14, 1991|title=AFTER THE WAR: Kuwait; Palestinians in Kuwait Face Suspicion and Probable Exile|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/14/world/after-the-war-kuwait-palestinians-in-kuwait-face-suspicion-and-probable-exile.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some Palestinians were arrested by Iraqi forces, with up to 5,000 people detained. The existence of pro-Iraqi Palestinian groups also damaged the community’s image among Kuwaitis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann|date=1991|title=Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0266s|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=20|pages=45}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Kuwait was liberated, Palestinians faced violence and punishment. Many Kuwaitis blamed them for the position of the PLO) and other Arab governments that had supported Iraq.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Between 400 and 600 young Palestinian men disappeared and were killed, and a similar number were kidnapped by militias and security forces.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann|date=1991|title=Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0266s|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=20|pages=47-48}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Palestinians that left Kuwait can be divided into three groups: Palestinians that left before the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and could not come back, Palestinians that fled during the war with Iraq and Palestinians that were forced to leave after the war.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Le Troquer|first=Yann|last2=Al-Oudat|first2=Rozenn Hommery|date=1999|title=The Palestinians' Third Exodus|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/2538306|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=28|issue=3|pages=39}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of the Palestinians in Kuwait went to Jordan in 1990 and 1991. About 300,000 Palestinians went to Jordan, and therefore Palestinians made up about 10% of Jordan’s population. Most of this group had Jordanian passports.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Le Troquer|first=Yann|last2=Al-Oudat|first2=Rozenn Hommery|date=1999|title=From Kuwait to Jordan: The Palestinians' Third Exodus|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/2538306|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=28|issue=3|pages=37}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Jordan struggled with the sudden arrival of large groups of Palestinians from Kuwait. The sudden arrival of around 300,000 Palestinians led to a 30% rise in school enrollments.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann|date=1991|title=Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0266s|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=20|pages=41}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many Palestinians could not find a job in Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; But Jordan’s economy was surprisingly able to absorb the Palestinians from Kuwait.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

Many Palestinians tried to leave Kuwait but faced serious problems:

Financially, many did not receive the money they were owed after years of work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann|date=1991|title=Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0266s|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=20|pages=50-51}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Legally, they had to go through difficult identification procedures and often could not get permission to leave.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann|date=1991|title=Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0266s|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=20|pages=51}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because of world politics, travel was also restricted: [[Saudi Arabia]] refused transit [[Visa|visas]] for travel by land, and Kuwaiti airlines were told not to sell tickets to Palestinians.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann|date=1991|title=Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0266s|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=20|pages=53}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The group most at risk included 15,000-20,000 Palestinians with [[Egypt|Egyptian]] travel documents from Gaza or temporary Jordanian passports, as no country agreed to accept them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; This group depended on the Jordanian government being willing to let them live in Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; 

=== '''Recent Developments''' ===
After 1991, relations between Kuwait and the Palestinians remained tense for several years. The Palestinian community in Kuwait became much smaller and weaker.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

Most Palestinians were not allowed to return to government jobs, and many of these jobs were given to workers from Egypt instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; This was part of a wider policy that excluded Palestinians from work in the government.

Over time, some restrictions were reduced, but the community never returned to its earlier size or influence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann|date=1991|title=Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0266s|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=20|pages=51-53}}&lt;/ref&gt; Today, Palestinians in Kuwait are a smaller foreign group with fewer rights than before 1990.

Relations began to improve after the death of Arafat in 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; In 2005, [[Mahmoud Abbas]], who became the leader of the PLO after Arafat's death, officially apologized to Kuwait. This helped restore diplomatic relations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zelkovitz|first=Ido|date=2014|title=A Paradise Lost? the Rise and Fall of the Palestinian Community in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2013.849695|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=50|pages=97}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2013, a Palestinian embassy opened again in Kuwait.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Al-Nakib|first=Mai|date=2014-02|title=‘The People are Missing’: Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/dls.2014.0132|journal=Deleuze Studies|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=33|doi=10.3366/dls.2014.0132|issn=1750-2241}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, changing regional politics have led to a more careful and practical relationship between Kuwait and the Palestinian leadership, although the effects of the 1990 crisis are still visible.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Al-Nakib|first=Mai|date=2014-02|title=‘The People are Missing’: Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/dls.2014.0132|journal=Deleuze Studies|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=35|doi=10.3366/dls.2014.0132|issn=1750-2241}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== References ===
&lt;references /&gt;
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      <text bytes="19784" sha1="i939tvo3b11gcgz9mbtzlv242fwlonr" xml:space="preserve">Many [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] lived in [[Kuwait]] but left after the [[Gulf War|1990 Gulf War.]] The Palestinian community in Kuwait was a large and important group of foreign residents. From the mid-20th century until the 1990 Gulf War, they played a key role in building and developing the country. At its height, this community was one of the most active and important Palestinian groups abroad, acting as a center for both political activity and economic life. However, after the [[Palestine Liberation Organization|Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)]] supported Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait in 1990, most Palestinians left Kuwait and went to Jordan. This is called the Palestinian exodus from Kuwait. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann|date=1991|title=Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0266s|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=20|pages=42-54}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''History and migration waves''' ===
Palestinian migration to Kuwait took place in several waves, mainly linked to wars and political changes in [[Middle East|the Middle East]].

==== '''Early presence and first wave (before and after 1948)''' ====
Palestinians were already present in Kuwait before the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War|1948 Arab-Israeli War]]. By 1936, Palestinian teachers were working in Kuwaiti schools and were known for their high level of education.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zelkovitz|first=Ido|date=2014|title=A Paradise Lost? the Rise and Fall of the Palestinian Community in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2013.849695|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=50|pages=86-87, 95}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, a first wave of Palestinian migrants arrived in Kuwait. Many were well-educated professionals such as teachers and civil servants. They played an important role in developing the new state’s government and education system during the early oil era.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann Lesch|date=1991|title=Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0266s|journal=Journal of Palestine studies|volume=20|pages=42-43}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuwait’s so called oil boom led to a demand for skilled workers, and made Kuwait a popular destination for Palestinians.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann|date=1991|title=Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0266s|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=20|pages=42}}&lt;/ref&gt;

By 1957, Palestinians made up about 16% of Kuwait’s foreign population. Palestinian migrants during this period were mostly male, with only about 25% of migrants being women. Migration increased further in 1958-1959 when Jordan temporarily allowed easier travel, since many Palestinians had Jordanian passports.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann|date=1991|title=Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0266s|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=20|pages=43}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== '''Second wave (after 1967)''' ====
After the [[Six-Day War|1967 Six-Day War]], a much larger group of Palestinians moved to Kuwait, especially from the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza Strip|the Gaza Strip]]. The population grew rapidly, from about 77,000 in 1965 to over 204,000 in 1975. How people moved also changed. Instead of mostly men migrating alone, entire families began to move. By 1975, the number of men and women in the community was almost equal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

==== '''Third wave and stricter policies (after 1975)''' ====
From the mid-1970s, Kuwait made it harder for people to move there. This is because of wars in nearby countries, like [[Lebanon]] and [[Iraq]]. The Kuwaiti government feared that regional tensions could spread to Kuwait.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann|date=1991|title=Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0266s|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=20|pages=44}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1968-1969, the ''[[Kafala system|Kafala]]'' (sponsorship) system was introduced. Under this system, foreign residents needed a Kuwaiti sponsor (usually an employer) to live and work in the country. Residency was directly tied to employment, meaning that when a job ended, the right to stay also ended.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

This system had many results for Palestinians. They could not obtain permanent residency or [[citizenship]], and they were not allowed to retire in Kuwait. Adult children also needed their own sponsor to remain in the country. As a result, Palestinians faced insecurity. Unlike many other migrant groups, they often had no clear country to return to.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

By 1990, around 400,000 Palestinians lived in Kuwait, compared to about 600,000 Kuwaiti citizens. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zelkovitz|first=Ido|date=2014|title=A Paradise Lost? The Rise and Fall of the Palestinian Community in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2013.849695|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=50|pages=88}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Already before the [[Iraqi invasion of Kuwait|Iraqi invasion]], Kuwait became less welcoming to Palestinians because of economic problems and unemployment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Le Troquer|first=Yann|last2=Al-Oudat|first2=Rozenn Hommery|date=1999|title=From Kuwait to Jordan: The Palestinians' Third Exodus|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/2538306|journal=Journal of Palestine studies|volume=28|issue=3|pages=38}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Iraqi invasion increased these tensions.  

=== '''Economic and social impact of Palestinians in Kuwait''' ===
Palestinians played a major role in building modern Kuwait:

==== '''Government and private sector''' ====
Palestinians played a big role in building Kuwait’s government institutions after Kuwait’s independence.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; In the 1960s, many worked for the government, including senior positions in ministries such as the Ministry of the Interior.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zelkovitz|first=Ido Zelkovitz|date=2014|title=A Paradise Lost? the Rise and Fall of the Palestinian Community in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2013.849695|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=50|pages=87}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As Kuwait became more modern, the government introduced a policy of “Kuwaitization” in the mid-1960s to increase employment for Kuwaiti citizens.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Al-Nakib|first=Mai|date=2014-02|title=‘The People are Missing’: Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/dls.2014.0132|journal=Deleuze Studies|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=27|doi=10.3366/dls.2014.0132|issn=1750-2241}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuwaitis got higher salaries and more secure jobs than foreign workers, which gradually reduced Palestinian participation in government jobs. By the mid-1970s, Palestinians still had important roles, but their share in public sector jobs had declined a lot.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann|date=1991|title=Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0266s|journal=Journal in Palestine Studies|volume=20|pages=44-45}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Palestinians were also active in the private sector, especially in trade and banking. However, their economic influence was limited by law. A 1965 regulation required Kuwaiti majority ownership of industrial companies, and only Kuwaitis were allowed to own banks.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Despite these restrictions, Palestinians remained important contributors to the economy, and around 2,000 were granted Kuwaiti citizenship in the first half of the 1960s in recognition of their role in state-building.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;  

==== '''Education''' ====
Education was one of the most important fields for Palestinians in Kuwait. From the 1930s onward, Palestinian teachers were already working in Kuwaiti schools and were known for their high educational standards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zelkovitz|first=Ido Zelkovitz|date=2014|title=A Paradise Lost? the Rise and Fall of the Palestinian Community in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2013.849695|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=50|pages=86-87, 95}}&lt;/ref&gt; After independence, their role expanded a lot.

By the early 1960s, around half of all teachers in Kuwait were Palestinian.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; In 1966-1967, they still made up about 49% of the teaching workforce.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Palestinians also held government positions in the education sector and contributed to building the modern school system.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

From the mid-1960s, the government began limiting access for non-Kuwaitis. In 1965, a [[quota]] restricted non-Kuwaiti students to 25% of school enrollment, which was further reduced to 10% in 1967-1968.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Secondary schools remained open within these quotas, and Palestinians could also compete for around 10% of places at Kuwait University.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

In response to these limits, the PLO established its own school system in Kuwait, often using public school buildings after hours. By 1976, more than 16,000 Palestinian children were enrolled in these schools.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; However, the Ministry of Education closed them in 1976.

By the mid-1970s, the share of Palestinian teachers had fallen to about 25% as part of broader “Kuwaitization” policies. After 1991, Palestinian children were excluded from public education, and subsidies for private schooling were reduced.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; 

==== '''Politics''' ====
Kuwait provided a relatively open environment for Palestinian political activity compared to many other Arab states. Palestinian organisations were active in both formal and informal political life, but most Palestinians in Kuwait avoided direct involvement in Kuwaiti politics and focused instead on the Palestinian national cause.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

The most important political movement was [[Fatah]], which was founded in Kuwait in 1959 by [[Yasser Arafat]] and other activists.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zelkovitz|first=Ido|date=2014|title=A Paradise Lost? the Rise and Fall of the Palestinian Community in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2013.849695|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=50|pages=87-89}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuwait was also one of the first countries to allow the PLO to operate officially, and it provided financial support to the organisation. From the late 1960s, a system was introduced in which 5% of Palestinian salaries was deducted and transferred to the PLO’s [[Palestine National Fund]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann|date=1991|title=Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0266s|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=20|pages=42-44}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=A history of the modern Middle East: rulers, rebels, and rogues|last=Anderson|first=Betty S.|date=2016|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-8324-8|location=Stanford, California|pages=344}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Palestinian students were also politically active, especially at Kuwait University, where student organizations reflected broader Palestinian political movements.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zelkovitz|first=Ido|date=2014|title=A Paradise Lost? the Rise and Fall of the Palestinian Community in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2013.849695|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=50|pages=90-91}}&lt;/ref&gt;

After the 1990-1991 Gulf War, Palestinian political life in Kuwait collapsed. The PLO office was largely closed, Fatah’s presence was severely reduced, and its office was burned. Several Palestinian activists faced harassment and arrests.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

=== '''The 1990 Crisis and Decline''' ===
The period of relative success for the Palestinian community in Kuwait ended in 1990. A major turning point was the position of Yasser Arafat, who supported [[Saddam Hussein]] during Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zelkovitz|first=Ido|date=2014|title=A Paradise Lost? the Rise and Fall of the Palestinian Community in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2013.849695|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=50|pages=96}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=A history of the modern Middle East: rulers, rebels, and rogues|last=Anderson|first=Betty S.|date=2016|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-8324-8|location=Stanford, California|pages=350}}&lt;/ref&gt; Arafat supported Saddam Hussein because he stood up to Israel and wanted to link withdrawal from Kuwait to the end of the [[Israeli occupation of the West Bank|Israeli occupation]] of Palestine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Anderson|first=Jack|last2=Van Atta|first2=Dale|date=August 25, 1990|title=Why Arafat backed Saddam|work=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1990/08/26/why-arafat-backed-saddam/904a9366-c1e0-4294-ab64-1391b0e3b452/}}&lt;/ref&gt; This decision had serious results for Palestinians living in Kuwait.

Before the Iraqi invasion on 2 August 1990, about 400,000 Palestinians lived in Kuwait.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The Iraqi occupation (August 1990 - February 1991) led to the collapse of this community. By December 1990, only about 150,000 Palestinians remained.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann|date=1991|title=Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0266s|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=20|pages=47}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

During the occupation, the Palestinian community was divided. Some supported Iraq, while others joined the Kuwaiti [[Resistance movement|resistance]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Ibrahim|first=Youssef M.|date=March 14, 1991|title=AFTER THE WAR: Kuwait; Palestinians in Kuwait Face Suspicion and Probable Exile|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/14/world/after-the-war-kuwait-palestinians-in-kuwait-face-suspicion-and-probable-exile.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some Palestinians were arrested by Iraqi forces, with up to 5,000 people detained. The existence of pro-Iraqi Palestinian groups also damaged the community’s image among Kuwaitis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann|date=1991|title=Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0266s|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=20|pages=45}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Kuwait was liberated, Palestinians faced violence and punishment. Many Kuwaitis blamed them for the position of the PLO) and other Arab governments that had supported Iraq.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Between 400 and 600 young Palestinian men disappeared and were killed, and a similar number were kidnapped by militias and security forces.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann|date=1991|title=Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0266s|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=20|pages=47-48}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Palestinians that left Kuwait can be divided into three groups: Palestinians that left before the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and could not come back, Palestinians that fled during the war with Iraq and Palestinians that were forced to leave after the war.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Le Troquer|first=Yann|last2=Al-Oudat|first2=Rozenn Hommery|date=1999|title=The Palestinians' Third Exodus|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/2538306|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=28|issue=3|pages=39}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of the Palestinians in Kuwait went to Jordan in 1990 and 1991. About 300,000 Palestinians went to Jordan, and therefore Palestinians made up about 10% of Jordan’s population. Most of this group had Jordanian passports.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Le Troquer|first=Yann|last2=Al-Oudat|first2=Rozenn Hommery|date=1999|title=From Kuwait to Jordan: The Palestinians' Third Exodus|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/2538306|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=28|issue=3|pages=37}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Jordan struggled with the sudden arrival of large groups of Palestinians from Kuwait. The sudden arrival of around 300,000 Palestinians led to a 30% rise in school enrollments.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann|date=1991|title=Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0266s|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=20|pages=41}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many Palestinians could not find a job in Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; But Jordan’s economy was surprisingly able to absorb the Palestinians from Kuwait.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

Many Palestinians tried to leave Kuwait but faced serious problems:

Financially, many did not receive the money they were owed after years of work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann|date=1991|title=Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0266s|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=20|pages=50-51}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Legally, they had to go through difficult identification procedures and often could not get permission to leave.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann|date=1991|title=Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0266s|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=20|pages=51}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because of world politics, travel was also restricted: [[Saudi Arabia]] refused transit [[Visa|visas]] for travel by land, and Kuwaiti airlines were told not to sell tickets to Palestinians.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann|date=1991|title=Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0266s|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=20|pages=53}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The group most at risk included 15,000-20,000 Palestinians with [[Egypt|Egyptian]] travel documents from Gaza or temporary Jordanian passports, as no country agreed to accept them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; This group depended on the Jordanian government being willing to let them live in Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; 

=== '''Recent Developments''' ===
After 1991, relations between Kuwait and the Palestinians remained tense for several years. The Palestinian community in Kuwait became much smaller and weaker.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

Most Palestinians were not allowed to return to government jobs, and many of these jobs were given to workers from Egypt instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; This was part of a wider policy that excluded Palestinians from work in the government.

Over time, some restrictions were reduced, but the community never returned to its earlier size or influence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann|date=1991|title=Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0266s|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=20|pages=51-53}}&lt;/ref&gt; Today, Palestinians in Kuwait are a smaller foreign group with fewer rights than before 1990.

Relations began to improve after the death of Arafat in 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; In 2005, [[Mahmoud Abbas]], who became the leader of the PLO after Arafat's death, officially apologized to Kuwait. This helped restore diplomatic relations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zelkovitz|first=Ido|date=2014|title=A Paradise Lost? the Rise and Fall of the Palestinian Community in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2013.849695|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=50|pages=97}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2013, a Palestinian embassy opened again in Kuwait.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Al-Nakib|first=Mai|date=2014-02|title=‘The People are Missing’: Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/dls.2014.0132|journal=Deleuze Studies|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=33|doi=10.3366/dls.2014.0132|issn=1750-2241}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, changing regional politics have led to a more careful and practical relationship between Kuwait and the Palestinian leadership, although the effects of the 1990 crisis are still visible.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Al-Nakib|first=Mai|date=2014-02|title=‘The People are Missing’: Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/dls.2014.0132|journal=Deleuze Studies|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=35|doi=10.3366/dls.2014.0132|issn=1750-2241}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== References ===
&lt;references /&gt;
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      <text bytes="19789" sha1="kd0h4g16mp9eh2la1lyl2fldl6wyc0b" xml:space="preserve">Many [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] lived in [[Kuwait]] but left after the [[Gulf War|1990 Gulf War.]] The Palestinian community in Kuwait was a large and important group of foreign residents. From the mid-20th century until the 1990 Gulf War, they played a key role in building and developing the country. At its height, this community was one of the most active and important Palestinian groups abroad, acting as a center for both political activity and economic life. However, after the [[Palestine Liberation Organization|Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)]] supported Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait in 1990, most Palestinians left Kuwait and went to Jordan. This is called the Palestinian exodus from Kuwait. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann|date=1991|title=Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0266s|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=20|pages=42-54}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''History and migration waves''' ===
Palestinian migration to Kuwait took place in several waves, mainly linked to wars and political changes in [[Middle East|the Middle East]].

==== '''Early presence and first wave (before and after 1948)''' ====
Palestinians were already present in Kuwait before the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War|1948 Arab-Israeli War]]. By 1936, Palestinian teachers were working in Kuwaiti schools and were known for their high level of education.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zelkovitz|first=Ido|date=2014|title=A Paradise Lost? the Rise and Fall of the Palestinian Community in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2013.849695|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=50|pages=86-87, 95}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, a first wave of Palestinian migrants arrived in Kuwait. Many were well-educated professionals such as teachers and civil servants. They played an important role in developing the new state’s government and education system during the early oil era.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann Lesch|date=1991|title=Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0266s|journal=Journal of Palestine studies|volume=20|pages=42-43}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuwait’s so called oil boom led to a demand for skilled workers, and made Kuwait a popular destination for Palestinians.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann|date=1991|title=Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0266s|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=20|pages=42}}&lt;/ref&gt;

By 1957, Palestinians made up about 16% of Kuwait’s foreign population. Palestinian migrants during this period were mostly male, with only about 25% of migrants being women. Migration increased further in 1958-1959 when Jordan temporarily allowed easier travel, since many Palestinians had Jordanian passports.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann|date=1991|title=Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0266s|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=20|pages=43}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== '''Second wave (after 1967)''' ====
After the [[Six-Day War|1967 Six-Day War]], a much larger group of Palestinians moved to Kuwait, especially from the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza Strip|the Gaza Strip]]. The population grew rapidly, from about 77,000 in 1965 to over 204,000 in 1975. How people moved also changed. Instead of mostly men migrating alone, entire families began to move. By 1975, the number of men and women in the community was almost equal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

==== '''Third wave and stricter policies (after 1975)''' ====
From the mid-1970s, Kuwait made it harder for people to move there. This is because of wars in nearby countries, like [[Lebanon]] and [[Iraq]]. The Kuwaiti government feared that regional tensions could spread to Kuwait.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann|date=1991|title=Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0266s|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=20|pages=44}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1968-1969, the ''[[Kafala system|Kafala]]'' (sponsorship) system was introduced. Under this system, foreign residents needed a Kuwaiti sponsor (usually an employer) to live and work in the country. Residency was directly tied to employment, meaning that when a job ended, the right to stay also ended.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

This system had many consequences for Palestinians. They could not obtain permanent residency or [[citizenship]], and they were not allowed to retire in Kuwait. Adult children also needed their own sponsor to remain in the country. As a result, Palestinians faced insecurity. Unlike many other migrant groups, they often had no clear country to return to.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

By 1990, around 400,000 Palestinians lived in Kuwait, compared to about 600,000 Kuwaiti citizens. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zelkovitz|first=Ido|date=2014|title=A Paradise Lost? The Rise and Fall of the Palestinian Community in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2013.849695|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=50|pages=88}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Already before the [[Iraqi invasion of Kuwait|Iraqi invasion]], Kuwait became less welcoming to Palestinians because of economic problems and unemployment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Le Troquer|first=Yann|last2=Al-Oudat|first2=Rozenn Hommery|date=1999|title=From Kuwait to Jordan: The Palestinians' Third Exodus|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/2538306|journal=Journal of Palestine studies|volume=28|issue=3|pages=38}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Iraqi invasion increased these tensions.  

=== '''Economic and social impact of Palestinians in Kuwait''' ===
Palestinians played a major role in building modern Kuwait:

==== '''Government and private sector''' ====
Palestinians played a big role in building Kuwait’s government institutions after Kuwait’s independence.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; In the 1960s, many worked for the government, including senior positions in ministries such as the Ministry of the Interior.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zelkovitz|first=Ido Zelkovitz|date=2014|title=A Paradise Lost? the Rise and Fall of the Palestinian Community in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2013.849695|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=50|pages=87}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As Kuwait became more modern, the government introduced a policy of “Kuwaitization” in the mid-1960s to increase employment for Kuwaiti citizens.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Al-Nakib|first=Mai|date=2014-02|title=‘The People are Missing’: Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/dls.2014.0132|journal=Deleuze Studies|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=27|doi=10.3366/dls.2014.0132|issn=1750-2241}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuwaitis got higher salaries and more secure jobs than foreign workers, which gradually reduced Palestinian participation in government jobs. By the mid-1970s, Palestinians still had important roles, but their share in public sector jobs had declined a lot.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann|date=1991|title=Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0266s|journal=Journal in Palestine Studies|volume=20|pages=44-45}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Palestinians were also active in the private sector, especially in trade and banking. However, their economic influence was limited by law. A 1965 regulation required Kuwaiti majority ownership of industrial companies, and only Kuwaitis were allowed to own banks.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Despite these restrictions, Palestinians remained important contributors to the economy, and around 2,000 were granted Kuwaiti citizenship in the first half of the 1960s in recognition of their role in state-building.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;  

==== '''Education''' ====
Education was one of the most important fields for Palestinians in Kuwait. From the 1930s onward, Palestinian teachers were already working in Kuwaiti schools and were known for their high educational standards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zelkovitz|first=Ido Zelkovitz|date=2014|title=A Paradise Lost? the Rise and Fall of the Palestinian Community in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2013.849695|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=50|pages=86-87, 95}}&lt;/ref&gt; After independence, their role expanded a lot.

By the early 1960s, around half of all teachers in Kuwait were Palestinian.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; In 1966-1967, they still made up about 49% of the teaching workforce.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Palestinians also held government positions in the education sector and contributed to building the modern school system.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

From the mid-1960s, the government began limiting access for non-Kuwaitis. In 1965, a [[quota]] restricted non-Kuwaiti students to 25% of school enrollment, which was further reduced to 10% in 1967-1968.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Secondary schools remained open within these quotas, and Palestinians could also compete for around 10% of places at Kuwait University.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

In response to these limits, the PLO established its own school system in Kuwait, often using public school buildings after hours. By 1976, more than 16,000 Palestinian children were enrolled in these schools.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; However, the Ministry of Education closed them in 1976.

By the mid-1970s, the share of Palestinian teachers had fallen to about 25% as part of broader “Kuwaitization” policies. After 1991, Palestinian children were excluded from public education, and subsidies for private schooling were reduced.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; 

==== '''Politics''' ====
Kuwait provided a relatively open environment for Palestinian political activity compared to many other Arab states. Palestinian organisations were active in both formal and informal political life, but most Palestinians in Kuwait avoided direct involvement in Kuwaiti politics and focused instead on the Palestinian national cause.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

The most important political movement was [[Fatah]], which was founded in Kuwait in 1959 by [[Yasser Arafat]] and other activists.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zelkovitz|first=Ido|date=2014|title=A Paradise Lost? the Rise and Fall of the Palestinian Community in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2013.849695|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=50|pages=87-89}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuwait was also one of the first countries to allow the PLO to operate officially, and it provided financial support to the organisation. From the late 1960s, a system was introduced in which 5% of Palestinian salaries was deducted and transferred to the PLO’s [[Palestine National Fund]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann|date=1991|title=Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0266s|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=20|pages=42-44}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=A history of the modern Middle East: rulers, rebels, and rogues|last=Anderson|first=Betty S.|date=2016|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-8324-8|location=Stanford, California|pages=344}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Palestinian students were also politically active, especially at Kuwait University, where student organizations reflected broader Palestinian political movements.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zelkovitz|first=Ido|date=2014|title=A Paradise Lost? the Rise and Fall of the Palestinian Community in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2013.849695|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=50|pages=90-91}}&lt;/ref&gt;

After the 1990-1991 Gulf War, Palestinian political life in Kuwait collapsed. The PLO office was largely closed, Fatah’s presence was severely reduced, and its office was burned. Several Palestinian activists faced harassment and arrests.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

=== '''The 1990 Crisis and Decline''' ===
The period of relative success for the Palestinian community in Kuwait ended in 1990. A major turning point was the position of Yasser Arafat, who supported [[Saddam Hussein]] during Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zelkovitz|first=Ido|date=2014|title=A Paradise Lost? the Rise and Fall of the Palestinian Community in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2013.849695|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=50|pages=96}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=A history of the modern Middle East: rulers, rebels, and rogues|last=Anderson|first=Betty S.|date=2016|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-8324-8|location=Stanford, California|pages=350}}&lt;/ref&gt; Arafat supported Saddam Hussein because he stood up to Israel and wanted to link withdrawal from Kuwait to the end of the [[Israeli occupation of the West Bank|Israeli occupation]] of Palestine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Anderson|first=Jack|last2=Van Atta|first2=Dale|date=August 25, 1990|title=Why Arafat backed Saddam|work=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1990/08/26/why-arafat-backed-saddam/904a9366-c1e0-4294-ab64-1391b0e3b452/}}&lt;/ref&gt; This decision had serious results for Palestinians living in Kuwait.

Before the Iraqi invasion on 2 August 1990, about 400,000 Palestinians lived in Kuwait.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The Iraqi occupation (August 1990 - February 1991) led to the collapse of this community. By December 1990, only about 150,000 Palestinians remained.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann|date=1991|title=Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0266s|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=20|pages=47}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

During the occupation, the Palestinian community was divided. Some supported Iraq, while others joined the Kuwaiti [[Resistance movement|resistance]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Ibrahim|first=Youssef M.|date=March 14, 1991|title=AFTER THE WAR: Kuwait; Palestinians in Kuwait Face Suspicion and Probable Exile|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/14/world/after-the-war-kuwait-palestinians-in-kuwait-face-suspicion-and-probable-exile.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some Palestinians were arrested by Iraqi forces, with up to 5,000 people detained. The existence of pro-Iraqi Palestinian groups also damaged the community’s image among Kuwaitis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann|date=1991|title=Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0266s|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=20|pages=45}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Kuwait was liberated, Palestinians faced violence and punishment. Many Kuwaitis blamed them for the position of the PLO) and other Arab governments that had supported Iraq.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Between 400 and 600 young Palestinian men disappeared and were killed, and a similar number were kidnapped by militias and security forces.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann|date=1991|title=Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0266s|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=20|pages=47-48}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Palestinians that left Kuwait can be divided into three groups: Palestinians that left before the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and could not come back, Palestinians that fled during the war with Iraq and Palestinians that were forced to leave after the war.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Le Troquer|first=Yann|last2=Al-Oudat|first2=Rozenn Hommery|date=1999|title=The Palestinians' Third Exodus|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/2538306|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=28|issue=3|pages=39}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of the Palestinians in Kuwait went to Jordan in 1990 and 1991. About 300,000 Palestinians went to Jordan, and therefore Palestinians made up about 10% of Jordan’s population. Most of this group had Jordanian passports.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Le Troquer|first=Yann|last2=Al-Oudat|first2=Rozenn Hommery|date=1999|title=From Kuwait to Jordan: The Palestinians' Third Exodus|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/2538306|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=28|issue=3|pages=37}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Jordan struggled with the sudden arrival of large groups of Palestinians from Kuwait. The sudden arrival of around 300,000 Palestinians led to a 30% rise in school enrollments.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann|date=1991|title=Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0266s|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=20|pages=41}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many Palestinians could not find a job in Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; But Jordan’s economy was surprisingly able to absorb the Palestinians from Kuwait.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

Many Palestinians tried to leave Kuwait but faced serious problems:

Financially, many did not receive the money they were owed after years of work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann|date=1991|title=Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0266s|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=20|pages=50-51}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Legally, they had to go through difficult identification procedures and often could not get permission to leave.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann|date=1991|title=Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0266s|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=20|pages=51}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because of world politics, travel was also restricted: [[Saudi Arabia]] refused transit [[Visa|visas]] for travel by land, and Kuwaiti airlines were told not to sell tickets to Palestinians.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann|date=1991|title=Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0266s|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=20|pages=53}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The group most at risk included 15,000-20,000 Palestinians with [[Egypt|Egyptian]] travel documents from Gaza or temporary Jordanian passports, as no country agreed to accept them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; This group depended on the Jordanian government being willing to let them live in Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; 

=== '''Recent Developments''' ===
After 1991, relations between Kuwait and the Palestinians remained tense for several years. The Palestinian community in Kuwait became much smaller and weaker.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

Most Palestinians were not allowed to return to government jobs, and many of these jobs were given to workers from Egypt instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; This was part of a wider policy that excluded Palestinians from work in the government.

Over time, some restrictions were reduced, but the community never returned to its earlier size or influence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann|date=1991|title=Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0266s|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=20|pages=51-53}}&lt;/ref&gt; Today, Palestinians in Kuwait are a smaller foreign group with fewer rights than before 1990.

Relations began to improve after the death of Arafat in 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; In 2005, [[Mahmoud Abbas]], who became the leader of the PLO after Arafat's death, officially apologized to Kuwait. This helped restore diplomatic relations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zelkovitz|first=Ido|date=2014|title=A Paradise Lost? the Rise and Fall of the Palestinian Community in Kuwait|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2013.849695|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=50|pages=97}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2013, a Palestinian embassy opened again in Kuwait.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Al-Nakib|first=Mai|date=2014-02|title=‘The People are Missing’: Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/dls.2014.0132|journal=Deleuze Studies|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=33|doi=10.3366/dls.2014.0132|issn=1750-2241}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, changing regional politics have led to a more careful and practical relationship between Kuwait and the Palestinian leadership, although the effects of the 1990 crisis are still visible.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Al-Nakib|first=Mai|date=2014-02|title=‘The People are Missing’: Palestinians in Kuwait|url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/dls.2014.0132|journal=Deleuze Studies|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=35|doi=10.3366/dls.2014.0132|issn=1750-2241}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== References ===
&lt;references /&gt;
&lt;references /&gt;
__FORCETOC__</text>
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  <page>
    <title>DR Automobiles Groupe</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-29623-71</username>
        <id>1805491</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Aggiungo</comment>
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      <text bytes="3443" sha1="grgrgfceu5s4y9f942pleg429420dpp" xml:space="preserve">{{inline|date=May 2026}}[[File:DR Automobiles logo 2020.png|thumb|Coat of arms]]DR Automobiles Groupe is an Italian [[Automobile|car]] manufacturer founded from Massimo di Risioin in the 2006, based in [[Molise]].

It imports derived cars, Chinese models and they mount petrol or [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]] engines. It has created many brands, such as [[Auto EVO]], [[Tiger (car)|Tiger]], [[ICH-X]], [[Sportequipe]], [[Birba]], [[Itala 35|Itala]] and [[Stilnovo]].  

== DR5/Evo5 ==
[[File:2010 Dr 5 Crossover 1.6.jpg|thumb|DR5]]
[[File:Evo 5.jpg|thumb|Evo5]]
The [[DR5]]/Evo5 is the first car built by DR, it was a low-cost [[SUV]], launched in 2007 and produced until 2020, it was derived from the [[Chery Tiggo]]. In 2018 it was available in five trims: 

* 1.6 Style
* 1.6 Cross 
* Evo5 1.6 Cross
* Evo5 1.6 Elegance
* Evo5 1.6 Monte Carlo

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Engine
!
!
|-
!1.6
!126 CV/93 kW
!175 km/h 
|-
!0-100 12,5
!1315 KG
!
|}
It was available in gasoline, [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]], and methane, all with the same engines.

There were 3 [[optional]] features available:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Optional 
!Price 
|-
!Navigator
|800 (Not for Evo5) 
|-
!Leather interiors
|1.000 (Standard in the Monte Carlo) 
|-
!18' wheels
|1.000 (Evo5) 
|}

== Gallery ==
[[File:Dr1c.jpg|left|thumb|150x150px|DR 1]]
[[File:DR 1.0 front.jpg|thumb|150x150px|DR 1.0]]
[[File:2010 Dr 2 1.3 16V.jpg|thumb|150x150px|DR 2]]
[[File:DR Motor DR3 2.0 16V 2010 3.jpg|thumb|150x150px|DR 3 ([[2006]])]]
[[File:DR 3 Genf 2019 1Y7A5045.jpg|thumb|150x150px|DR 3 (pre-restyling) ]]
[[File:2024 DR 3.0 front.jpg|thumb|150x150px|DR 3.0 (restyling) ]]
[[File:DR 4 Genf 2019 1Y7A5048.jpg|thumb|150x150px|DR 4]]
[[File:2010 Dr 5 Crossover 1.6.jpg|thumb|150x150px|DR 5]]
[[File:2022 DR 5.0.jpg|thumb|150x150px|DR 5.0 (pre-restyling) ]]
[[File:Dr 5.0 MIMO 2022.jpg|left|thumb|150x150px|DR 5.0 (restyling) ]]
[[File:DR 4.0 front.jpg|thumb|150x150px|DR 4.0]]
[[File:DR 6 Genf 2019 1Y7A5049.jpg|thumb|150x150px|DR 6]]
[[File:2024 DR 6.0.jpg|thumb|150x150px|DR 6.0]]
[[File:DR 7.0 1.5 Turbo.jpg|thumb|150x150px|DR 7.0 (pre-restyling) [[File:DR 7.0 Collection 1.jpg|thumb|DR 7.0 (restyling) ]]]]
[[File:DR CityCross 1.3 bifuel 2015.jpg|left|thumb|150x150px|DR CityCross]]
[[File:DR F35 1.5 Turbo in Avellino.jpg|thumb|150x150px|DR F35]]
[[File:2024 DR PK8.jpg|thumb|150x150px|DR PK8]]
[[File:DR Zero 1.0 bifuel 1.jpg|thumb|150x150px|DR Zero]]
== Models ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Models no longer in production 
|-
![[DR5]], DR1, DR2, DR3, DR City Cross/City Van, DR Zero, [[EVO5|DR EVO5]], DR3, DR4, DR 3.0, DR 4.0
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Models in production
|-
!DR 6.0, [[DR 5.0]], DR 3, DR 7.0, DR 1.0, DR PK8 
|}

==References==
*{{Commons category-inline|DR Automobiles Groupe}}
*[1] {{Cite web|last=Ferro|first=Chiara|date=2026-05-09|title=DR 2026: tutti i modelli, prezzi e quale scegliere (3, 5, 6.0, 7.0)|url=https://www.ilgiornaledigitale.it/dr-tutti-modelli-prezzi-gamma-completa-italia-82371.html|access-date=2026-05-12|website=Il Giornale Digitale|language=it-IT}}
*[2] {{Cite web|date=2020-11-11|title=DR|url=https://www.virgilio.it/motori/listino/dr/|access-date=2026-05-12|website=Virgilio Motori|language=it-IT}} 
*[3] {{Cite web|title=MSN|url=https://www.msn.com/it-it/money/storie-principali/mi-sono-finto-cliente-per-comprare-una-dr-con-20-000-euro-ecco-com-%C3%A8-andata/ar-AA21YBK0?ocid=BingNewsVerp|access-date=2026-05-12|website=www.msn.com}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ard-al-Moharbeen necropolis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1267699</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880868</id>
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        <username>Richard Nevell</username>
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      <text bytes="10959" sha1="avvlv0f3mu8adnogxhca95bx1llf02a" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Ard-al-Moharbeen necropolis
| alternate_name = Roman Cemetery Beit Lahia&lt;ref name=damage_report/&gt;
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption = 
| coordinates = {{coord|type:landmark_region:PS|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = Palestine
| location = [[Jabaliya]], Gaza Strip, Palestine
| type = Inhumation cemetery
| area = {{convert|4000|m2}} (estimated)&lt;ref name=damage_report&gt;{{cite report |author=Centre for Cultural Heritage Preservation |title=Damage and Risk Assessment of Cultural Heritage Under Attack in the Gaza Strip |publisher=State of Palestine Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities |date=January 2025 |page=452 |url=https://etourism.ps/share/DReport.pdf |archive-date=2025-07-29 |access-date=2025-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250729115752/https://etourism.ps/share/DReport.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| built = 
| abandoned = 
| epochs = [[Roman Empire|Roman]]
| cultures = 
| discovered = 2022
| excavations = 2023
| archaeologists = René Elter&lt;ref name=largest&gt;{{cite news |last=Adwan |first=Issam |url=https://apnews.com/article/gaza-roman-sarcophagi-archaeology-6db292772c3f013575d2ad1a91315d14 |title=Archaeologists unearth the largest cemetery ever discovered in Gaza and find rare lead sarcophogi |newspaper=AP News |date=23 September 2023 |accessdate=7 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
The '''Ard-al-Moharbeen necropolis''' was a [[Roman Empire|Roman]] cemetery in Jabaliya in the [[Gaza Strip]], Palestine. The known area covers an estimated {{Convert|4000|m2}} and it is the largest cemetery to have been discovered in Gaza. It was close to [[Anthedon (Palestine)|Anthedon]], a Roman town, and was probably used from the 1st century AD to the 3rd century AD.

The cemetery was discovered in 2022. Archaeologists led by René Elter started digging the following year. They had discovered 135 graves by the time digging was stopped by the start of the [[Gaza war]]. The graves included two lead [[Ancient Roman sarcophagi|sarcophagi]] which were the first found in Gaza and likely belonged to rich people. The cemetery was one of hundreds of [[Archaeological sites destroyed during the Israel–Hamas war|important places damaged in the war]]. 

== Key dates ==

* 1st century: the cemetery was established
* 3rd century: the cemetery was abandoned
* 8th–9th centuries: some graves were looted
* 2022: the cemetery was rediscovered
* 2023: archaeologists began digging
* 2023–25: the site was damaged during the Gaza war

== Background ==
Ard al-Moharbeen was probably the cemetery for Anthedon,&lt;ref name=gazahistoire/&gt; a nearby a coastal town and port. The town was lived in from about 800 BC to 1100 AD.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5719/ |title=Anthedon Harbour |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=30 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many [[Archaeological site|archaeological sites]] in the Gaza Strip have been found during building projects.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Armaly |first=Fareed |date=2008 |title=Crossroads and contexts: interviews on archaeology in Gaza |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1525/jps.2008.37.2.43 |journal=Journal of Palestine Studies |language=en |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=52–54, 72 |doi=10.1525/jps.2008.37.2.43 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; The blockade of the Gaza Strip has made archaeology more difficult because there are not enough tools. Première Urgence Internationale has been helping students in Gaza learn about archaeology.&lt;ref name=&quot;ArtNewspaper&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ditmars |first=Hadani |date=26 July 2023 |title='Rare intact Roman burial site' with more than 125 tombs discovered in the Gaza Strip |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/07/26/rare-intact-roman-burial-site-with-more-than-125-tombs-discovered-in-the-gaza-strip |access-date=17 February 2026 |website=The Art Newspaper |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Discovery and investigation ==
The cemetery was found in early 2022 when a housing project was being built in [[Jabaliya]].&lt;ref name=Reuters&gt;{{cite news |last=Al-Mughrabi |first=Nidal  |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/least-125-tombs-discovered-roman-era-cemetery-gaza-officials-2023-07-24/ |title=At least 125 tombs discovered at Roman-era cemetery in Gaza |website=Reuters |date=24 July 2023 |accessdate=7 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Archaeologists led by René Elter began digging in July 2023.&lt;ref name=largest/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=McKernan |first=Bethan |date=2023-09-03 |title='We can't take any of this for granted': Gaza's fight to keep its treasures safe at home |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/03/its-heartbreaking-our-heritage-is-being-stolen-gazas-fight-to-keep-its-treasures-safe-at-home |access-date=2025-03-08 |work=The Observer |language=en-GB |issn=0029-7712}}&lt;/ref&gt; 30 graduates from the [[University of Palestine]] and the [[Islamic University of Gaza]] were involved in the excavation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Velie |first=Elaine |title=Over 100 Tombs Unearthed in Roman Cemetery in Palestine |url=https://hyperallergic.com/835597/over-100-ancient-roman-tombs-unearthed-in-palestine/ |newspaper=Hyperallergic |date=27 July 2023 |accessdate=7 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hundreds of heritage sites were damaged during the [[Gaza war]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Kaamil |date=28 April 2024 |title='Everything beautiful has been destroyed': Palestinians mourn a city in tatters |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/04/everything-beautiful-has-been-destroyed-palestinians-mourn-a-city-in-tatters |access-date=27 March 2024 |work=The Observer |language=en-GB |issn=0029-7712 |quote=&quot;A recent report by the Palestinian culture ministry into Israeli damage to Palestinian heritage said Israel’s bombardment of Gaza had destroyed 207 buildings of cultural or historical significance, including 144 in the old city and 25 religious sites.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt; Exploded rockets left craters at Ard-al-Moharbeen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=A 'cultural genocide': Which of Gaza's heritage sites have been destroyed?|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/14/a-cultural-genocide-which-of-gazas-heritage-sites-have-been-destroyed|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=29 January 2026|language=en|first=Indlieb Farazi|last=Saber|date=14 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bulldozers also damaged the site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |author=Centre for Cultural Heritage Preservation |title=Damage and Risk Assessment of Cultural Heritage Under Attack in the Gaza Strip |publisher=State of Palestine Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities |date=January 2025 |pages=452–454 |url=https://etourism.ps/share/DReport.pdf |archive-date=2025-05-29 |access-date=2025-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529180643/https://etourism.ps/share/DReport.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jehad Yasin of the [[Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities (Palestine)|Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities]] said that the cemetery was &quot;almost completely destroyed&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Geranpayeh |first=Sarvy |title=Bombing of Gaza has damaged or destroyed more than 100 heritage sites, NGO report reveals |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/11/28/bombing-of-gaza-has-damaged-or-destroyed-more-than-100-heritage-sites-ngo-report-reveals |newspaper=The Art Newspaper |date=28 November 2023 |accessdate=7 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Israeli military said that it had targeted &quot;a Hamas military compound used for operational purposes&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The frantic race to protect historic treasures from Israeli bombs |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-e26c7357-09f8-42af-81ae-42cbaf04b593|website=BBC News|access-date=29 January 2026|language=en-GB|date=16 September 2025|last=Knell|first=Yolande}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Summary of finds ==
*135 graves
*2 lead sarcophagi
*Some graves included items buried with the dead

== Cemetery features ==
The Ard-al-Moharbeen necropolis is the largest cemetery discovered in Gaza. 135 graves have been found in an area of {{convert|4000|m2}}.&lt;ref name=WaPo/&gt;&lt;ref name=largest/&gt; The burials are thought to date from the 1st century AD to the 3rd century AD.&lt;ref name=gazahistoire&gt;{{cite web |last=Elter |first=René |url=https://gazahistoire.hypotheses.org/6216 |lang=fr |title=n° 037 – Nécropole romaine d'Ard-al-Moharbeen |trans-title=n° 037 – Roman necropolis of Ard-al-Moharbeen |work=Gaza Histoire, inventaire d'un patrimoine bombardé |date=18 May 2025 |accessdate=30 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; The tombs were usually made from stone or mudbrick, and one contained painted plaster.&lt;ref name=gazahistoire/&gt; When they were found, most of the graves still contained human remains. Some of the graves contained objects buried with the dead ([[grave goods]]); the objects include clay pots,&lt;ref name=Reuters/&gt; perfume bottles,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jacobs |first=Phie |date=3 August 2023 |title=Roman aristocrats bought passage to the underworld at this cemetery in Gaza |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/roman-aristocrats-bought-passage-underworld-cemetery-gaza |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=www.science.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and some skeletons were found with coins in their mouths. Putting a coin in the mouth of a dead person was a Greco-Roman practice referred to as &quot;Charon's obol&quot;. The coin was to pay the ferryman [[Charon (mythology)|Charon]] for dead person's entry to the underworld.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Stevens |first=Susan T. |year=1991 |title=Charon's Obol and Other Coins in Ancient Funerary Practice |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1088792 |journal=Phoenix |volume=45 |issue=3 |page=215 |doi=10.2307/1088792|jstor=1088792 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; The grave goods show that Gaza had trade connections with the Mediterranean and [[Nabataean Kingdom|Nabataea]].&lt;ref name=gazahistoire/&gt;

The burials included two lead sarcophagi which were the first to be discovered in Gaza.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reuters&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=largest/&gt; They were made the 2nd or 3rd centuries AD,&lt;ref name=ArtNewspaper/&gt; and likely belonged to wealthier people than others buried in the cemetery.&lt;ref name=gazahistoire/&gt; Some of the burials are of important Roman officials.&lt;ref name=&quot;WaPo&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Francis |first=Ellen |date=25 July 2023 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/07/25/gaza-discovery-roman-cemetery-tombs/ |title=125 tombs found after chance discovery of ancient Roman-era cemetery in Gaza |newspaper=Washington Post |accessdate=7 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Several burials were looted during the 8th and 9th centuries.&lt;ref name=gazahistoire/&gt;

== See also ==
*[[Israeli razing of cemeteries and necroviolence against Palestinians]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://gazahistoire.hypotheses.org/6216 Nécropole romaine d’Ard-al-Moharbeen] (in French), part of the Gaza, inventaire d’un patrimoine bombardé

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in the State of Palestine]]
[[Category:History of Palestine]]
[[Category:Cemeteries]]
[[Category:Roman Empire]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sahil Arora</title>
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      <text bytes="6380" sha1="r79bl049cp9nasxg84zj90le9mlrojy" xml:space="preserve">'''Sahil Arora''' (born 14 January 2005) is an Indian television actor, film producer, and elite media entrepreneur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sahil Arora: Movies, TV, and Bio |url=https://www.primevideo.com |website=Amazon Prime Video |access-date=2026-05-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is prominently known for his dynamic work in popular Hindi TV shows and digital cinema, gaining widespread recognition for playing the role of Jigar in the Colors TV drama ''[[w:Mangal Lakshmi|Mangal Lakshmi]]'' (2025) and Shashank in the Zee TV show ''[[w:Jamai No. 1|Jamai No. 1]]'' (2024–2025).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sahil Arora set to play the negative lead in TV Show 'Mangal Lakshmi' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sahil-arora-set-to-play-the-negative-lead-in-tv-show-mangal-lakshmi/articleshow/118380132.cms |website=The Times of India |date=2025-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Beyond his on-camera success, Sahil Arora is the visionary Founder and Chairman of the Prime Link Group, a massive media conglomerate. Under this umbrella, he operates Prime Link Media and the independent production house, Sahil Arora Creative Films (SACF).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sahil Arora Creative Films (SACF) - Official Website |url=https://sites.google.com/view/sahil-arora-creative-films/ |website=Google Sites |access-date=2026-05-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Infobox person
| name               = Sahil Arora
| image              = 
| caption            = 
| birth_date         = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2005|01|14}}
| birth_place        = Surat, [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| nationality        = [[Indian]]
| occupation         = Actor, film producer, media entrepreneur
| years_active       = 2016 - Present
| known_for          = ''[[w:Mangal Lakshmi|Mangal Lakshmi]]'', ''[[w:Jamai No. 1|Jamai No. 1]]'', ''Bareilly Exposure''
| height             = 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)
| title              = Founder &amp; Chairman, Prime Link Media
}}

== Early life and pageantry ==
Arora was born in Surat, Gujarat. He grew up in Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, where he completed his education and built his foundational roots before officially shifting his base to Mumbai, Maharashtra, to conquer the Indian entertainment industry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sahil Arora: Shifting to Mumbai has been a journey full of ups and downs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sahil-arora-shifting-to-mumbai-has-been-a-journey-full-of-ups-and-downs/articleshow/130255332.cms |website=The Times of India |date=2026-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; He started his career in the entertainment world as a teen model, showcasing exceptional early talent. He eventually won the prestigious title of Mr. Teen Gujarat 2018 and proudly represented India at the international Rubaru Mr. Teen India National Universe 2019 competition.

== Career ==
Arora started his professional acting journey in 2016, making his debut as Harry in the Hindi feature film ''Beiimaan Love''. Recognized as a versatile method actor who easily molds himself to any character,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sahil Arora - Biography &amp; Movies |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/sahil-arora/1082154 |website=BookMyShow |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; he later transitioned seamlessly between traditional daily soaps and digital streaming projects. He became a familiar screen presence across Indian households by starring as Shashank in the highly popular series ''[[w:Jamai No. 1|Jamai No. 1]]'' (2024–2025) and playing Jigar in ''[[w:Mangal Lakshmi|Mangal Lakshmi]]'' (2025).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sahil Arora opens up about bagging major role in Mangal Lakshmi after Jamai No. 1 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/sahil-arora-opens-bagging-major-role-mangal-lakshmi-jamai-no-1/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=2025-02-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also stepped into Dangal TV's series to portray the role of Rocky in ''Shrimati Shukla'' and appeared as Kunal Arora in the mini-series ''Kalamanch''.

== Filmmaking and Entrepreneurship ==
Taking cues from global tech and media titans, Arora expanded his creative vision behind the camera. He made his multifaceted debut as an actor, writer, producer, and director with the dramatic short film ''Bin Maa Baap Ka Bachcha'' (2025). Currently, he serves as the primary creator and executive producer for the highly anticipated upcoming web series ''Bareilly Exposure''. 

He actively manages his cinematic projects directly through Sahil Arora Creative Films (SACF), an elite production house strictly focused on high-end cinematic storytelling and luxury events.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sahil Arora Creative Films (SACF) - About Us |url=https://sites.google.com/view/sahil-arora-creative-films/ |website=Google Sites |access-date=2026-05-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Filmography ==

=== Television &amp; Web Series ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|-
! Year
! Title 
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2023-2025
| ''Gutar Gu''
| Sahil
| 
|-
| 2024-2025
| ''[[w:Jamai No. 1|Jamai No. 1]]''
| Shashank
| Lead
|-
| 2025
| ''[[w:Mangal Lakshmi|Mangal Lakshmi]]''
| Jigar
| Negative Lead
|-
| 2025
| ''Shrimati Shukla''
| Rocky
| 
|-
| 2025
| ''Kalamanch''
| Kunal Arora
| Mini-series
|-
| 2026
| ''Bareilly Exposure''
| Creator/Producer
| Upcoming Web Series
|}

=== Films &amp; Short Movies ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2016
| ''Beiimaan Love''
| Harry
| Feature Film
|-
| 2017
| ''Dekhne Mein Kya Harj Hai''
| Actor
| Short
|-
| 2019
| ''GoodNight Sleep Tight''
| Actor
| Short
|-
| 2021
| ''Bhranti''
| Aakash Verma
| Short
|-
| 2022
| ''Black Coat''
| Manish
| Short
|-
| 2024
| ''A Mistake''
| Courier
| Short
|-
| 2025
| ''Bin Maa Baap Ka Bachcha''
| Sahil
| Also Director/Producer
|}

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Other websites ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm18315649/ Sahil Arora] at IMDb
* [https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/sahil-arora/1082154 Sahil Arora] on BookMyShow
* [https://www.primevideo.com/ Sahil Arora] on Amazon Prime Video
* [https://www.google.com/search?q=Sahil+Arora+actor Sahil Arora] on Google Knowledge Panel
* [https://sites.google.com/view/sahil-arora-creative-films/ Sahil Arora Creative Films (SACF)] Official Website
* [https://www.instagram.com/sahilarora.14 Sahil Arora] on Instagram

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arora, Sahil}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actors]]
[[Category:Mass media entrepreneurs]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Canadian Future Party</title>
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      <text bytes="5417" sha1="b9mafp25dan9fihz0n8yepid3ikcz6y" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox political party
| name             = Canadian Future Party
| native_name      = Parti Avenir Canadien
| native_name_lang = fr
| abbreviation     = CFP&lt;br&gt;PAC
| logo             =
| logo_size        = 
| colorcode        = #FFD063
| leader           = [[Dominic Cardy]]
| registered       = {{Start date and age|2024|8|8}}
| leader1_title    = 
| leader1_name     = 
| founders         = 
| ideology         = {{ubl|class=nowrap|
 |[[Centrism]]
 |[[Social liberalism]]
 |[[Canadian nationalism]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/live/9DSRCfn_gEg?si=4c5L04f7R78vUBOw&amp;t=1100 |title=CFP Response to American Economic Warfare AMA |website=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
| headquarters     = 
| youth_wing       = 
| membership       = 
| membership_year  = 
| split            = 
| position         = [[Centrism|Centre]]
| regional         = 
| continental      = 
| international    = 
| colours          = {{color box|#FFD063}} [[Amber (colour)|Amber]]
| seats1_title     = [[Senate of Canada|Senate]]
| seats1           = {{Composition bar|0|105|hex={{Canadian party colour|CA|Conservative}}}}
| seats2_title     = [[House of Commons of Canada|House of &lt;br /&gt;Commons]]
| seats2           = {{Composition bar|0|343|hex={{Canadian party colour|CA|Conservative}}}}
| website          = {{URL|https://thecanadianfutureparty.ca}}
| country          = Canada
}}
The '''Canadian Future Party''' (CFP) ([[Canadian French]]: ''Parti avenir canadien'', '''PAC'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Accueil|url=https://www.thecanadianfutureparty.ca/fr/accueil|access-date=2026-05-18|website=www.thecanadianfutureparty.ca|language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt;) is a [[List of federal political parties in Canada|federal political party in Canada]] that was offically launched in August 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Murray|first=Nick|date=14 August 2024|title=Canadian Future Party launches, will field candidates in upcoming byelections|work=[[CBC]]|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-future-party-launches-1.7294230}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-08-17|title=Aug 2024: Opinion: Canadian Future Party presents centrist option|url=https://www.brandonsun.com/opinion/2024/08/17/canadian-future-party-presents-centrist-option|access-date=2026-05-18|website=Brandon Sun|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; It describes itself as [[centrist]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=MacDonald|first=Brennan|date=2024-08-14|title=Dominic Cardy officially launches new federal political party|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/article/dominic-cardy-officially-launches-new-federal-political-party/|access-date=2026-05-18|website=CTVNews|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; campaigning on [[social liberalism]], and [[Balanced budget|fiscal responsibility]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Cardy |first=Dominic |date=18 September 2024 |title=It's time for a very reasonable revolution: Dominic Cardy |url=https://www.hilltimes.com/story/2024/09/18/its-time-for-a-very-reasonable-revolution-dominic-cardy/434397/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919050613/https://www.hilltimes.com/story/2024/09/18/its-time-for-a-very-reasonable-revolution-dominic-cardy/434397/ |archive-date=19 September 2024 |work=The Hill Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Primetime|first=Alberta|date=2024-08-21|title=Canadian Future Party hoping to garner support from those fed up with Liberals, Conservatives|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/edmonton/article/canadian-future-party-hoping-to-garner-support-from-those-fed-up-with-liberals-conservatives/|access-date=2026-05-18|website=CTVNews|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The party was created by its leader, [[Dominic Cardy]], who used to work as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for the [[Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick|Progressive Conservative Party]] in [[Fredericton West-Hanwell]], [[New Brunswick]] and who also worked as the leader for the [[New Brunswick New Democratic Party|New Democratic Party]] in New Brunswick.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=New Brunswick election: Fredericton West-Hanwell {{!}} Globalnews.ca|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7283697/new-brunswick-election-fredericton-west-hanwell-2020/|access-date=2026-05-18|website=Global News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2 March 2011|title=Cardy is N.B.'s new NDP leader|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/cardy-is-n-b-s-new-ndp-leader-1.1090022|website=[[CBC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Political Beliefs==
===Foreign Policy===
*Stop support for the [[UNRWA]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=CANADIAN FUTURE PARTY PLATFORM 2025|url=https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6782d2d4db228acdca3b2f7c/67fd1591e258058262966aed_Platform_CFP_2025_web.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Provide the capacity to produce one million [[155 mm caliber|155mm shells]] to help for the defence of [[European Nations]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
*Encourage the expansion of [[NATO]] and the [[EU]] to include [[democratic]] states on all [[Continent|continents]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
*Canada will [[International recognition of Taiwan|recognize Taiwan]] and open [[diplomatic relations]] with [[Taiwan]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
*Make the process of making [[NORAD]] technology more modern faster&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; by decisions such as:
**Deploying [[Over-the-Horizon radar]] that Canada bought from [[Australia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
**Constructing secure [[Computer network|information networks]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gaza war protests</title>
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      <text bytes="7175" sha1="q2cfgz3lac3h5fcjkuzkm741a9mdtn9" xml:space="preserve">Gaza war protests is a movement where people [[protest]] against the war in the Gaza region in [[Palestine (country)|Palestine]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Aswar|first=Hasbi|last2=Hudaifi|first2=Imam|last3=Heryana|first3=Ade Irman|last4=Hawari|first4=Imam Khairul Muslim|date=2025-04-13|title=From Protests to Petitions: The Global Response to the Gaza Crisis Since October 2023|url=https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.15206360|journal=Jisiera: The Journal of Islamic Studies and International Relations|doi=10.5281/ZENODO.15206360}}&lt;/ref&gt; People in many countries participated in these protests. These protests have taken place in many countries around the world and have involved students, activists, civil society organizations, and civilians. Participants have expressed concerns about the humanitarian situation in [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] and have called for measures.
[[File:Protest for palestine Tunis Kassba 17-05-2021 By Brahim Guedich-4023.jpg|thumb|Protests for Palestine and Gaza region.]]

== Background ==
Palestine and [[Israel]] are located in [[Middle East|the Middle East]] next to the Mediterranean Sea. They have had conflicts for many years. There are two important groups who are mentioned a lot in the news: [[Hamas]] a Palestinian, militant, and political organisation and the Israeli government. On [[October 7 attacks|7 of October 2023]] Hamas attacked Israel. Afterwards, Israel started military actions in Gaza. After 7&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; of October in 2023 there was a global reaction. Since that moment, protests started against violence in the Gaza region and its people.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Chenoweth, E., Hammam, S., Pressman, J., &amp; Ulfelder, J.|date=2026|title=Protests in the United States on Palestine and Israel|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent|access-date=2026-05-24|website=www.tandfonline.com|doi=10.1080/14742837.2024.2415674}}&lt;/ref&gt; One way of expressing support to the Palestinians, is to give them a voice. The protesters, protest against companies, universities and even countries that support the Israeli government. They are many ways to protest: a peaceful march, where they shout slogans, but also protests that involve clashes between the protesters and the police. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Aswar|first=Hasbi|last2=Hudaifi|first2=Imam|last3=Heryana|first3=Ade Irman|last4=Hawari|first4=Imam Khairul Muslim|date=2025-04-13|title=From Protests to Petitions: The Global Response to the Gaza Crisis Since October 2023|url=https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.15206360|doi=10.5281/ZENODO.15206360|journal=Jisiera: The Journal of Islamic Studies and International Relations|pages=67/68}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Protests in different parts of the world ==

=== United States (US) ===
After 7&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; of October in 2023 there was a global reaction, that resulted in many [[Gaza war protests in the United States|protests in the Unites States]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Jon|first=Queally|date=2014|title=As atrocities mount,US rushes arms to Israel.|pages=13|work=Greenleft|url=https://www.greenleft.org.au/2014/1019/world/five-la-nations-withdraw-ambassadors-israel-venezuela-offers-gaza-aid-refuge|issn=1036-126X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Students and [[Activism|activists]] protested against universities who have connection with Israel, including Columbia University.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Monahan|first=Torin|date=2025-09-02|title=Silencing Dissent: Surveillance and Police Actions on University Campuses during Pro-Palestinian Protests|url=https://ojs.library.queensu.ca/index.php/surveillance-and-society/article/view/18466|journal=Surveillance &amp; Society|language=en|volume=23|issue=3|pages=303–320|doi=10.24908/ss.v23i3.18466|issn=1477-7487}}&lt;/ref&gt; Demonstrations took place on univerity campuses across the country, including sit-ins and marches. While many protests remained peaceful, some led to tensions between protesters, the university and law enforcement.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Monahan|first=Torin|date=2025-09-02|title=Silencing Dissent: Surveillance and Police Actions on University Campuses during Pro-Palestinian Protests|url=https://ojs.library.queensu.ca/index.php/surveillance-and-society/article/view/18466|journal=Surveillance &amp; Society|language=en|volume=23|issue=3|pages=303–320|doi=10.24908/ss.v23i3.18466|issn=1477-7487}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Europe ===
Protests also took place in European countries like The Netherlands, Belgium, France, Italy, Spain and more countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Della Porta, Donatella, Laura Mendoza Sandoval, Martín Portos Garcia, and Federica Stagni|date=2025|title=“‘Free Palestine!’: Protesting Israel’s War on Gaza in Italy and Spain.” South European Society &amp; Politics|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent|access-date=2026-05-24|website=www.tandfonline.com|doi=10.1080/13608746.2025.2523042}}&lt;/ref&gt; These protests were directed towards the [[European Union]] about the human rights violations during the attack in Gaza on the 7&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; of October. Protesters called for a [[ceasefire]] and government support. A few European countries participated in this call and some other countries made different decisions or restrictions.

=== The Middle East ===
Protesters in the Middle East [[Boycott|boycotted]] campaigns who supported Israel, such as international brands like, McDonald’s, Starbucks etc.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Aswar|first=Hasbi|last2=Hudaifi|first2=Imam|last3=Heryana|first3=Ade Irman|last4=Hawari|first4=Imam Khairul Muslim|date=2025-04-13|title=From Protests to Petitions: The Global Response to the Gaza Crisis Since October 2023|url=https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.15206360|doi=10.5281/ZENODO.15206360|journal=Jisiera: The Journal of Islamic Studies and International Relations.}}&lt;/ref&gt; This way of protesting is part of the wider protest movements.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Nassar|first=Yara|date=2024|title=Israel’s War on Gaza: Views from Egypt, Jordan, and Lebanon.|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/48789815|journal=Al-Muntaqa|publisher=Arab Center for Research &amp; Policy Studies|volume=7|pages=111-123|via=JSTOR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Boycotts were organised threw social media campaigns and encouraging people not to purchase products from certain companies. In several countries across the Middle East, these boycott campaigns attracted widespread public participation and became an important non-violent form of protest.

=== Online reactions ===
The global reaction did not stop by protesting in continents, but also spread online. People used [[social media]] to share their opinions and feelings by spreading posts about the situation Gaza. Journalists and organisations also reported on the protests. This way of online protesting had a huge influence that helped to reach a global audience. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Haugbolle|first=Sune|date=2024-10-10|title=Echoes of Solidarity in the Gaza Protests: A Review Essay about Rosemary Sayigh (ed.): Becoming Pro-Palestinian (I.B. Tauris 2024)|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/mjcc/17/3/article-p259_7.xml|journal=Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication|volume=17|issue=3|pages=259–267|doi=10.1163/18739865-01703005|issn=1873-9857}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="6967" sha1="rr67pwzcjydtrzsf0sqkgdi3ug7y1wi" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox automobile
| name = Ferrari Luce
| image = Ferrari Luce.jpg
| caption = 
| manufacturer = [[Ferrari]]
| model_code = F222
| aka = 
| production = 2026–present
| model_years = 2027
| assembly = Italy: [[Maranello]]
| designer = Jony Ive and Marc Newson
| class = [[Executive car]]
| body_style = 5-door [[liftback]] [[Sedan (automobile)|saloon]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Levin |first=Tim |date=2026-05-25 |title=I Saw Ferrari’s First EV In The Flesh. Here’s My Honest Take. |url=https://insideevs.com/news/796897/ferrari-luce-electric-car-2026/ |website=InsideEVs |publisher=[[Motorsport Network]] |location=US |access-date=2026-05-25 |quote=The Luce is a liftback sedan unlike any Ferrari before it and, as far as I can tell, unlike anything else on the road today.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| layout = [[Individual wheel drive#Quad-motor|Quad-motor, all-wheel-drive]]
| doors = Conventional doors (front)&lt;br /&gt;[[Suicide door|Coach doors]] (back)
| platform = 
| related = 
| engine = 
| transmission = 
| propulsion = 
| motor = 4× [[Synchronous motor#Permanent-magnet|radial-flow permanent-synchronous]] motors
| drivetrain = 
| battery = 800 [[Volt|V]], 122-[[kWh]]
| range = 529 km
| electric_range = 
| charging = 350 kW [[Direct current|DC]]
| powerout = {{cvt|1035|hp|kW PS|0}}
| wheelbase = 2,961 mm
| length = 5,026 mm
| width = 1,999 mm
| height = 1,544 mm
| weight = 2,260 kg
| predecessor = 
| successor = 
| sp = uk
}}
The '''Ferrari Luce''' is an electric [[Luxury car|luxury]] [[Sedan (automobile)|sedan]] produced by [[Ferrari]] in [[2026]]. It is the [[brand]]'s first [[electric car]] with an [[aerodynamic]] [[design]]. First shown on May 26, 2026,&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Motor1 Italia|title=FERRARI LUCE Solo a MARANELLO potevano farla COSÍ!|date=2026-05-25|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ue4FhgA1RxE&amp;vl=it|access-date=2026-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; its deliveries will start for 2027.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Luce Has Landed |url=https://www.ferrari.com/en-EN/magazine/articles/ferrari-luce-unveiled |website=Official Ferrari website |access-date=26 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=26 May 2026 |title=Ferrari Goes Electric: The Luce Is Here! |work=[[Car and Driver]] |url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a71394915/2027-ferrari-luce-revealed/ |last=Lorio |first=Joe |access-date=26 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The design of the Ferrari Luce was created by LoveFrom, the creative collective founded by Jony Ive and Marc Newson.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=FERRARI LUCE: SI APRE UN NUOVO CAPITOLO PER LA CASA DI MARANELLO|url=https://www.ferrari.com/it-IT/corporate/articles/ferrari-luce-si-apre-un-nuovo-capitolo-per-la-casa-di-maranello|access-date=2026-06-03|website=www.ferrari.com|language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its design was criticized by many people, mainly Ferrari fans,&lt;ref name=&quot;Amariei&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Amariei |first=Florin |date=May 25, 2026 |title=The Ferrari Luce Is Here, and I Had To Triple-Check It's Not Made by Honda |url=https://www.autoevolution.com/news/the-ferrari-luce-is-here-and-i-had-to-triple-check-it-s-not-made-by-honda-270476.html |access-date=2026-05-26 |website=autoevolution |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lucecriticism&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2026 |title=Ferrari unveils Luce its first fully electric car |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwy22rddy5no |access-date=2026-05-26 |website=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Todeschini&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Dai meme sulla Multipla alla furia di Montezemolo: la Ferrari Luce è già fenomeno di massa |trans-title=From Multipla memes to Montezemolo's fury: the Ferrari Luce is already a mass phenomenon |url=https://www.quattroruote.it/news/curiosita/2026/05/26/ferrari_luce_reazioni_social.html |first1=Claudio |last1=Todeschini |access-date=26 May 2026 |publisher=quattroruote.it |date=26 May 2026 |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ferrari Luce fa crollare il titolo in Borsa, grandi dubbi sull’elettrica di Maranello |language=it |trans-title=Ferrari Luce sends stock plummeting; major doubts surround Maranello's electric car. |first1=Giorgio |last1=Colari |url=https://www.autoblog.it/post/ferrari-luce-fa-crollare-il-titolo-in-borsa-grandi-dubbi-sullelettrica-di-maranello |access-date=26 May 2026 |publisher=autoblog.it |date=26 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ferrari: Salvini, Luce? Qualcuno si rivolta nella tomba, mercato ha gia' risposto |url=https://www.borsaitaliana.it/borsa/notizie/radiocor/finanza/dettaglio/ferrari-salvini-luce-qualcuno-si-rivolta-nella-tomba-mercato-ha-gia--risposto-nRC_27052026_1452_386324946.html |access-date=27 May 2026 |publisher=borsaitaliana.it |date=27 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Ferrari's [[Share (finance)|share]] fell by 8.4% when they showed it.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ferrari sbanda in borsa: -6% dopo il lancio di Luce, la prima auto elettrica del Cavallino |url=https://www.milanofinanza.it/news/ferrari-6-in-borsa-la-sbandata-dopo-la-presentazione-della-nuova-auto-elettrica-luce-202605261036193638 |access-date=26 May 2026 |agency=milanofinanza.it/ |publisher=milanofinanza.it/ |date=26 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
|title=Ferrari sbanda in borsa: -8,4% dopo il lancio di Luce, la prima auto elettrica del Cavallino |first1=Sara |last1=Bichcchi |language=it |trans-title=Ferrari Skids on the Stock Market: Down 8.4% Following the Launch of Luce—the Prancing Horse's First Electric Car |url=https://www.milanofinanza.it/news/ferrari-6-in-borsa-la-sbandata-dopo-la-presentazione-della-nuova-auto-elettrica-luce-202605261036193638 |access-date=26 May 2026 |publisher=milanofinanza.it |date=26 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ferrari crolla in Borsa. Montezemolo: si rischia la distruzione di un mito |url=https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/ferrari-crolla-borsa-montezemolo-si-rischia-distruzione-un-mito-AIWx5TID |access-date=26 May 2026 |publisher=ilsole24ore.com |date=26 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Chi ha disegnato così la Ferrari Luce |url=https://www.quattroruote.it/news/tecnologia/2026/05/25/dall-iphone_alla_luce-_chi_e_davvero_jony_ive_e_perche_ferrari_l-ha_scelto.html |access-date=26 May 2026 |publisher=quattroruote.it |date=26 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ferrari Luce, debutta la “rossa” più sconvolgente della storia: elettrica, berlina a cinque posti e stile shock |url=https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/ferrari-luce-debutta-rossa-piu-sconvolgente-storia-elettrica-berlina-cinque-posti-e-stile-shock-AIhxlsHD |access-date=26 May 2026 |publisher=ilsole24ore.com |date=26 May 2026 |first1=Mario |last1=Cianflone |language=it |trans-title=Ferrari Luce: The most revolutionary &quot;Red&quot; in history makes its debut: electric, five-seater sedan, and shocking styling}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Commons category-inline|Ferrari Luce}}

== Other websites ==
* {{Official website|https://www.ferrari.com/en-EN/auto/ferrari-luce}}

[[Category:Ferrari]]
[[Category:Sedans]]
[[Category:battery electric vehicles]]
[[Category:2020s automobiles]]

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      <text bytes="6971" sha1="8zbpp48d49uh3uj58e67xarlpuh18s7" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox automobile
| name = Ferrari Luce
| image = Ferrari Luce.jpg
| caption = 
| manufacturer = [[Ferrari]]
| model_code = F222
| aka = 
| production = 2026–present
| model_years = 2027
| assembly = Italy: [[Maranello]]
| designer = Jony Ive and Marc Newson
| class = [[Executive car]]
| body_style = 5-door [[liftback]] [[Sedan (automobile)|saloon]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Levin |first=Tim |date=2026-05-25 |title=I Saw Ferrari’s First EV In The Flesh. Here’s My Honest Take. |url=https://insideevs.com/news/796897/ferrari-luce-electric-car-2026/ |website=InsideEVs |publisher=[[Motorsport Network]] |location=US |access-date=2026-05-25 |quote=The Luce is a liftback sedan unlike any Ferrari before it and, as far as I can tell, unlike anything else on the road today.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| layout = [[Individual wheel drive#Quad-motor|Quad-motor, all-wheel-drive]]
| doors = Conventional doors (front)&lt;br /&gt;[[Suicide door|Coach doors]] (back)
| platform = 
| related = 
| engine = 
| transmission = 
| propulsion = 
| motor = 4× [[Synchronous motor#Permanent-magnet|radial-flow permanent-synchronous]] motors
| drivetrain = 
| battery = 800 [[Volt|V]], 122-[[kWh]]
| range = 529 km
| electric_range = 
| charging = 350 kW [[Direct current|DC]]
| powerout = {{cvt|1035|hp|kW PS|0}}
| wheelbase = 2,961 mm
| length = 5,026 mm
| width = 1,999 mm
| height = 1,544 mm
| weight = 2,260 kg
| predecessor = 
| successor = 
| sp = uk
}}
The '''Ferrari Luce''' is an electric [[Luxury car|luxury]] [[Sedan (automobile)|sedan]] produced by [[Ferrari]] in [[2026]]. It is the [[brand]]'s first [[electric car]] with an [[aerodynamic]] [[design]]. First shown on May 26, 2026,&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Motor1 Italia|title=FERRARI LUCE Solo a MARANELLO potevano farla COSÍ!|date=2026-05-25|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ue4FhgA1RxE&amp;vl=it|access-date=2026-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; its deliveries will start for 2027.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Luce Has Landed |url=https://www.ferrari.com/en-EN/magazine/articles/ferrari-luce-unveiled |website=Official Ferrari website |access-date=26 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=26 May 2026 |title=Ferrari Goes Electric: The Luce Is Here! |work=[[Car and Driver]] |url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a71394915/2027-ferrari-luce-revealed/ |last=Lorio |first=Joe |access-date=26 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The design of the Ferrari Luce was created by LoveFrom, the creative collective founded by Jony Ive and Marc Newson.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=FERRARI LUCE: SI APRE UN NUOVO CAPITOLO PER LA CASA DI MARANELLO|url=https://www.ferrari.com/it-IT/corporate/articles/ferrari-luce-si-apre-un-nuovo-capitolo-per-la-casa-di-maranello|access-date=2026-06-03|website=www.ferrari.com|language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its design was criticized by many people, mainly Ferrari fans,&lt;ref name=&quot;Amariei&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Amariei |first=Florin |date=May 25, 2026 |title=The Ferrari Luce Is Here, and I Had To Triple-Check It's Not Made by Honda |url=https://www.autoevolution.com/news/the-ferrari-luce-is-here-and-i-had-to-triple-check-it-s-not-made-by-honda-270476.html |access-date=2026-05-26 |website=autoevolution |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lucecriticism&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2026 |title=Ferrari unveils Luce its first fully electric car |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwy22rddy5no |access-date=2026-05-26 |website=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Todeschini&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Dai meme sulla Multipla alla furia di Montezemolo: la Ferrari Luce è già fenomeno di massa |trans-title=From Multipla memes to Montezemolo's fury: the Ferrari Luce is already a mass phenomenon |url=https://www.quattroruote.it/news/curiosita/2026/05/26/ferrari_luce_reazioni_social.html |first1=Claudio |last1=Todeschini |access-date=26 May 2026 |publisher=quattroruote.it |date=26 May 2026 |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ferrari Luce fa crollare il titolo in Borsa, grandi dubbi sull’elettrica di Maranello |language=it |trans-title=Ferrari Luce sends stock plummeting; major doubts surround Maranello's electric car. |first1=Giorgio |last1=Colari |url=https://www.autoblog.it/post/ferrari-luce-fa-crollare-il-titolo-in-borsa-grandi-dubbi-sullelettrica-di-maranello |access-date=26 May 2026 |publisher=autoblog.it |date=26 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ferrari: Salvini, Luce? Qualcuno si rivolta nella tomba, mercato ha gia' risposto |url=https://www.borsaitaliana.it/borsa/notizie/radiocor/finanza/dettaglio/ferrari-salvini-luce-qualcuno-si-rivolta-nella-tomba-mercato-ha-gia--risposto-nRC_27052026_1452_386324946.html |access-date=27 May 2026 |publisher=borsaitaliana.it |date=27 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Ferrari's [[Share (finance)|share]] fell by 8.4% when they showed it.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ferrari sbanda in borsa: -6% dopo il lancio di Luce, la prima auto elettrica del Cavallino |url=https://www.milanofinanza.it/news/ferrari-6-in-borsa-la-sbandata-dopo-la-presentazione-della-nuova-auto-elettrica-luce-202605261036193638 |access-date=26 May 2026 |agency=milanofinanza.it/ |publisher=milanofinanza.it/ |date=26 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
|title=Ferrari sbanda in borsa: -8,4% dopo il lancio di Luce, la prima auto elettrica del Cavallino |first1=Sara |last1=Bichcchi |language=it |trans-title=Ferrari Skids on the Stock Market: Down 8.4% Following the Launch of Luce—the Prancing Horse's First Electric Car |url=https://www.milanofinanza.it/news/ferrari-6-in-borsa-la-sbandata-dopo-la-presentazione-della-nuova-auto-elettrica-luce-202605261036193638 |access-date=26 May 2026 |publisher=milanofinanza.it |date=26 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ferrari crolla in Borsa. Montezemolo: si rischia la distruzione di un mito |url=https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/ferrari-crolla-borsa-montezemolo-si-rischia-distruzione-un-mito-AIWx5TID |access-date=26 May 2026 |publisher=ilsole24ore.com |date=26 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Chi ha disegnato così la Ferrari Luce |url=https://www.quattroruote.it/news/tecnologia/2026/05/25/dall-iphone_alla_luce-_chi_e_davvero_jony_ive_e_perche_ferrari_l-ha_scelto.html |access-date=26 May 2026 |publisher=quattroruote.it |date=26 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ferrari Luce, debutta la “rossa” più sconvolgente della storia: elettrica, berlina a cinque posti e stile shock |url=https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/ferrari-luce-debutta-rossa-piu-sconvolgente-storia-elettrica-berlina-cinque-posti-e-stile-shock-AIhxlsHD |access-date=26 May 2026 |publisher=ilsole24ore.com |date=26 May 2026 |first1=Mario |last1=Cianflone |language=it |trans-title=Ferrari Luce: The most revolutionary &quot;Red&quot; in history makes its debut: electric, five-seater sedan, and shocking styling}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Commons category-inline|Ferrari Luce.jpg}}

== Other websites ==
* {{Official website|https://www.ferrari.com/en-EN/auto/ferrari-luce}}

[[Category:Ferrari]]
[[Category:Sedans]]
[[Category:battery electric vehicles]]
[[Category:2020s automobiles]]

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      <text bytes="6976" sha1="7agx57yif5bcujcg1l9mqz0c80q7oi3" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox automobile
| name = Ferrari Luce
| image = Ferrari Luce.jpg
| caption = 
| manufacturer = [[Ferrari]]
| model_code = F222
| aka = 
| production = 2026–present
| model_years = 2027
| assembly = Italy: [[Maranello]]
| designer = Jony Ive and Marc Newson
| class = [[Executive car]]
| body_style = 5-door [[liftback]] [[Sedan (automobile)|saloon]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Levin |first=Tim |date=2026-05-25 |title=I Saw Ferrari’s First EV In The Flesh. Here’s My Honest Take. |url=https://insideevs.com/news/796897/ferrari-luce-electric-car-2026/ |website=InsideEVs |publisher=[[Motorsport Network]] |location=US |access-date=2026-05-25 |quote=The Luce is a liftback sedan unlike any Ferrari before it and, as far as I can tell, unlike anything else on the road today.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| layout = [[Individual wheel drive#Quad-motor|Quad-motor, all-wheel-drive]]
| doors = Conventional doors (front)&lt;br /&gt;[[Suicide door|Coach doors]] (back)
| platform = 
| related = 
| engine = 
| transmission = 
| propulsion = 
| motor = 4× [[Synchronous motor#Permanent-magnet|radial-flow permanent-synchronous]] motors
| drivetrain = 
| battery = 800 [[Volt|V]], 122-[[kWh]]
| range = 529 km
| electric_range = 
| charging = 350 kW [[Direct current|DC]]
| powerout = {{cvt|1035|hp|kW PS|0}}
| wheelbase = 2,961 mm
| length = 5,026 mm
| width = 1,999 mm
| height = 1,544 mm
| weight = 2,260 kg
| predecessor = 
| successor = 
| sp = uk
}}
The '''Ferrari Luce''' is an electric [[Luxury car|luxury]] [[Sedan (automobile)|sedan]] produced by [[Ferrari]] in [[2026]]. It is the [[brand]]'s first [[electric car]] with an [[aerodynamic]] [[design]]. First shown on May 26, 2026,&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Motor1 Italia|title=FERRARI LUCE Solo a MARANELLO potevano farla COSÍ!|date=2026-05-25|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ue4FhgA1RxE&amp;vl=it|access-date=2026-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; its deliveries will start for 2027.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Luce Has Landed |url=https://www.ferrari.com/en-EN/magazine/articles/ferrari-luce-unveiled |website=Official Ferrari website |access-date=26 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=26 May 2026 |title=Ferrari Goes Electric: The Luce Is Here! |work=[[Car and Driver]] |url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a71394915/2027-ferrari-luce-revealed/ |last=Lorio |first=Joe |access-date=26 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The design of the Ferrari Luce was created by LoveFrom, the creative collective founded by Jony Ive and Marc Newson.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=FERRARI LUCE: SI APRE UN NUOVO CAPITOLO PER LA CASA DI MARANELLO|url=https://www.ferrari.com/it-IT/corporate/articles/ferrari-luce-si-apre-un-nuovo-capitolo-per-la-casa-di-maranello|access-date=2026-06-03|website=www.ferrari.com|language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its design was criticized by many people, mainly Ferrari fans,&lt;ref name=&quot;Amariei&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Amariei |first=Florin |date=May 25, 2026 |title=The Ferrari Luce Is Here, and I Had To Triple-Check It's Not Made by Honda |url=https://www.autoevolution.com/news/the-ferrari-luce-is-here-and-i-had-to-triple-check-it-s-not-made-by-honda-270476.html |access-date=2026-05-26 |website=autoevolution |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lucecriticism&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2026 |title=Ferrari unveils Luce its first fully electric car |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwy22rddy5no |access-date=2026-05-26 |website=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Todeschini&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Dai meme sulla Multipla alla furia di Montezemolo: la Ferrari Luce è già fenomeno di massa |trans-title=From Multipla memes to Montezemolo's fury: the Ferrari Luce is already a mass phenomenon |url=https://www.quattroruote.it/news/curiosita/2026/05/26/ferrari_luce_reazioni_social.html |first1=Claudio |last1=Todeschini |access-date=26 May 2026 |publisher=quattroruote.it |date=26 May 2026 |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ferrari Luce fa crollare il titolo in Borsa, grandi dubbi sull’elettrica di Maranello |language=it |trans-title=Ferrari Luce sends stock plummeting; major doubts surround Maranello's electric car. |first1=Giorgio |last1=Colari |url=https://www.autoblog.it/post/ferrari-luce-fa-crollare-il-titolo-in-borsa-grandi-dubbi-sullelettrica-di-maranello |access-date=26 May 2026 |publisher=autoblog.it |date=26 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ferrari: Salvini, Luce? Qualcuno si rivolta nella tomba, mercato ha gia' risposto |url=https://www.borsaitaliana.it/borsa/notizie/radiocor/finanza/dettaglio/ferrari-salvini-luce-qualcuno-si-rivolta-nella-tomba-mercato-ha-gia--risposto-nRC_27052026_1452_386324946.html |access-date=27 May 2026 |publisher=borsaitaliana.it |date=27 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Ferrari's [[Share (finance)|share]] fell by 8.4% when they showed it.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ferrari sbanda in borsa: -6% dopo il lancio di Luce, la prima auto elettrica del Cavallino |url=https://www.milanofinanza.it/news/ferrari-6-in-borsa-la-sbandata-dopo-la-presentazione-della-nuova-auto-elettrica-luce-202605261036193638 |access-date=26 May 2026 |agency=milanofinanza.it/ |publisher=milanofinanza.it/ |date=26 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
|title=Ferrari sbanda in borsa: -8,4% dopo il lancio di Luce, la prima auto elettrica del Cavallino |first1=Sara |last1=Bichcchi |language=it |trans-title=Ferrari Skids on the Stock Market: Down 8.4% Following the Launch of Luce—the Prancing Horse's First Electric Car |url=https://www.milanofinanza.it/news/ferrari-6-in-borsa-la-sbandata-dopo-la-presentazione-della-nuova-auto-elettrica-luce-202605261036193638 |access-date=26 May 2026 |publisher=milanofinanza.it |date=26 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ferrari crolla in Borsa. Montezemolo: si rischia la distruzione di un mito |url=https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/ferrari-crolla-borsa-montezemolo-si-rischia-distruzione-un-mito-AIWx5TID |access-date=26 May 2026 |publisher=ilsole24ore.com |date=26 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Chi ha disegnato così la Ferrari Luce |url=https://www.quattroruote.it/news/tecnologia/2026/05/25/dall-iphone_alla_luce-_chi_e_davvero_jony_ive_e_perche_ferrari_l-ha_scelto.html |access-date=26 May 2026 |publisher=quattroruote.it |date=26 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ferrari Luce, debutta la “rossa” più sconvolgente della storia: elettrica, berlina a cinque posti e stile shock |url=https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/ferrari-luce-debutta-rossa-piu-sconvolgente-storia-elettrica-berlina-cinque-posti-e-stile-shock-AIhxlsHD |access-date=26 May 2026 |publisher=ilsole24ore.com |date=26 May 2026 |first1=Mario |last1=Cianflone |language=it |trans-title=Ferrari Luce: The most revolutionary &quot;Red&quot; in history makes its debut: electric, five-seater sedan, and shocking styling}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Commons category-inline|File:Ferrari Luce.jpg}}

== Other websites ==
* {{Official website|https://www.ferrari.com/en-EN/auto/ferrari-luce}}

[[Category:Ferrari]]
[[Category:Sedans]]
[[Category:battery electric vehicles]]
[[Category:2020s automobiles]]

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      <text bytes="6926" sha1="ecdq54qrv7j2ayam6hsu1ijqt2hs84p" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox automobile
| name = Ferrari Luce
| image = Ferrari Luce.jpg
| caption = 
| manufacturer = [[Ferrari]]
| model_code = F222
| aka = 
| production = 2026–present
| model_years = 2027
| assembly = Italy: [[Maranello]]
| designer = Jony Ive and Marc Newson
| class = [[Executive car]]
| body_style = 5-door [[liftback]] [[Sedan (automobile)|saloon]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Levin |first=Tim |date=2026-05-25 |title=I Saw Ferrari’s First EV In The Flesh. Here’s My Honest Take. |url=https://insideevs.com/news/796897/ferrari-luce-electric-car-2026/ |website=InsideEVs |publisher=[[Motorsport Network]] |location=US |access-date=2026-05-25 |quote=The Luce is a liftback sedan unlike any Ferrari before it and, as far as I can tell, unlike anything else on the road today.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| layout = [[Individual wheel drive#Quad-motor|Quad-motor, all-wheel-drive]]
| doors = Conventional doors (front)&lt;br /&gt;[[Suicide door|Coach doors]] (back)
| platform = 
| related = 
| engine = 
| transmission = 
| propulsion = 
| motor = 4× [[Synchronous motor#Permanent-magnet|radial-flow permanent-synchronous]] motors
| drivetrain = 
| battery = 800 [[Volt|V]], 122-[[kWh]]
| range = 529 km
| electric_range = 
| charging = 350 kW [[Direct current|DC]]
| powerout = {{cvt|1035|hp|kW PS|0}}
| wheelbase = 2,961 mm
| length = 5,026 mm
| width = 1,999 mm
| height = 1,544 mm
| weight = 2,260 kg
| predecessor = 
| successor = 
| sp = uk
}}
The '''Ferrari Luce''' is an electric [[Luxury car|luxury]] [[Sedan (automobile)|sedan]] produced by [[Ferrari]] in [[2026]]. It is the [[brand]]'s first [[electric car]] with an [[aerodynamic]] [[design]]. First shown on May 26, 2026,&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Motor1 Italia|title=FERRARI LUCE Solo a MARANELLO potevano farla COSÍ!|date=2026-05-25|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ue4FhgA1RxE&amp;vl=it|access-date=2026-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; its deliveries will start for 2027.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Luce Has Landed |url=https://www.ferrari.com/en-EN/magazine/articles/ferrari-luce-unveiled |website=Official Ferrari website |access-date=26 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=26 May 2026 |title=Ferrari Goes Electric: The Luce Is Here! |work=[[Car and Driver]] |url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a71394915/2027-ferrari-luce-revealed/ |last=Lorio |first=Joe |access-date=26 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The design of the Ferrari Luce was created by LoveFrom, the creative collective founded by Jony Ive and Marc Newson.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=FERRARI LUCE: SI APRE UN NUOVO CAPITOLO PER LA CASA DI MARANELLO|url=https://www.ferrari.com/it-IT/corporate/articles/ferrari-luce-si-apre-un-nuovo-capitolo-per-la-casa-di-maranello|access-date=2026-06-03|website=www.ferrari.com|language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its design was criticized by many people, mainly Ferrari fans,&lt;ref name=&quot;Amariei&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Amariei |first=Florin |date=May 25, 2026 |title=The Ferrari Luce Is Here, and I Had To Triple-Check It's Not Made by Honda |url=https://www.autoevolution.com/news/the-ferrari-luce-is-here-and-i-had-to-triple-check-it-s-not-made-by-honda-270476.html |access-date=2026-05-26 |website=autoevolution |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lucecriticism&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2026 |title=Ferrari unveils Luce its first fully electric car |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwy22rddy5no |access-date=2026-05-26 |website=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Todeschini&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Dai meme sulla Multipla alla furia di Montezemolo: la Ferrari Luce è già fenomeno di massa |trans-title=From Multipla memes to Montezemolo's fury: the Ferrari Luce is already a mass phenomenon |url=https://www.quattroruote.it/news/curiosita/2026/05/26/ferrari_luce_reazioni_social.html |first1=Claudio |last1=Todeschini |access-date=26 May 2026 |publisher=quattroruote.it |date=26 May 2026 |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ferrari Luce fa crollare il titolo in Borsa, grandi dubbi sull’elettrica di Maranello |language=it |trans-title=Ferrari Luce sends stock plummeting; major doubts surround Maranello's electric car. |first1=Giorgio |last1=Colari |url=https://www.autoblog.it/post/ferrari-luce-fa-crollare-il-titolo-in-borsa-grandi-dubbi-sullelettrica-di-maranello |access-date=26 May 2026 |publisher=autoblog.it |date=26 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ferrari: Salvini, Luce? Qualcuno si rivolta nella tomba, mercato ha gia' risposto |url=https://www.borsaitaliana.it/borsa/notizie/radiocor/finanza/dettaglio/ferrari-salvini-luce-qualcuno-si-rivolta-nella-tomba-mercato-ha-gia--risposto-nRC_27052026_1452_386324946.html |access-date=27 May 2026 |publisher=borsaitaliana.it |date=27 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Ferrari's [[Share (finance)|share]] fell by 8.4% when they showed it.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ferrari sbanda in borsa: -6% dopo il lancio di Luce, la prima auto elettrica del Cavallino |url=https://www.milanofinanza.it/news/ferrari-6-in-borsa-la-sbandata-dopo-la-presentazione-della-nuova-auto-elettrica-luce-202605261036193638 |access-date=26 May 2026 |agency=milanofinanza.it/ |publisher=milanofinanza.it/ |date=26 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
|title=Ferrari sbanda in borsa: -8,4% dopo il lancio di Luce, la prima auto elettrica del Cavallino |first1=Sara |last1=Bichcchi |language=it |trans-title=Ferrari Skids on the Stock Market: Down 8.4% Following the Launch of Luce—the Prancing Horse's First Electric Car |url=https://www.milanofinanza.it/news/ferrari-6-in-borsa-la-sbandata-dopo-la-presentazione-della-nuova-auto-elettrica-luce-202605261036193638 |access-date=26 May 2026 |publisher=milanofinanza.it |date=26 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ferrari crolla in Borsa. Montezemolo: si rischia la distruzione di un mito |url=https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/ferrari-crolla-borsa-montezemolo-si-rischia-distruzione-un-mito-AIWx5TID |access-date=26 May 2026 |publisher=ilsole24ore.com |date=26 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Chi ha disegnato così la Ferrari Luce |url=https://www.quattroruote.it/news/tecnologia/2026/05/25/dall-iphone_alla_luce-_chi_e_davvero_jony_ive_e_perche_ferrari_l-ha_scelto.html |access-date=26 May 2026 |publisher=quattroruote.it |date=26 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ferrari Luce, debutta la “rossa” più sconvolgente della storia: elettrica, berlina a cinque posti e stile shock |url=https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/ferrari-luce-debutta-rossa-piu-sconvolgente-storia-elettrica-berlina-cinque-posti-e-stile-shock-AIhxlsHD |access-date=26 May 2026 |publisher=ilsole24ore.com |date=26 May 2026 |first1=Mario |last1=Cianflone |language=it |trans-title=Ferrari Luce: The most revolutionary &quot;Red&quot; in history makes its debut: electric, five-seater sedan, and shocking styling}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Other websites ==
* {{Official website|https://www.ferrari.com/en-EN/auto/ferrari-luce}}

[[Category:Ferrari]]
[[Category:Sedans]]
[[Category:battery electric vehicles]]
[[Category:2020s automobiles]]

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    <title>Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/India naming dispute</title>
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      <text bytes="2921" sha1="2uya8pz1bmwe1sah4ifgubsb628g3a7" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{in progress}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
&lt;!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--&gt;

=== India naming dispute ===
:{{lc|India naming dispute}} &amp;middot; &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/India naming dispute|action=edit}} close request]&lt;/span&gt; &amp;middot; &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/India naming dispute}} open RfD subpage]&lt;/span&gt; 
MrMeAndMrMe ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' Requesting either deletion or redirect. NPOV and OR pushing. See [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Current issues and requests archive 77#Cyber.Eyes.2005]] for more information. Gotitbro redirected the page, but an IP decided that his decision was not controversial, so taking it to RfD might be a better idea. &lt;span style=&quot;border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;&quot;&gt;[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;'''MrMeAndMrMe'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|&lt;span style=&quot;color:darkblue;&quot;&gt;'''Talk'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sub&gt; 18:37, 29 May 2026 (UTC)

''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than &quot;keep&quot; or &quot;delete&quot;, such as merging.''

====Discussion====
*'''Delete''' Article created by a known hoaxer and restored likely by an IP sock, sources have been entirely synthesized and speak nothing of this non-existent dispute (especially nothing for Pakistan being the 'actual India' that is being hoaxed here, the specific hoax that the creator was banned for). [[User:Gotitbro|Gotitbro]] ([[User talk:Gotitbro|talk]]) 06:43, 31 May 2026 (UTC)

* '''Merge/Redirect''' Sources do support that Jinnah objected to the use of the name &quot;India&quot;, but not enough to justify a standalone article? There seems to be fair amount of synthesis and nationalist interpretation as pointed above, and much of it would need to be purged. The verifiable material should be merged into [[Partition of India]], [[Names for India]], or [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], with a redirect. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]&lt;/span&gt; 𐤀 09:36, 31 May 2026 (UTC)
*Subject is historically notable. I do not have all the historical background,I am not a historian.I think that this likely is a case of keeping the article le and cleaning it up. deletion is not for cleanup.-[[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 06:51, 7 June 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--&gt;
This request is due to close on '''18:37, 5 June 2026 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Backrooms (film)</title>
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      <text bytes="8022" sha1="7270atjhtzyiro8fd7pkbb4ndi9vz49" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox film
| image          = Backrooms (film) poster.jpg
| alt            = A woman in front of a yellow chevron wall
| caption        = Theatrical release poster
| director       = [[Kane Parsons]]
| writer         = Will Soodik
| based_on       = {{Based on|''[[Backrooms (web series)|Backrooms]]''|Kane Parsons}}
| producer       = {{Plainlist|
* [[James Wan]]
* Michael Clear
* [[Roberto Patino]]
* [[Shawn Levy]]
* Dan Cohen
* [[Dan Levine]]
* [[Osgood Perkins]]
* Chris Ferguson
* [[Peter Chernin]]
* [[Jenno Topping]]
* Kori Adelson
}}
| starring       = {{Plainlist|&lt;!-- Per billing block --&gt;
* [[Chiwetel Ejiofor]]
* [[Renate Reinsve]]
* [[Mark Duplass]]
* [[Finn Bennett]]
* [[Lukita Maxwell]]
}}
| cinematography = Jeremy Cox
| editing        = Greg Ng
| music          = {{Plainlist|
* [[Edo Van Breemen]]
* Kane Parsons
}}
| studio         = {{Plainlist|
* [[The North Road Company|North Road Films]]{{efn|Promotional material and the film itself use the [[Chernin Entertainment]] logo.}}
* [[21 Laps Entertainment]]
* [[Atomic Monster]]
* Phobos
}}
| distributor    = [[A24]]
| released       = 7 May 2026 ([[Aero Theatre]])&lt;br/&gt;
29 May 2026 (United States)
| runtime        = 110 minutes&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 11, 2026 |title=''Backrooms'' (15) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/backrooms-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmte2mtiw |access-date=May 12, 2026 |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification|BBFC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| country        = United States
| language       = English
| budget         = $10 million&lt;ref name=&quot;VarietyBudget&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rubin |first=Rebecca |date=May 27, 2026 |title=Box Office: A24's 'Backrooms' Aims for Record $45 Million-Plus Opening Weekend, Continuing Hot Streak for Low-Budget Horror |url=https://variety.com/2026/film/box-office/backrooms-box-office-opening-weekend-projections-a24-record-1236759146/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260527232416/https://variety.com/2026/film/box-office/backrooms-box-office-opening-weekend-projections-a24-record-1236759146/ |archive-date=May 27, 2026 |access-date=May 27, 2026 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| gross          = $177 million&lt;ref name=&quot;NUM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Backrooms - Financial Information|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Backrooms-(2026) |access-date=May 30, 2026 |website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
'''''Backrooms''''' is a 2026 American [[Science fiction|scifi]]–[[Horror fiction|horror]] film directed by [[Kane Parsons]] (known as Kane Pixels in the [[Internet]]) and written by [[Roberto Patino]] and [[Will Soodik]]. Based on [[Backrooms (series)|Parsons' own series]] and inspired of the [[The Backrooms|same]] [[creepypasta]] name, the film includes actors [[Chiwetel Ejiofor]], [[Renate Reinsve]], [[Mark Duplass]], [[Finn Bennett]], [[Lukita Maxwell]], [[Avan Jogia]], [[Robert Bobroczyki]]. The film was released in the United States on 29 May 2026 nationwide, before that, it was released in other countries. As of 6 June 2026, it grossed $117 million domestically and $177 million globally.

== Plot ==
The film involves a female therapist whose patient has gone missing, allegedly went to an [[Parallel universe (fiction)|another universe]] beyond reality. This paranormal situation leads her to enter a place called &quot;[[The Backrooms]]&quot; with the goal of saving the patient. During that process, the character has to face numerous barriers, including supernatural activities, challenging awareness about reality and the gaps between [[psychology]] and supernatural worlds.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Browski|first=Rich|date=2025-06-26|title=Production Weekly – Issue 1459 – Thursday, June 26, 2025 / 180 Listings – 39 Pages|url=https://www.productionweekly.com/production-weekly-issue-1459-thursday-june-26-2025-180-listings-39-pages/|access-date=2026-05-31|website=Production Weekly|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Starring ==

* [[Chiwetel Ejiofor]] as Clark, a struggling interior designer and architect.
* [[Renate Reinsve]] as Mary Kline, Clark's therapist.
* [[Mark Duplass]] as Phil, an Async scientist.
* [[Finn Bennett]] as Robert “Bobby” Franklin, Clark's employee.
* [[Lukita Maxwell]] as Kathine “Kat&quot; Taylor, Clark's employee and Bobby's girlfriend.
* [[Avan Jogia]], a researcher about The Backrooms.
* [[Robert Bobroczkyi]] as Captain Clark, an entity in the Backrooms that copies Clark's appearance in a pirate suit.

== Production ==

=== Development ===
Kane Parsons started a series of videos about his own [[The Backrooms|Backrooms]] episodes on his [[YouTube]] channel, Kane Pixels, beginning on 7 January 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Kane Pixels|title=The Backrooms (Found Footage)|date=2022-01-07|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H4dGpz6cnHo|access-date=2026-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is based on the original [[creepypasta]] and [[urban legend]] with the same name.

In February 2023, [[A24]], alongside [[Chernin Entertainment]], [[Atomic Monster]] and [[21 Laps Entertainment]], announced a film adaptation based on Parsons' series, and will be co-produced. Parsons will direct, Roberto Pattino screenplays the plot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Grobar|first=Matt|date=2023-02-06|title=‘The Backrooms’ Horror Film Based On Viral Shorts By 17-Year-Old Kane Parsons In Works At A24, Atomic Monster, Chernin &amp; 21 Laps|url=https://deadline.com/2023/02/the-backrooms-a24-developing-feature-based-on-viral-horror-shorts-1235249413/|access-date=2026-05-31|website=Deadline|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In May 2025, [[Chiwetel Ejiofor]] and [[Cristin Milioti]] entered numerous negotiations to take on roles in the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Grobar|first=Matt|date=2025-05-20|title=Chiwetel Ejiofor &amp; Cristin Milioti Eyed To Star In ‘Backrooms’ At A24|url=https://deadline.com/2025/05/the-backrooms-chiwetel-ejiofor-cristin-milioti-eyed-to-star-a24-1236406671/|access-date=2026-05-31|website=Deadline|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Next month, Ejiofor was confirmed to be in the project. The latest draft is screenplayed by Will Soodik, while Milioti's participation deal is not achieved. After that, [[Renate Reinsve]] is selected to replace in the cast.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Grobar|first=Matt|date=2025-06-11|title=Renate Reinsve Joins Chiwetel Ejiofor In A24 Sci-Fi Horror Pic ‘Backrooms’|url=https://deadline.com/2025/06/the-backrooms-movie-renate-reinsve-chiwetel-ejiofor-a24-1236430244/|access-date=2026-05-31|website=Deadline|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; In July, Mark Duplass, Finn Bennett, Lukita Maxwell and Avan Jogia were also selected.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=2025-07-10|title=Mark Duplass, Finn Bennett, Lukita Maxwell &amp; Avan Jogia Join A24 &amp; Chernin Entertainment Sci-Fi Horror Pic ‘The Backrooms’|url=https://deadline.com/2025/07/mark-duplass-finn-bennett-lukita-maxwell-avan-jogia-join-a24-chernin-entertainment-sci-fi-horror-pic-the-backrooms-1236453956/|access-date=2026-05-31|website=Deadline|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Recording ===
Beginning on 7 July 2025 in [[Vancouver]] with a temporary title named ''Effigy''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Gittins|first=Susan|date=2025-06-30|title=A24 Horror Flick BACKROOMS With Chiwetel Ejiofor Starts Shooting in Vancouver|url=https://hollywoodnorthbuzz.com/2025/06/a24-horror-flick-backrooms-with-chiwetel-ejiofor-starts-shooting-in-vancouver.html|access-date=2026-05-31|website=Hollywood North Buzz|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is completed on 14 August 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Effigy|url=https://acfcwest.com/production/effigy/|access-date=2026-05-31|website=ACFC West, Local 2020 Unifor|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}


[[Category:American movies]]
[[Category:2026 movies]]
[[Category:Horror movies]]
[[Category:Adventure movies]]
[[Category:Adventure fiction]]
[[Category:Science fiction]]
[[Category:A24 (company) movies]]
[[Category:American science fiction movies]]
[[Category:American science fiction horror movies]]
[[Category:American horror movies]]
[[Category:Movies about missing people]]</text>
      <sha1>7270atjhtzyiro8fd7pkbb4ndi9vz49</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>10880426</id>
      <parentid>10880425</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:00:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Memevietnam98</username>
        <id>1430335</id>
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      <text bytes="8026" sha1="f30dc0fe1kelo3y1yqqwpqa813jbdez" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox film
| image          = Backrooms (film) poster.jpg
| alt            = A woman in front of a yellow chevron wall
| caption        = Theatrical release poster
| director       = [[Kane Parsons]]
| writer         = Will Soodik
| based_on       = {{Based on|''[[Backrooms (web series)|Backrooms]]''|Kane Parsons}}
| producer       = {{Plainlist|
* [[James Wan]]
* Michael Clear
* [[Roberto Patino]]
* [[Shawn Levy]]
* Dan Cohen
* [[Dan Levine]]
* [[Osgood Perkins]]
* Chris Ferguson
* [[Peter Chernin]]
* [[Jenno Topping]]
* Kori Adelson
}}
| starring       = {{Plainlist|&lt;!-- Per billing block --&gt;
* [[Chiwetel Ejiofor]]
* [[Renate Reinsve]]
* [[Mark Duplass]]
* [[Finn Bennett]]
* [[Lukita Maxwell]]
}}
| cinematography = Jeremy Cox
| editing        = Greg Ng
| music          = {{Plainlist|
* [[Edo Van Breemen]]
* Kane Parsons
}}
| studio         = {{Plainlist|
* [[The North Road Company|North Road Films]]{{efn|Promotional material and the film itself use the [[Chernin Entertainment]] logo.}}
* [[21 Laps Entertainment]]
* [[Atomic Monster]]
* Phobos
}}
| distributor    = [[A24]]
| released       = 7 May 2026 ([[Aero Theatre]])&lt;br/&gt;
29 May 2026 (United States)
| runtime        = 110 minutes&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 11, 2026 |title=''Backrooms'' (15) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/backrooms-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmte2mtiw |access-date=May 12, 2026 |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification|BBFC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| country        = United States
| language       = English
| budget         = $10 million&lt;ref name=&quot;VarietyBudget&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rubin |first=Rebecca |date=May 27, 2026 |title=Box Office: A24's 'Backrooms' Aims for Record $45 Million-Plus Opening Weekend, Continuing Hot Streak for Low-Budget Horror |url=https://variety.com/2026/film/box-office/backrooms-box-office-opening-weekend-projections-a24-record-1236759146/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260527232416/https://variety.com/2026/film/box-office/backrooms-box-office-opening-weekend-projections-a24-record-1236759146/ |archive-date=May 27, 2026 |access-date=May 27, 2026 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| gross          = $177.8 million&lt;ref name=&quot;NUM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Backrooms - Financial Information|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Backrooms-(2026) |access-date=May 30, 2026 |website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
'''''Backrooms''''' is a 2026 American [[Science fiction|scifi]]–[[Horror fiction|horror]] film directed by [[Kane Parsons]] (known as Kane Pixels in the [[Internet]]) and written by [[Roberto Patino]] and [[Will Soodik]]. Based on [[Backrooms (series)|Parsons' own series]] and inspired of the [[The Backrooms|same]] [[creepypasta]] name, the film includes actors [[Chiwetel Ejiofor]], [[Renate Reinsve]], [[Mark Duplass]], [[Finn Bennett]], [[Lukita Maxwell]], [[Avan Jogia]], [[Robert Bobroczyki]]. The film was released in the United States on 29 May 2026 nationwide, before that, it was released in other countries. As of 6 June 2026, it grossed $117 million domestically and $177.8 million globally.

== Plot ==
The film involves a female therapist whose patient has gone missing, allegedly went to an [[Parallel universe (fiction)|another universe]] beyond reality. This paranormal situation leads her to enter a place called &quot;[[The Backrooms]]&quot; with the goal of saving the patient. During that process, the character has to face numerous barriers, including supernatural activities, challenging awareness about reality and the gaps between [[psychology]] and supernatural worlds.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Browski|first=Rich|date=2025-06-26|title=Production Weekly – Issue 1459 – Thursday, June 26, 2025 / 180 Listings – 39 Pages|url=https://www.productionweekly.com/production-weekly-issue-1459-thursday-june-26-2025-180-listings-39-pages/|access-date=2026-05-31|website=Production Weekly|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Starring ==

* [[Chiwetel Ejiofor]] as Clark, a struggling interior designer and architect.
* [[Renate Reinsve]] as Mary Kline, Clark's therapist.
* [[Mark Duplass]] as Phil, an Async scientist.
* [[Finn Bennett]] as Robert “Bobby” Franklin, Clark's employee.
* [[Lukita Maxwell]] as Kathine “Kat&quot; Taylor, Clark's employee and Bobby's girlfriend.
* [[Avan Jogia]], a researcher about The Backrooms.
* [[Robert Bobroczkyi]] as Captain Clark, an entity in the Backrooms that copies Clark's appearance in a pirate suit.

== Production ==

=== Development ===
Kane Parsons started a series of videos about his own [[The Backrooms|Backrooms]] episodes on his [[YouTube]] channel, Kane Pixels, beginning on 7 January 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Kane Pixels|title=The Backrooms (Found Footage)|date=2022-01-07|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H4dGpz6cnHo|access-date=2026-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is based on the original [[creepypasta]] and [[urban legend]] with the same name.

In February 2023, [[A24]], alongside [[Chernin Entertainment]], [[Atomic Monster]] and [[21 Laps Entertainment]], announced a film adaptation based on Parsons' series, and will be co-produced. Parsons will direct, Roberto Pattino screenplays the plot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Grobar|first=Matt|date=2023-02-06|title=‘The Backrooms’ Horror Film Based On Viral Shorts By 17-Year-Old Kane Parsons In Works At A24, Atomic Monster, Chernin &amp; 21 Laps|url=https://deadline.com/2023/02/the-backrooms-a24-developing-feature-based-on-viral-horror-shorts-1235249413/|access-date=2026-05-31|website=Deadline|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In May 2025, [[Chiwetel Ejiofor]] and [[Cristin Milioti]] entered numerous negotiations to take on roles in the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Grobar|first=Matt|date=2025-05-20|title=Chiwetel Ejiofor &amp; Cristin Milioti Eyed To Star In ‘Backrooms’ At A24|url=https://deadline.com/2025/05/the-backrooms-chiwetel-ejiofor-cristin-milioti-eyed-to-star-a24-1236406671/|access-date=2026-05-31|website=Deadline|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Next month, Ejiofor was confirmed to be in the project. The latest draft is screenplayed by Will Soodik, while Milioti's participation deal is not achieved. After that, [[Renate Reinsve]] is selected to replace in the cast.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Grobar|first=Matt|date=2025-06-11|title=Renate Reinsve Joins Chiwetel Ejiofor In A24 Sci-Fi Horror Pic ‘Backrooms’|url=https://deadline.com/2025/06/the-backrooms-movie-renate-reinsve-chiwetel-ejiofor-a24-1236430244/|access-date=2026-05-31|website=Deadline|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; In July, Mark Duplass, Finn Bennett, Lukita Maxwell and Avan Jogia were also selected.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=2025-07-10|title=Mark Duplass, Finn Bennett, Lukita Maxwell &amp; Avan Jogia Join A24 &amp; Chernin Entertainment Sci-Fi Horror Pic ‘The Backrooms’|url=https://deadline.com/2025/07/mark-duplass-finn-bennett-lukita-maxwell-avan-jogia-join-a24-chernin-entertainment-sci-fi-horror-pic-the-backrooms-1236453956/|access-date=2026-05-31|website=Deadline|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Recording ===
Beginning on 7 July 2025 in [[Vancouver]] with a temporary title named ''Effigy''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Gittins|first=Susan|date=2025-06-30|title=A24 Horror Flick BACKROOMS With Chiwetel Ejiofor Starts Shooting in Vancouver|url=https://hollywoodnorthbuzz.com/2025/06/a24-horror-flick-backrooms-with-chiwetel-ejiofor-starts-shooting-in-vancouver.html|access-date=2026-05-31|website=Hollywood North Buzz|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is completed on 14 August 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Effigy|url=https://acfcwest.com/production/effigy/|access-date=2026-05-31|website=ACFC West, Local 2020 Unifor|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}


[[Category:American movies]]
[[Category:2026 movies]]
[[Category:Horror movies]]
[[Category:Adventure movies]]
[[Category:Adventure fiction]]
[[Category:Science fiction]]
[[Category:A24 (company) movies]]
[[Category:American science fiction movies]]
[[Category:American science fiction horror movies]]
[[Category:American horror movies]]
[[Category:Movies about missing people]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>2025-26 Austrian Women's Football Cup</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1269978</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880799</id>
      <parentid>10877437</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T06:12:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Werner100359</username>
        <id>106408</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Final */</comment>
      <origin>10880799</origin>
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      <text bytes="3897" sha1="ovq0ho1ghqxcmpf0xvi6va1343b9v6l" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football league season
| competition = [[ÖFB Ladies Cup]]
| season = 2025 -26
| dates =  8 August 2015 - 14 May 2026
| winners =     [[FK Austria Wien (women)|FK Austria Wien]]
| relegated =  	 
|promoted =     
| matches =  30
| total goals =  153 
| league topscorer =   Andrea Švíbková, Zala Kuštrin, Yvonne Weilharter (4 goals)
| prevseason = [[2024-25 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2024-25]]
| nextseason = [[2026-27 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2026-27]]
}}
The '''2025-26 Austrian Women's Football Cup''' was the 50th season of the competition. It was organized by  the [[Austrian Football Association]]. As the ÖFB Women's Cup, it was held for the 32nd time. [[FK Austria Wien (women)|FK Austria Wien]] won the cup for the first time. 
==Matches ==
===Round 1 ===
SCR Altach had a bye.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; bgcolor=ccffcc
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!  
|-
|SPV Kematen-Piberbach/Rohr-Neuhofen
| '''SPG Geretsberg/Bürmoos'''
|3-4 &lt;br&gt; a.e.t.
|-
|Grazer AK
| '''SK Sturm Graz'''
|0-5
|-
| Wildcats Krottendorf
| '''SPG Kleinmünchen/Blau-Weiß Linz'''
|1-2
|-
|'''USC Landhaus ''' 
| SK Rapid Wien
|1-0
|-
| FCM Traiskirchen
| '''First Vienna FC'''
|0-2
|-
|SV Innsbruck
| '''FC RW Rankweil'''
|2-3
|-
|SPG SV Wallern/Krenglbach
|'''LASK'''
|0-3
|-
|LUV Graz
| '''SG Hornets/Klagenfurt'''
|1-4
|-
| SC Melk
| '''FK Austria Wien'''
|0-15
|-
|FC Alberschwende
| '''FC Red Bull Salzburg'''
|0-8
|-
|FC Oberes Feistritztal
| '''SV Kraig'''
|1-3 &lt;br&gt;a.e.t.
|-
|ASV Draßburg
| '''SPG Südburgenland/Hartberg'''
|0-8
|-
| Wiener Sport-Club
| '''SV Neulengbach'''
|0-1
|-
|   '''FC Wacker Innsbruck'''
| FC Pinzgau Saalfelden 
|3-0
|-
| FSG St. Georgen
| '''SKN St. Pölten'''
|0-9
|}
===Round 2 ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; bgcolor=ccffcc
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!  
|-
|SKN St. Pölten
|'''FK Austria Wien'''  
|1-2
|-
|FC Wacker Innsbruck
|'''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' 
|0-1
|-
| SV Kraig
|'''SPG Südburgenland/Hartberg''' 
|0-1
|-
|FC RW Rankweil 
|'''LASK'''
|2-3 &lt;br&gt;a.e.t.
|-
|'''SK Sturm Graz'''
|SCR Altach 
|2-1
|-
|'''SG Hornets/Klagenfurt'''
|SV Neulengbach
|2-1
|-
|SPG Geretsberg/Bürmoos
|'''SPG Kleinmünchen/Blau-Weiß Linz'''
|0-3
|-
|  USC Landhaus  
| '''First Vienna FC'''
|2-4
|}

===Quarterfinals===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; bgcolor=ccffcc
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!  
|-
|SG Hornets/Klagenfurt
|'''LASK'''   
|0-2
|-
|'''FK Austria Wien'''  
|SPG Südburgenland/Hartberg
|4-0
|-
| First Vienna FC 
|'''SK Sturm Graz'''
|1-2
|-
|SPG Kleinmünchen/Blau-Weiß Linz
|'''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' 
|0-2
|}
===Semifinals===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; bgcolor=ccffcc
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!  
|-
|'''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' 
| LASK  
|2-0
|-
|'''FK Austria Wien'''  
|SK Sturm Graz
|2-0
|}
===Final===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; bgcolor=ccffcc
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!  
|-
|FC Red Bull Salzburg
|'''FK Austria Wien''' 
|0-1
|}
*'''Goal:'''Schiechtl (52.)
*'''Yellow card:''' Hamzic (34.), Grabovac (37.), Orkic (68.) 
*'''Red card:''' Fischer (92.) 
*'''Referee:'''Olivia Tschon 
*'''Venue:'''Wiener Sport-Club Platz
*'''Attendence:''' 	4.600 

*'''FC Red Bull Salzburg:''' Michaela Fischer -  Laura Spinn (85.Alessia Pamminger)- Vina Crnoja-Greta Spinn (85. Christina Gierzinger) - Valentina Illinger-Sara Grabovac (60.Katja Wienerroither)- Lucia Orkic (C) (77. Theresa D'Angelo) - Sophia Schirmbrand- Emelie Kobler (77. Tina Krassnig) - Julia Grünwald- Aldina Hamzic '''Coach:'''Dusan Pavlovic
*'''FK Austria Wien:''' Jasmin Pal-Louise Schöffel-Tatjana Weiss Katharina Schiechtl- Virginia Kirchberger- Lena Triendl (94. Stefanie Schneeberger) - Modesta Uka (80. Almedina Sisic)- Carina Wenninger (C)- Yvonne Weilharter-Elisa Pfattner- Dominika Skorvankova (72. Courtney Strode) '''Coach:''' Stefan Kenesei
{{ÖFB Ladies Cup seasons}}
{{Association football in Austria}}
[[Category:Football in Austria]]
[[Category:Football seasons]]
[[Category:2025–26 in European football]]
[[Category:Austrian Cup]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>2024-25 Austrian Women's Football Cup</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1270043</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880794</id>
      <parentid>10877647</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T06:06:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Werner100359</username>
        <id>106408</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Final */</comment>
      <origin>10880794</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3699" sha1="aas1h4us7bi127krhz26z2ju9x6uzge" xml:space="preserve">{{nosources|date=June 2026}}{{Infobox football league season
| competition = [[ÖFB Ladies Cup]]
| season = 2024-25
| dates =  7 September 2024 - 24 May 2025
| winners =      [[SKN St. Pölten (women)|SKN St. Pölten]]
| relegated =  	 
|promoted =     
| matches =  29
| total goals =  142
| league topscorer =   Verena Volkmer  (5 goals)
| prevseason = [[2023-24 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2023-24]]
| nextseason = [[2025-26 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2025-26]]
}}
The '''2024-25 Austrian Women's Football Cup''' was the 49th season of the competition. It was organized by  the [[Austrian Football Association]]. As the ÖFB Women's Cup, it was held for the 31st time. [[SKN St. Pölten (women)|SKN St. Pölten  ]] won the cup for the 11th time.
==Matches ==
===Round 1 ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; bgcolor=ccffcc
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!  
|-
|FSG Brunn/Altenmarkt
| '''SV Horn'''
|1-3
|-
|FC RW Rankweil
| '''FC Bergheim'''
|0-8
|-
|SG Tennengau
| '''SPG FC Lustenau/FC Dornbirn Ladies'''
|0-11
|-
|SPV Kematen-Piberb./Rohr-Neuhofen
| '''Wildcats Krottendorf'''
|1-4
|-
| LUV Graz
| '''SPG Kleinmünchen/Blau-Weiß Linz'''
|0-1
|-
|SV Innsbruck
| '''FC Wacker Innsbruck'''
|1-5
|-
|SG FAC/USC Landhaus Wien
|'''FK Austria Wien'''
|0-4
|-
| '''Grazer AK'''
| SPG Union Geretsberg/Bürmoos 
|2-0
|-
| SK Austria Klagenfurt
| '''SK Sturm Graz'''
|0-4
|-
|Carinthians Hornets
| '''LASK'''
|0-2
|-
| '''FSG St. Georgen/Leys/Mank'''
| FC Altera Porta 
|3-1
|-
|FC Pinzgau Saalfelden
| '''SCR Altach'''
|1-2
|-
| SV Paudorf
| '''SV Neulengbach'''
|0-6
|-
|   Wiener Sport-Club
|  '''SG Südburgenland/TSV Hartberg'''
|1-7
|}
===Round 2 ===
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; bgcolor=ccffcc
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!  
|-
|Wildcats Krottendorf
| '''SKN St. Pölten'''
|0-3
|-
|Grazer AK
|'''FK Austria Wien''' 
|0-3
|-
|'''FC Wacker Innsbruck'''
| SPG FC Lustenau/FC Dornbirn Ladies
|3-1
|-
|'''FC Bergheim'''
| SCR Altach
|2-1
|-
| '''SPG Kleinmünchen/Blau-Weiß Linz'''
| LASK
|3-0
|-
|FSG St. Georgen/Leys/Mank
| '''SV Neulengbach'''
|0-5
|-
|SV Horn
|'''First Vienna FC'''
|0-9
|-
| SG Südburgenland/TSV Hartberg
|  '''SK Sturm Graz'''
|1-2
|}
===Quarterfinals===
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; bgcolor=ccffcc
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!  
|-
|'''FK Austria Wien''' 
|SV Neulengbach 
|2-0
|-
|'''FC Bergheim'''
|SPG Kleinmünchen/Blau-Weiß Linz
|1-0
|-
|FC Wacker Innsbruck
| '''First Vienna FC'''
|0-4
|-
|SK Sturm Graz
|'''SKN St. Pölten'''
|0-5
|}
===Semifinals===
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; bgcolor=ccffcc
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!  
|-
|FC Bergheim
|'''FK Austria Wien''' 
|0-2
|-
|'''SKN St. Pölten'''
|First Vienna FC
|4-2
|}
===Final===
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; bgcolor=ccffcc
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!  
|-
|FK Austria Wien
|'''SKN St. Pölten'''
|1-2
|}
*'''Goals:'''Bruinenberg (78.); Brunnthaler (40.), Mattner-Trembleau (63.)
*'''Yellow card:''' Weilharter (29.), Triendl(59.),  Schöffel (78.);Klein (32.),  Brunnthaler (93.)
*'''Referee:'''Biljana Iskin
*'''Venue:'''Ergo Arena, Wiener Neustadt
*'''Attendence:''' 	1.487

*'''FK Austria Wien:''' Larissa Haidner- Louise Schöffel- Katharina Schiechtl- Verena Volkmer (C)- Virginia Kirchberger- Lena Triendl- Dominique Bruinenberg- Sara Pavlovic- Carina Wenninger- Yvonne Weilharter- Anna Schorn  '''Coach:''' Stefan Kenesei
*'''SKN St. Pölten:''' Carina Schlüter- Chiara Anna D'Angelo- Claudia Wenger-Jennifer Klein (C)- Ella Touon Mbenoun- Sara Makovec- Sarah Mattner-Trembleau- Sophie Hillebrand- Mateja Zver- Kamila Dubcová- Melanie Brunnthaler '''Coach:'''Lisa Alzner'''
{{ÖFB Ladies Cup seasons}}
{{Association football in Austria}}
[[Category:Football in Austria]]
[[Category:Football seasons]]
[[Category:2024–25 in European football]]
[[Category:Austrian Cup]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>10880796</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-07T06:09:46Z</timestamp>
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        <id>106408</id>
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      <text bytes="3915" sha1="2ahzwjwxner380p657ejbuo2sg94x5s" xml:space="preserve">{{nosources|date=June 2026}}{{Infobox football league season
| competition = [[ÖFB Ladies Cup]]
| season = 2024-25
| dates =  7 September 2024 - 24 May 2025
| winners =      [[SKN St. Pölten (women)|SKN St. Pölten]]
| relegated =  	 
|promoted =     
| matches =  29
| total goals =  142
| league topscorer =   Verena Volkmer  (5 goals)
| prevseason = [[2023-24 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2023-24]]
| nextseason = [[2025-26 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2025-26]]
}}
The '''2024-25 Austrian Women's Football Cup''' was the 49th season of the competition. It was organized by  the [[Austrian Football Association]]. As the ÖFB Women's Cup, it was held for the 31st time. [[SKN St. Pölten (women)|SKN St. Pölten  ]] won the cup for the 11th time.
==Matches ==
&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.austriasoccer.at/damen/nat/cup/cup__ofb_frauen_cup__2024_25.htm Austria Soccer]&lt;/ref&gt;
===Round 1 ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; bgcolor=ccffcc
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!  
|-
|FSG Brunn/Altenmarkt
| '''SV Horn'''
|1-3
|-
|FC RW Rankweil
| '''FC Bergheim'''
|0-8
|-
|SG Tennengau
| '''SPG FC Lustenau/FC Dornbirn Ladies'''
|0-11
|-
|SPV Kematen-Piberb./Rohr-Neuhofen
| '''Wildcats Krottendorf'''
|1-4
|-
| LUV Graz
| '''SPG Kleinmünchen/Blau-Weiß Linz'''
|0-1
|-
|SV Innsbruck
| '''FC Wacker Innsbruck'''
|1-5
|-
|SG FAC/USC Landhaus Wien
|'''FK Austria Wien'''
|0-4
|-
| '''Grazer AK'''
| SPG Union Geretsberg/Bürmoos 
|2-0
|-
| SK Austria Klagenfurt
| '''SK Sturm Graz'''
|0-4
|-
|Carinthians Hornets
| '''LASK'''
|0-2
|-
| '''FSG St. Georgen/Leys/Mank'''
| FC Altera Porta 
|3-1
|-
|FC Pinzgau Saalfelden
| '''SCR Altach'''
|1-2
|-
| SV Paudorf
| '''SV Neulengbach'''
|0-6
|-
|   Wiener Sport-Club
|  '''SG Südburgenland/TSV Hartberg'''
|1-7
|}
===Round 2 ===
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; bgcolor=ccffcc
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!  
|-
|Wildcats Krottendorf
| '''SKN St. Pölten'''
|0-3
|-
|Grazer AK
|'''FK Austria Wien''' 
|0-3
|-
|'''FC Wacker Innsbruck'''
| SPG FC Lustenau/FC Dornbirn Ladies
|3-1
|-
|'''FC Bergheim'''
| SCR Altach
|2-1
|-
| '''SPG Kleinmünchen/Blau-Weiß Linz'''
| LASK
|3-0
|-
|FSG St. Georgen/Leys/Mank
| '''SV Neulengbach'''
|0-5
|-
|SV Horn
|'''First Vienna FC'''
|0-9
|-
| SG Südburgenland/TSV Hartberg
|  '''SK Sturm Graz'''
|1-2
|}
===Quarterfinals===
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; bgcolor=ccffcc
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!  
|-
|'''FK Austria Wien''' 
|SV Neulengbach 
|2-0
|-
|'''FC Bergheim'''
|SPG Kleinmünchen/Blau-Weiß Linz
|1-0
|-
|FC Wacker Innsbruck
| '''First Vienna FC'''
|0-4
|-
|SK Sturm Graz
|'''SKN St. Pölten'''
|0-5
|}
===Semifinals===
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; bgcolor=ccffcc
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!  
|-
|FC Bergheim
|'''FK Austria Wien''' 
|0-2
|-
|'''SKN St. Pölten'''
|First Vienna FC
|4-2
|}
===Final===
&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.austriasoccer.at/damen/spiele/2025/20250524skn%20aust0.htm Austria Soccer] &lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; bgcolor=ccffcc
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!  
|-
|FK Austria Wien
|'''SKN St. Pölten'''
|1-2
|}
*'''Goals:'''Bruinenberg (78.); Brunnthaler (40.), Mattner-Trembleau (63.)
*'''Yellow card:''' Weilharter (29.), Triendl(59.),  Schöffel (78.);Klein (32.),  Brunnthaler (93.)
*'''Referee:'''Biljana Iskin
*'''Venue:'''Ergo Arena, Wiener Neustadt
*'''Attendence:''' 	1.487

*'''FK Austria Wien:''' Larissa Haidner- Louise Schöffel- Katharina Schiechtl- Verena Volkmer (C)- Virginia Kirchberger- Lena Triendl- Dominique Bruinenberg- Sara Pavlovic- Carina Wenninger- Yvonne Weilharter- Anna Schorn  '''Coach:''' Stefan Kenesei
*'''SKN St. Pölten:''' Carina Schlüter- Chiara Anna D'Angelo- Claudia Wenger-Jennifer Klein (C)- Ella Touon Mbenoun- Sara Makovec- Sarah Mattner-Trembleau- Sophie Hillebrand- Mateja Zver- Kamila Dubcová- Melanie Brunnthaler '''Coach:'''Lisa Alzner'''
==References ==
{{ÖFB Ladies Cup seasons}}
{{Association football in Austria}}
[[Category:Football in Austria]]
[[Category:Football seasons]]
[[Category:2024–25 in European football]]
[[Category:Austrian Cup]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>10880797</id>
      <parentid>10880796</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T06:10:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Werner100359</username>
        <id>106408</id>
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      <comment>/* References */</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3916" sha1="0mtxoqy88zbzp0as2mfibnzvyfxo221" xml:space="preserve">{{nosources|date=June 2026}}{{Infobox football league season
| competition = [[ÖFB Ladies Cup]]
| season = 2024-25
| dates =  7 September 2024 - 24 May 2025
| winners =      [[SKN St. Pölten (women)|SKN St. Pölten]]
| relegated =  	 
|promoted =     
| matches =  29
| total goals =  142
| league topscorer =   Verena Volkmer  (5 goals)
| prevseason = [[2023-24 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2023-24]]
| nextseason = [[2025-26 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2025-26]]
}}
The '''2024-25 Austrian Women's Football Cup''' was the 49th season of the competition. It was organized by  the [[Austrian Football Association]]. As the ÖFB Women's Cup, it was held for the 31st time. [[SKN St. Pölten (women)|SKN St. Pölten  ]] won the cup for the 11th time.
==Matches ==
&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.austriasoccer.at/damen/nat/cup/cup__ofb_frauen_cup__2024_25.htm Austria Soccer]&lt;/ref&gt;
===Round 1 ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; bgcolor=ccffcc
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!  
|-
|FSG Brunn/Altenmarkt
| '''SV Horn'''
|1-3
|-
|FC RW Rankweil
| '''FC Bergheim'''
|0-8
|-
|SG Tennengau
| '''SPG FC Lustenau/FC Dornbirn Ladies'''
|0-11
|-
|SPV Kematen-Piberb./Rohr-Neuhofen
| '''Wildcats Krottendorf'''
|1-4
|-
| LUV Graz
| '''SPG Kleinmünchen/Blau-Weiß Linz'''
|0-1
|-
|SV Innsbruck
| '''FC Wacker Innsbruck'''
|1-5
|-
|SG FAC/USC Landhaus Wien
|'''FK Austria Wien'''
|0-4
|-
| '''Grazer AK'''
| SPG Union Geretsberg/Bürmoos 
|2-0
|-
| SK Austria Klagenfurt
| '''SK Sturm Graz'''
|0-4
|-
|Carinthians Hornets
| '''LASK'''
|0-2
|-
| '''FSG St. Georgen/Leys/Mank'''
| FC Altera Porta 
|3-1
|-
|FC Pinzgau Saalfelden
| '''SCR Altach'''
|1-2
|-
| SV Paudorf
| '''SV Neulengbach'''
|0-6
|-
|   Wiener Sport-Club
|  '''SG Südburgenland/TSV Hartberg'''
|1-7
|}
===Round 2 ===
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; bgcolor=ccffcc
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!  
|-
|Wildcats Krottendorf
| '''SKN St. Pölten'''
|0-3
|-
|Grazer AK
|'''FK Austria Wien''' 
|0-3
|-
|'''FC Wacker Innsbruck'''
| SPG FC Lustenau/FC Dornbirn Ladies
|3-1
|-
|'''FC Bergheim'''
| SCR Altach
|2-1
|-
| '''SPG Kleinmünchen/Blau-Weiß Linz'''
| LASK
|3-0
|-
|FSG St. Georgen/Leys/Mank
| '''SV Neulengbach'''
|0-5
|-
|SV Horn
|'''First Vienna FC'''
|0-9
|-
| SG Südburgenland/TSV Hartberg
|  '''SK Sturm Graz'''
|1-2
|}
===Quarterfinals===
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; bgcolor=ccffcc
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!  
|-
|'''FK Austria Wien''' 
|SV Neulengbach 
|2-0
|-
|'''FC Bergheim'''
|SPG Kleinmünchen/Blau-Weiß Linz
|1-0
|-
|FC Wacker Innsbruck
| '''First Vienna FC'''
|0-4
|-
|SK Sturm Graz
|'''SKN St. Pölten'''
|0-5
|}
===Semifinals===
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; bgcolor=ccffcc
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!  
|-
|FC Bergheim
|'''FK Austria Wien''' 
|0-2
|-
|'''SKN St. Pölten'''
|First Vienna FC
|4-2
|}
===Final===
&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.austriasoccer.at/damen/spiele/2025/20250524skn%20aust0.htm Austria Soccer] &lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; bgcolor=ccffcc
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!  
|-
|FK Austria Wien
|'''SKN St. Pölten'''
|1-2
|}
*'''Goals:'''Bruinenberg (78.); Brunnthaler (40.), Mattner-Trembleau (63.)
*'''Yellow card:''' Weilharter (29.), Triendl(59.),  Schöffel (78.);Klein (32.),  Brunnthaler (93.)
*'''Referee:'''Biljana Iskin
*'''Venue:'''Ergo Arena, Wiener Neustadt
*'''Attendence:''' 	1.487

*'''FK Austria Wien:''' Larissa Haidner- Louise Schöffel- Katharina Schiechtl- Verena Volkmer (C)- Virginia Kirchberger- Lena Triendl- Dominique Bruinenberg- Sara Pavlovic- Carina Wenninger- Yvonne Weilharter- Anna Schorn  '''Coach:''' Stefan Kenesei
*'''SKN St. Pölten:''' Carina Schlüter- Chiara Anna D'Angelo- Claudia Wenger-Jennifer Klein (C)- Ella Touon Mbenoun- Sara Makovec- Sarah Mattner-Trembleau- Sophie Hillebrand- Mateja Zver- Kamila Dubcová- Melanie Brunnthaler '''Coach:'''Lisa Alzner'''

{{ÖFB Ladies Cup seasons}}
{{Association football in Austria}}
==References ==
[[Category:Football in Austria]]
[[Category:Football seasons]]
[[Category:2024–25 in European football]]
[[Category:Austrian Cup]]</text>
      <sha1>0mtxoqy88zbzp0as2mfibnzvyfxo221</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>10880798</id>
      <parentid>10880797</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T06:10:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Werner100359</username>
        <id>106408</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>10880798</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3888" sha1="hdohhabm4iwji1j3ecew3iaactxfnf4" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football league season
| competition = [[ÖFB Ladies Cup]]
| season = 2024-25
| dates =  7 September 2024 - 24 May 2025
| winners =      [[SKN St. Pölten (women)|SKN St. Pölten]]
| relegated =  	 
|promoted =     
| matches =  29
| total goals =  142
| league topscorer =   Verena Volkmer  (5 goals)
| prevseason = [[2023-24 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2023-24]]
| nextseason = [[2025-26 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2025-26]]
}}
The '''2024-25 Austrian Women's Football Cup''' was the 49th season of the competition. It was organized by  the [[Austrian Football Association]]. As the ÖFB Women's Cup, it was held for the 31st time. [[SKN St. Pölten (women)|SKN St. Pölten  ]] won the cup for the 11th time.
==Matches ==
&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.austriasoccer.at/damen/nat/cup/cup__ofb_frauen_cup__2024_25.htm Austria Soccer]&lt;/ref&gt;
===Round 1 ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; bgcolor=ccffcc
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!  
|-
|FSG Brunn/Altenmarkt
| '''SV Horn'''
|1-3
|-
|FC RW Rankweil
| '''FC Bergheim'''
|0-8
|-
|SG Tennengau
| '''SPG FC Lustenau/FC Dornbirn Ladies'''
|0-11
|-
|SPV Kematen-Piberb./Rohr-Neuhofen
| '''Wildcats Krottendorf'''
|1-4
|-
| LUV Graz
| '''SPG Kleinmünchen/Blau-Weiß Linz'''
|0-1
|-
|SV Innsbruck
| '''FC Wacker Innsbruck'''
|1-5
|-
|SG FAC/USC Landhaus Wien
|'''FK Austria Wien'''
|0-4
|-
| '''Grazer AK'''
| SPG Union Geretsberg/Bürmoos 
|2-0
|-
| SK Austria Klagenfurt
| '''SK Sturm Graz'''
|0-4
|-
|Carinthians Hornets
| '''LASK'''
|0-2
|-
| '''FSG St. Georgen/Leys/Mank'''
| FC Altera Porta 
|3-1
|-
|FC Pinzgau Saalfelden
| '''SCR Altach'''
|1-2
|-
| SV Paudorf
| '''SV Neulengbach'''
|0-6
|-
|   Wiener Sport-Club
|  '''SG Südburgenland/TSV Hartberg'''
|1-7
|}
===Round 2 ===
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; bgcolor=ccffcc
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!  
|-
|Wildcats Krottendorf
| '''SKN St. Pölten'''
|0-3
|-
|Grazer AK
|'''FK Austria Wien''' 
|0-3
|-
|'''FC Wacker Innsbruck'''
| SPG FC Lustenau/FC Dornbirn Ladies
|3-1
|-
|'''FC Bergheim'''
| SCR Altach
|2-1
|-
| '''SPG Kleinmünchen/Blau-Weiß Linz'''
| LASK
|3-0
|-
|FSG St. Georgen/Leys/Mank
| '''SV Neulengbach'''
|0-5
|-
|SV Horn
|'''First Vienna FC'''
|0-9
|-
| SG Südburgenland/TSV Hartberg
|  '''SK Sturm Graz'''
|1-2
|}
===Quarterfinals===
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; bgcolor=ccffcc
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!  
|-
|'''FK Austria Wien''' 
|SV Neulengbach 
|2-0
|-
|'''FC Bergheim'''
|SPG Kleinmünchen/Blau-Weiß Linz
|1-0
|-
|FC Wacker Innsbruck
| '''First Vienna FC'''
|0-4
|-
|SK Sturm Graz
|'''SKN St. Pölten'''
|0-5
|}
===Semifinals===
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; bgcolor=ccffcc
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!  
|-
|FC Bergheim
|'''FK Austria Wien''' 
|0-2
|-
|'''SKN St. Pölten'''
|First Vienna FC
|4-2
|}
===Final===
&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.austriasoccer.at/damen/spiele/2025/20250524skn%20aust0.htm Austria Soccer] &lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; bgcolor=ccffcc
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!  
|-
|FK Austria Wien
|'''SKN St. Pölten'''
|1-2
|}
*'''Goals:'''Bruinenberg (78.); Brunnthaler (40.), Mattner-Trembleau (63.)
*'''Yellow card:''' Weilharter (29.), Triendl(59.),  Schöffel (78.);Klein (32.),  Brunnthaler (93.)
*'''Referee:'''Biljana Iskin
*'''Venue:'''Ergo Arena, Wiener Neustadt
*'''Attendence:''' 	1.487

*'''FK Austria Wien:''' Larissa Haidner- Louise Schöffel- Katharina Schiechtl- Verena Volkmer (C)- Virginia Kirchberger- Lena Triendl- Dominique Bruinenberg- Sara Pavlovic- Carina Wenninger- Yvonne Weilharter- Anna Schorn  '''Coach:''' Stefan Kenesei
*'''SKN St. Pölten:''' Carina Schlüter- Chiara Anna D'Angelo- Claudia Wenger-Jennifer Klein (C)- Ella Touon Mbenoun- Sara Makovec- Sarah Mattner-Trembleau- Sophie Hillebrand- Mateja Zver- Kamila Dubcová- Melanie Brunnthaler '''Coach:'''Lisa Alzner'''

{{ÖFB Ladies Cup seasons}}
{{Association football in Austria}}
==References ==
[[Category:Football in Austria]]
[[Category:Football seasons]]
[[Category:2024–25 in European football]]
[[Category:Austrian Cup]]</text>
      <sha1>hdohhabm4iwji1j3ecew3iaactxfnf4</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>2008-09 Austrian Women's Football Cup</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1270218</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880793</id>
      <parentid>10878637</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T06:05:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Werner100359</username>
        <id>106408</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Final */</comment>
      <origin>10880793</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3748" sha1="4m84l9mjuuwfgkaxo0kiary1kj43km5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football league season
| competition = [[ÖFB Ladies Cup]]
| season = 2008-09
| dates =  20 September 2008 - 13 June 2009
| winners =       [[SV Neulengbach]]
| relegated =  	 
|promoted =     
| matches =  31
| total goals =  201
| league topscorer =   [[Nina Burger]] (14 goals)
| prevseason = [[2007-08 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2007-08]]
| nextseason = [[2009-10 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2009-10]]
}}
The '''2008-09 Austrian Women's Football Cup''' was the 35th season of the competition. It was organized by  the [[Austrian Football Association]]. As the ÖFB Women's Cup, it was held for the 17th time. [[SV Neulengbach]] won the cup for the 7th time.
==Matches ==
===Round 1 ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; bgcolor=ccffcc
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!  
|-
|JSV RB Mariatrost
| '''ASV St. Margarethen/Lavanttal'''
|1-3
|-
|LASK Ladies/Zöhrdorf
| '''USK Hof'''
|3-5
|-
| SV Groß-Schweinbarth
| '''USC Landhaus'''
|0-11
|-
|FC Koblach
|  '''FC Wacker Innsbruck'''
|0-7
|-
| SV Garsten
| '''Union Kleinmünchen'''
|0-2
|-
|SV Langenrohr
| '''SV Neulengbach'''
|0-10
|-
|SC St. Ruprecht/Raab
|'''FC St. Veit/Glan'''
|0-6
|-
|DFC Heidenreichstein
| '''SV Gloggnitz'''
|2-3
|-
| 1. SVg Guntramsdorf
| '''SV Horn'''
|1-2
|-
| '''SKV Altenmarkt'''
| ASK Erlaa 
|3-1
|-
|'''ASV 13'''
| ESV Süd-Ost 
|4-1
|-
|SC Unterpremstätten
| '''LUV Graz'''
|0-13
|-
| FC Wels Ladies
| '''USG Ardagger/Neustadtl'''
|0-7
|-
|   1. DFC Leoben
|  '''FC Südburgenland'''
|0-5
|-
| Heeres SV Wals
| '''ASKÖ Dionysen/Oedt'''
|3-4
|-
|  '''SV Ladies Furth'''
|UFC Atzgersdorf Mauer
|7-0
|}
===Round 2 ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; bgcolor=ccffcc
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!  
|-
|SV Horn
|'''SV Ladies Furth'''  
|0-1
|-
|'''FC Südburgenland'''
|LUV Graz 
|2-1
|-
|'''FC Wacker Innsbruck'''
|Union Kleinmünchen  
|5-0
|-
|ASV St. Margarethen/Lavanttal
|  '''FC St. Veit/Glan'''
|0-3 
|-
| '''USK Hof'''
| ASKÖ Dionysen/Oedt
|6-1
|-
|USC Landhaus
| '''SV Neulengbach'''
|2-7
|-
|ASV 13
|'''USG Ardagger/Neustadtl'''
|1-10
|-
|SV Gloggnitz
| '''SKV Altenmarkt'''
|3-6
|}
===Quarterfinals ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; bgcolor=ccffcc
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!  
|-
|FC St. Veit/Glan
|'''SV Neulengbach'''   
|1-4
|-
|'''FC Südburgenland'''
|USG Ardagger/Neustadtl
|3-2
|-
|'''FC Wacker Innsbruck'''
|SKV Altenmarkt
|11-0
|-
|SV Ladies Furth
|  '''USK Hof'''
|2-7&lt;br&gt;a.e.t.
|}
===Semifinals ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; bgcolor=ccffcc
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!  
|-
|'''FC Wacker Innsbruck'''
|USK Hof  
|8-1
|-
| FC Südburgenland 
|'''SV Neulengbach''' 
|0-7
|}
===Final ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; bgcolor=ccffcc
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!  
|-
| FC Wacker Innsbruck 
|'''SV Neulengbach'''   
|1-5
|}
*'''Goal:'''Jahaj  (53.); Faustenhammer (5.),  Burger (19., 51.), Rodrigues (24.), Prohaska (47.)
*'''Yellow card:''' Prohaska  (78.); Metzler (8.), Fischer (58.), Jahaj  (73.)
*'''Referee:'''Michaela Prutej
*'''Venue:'''Sportplatz Kammer, Schörfling
*'''Attendence:''' 	454

*'''FC Wacker Innsbruck''' Daniela Iraschko-Stolz (85. Bianca Reischer), Cäcilia Larch-Metzler,  Katja Gatermayer, Marlies Hanschitz (C), Anna Innerhuber, Eva Maria Dengg, Arbresha Jahaj, Katharina Schiechtl (59. Alexandra Bugl), Melanie Fischer, Verena Nagl, Sonja Pfaffeneder (88. Stefanie Eigentler) '''Coach:'''Robert Martini
*'''SV Neulengbach:''' Jasmin Pfeiler-Dewein (85. Bianca Reischer), Ines Faustenhammer, Monica Hickmann Alves, Nadine Prohaska, Ines Ruiss, Nina Burger, Kathrin Entner, Daniela Tasch (67. Maria Gstöttner), Natascha Celouch (C) (70. Romina Bell), Celia Liese Brancao-Ribeiro, Fabiana Guedes Rodrigues '''Coach:'''Olga Hutter
	
{{ÖFB Ladies Cup seasons}}
{{Association football in Austria}}
[[Category:Football in Austria]]
[[Category:Football seasons]]
[[Category:Austrian Cup]]</text>
      <sha1>4m84l9mjuuwfgkaxo0kiary1kj43km5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>1972- 73 Austrian Women's Football Cup</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1270223</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880784</id>
      <parentid>10878670</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T05:28:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Werner100359</username>
        <id>106408</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>10880784</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1056" sha1="rx7eq4e51o6zgi4rid0n71436x6dq7e" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football league season
| competition = [[ÖFB Ladies Cup|WFV Frauencup]]
| season = 1972-73
| dates =  
| winners =       [[USC Landhaus Wien|USC Landhaus ]]
| relegated =  	 
|promoted =     
| matches =   
| total goals =   
| league topscorer =   
| prevseason =  
| nextseason = [[1973- 74 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1973- 74  ]]
}}
The '''1972- 73 Austrian Women's Football Cup''' was the first season of the tournament. It was organized by the [[Vienna Football Association]]. [[USC Landhaus Wien|USC Landhaus]] won the cup.
==Matches ==
No further results known
===Semifinals===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
! 1st leg
! 2nd leg
! Agg.
|-
|'''Union SC Landhaus'''
|  DFC Ostbahn XI
|5-0
| 2-0
|7-0
|-
|'''SV Kagran'''
|  Gersthofer SV
|2-0
| 5-0
|7-0
|}
===Finals===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
! 1st leg
! 2nd leg
! Agg.
|-
|'''Union SC Landhaus'''
|  SV Kagran
|16-0
| 10-0
|26-0
|}


{{Association football in Austria}}
[[Category:Football in Austria]]
[[Category:Football seasons]]
[[Category:Austrian Cup]]</text>
      <sha1>rx7eq4e51o6zgi4rid0n71436x6dq7e</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>10880785</id>
      <parentid>10880784</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T05:29:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Werner100359</username>
        <id>106408</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>10880785</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1055" sha1="sdipqvebi0f6l9ctef9wm0lcdnweh2g" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football league season
| competition = [[ÖFB Ladies Cup|WFV Frauencup]]
| season = 1972-73
| dates =  
| winners =       [[USC Landhaus Wien|USC Landhaus ]]
| relegated =  	 
|promoted =     
| matches =   
| total goals =   
| league topscorer =   
| prevseason =  
| nextseason = [[1973-74-10 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1973-74]]
}}
The '''1972- 73 Austrian Women's Football Cup''' was the first season of the tournament. It was organized by the [[Vienna Football Association]]. [[USC Landhaus Wien|USC Landhaus]] won the cup.
==Matches ==
No further results known
===Semifinals===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
! 1st leg
! 2nd leg
! Agg.
|-
|'''Union SC Landhaus'''
|  DFC Ostbahn XI
|5-0
| 2-0
|7-0
|-
|'''SV Kagran'''
|  Gersthofer SV
|2-0
| 5-0
|7-0
|}
===Finals===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
! 1st leg
! 2nd leg
! Agg.
|-
|'''Union SC Landhaus'''
|  SV Kagran
|16-0
| 10-0
|26-0
|}


{{Association football in Austria}}
[[Category:Football in Austria]]
[[Category:Football seasons]]
[[Category:Austrian Cup]]</text>
      <sha1>sdipqvebi0f6l9ctef9wm0lcdnweh2g</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>10880787</id>
      <parentid>10880785</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T05:29:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Werner100359</username>
        <id>106408</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>10880787</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1057" sha1="snzxyfqxssm8s2gxuiqindcfaoj24w3" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football league season
| competition = [[ÖFB Ladies Cup|WFV Frauencup]]
| season = 1972-73
| dates =  
| winners =       [[USC Landhaus Wien|USC Landhaus ]]
| relegated =  	 
|promoted =     
| matches =   
| total goals =   
| league topscorer =   
| prevseason =  
| nextseason =  [[1973- 74 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1973- 74  ]]
}}
The '''1972- 73 Austrian Women's Football Cup''' was the first season of the tournament. It was organized by the [[Vienna Football Association]]. [[USC Landhaus Wien|USC Landhaus]] won the cup.
==Matches ==
No further results known
===Semifinals===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
! 1st leg
! 2nd leg
! Agg.
|-
|'''Union SC Landhaus'''
|  DFC Ostbahn XI
|5-0
| 2-0
|7-0
|-
|'''SV Kagran'''
|  Gersthofer SV
|2-0
| 5-0
|7-0
|}
===Finals===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
! 1st leg
! 2nd leg
! Agg.
|-
|'''Union SC Landhaus'''
|  SV Kagran
|16-0
| 10-0
|26-0
|}


{{Association football in Austria}}
[[Category:Football in Austria]]
[[Category:Football seasons]]
[[Category:Austrian Cup]]</text>
      <sha1>snzxyfqxssm8s2gxuiqindcfaoj24w3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>10880790</id>
      <parentid>10880787</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T06:03:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Werner100359</username>
        <id>106408</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Finals */</comment>
      <origin>10880790</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1084" sha1="eiyqxtfnl3tbqiapw5sfhblgskav7yc" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football league season
| competition = [[ÖFB Ladies Cup|WFV Frauencup]]
| season = 1972-73
| dates =  
| winners =       [[USC Landhaus Wien|USC Landhaus ]]
| relegated =  	 
|promoted =     
| matches =   
| total goals =   
| league topscorer =   
| prevseason =  
| nextseason =  [[1973- 74 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1973- 74  ]]
}}
The '''1972- 73 Austrian Women's Football Cup''' was the first season of the tournament. It was organized by the [[Vienna Football Association]]. [[USC Landhaus Wien|USC Landhaus]] won the cup.
==Matches ==
No further results known
===Semifinals===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
! 1st leg
! 2nd leg
! Agg.
|-
|'''Union SC Landhaus'''
|  DFC Ostbahn XI
|5-0
| 2-0
|7-0
|-
|'''SV Kagran'''
|  Gersthofer SV
|2-0
| 5-0
|7-0
|}
===Finals===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
! 1st leg
! 2nd leg
! Agg.
|-
|'''Union SC Landhaus'''
|  SV Kagran
|16-0
| 10-0
|26-0
|}


{{ÖFB Ladies Cup seasons}}
{{Association football in Austria}}
[[Category:Football in Austria]]
[[Category:Football seasons]]
[[Category:Austrian Cup]]</text>
      <sha1>eiyqxtfnl3tbqiapw5sfhblgskav7yc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>1973- 74 Austrian Women's Football Cup</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1270225</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880511</id>
      <parentid>10878682</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T19:29:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Werner100359</username>
        <id>106408</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>10880511</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1338" sha1="ldm7p046c4f9yfhmk0do293aklnljrl" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football league season
| competition = [[ÖFB Ladies Cup|WFV Frauencup]]
| season = 1973-74
| dates =  
| winners =       [[DFC Ostbahn XI Wien]]
| relegated =  	 
|promoted =     
| matches =   
| total goals =   
| league topscorer =   
| prevseason =  [[1972-73 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1972-73]]
| nextseason = [[1974-75 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1973-74]]
}}
The '''1973- 74 Austrian Women's Football Cup''' was the second season of the tournament. It was organized by the [[Vienna Football Association]]. [[DFC Ostbahn XI Wien]] won the cup (1st title).
==Matches ==
No further results known
===Round 1===
Bye:USC Landhaus
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
! 1st leg
! 2nd leg
! Agg.
|-
|'''SG Halbturn/Breitenbrunn'''
|  SV Kagran 
|3-0
| 2-2
|5-2
|-
|SV Enzesfeld-Hirtenberg
|  '''DFC Ostbahn XI '''
|1-6
| 1-1
|2-7
|}
===Round 2===
Bye:USC Landhaus
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
! 1st leg
! 2nd leg
! Agg.
|-
|SG Halbturn/Breitenbrunn
|  '''DFC Ostbahn XI'''
|1-4
| 0-4
|1-8
|-
|SG Halbturn/Breitenbrunn
|  '''DFC Ostbahn XI'''
|1-4
| 0-4
|1-8
|}
===Final===
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!
|-
|USC Landhaus
|  '''DFC Ostbahn XI'''
|1-1 &lt;br&gt;2-3 pen.
|}


{{Association football in Austria}}
[[Category:Football in Austria]]
[[Category:Football seasons]]
[[Category:Austrian Cup]]</text>
      <sha1>ldm7p046c4f9yfhmk0do293aklnljrl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>10880512</id>
      <parentid>10880511</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T19:29:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Werner100359</username>
        <id>106408</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>10880512</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1339" sha1="l9asvbjt57fx7h4ohw5eecmz3rkhybh" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football league season
| competition = [[ÖFB Ladies Cup|WFV Frauencup]]
| season = 1973-74
| dates =  
| winners =       [[DFC Ostbahn XI Wien]]
| relegated =  	 
|promoted =     
| matches =   
| total goals =   
| league topscorer =   
| prevseason =  [[1972- 73 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1972-73]]
| nextseason = [[1974-75 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1973-74]]
}}
The '''1973- 74 Austrian Women's Football Cup''' was the second season of the tournament. It was organized by the [[Vienna Football Association]]. [[DFC Ostbahn XI Wien]] won the cup (1st title).
==Matches ==
No further results known
===Round 1===
Bye:USC Landhaus
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
! 1st leg
! 2nd leg
! Agg.
|-
|'''SG Halbturn/Breitenbrunn'''
|  SV Kagran 
|3-0
| 2-2
|5-2
|-
|SV Enzesfeld-Hirtenberg
|  '''DFC Ostbahn XI '''
|1-6
| 1-1
|2-7
|}
===Round 2===
Bye:USC Landhaus
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
! 1st leg
! 2nd leg
! Agg.
|-
|SG Halbturn/Breitenbrunn
|  '''DFC Ostbahn XI'''
|1-4
| 0-4
|1-8
|-
|SG Halbturn/Breitenbrunn
|  '''DFC Ostbahn XI'''
|1-4
| 0-4
|1-8
|}
===Final===
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!
|-
|USC Landhaus
|  '''DFC Ostbahn XI'''
|1-1 &lt;br&gt;2-3 pen.
|}


{{Association football in Austria}}
[[Category:Football in Austria]]
[[Category:Football seasons]]
[[Category:Austrian Cup]]</text>
      <sha1>l9asvbjt57fx7h4ohw5eecmz3rkhybh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>10880513</id>
      <parentid>10880512</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T19:30:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Werner100359</username>
        <id>106408</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>10880513</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1339" sha1="q6bjfubocci55dy5kczkxf1sdxp3rit" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football league season
| competition = [[ÖFB Ladies Cup|WFV Frauencup]]
| season = 1973-74
| dates =  
| winners =       [[DFC Ostbahn XI Wien]]
| relegated =  	 
|promoted =     
| matches =   
| total goals =   
| league topscorer =   
| prevseason =  [[1972- 73 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1972-73]]
| nextseason = [[1974-75 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1974-75]]
}}
The '''1973- 74 Austrian Women's Football Cup''' was the second season of the tournament. It was organized by the [[Vienna Football Association]]. [[DFC Ostbahn XI Wien]] won the cup (1st title).
==Matches ==
No further results known
===Round 1===
Bye:USC Landhaus
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
! 1st leg
! 2nd leg
! Agg.
|-
|'''SG Halbturn/Breitenbrunn'''
|  SV Kagran 
|3-0
| 2-2
|5-2
|-
|SV Enzesfeld-Hirtenberg
|  '''DFC Ostbahn XI '''
|1-6
| 1-1
|2-7
|}
===Round 2===
Bye:USC Landhaus
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
! 1st leg
! 2nd leg
! Agg.
|-
|SG Halbturn/Breitenbrunn
|  '''DFC Ostbahn XI'''
|1-4
| 0-4
|1-8
|-
|SG Halbturn/Breitenbrunn
|  '''DFC Ostbahn XI'''
|1-4
| 0-4
|1-8
|}
===Final===
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!
|-
|USC Landhaus
|  '''DFC Ostbahn XI'''
|1-1 &lt;br&gt;2-3 pen.
|}


{{Association football in Austria}}
[[Category:Football in Austria]]
[[Category:Football seasons]]
[[Category:Austrian Cup]]</text>
      <sha1>q6bjfubocci55dy5kczkxf1sdxp3rit</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>10880791</id>
      <parentid>10880513</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T06:04:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Werner100359</username>
        <id>106408</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Final */</comment>
      <origin>10880791</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1366" sha1="gbxycootjk2mkaegklq0f3bqhxr1x3t" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football league season
| competition = [[ÖFB Ladies Cup|WFV Frauencup]]
| season = 1973-74
| dates =  
| winners =       [[DFC Ostbahn XI Wien]]
| relegated =  	 
|promoted =     
| matches =   
| total goals =   
| league topscorer =   
| prevseason =  [[1972- 73 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1972-73]]
| nextseason = [[1974-75 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1974-75]]
}}
The '''1973- 74 Austrian Women's Football Cup''' was the second season of the tournament. It was organized by the [[Vienna Football Association]]. [[DFC Ostbahn XI Wien]] won the cup (1st title).
==Matches ==
No further results known
===Round 1===
Bye:USC Landhaus
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
! 1st leg
! 2nd leg
! Agg.
|-
|'''SG Halbturn/Breitenbrunn'''
|  SV Kagran 
|3-0
| 2-2
|5-2
|-
|SV Enzesfeld-Hirtenberg
|  '''DFC Ostbahn XI '''
|1-6
| 1-1
|2-7
|}
===Round 2===
Bye:USC Landhaus
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
! 1st leg
! 2nd leg
! Agg.
|-
|SG Halbturn/Breitenbrunn
|  '''DFC Ostbahn XI'''
|1-4
| 0-4
|1-8
|-
|SG Halbturn/Breitenbrunn
|  '''DFC Ostbahn XI'''
|1-4
| 0-4
|1-8
|}
===Final===
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!
|-
|USC Landhaus
|  '''DFC Ostbahn XI'''
|1-1 &lt;br&gt;2-3 pen.
|}

{{ÖFB Ladies Cup seasons}}
{{Association football in Austria}}
[[Category:Football in Austria]]
[[Category:Football seasons]]
[[Category:Austrian Cup]]</text>
      <sha1>gbxycootjk2mkaegklq0f3bqhxr1x3t</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Škoda Vision 7S Concept</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1270385</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880462</id>
      <parentid>10880242</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T17:20:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-31265-91</username>
        <id>1810417</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Story */</comment>
      <origin>10880462</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2143" sha1="px744zk3mkr91y6f7s8ertfe0rthleo" xml:space="preserve">The '''Vision 7S''' is an concept [[SUV]] made by [[Škoda Auto]] in [[2022]].
[[File:Škoda Vision 7S.png|thumb|Vision 7S]]

== Story ==
&quot;Vision 7S&quot; signifies a new development for Škoda, including the new design language. The [[Škoda Elroq|production version]] was unveiled in [[2025]].&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Rétromobile 2024 (3) 20240204.jpg|Detail of the wheels.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Škoda Elroq ==
The Elroq is the production version of the Vision 7S&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2026-02-27|title=Škoda Elroq (2026) al test: l’elettrica che semplifica tutto|url=https://www.autoscout24.it/informare/prove/skoda/elroq/skoda-elroq-2026-al-test-l-elettrica-che-semplifica-tutto/|access-date=2026-06-05|website=AutoScout24|language=it-IT}}&lt;/ref&gt;, the Elroq, also available in a special version called the RS Matt Edition, is equipped with an [[electric motor]] with an estimated range of approximately 400-500 [[Kilometre|km]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Škoda Elroq ed Enyaq: gli aggiornamenti per il 2026|url=https://www.gazzetta.it/motori/la-mia-auto/03-05-2026/skoda-elroq-ed-enyaq-aggiornamenti-per-il-2026.shtml|access-date=2026-06-05|website=La Gazzetta dello Sport|language=it-IT}}&lt;/ref&gt;. The Elroq is available in numerous trims, The Elroq is available in numerous configurations, from the base version with a smaller [[battery]] to the top-of-the-line versions with a larger battery.

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Škoda Elroq DSC 9260.jpg|Front
File:Škoda Elroq DSC 9257.jpg|Rear
File:Skoda Elroq - interior4.jpg|Interior
File:Skoda Elroq trunk (2).jpg|Trunk
File:Skoda Elroq (3).jpg|Charging cable
File:Skoda Elroq back seat.jpg|Part of the rear seats
File:Skoda Elroq - interior1.jpg|Part of the front seats
File:Škoda Elroq RS IAA 2025 DSC 2336.jpg|RS (front) 
File:Škoda Elroq RS IAA 2025 DSC 2339.jpg|RS (rear) 
File:Škoda Elroq RS Rutesheimer Autoschau 2026 IMG 6752.jpg|RS (interior) 
File:Škoda Elroq RS Auto Zuerich 2025 DSC 3263.jpg|RS Matt Edition (front) 
File:Škoda Elroq RS Auto Zuerich 2025 DSC 3264.jpg|RS Matt Edition (rear) 
&lt;/gallery&gt;
== External links ==
{{Commons category-inline|Škoda Vision 7S}}

{{Commons category-inline|Škoda Elroq}}</text>
      <sha1>px744zk3mkr91y6f7s8ertfe0rthleo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Windows Visa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1270435</id>
    <redirect title="Windows Vista" />
    <revision>
      <id>10880578</id>
      <parentid>10879743</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T21:48:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Readmymind8777</username>
        <id>1721801</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Whoops</comment>
      <origin>10880578</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="94" sha1="fd3fvbgl5uglb5apmtmlmguf4baz2fv" xml:space="preserve">#redirect [[windows Vista]]
{{redirect category shell|
{{R from misspelling|Windows Vista}}
}}</text>
      <sha1>fd3fvbgl5uglb5apmtmlmguf4baz2fv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Pip Planner</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>1270452</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880520</id>
      <parentid>10879901</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T19:44:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pip Planner</username>
        <id>1733735</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>just corrected his professional statement</comment>
      <origin>10880520</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2321" sha1="qe4p4siew6fdbdlqqzfmzijuco1tq88" xml:space="preserve">== Rajkumar Vudayar ==
Rajkumar Vudayar (born 23 March 1972) is an Indian sculptor artist.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2015-08-25|title=Busy with chiselling Kalam statues|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/busy-with-chiselling-kalam-statues/article7576640.ece|access-date=2026-06-05|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; He makes statues using bronze and fibreglass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=Tupaki|date=2020-10-17|title=SPB's Bust Sculpture|url=https://english.tupaki.com/entertainment/article/spb-bust-sculpture-goes-viral-on-internet/109196|access-date=2026-06-05|website=english.tupaki.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was born in Andhra Pradesh, India.

== Work ==
Vudayar has made statues of political leaders, freedom fighters, cultural figures, and religious icons.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-09-28|title=RIP SP Balasubrahmanyam: Did you know that the legendary singer told a sculptor to make his statue in advance?|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/south-gossip/rip-sp-balasubrahmanyam-did-you-know-that-the-legendary-singer-told-a-sculptor-to-make-his-statue-in-advance-1693503/|access-date=2026-06-05|website=Bollywood Life|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; His statues have been installed in different parts of India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2015-08-25|title=Busy with chiselling Kalam statues|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/busy-with-chiselling-kalam-statues/article7576640.ece|access-date=2026-06-05|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=India|first=The Hans|date=2019-09-25|title=S P Sambamurthy's bronze statue unveiled in Nellore|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/s-p-sambamurthys-bronze-statue-unveiled-in-nellore-566912|access-date=2026-06-05|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One of his recent works is a bronze statue of N. T. Rama Rao (NTR), a well-known Indian actor and former Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2026-06-02|title=Installation of NTR Statue in Raichur District, Karnataka, India – Markhor Times English|url=https://en.themarkhortimes.com/installation-of-ntr-statue-in-raichur-district-karnataka-india/|access-date=2026-06-05|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The statue was installed at Hosalli Camp in Sindhanur, Karnataka, and was unveiled in 2026.

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>10880527</id>
      <parentid>10880520</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T19:52:44Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Pip Planner</username>
        <id>1733735</id>
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      <comment>added related categories</comment>
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      <text bytes="2386" sha1="r3uhc77lb2f1lf46s8o9toql75muddy" xml:space="preserve">== Rajkumar Vudayar ==
Rajkumar Vudayar (born 23 March 1972) is an Indian sculptor artist.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2015-08-25|title=Busy with chiselling Kalam statues|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/busy-with-chiselling-kalam-statues/article7576640.ece|access-date=2026-06-05|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; He makes statues using bronze and fibreglass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=Tupaki|date=2020-10-17|title=SPB's Bust Sculpture|url=https://english.tupaki.com/entertainment/article/spb-bust-sculpture-goes-viral-on-internet/109196|access-date=2026-06-05|website=english.tupaki.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was born in Andhra Pradesh, India.

== Work ==
Vudayar has made statues of political leaders, freedom fighters, cultural figures, and religious icons.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-09-28|title=RIP SP Balasubrahmanyam: Did you know that the legendary singer told a sculptor to make his statue in advance?|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/south-gossip/rip-sp-balasubrahmanyam-did-you-know-that-the-legendary-singer-told-a-sculptor-to-make-his-statue-in-advance-1693503/|access-date=2026-06-05|website=Bollywood Life|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; His statues have been installed in different parts of India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2015-08-25|title=Busy with chiselling Kalam statues|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/busy-with-chiselling-kalam-statues/article7576640.ece|access-date=2026-06-05|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=India|first=The Hans|date=2019-09-25|title=S P Sambamurthy's bronze statue unveiled in Nellore|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/s-p-sambamurthys-bronze-statue-unveiled-in-nellore-566912|access-date=2026-06-05|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One of his recent works is a bronze statue of N. T. Rama Rao (NTR), a well-known Indian actor and former Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2026-06-02|title=Installation of NTR Statue in Raichur District, Karnataka, India – Markhor Times English|url=https://en.themarkhortimes.com/installation-of-ntr-statue-in-raichur-district-karnataka-india/|access-date=2026-06-05|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The statue was installed at Hosalli Camp in Sindhanur, Karnataka, and was unveiled in 2026.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Sculptors]]
[[Category:Living people]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>10880673</id>
      <parentid>10880527</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T01:05:28Z</timestamp>
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        <id>1733735</id>
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      <origin>10880673</origin>
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      <text bytes="2433" sha1="84laayvd7abmh2x67cqmets3dkyy2u9" xml:space="preserve">== Rajkumar Vudayar ==
Rajkumar Vudayar (born 23 March 1972) is an Indian sculptor artist.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2015-08-25|title=Busy with chiselling Kalam statues|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/busy-with-chiselling-kalam-statues/article7576640.ece|access-date=2026-06-05|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; He makes [[Statue|statues]] using bronze and fibreglass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=Tupaki|date=2020-10-17|title=SPB's Bust Sculpture|url=https://english.tupaki.com/entertainment/article/spb-bust-sculpture-goes-viral-on-internet/109196|access-date=2026-06-05|website=english.tupaki.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was born in Andhra Pradesh, India.

== Work ==
Vudayar has made statues of political leaders, freedom fighters, cultural figures, and religious icons.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-09-28|title=RIP SP Balasubrahmanyam: Did you know that the legendary singer told a sculptor to make his statue in advance?|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/south-gossip/rip-sp-balasubrahmanyam-did-you-know-that-the-legendary-singer-told-a-sculptor-to-make-his-statue-in-advance-1693503/|access-date=2026-06-05|website=Bollywood Life|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; His statues have been installed in different parts of [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2015-08-25|title=Busy with chiselling Kalam statues|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/busy-with-chiselling-kalam-statues/article7576640.ece|access-date=2026-06-05|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=India|first=The Hans|date=2019-09-25|title=S P Sambamurthy's bronze statue unveiled in Nellore|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/s-p-sambamurthys-bronze-statue-unveiled-in-nellore-566912|access-date=2026-06-05|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One of his recent works is a bronze statue of [[N. T. Rama Rao]] ([[N. T. Rama Rao|NTR]]), a well-known Indian actor and former Chief Minister of [[Andhra Pradesh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2026-06-02|title=Installation of NTR Statue in Raichur District, Karnataka, India – Markhor Times English|url=https://en.themarkhortimes.com/installation-of-ntr-statue-in-raichur-district-karnataka-india/|access-date=2026-06-05|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The statue was installed at Hosalli Camp in Sindhanur, [[Karnataka]], and was revealead in 2026.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Sculptors]]
[[Category:Living people]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>A-Teens</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1270507</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880385</id>
      <parentid>10880214</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T15:13:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Greenock125</username>
        <id>652309</id>
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      <comment>/* Singles */</comment>
      <origin>10880385</origin>
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      <text bytes="12109" sha1="gwu5o27mns0r8byg5g3bbfnmrfh50hc" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox musical artist
| name            = A-Teens
| image           = Melodifestivalen 2026 Linköping A-Teens presskonferens 03.jpg
| landscape       = yes
| caption         = The group in 2026. From left to right: Lennevald, Lumholdt, Serneholt, and Paul
| alias           = ABBA-Teens
| origin          = [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]]
| genre           = {{hlist|[[Europop|Euro-pop]]|[[Teen pop]]}}
| years_active    = {{hlist|1998–2004|2024–present}}
| label           = {{hlist|{{ill|Stockholm Records|en}}|[[MCA Records]]|[[Universal Music Group|Universal Music]]}}
| website         = 
| current_members =
* Dhani Lennevald
* Sara Lumholdt
* Amit Sebastian Paul
* Marie Serneholt
}}
'''A-Teens''' (stylized as '''A*Teens''') are a Swedish [[pop music]] group from [[Stockholm]]. The group were formed in 1998 by Niklas Berg as an [[ABBA]] tribute group called '''ABBA-Teens''', but was later renamed A-Teens. The band members are Marie Serneholt, Amit Sebastian Paul, Dhani Lennevald and Sara Lumholdt. The group disbanded following the release of their ''{{ill|Greatest Hits (A-Teens album)|en|lt=Greatest Hits}}'' album in 2004. The group reunited in 2024 and competed in {{ill|Melodifestivalen 2026|en}} with the song &quot;{{ill|Iconic (A-Teens song)|en|lt=Iconic}}&quot;, which placed 7th in the final.

==Members==
* Marie Serneholt (born 11 July 1983)
* Dhani Lennevald (born 24 July 1984)
* Amit Sebastian Paul (born 29 October 1983)
* Sara Lumholdt (born 25 October 1984)

==Discography==
===Studio albums===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:16em;&quot;| Title
! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:21em;&quot;| Details
! scope=&quot;col&quot; colspan=&quot;10&quot;| Peak chart positions
! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Certifications
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SWE&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=A%2ATeens|title=Discography A*Teens|publisher=Hung Medien|website=swedishcharts.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AUT&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=A%2ATeens|title=Discographie A*Teens|publisher=Hung Medien|website=austriancharts.at}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[Ultratop|BEL]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BEL&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ultratop.be/nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=A%2ATeens|title=Discografie A*Teens|publisher=Hung Medien|website=ultratop.be/nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[Official Finnish Charts|FIN]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FIN&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ifpi.fi/lista/artistit/a-teens/|title=Suomen virallinen lista - Artistit (A*Teens)|publisher=[[Official Finnish Charts]]|website=ifpi.fi}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[GfK Entertainment charts|GER]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GER&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/suche?artist_search=A*Teens&amp;do_search=do|title=Discographie von A*Teens|publisher=[[GfK Entertainment charts]]|website=offiziellecharts.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[Dutch Album Top 100|NL]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=A%2ATeens|title=Discografie A*Teens|publisher=Hung Medien|website=dutchcharts.nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[VG-lista|NOR]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NOR&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://norwegiancharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=A%2ATeens|title=Discography A*Teens|publisher=Hung Medien|website=norwegiancharts.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SWI&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://hitparade.ch/artist/A*Teens|title=Discographie A*Teens|publisher=Hung Medien|website=hitparade.ch}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[UK Albums Chart|UK]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UK&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/8173/a-teens/|title=A*TEENS songs and albums {{!}} full Official Chart history|publisher=[[Official Charts]]|website=officialcharts.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[Billboard 200|US]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''{{ill|The ABBA Generation|en}}''
| 
* Released: 25 August 1999
* Label: [[Universal Music Group|Universal Music]]
* Formats: [[Compact Disc|CD]], [[Cassette tape|cassette]]
| 1 || 2 || 14 || 2 || 2 || 2 || 2 || 12 || 85 || 71
|
* {{ill|Swedish Recording Industry Association|en|lt=GLF}}: 2× Platinum
* {{ill|Bundesverband Musikindustrie|en|lt=BVMI}}: Gold
* [[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI AUT]]: Gold
* [[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI NOR]]: Platinum
* [[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI SWI]]: Gold
* {{ill|NVPI|en}}: Platinum
* [[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]]: Gold
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''{{ill|Teen Spirit (album)|en|lt=Teen Spirit}}''
|
* Released: 26 February 2001
* Label: Universal Music
* Formats: CD, cassette
| 2 || 18 || — || 33 || 5 || 42 || 37 || 13 || — || 50
|
* GLF: Gold
* RIAA: Gold
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''{{ill|Pop 'til You Drop!|en}}''
|
* Released: 18 June 2002
* Label: [[MCA Records]]
* Formats: CD
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 45
|
|-
| colspan=&quot;20&quot; style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;| &quot;—&quot; denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.
|}

===Reissues===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:16em;&quot;| Title
! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:21em;&quot;| Details
! scope=&quot;col&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;| Peak chart positions
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SWE&quot;/&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[GfK Entertainment charts|GER]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GER&quot;/&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[Dutch Album Top 100|NL]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NL&quot;/&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''{{ill|New Arrival|en}}''
|
* Released: 27 January 2003
* Label: Universal Music
* Formats: CD
| 4 || 95 || 91
|-
|}

===Extended plays===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:16em;&quot;| Title
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:21em;&quot;| Details
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''Extr-A-Teens''
|
* Released: 2000
* Label: MCA Records
* Formats: CD
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''...To the Music''
|
* Released: 16 October 2001
* Label: MCA Records
* Formats: CD
|}

===Compilation albums===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:16em;&quot;| Title
! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:21em;&quot;| Details
! scope=&quot;col&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;| Peak chart positions
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SWE&quot;/&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''{{ill|Greatest Hits (A-Teens album)|en|lt=Greatest Hits}}''
| 
* Released: 12 May 2004
* Label: Universal Music
* Formats: Digital download, [[LP record|vinyl]], CD
| 16
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''14 Hits''
| 
* Released: 2004
* Label: Stockholm Records, Universal Music
* Formats: Digital download, vinyl, CD
| —
|-
| colspan=&quot;20&quot; style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;| &quot;—&quot; denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.
|}

===Remix albums===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:16em;&quot;| Title
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:21em;&quot;| Details
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''{{ill|The ABBA Generation Remix|en}}''
| 
* Released: 21 February 2001{{efn|Japan only}}
* Label: MCA Records
* Formats: CD, vinyl
|}

===Singles===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:25em;&quot;| Title
! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:1em;&quot;| Year
! scope=&quot;col&quot; colspan=&quot;10&quot;| Peak chart positions
! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Certifications
! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Album
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SWE&quot;/&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AUT&quot;/&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[Ultratop|BEL]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BEL&quot;/&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[Official Finnish Charts|FIN]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FIN&quot;/&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[GfK Entertainment charts|GER]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GER&quot;/&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[Dutch Single Top 100|NL]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NL&quot;/&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[VG-lista|NOR]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NOR&quot;/&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SWI&quot;/&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[UK Albums Chart|UK]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UK&quot;/&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;[[Mamma Mia (ABBA song)|Mamma Mia]]&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| 1999
| 1 || 14 || 10 || — || 10 || 7 || 3 || 9 || 12 || —
| 
* GLF: 4× Platinum
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| ''The ABBA Generation''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;[[Super Trouper (song)|Super Trouper]]&quot;
| 2 || 11 || 31 || — || 4 || 11 || 15 || 18 || 21 || —
| 
* GLF: Platinum
* BVMI: Gold
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;{{ill|Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)|en}}&quot;
| 10 || — || 4 || — || 33 || 24 || — || 51 || — || —
| 
* GLF: Gold
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;[[Happy New Year (song)|Happy New Year]]&quot;
| 4 || — || — || 12 || — || — || — || — || — || —
| 
* GLF: Gold
| {{Non-album single}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;[[Dancing Queen]]&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2000
| — || — || — || — || 64 || 88 || — || — || — || 95
|
| ''The ABBA Generation''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;{{ill|Upside Down (A-Teens song)|en|lt=Upside Down}}&quot;
| 2 || 34 || 28 || — || 10 || 28 || — || 7 || 10 || 93
| 
* GLF: 2× Platinum
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| ''Teen Spirit''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;{{ill|Halfway Around the World|en}}&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2001
| 7 || — || — || — || 51 || — || — || 73 || 30 || —
| 
* GLF: Gold
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;{{ill|Sugar Rush (A-Teens song)|en|lt=Sugar Rush}}&quot;
| 15 || — || — || — || 72 || — || — || — || — || —
| 
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;{{ill|Heartbreak Lullaby|en}}&quot;{{efn|A Ray Hedges 7&quot; Mix of &quot;Heartbreak Lullaby&quot; features on the New Version bonus tracks edition of ''Teen Spirit''.}}&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(''{{ill|The Princess Diaries soundtracks|en|lt=The Princess Diaries: Original Soundtrack}}'')&lt;/small&gt;
| 6 || — || — || — || 77 || — || — || 97 || — || —
| 
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;[[Can't Help Falling in Love]]&quot;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(''{{ill|Lilo &amp; Stitch (2002 soundtrack)|en|lt=Lilo &amp; Stitch: An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack}}'')&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2002
| 12 || — || — || — || — || 50 || — || — || — || —
| 
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''Pop 'til You Drop''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;{{ill|Floorfiller|en}}&quot;{{efn|&quot;Floorfiller&quot; also features on the album ''New Arrival''.}}
| 4 || 46 || — || — || 33 || — || — || — || — || —
| 
* GLF: Gold
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;{{ill|A Perfect Match (song)|en|lt=A Perfect Match}}&quot;
| 2003
| 2 || — || — || — || 77 || — || — || — || — || —
| 
| ''New Arrival''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;{{ill|I Promised Myself|en}}&quot;
| 2004
| 2 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
| 
| ''Greatest Hits''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;{{ill|Iconic (A-Teens song)|en|lt=Iconic}}&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2026
| 1 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|&quot;Iconic&quot; did not enter the UK Singles Chart but debuted at number 28 on the UK Singles Downloads Chart.}} || —
| 
* GLF: Gold
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; {{Non-album singles}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;You Got the Look&quot;
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
| 
|-
| colspan=&quot;20&quot; style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;| &quot;—&quot; denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Musical groups established in 1998]]
[[Category:Musical groups disestablished in 2004]]
[[Category:Swedish pop music groups]]
[[Category:Musical groups from Stockholm]]
[[Category:MCA Records artists]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mighty Cuphead Adventure</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1270511</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880869</id>
      <parentid>10880257</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T10:45:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Realcosmixyt</username>
        <id>1679296</id>
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      <comment>/* Gameplay */</comment>
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      <text bytes="2298" sha1="eg36qg4l90vml27vn8vpxx8l61egglb" xml:space="preserve">{{RfD|Notability not established. Game was just announced and only coverage is from the announcement. Doesn’t have sustained coverage yet so Crystal ball situation. }}
{{Short description|Description=Upcoming run-and-gun video game}}{{Use mdy dates}}

{{Infobox video game
| title = Mighty Cuphead Adventure
| developer = Studio MDHR
| publisher = Studio MDHR
| series = [[Cuphead]]
| engine = [[Assembly language]]
}}

'''''Mighty Cuphead Adventure''''' is an upcoming [[shooter game]] announced in 2026 at Summer Game Fest.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Cripe|first=Michael|date=2026-06-05|title=Studio MDHR Announces Mighty Cuphead Adventure and New Hand-Animated Follow-up Are in Development|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/studio-mdhr-announces-2-new-cuphead-games-are-in-development|access-date=2026-06-06|website=IGN|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gameplay ==
''Mighty Cuphead Adventure'' is planned to be an 8-bit boss-rush video game. According to Studio MDHR, ''Mighty Cuphead Adventure'' was programmed in [[Assembly language]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Campbell|first=Ian Carlos|date=2026-06-05|title=Mighty Cuphead Adventure makes the jump from hand-drawn animation to pixel art|url=https://www.engadget.com/2188715/mighty-cuphead-adventure-makes-the-jump-from-hand-drawn-animation-to-pixel-art/|access-date=2026-06-06|website=Engadget|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Development ==
On June 5, 2026, Studio MDHR teased the game at the Summer Game Fest 2026 event.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2026-06-05|title=Mighty Cuphead Adventure - Official Announcement Teaser Trailer {{!}} IGN Summer of Gaming 2026|url=https://adria.ign.com/mighty-cuphead-adventure/52333/mighty-cuphead-adventure-official-announcement-teaser-trailer-ign-summer-of-gaming-2026|access-date=2026-06-07|website=IGN Adria|language=sr-latn}}&lt;/ref&gt; They also revealed another upcoming game that is hand-drawn, similar to the 2017 game, ''[[Cuphead]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Romano|first=Sal|date=2026-06-05|title=New hand-animated Cuphead game and 8-bit action platformer Mighty Cuphead Adventure announced|url=https://www.gematsu.com/2026/06/new-hand-animated-cuphead-game-and-8-bit-action-platformer-mighty-cuphead-adventure-announced|access-date=2026-06-07|website=Gematsu|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Video-game-stub}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Engystomops coloradorum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1270517</id>
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      <id>10880633</id>
      <parentid>10880251</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T00:17:17Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Darkfrog24</username>
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{{Speciesbox
| image =Engystomops coloradorum.jpg
| status =EN
| status_ref =&lt;ref name=IUCN/&gt;
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| taxon = Engystomops coloradorum
| authority = (Cannatella and Duellman, 1984)
| range_map =
|synonyms=*''Physalaemus coloradorum'' Cannatella and Duellman, 1984
*''Engystomops coloradorum'' Nascimento, Caramaschi, and Cruz, 2005
| synonyms_ref=&lt;ref name=AMNH /&gt;
}}

The '''Colorado bully foam frog''', '''Colorado dwarf frog''', '''rana tsáchila''', or '''sapito bullanguero Colorado''' (''Engystomops coloradorum'') is a [[frog]].  It lives in  [[Ecuador]].&lt;ref name=AMNH&gt;{{BioRef|ASW6
|title=''Engystomops coloradorum'' (Cannatella and Duellman, 1984)
|url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Leptodactylidae/Leiuperinae/Engystomops/Engystomops-coloradorum
|access-date=June 5, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Amph&gt;{{BioRef|amphibiaweb
|title=''Engystomops coloradorum'' (Cannatella &amp; Duellman, 1984) 
|author1=Morley Read y Santiago Ron 
|editor1=Santiago Ron 
|date=July 13, 2015
|language=es
|url=https://amphibiaweb.org/species/3390
|access-date=June 5, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=IUCN&gt;{{cite IUCN
|title=Colorado Dwarf Frog: ''Engystomops coloradorum''
|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/57247/98654927
|page=e.T57247A98654927
|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T57247A98654927.en
|id=57247
|author1=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group
|accessdate=June 5, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Body==
The adult male frog is 18.0–24.1 mm long [[snout-vent length|from nose to rear end]] and the adult female frog is 22.3–25.7 mm long. The skin of the frog's back is dark brown in color. Some frogs have a yellow-brown line down the middle of the back. The front legs have dark brown marks. The belly is dark brown with cream-white marks. The iris of the eye is brown-gray or bronze in color with thin black lines.&lt;ref name=Amph /&gt;

==Name==
Scientists named the frog after the [[indigenous people|people who have lived in Colorado for a long time]] near where the frog lives.&lt;ref name=Amph /&gt;

==Home==
This frog lives in tropical forests. It can sometimes live in places with fewer trees, for example [[pasture|grassy places where animals eat grass]] that have trees around them. Scientists have seen it between {{convert|0| and |1051|m|abbr=on}} above sea level. Scientists have seen the frog in protected places.&lt;ref name=Amph /&gt;&lt;ref name=IUCN /&gt;

==Young==
These frogs have young in pools of water that does not move. They put the eggs in [[foam nest|nests made out of bubbles]].&lt;ref name=IUCN /&gt;

==Danger==
Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is [[endangered|in danger]] of dying out. People have cut down many trees to make farms and towns and places for cows to eat grass. In some places, [[Erosion|the ground falls away]]. [[Pollution|Bad chemicals]] in the water might also hurt this frog.&lt;ref name=IUCN /&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}} 
[[Category:Frogs of South America]]
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q2238615}}
{{biology-stub}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User talk:~2026-33321-91</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>1270519</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880309</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T12:51:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ChenzwBot</username>
        <id>16695</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Adding level 1 warning about vandalism on [[TeenNick]] (BOT)</comment>
      <origin>10880309</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="965" sha1="5rh7cxgugtonqr78ax4xx1zugnchihm" xml:space="preserve">== June 2026 ==

[[Image:Information.svg|left|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make useful changes to Wikipedia. However, at least one of your changes, such as the one you made to &quot;[[:TeenNick]]&quot;, did not seem to be helpful and has been '''automatically reverted''' by [[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]]. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.
*Technical details: [[Special:Diff/10880307|Edit]] (10880307) processed with score of 0.99072.
*&lt;small&gt;As an automated computer program, ChenzwBot makes few mistakes, but it may happen in rare cases. If you believe your change was not vandalism, remove this message from your talk page, and then make the change again.&lt;/small&gt; &lt;!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --&gt; --[[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]] ([[User talk:ChenzwBot|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChenzwBot|contribs]]) 12:51, 6 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Atlantogenata</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>10880321</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T13:21:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>FishIsCool3</username>
        <id>1609553</id>
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      <comment>Created page</comment>
      <origin>10880321</origin>
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      <text bytes="1619" sha1="fgz8gjcxd1fl2icobfie4cflta7qrhk" xml:space="preserve">{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Paleocene|earliest=124.9|Recent}}
| image = Atlantogenata.jpg
| taxon = Atlantogenata
| authority = Waddell et al, 1999&lt;ref name=&quot;Waddell1999c&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | last1 = Waddell | first1 = Peter J.| last2 = Cao | first2 = Ying | last3 = Hasegawa | first3 = Masami | last4 = Mindell | first4 = David P. | doi = 10.1080/106351599260481 | title = Assessing the Cretaceous Superordinal Divergence Times within Birds and Placental Mammals by Using Whole Mitochondrial Protein Sequences and an Extended Statistical Framework | journal = [[Systematic Biology]] | volume = 48 | issue = 1 | pages = 119–137 | year = 1999| pmid = 12078636| doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| subdivision_ranks = Superorders
| subdivision = *[[Afrotheria]]
*[[Xenarthra]]
| range_map = Atlantogenata map cropped.jpg
}}

'''Atlantogenata''' is a [[Order (biology)|magnorder]] of therian mammals. Atlantogenata means &quot;Born around the [[Atlantic Ocean]]&quot;. Most of the species live in Africa, South America, and Southern Asia. The species vary in size from The tiny [[hyrax]] to the massive [[elephant]]. Species eat different things, for an example, the [[anteater]] mostly eats [[Termite|termites]] and [[Ant|ants]] while [[Elephant|elephants]], [[Hyrax|hyraxes]], and [[Sloth|sloths]] are [[Herbivore|herbivores]], meaning they mainly eat [[Plant|plants]] or the plants leaves. Though some species in [[Afroinsectiphilia]] are [[Insectivore|insectivores]], meaning that they are a type of carnivore which eats small [[Hexapoda|hexapods]]. There is 8 extant orders in this group including many species.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User talk:Eetgdh</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>1270521</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880338</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T13:47:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ChenzwBot</username>
        <id>16695</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Adding level 1 warning about vandalism on [[Teen Titans Go! To the Movies]] (BOT)</comment>
      <origin>10880338</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="986" sha1="a4lkxp0rfd9bo6pqqhnle6lkwkr5wpv" xml:space="preserve">== June 2026 ==

[[Image:Information.svg|left|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make useful changes to Wikipedia. However, at least one of your changes, such as the one you made to &quot;[[:Teen Titans Go! To the Movies]]&quot;, did not seem to be helpful and has been '''automatically reverted''' by [[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]]. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.
*Technical details: [[Special:Diff/10880336|Edit]] (10880336) processed with score of 0.98730.
*&lt;small&gt;As an automated computer program, ChenzwBot makes few mistakes, but it may happen in rare cases. If you believe your change was not vandalism, remove this message from your talk page, and then make the change again.&lt;/small&gt; &lt;!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --&gt; --[[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]] ([[User talk:ChenzwBot|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChenzwBot|contribs]]) 13:47, 6 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>a4lkxp0rfd9bo6pqqhnle6lkwkr5wpv</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>10880341</id>
      <parentid>10880338</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T13:48:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fehufanga</username>
        <id>863768</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>You have been indefinitely blocked. ([[WP:TW|TW]])</comment>
      <origin>10880341</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2154" sha1="feqlv4yrz6rt77xwev3k45h3mdetw5y" xml:space="preserve">== June 2026 ==

[[Image:Information.svg|left|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make useful changes to Wikipedia. However, at least one of your changes, such as the one you made to &quot;[[:Teen Titans Go! To the Movies]]&quot;, did not seem to be helpful and has been '''automatically reverted''' by [[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]]. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.
*Technical details: [[Special:Diff/10880336|Edit]] (10880336) processed with score of 0.98730.
*&lt;small&gt;As an automated computer program, ChenzwBot makes few mistakes, but it may happen in rare cases. If you believe your change was not vandalism, remove this message from your talk page, and then make the change again.&lt;/small&gt; &lt;!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --&gt; --[[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]] ([[User talk:ChenzwBot|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChenzwBot|contribs]]) 13:47, 6 June 2026 (UTC)

&lt;div class=&quot;user-block&quot; style=&quot;padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px&quot;&gt; [[Image:Stop x nuvola.svg|40px|left]] You have been '''blocked indefinitely''' from changing Wikipedia in line with [[Wikipedia:Blocks and bans|Wikipedia's blocking policy]] for [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|making bad changes]] over and over again. If you think this block is unfair, you may ask to be unblocked by adding &lt;!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the &quot;nowiki&quot; tags. --&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;unblock|''your reason here''&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;!-- Do not include the &quot;nowiki&quot; tags. --&gt; below. If you cannot do this or the reason is private, please send an e-mail to [mailto:simple-admins-l@lists.wikimedia.org '''simple-admins-l@lists.wikimedia.org'''] and an administrator will look at your reason and reply. You may want to read [[Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks|our guide to unblock requests]] before asking to be unblocked. — [[User:Fehufanga|*Fehufangą]] ♮ [[User talk:Fehufanga|✉ Talk page]]  13:48, 6 June 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;!-- Template:uw-block3 --&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User talk:~2026-33575-39</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>1270522</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880369</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T14:46:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ChenzwBot</username>
        <id>16695</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Adding level 1 warning about vandalism on [[Michael Jackson]] (BOT)</comment>
      <origin>10880369</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="972" sha1="3js7msdgf6zvogcjrdgmlxza7f7iitk" xml:space="preserve">== June 2026 ==

[[Image:Information.svg|left|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make useful changes to Wikipedia. However, at least one of your changes, such as the one you made to &quot;[[:Michael Jackson]]&quot;, did not seem to be helpful and has been '''automatically reverted''' by [[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]]. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.
*Technical details: [[Special:Diff/10880367|Edit]] (10880367) processed with score of 0.98372.
*&lt;small&gt;As an automated computer program, ChenzwBot makes few mistakes, but it may happen in rare cases. If you believe your change was not vandalism, remove this message from your talk page, and then make the change again.&lt;/small&gt; &lt;!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --&gt; --[[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]] ([[User talk:ChenzwBot|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChenzwBot|contribs]]) 14:46, 6 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fisher v Bell</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1270523</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880382</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T15:06:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SuddenArtichokes</username>
        <id>1810777</id>
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      <comment>Created page. Some text modified from English Wikipedia page [[:en:Fisher v Bell]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="1117" sha1="b978sfodgqenuuvvuufj277g18h4nyp" xml:space="preserve">{{italic title}}
'''''Fisher v Bell''''' [1961] 1 QB 394 is a legal [[Case law|case]] related to [[contract law]] in [[England]].&lt;ref name=&quot;LawTeacher1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Fisher v Bell - 1961 |url=https://www.lawteacher.net/cases/fisher-v-bell.php |website=LawTeacher |access-date=6 June 2026 |language=en |date=7 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The decision that the judge made in this case is important because some of the laws in England use a system called [[common law]] (a legal system where laws are made based on the decisions that judges have made before). Fisher v Bell was about the difference between an [[offer]] and an [[invitation to treat]]. The judge decided that having something in a shop window was an invitation to treat, not an offer.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lawprof1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Wong |first1=Cindy |title=Fisher v Bell [1961] QB 394 |url=https://lawprof.co/public-law/statutory-interpretation-cases/fisher-v-bell-1961-qb-394/ |website=Lawprof |access-date=6 June 2026 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Related pages ==
* [[Law]]
* [[Contract]]
* [[Common law]]
* [[Case law]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Law]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>10880808</id>
      <parentid>10880382</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T06:47:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SuddenArtichokes</username>
        <id>1810777</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/*Facts*/ Added section</comment>
      <origin>10880808</origin>
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      <text bytes="2301" sha1="2v1ev131pa75og42ce9pxm1rvti27py" xml:space="preserve">{{italic title}}
'''''Fisher v Bell''''' [1961] 1 QB 394 is a legal [[Case law|case]] related to [[contract law]] in [[England]].&lt;ref name=&quot;LawTeacher1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Fisher v Bell - 1961 |url=https://www.lawteacher.net/cases/fisher-v-bell.php |website=LawTeacher |access-date=6 June 2026 |language=en |date=7 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The decision that the judge made in this case is important because some of the laws in England use a system called [[common law]] (a legal system where laws are made based on the decisions that judges have made before). Fisher v Bell was about the difference between an [[offer]] and an [[invitation to treat]]. The judge decided that having something in a shop window was an invitation to treat, not an offer.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lawprof1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Wong |first1=Cindy |title=Fisher v Bell [1961] QB 394 |url=https://lawprof.co/public-law/statutory-interpretation-cases/fisher-v-bell-1961-qb-394/ |website=Lawprof |access-date=6 June 2026 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Facts ==
Bell (the owner of a shop) had a small knife called a 'flick knife' in his shop window. There was a sign next to the knife which said 'Ejector knife - 4s' (4 [[shilling]]s). If Bell was making a legal offer to sell the knife, that would have been illegal because of the [[Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act 1959]].&lt;ref name=&quot;UKGov1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act 1959 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Eliz2/7-8/37/section/1 |website=legislation.gov.uk |access-date=7 June 2026 |language=en |quote=Any person who... offers for sale... any knife which has a blade which opens automatically... shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on summary conviction to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months or to a fine not exceeding level 4 on the standard scale or to both such imprisonment and fine.}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1961, the government made changes to this law to make the [[Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act 1961]].&lt;ref name=&quot;UKGov2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act 1961 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Eliz2/9-10/22 |website=legislation.gov.uk |access-date=7 June 2026 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Related pages ==
* [[Law]]
* [[Contract]]
* [[Common law]]
* [[Case law]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Law]]</text>
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    <title>Talk:Fisher v Bell</title>
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This is my first time making a new article. Please tell me if I did anything wrong. Thank you! [[User:SuddenArtichokes|SuddenArtichokes]] ([[User talk:SuddenArtichokes|talk]]) 15:08, 6 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>1990-91 Austrian Women's Football Cup</title>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Infobox football league season | competition = [[ÖFB Ladies Cup|WFV Frauencup]] | season = 1990-91 | dates =   | winners =       [[Union Kleinmünchen]] 1st title | relegated =  	  |promoted =      | matches =    | total goals =    | league topscorer =    | prevseason =  [[1989-90 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1989-90]] | nextseason = [[1991-92 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1991-92]] }} The '''1990-91 Austrian Women's Football Cup''' was the 18th season of the tournam...&quot;</comment>
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| competition = [[ÖFB Ladies Cup|WFV Frauencup]]
| season = 1990-91
| dates =  
| winners =       [[Union Kleinmünchen]] 1st title
| relegated =  	 
|promoted =     
| matches =   
| total goals =   
| league topscorer =   
| prevseason =  [[1989-90 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1989-90]]
| nextseason = [[1991-92 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1991-92]]
}}
The '''1990-91 Austrian Women's Football Cup''' was the 18th season of the tournament. It was organized by the [[Vienna Football Association]]. [[Union Kleinmünchen]] won its first title.
==Matches ==
===Round 1===
'''Bye:'''1. DFC Leoben
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!Result
|-
|DFC Obersdorf
|   '''DFC Ostbahn XI'''
|1-5
|-
|First Vienna FC
|   '''Union Kleinmünchen'''
|2-6
|-
|SC Neunkirchen
|   '''USC Landhaus'''
|1-2
|-
|Union Kleinmünchen 1b
|   '''DFC Heidenreichstein'''
|2-6
|-
|'''ATSV Sattledt''' 
|   ESV Stadlau 
|2-1
|-
| '''SC Brunn am Gebirge '''
|   ASV Austria Vösendorf
|2-0
|-
| '''UFC St. Agatha'''
|   SV Wienerfeld
|4-1
|}

===Quarterfinals===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!Result
|-
| '''Union Kleinmünchen'''
|  UFC St. Agatha
|14-0
|-
| ''' USC Landhaus'''
| SC Brunn am Gebirge
|2-0
|-
| ''' 1. DFC Leoben'''
|  ATSV Sattledt
|8-1
|-
| DFC Ostbahn XI
|  '''DFC Heidenreichstein'''
|1-1 a.e.t. &lt;br&gt;(2-4 pen.)
|}
===Semifinals===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!Result
|-
|DFC Heidenreichstein 
| '''Union Kleinmünchen'''
|0-5
|-
| ''' USC Landhaus'''
| 1. DFC Leoben
|4-1
|}

===Final===
The final was held at the [[Voith-Platz]] in St. Pölten, Lower Austria. 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!
|-
|USC Landhaus
|  '''DFC Ostbahn XI'''
|1-1 &lt;br&gt;2-3 pen.
|}


{{Association football in Austria}}
[[Category:Football in Austria]]
[[Category:Football seasons]]
[[Category:Austrian Cup]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1884" sha1="3lnofprmts7olol1uvw1wt7scryh0i5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football league season
| competition = [[ÖFB Ladies Cup|WFV Frauencup]]
| season = 1990-91
| dates =  
| winners =       [[Union Kleinmünchen]] 1st title
| relegated =  	 
|promoted =     
| matches =   
| total goals =   
| league topscorer =   
| prevseason =  [[1989-90 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1989-90]]
| nextseason = [[1991-92 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1991-92]]
}}
The '''1990-91 Austrian Women's Football Cup''' was the 18th season of the tournament. It was organized by the [[Vienna Football Association]]. [[Union Kleinmünchen]] won its first title.
==Matches ==
===Round 1===
'''Bye:'''1. DFC Leoben
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!Result
|-
|DFC Obersdorf
|   '''DFC Ostbahn XI'''
|1-5
|-
|First Vienna FC
|   '''Union Kleinmünchen'''
|2-6
|-
|SC Neunkirchen
|   '''USC Landhaus'''
|1-2
|-
|Union Kleinmünchen 1b
|   '''DFC Heidenreichstein'''
|2-6
|-
|'''ATSV Sattledt''' 
|   ESV Stadlau 
|2-1
|-
| '''SC Brunn am Gebirge '''
|   ASV Austria Vösendorf
|2-0
|-
| '''UFC St. Agatha'''
|   SV Wienerfeld
|4-1
|}

===Quarterfinals===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!Result
|-
| '''Union Kleinmünchen'''
|  UFC St. Agatha
|14-0
|-
| ''' USC Landhaus'''
| SC Brunn am Gebirge
|2-0
|-
| ''' 1. DFC Leoben'''
|  ATSV Sattledt
|8-1
|-
| DFC Ostbahn XI
|  '''DFC Heidenreichstein'''
|1-1 a.e.t. &lt;br&gt;(2-4 pen.)
|}
===Semifinals===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!Result
|-
|DFC Heidenreichstein 
| '''Union Kleinmünchen'''
|0-5
|-
| ''' USC Landhaus'''
| 1. DFC Leoben
|4-1
|}

===Final===
The final was held at the [[Voith-Platz]] in St. Pölten, Lower Austria. 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Team 1
!Team 2
!
|-
|USC Landhaus
|  '''DFC Ostbahn XI'''
|1-1 &lt;br&gt;2-3 pen.
|}

{{ÖFB Ladies Cup seasons}}
{{Association football in Austria}}
[[Category:Football in Austria]]
[[Category:Football seasons]]
[[Category:Austrian Cup]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-06T15:29:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Barack Obama, Osama Bin Laden And Hamza Bin Laden</username>
        <id>1817415</id>
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[[File:Osama bin Laden portrait.jpg]]
[[File:Hamza bin Laden (3x4).png]]</text>
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      <id>10880407</id>
      <parentid>10880403</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T15:35:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Barack Obama, Osama Bin Laden And Hamza Bin Laden</username>
        <id>1817415</id>
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      <comment>I Recommanded Because Of Hiding Osama Bin Laden!</comment>
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      <text bytes="125" sha1="12ifnn2zl0rfs2n53t73xb6e8390bs4" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[en:User:Barack_Obama,_Osama_Bin_Laden_And_Hamza_Bin_Laden#|en.Barack Obama, Osama Bin Laden And Hamza Bin Laden]]</text>
      <sha1>12ifnn2zl0rfs2n53t73xb6e8390bs4</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>User talk:S18085</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>1270528</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880421</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T15:51:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ChenzwBot</username>
        <id>16695</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Adding level 1 warning about vandalism on [[Mahathir Mohamad]] (BOT)</comment>
      <origin>10880421</origin>
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      <text bytes="973" sha1="1cmenvklwfhmc6vot01i3angjnesmtw" xml:space="preserve">== June 2026 ==

[[Image:Information.svg|left|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make useful changes to Wikipedia. However, at least one of your changes, such as the one you made to &quot;[[:Mahathir Mohamad]]&quot;, did not seem to be helpful and has been '''automatically reverted''' by [[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]]. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.
*Technical details: [[Special:Diff/10880419|Edit]] (10880419) processed with score of 0.99077.
*&lt;small&gt;As an automated computer program, ChenzwBot makes few mistakes, but it may happen in rare cases. If you believe your change was not vandalism, remove this message from your talk page, and then make the change again.&lt;/small&gt; &lt;!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --&gt; --[[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]] ([[User talk:ChenzwBot|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChenzwBot|contribs]]) 15:51, 6 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>The Tarata Object</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>10880427</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:03:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-33588-89</username>
        <id>1817434</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;The Tarata Object is Irish-French-Spanish CGI animated children's spy television series produced by Ellipsanime, Jingle Jingle Rob Frame Productions and What is the Low Ball! Pictures in collaboration with RAI. It premiered only in Italy on Rai 3 on February 1, 2029 until March 31, 2029. The series features 2 characters Barbie and Frank.&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="339" sha1="t1uedbl3io3m45tr35xywwzxs5g9lvi" xml:space="preserve">The Tarata Object is Irish-French-Spanish CGI animated children's spy television series produced by Ellipsanime, Jingle Jingle Rob Frame Productions and What is the Low Ball! Pictures in collaboration with RAI. It premiered only in Italy on Rai 3 on February 1, 2029 until March 31, 2029. The series features 2 characters Barbie and Frank.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User talk:~2026-33639-93</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>1270531</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880436</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:12:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Der-Wir-Ing</username>
        <id>404478</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Category:Movies about sexual abuse]].</comment>
      <origin>10880436</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="778" sha1="4nugjxp3r9k04ymramtx1ss8knx694t" xml:space="preserve">==Quick deletion of Category:Movies about sexual abuse==
[[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Category:Movies about sexual abuse]], has been marked for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]].&amp;nbsp;This is because the page contains vandalism. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Category:Movies about sexual abuse}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was a mistake, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can read more about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#G3|here]].&lt;!--Template:QD-notice end--&gt; [[User:Der-Wir-Ing|Der-Wir-Ing]] ([[User talk:Der-Wir-Ing|talk]]) 16:12, 6 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>4nugjxp3r9k04ymramtx1ss8knx694t</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>10880445</id>
      <parentid>10880436</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:19:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Der-Wir-Ing</username>
        <id>404478</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Category:Television series about sexual abuse]].</comment>
      <origin>10880445</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1591" sha1="nsmhkmqa9fa8ca39djhzssebenq391m" xml:space="preserve">==Quick deletion of Category:Movies about sexual abuse==
[[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Category:Movies about sexual abuse]], has been marked for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]].&amp;nbsp;This is because the page contains vandalism. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Category:Movies about sexual abuse}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was a mistake, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can read more about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#G3|here]].&lt;!--Template:QD-notice end--&gt; [[User:Der-Wir-Ing|Der-Wir-Ing]] ([[User talk:Der-Wir-Ing|talk]]) 16:12, 6 June 2026 (UTC)

==Quick deletion of Category:Television series about sexual abuse==
[[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Category:Television series about sexual abuse]], has been marked for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]].&amp;nbsp;This is because the page contains vandalism. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Category:Television series about sexual abuse}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was a mistake, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can read more about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#G3|here]].&lt;!--Template:QD-notice end--&gt; [[User:Der-Wir-Ing|Der-Wir-Ing]] ([[User talk:Der-Wir-Ing|talk]]) 16:19, 6 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>nsmhkmqa9fa8ca39djhzssebenq391m</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>10880447</id>
      <parentid>10880445</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:20:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Der-Wir-Ing</username>
        <id>404478</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>sending warning (warning 1)</comment>
      <origin>10880447</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2333" sha1="bhqaxwo7g9h89wj5gfl1kjram5ax1zw" xml:space="preserve">==Quick deletion of Category:Movies about sexual abuse==
[[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Category:Movies about sexual abuse]], has been marked for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]].&amp;nbsp;This is because the page contains vandalism. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Category:Movies about sexual abuse}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was a mistake, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can read more about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#G3|here]].&lt;!--Template:QD-notice end--&gt; [[User:Der-Wir-Ing|Der-Wir-Ing]] ([[User talk:Der-Wir-Ing|talk]]) 16:12, 6 June 2026 (UTC)

==Quick deletion of Category:Television series about sexual abuse==
[[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Category:Television series about sexual abuse]], has been marked for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]].&amp;nbsp;This is because the page contains vandalism. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Category:Television series about sexual abuse}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was a mistake, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can read more about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#G3|here]].&lt;!--Template:QD-notice end--&gt; [[User:Der-Wir-Ing|Der-Wir-Ing]] ([[User talk:Der-Wir-Ing|talk]]) 16:19, 6 June 2026 (UTC)

== June 2026 ==

[[Image:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. I noticed that you made a change to an article, [[:Euphoria (American TV series)]], but you did not provide a [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|reliable source]]. It has been removed and archived in the page history for now, but if you want to [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|include a citation]] and re-add it, please do so! If you need help with referencing, please see [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]], or if you think I made a mistake, you can leave me a message on [[User_talk:Der-Wir-Ing|my talk page]]. Thank you. &lt;!-- Template:uw-unsourced1 --&gt; [[User:Der-Wir-Ing|Der-Wir-Ing]] ([[User talk:Der-Wir-Ing|talk]]) 16:20, 6 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>bhqaxwo7g9h89wj5gfl1kjram5ax1zw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>10880449</id>
      <parentid>10880447</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:20:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Der-Wir-Ing</username>
        <id>404478</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>sending warning (warning 2)</comment>
      <origin>10880449</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2826" sha1="11bnyk8nf8bjf86tz13eyzku22zs6ux" xml:space="preserve">==Quick deletion of Category:Movies about sexual abuse==
[[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Category:Movies about sexual abuse]], has been marked for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]].&amp;nbsp;This is because the page contains vandalism. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Category:Movies about sexual abuse}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was a mistake, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can read more about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#G3|here]].&lt;!--Template:QD-notice end--&gt; [[User:Der-Wir-Ing|Der-Wir-Ing]] ([[User talk:Der-Wir-Ing|talk]]) 16:12, 6 June 2026 (UTC)

==Quick deletion of Category:Television series about sexual abuse==
[[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Category:Television series about sexual abuse]], has been marked for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]].&amp;nbsp;This is because the page contains vandalism. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Category:Television series about sexual abuse}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was a mistake, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can read more about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#G3|here]].&lt;!--Template:QD-notice end--&gt; [[User:Der-Wir-Ing|Der-Wir-Ing]] ([[User talk:Der-Wir-Ing|talk]]) 16:19, 6 June 2026 (UTC)

== June 2026 ==

[[Image:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. I noticed that you made a change to an article, [[:Euphoria (American TV series)]], but you did not provide a [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|reliable source]]. It has been removed and archived in the page history for now, but if you want to [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|include a citation]] and re-add it, please do so! If you need help with referencing, please see [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]], or if you think I made a mistake, you can leave me a message on [[User_talk:Der-Wir-Ing|my talk page]]. Thank you. &lt;!-- Template:uw-unsourced1 --&gt; [[User:Der-Wir-Ing|Der-Wir-Ing]] ([[User talk:Der-Wir-Ing|talk]]) 16:20, 6 June 2026 (UTC)

[[File:Information.svg|25px]] Please do not make unhelpful changes to Wikipedia, like you did to [[:Sausage Party]]. The changes you made seem to be [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] and have been [[Help:Revert a page|reverted]] or removed. If you want to try changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.&lt;!-- Template:Uw-vandalism2 --&gt; [[User:Der-Wir-Ing|Der-Wir-Ing]] ([[User talk:Der-Wir-Ing|talk]]) 16:20, 6 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <text bytes="3292" sha1="k0zuh9ws4c8h55vivz9i2qq99i6zgfi" xml:space="preserve">==Quick deletion of Category:Movies about sexual abuse==
[[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Category:Movies about sexual abuse]], has been marked for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]].&amp;nbsp;This is because the page contains vandalism. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Category:Movies about sexual abuse}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was a mistake, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can read more about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#G3|here]].&lt;!--Template:QD-notice end--&gt; [[User:Der-Wir-Ing|Der-Wir-Ing]] ([[User talk:Der-Wir-Ing|talk]]) 16:12, 6 June 2026 (UTC)

==Quick deletion of Category:Television series about sexual abuse==
[[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Category:Television series about sexual abuse]], has been marked for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]].&amp;nbsp;This is because the page contains vandalism. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Category:Television series about sexual abuse}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was a mistake, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can read more about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#G3|here]].&lt;!--Template:QD-notice end--&gt; [[User:Der-Wir-Ing|Der-Wir-Ing]] ([[User talk:Der-Wir-Ing|talk]]) 16:19, 6 June 2026 (UTC)

== June 2026 ==

[[Image:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. I noticed that you made a change to an article, [[:Euphoria (American TV series)]], but you did not provide a [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|reliable source]]. It has been removed and archived in the page history for now, but if you want to [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|include a citation]] and re-add it, please do so! If you need help with referencing, please see [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]], or if you think I made a mistake, you can leave me a message on [[User_talk:Der-Wir-Ing|my talk page]]. Thank you. &lt;!-- Template:uw-unsourced1 --&gt; [[User:Der-Wir-Ing|Der-Wir-Ing]] ([[User talk:Der-Wir-Ing|talk]]) 16:20, 6 June 2026 (UTC)

[[File:Information.svg|25px]] Please do not make unhelpful changes to Wikipedia, like you did to [[:Sausage Party]]. The changes you made seem to be [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] and have been [[Help:Revert a page|reverted]] or removed. If you want to try changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.&lt;!-- Template:Uw-vandalism2 --&gt; [[User:Der-Wir-Ing|Der-Wir-Ing]] ([[User talk:Der-Wir-Ing|talk]]) 16:20, 6 June 2026 (UTC)

[[File:Nuvola apps important.svg|25px|alt=Warning icon]] Please stop your [[Wikipedia:disruptive changing|disruptive changing]]. If you continue to add [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|unsourced or poorly sourced]] content, as you did at [[:Category:Movies about child sexual abuse]], you may be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked from editing]]. &lt;!-- Template:uw-unsourced3 --&gt; [[User:Der-Wir-Ing|Der-Wir-Ing]] ([[User talk:Der-Wir-Ing|talk]]) 16:20, 6 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>Qvarqvare IV</title>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Infobox royalty|name=Qvarqvare IV Chorchaneli|image=File:Qvarqvare, Prince of Samtskhe (Schweigger, 1639).JPG|succession=Mtavari of [[Samtskhe-Javakheti]]|reign=29 September 1573-1581|predecessor=[[Kaikhosro II of Samtskhe–Javakheti|Kaikhosro II]]|successor=[[Manuchar II of Samtskhe–Javakheti|Manuchar II]]|birth_date=1554|death_date=1581 (age 26 or 27)|spouse=Marekhi Dadiani|issue=Khosita&lt;br&gt;Kaikhosro&lt;br&gt;Tinatin|house=[[House of Jaqeli|Jaqeli]]|father=Kaikhosro I...&quot;</comment>
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'''Qvarqvare IV Jaqeli''' ([[Georgian language|Georgian]]:ყვარყვარე IV ჯაყელი; 1554-1581) was Prince of [[Samtskhe-Javakheti]] from 1573-1581.</text>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Infobox person | name               = Folorunso Babatunde Abdullahi | native_name        = Folorunso Babatunde Abdullahi | birth_date         = 29th of October, 2000 | birth_place        = Osun State, Nigeria | residence          = Osun State | nationality        = Nigeria | citizenship        = Nigeria | education          = School of Science | occupation         = *Freelancer *Entrepreneur *Digital Marketer }} '''Folorunso Babatunde Abdullahi''', also called '''Bab T...&quot;</comment>
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| birth_date         = 29th of October, 2000
| birth_place        = Osun State, Nigeria
| residence          = Osun State
| nationality        = Nigeria
| citizenship        = Nigeria
| education          = School of Science
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*Digital Marketer
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'''Folorunso Babatunde Abdullahi''', also called '''Bab Tizzy''', is a '''Digital Marketer''' and '''Freelancer''' born on October 29, 2000, in Nigeria. Since childhood, '''Babatunde''' has loved '''technology''' and the '''digital''' world and wanted to pursue it as a career.

=Career=
After completing his secondary education, '''Babatunde''' enrolled in various online training programs to hone and develop his skills and pursue what he was passionate about. While learning, he began exploring digital marketing and discovered he had a talent for it. He started working on freelance projects for small businesses, helping them develop their online presence and reach new customers.

As Babatunde gained more experience in the field, he began to attract larger clients and build a reputation as a skilled digital marketer. He honed his skills in '''social media marketing, search engine optimization (SEO), search engine management (SEM), Google Knowledge Panel creating &amp; editing, content marketing, and email marketing, among other areas.''' His clients were impressed with the results he achieved and soon began referring him to others.

'''Babatunde's success as a freelancer led him to start his digital marketing agency, which he runs to date.''' The agency has a team of talented marketers and designers who work together to create digital campaigns for clients in various industries. Babatunde is involved in every aspect of the agency's operations, from client acquisition to campaign management to reporting.

=More about FBA=
In addition to running his agency, Babatunde is also a sought-after speaker and consultant. ''' He also provides one-on-one consulting services to businesses looking to improve their digital marketing efforts.'''

'''Folorunso Babatunde Abdullahi''' is a true entrepreneur, always looking for new opportunities and challenges. He believes that digital marketing has the power to transform businesses and change people's lives, and he is committed to helping others harness its potential. With his skills, experience, and passion for the field, he will continue making waves in the world of digital marketing for years to come.</text>
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{{Infobox musical artist
| name             = Lenny Castro
| birth_name       = Leonard W. Castro
| birth_date       = September 19, 1956
| birth_place      = [[New York City, New York]], U.S.
| spouse           = {{marriage|Paulette Brown|1982|1998|end=died}} Chie Yamamura
| instrument       = [[Percussion]]
| website          = {{URL|hardhnds.com/}}
| image            = Lenny Castro (cropped).jpg
| caption          = Lenny Castro performing with Joe Bonamassa in 2015
}}

'''Leonard W. Castro''' (born September 19, 1956) is an American percussionist. He is one of the most prolific percussionists of all time, appearing on hundreds of albums, including those by the [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]], [[Adele]], [[Maroon 5]], [[U2]], [[Earth, Wind &amp; Fire]], [[Toto (band)|Toto]], and [[The Rolling Stones]], among others.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|last=Flans|first=Robyn|date=January 1998|title=Brothers in Rhythm: The LA Percussionist Roundtable|magazine=Modern Drummer|volume=22|issue=1|pages=52–63}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life ==
Castro was born and raised in [[New York City]] to parents of Puerto Rican descent. His father, Hector Castro, was a keyboardist and musical director for Latin artists such as [[:en:Johnny_Pacheco|Johnny Pacheco]]. His parents separated when he was young, and his stepfather introduced him to percussion instruments by gifting him his first pair of congas at a young age.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite podcast |url=https://www.discussionsinpercussion.com/home/2020/10/6/197-lenny-castro-touring-and-studio-percussion-legend |title=Lenny Castro- Touring and Studio Percussion Legend! |website=Discussions in Percussion |publisher=Percussive Arts Society |last=Grant |first=Damon |date=October 7, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Castro attended [[:en:High_School_of_Music_&amp;_Art|Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music &amp; Art]], where he studied classical percussion. Castro also studied in several music schools and ensembles such as [[:en:Mannes_School_of_Music|Mannes School Of Music]] and [[:en:Third_Street_Music_School_Settlement|Third Street Music School]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|last=Flans|first=Robyn|date=April 1989|title=Lenny Castro|volume=13|issue=4|pages=24–27|journal=Modern Drummer}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Career ==
After graduating high school and playing in local bands around New York City, he was discovered by singer [[:en:Melissa_Manchester|Melissa Manchester]] at age 19 and went on tour as her percussionist.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Maui Beat|date=2013-09-05|title=Lenny Castro heats up Maui Jazz &amp; Blues Festival|url=https://www.mauinews.com/life/maui-beat/2013/09/lenny-castro-heats-up-maui-jazz-blues-festival/|access-date=2022-04-28|website=Maui News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Castro later moved to Los Angeles with Manchester where he was introduced to producer [[:en:Richard_Perry|Richard Perry]]. Perry had him play for Diana Ross on her album ''[[:en:Baby_It's_Me|Baby It's Me]]'' where Castro met session drummer [[:en:Jeff_Porcaro|Jeff Porcaro]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bentley|first=Mary|date=April 2006|title=The Sidemen of Smooth Jazz: Lenny Castro|url=http://www.smoothviews.com/archives/ontheside/onthesideApr06.htm|access-date=2022-04-28|website=SmoothViews}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Castro was then invited to join the band [[:en:Toto_(band)|Toto]] by Porcaro for their [[:en:Toto_(album)|debut album]] tour, later joining them in the studio for subsequent releases.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Robinson|first=John|author-link=|date=2017-01-11|title=Lenny Castro – Percussionist with Adele, Rolling Stones, Elton John &amp; More|url=https://entertalkmedia.com/01-11-17-lenny-castro-percussionist-with-adele-rolling-stones-elton-john-more/|access-date=2022-04-28|website=Vinyl Night}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among his contributions to the band was for their hit single &quot;[[:en:Africa_(song)|Africa]]&quot;, where he played the ethnic percussion heard on the track.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|last=Flans|first=Robyn|date=2005|title=Toto's &quot;Africa&quot;|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/196897162/|magazine=|volume=29|issue=8|pages=132|journal=Mix}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As a freelance musician, Castro has recorded with several other musicians, including [[:en:Stevie_Nicks|Stevie Nicks]], [[:en:Joe_Sample|Joe Sample]], and [[:en:Eric_Clapton|Eric Clapton]], the latter of whom he played with for the Grammy-winning song &quot;[[:en:Tears_in_Heaven|Tears in Heaven]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Chonin|first=Neva|date=1998-08-03|title=Stevie Nicks Still Twirls In the Spotlight|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/411323085/AD569D2EB58E4C95PQ|access-date=2022-04-28|website=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|quote=&quot;Backed by an able seven-piece band that included the amazing percussionist Lenny Castro...&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Robins|first=Wayne|date=1991-04-13|title=Brand name jazz beating the generic|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/278373469/D8DE753E58594797PQ/|access-date=2022-04-28|website=Newsday|quote=&quot;A highlight of his set was some cat-and-mouse play with percussionist Lenny Castro, who seemed to be malleting everything from tinkling bells to timbales with the same melodic sense Sample brought to his Steinway.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Chilton|first=Martin|date=2022-01-14|title=Tears in Heaven: The Story Behind Eric Clapton's Most Emotional Song|url=https://www.thisisdig.com/feature/tears-in-heaven-eric-clapton-song-story/|access-date=2022-04-28|website=Dig!|publisher=[[Warner Music Group]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Castro was nominated for [[:en:Grammy_Award_for_Best_Contemporary_Jazz_Album|Best Contemporary Jazz Album]] at the [[:en:46th_Annual_Grammy_Awards|46th Annual Grammys]] for the album ''Rural Renewal'' as part of [[:en:The_Crusaders_(jazz_fusion_group)|The Crusaders]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Grammy|date=n.d.|title=Lenny Castro|url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/lenny-castro/16493|access-date=2022-04-28|publisher=The Recording Academy}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal life ==
In 1982, Castro married session vocalist, Paulette Brown. They had two children together. Brown died in 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|last=Pertout|first=Alex|date=December 2005|title=A Day With Lenny Castro|magazine=[[DRUMscene]]|issue=43|pages=34–35}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Paulette's death, Castro married Chie Yamamura.</text>
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{{Infobox musical artist
| name             = Lenny Castro
| birth_name       = Leonard W. Castro
| birth_date       = September 19, 1956
| birth_place      = [[New York City, New York]], U.S.
| spouse           = {{marriage|Paulette Brown|1982|1998|end=died}} Chie Yamamura
| instrument       = [[Percussion]]
| website          = {{URL|hardhnds.com/}}
| image            = Lenny Castro (cropped).jpg
| caption          = Lenny Castro performing with Joe Bonamassa in 2015
}}

'''Leonard W. Castro''' (born September 19, 1956) is an American percussionist. He is one of the most prolific percussionists of all time, appearing on hundreds of albums, including those by the [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]], [[Adele]], [[Maroon 5]], [[U2]], [[Earth, Wind &amp; Fire]], [[Toto (band)|Toto]], and [[The Rolling Stones]], among others.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|last=Flans|first=Robyn|date=January 1998|title=Brothers in Rhythm: The LA Percussionist Roundtable|magazine=Modern Drummer|volume=22|issue=1|pages=52–63}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life ==
Castro was born and raised in [[New York City]] to parents of Puerto Rican descent. His father, Hector Castro, was a keyboardist and musical director for Latin artists such as [[:en:Johnny_Pacheco|Johnny Pacheco]]. His parents separated when he was young, and his stepfather introduced him to percussion instruments by gifting him his first pair of congas at a young age.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite podcast |url=https://www.discussionsinpercussion.com/home/2020/10/6/197-lenny-castro-touring-and-studio-percussion-legend |title=Lenny Castro- Touring and Studio Percussion Legend! |website=Discussions in Percussion |publisher=Percussive Arts Society |last=Grant |first=Damon |date=October 7, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Castro attended [[:en:High_School_of_Music_&amp;_Art|Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music &amp; Art]], where he studied classical percussion. Castro also studied in several music schools and ensembles such as [[:en:Mannes_School_of_Music|Mannes School Of Music]] and [[:en:Third_Street_Music_School_Settlement|Third Street Music School]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|last=Flans|first=Robyn|date=April 1989|title=Lenny Castro|volume=13|issue=4|pages=24–27|journal=Modern Drummer}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Career ==
After graduating high school and playing in local bands around New York City, he was discovered by singer [[:en:Melissa_Manchester|Melissa Manchester]] at age 19 and went on tour as her percussionist.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Maui Beat|date=2013-09-05|title=Lenny Castro heats up Maui Jazz &amp; Blues Festival|url=https://www.mauinews.com/life/maui-beat/2013/09/lenny-castro-heats-up-maui-jazz-blues-festival/|access-date=2022-04-28|website=Maui News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Castro later moved to Los Angeles with Manchester where he was introduced to producer [[:en:Richard_Perry|Richard Perry]]. Perry had him play for Diana Ross on her album ''[[:en:Baby_It's_Me|Baby It's Me]]'' where Castro met session drummer [[:en:Jeff_Porcaro|Jeff Porcaro]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bentley|first=Mary|date=April 2006|title=The Sidemen of Smooth Jazz: Lenny Castro|url=http://www.smoothviews.com/archives/ontheside/onthesideApr06.htm|access-date=2022-04-28|website=SmoothViews}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Castro was then invited to join the band [[:en:Toto_(band)|Toto]] by Porcaro for their [[:en:Toto_(album)|debut album]] tour, later joining them in the studio for subsequent releases.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Robinson|first=John|author-link=|date=2017-01-11|title=Lenny Castro – Percussionist with Adele, Rolling Stones, Elton John &amp; More|url=https://entertalkmedia.com/01-11-17-lenny-castro-percussionist-with-adele-rolling-stones-elton-john-more/|access-date=2022-04-28|website=Vinyl Night}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among his contributions to the band was for their hit single &quot;[[:en:Africa_(song)|Africa]]&quot;, where he played the ethnic percussion heard on the track.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|last=Flans|first=Robyn|date=2005|title=Toto's &quot;Africa&quot;|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/196897162/|magazine=|volume=29|issue=8|pages=132|journal=Mix}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As a freelance musician, Castro has recorded with several other musicians, including [[:en:Stevie_Nicks|Stevie Nicks]], [[:en:Joe_Sample|Joe Sample]], and [[:en:Eric_Clapton|Eric Clapton]], the latter of whom he played with for the Grammy-winning song &quot;[[:en:Tears_in_Heaven|Tears in Heaven]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Chonin|first=Neva|date=1998-08-03|title=Stevie Nicks Still Twirls In the Spotlight|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/411323085/AD569D2EB58E4C95PQ|access-date=2022-04-28|website=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|quote=&quot;Backed by an able seven-piece band that included the amazing percussionist Lenny Castro...&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Robins|first=Wayne|date=1991-04-13|title=Brand name jazz beating the generic|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/278373469/D8DE753E58594797PQ/|access-date=2022-04-28|website=Newsday|quote=&quot;A highlight of his set was some cat-and-mouse play with percussionist Lenny Castro, who seemed to be malleting everything from tinkling bells to timbales with the same melodic sense Sample brought to his Steinway.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Chilton|first=Martin|date=2022-01-14|title=Tears in Heaven: The Story Behind Eric Clapton's Most Emotional Song|url=https://www.thisisdig.com/feature/tears-in-heaven-eric-clapton-song-story/|access-date=2022-04-28|website=Dig!|publisher=[[Warner Music Group]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Castro was nominated for [[:en:Grammy_Award_for_Best_Contemporary_Jazz_Album|Best Contemporary Jazz Album]] at the [[:en:46th_Annual_Grammy_Awards|46th Annual Grammys]] for the album ''Rural Renewal'' as part of [[:en:The_Crusaders_(jazz_fusion_group)|The Crusaders]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Grammy|date=n.d.|title=Lenny Castro|url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/lenny-castro/16493|access-date=2022-04-28|publisher=The Recording Academy}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal life ==
In 1982, Castro married session vocalist, Paulette Brown. They had two children together. Brown died in 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|last=Pertout|first=Alex|date=December 2005|title=A Day With Lenny Castro|magazine=[[DRUMscene]]|issue=43|pages=34–35}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Paulette's death, Castro married Chie Yamamura.

== References ==</text>
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{{Infobox musical artist
| name             = Lenny Castro
| birth_name       = Leonard W. Castro
| birth_date       = September 19, 1956
| birth_place      = [[New York City, New York]], U.S.
| spouse           = {{marriage|Paulette Brown|1982|1998|end=died}} Chie Yamamura
| instrument       = [[Percussion]]
| website          = {{URL|hardhnds.com/}}
| image            = Lenny Castro (cropped).jpg
| caption          = Lenny Castro performing with Joe Bonamassa in 2015
}}

'''Leonard W. Castro''' (born September 19, 1956) is an American percussionist. He is one of the most prolific percussionists of all time, appearing on hundreds of albums, including those by the [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]], [[Adele]], [[Maroon 5]], [[U2]], [[Earth, Wind &amp; Fire]], [[Toto (band)|Toto]], and [[The Rolling Stones]], among others.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|last=Flans|first=Robyn|date=January 1998|title=Brothers in Rhythm: The LA Percussionist Roundtable|magazine=Modern Drummer|volume=22|issue=1|pages=52–63}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life ==
Castro was born and raised in [[New York City]] to parents of Puerto Rican descent. His father, Hector Castro, was a keyboardist and musical director for Latin artists such as [[:en:Johnny_Pacheco|Johnny Pacheco]]. His parents separated when he was young, and his stepfather introduced him to percussion instruments by gifting him his first pair of congas at a young age.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite podcast |url=https://www.discussionsinpercussion.com/home/2020/10/6/197-lenny-castro-touring-and-studio-percussion-legend |title=Lenny Castro- Touring and Studio Percussion Legend! |website=Discussions in Percussion |publisher=Percussive Arts Society |last=Grant |first=Damon |date=October 7, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Castro attended [[:en:High_School_of_Music_&amp;_Art|Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music &amp; Art]], where he studied classical percussion. Castro also studied in several music schools and ensembles such as [[:en:Mannes_School_of_Music|Mannes School Of Music]] and [[:en:Third_Street_Music_School_Settlement|Third Street Music School]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|last=Flans|first=Robyn|date=April 1989|title=Lenny Castro|volume=13|issue=4|pages=24–27|journal=Modern Drummer}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Career ==
After graduating high school and playing in local bands around New York City, he was discovered by singer [[:en:Melissa_Manchester|Melissa Manchester]] at age 19 and went on tour as her percussionist.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Maui Beat|date=2013-09-05|title=Lenny Castro heats up Maui Jazz &amp; Blues Festival|url=https://www.mauinews.com/life/maui-beat/2013/09/lenny-castro-heats-up-maui-jazz-blues-festival/|access-date=2022-04-28|website=Maui News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Castro later moved to Los Angeles with Manchester where he was introduced to producer [[:en:Richard_Perry|Richard Perry]]. Perry had him play for Diana Ross on her album ''[[:en:Baby_It's_Me|Baby It's Me]]'' where Castro met session drummer [[:en:Jeff_Porcaro|Jeff Porcaro]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bentley|first=Mary|date=April 2006|title=The Sidemen of Smooth Jazz: Lenny Castro|url=http://www.smoothviews.com/archives/ontheside/onthesideApr06.htm|access-date=2022-04-28|website=SmoothViews}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Castro was then invited to join the band [[:en:Toto_(band)|Toto]] by Porcaro for their [[:en:Toto_(album)|debut album]] tour, later joining them in the studio for subsequent releases.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Robinson|first=John|author-link=|date=2017-01-11|title=Lenny Castro – Percussionist with Adele, Rolling Stones, Elton John &amp; More|url=https://entertalkmedia.com/01-11-17-lenny-castro-percussionist-with-adele-rolling-stones-elton-john-more/|access-date=2022-04-28|website=Vinyl Night}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among his contributions to the band was for their hit single &quot;[[:en:Africa_(song)|Africa]]&quot;, where he played the ethnic percussion heard on the track.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|last=Flans|first=Robyn|date=2005|title=Toto's &quot;Africa&quot;|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/196897162/|magazine=|volume=29|issue=8|pages=132|journal=Mix}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As a freelance musician, Castro has recorded with several other musicians, including [[:en:Stevie_Nicks|Stevie Nicks]], [[:en:Joe_Sample|Joe Sample]], and [[:en:Eric_Clapton|Eric Clapton]], the latter of whom he played with for the Grammy-winning song &quot;[[:en:Tears_in_Heaven|Tears in Heaven]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Chonin|first=Neva|date=1998-08-03|title=Stevie Nicks Still Twirls In the Spotlight|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/411323085/AD569D2EB58E4C95PQ|access-date=2022-04-28|website=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|quote=&quot;Backed by an able seven-piece band that included the amazing percussionist Lenny Castro...&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Robins|first=Wayne|date=1991-04-13|title=Brand name jazz beating the generic|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/278373469/D8DE753E58594797PQ/|access-date=2022-04-28|website=Newsday|quote=&quot;A highlight of his set was some cat-and-mouse play with percussionist Lenny Castro, who seemed to be malleting everything from tinkling bells to timbales with the same melodic sense Sample brought to his Steinway.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Chilton|first=Martin|date=2022-01-14|title=Tears in Heaven: The Story Behind Eric Clapton's Most Emotional Song|url=https://www.thisisdig.com/feature/tears-in-heaven-eric-clapton-song-story/|access-date=2022-04-28|website=Dig!|publisher=[[Warner Music Group]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Castro was nominated for [[:en:Grammy_Award_for_Best_Contemporary_Jazz_Album|Best Contemporary Jazz Album]] at the [[:en:46th_Annual_Grammy_Awards|46th Annual Grammys]] for the album ''Rural Renewal'' as part of [[:en:The_Crusaders_(jazz_fusion_group)|The Crusaders]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Grammy|date=n.d.|title=Lenny Castro|url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/lenny-castro/16493|access-date=2022-04-28|publisher=The Recording Academy}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal life ==
In 1982, Castro married session vocalist, Paulette Brown. They had two children together. Brown died in 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|last=Pertout|first=Alex|date=December 2005|title=A Day With Lenny Castro|magazine=DRUMscene|issue=43|pages=34–35}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Paulette's death, Castro married Chie Yamamura.

== References ==</text>
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    <title>Ekaterina Rybakova</title>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Infobox person | name = Ekaterina Rybakova | native_name = Екатерина Рыбакова | native_name_lang = ru | occupation = Philanthropist, nonprofit executive | known_for = Rybakov Foundation, PRO Women | spouse = [[Igor Rybakov]] | children = 4 }}  '''Ekaterina Rybakova''' (Russian: '''Екатерина Рыбакова''') is a Russian philanthropist. She is a co-founder and president of the [[Rybakov Foundation]], an organisation that supports education...&quot;</comment>
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| name = Ekaterina Rybakova
| native_name = Екатерина Рыбакова
| native_name_lang = ru
| occupation = Philanthropist, nonprofit executive
| known_for = Rybakov Foundation, PRO Women
| spouse = [[Igor Rybakov]]
| children = 4
}}

'''Ekaterina Rybakova''' (Russian: '''Екатерина Рыбакова''') is a Russian philanthropist. She is a co-founder and president of the [[Rybakov Foundation]], an organisation that supports education and community development. She also founded the international women's community PRO Women and the University of Childhood foundation.

In 2021, Rybakova and her husband, businessman [[Igor Rybakov]], received a Forbes Russia award for their contribution to education.&lt;ref name=&quot;ForbesAward&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 |last=Varshavskaya
 |first=Yulia
 |title=Премия «Филантроп года»: Forbes впервые вручил призы главным меценатам страны
 |url=https://www.forbes.ru/forbeslife-photogallery/430007-premiya-filantrop-goda-forbes-vpervye-vruchil-prizy-glavnym-mecenatam
 |website=Forbes Russia
 |date=21 May 2021
 |language=ru
 |access-date=7 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Education and early work==

Rybakova attended a physics and technology school connected with the [[Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology]]. She later studied radio engineering at the Ural Polytechnic Institute. She changed her field of study and attended the Saint Petersburg State University of Industrial Technologies and Design. She later completed further education in costume design in Moscow.&lt;ref name=&quot;VedomostiBio&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 |title=Екатерина Рыбакова
 |url=https://events.vedomosti.ru/speakers/rybakova-ekaterina-3293
 |website=Vedomosti
 |date=8 February 2023
 |language=ru
 |access-date=7 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before beginning her work in philanthropy, she worked in clothing and fashion design. She later stopped working professionally for a period while raising her children.&lt;ref name=&quot;ForbesProfile&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 |last=Asatryan
 |first=Arpine
 |title=«Женщины 90-х отчасти сдали позиции предыдущего поколения»: как Екатерина Рыбакова создала сообщество взаимопомощи
 |url=https://www.forbes.ru/forbes-woman/435171-zhenshchiny-90-h-otchasti-sdali-pozicii-predydushchego-pokoleniya-kak-ekaterina
 |website=Forbes Russia
 |date=19 July 2021
 |language=ru
 |access-date=7 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Philanthropic work==

===Rybakov Foundation===

In 2015, Ekaterina and Igor Rybakov established the Rybakov Foundation as a private philanthropic organisation. Its early programmes supported entrepreneurship, nonprofit organisations and education.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |title=Миллион за школу: Рыбаков Фонд учредил ежегодную премию за лучший проект
 |url=https://asi.org.ru/news/2019/03/14/rybakov-fond-premiya-obrazovanie/
 |website=Агентство социальной информации
 |date=14 March 2019
 |language=ru
 |access-date=7 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rybakova became president of the foundation in 2018. Under her leadership, the organisation concentrated more of its work on schools, teachers, families and educational communities.&lt;ref name=&quot;ForbesProfile&quot; /&gt;

The foundation has supported programmes intended to make schools centres of their local communities. Its projects have included competitions, grants and training programmes for teachers, parents, students and school leaders.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |title=Рыбаков фонд подвел итоги восьмого сезона Большой игры
 |url=https://asi.org.ru/news/2024/05/13/rybakov-fond-podvel-itogi-8-go-sezona-bolshoj-igry/
 |website=Агентство социальной информации
 |date=13 May 2024
 |language=ru
 |access-date=7 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2019, the foundation announced the Rybakov Prize, an international education award with a main prize of US$1 million. The award was intended to recognise educators, philanthropists and social entrepreneurs whose work changed school education and local communities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |title=Миллиардер Рыбаков вручит премию в $1 млн лучшему предпринимателю в сфере образования
 |url=https://www.forbes.ru/milliardery/387551-milliarder-rybakov-vruchit-premiyu-v-1-mln-luchshemu-predprinimatelyu-v-sfere
 |website=Forbes Russia
 |date=17 November 2019
 |language=ru
 |access-date=7 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===University of Childhood===

Rybakova founded the University of Childhood initiative in 2016 as the preschool-education programme of the Rybakov Foundation. It became a separate organisation in 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |title=Университет детства
 |url=https://universityofchildhood.ru/
 |website=University of Childhood
 |language=ru
 |access-date=7 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The initiative has supported preschool teachers, students and educational organisations. Its programmes have included the Lev Vygotsky competition and projects intended to improve cooperation between teachers, children and families.

Rybakova has also taken part in public discussions about preschool and school education. In 2021, she spoke at an education conference with researchers and representatives of the World Bank and other educational organisations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |title=Программа конференции «Тенденции развития образования»
 |url=https://www.mgpu.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/PROGRAMMA-KONFERENTSII-TRO-2021.pdf
 |publisher=Moscow City University
 |date=2021
 |language=ru
 |access-date=7 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===PRO Women===

In 2016, Rybakova started PRO Women as a programme of the Rybakov Foundation. It was created as a network of small groups in which women could support one another in developing business, professional and social projects.&lt;ref name=&quot;ForbesProfile&quot; /&gt;

The community was organised through local, partly self-managed groups rather than as a traditional centrally managed organisation. By 2021, Forbes reported that it had about 22,000 participants.&lt;ref name=&quot;ForbesProfile&quot; /&gt; Later organisational and conference profiles reported that the community had expanded into several dozen countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |title=Екатерина Рыбакова
 |url=https://events.kommersant.ru/people/ekaterina-rybakova/
 |website=Kommersant Events
 |language=ru
 |access-date=7 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The initiative later became the separate Foundation for the Development of Women's Communities and Initiatives, commonly known as PRO Women.

==Writing and media work==

Rybakova is one of the authors of the book ''Слово женского рода'' (''Slovo zhenskogo roda''). The book was written with contributions from members of PRO Women and discusses leadership, mutual support and women's experiences in work and family life.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |title=Книга Екатерины Рыбаковой
 |url=https://pro-women.org/community-projects/book/
 |website=PRO Women
 |language=ru
 |access-date=7 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2023, Rybakova and Elena Morozova presented the interview programme ''Proyavlennye''. The programme included discussions about leadership, education and personal development.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |title=Рыбаков фонд представляет новое шоу — «Проявленные»
 |url=https://asi.org.ru/report/2023/09/15/rybakov-fond-predstavlyaet-novoe-shou-proyavlennye/
 |website=Агентство социальной информации
 |date=15 September 2023
 |language=ru
 |access-date=7 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Awards==

In 2021, Forbes Russia gave Ekaterina and Igor Rybakov an award for their contribution to education as part of its first Philanthropist of the Year awards.&lt;ref name=&quot;ForbesAward&quot; /&gt; Profiles published by Vedomosti and Kommersant have also reported that she received a Stevie Award for Women in Business for leadership of a nonprofit organisation.&lt;ref name=&quot;VedomostiBio&quot; /&gt;

==Personal life==

Rybakova is married to Russian businessman [[Igor Rybakov]], a co-founder of the building-materials company TechnoNICOL. They met while they were students and have four children.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |last=Sidorov
 |first=Denis
 |title=Екатерина Рыбакова — о принципах воспитания в семье миллиардера
 |url=https://style.rbc.ru/people/5d4816339a7947a52cc7dc3a
 |website=RBC Style
 |date=6 August 2019
 |language=ru
 |access-date=7 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt; The couple have said that they planned to direct a large part of their wealth toward education and philanthropic projects rather than leave all of it to their children.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |last=Milkus
 |first=Alexander
 |title=Екатерина Рыбакова: «Мы не советовались с детьми, когда решили, что отдаем 100 млн долларов на развитие системы образования»
 |url=https://www.kp.ru/daily/27110.5/4186485/
 |website=Komsomolskaya Pravda
 |date=28 March 2020
 |language=ru
 |access-date=7 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rybakova, Ekaterina}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Russian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Russian writers]]
[[Category:Russian businesspeople]]</text>
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| native_name = Екатерина Рыбакова
| native_name_lang = ru
| occupation = Philanthropist, nonprofit executive
| known_for = Rybakov Foundation, PRO Women
| spouse = [[Igor Rybakov]]
| children = 4
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'''Ekaterina Rybakova''' (Russian: '''Екатерина Рыбакова''') is a Russian philanthropist. She is a co-founder and president of the [[Rybakov Foundation]], an organisation that supports education and community development. She also founded the international women's community PRO Women and the University of Childhood foundation.

In 2021, Rybakova and her husband, businessman [[Igor Rybakov]], received a Forbes Russia award for their contribution to education.&lt;ref name=&quot;ForbesAward&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 |last=Varshavskaya
 |first=Yulia
 |title=Премия «Филантроп года»: Forbes впервые вручил призы главным меценатам страны
 |url=https://www.forbes.ru/forbeslife-photogallery/430007-premiya-filantrop-goda-forbes-vpervye-vruchil-prizy-glavnym-mecenatam
 |website=Forbes Russia
 |date=21 May 2021
 |language=ru
 |access-date=7 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Education and early work==

Rybakova attended a physics and technology school connected with the [[Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology]]. She later studied radio engineering at the Ural Polytechnic Institute. She changed her field of study and attended the Saint Petersburg State University of Industrial Technologies and Design. She later completed further education in costume design in Moscow.&lt;ref name=&quot;VedomostiBio&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 |title=Екатерина Рыбакова
 |url=https://events.vedomosti.ru/speakers/rybakova-ekaterina-3293
 |website=Vedomosti
 |date=8 February 2023
 |language=ru
 |access-date=7 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before beginning her work in philanthropy, she worked in clothing and fashion design. She later stopped working professionally for a period while raising her children.&lt;ref name=&quot;ForbesProfile&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 |last=Asatryan
 |first=Arpine
 |title=«Женщины 90-х отчасти сдали позиции предыдущего поколения»: как Екатерина Рыбакова создала сообщество взаимопомощи
 |url=https://www.forbes.ru/forbes-woman/435171-zhenshchiny-90-h-otchasti-sdali-pozicii-predydushchego-pokoleniya-kak-ekaterina
 |website=Forbes Russia
 |date=19 July 2021
 |language=ru
 |access-date=7 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Philanthropic work==

===Rybakov Foundation===

In 2015, Ekaterina and Igor Rybakov established the Rybakov Foundation as a private philanthropic organisation. Its early programmes supported entrepreneurship, nonprofit organisations and education.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |title=Миллион за школу: Рыбаков Фонд учредил ежегодную премию за лучший проект
 |url=https://asi.org.ru/news/2019/03/14/rybakov-fond-premiya-obrazovanie/
 |website=Агентство социальной информации
 |date=14 March 2019
 |language=ru
 |access-date=7 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rybakova became president of the foundation in 2018. Under her leadership, the organisation concentrated more of its work on schools, teachers, families and educational communities.&lt;ref name=&quot;ForbesProfile&quot; /&gt;

The foundation has supported programmes intended to make schools centres of their local communities. Its projects have included competitions, grants and training programmes for teachers, parents, students and school leaders.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |title=Рыбаков фонд подвел итоги восьмого сезона Большой игры
 |url=https://asi.org.ru/news/2024/05/13/rybakov-fond-podvel-itogi-8-go-sezona-bolshoj-igry/
 |website=Агентство социальной информации
 |date=13 May 2024
 |language=ru
 |access-date=7 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2019, the foundation announced the Rybakov Prize, an international education award with a main prize of US$1 million. The award was intended to recognise educators, philanthropists and social entrepreneurs whose work changed school education and local communities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |title=Миллиардер Рыбаков вручит премию в $1 млн лучшему предпринимателю в сфере образования
 |url=https://www.forbes.ru/milliardery/387551-milliarder-rybakov-vruchit-premiyu-v-1-mln-luchshemu-predprinimatelyu-v-sfere
 |website=Forbes Russia
 |date=17 November 2019
 |language=ru
 |access-date=7 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===University of Childhood===

Rybakova founded the University of Childhood initiative in 2016 as the preschool-education programme of the Rybakov Foundation. It became a separate organisation in 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |title=Университет детства
 |url=https://universityofchildhood.ru/
 |website=University of Childhood
 |language=ru
 |access-date=7 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The initiative has supported preschool teachers, students and educational organisations. Its programmes have included the Lev Vygotsky competition and projects intended to improve cooperation between teachers, children and families.

Rybakova has also taken part in public discussions about preschool and school education. In 2021, she spoke at an education conference with researchers and representatives of the World Bank and other educational organisations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |title=Программа конференции «Тенденции развития образования»
 |url=https://www.mgpu.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/PROGRAMMA-KONFERENTSII-TRO-2021.pdf
 |publisher=Moscow City University
 |date=2021
 |language=ru
 |access-date=7 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===PRO Women===

In 2016, Rybakova started PRO Women as a programme of the Rybakov Foundation. It was created as a network of small groups in which women could support one another in developing business, professional and social projects.&lt;ref name=&quot;ForbesProfile&quot; /&gt;

The community was organised through local, partly self-managed groups rather than as a traditional centrally managed organisation. By 2021, Forbes reported that it had about 22,000 participants.&lt;ref name=&quot;ForbesProfile&quot; /&gt; Later organisational and conference profiles reported that the community had expanded into several dozen countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |title=Екатерина Рыбакова
 |url=https://events.kommersant.ru/people/ekaterina-rybakova/
 |website=Kommersant Events
 |language=ru
 |access-date=7 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The initiative later became the separate Foundation for the Development of Women's Communities and Initiatives, commonly known as PRO Women.

==Writing and media work==

Rybakova is one of the authors of the book ''Слово женского рода'' (''Slovo zhenskogo roda''). The book was written with contributions from members of PRO Women and discusses leadership, mutual support and women's experiences in work and family life.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |title=Книга Екатерины Рыбаковой
 |url=https://pro-women.org/community-projects/book/
 |website=PRO Women
 |language=ru
 |access-date=7 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2023, Rybakova and Elena Morozova presented the interview programme ''Proyavlennye''. The programme included discussions about leadership, education and personal development.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |title=Рыбаков фонд представляет новое шоу — «Проявленные»
 |url=https://asi.org.ru/report/2023/09/15/rybakov-fond-predstavlyaet-novoe-shou-proyavlennye/
 |website=Агентство социальной информации
 |date=15 September 2023
 |language=ru
 |access-date=7 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Awards==

In 2021, Forbes Russia gave Ekaterina and Igor Rybakov an award for their contribution to education as part of its first Philanthropist of the Year awards.&lt;ref name=&quot;ForbesAward&quot; /&gt; Profiles published by Vedomosti and Kommersant have also reported that she received a Stevie Award for Women in Business for leadership of a nonprofit organisation.&lt;ref name=&quot;VedomostiBio&quot; /&gt;

==Personal life==

Rybakova is married to Russian businessman [[Igor Rybakov]], a co-founder of the building-materials company TechnoNICOL. They met while they were students and have four children.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |last=Sidorov
 |first=Denis
 |title=Екатерина Рыбакова — о принципах воспитания в семье миллиардера
 |url=https://style.rbc.ru/people/5d4816339a7947a52cc7dc3a
 |website=RBC Style
 |date=6 August 2019
 |language=ru
 |access-date=7 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt; The couple have said that they planned to direct a large part of their wealth toward education and philanthropic projects rather than leave all of it to their children.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |last=Milkus
 |first=Alexander
 |title=Екатерина Рыбакова: «Мы не советовались с детьми, когда решили, что отдаем 100 млн долларов на развитие системы образования»
 |url=https://www.kp.ru/daily/27110.5/4186485/
 |website=Komsomolskaya Pravda
 |date=28 March 2020
 |language=ru
 |access-date=7 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rybakova, Ekaterina}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Russian writers]]
[[Category:Russian businesspeople]]</text>
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    <title>Igor Rybakov</title>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Infobox person | name = Igor Rybakov | native_name = Игорь Рыбаков | native_name_lang = ru | image              = Igor V Rybakov TN 02.jpg | birth_name = Igor Vladimirovich Rybakov | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1972|5|16|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Magnitogorsk]], Russian SFSR, Soviet Union | nationality = Russian | education = [[Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology]] | occupation = Businessman, investor, philanthropist | known_for = Co-founder o...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="8312" sha1="lnuldahoclf9mw9idq7p1wpb8omczmg" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Igor Rybakov
| native_name = Игорь Рыбаков
| native_name_lang = ru
| image              = Igor V Rybakov TN 02.jpg
| birth_name = Igor Vladimirovich Rybakov
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1972|5|16|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Magnitogorsk]], Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
| nationality = Russian
| education = [[Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology]]
| occupation = Businessman, investor, philanthropist
| known_for = Co-founder of TechnoNICOL
| spouse = [[Ekaterina Rybakova]]
| children = 4
}}

'''Igor Vladimirovich Rybakov''' (Russian: '''Игорь Владимирович Рыбаков'''; born 16 May 1972) is a Russian businessman, investor and philanthropist. He is a co-founder and co-owner of TechnoNICOL, a company that makes roofing, insulation and other construction materials.&lt;ref name=&quot;ForbesProfile&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 |title=Игорь Рыбаков
 |url=https://www.forbes.ru/profile/285255-rybakov
 |website=Forbes Russia
 |language=ru
 |access-date=7 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rybakov founded TechnoNICOL with businessman Sergey Kolesnikov in 1992, while they were students at the [[Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology]]. The company later became one of the largest Russian manufacturers of roofing, waterproofing and thermal-insulation materials.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vedomosti2023&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 |title=«Мне плевать на деньги». Миллиардер Игорь Рыбаков — о том, как стал блогером и учит зарабатывать других
 |url=https://www.vedomosti.ru/gorod/townspeople/articles/mne-plevat-na-dengi-milliarder-igor-ribakov-kak-stal-blogerom-uchit-zarabativat-drugih
 |website=Vedomosti
 |date=8 February 2023
 |language=ru
 |access-date=7 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

He has appeared regularly on the Forbes list of billionaires. In May 2026, Forbes estimated his wealth at about US$1.4 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;ForbesGlobal&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 |title=Igor Rybakov
 |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/igor-rybakov/
 |website=Forbes
 |access-date=7 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rybakov and his wife, [[Ekaterina Rybakova]], established the Rybakov Foundation in 2015. The foundation supports educational projects, school communities, teachers, parents and social entrepreneurship.&lt;ref name=&quot;ForbesEducation&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 |last=Togoh
 |first=Isabel
 |title=How Billionaire Entrepreneurs Igor And Ekaterina Rybakov Built The 'Nobel Prize For Education'
 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/isabeltogoh/2020/01/27/how-billionaire-entrepreneurs-igor-and-ekaterina-rybakov-built-the-nobel-prize-for-education/
 |website=Forbes
 |date=27 January 2020
 |access-date=7 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Early life and education==

Rybakov was born on 16 May 1972 in [[Magnitogorsk]], an industrial city in the southern Ural region of the Soviet Union.

He attended a school specialising in mathematics and physics. He later studied at the [[Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology]]. At the institute, he met Sergey Kolesnikov, who later became his business partner.&lt;ref name=&quot;ForbesProfile&quot; /&gt;

Rybakov studied engineering and graduated from the institute in the 1990s. He began doing business while he was still a student.

==Business career==

===TechnoNICOL===

In 1992, Rybakov and Kolesnikov established TechnoNICOL. The company first worked in the roofing-materials market. During its early years, it ordered products from existing factories and sold roofing materials to construction companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vedomosti2023&quot; /&gt;

The partners later began buying and building their own factories. In 1995, they acquired control of a roofing-material plant in [[Vyborg]]. The business later expanded into waterproofing, thermal insulation, stone wool, plastic drainage systems and other construction products.

TechnoNICOL developed factories and sales operations in Russia and other European and Asian countries. It became one of the largest construction-material companies established in Russia after the end of the Soviet Union.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |title=Гендиректор «ТехноНиколь»: основной скачок цен на сырье уже произошел
 |url=https://www.interfax.ru/interview/796385
 |website=Interfax
 |date=11 October 2021
 |language=ru
 |access-date=7 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rybakov and Kolesnikov each own a large share of the company. Rybakov later stopped taking part in its daily management and concentrated on investment, education and philanthropic projects.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vedomosti2023&quot; /&gt;

===Investment activities===

Rybakov has invested in industrial, technology, education and real-estate projects.

In 2017, he and entrepreneur Oscar Hartmann established Larix, a venture investment fund reported to have planned investments of up to US$100 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |title=Издатель российского Forbes нашел партнера-инвестора
 |url=https://www.vedomosti.ru/technology/articles/2018/03/13/753370-izdatel-forbes
 |website=Vedomosti
 |date=13 March 2018
 |language=ru
 |access-date=7 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rybakov has also invested in education technology and children's digital products. He was previously an investor in the children's education platform Skazbuka, which was bought by Yandex in 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |title=«Яндекс» купил kidtech-платформу «Сказбука»
 |url=https://www.vedomosti.ru/media/articles/2023/09/27/997294-yandeks-kupil-kidtech-platformu-skazbuka
 |website=Vedomosti
 |date=27 September 2023
 |language=ru
 |access-date=7 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the 2020s, he began developing education centres, business communities and real-estate projects. In 2024, a company connected with Rybakov bought about 88 hectares of land in the Moscow region for a project called City of the Future. The purchase price was reported to be about one billion roubles.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |title=Миллиардер Рыбаков нашел место под строительство «Города будущего»
 |url=https://www.vedomosti.ru/realty/articles/2024/06/10/1042791-ribakov-nashel-mesto-pod-stroitelstvo-goroda-buduschego
 |website=Vedomosti
 |date=10 June 2024
 |language=ru
 |access-date=7 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Awards and recognition==

In 2018, Rybakov and Sergey Kolesnikov won the Russian national stage of the EY Entrepreneur of the Year competition. They represented Russia at the international award ceremony in Monaco in 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |title=Подведены итоги национального этапа конкурса EY «Предприниматель года 2018»
 |url=https://www.vedomosti.ru/press_releases/2018/11/30/podvedeni-itogi-natsionalnogo-etapa-konkursa-ey-predprinimatel-goda-2018-v-rossii
 |website=Vedomosti
 |date=30 November 2018
 |language=ru
 |access-date=7 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2021, Igor and [[Ekaterina Rybakova]] received a Forbes Russia Philanthropist of the Year award for their contribution to education.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |title=Премия «Филантроп года»: Forbes впервые вручил призы главным меценатам страны
 |url=https://www.forbes.ru/forbeslife-photogallery/430007-premiya-filantrop-goda-forbes-vpervye-vruchil-prizy-glavnym-mecenatam
 |website=Forbes Russia
 |date=21 May 2021
 |language=ru
 |access-date=7 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Personal life==

Rybakov is married to philanthropist [[Ekaterina Rybakova]]. They met when they were students and later married. They have four children.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |last=Sidorov
 |first=Denis
 |title=Екатерина Рыбакова — о принципах воспитания в семье миллиардера
 |url=https://style.rbc.ru/people/5d4816339a7947a52cc7dc3a
 |website=RBC Style
 |date=6 August 2019
 |language=ru
 |access-date=7 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The couple have said that they do not plan to leave all of their wealth directly to their children and that they intend to use a large part of it for education and philanthropy.

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rybakov, Igor}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Russian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Russian billionaires]]
[[Category:Russian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Russian writers]]
[[Category:People from Magnitogorsk]]</text>
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      <comment>paste from en wiki</comment>
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      <text bytes="5469" sha1="1n3n7i9toxfjwvuhjsz5ach8pz83rk4" xml:space="preserve">Perimenopause

The term &quot;perimenopause&quot;, which literally means &quot;around the menopause&quot;, refers to the menopause transition years before the date of the final episode of flow.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013-Basics&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIA2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=What Is Perimenopause? |work=WebMD |url=https://www.webmd.com/menopause/guide/guide-perimenopause#1 |access-date=6 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Perimenopause – Symptoms and causes |work=Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/perimenopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20354666 |access-date=6 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the [[North American Menopause Society]], this transition can last for four to eight years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Menopause 101 |url=http://www.menopause.org/for-women/menopauseflashes/menopause-101-a-primer-for-the-perimenopausal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410111346/http://www.menopause.org/for-women/menopauseflashes/menopause-101-a-primer-for-the-perimenopausal |archive-date=10 April 2013 |access-date=11 April 2013 |work=A primer for the perimenopausal |publisher=The North American Menopause Society}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Centre for Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation Research]] describes it as a six- to ten-year phase ending 12 months after the last menstrual period.&lt;ref name=&quot;cemcor2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Perimenopause |url=http://www.cemcor.ca/help_yourself/perimenopause |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225055347/http://cemcor.ca/help_yourself/perimenopause |archive-date=25 February 2013 |access-date=10 May 2013 |publisher=Centre for Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation Research (CeMCOR) |vauthors=Prior J}}&lt;/ref&gt; During perimenopause, [[estrogen]] levels average about 20–30% higher than during premenopause, often with wide fluctuations.&lt;ref name=&quot;cemcor2&quot; /&gt; These fluctuations cause many of the physical changes during perimenopause as well as menopause, especially during the last 1–2 years of perimenopause (before menopause).&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Chichester M, Ciranni P |date=August–September 2011 |title=Approaching menopause (but not there yet!): caring for women in midlife |journal=Nursing for Women's Health |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=320–4 |doi=10.1111/j.1751-486X.2011.01652.x |pmid=21884497}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some of these changes are [[hot flash]]es, [[night sweats]], difficulty sleeping, mood swings, [[vaginal dryness]] or [[Vaginal atrophy|atrophy]], [[Fecal incontinence|incontinence]], [[osteoporosis]], and heart disease.&lt;ref name=&quot;cemcor2&quot; /&gt; Perimenopause is also associated with a higher likelihood of depression (affecting from 45 percent to 68 percent of perimenopausal women), which is twice as likely to affect those with a history of depression.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Silver |first=Dr. Nazanin E. |date=2023 |title=Mood Changes During Perimenopause Are Real. Here's What to Know. |url=https://www.acog.org/womens-health/experts-and-stories/the-latest/mood-changes-during-perimenopause-are-real-heres-what-to-know |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=www.acog.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gilbert2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Gilbert N |date=27 January 2022 |title=When depression sneaks up on menopause |url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/mind/2022/when-depression-sneaks-menopause |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-012722-1 |access-date=17 May 2022 |doi-access=free|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

During this period, [[fertility]] diminishes but is not considered to reach zero until the official date of menopause. The official date is determined retroactively, once 12 months have passed after the last appearance of menstrual blood. The menopause transition typically begins between 40 and 50 years of age (average 47.5).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wVkKVsCdNIkC&amp;pg=PT247 |title=Disorders of menstruation |vauthors=Hurst BS |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1-4443-9181-7 |location=Chichester, West Sussex}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;McN20152&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=McNamara M, Batur P, DeSapri KT |date=February 2015 |title=In the clinic. Perimenopause |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=162 |issue=3 |pages=ITC1–15 |doi=10.7326/AITC201502030 |pmid=25643316|s2cid=216041116 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The duration of perimenopause may be for up to eight years.&lt;ref name=&quot;McN20152&quot; /&gt; Women will often, but not always, start these transitions (perimenopause and menopause) about the same time as their mother did.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Inevitable Menopause |url=http://ce.nurse.com/course/CE232-60/inevitable-menopause/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102015353/http://ce.nurse.com/course/ce232-60/inevitable-menopause |archive-date=2 November 2013 |access-date=11 April 2013 |vauthors=Kessenich C}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some research appears to show that [[melatonin]] supplementation in perimenopausal women can improve thyroid function and gonadotropin levels, as well as restoring fertility and menstruation and preventing depression associated with menopause.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bellipanni_20052&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Bellipanni G, DI Marzo F, Blasi F, Di Marzo A |date=December 2005 |title=Effects of melatonin in perimenopausal and menopausal women: our personal experience |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=1057 |issue=1 |pages=393–402 |bibcode=2005NYASA1057..393B |doi=10.1196/annals.1356.030 |pmid=16399909 |s2cid=25213110}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <comment>moved ref</comment>
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      <text bytes="5915" sha1="ddz8rod6w0xcti5h4wbxtdpf9fzxc3r" xml:space="preserve">Perimenopause

Perimenopause is the time before menopause. During this time, a women will experience changes in her body. This time usually begins when the women is in her mid- to late 40s. Usually women are in perimenopause for four years before their periods stop.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Menopause basics {{!}} Office on Women's Health|url=https://womenshealth.gov/menopause/menopause-basics|access-date=2026-06-06|website=womenshealth.gov|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The term &quot;perimenopause&quot;, which literally means &quot;around the menopause&quot;, refers to the menopause transition years before the date of the final episode of flow.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013-Basics&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIA2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=What Is Perimenopause? |work=WebMD |url=https://www.webmd.com/menopause/guide/guide-perimenopause#1 |access-date=6 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Perimenopause – Symptoms and causes |work=Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/perimenopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20354666 |access-date=6 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the [[North American Menopause Society]], this transition can last for four to eight years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Menopause 101 |url=http://www.menopause.org/for-women/menopauseflashes/menopause-101-a-primer-for-the-perimenopausal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410111346/http://www.menopause.org/for-women/menopauseflashes/menopause-101-a-primer-for-the-perimenopausal |archive-date=10 April 2013 |access-date=11 April 2013 |work=A primer for the perimenopausal |publisher=The North American Menopause Society}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Centre for Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation Research]] describes it as a six- to ten-year phase ending 12 months after the last menstrual period.&lt;ref name=&quot;cemcor2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Perimenopause |url=http://www.cemcor.ca/help_yourself/perimenopause |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225055347/http://cemcor.ca/help_yourself/perimenopause |archive-date=25 February 2013 |access-date=10 May 2013 |publisher=Centre for Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation Research (CeMCOR) |vauthors=Prior J}}&lt;/ref&gt; During perimenopause, [[estrogen]] levels average about 20–30% higher than during premenopause, often with wide fluctuations.&lt;ref name=&quot;cemcor2&quot; /&gt; These fluctuations cause many of the physical changes during perimenopause as well as menopause, especially during the last 1–2 years of perimenopause (before menopause).&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Chichester M, Ciranni P |date=August–September 2011 |title=Approaching menopause (but not there yet!): caring for women in midlife |journal=Nursing for Women's Health |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=320–4 |doi=10.1111/j.1751-486X.2011.01652.x |pmid=21884497}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some of these changes are [[hot flash]]es, [[night sweats]], difficulty sleeping, mood swings, [[vaginal dryness]] or [[Vaginal atrophy|atrophy]], [[Fecal incontinence|incontinence]], [[osteoporosis]], and heart disease.&lt;ref name=&quot;cemcor2&quot; /&gt; Perimenopause is also associated with a higher likelihood of depression (affecting from 45 percent to 68 percent of perimenopausal women), which is twice as likely to affect those with a history of depression.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Silver |first=Dr. Nazanin E. |date=2023 |title=Mood Changes During Perimenopause Are Real. Here's What to Know. |url=https://www.acog.org/womens-health/experts-and-stories/the-latest/mood-changes-during-perimenopause-are-real-heres-what-to-know |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=www.acog.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gilbert2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Gilbert N |date=27 January 2022 |title=When depression sneaks up on menopause |url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/mind/2022/when-depression-sneaks-menopause |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-012722-1 |access-date=17 May 2022 |doi-access=free|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

During this period, [[fertility]] diminishes but is not considered to reach zero until the official date of menopause. The official date is determined retroactively, once 12 months have passed after the last appearance of menstrual blood. The menopause transition typically begins between 40 and 50 years of age (average 47.5).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wVkKVsCdNIkC&amp;pg=PT247 |title=Disorders of menstruation |vauthors=Hurst BS |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1-4443-9181-7 |location=Chichester, West Sussex}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;McN20152&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=McNamara M, Batur P, DeSapri KT |date=February 2015 |title=In the clinic. Perimenopause |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=162 |issue=3 |pages=ITC1–15 |doi=10.7326/AITC201502030 |pmid=25643316|s2cid=216041116 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The duration of perimenopause may be for up to eight years.&lt;ref name=&quot;McN20152&quot; /&gt; Women will often, but not always, start these transitions (perimenopause and menopause) about the same time as their mother did.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Inevitable Menopause |url=http://ce.nurse.com/course/CE232-60/inevitable-menopause/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102015353/http://ce.nurse.com/course/ce232-60/inevitable-menopause |archive-date=2 November 2013 |access-date=11 April 2013 |vauthors=Kessenich C}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some research appears to show that [[melatonin]] supplementation in perimenopausal women can improve thyroid function and gonadotropin levels, as well as restoring fertility and menstruation and preventing depression associated with menopause.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bellipanni_20052&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Bellipanni G, DI Marzo F, Blasi F, Di Marzo A |date=December 2005 |title=Effects of melatonin in perimenopausal and menopausal women: our personal experience |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=1057 |issue=1 |pages=393–402 |bibcode=2005NYASA1057..393B |doi=10.1196/annals.1356.030 |pmid=16399909 |s2cid=25213110}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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==intro==
Perimenopause is the time before menopause. During this time, a women will experience changes in her body. This time usually begins when the women is in her mid- to late 40s. Usually women are in perimenopause for four years before their periods stop.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Menopause basics {{!}} Office on Women's Health|url=https://womenshealth.gov/menopause/menopause-basics|access-date=2026-06-06|website=womenshealth.gov|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==break==
The term &quot;perimenopause&quot;, which literally means &quot;around the menopause&quot;, refers to the menopause transition years before the date of the final episode of flow.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013-Basics&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIA2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=What Is Perimenopause? |work=WebMD |url=https://www.webmd.com/menopause/guide/guide-perimenopause#1 |access-date=6 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Perimenopause – Symptoms and causes |work=Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/perimenopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20354666 |access-date=6 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the [[North American Menopause Society]], this transition can last for four to eight years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Menopause 101 |url=http://www.menopause.org/for-women/menopauseflashes/menopause-101-a-primer-for-the-perimenopausal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410111346/http://www.menopause.org/for-women/menopauseflashes/menopause-101-a-primer-for-the-perimenopausal |archive-date=10 April 2013 |access-date=11 April 2013 |work=A primer for the perimenopausal |publisher=The North American Menopause Society}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
==break==
The [[Centre for Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation Research]] describes it as a six- to ten-year phase ending 12 months after the last menstrual period.&lt;ref name=&quot;cemcor2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Perimenopause |url=http://www.cemcor.ca/help_yourself/perimenopause |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225055347/http://cemcor.ca/help_yourself/perimenopause |archive-date=25 February 2013 |access-date=10 May 2013 |publisher=Centre for Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation Research (CeMCOR) |vauthors=Prior J}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
==break==
During perimenopause, [[estrogen]] levels average about 20–30% higher than during premenopause, often with wide fluctuations.&lt;ref name=&quot;cemcor2&quot; /&gt; These fluctuations cause many of the physical changes during perimenopause as well as menopause, especially during the last 1–2 years of perimenopause (before menopause).&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Chichester M, Ciranni P |date=August–September 2011 |title=Approaching menopause (but not there yet!): caring for women in midlife |journal=Nursing for Women's Health |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=320–4 |doi=10.1111/j.1751-486X.2011.01652.x |pmid=21884497}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

==break==
Some of these changes are [[hot flash]]es, [[night sweats]], difficulty sleeping, mood swings, [[vaginal dryness]] or [[Vaginal atrophy|atrophy]], [[Fecal incontinence|incontinence]], [[osteoporosis]], and heart disease.&lt;ref name=&quot;cemcor2&quot; /&gt; Perimenopause is also associated with a higher likelihood of depression (affecting from 45 percent to 68 percent of perimenopausal women), which is twice as likely to affect those with a history of depression.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Silver |first=Dr. Nazanin E. |date=2023 |title=Mood Changes During Perimenopause Are Real. Here's What to Know. |url=https://www.acog.org/womens-health/experts-and-stories/the-latest/mood-changes-during-perimenopause-are-real-heres-what-to-know |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=www.acog.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gilbert2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Gilbert N |date=27 January 2022 |title=When depression sneaks up on menopause |url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/mind/2022/when-depression-sneaks-menopause |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-012722-1 |access-date=17 May 2022 |doi-access=free|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==break==
During this period, [[fertility]] diminishes but is not considered to reach zero until the official date of menopause. The official date is determined retroactively, once 12 months have passed after the last appearance of menstrual blood. The menopause transition typically begins between 40 and 50 years of age (average 47.5).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wVkKVsCdNIkC&amp;pg=PT247 |title=Disorders of menstruation |vauthors=Hurst BS |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1-4443-9181-7 |location=Chichester, West Sussex}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;McN20152&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=McNamara M, Batur P, DeSapri KT |date=February 2015 |title=In the clinic. Perimenopause |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=162 |issue=3 |pages=ITC1–15 |doi=10.7326/AITC201502030 |pmid=25643316|s2cid=216041116 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
==break==
The duration of perimenopause may be for up to eight years.&lt;ref name=&quot;McN20152&quot; /&gt; Women will often, but not always, start these transitions (perimenopause and menopause) about the same time as their mother did.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Inevitable Menopause |url=http://ce.nurse.com/course/CE232-60/inevitable-menopause/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102015353/http://ce.nurse.com/course/ce232-60/inevitable-menopause |archive-date=2 November 2013 |access-date=11 April 2013 |vauthors=Kessenich C}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some research appears to show that [[melatonin]] supplementation in perimenopausal women can improve thyroid function and gonadotropin levels, as well as restoring fertility and menstruation and preventing depression associated with menopause.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bellipanni_20052&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Bellipanni G, DI Marzo F, Blasi F, Di Marzo A |date=December 2005 |title=Effects of melatonin in perimenopausal and menopausal women: our personal experience |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=1057 |issue=1 |pages=393–402 |bibcode=2005NYASA1057..393B |doi=10.1196/annals.1356.030 |pmid=16399909 |s2cid=25213110}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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==intro==
==Signs and Symptoms==
==causes==
==diagnosis==
==treatment and management==
==prognosis==
Perimenopause is the time before menopause. During this time, a women will experience changes in her body. This time usually begins when the women is in her mid- to late 40s. Usually women are in perimenopause for four years before their periods stop.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Menopause basics {{!}} Office on Women's Health|url=https://womenshealth.gov/menopause/menopause-basics|access-date=2026-06-06|website=womenshealth.gov|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==break==
The term &quot;perimenopause&quot;, which literally means &quot;around the menopause&quot;, refers to the menopause transition years before the date of the final episode of flow.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013-Basics&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIA2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=What Is Perimenopause? |work=WebMD |url=https://www.webmd.com/menopause/guide/guide-perimenopause#1 |access-date=6 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Perimenopause – Symptoms and causes |work=Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/perimenopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20354666 |access-date=6 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the [[North American Menopause Society]], this transition can last for four to eight years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Menopause 101 |url=http://www.menopause.org/for-women/menopauseflashes/menopause-101-a-primer-for-the-perimenopausal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410111346/http://www.menopause.org/for-women/menopauseflashes/menopause-101-a-primer-for-the-perimenopausal |archive-date=10 April 2013 |access-date=11 April 2013 |work=A primer for the perimenopausal |publisher=The North American Menopause Society}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
==break==
The [[Centre for Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation Research]] describes it as a six- to ten-year phase ending 12 months after the last menstrual period.&lt;ref name=&quot;cemcor2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Perimenopause |url=http://www.cemcor.ca/help_yourself/perimenopause |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225055347/http://cemcor.ca/help_yourself/perimenopause |archive-date=25 February 2013 |access-date=10 May 2013 |publisher=Centre for Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation Research (CeMCOR) |vauthors=Prior J}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
==break==
During perimenopause, [[estrogen]] levels average about 20–30% higher than during premenopause, often with wide fluctuations.&lt;ref name=&quot;cemcor2&quot; /&gt; These fluctuations cause many of the physical changes during perimenopause as well as menopause, especially during the last 1–2 years of perimenopause (before menopause).&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Chichester M, Ciranni P |date=August–September 2011 |title=Approaching menopause (but not there yet!): caring for women in midlife |journal=Nursing for Women's Health |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=320–4 |doi=10.1111/j.1751-486X.2011.01652.x |pmid=21884497}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

==break==
Some of these changes are [[hot flash]]es, [[night sweats]], difficulty sleeping, mood swings, [[vaginal dryness]] or [[Vaginal atrophy|atrophy]], [[Fecal incontinence|incontinence]], [[osteoporosis]], and heart disease.&lt;ref name=&quot;cemcor2&quot; /&gt; Perimenopause is also associated with a higher likelihood of depression (affecting from 45 percent to 68 percent of perimenopausal women), which is twice as likely to affect those with a history of depression.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Silver |first=Dr. Nazanin E. |date=2023 |title=Mood Changes During Perimenopause Are Real. Here's What to Know. |url=https://www.acog.org/womens-health/experts-and-stories/the-latest/mood-changes-during-perimenopause-are-real-heres-what-to-know |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=www.acog.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gilbert2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Gilbert N |date=27 January 2022 |title=When depression sneaks up on menopause |url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/mind/2022/when-depression-sneaks-menopause |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-012722-1 |access-date=17 May 2022 |doi-access=free|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==break==
During this period, [[fertility]] diminishes but is not considered to reach zero until the official date of menopause. The official date is determined retroactively, once 12 months have passed after the last appearance of menstrual blood. The menopause transition typically begins between 40 and 50 years of age (average 47.5).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wVkKVsCdNIkC&amp;pg=PT247 |title=Disorders of menstruation |vauthors=Hurst BS |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1-4443-9181-7 |location=Chichester, West Sussex}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;McN20152&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=McNamara M, Batur P, DeSapri KT |date=February 2015 |title=In the clinic. Perimenopause |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=162 |issue=3 |pages=ITC1–15 |doi=10.7326/AITC201502030 |pmid=25643316|s2cid=216041116 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
==break==
The duration of perimenopause may be for up to eight years.&lt;ref name=&quot;McN20152&quot; /&gt; Women will often, but not always, start these transitions (perimenopause and menopause) about the same time as their mother did.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Inevitable Menopause |url=http://ce.nurse.com/course/CE232-60/inevitable-menopause/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102015353/http://ce.nurse.com/course/ce232-60/inevitable-menopause |archive-date=2 November 2013 |access-date=11 April 2013 |vauthors=Kessenich C}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some research appears to show that [[melatonin]] supplementation in perimenopausal women can improve thyroid function and gonadotropin levels, as well as restoring fertility and menstruation and preventing depression associated with menopause.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bellipanni_20052&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Bellipanni G, DI Marzo F, Blasi F, Di Marzo A |date=December 2005 |title=Effects of melatonin in perimenopausal and menopausal women: our personal experience |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=1057 |issue=1 |pages=393–402 |bibcode=2005NYASA1057..393B |doi=10.1196/annals.1356.030 |pmid=16399909 |s2cid=25213110}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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== intro ==
Perimenopause is the time before menopause. During this time, a women will experience changes in her body. This time usually begins when the women is in her mid- to late 40s. Usually women are in perimenopause for four years before their periods stop.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;


==Signs and Symptoms==
==causes==
==diagnosis==
==treatment and management==
==prognosis==
Perimenopause is the time before menopause. During this time, a women will experience changes in her body. This time usually begins when the women is in her mid- to late 40s. Usually women are in perimenopause for four years before their periods stop.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Menopause basics {{!}} Office on Women's Health|url=https://womenshealth.gov/menopause/menopause-basics|access-date=2026-06-06|website=womenshealth.gov|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==break==
The term &quot;perimenopause&quot;, which literally means &quot;around the menopause&quot;, refers to the menopause transition years before the date of the final episode of flow.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013-Basics&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIA2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=What Is Perimenopause? |work=WebMD |url=https://www.webmd.com/menopause/guide/guide-perimenopause#1 |access-date=6 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Perimenopause – Symptoms and causes |work=Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/perimenopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20354666 |access-date=6 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the [[North American Menopause Society]], this transition can last for four to eight years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Menopause 101 |url=http://www.menopause.org/for-women/menopauseflashes/menopause-101-a-primer-for-the-perimenopausal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410111346/http://www.menopause.org/for-women/menopauseflashes/menopause-101-a-primer-for-the-perimenopausal |archive-date=10 April 2013 |access-date=11 April 2013 |work=A primer for the perimenopausal |publisher=The North American Menopause Society}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
==break==
The [[Centre for Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation Research]] describes it as a six- to ten-year phase ending 12 months after the last menstrual period.&lt;ref name=&quot;cemcor2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Perimenopause |url=http://www.cemcor.ca/help_yourself/perimenopause |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225055347/http://cemcor.ca/help_yourself/perimenopause |archive-date=25 February 2013 |access-date=10 May 2013 |publisher=Centre for Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation Research (CeMCOR) |vauthors=Prior J}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
==break==
During perimenopause, [[estrogen]] levels average about 20–30% higher than during premenopause, often with wide fluctuations.&lt;ref name=&quot;cemcor2&quot; /&gt; These fluctuations cause many of the physical changes during perimenopause as well as menopause, especially during the last 1–2 years of perimenopause (before menopause).&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Chichester M, Ciranni P |date=August–September 2011 |title=Approaching menopause (but not there yet!): caring for women in midlife |journal=Nursing for Women's Health |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=320–4 |doi=10.1111/j.1751-486X.2011.01652.x |pmid=21884497}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

==break==
Some of these changes are [[hot flash]]es, [[night sweats]], difficulty sleeping, mood swings, [[vaginal dryness]] or [[Vaginal atrophy|atrophy]], [[Fecal incontinence|incontinence]], [[osteoporosis]], and heart disease.&lt;ref name=&quot;cemcor2&quot; /&gt; Perimenopause is also associated with a higher likelihood of depression (affecting from 45 percent to 68 percent of perimenopausal women), which is twice as likely to affect those with a history of depression.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Silver |first=Dr. Nazanin E. |date=2023 |title=Mood Changes During Perimenopause Are Real. Here's What to Know. |url=https://www.acog.org/womens-health/experts-and-stories/the-latest/mood-changes-during-perimenopause-are-real-heres-what-to-know |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=www.acog.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gilbert2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Gilbert N |date=27 January 2022 |title=When depression sneaks up on menopause |url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/mind/2022/when-depression-sneaks-menopause |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-012722-1 |access-date=17 May 2022 |doi-access=free|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==break==
During this period, [[fertility]] diminishes but is not considered to reach zero until the official date of menopause. The official date is determined retroactively, once 12 months have passed after the last appearance of menstrual blood. The menopause transition typically begins between 40 and 50 years of age (average 47.5).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wVkKVsCdNIkC&amp;pg=PT247 |title=Disorders of menstruation |vauthors=Hurst BS |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1-4443-9181-7 |location=Chichester, West Sussex}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;McN20152&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=McNamara M, Batur P, DeSapri KT |date=February 2015 |title=In the clinic. Perimenopause |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=162 |issue=3 |pages=ITC1–15 |doi=10.7326/AITC201502030 |pmid=25643316|s2cid=216041116 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
==break==
The duration of perimenopause may be for up to eight years.&lt;ref name=&quot;McN20152&quot; /&gt; Women will often, but not always, start these transitions (perimenopause and menopause) about the same time as their mother did.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Inevitable Menopause |url=http://ce.nurse.com/course/CE232-60/inevitable-menopause/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102015353/http://ce.nurse.com/course/ce232-60/inevitable-menopause |archive-date=2 November 2013 |access-date=11 April 2013 |vauthors=Kessenich C}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some research appears to show that [[melatonin]] supplementation in perimenopausal women can improve thyroid function and gonadotropin levels, as well as restoring fertility and menstruation and preventing depression associated with menopause.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bellipanni_20052&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Bellipanni G, DI Marzo F, Blasi F, Di Marzo A |date=December 2005 |title=Effects of melatonin in perimenopausal and menopausal women: our personal experience |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=1057 |issue=1 |pages=393–402 |bibcode=2005NYASA1057..393B |doi=10.1196/annals.1356.030 |pmid=16399909 |s2cid=25213110}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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== intro ==
Perimenopause is the time before menopause. During this time, a women will experience changes in her body. This time usually begins when the women is in her mid- to late 40s. Usually women are in perimenopause for four years before their periods stop.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;


==Signs and Symptoms==


==causes==


==diagnosis==


==treatment and management==


==prognosis==


Perimenopause is the time before menopause. During this time, a women will experience changes in her body. This time usually begins when the women is in her mid- to late 40s. Usually women are in perimenopause for four years before their periods stop.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Menopause basics {{!}} Office on Women's Health|url=https://womenshealth.gov/menopause/menopause-basics|access-date=2026-06-06|website=womenshealth.gov|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==break==
The term &quot;perimenopause&quot;, which literally means &quot;around the menopause&quot;, refers to the menopause transition years before the date of the final episode of flow.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013-Basics&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIA2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=What Is Perimenopause? |work=WebMD |url=https://www.webmd.com/menopause/guide/guide-perimenopause#1 |access-date=6 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Perimenopause – Symptoms and causes |work=Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/perimenopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20354666 |access-date=6 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the [[North American Menopause Society]], this transition can last for four to eight years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Menopause 101 |url=http://www.menopause.org/for-women/menopauseflashes/menopause-101-a-primer-for-the-perimenopausal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410111346/http://www.menopause.org/for-women/menopauseflashes/menopause-101-a-primer-for-the-perimenopausal |archive-date=10 April 2013 |access-date=11 April 2013 |work=A primer for the perimenopausal |publisher=The North American Menopause Society}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
==break==
The [[Centre for Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation Research]] describes it as a six- to ten-year phase ending 12 months after the last menstrual period.&lt;ref name=&quot;cemcor2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Perimenopause |url=http://www.cemcor.ca/help_yourself/perimenopause |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225055347/http://cemcor.ca/help_yourself/perimenopause |archive-date=25 February 2013 |access-date=10 May 2013 |publisher=Centre for Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation Research (CeMCOR) |vauthors=Prior J}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
==break==
During perimenopause, [[estrogen]] levels average about 20–30% higher than during premenopause, often with wide fluctuations.&lt;ref name=&quot;cemcor2&quot; /&gt; These fluctuations cause many of the physical changes during perimenopause as well as menopause, especially during the last 1–2 years of perimenopause (before menopause).&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Chichester M, Ciranni P |date=August–September 2011 |title=Approaching menopause (but not there yet!): caring for women in midlife |journal=Nursing for Women's Health |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=320–4 |doi=10.1111/j.1751-486X.2011.01652.x |pmid=21884497}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

==break==
Some of these changes are [[hot flash]]es, [[night sweats]], difficulty sleeping, mood swings, [[vaginal dryness]] or [[Vaginal atrophy|atrophy]], [[Fecal incontinence|incontinence]], [[osteoporosis]], and heart disease.&lt;ref name=&quot;cemcor2&quot; /&gt; Perimenopause is also associated with a higher likelihood of depression (affecting from 45 percent to 68 percent of perimenopausal women), which is twice as likely to affect those with a history of depression.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Silver |first=Dr. Nazanin E. |date=2023 |title=Mood Changes During Perimenopause Are Real. Here's What to Know. |url=https://www.acog.org/womens-health/experts-and-stories/the-latest/mood-changes-during-perimenopause-are-real-heres-what-to-know |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=www.acog.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gilbert2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Gilbert N |date=27 January 2022 |title=When depression sneaks up on menopause |url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/mind/2022/when-depression-sneaks-menopause |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-012722-1 |access-date=17 May 2022 |doi-access=free|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==break==
During this period, [[fertility]] diminishes but is not considered to reach zero until the official date of menopause. The official date is determined retroactively, once 12 months have passed after the last appearance of menstrual blood. The menopause transition typically begins between 40 and 50 years of age (average 47.5).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wVkKVsCdNIkC&amp;pg=PT247 |title=Disorders of menstruation |vauthors=Hurst BS |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1-4443-9181-7 |location=Chichester, West Sussex}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;McN20152&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=McNamara M, Batur P, DeSapri KT |date=February 2015 |title=In the clinic. Perimenopause |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=162 |issue=3 |pages=ITC1–15 |doi=10.7326/AITC201502030 |pmid=25643316|s2cid=216041116 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
==break==
The duration of perimenopause may be for up to eight years.&lt;ref name=&quot;McN20152&quot; /&gt; Women will often, but not always, start these transitions (perimenopause and menopause) about the same time as their mother did.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Inevitable Menopause |url=http://ce.nurse.com/course/CE232-60/inevitable-menopause/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102015353/http://ce.nurse.com/course/ce232-60/inevitable-menopause |archive-date=2 November 2013 |access-date=11 April 2013 |vauthors=Kessenich C}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some research appears to show that [[melatonin]] supplementation in perimenopausal women can improve thyroid function and gonadotropin levels, as well as restoring fertility and menstruation and preventing depression associated with menopause.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bellipanni_20052&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Bellipanni G, DI Marzo F, Blasi F, Di Marzo A |date=December 2005 |title=Effects of melatonin in perimenopausal and menopausal women: our personal experience |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=1057 |issue=1 |pages=393–402 |bibcode=2005NYASA1057..393B |doi=10.1196/annals.1356.030 |pmid=16399909 |s2cid=25213110}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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== intro ==
Perimenopause is the time before menopause. During this time, a women will experience changes in her body. This time usually begins when the women is in her mid- to late 40s. Usually women are in perimenopause for four years before their periods stop.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
 

==Signs and Symptoms==

Symptoms include changing periods and feeling hot.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
==causes==


==diagnosis==


==treatment and management==


==prognosis==


Perimenopause is the time before menopause. During this time, a women will experience changes in her body. This time usually begins when the women is in her mid- to late 40s. Usually women are in perimenopause for four years before their periods stop.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Menopause basics {{!}} Office on Women's Health|url=https://womenshealth.gov/menopause/menopause-basics|access-date=2026-06-06|website=womenshealth.gov|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==break==
The term &quot;perimenopause&quot;, which literally means &quot;around the menopause&quot;, refers to the menopause transition years before the date of the final episode of flow.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013-Basics&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIA2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=What Is Perimenopause? |work=WebMD |url=https://www.webmd.com/menopause/guide/guide-perimenopause#1 |access-date=6 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Perimenopause – Symptoms and causes |work=Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/perimenopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20354666 |access-date=6 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the [[North American Menopause Society]], this transition can last for four to eight years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Menopause 101 |url=http://www.menopause.org/for-women/menopauseflashes/menopause-101-a-primer-for-the-perimenopausal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410111346/http://www.menopause.org/for-women/menopauseflashes/menopause-101-a-primer-for-the-perimenopausal |archive-date=10 April 2013 |access-date=11 April 2013 |work=A primer for the perimenopausal |publisher=The North American Menopause Society}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
==break==
The [[Centre for Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation Research]] describes it as a six- to ten-year phase ending 12 months after the last menstrual period.&lt;ref name=&quot;cemcor2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Perimenopause |url=http://www.cemcor.ca/help_yourself/perimenopause |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225055347/http://cemcor.ca/help_yourself/perimenopause |archive-date=25 February 2013 |access-date=10 May 2013 |publisher=Centre for Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation Research (CeMCOR) |vauthors=Prior J}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
==break==
During perimenopause, [[estrogen]] levels average about 20–30% higher than during premenopause, often with wide fluctuations.&lt;ref name=&quot;cemcor2&quot; /&gt; These fluctuations cause many of the physical changes during perimenopause as well as menopause, especially during the last 1–2 years of perimenopause (before menopause).&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Chichester M, Ciranni P |date=August–September 2011 |title=Approaching menopause (but not there yet!): caring for women in midlife |journal=Nursing for Women's Health |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=320–4 |doi=10.1111/j.1751-486X.2011.01652.x |pmid=21884497}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

==break==
Some of these changes are [[hot flash]]es, [[night sweats]], difficulty sleeping, mood swings, [[vaginal dryness]] or [[Vaginal atrophy|atrophy]], [[Fecal incontinence|incontinence]], [[osteoporosis]], and heart disease.&lt;ref name=&quot;cemcor2&quot; /&gt; Perimenopause is also associated with a higher likelihood of depression (affecting from 45 percent to 68 percent of perimenopausal women), which is twice as likely to affect those with a history of depression.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Silver |first=Dr. Nazanin E. |date=2023 |title=Mood Changes During Perimenopause Are Real. Here's What to Know. |url=https://www.acog.org/womens-health/experts-and-stories/the-latest/mood-changes-during-perimenopause-are-real-heres-what-to-know |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=www.acog.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gilbert2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Gilbert N |date=27 January 2022 |title=When depression sneaks up on menopause |url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/mind/2022/when-depression-sneaks-menopause |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-012722-1 |access-date=17 May 2022 |doi-access=free|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==break==
During this period, [[fertility]] diminishes but is not considered to reach zero until the official date of menopause. The official date is determined retroactively, once 12 months have passed after the last appearance of menstrual blood. The menopause transition typically begins between 40 and 50 years of age (average 47.5).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wVkKVsCdNIkC&amp;pg=PT247 |title=Disorders of menstruation |vauthors=Hurst BS |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1-4443-9181-7 |location=Chichester, West Sussex}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;McN20152&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=McNamara M, Batur P, DeSapri KT |date=February 2015 |title=In the clinic. Perimenopause |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=162 |issue=3 |pages=ITC1–15 |doi=10.7326/AITC201502030 |pmid=25643316|s2cid=216041116 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
==break==
The duration of perimenopause may be for up to eight years.&lt;ref name=&quot;McN20152&quot; /&gt; Women will often, but not always, start these transitions (perimenopause and menopause) about the same time as their mother did.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Inevitable Menopause |url=http://ce.nurse.com/course/CE232-60/inevitable-menopause/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102015353/http://ce.nurse.com/course/ce232-60/inevitable-menopause |archive-date=2 November 2013 |access-date=11 April 2013 |vauthors=Kessenich C}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some research appears to show that [[melatonin]] supplementation in perimenopausal women can improve thyroid function and gonadotropin levels, as well as restoring fertility and menstruation and preventing depression associated with menopause.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bellipanni_20052&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Bellipanni G, DI Marzo F, Blasi F, Di Marzo A |date=December 2005 |title=Effects of melatonin in perimenopausal and menopausal women: our personal experience |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=1057 |issue=1 |pages=393–402 |bibcode=2005NYASA1057..393B |doi=10.1196/annals.1356.030 |pmid=16399909 |s2cid=25213110}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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== intro ==
Perimenopause is the time before menopause when periods stop.During this time, a women will experience changes in her body. This time usually begins when the women is in her mid- to late 40s. Usually women are in perimenopause for four years before their periods stop.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
 

==Signs and Symptoms==

Symptoms include changing periods and feeling hot.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
==causes==


==diagnosis==


==treatment and management==


==prognosis==


Perimenopause is the time before menopause. During this time, a women will experience changes in her body. This time usually begins when the women is in her mid- to late 40s. Usually women are in perimenopause for four years before their periods stop.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Menopause basics {{!}} Office on Women's Health|url=https://womenshealth.gov/menopause/menopause-basics|access-date=2026-06-06|website=womenshealth.gov|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==break==
The term &quot;perimenopause&quot;, which literally means &quot;around the menopause&quot;, refers to the menopause transition years before the date of the final episode of flow.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013-Basics&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIA2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=What Is Perimenopause? |work=WebMD |url=https://www.webmd.com/menopause/guide/guide-perimenopause#1 |access-date=6 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Perimenopause – Symptoms and causes |work=Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/perimenopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20354666 |access-date=6 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the [[North American Menopause Society]], this transition can last for four to eight years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Menopause 101 |url=http://www.menopause.org/for-women/menopauseflashes/menopause-101-a-primer-for-the-perimenopausal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410111346/http://www.menopause.org/for-women/menopauseflashes/menopause-101-a-primer-for-the-perimenopausal |archive-date=10 April 2013 |access-date=11 April 2013 |work=A primer for the perimenopausal |publisher=The North American Menopause Society}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
==break==
The [[Centre for Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation Research]] describes it as a six- to ten-year phase ending 12 months after the last menstrual period.&lt;ref name=&quot;cemcor2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Perimenopause |url=http://www.cemcor.ca/help_yourself/perimenopause |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225055347/http://cemcor.ca/help_yourself/perimenopause |archive-date=25 February 2013 |access-date=10 May 2013 |publisher=Centre for Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation Research (CeMCOR) |vauthors=Prior J}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
==break==
During perimenopause, [[estrogen]] levels average about 20–30% higher than during premenopause, often with wide fluctuations.&lt;ref name=&quot;cemcor2&quot; /&gt; These fluctuations cause many of the physical changes during perimenopause as well as menopause, especially during the last 1–2 years of perimenopause (before menopause).&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Chichester M, Ciranni P |date=August–September 2011 |title=Approaching menopause (but not there yet!): caring for women in midlife |journal=Nursing for Women's Health |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=320–4 |doi=10.1111/j.1751-486X.2011.01652.x |pmid=21884497}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

==break==
Some of these changes are [[hot flash]]es, [[night sweats]], difficulty sleeping, mood swings, [[vaginal dryness]] or [[Vaginal atrophy|atrophy]], [[Fecal incontinence|incontinence]], [[osteoporosis]], and heart disease.&lt;ref name=&quot;cemcor2&quot; /&gt; Perimenopause is also associated with a higher likelihood of depression (affecting from 45 percent to 68 percent of perimenopausal women), which is twice as likely to affect those with a history of depression.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Silver |first=Dr. Nazanin E. |date=2023 |title=Mood Changes During Perimenopause Are Real. Here's What to Know. |url=https://www.acog.org/womens-health/experts-and-stories/the-latest/mood-changes-during-perimenopause-are-real-heres-what-to-know |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=www.acog.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gilbert2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Gilbert N |date=27 January 2022 |title=When depression sneaks up on menopause |url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/mind/2022/when-depression-sneaks-menopause |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-012722-1 |access-date=17 May 2022 |doi-access=free|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==break==
During this period, [[fertility]] diminishes but is not considered to reach zero until the official date of menopause. The official date is determined retroactively, once 12 months have passed after the last appearance of menstrual blood. The menopause transition typically begins between 40 and 50 years of age (average 47.5).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wVkKVsCdNIkC&amp;pg=PT247 |title=Disorders of menstruation |vauthors=Hurst BS |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1-4443-9181-7 |location=Chichester, West Sussex}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;McN20152&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=McNamara M, Batur P, DeSapri KT |date=February 2015 |title=In the clinic. Perimenopause |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=162 |issue=3 |pages=ITC1–15 |doi=10.7326/AITC201502030 |pmid=25643316|s2cid=216041116 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
==break==
The duration of perimenopause may be for up to eight years.&lt;ref name=&quot;McN20152&quot; /&gt; Women will often, but not always, start these transitions (perimenopause and menopause) about the same time as their mother did.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Inevitable Menopause |url=http://ce.nurse.com/course/CE232-60/inevitable-menopause/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102015353/http://ce.nurse.com/course/ce232-60/inevitable-menopause |archive-date=2 November 2013 |access-date=11 April 2013 |vauthors=Kessenich C}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some research appears to show that [[melatonin]] supplementation in perimenopausal women can improve thyroid function and gonadotropin levels, as well as restoring fertility and menstruation and preventing depression associated with menopause.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bellipanni_20052&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Bellipanni G, DI Marzo F, Blasi F, Di Marzo A |date=December 2005 |title=Effects of melatonin in perimenopausal and menopausal women: our personal experience |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=1057 |issue=1 |pages=393–402 |bibcode=2005NYASA1057..393B |doi=10.1196/annals.1356.030 |pmid=16399909 |s2cid=25213110}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="6468" sha1="p12f5h75n8594klhj3xnk6vqv4nuz02" xml:space="preserve">Perimenopause

== intro ==
Perimenopause is the time before menopause when periods stop. During this time, a women will experience changes in her body. This time usually begins when the women is in her mid- to late 40s. Usually women are in perimenopause for four years before their periods stop.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
 

==Signs and Symptoms==

Symptoms include periods changing periods and feeling hot.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
==causes==


==diagnosis==


==treatment and management==


==prognosis==


Perimenopause is the time before menopause. During this time, a women will experience changes in her body. This time usually begins when the women is in her mid- to late 40s. Usually women are in perimenopause for four years before their periods stop.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Menopause basics {{!}} Office on Women's Health|url=https://womenshealth.gov/menopause/menopause-basics|access-date=2026-06-06|website=womenshealth.gov|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==break==
The term &quot;perimenopause&quot;, which literally means &quot;around the menopause&quot;, refers to the menopause transition years before the date of the final episode of flow.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013-Basics&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIA2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=What Is Perimenopause? |work=WebMD |url=https://www.webmd.com/menopause/guide/guide-perimenopause#1 |access-date=6 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Perimenopause – Symptoms and causes |work=Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/perimenopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20354666 |access-date=6 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the [[North American Menopause Society]], this transition can last for four to eight years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Menopause 101 |url=http://www.menopause.org/for-women/menopauseflashes/menopause-101-a-primer-for-the-perimenopausal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410111346/http://www.menopause.org/for-women/menopauseflashes/menopause-101-a-primer-for-the-perimenopausal |archive-date=10 April 2013 |access-date=11 April 2013 |work=A primer for the perimenopausal |publisher=The North American Menopause Society}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
==break==
The [[Centre for Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation Research]] describes it as a six- to ten-year phase ending 12 months after the last menstrual period.&lt;ref name=&quot;cemcor2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Perimenopause |url=http://www.cemcor.ca/help_yourself/perimenopause |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225055347/http://cemcor.ca/help_yourself/perimenopause |archive-date=25 February 2013 |access-date=10 May 2013 |publisher=Centre for Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation Research (CeMCOR) |vauthors=Prior J}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
==break==
During perimenopause, [[estrogen]] levels average about 20–30% higher than during premenopause, often with wide fluctuations.&lt;ref name=&quot;cemcor2&quot; /&gt; These fluctuations cause many of the physical changes during perimenopause as well as menopause, especially during the last 1–2 years of perimenopause (before menopause).&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Chichester M, Ciranni P |date=August–September 2011 |title=Approaching menopause (but not there yet!): caring for women in midlife |journal=Nursing for Women's Health |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=320–4 |doi=10.1111/j.1751-486X.2011.01652.x |pmid=21884497}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

==break==
Some of these changes are [[hot flash]]es, [[night sweats]], difficulty sleeping, mood swings, [[vaginal dryness]] or [[Vaginal atrophy|atrophy]], [[Fecal incontinence|incontinence]], [[osteoporosis]], and heart disease.&lt;ref name=&quot;cemcor2&quot; /&gt; Perimenopause is also associated with a higher likelihood of depression (affecting from 45 percent to 68 percent of perimenopausal women), which is twice as likely to affect those with a history of depression.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Silver |first=Dr. Nazanin E. |date=2023 |title=Mood Changes During Perimenopause Are Real. Here's What to Know. |url=https://www.acog.org/womens-health/experts-and-stories/the-latest/mood-changes-during-perimenopause-are-real-heres-what-to-know |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=www.acog.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gilbert2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Gilbert N |date=27 January 2022 |title=When depression sneaks up on menopause |url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/mind/2022/when-depression-sneaks-menopause |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-012722-1 |access-date=17 May 2022 |doi-access=free|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==break==
During this period, [[fertility]] diminishes but is not considered to reach zero until the official date of menopause. The official date is determined retroactively, once 12 months have passed after the last appearance of menstrual blood. The menopause transition typically begins between 40 and 50 years of age (average 47.5).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wVkKVsCdNIkC&amp;pg=PT247 |title=Disorders of menstruation |vauthors=Hurst BS |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1-4443-9181-7 |location=Chichester, West Sussex}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;McN20152&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=McNamara M, Batur P, DeSapri KT |date=February 2015 |title=In the clinic. Perimenopause |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=162 |issue=3 |pages=ITC1–15 |doi=10.7326/AITC201502030 |pmid=25643316|s2cid=216041116 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
==break==
The duration of perimenopause may be for up to eight years.&lt;ref name=&quot;McN20152&quot; /&gt; Women will often, but not always, start these transitions (perimenopause and menopause) about the same time as their mother did.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Inevitable Menopause |url=http://ce.nurse.com/course/CE232-60/inevitable-menopause/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102015353/http://ce.nurse.com/course/ce232-60/inevitable-menopause |archive-date=2 November 2013 |access-date=11 April 2013 |vauthors=Kessenich C}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some research appears to show that [[melatonin]] supplementation in perimenopausal women can improve thyroid function and gonadotropin levels, as well as restoring fertility and menstruation and preventing depression associated with menopause.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bellipanni_20052&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Bellipanni G, DI Marzo F, Blasi F, Di Marzo A |date=December 2005 |title=Effects of melatonin in perimenopausal and menopausal women: our personal experience |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=1057 |issue=1 |pages=393–402 |bibcode=2005NYASA1057..393B |doi=10.1196/annals.1356.030 |pmid=16399909 |s2cid=25213110}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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Perimenopause

The term &quot;perimenopause&quot;, which literally means &quot;around the menopause&quot;, refers to the menopause transition years before the date of the final episode of flow.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013-Basics&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIA2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=What Is Perimenopause? |work=WebMD |url=https://www.webmd.com/menopause/guide/guide-perimenopause#1 |access-date=6 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Perimenopause – Symptoms and causes |work=Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/perimenopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20354666 |access-date=6 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the [[North American Menopause Society]], this transition can last for four to eight years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Menopause 101 |url=http://www.menopause.org/for-women/menopauseflashes/menopause-101-a-primer-for-the-perimenopausal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410111346/http://www.menopause.org/for-women/menopauseflashes/menopause-101-a-primer-for-the-perimenopausal |archive-date=10 April 2013 |access-date=11 April 2013 |work=A primer for the perimenopausal |publisher=The North American Menopause Society}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Centre for Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation Research]] describes it as a six- to ten-year phase ending 12 months after the last menstrual period.&lt;ref name=&quot;cemcor2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Perimenopause |url=http://www.cemcor.ca/help_yourself/perimenopause |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225055347/http://cemcor.ca/help_yourself/perimenopause |archive-date=25 February 2013 |access-date=10 May 2013 |publisher=Centre for Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation Research (CeMCOR) |vauthors=Prior J}}&lt;/ref&gt; During perimenopause, [[estrogen]] levels average about 20–30% higher than during premenopause, often with wide fluctuations.&lt;ref name=&quot;cemcor2&quot; /&gt; These fluctuations cause many of the physical changes during perimenopause as well as menopause, especially during the last 1–2 years of perimenopause (before menopause).&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Chichester M, Ciranni P |date=August–September 2011 |title=Approaching menopause (but not there yet!): caring for women in midlife |journal=Nursing for Women's Health |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=320–4 |doi=10.1111/j.1751-486X.2011.01652.x |pmid=21884497}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some of these changes are [[hot flash]]es, [[night sweats]], difficulty sleeping, mood swings, [[vaginal dryness]] or [[Vaginal atrophy|atrophy]], [[Fecal incontinence|incontinence]], [[osteoporosis]], and heart disease.&lt;ref name=&quot;cemcor2&quot; /&gt; Perimenopause is also associated with a higher likelihood of depression (affecting from 45 percent to 68 percent of perimenopausal women), which is twice as likely to affect those with a history of depression.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Silver |first=Dr. Nazanin E. |date=2023 |title=Mood Changes During Perimenopause Are Real. Here's What to Know. |url=https://www.acog.org/womens-health/experts-and-stories/the-latest/mood-changes-during-perimenopause-are-real-heres-what-to-know |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=www.acog.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gilbert2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Gilbert N |date=27 January 2022 |title=When depression sneaks up on menopause |url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/mind/2022/when-depression-sneaks-menopause |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-012722-1 |access-date=17 May 2022 |doi-access=free|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

During this period, [[fertility]] diminishes but is not considered to reach zero until the official date of menopause. The official date is determined retroactively, once 12 months have passed after the last appearance of menstrual blood. The menopause transition typically begins between 40 and 50 years of age (average 47.5).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wVkKVsCdNIkC&amp;pg=PT247 |title=Disorders of menstruation |vauthors=Hurst BS |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1-4443-9181-7 |location=Chichester, West Sussex}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;McN20152&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=McNamara M, Batur P, DeSapri KT |date=February 2015 |title=In the clinic. Perimenopause |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=162 |issue=3 |pages=ITC1–15 |doi=10.7326/AITC201502030 |pmid=25643316|s2cid=216041116 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The duration of perimenopause may be for up to eight years.&lt;ref name=&quot;McN20152&quot; /&gt; Women will often, but not always, start these transitions (perimenopause and menopause) about the same time as their mother did.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Inevitable Menopause |url=http://ce.nurse.com/course/CE232-60/inevitable-menopause/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102015353/http://ce.nurse.com/course/ce232-60/inevitable-menopause |archive-date=2 November 2013 |access-date=11 April 2013 |vauthors=Kessenich C}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some research appears to show that [[melatonin]] supplementation in perimenopausal women can improve thyroid function and gonadotropin levels, as well as restoring fertility and menstruation and preventing depression associated with menopause.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bellipanni_20052&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Bellipanni G, DI Marzo F, Blasi F, Di Marzo A |date=December 2005 |title=Effects of melatonin in perimenopausal and menopausal women: our personal experience |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=1057 |issue=1 |pages=393–402 |bibcode=2005NYASA1057..393B |doi=10.1196/annals.1356.030 |pmid=16399909 |s2cid=25213110}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <comment>PierceGrant moved page [[Nydia Quintero Turbay]] to [[Nydia Quintero]]: This page is named Nydia Quintero to match other language versions. Born Nydia Quintero Turbay, she became Nydia Quintero de Turbay after marriage, following Colombian customs. After her divorce, she returned to her birth name and later added the surname of her second husband, &quot;de Balcázar.&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="85" sha1="j2gwvszgq2ju1eytnt9ufghl3yhq5wg" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[windows Vista]]
{{redirect category shell|
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      <text bytes="83" sha1="eczfp9p9wfkgo7e7w7v5ggda2q2a420" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[windows Vista]]
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      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1303745947|Ernst Jandl]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Ernst Jandl''' (   ; 1 August 1925 – 9 June 2000) was an Austrian writer, poet, and translator. He became known for his experimental lyric, mainly sound poems (''Sprechgedichte'') in the tradition of concrete and visual poetic forms.

His work was influenced by [[Dadaism]]. He was the partner of [[Friederike Mayröcker]].  Like him, Mayröcker also was a poet. In his poems, he uses a lot of word play. 

One of his poems &quot;Ottos mops&quot; (Ottos pug) uses only the sound o. It is difficult to translate. 
[[Category:Austrian writers]]
[[Category:Austrian poets]]</text>
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'''Ernst Jandl''' (   ; 1 August 1925 – 9 June 2000) was an Austrian writer, poet, and translator. He became known for his experimental lyric, mainly sound poems (''Sprechgedichte'') in the tradition of concrete and visual poetic forms.

His work was influenced by [[Dadaism]]. He was the partner of [[Friederike Mayröcker]].  Like him, Mayröcker also was a poet. In his poems, he uses a lot of word play. 

One of his poems &quot;Ottos mops&quot; (Ottos pug) uses only the sound o. It is difficult to translate. 
[[Category:Austrian writers]]
[[Category:Austrian poets]]</text>
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      <comment>/* Feeling s are real emotionally spiritly &amp; physically */ new section</comment>
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      <text bytes="236" sha1="4m9j6jvlekwg3tq9ccy388b8w72yv12" xml:space="preserve">== Feeling s are real emotionally spiritly &amp; physically  ==

respect Diane's feelings &amp; privacy you don't have to like me but you will respect me [[User:Deeskiron26|Deeskiron26]] ([[User talk:Deeskiron26|talk]]) 22:30, 6 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <comment>sending warning (warning 1)</comment>
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      <text bytes="798" sha1="gimka4vai09318h50ze3hd3t04058o3" xml:space="preserve">== June 2026 ==

[[Image:Information.svg|25px|left]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Some of [[Special:Contribs/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|your changes]], like those to &quot;[[:Movate]]&quot;, seemed to be [[WP:SPAM|advertising another website]] and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not|Wikipedia is not]] a place to [[advertising|advertise]]. You are, however, [[m:When should I link externally|encouraged to add information instead of links]] to the encyclopedia. If you think the links you recently added should be added to an article, please discuss this on an article's talk page. See the [[Wikipedia:Welcome|welcome page]] to learn more about Wikipedia. Thanks.&lt;!-- Template:Uw-spam1 --&gt; [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG|talk]]) 22:32, 6 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <comment>Warning: Project disruption on [[Category talk:Redirects to help pages]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="438" sha1="39kq8oxv4r2g03opjgdfdw5aog27fn2" xml:space="preserve">== June 2026 ==
[[Image:Nuvola apps important.svg|25px]] Your changes to [[Category talk:Redirects to help pages]] are causing [[Wikipedia:Disruptive changing|disruption]] to the project and this is not acceptable. Please stop. If your disruption continues, you will be '''[[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from changing Wikipedia.'''  &lt;!---Template:uw-disruption---&gt; [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG|talk]]) 22:37, 6 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>Jin dynasty (265-420)</title>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;[[File:Eastern Jin Dynasty 376 CE.png|thumb|Jin dynasty map in 376]] The Jin dynasty was an imperial family that has ruled [[China]] from 265-420 [[Anno Domini|AD]]. It was founded by Sima Yan, who later became known as [[Emperor Wu of Jin]]. Sima Yan was the regent of the Cao Wei dynasty, which existed during the [[Three Kingdoms]] period. A regent is a person that is appointed to rule on the behalf of the [[emperor]]. This  happens when an emperor is unable to rule due...&quot;</comment>
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The Jin dynasty was an imperial family that has ruled [[China]] from 265-420 [[Anno Domini|AD]]. It was founded by Sima Yan, who later became known as [[Emperor Wu of Jin]]. Sima Yan was the regent of the Cao Wei dynasty, which existed during the [[Three Kingdoms]] period. A regent is a person that is appointed to rule on the behalf of the [[emperor]]. This  happens when an emperor is unable to rule due to being too young, very sick, or absent. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=de Crespigny|first=Rafe|date=2004-09-28|title=The Three Kingdoms and Western Jin: A History of China in the Third Century AD - I|url=http://hdl.handle.net/1885/41896|language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Theobald|first=Ulrich|title=Jin Dynasty 晉, 265-420 CE (www.chinaknowledge.de)|url=http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Division/jin.html|access-date=2026-06-06|website=www.chinaknowledge.de|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2008|title=Back Matter|url=https://doi.org/10.13173/caj/2008/1/11|journal=Central Asiatic Journal|volume=52|issue=1|doi=10.13173/caj/2008/1/11|issn=0008-9192}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Jin dynasty's history was divided into two parts: Eastern Jin and Western Jin. The Western Jin (265-317 AD). formed after Emperor Wu (Sima Yan) took the throne from Cao Huan, the Cao Wei dynasty's last emperor. The first capital of Western Jin was [[Luoyang]], then it became [[Chang'an]] (it's new name is Xi'an). In 280 [[AD]], the Western Jin conquered the Eastern Wu [[state]], finally ending the Three Kingdoms period, and reuniting China for the first time after the [[Han dynasty]]. 

From 291 to 306 AD, a series of civil wars called the War of the Eight Princes were fought between the princes of the Jin dynasty to control the empire. This made the empire very weak. In 304 AD, the non-Han people in China launched rebellions, and these non-Han people were called the Five Barbarians.

The [[Barbarian|barbarians]] created [[State|states]] in the north of China, which caused the Sixteen Kingdoms era to start in Chinese history. These states fought each other and the Jin dynasty. Han-Zhao, one of the states created, captured Luoyang in 311, and captured Chang'an 316, and killed Emperor Min of Jin, ending the Western Jin era.  Sima Rui, who came after Emperor Min, then recreated the Jin dynasty with its capital in Jiankang (its new name is [[Nanjing]]), starting the '''Eastern Jin''' era (317–420 AD).
[[Category:Chinese History]]
[[Category:Dynasties of Asia]]</text>
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The Jin dynasty was an imperial family that has ruled [[China]] from 265-420 [[Anno Domini|AD]]. It was founded by Sima Yan, who later became known as [[Emperor Wu of Jin]]. Sima Yan was the regent of the Cao Wei dynasty, which existed during the [[Three Kingdoms]] period. A regent is a person that is appointed to rule on the behalf of the [[emperor]]. This  happens when an emperor is unable to rule due to being too young, very sick, or absent. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=de Crespigny|first=Rafe|date=2004-09-28|title=The Three Kingdoms and Western Jin: A History of China in the Third Century AD - I|url=http://hdl.handle.net/1885/41896|language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Theobald|first=Ulrich|title=Jin Dynasty 晉, 265-420 CE (www.chinaknowledge.de)|url=http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Division/jin.html|access-date=2026-06-06|website=www.chinaknowledge.de|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2008|title=Back Matter|url=https://doi.org/10.13173/caj/2008/1/11|journal=Central Asiatic Journal|volume=52|issue=1|doi=10.13173/caj/2008/1/11|issn=0008-9192}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Jin dynasty's history was divided into two parts: Eastern Jin and Western Jin. The Western Jin (265-317 AD). formed after Emperor Wu (Sima Yan) took the throne from Cao Huan, the Cao Wei dynasty's last emperor. The first capital of Western Jin was [[Luoyang]], then it became [[Chang'an]] (it's new name is Xi'an). In 280 [[AD]], the Western Jin conquered the Eastern Wu [[state]], finally ending the Three Kingdoms period, and reuniting China for the first time after the [[Han dynasty]]. 

From 291 to 306 AD, a series of civil wars called the War of the Eight Princes were fought between the princes of the Jin dynasty to control the empire. This made the empire very weak. In 304 AD, the non-Han people in China launched rebellions, and these non-Han people were called the Five Barbarians.

The [[Barbarian|barbarians]] created [[State|states]] in the north of China, which caused the Sixteen Kingdoms era to start in Chinese history. These states fought each other and the Jin dynasty. Han-Zhao, one of the states created, captured Luoyang in 311, and captured Chang'an 316, and killed Emperor Min of Jin, ending the Western Jin era.  Sima Rui, who came after Emperor Min, then recreated the Jin dynasty with its capital in Jiankang (its new name is [[Nanjing]]), starting the '''Eastern Jin''' era (317–420 AD).

== References ==
[[Category:Chinese History]]
[[Category:Dynasties of Asia]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3261" sha1="km6k7f1z4s4ltveapuf2hbl9qv2z0l2" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Eastern Jin Dynasty 376 CE.png|thumb|Jin dynasty map in 376]]
The Jin dynasty was an imperial family that has ruled [[China]] from 265-420 [[Anno Domini|AD]]. It was founded by Sima Yan, who later became known as [[Emperor Wu of Jin]]. Sima Yan was the regent of the Cao Wei dynasty, which existed during the [[Three Kingdoms]] period. A regent is a person that is appointed to rule on the behalf of the [[emperor]]. This  happens when an emperor is unable to rule due to being too young, very sick, or absent. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=de Crespigny|first=Rafe|date=2004-09-28|title=The Three Kingdoms and Western Jin: A History of China in the Third Century AD - I|url=http://hdl.handle.net/1885/41896|language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Theobald|first=Ulrich|title=Jin Dynasty 晉, 265-420 CE (www.chinaknowledge.de)|url=http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Division/jin.html|access-date=2026-06-06|website=www.chinaknowledge.de|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2008|title=Back Matter|url=https://doi.org/10.13173/caj/2008/1/11|journal=Central Asiatic Journal|volume=52|issue=1|doi=10.13173/caj/2008/1/11|issn=0008-9192}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Jin dynasty's history was divided into two parts: Eastern Jin and Western Jin. The Western Jin (265-317 AD). formed after Emperor Wu (Sima Yan) took the throne from Cao Huan, the Cao Wei dynasty's last emperor. The first capital of Western Jin was [[Luoyang]], then it became [[Chang'an]] (it's new name is Xi'an). In 280 [[AD]], the Western Jin conquered the Eastern Wu [[state]], finally ending the Three Kingdoms period, and reuniting China for the first time after the [[Han dynasty]]. 

From 291 to 306 AD, a series of civil wars called the War of the Eight Princes were fought between the princes of the Jin dynasty to control the empire. This made the empire very weak. In 304 AD, the non-Han people in China launched rebellions, and these non-Han people were called the Five Barbarians.

The [[Barbarian|barbarians]] created [[State|states]] in the north of China, which caused the Sixteen Kingdoms era to start in Chinese history. These states fought each other and the Jin dynasty. Han-Zhao, one of the states created, captured Luoyang in 311, and captured Chang'an 316, and killed Emperor Min of Jin, ending the Western Jin era.  Sima Rui, who came after Emperor Min, then recreated the Jin dynasty with its capital in Jiankang (its new name is [[Nanjing]]), starting the '''Eastern Jin''' era (317–420 AD).

The Eastern Jin dynasty was in constant problems with the northern states for most of its existence, and it launched several invasions of the north to take back its lost territories. In 383 AD, the Eastern Jin defeated the Former Qin, a Di-ruled state that had shortly unified northern China. After that battle, the Former Qin state collapsed, and Jin armies recaptured the lands south of the Yellow River. The Eastern Jin was eventually [[Coup d'état|overthrown]] by General Liu Yu in 420 CE and replaced with the Liu Song dynasty. The Eastern Jin dynasty is considered the second of the Six Dynasties, which were six dynasties ruled by the Han people from the [[3rd century]] to the [[6th century]].

== References ==
[[Category:Chinese History]]
[[Category:Dynasties of Asia]]</text>
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      <text bytes="11618" sha1="qz7t8ubzt4p3e4uph0cuzap41va9d8h" xml:space="preserve">The Jin [[dynasty]] was an imperial family that has ruled [[China]] from 265-420 [[Anno Domini|AD]]. It was founded by Sima Yan, who later became known as [[Emperor Wu of Jin]]. Sima Yan was the regent of the Cao Wei dynasty, which existed during the [[Three Kingdoms]] period. A regent is a person that is appointed to rule on the behalf of the [[emperor]]. This  happens when an emperor is unable to rule due to being too young, very sick, or absent. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=de Crespigny|first=Rafe|date=2004-09-28|title=The Three Kingdoms and Western Jin: A History of China in the Third Century AD - I|url=http://hdl.handle.net/1885/41896|language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Theobald|first=Ulrich|title=Jin Dynasty 晉, 265-420 CE (www.chinaknowledge.de)|url=http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Division/jin.html|access-date=2026-06-06|website=www.chinaknowledge.de|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Corradini|first=Piero|date=2006|title=The Barbarian States in North China|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41928429|journal=Central Asiatic Journal|volume=50|issue=2|pages=163–232|issn=0008-9192}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Six dynasties civilization|last=Dien|first=Albert E.|date=2007|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-07404-8|series=Early Chinese civilization series|location=New Haven, Conn}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Map of the Jin dynasty (266–420).png|thumb|Jin dynasty map ]]
The Jin dynasty's history was divided into two parts: Eastern Jin and Western Jin. The Western Jin (265-317 AD). formed after Emperor Wu (Sima Yan) took the throne from Cao Huan, the Cao Wei dynasty's last emperor. The first capital of Western Jin was [[Luoyang]], then it became [[Chang'an]] (it's new name is Xi'an). In 280 [[AD]], the Western Jin conquered the Eastern Wu [[state]], finally ending the Three Kingdoms period, and reuniting China for the first time after the [[Han dynasty]]. 

From 291 to 306 AD, a series of civil wars called the War of the Eight Princes were fought between the princes of the Jin dynasty to control the empire. This made the empire very weak. In 304 AD, the non-Han people in China launched rebellions, and these non-Han people were called the Five Barbarians.

The [[Barbarian|barbarians]] created [[State|states]] in the north of China, which caused the Sixteen Kingdoms era to start in Chinese history. These states fought each other and the Jin dynasty. Han-Zhao, one of the states created, captured Luoyang in 311, and captured Chang'an 316, and killed Emperor Min of Jin, ending the Western Jin era.  Sima Rui, who came after Emperor Min, then recreated the Jin dynasty with its capital in Jiankang (its new name is [[Nanjing]]), starting the '''Eastern Jin''' era (317–420 AD).

The Eastern Jin dynasty was in constant problems with the northern states for most of its existence, and it launched several invasions of the north to take back its lost territories. In 383 AD, the Eastern Jin defeated the Former Qin, a Di-ruled state that had shortly unified northern China. After that battle, the Former Qin state collapsed, and Jin armies recaptured the lands south of the Yellow River. The Eastern Jin was eventually [[Coup d'état|overthrown]] by General Liu Yu in 420 CE and replaced with the Liu Song dynasty. The Eastern Jin dynasty is considered the second of the Six Dynasties, which were six dynasties ruled by the Han people from the [[3rd century]] to the [[6th century]].

== History ==
[[File:魏·太傅 司馬懿.jpg|thumb|Sima Yi]]
During the Three Kingdoms period, the Sima family, along with it's most important individual Sima Yi became famous in the Cao Wei kingdom. The Cao Wei kingdom was located in northern China. Sima Yi was the regent of the Cao Wei dynasty, and in 249 AD, he tried to take the thrown in an incident known as Incident at the Gaoping Tombs. The Sima clan began to become more important and powerful than the ruling Cao Wei dynasty. 

After Sima Yi died in 251, Sima Yi's oldest son Sima Shi succeeded his father as regent of Cao Wei, maintaining the Sima clan's important role on the Cao Wei political scene. After Sima Shi died in 255, Sima Shi's younger brother Sima Zhao became the regent of Cao Wei. Sima Zhao further assisted his clans' interests by ending rebellions and dissent. 

In 263, he made the Cao Wei forces conquer Shu Han and capture Liu Shan (the son of [[Liu Bei]]), marking the first fall of one of the Three Kingdoms. Sima Zhao's actions awarded him the title of King of Jin, the last achievable rank under the emperor. He was granted the title because his ancestral home was located in Wen County, on the territory of the Zhou-era state of Jin, which was centered on the Jin River in Shaanxi. Sima Zhao really wanted to take the throne, but he died in 265 before he could take it, passing the opportunity to his ambitious son Sima Yan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The origin and evolution of China's names|last=Hu|first=Axiang|date=2025|publisher=Routledge, Taylor &amp; Francis Group|isbn=978-1-032-81581-7|series=China perspectives|location=London ; New York, NY}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Western Jin (265–316) ===

==== Founding and unification ====
The Western Jin was found by Sima Yan, who became known as Emperor Wu of Jin (The Martial Emperor of Jin).  After succeeding his father as the King of Jin and regent of Cao Wei in 265, Sima Yan declared himself emperor of the Jin dynasty on 4 February 266 and forced the final Cao Wei emperor Cao Huan to abdicate. Emperor Wu allowed Cao Huan to live the rest of his life with honour as the Prince of Chenliu, and he was later buried with imperial ceremony. In 280, Emperor Wu conquered the Eastern Wu and united China, ending the Three Kingdoms period. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=de Crespigny|first=Rafe|date=2004-09-28|title=The Three Kingdoms and Western Jin: A History of China in the Third Century AD - I|url=http://hdl.handle.net/1885/41896|language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Corradini|first=Piero|date=2006|title=The Barbarian States in North China|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41928429|journal=Central Asiatic Journal|volume=50|issue=2|pages=163–232|issn=0008-9192}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Routledge handbook of imperial Chinese history|date=2020|publisher=Routledge, Taylor &amp; Francis Group|isbn=978-0-367-58051-3|editor-last=Xiong|editor-first=Victor Cunrui|edition=First issued in paperback|location=London New York|editor-last2=Hammond|editor-first2=Kenneth James}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Harvard drs 49802792 繡像三國演義續編 v.1 (晉惠帝).jpg|thumb|Emperor Hui, or Sima Zhong]]
Following the unification, China entered a decade of peace and economic prosperity, with accounts detailing the expensive and bizarre lifestyles of the ruling class. Internally, Emperor Wu upheld [[Confucianism|Confucian]] inheritance by making that his eldest son, Sima Zhong, later known as Emperor Hui, would succeed him to the throne, despite his [[developmental disability]]. To protect his heir and dynasty, he made his princes and dukes powerful by appointing them to important military and administrative positions. Meanwhile, a few officials also began expressing concerns regarding the growing population and treatment of the various non-Han peoples (&quot;Five Barbarians&quot;) that had been living in northern China for centuries. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com.my/books/edition/Military_Culture_in_Imperial_China/6yAsEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=%22sima+zhong%22+%22eldest%22+%22confucian%22&amp;pg=PA115&amp;printsec=frontcover|title=Military Culture in Imperial China|last=Cosmo|first=Nicola Di|date=2011-03-04|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-26299-7|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=A prince of martial splendour in the sixteen kingdoms: Li Hao (351-417), ruler of western Liang|date=2025|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-71643-8|editor-last=Declercq|editor-first=Dominik|series=Sinica Leidensia|location=Leiden ; Boston}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Decline'''

Emperor Wu died in 290, and Emperor Hui's ascension began the War of the Eight Princes. In 291, Emperor Hui's wife, Empress Jia, took power and began ruling the empire behind her husband's throne. Under her rule, the wealth of the ruling class went unchecked, and corruption was very widespread in the government. She and her family were overthrown  in 300, but a series of civil wars soon broke out between the Sima princes for the regency and succession of Emperor Hui, devastating most of northern China and the imperial military. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Medieval Chinese warfare, 300-900|last=Graff|first=David Andrew|date=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-23954-7|series=Warfare and history|location=London ; New York}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Liu Cong (Emperor Zhaowu of Han-Zhao).png|thumb|Liu Cong in a painting from the Tang dynasty]]
The short unification of China came to an end in 304; that year, the Cheng-Han and Han-Zhao states declared their independence from Jin. The Upheaval of the Five Barbarians carried on the chaos from the War of the Eight Princes, as [[Rebellion|uprisings]] and famines continued to weaken Jin [[authority]] in the north. In 311, the Jin capital Luoyang was attacked by Han-Zhao forces under Liu Cong, and Sima Chi,  known as Emperor Huai, was captured and later killed. Emperor Huai's successor Sima Ye,  known as Emperor Min, was then also captured and killed by Han-Zhao when they captured Chang'an (present-day Xi'an) in 316, marking the end of the Western Jin era. The surviving members of the Jin imperial family, as well as large numbers of Han Chinese from the North China Plain, fled to southern China. These refugees had a large impact on the lands they moved to—for example, they gave Quanzhou's Jin River its name upon their settlement there. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ae/books?id=GCCeDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=jinjiang+got+its+name+from+jin+dynasty&amp;pg=PT188&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=jinjiang%20got%20its%20name%20from%20jin%20dynasty&amp;f=false|title=The Chinese Mosaic: The Peoples And Provinces Of China|last=Moser|first=Leo J.|date=2019-06-18|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-31542-4|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Eastern Jin (317-420 AD) ===
[[File:Sima Rui (Jin Yuandi).jpg|thumb|Emperor Yuan (Sima Rui)]]
After the fall of Chang'an and the killing of Emperor Min of Jin, Sima Rui, later known as Emperor Yuan, became Jin emperor in 318. He recreated the Jin government at Jiankang (its new name Nanjing), which became the dynasty's new capital and marked the beginning of the Eastern Jin period. Since one of Sima Rui's titles was the prince of Langya, the newly created northern states,  denied the [[legitimacy]] of his succession, sometimes referred to his empire as &quot;Langya&quot;.

The Eastern Jin period saw the peak of ''menfa'' (門閥 'gentry clan') politics. The authority of the emperors was weakend, while empire's affairs were controlled by powerful immigrant elite families like the Wang (王) clans of Langya and Taiyuan, the Xie (謝) clan of Chenliu, the Huan (桓) clan of Qiao Commandery, and the Yu (庾) clan of Yingchuan. Among the people, a common remark was that &quot;Wang Dao and Sima Rui, they dominate the nation together&quot; (王與馬，共天下). It was said that when Emperor Yuan was holding court, he even invited Wang Dao to sit by his side so they could jointly accept congratulations from ministers, but Wang Dao declined the offer. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=司马睿 - 政治家 - 江苏省地方志|url=http://www.jssdfz.gov.cn/index.php?m=content&amp;c=index&amp;a=show&amp;catid=133&amp;id=4623|access-date=2026-06-07|website=www.jssdfz.gov.cn}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Category:Chinese History]]
[[Category:Dynasties of Asia]]</text>
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      <text bytes="11627" sha1="rnz5bc079c4etzqm7j3s8v48vylxnra" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Map of the Jin dynasty (266–420).png|thumb|Jin dynasty map |389x389px]]The Jin [[dynasty]] was an imperial family that has ruled [[China]] from 265-420 [[Anno Domini|AD]]. It was founded by Sima Yan, who later became known as [[Emperor Wu of Jin]]. Sima Yan was the regent of the Cao Wei dynasty, which existed during the [[Three Kingdoms]] period. A regent is a person that is appointed to rule on the behalf of the [[emperor]]. This  happens when an emperor is unable to rule due to being too young, very sick, or absent. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=de Crespigny|first=Rafe|date=2004-09-28|title=The Three Kingdoms and Western Jin: A History of China in the Third Century AD - I|url=http://hdl.handle.net/1885/41896|language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Theobald|first=Ulrich|title=Jin Dynasty 晉, 265-420 CE (www.chinaknowledge.de)|url=http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Division/jin.html|access-date=2026-06-06|website=www.chinaknowledge.de|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Corradini|first=Piero|date=2006|title=The Barbarian States in North China|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41928429|journal=Central Asiatic Journal|volume=50|issue=2|pages=163–232|issn=0008-9192}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Six dynasties civilization|last=Dien|first=Albert E.|date=2007|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-07404-8|series=Early Chinese civilization series|location=New Haven, Conn}}&lt;/ref&gt;
The Jin dynasty's history was divided into two parts: Eastern Jin and Western Jin. The Western Jin (265-317 AD). formed after Emperor Wu (Sima Yan) took the throne from Cao Huan, the Cao Wei dynasty's last emperor. The first capital of Western Jin was [[Luoyang]], then it became [[Chang'an]] (it's new name is Xi'an). In 280 [[AD]], the Western Jin conquered the Eastern Wu [[state]], finally ending the Three Kingdoms period, and reuniting China for the first time after the [[Han dynasty]]. 

From 291 to 306 AD, a series of civil wars called the War of the Eight Princes were fought between the princes of the Jin dynasty to control the empire. This made the empire very weak. In 304 AD, the non-Han people in China launched rebellions, and these non-Han people were called the Five Barbarians.

The [[Barbarian|barbarians]] created [[State|states]] in the north of China, which caused the Sixteen Kingdoms era to start in Chinese history. These states fought each other and the Jin dynasty. Han-Zhao, one of the states created, captured Luoyang in 311, and captured Chang'an 316, and killed Emperor Min of Jin, ending the Western Jin era.  Sima Rui, who came after Emperor Min, then recreated the Jin dynasty with its capital in Jiankang (its new name is [[Nanjing]]), starting the '''Eastern Jin''' era (317–420 AD).

The Eastern Jin dynasty was in constant problems with the northern states for most of its existence, and it launched several invasions of the north to take back its lost territories. In 383 AD, the Eastern Jin defeated the Former Qin, a Di-ruled state that had shortly unified northern China. After that battle, the Former Qin state collapsed, and Jin armies recaptured the lands south of the Yellow River. The Eastern Jin was eventually [[Coup d'état|overthrown]] by General Liu Yu in 420 CE and replaced with the Liu Song dynasty. The Eastern Jin dynasty is considered the second of the Six Dynasties, which were six dynasties ruled by the Han people from the [[3rd century]] to the [[6th century]].

== History ==
[[File:魏·太傅 司馬懿.jpg|thumb|Sima Yi]]
During the Three Kingdoms period, the Sima family, along with it's most important individual Sima Yi became famous in the Cao Wei kingdom. The Cao Wei kingdom was located in northern China. Sima Yi was the regent of the Cao Wei dynasty, and in 249 AD, he tried to take the thrown in an incident known as Incident at the Gaoping Tombs. The Sima clan began to become more important and powerful than the ruling Cao Wei dynasty. 

After Sima Yi died in 251, Sima Yi's oldest son Sima Shi succeeded his father as regent of Cao Wei, maintaining the Sima clan's important role on the Cao Wei political scene. After Sima Shi died in 255, Sima Shi's younger brother Sima Zhao became the regent of Cao Wei. Sima Zhao further assisted his clans' interests by ending rebellions and dissent. 

In 263, he made the Cao Wei forces conquer Shu Han and capture Liu Shan (the son of [[Liu Bei]]), marking the first fall of one of the Three Kingdoms. Sima Zhao's actions awarded him the title of King of Jin, the last achievable rank under the emperor. He was granted the title because his ancestral home was located in Wen County, on the territory of the Zhou-era state of Jin, which was centered on the Jin River in Shaanxi. Sima Zhao really wanted to take the throne, but he died in 265 before he could take it, passing the opportunity to his ambitious son Sima Yan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The origin and evolution of China's names|last=Hu|first=Axiang|date=2025|publisher=Routledge, Taylor &amp; Francis Group|isbn=978-1-032-81581-7|series=China perspectives|location=London ; New York, NY}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Western Jin (265–316) ===

==== Founding and unification ====
The Western Jin was found by Sima Yan, who became known as Emperor Wu of Jin (The Martial Emperor of Jin).  After succeeding his father as the King of Jin and regent of Cao Wei in 265, Sima Yan declared himself emperor of the Jin dynasty on 4 February 266 and forced the final Cao Wei emperor Cao Huan to abdicate. Emperor Wu allowed Cao Huan to live the rest of his life with honour as the Prince of Chenliu, and he was later buried with imperial ceremony. In 280, Emperor Wu conquered the Eastern Wu and united China, ending the Three Kingdoms period. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=de Crespigny|first=Rafe|date=2004-09-28|title=The Three Kingdoms and Western Jin: A History of China in the Third Century AD - I|url=http://hdl.handle.net/1885/41896|language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Corradini|first=Piero|date=2006|title=The Barbarian States in North China|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41928429|journal=Central Asiatic Journal|volume=50|issue=2|pages=163–232|issn=0008-9192}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Routledge handbook of imperial Chinese history|date=2020|publisher=Routledge, Taylor &amp; Francis Group|isbn=978-0-367-58051-3|editor-last=Xiong|editor-first=Victor Cunrui|edition=First issued in paperback|location=London New York|editor-last2=Hammond|editor-first2=Kenneth James}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Harvard drs 49802792 繡像三國演義續編 v.1 (晉惠帝).jpg|thumb|Emperor Hui, or Sima Zhong]]
Following the unification, China entered a decade of peace and economic prosperity, with accounts detailing the expensive and bizarre lifestyles of the ruling class. Internally, Emperor Wu upheld [[Confucianism|Confucian]] inheritance by making that his eldest son, Sima Zhong, later known as Emperor Hui, would succeed him to the throne, despite his [[developmental disability]]. To protect his heir and dynasty, he made his princes and dukes powerful by appointing them to important military and administrative positions. Meanwhile, a few officials also began expressing concerns regarding the growing population and treatment of the various non-Han peoples (&quot;Five Barbarians&quot;) that had been living in northern China for centuries. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com.my/books/edition/Military_Culture_in_Imperial_China/6yAsEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=%22sima+zhong%22+%22eldest%22+%22confucian%22&amp;pg=PA115&amp;printsec=frontcover|title=Military Culture in Imperial China|last=Cosmo|first=Nicola Di|date=2011-03-04|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-26299-7|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=A prince of martial splendour in the sixteen kingdoms: Li Hao (351-417), ruler of western Liang|date=2025|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-71643-8|editor-last=Declercq|editor-first=Dominik|series=Sinica Leidensia|location=Leiden ; Boston}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Decline'''

Emperor Wu died in 290, and Emperor Hui's ascension began the War of the Eight Princes. In 291, Emperor Hui's wife, Empress Jia, took power and began ruling the empire behind her husband's throne. Under her rule, the wealth of the ruling class went unchecked, and corruption was very widespread in the government. She and her family were overthrown  in 300, but a series of civil wars soon broke out between the Sima princes for the regency and succession of Emperor Hui, devastating most of northern China and the imperial military. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Medieval Chinese warfare, 300-900|last=Graff|first=David Andrew|date=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-23954-7|series=Warfare and history|location=London ; New York}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Liu Cong (Emperor Zhaowu of Han-Zhao).png|thumb|Liu Cong in a painting from the Tang dynasty]]
The short unification of China came to an end in 304; that year, the Cheng-Han and Han-Zhao states declared their independence from Jin. The Upheaval of the Five Barbarians carried on the chaos from the War of the Eight Princes, as [[Rebellion|uprisings]] and famines continued to weaken Jin [[authority]] in the north. In 311, the Jin capital Luoyang was attacked by Han-Zhao forces under Liu Cong, and Sima Chi,  known as Emperor Huai, was captured and later killed. Emperor Huai's successor Sima Ye,  known as Emperor Min, was then also captured and killed by Han-Zhao when they captured Chang'an (present-day Xi'an) in 316, marking the end of the Western Jin era. The surviving members of the Jin imperial family, as well as large numbers of Han Chinese from the North China Plain, fled to southern China. These refugees had a large impact on the lands they moved to—for example, they gave Quanzhou's Jin River its name upon their settlement there. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ae/books?id=GCCeDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=jinjiang+got+its+name+from+jin+dynasty&amp;pg=PT188&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=jinjiang%20got%20its%20name%20from%20jin%20dynasty&amp;f=false|title=The Chinese Mosaic: The Peoples And Provinces Of China|last=Moser|first=Leo J.|date=2019-06-18|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-31542-4|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Eastern Jin (317-420 AD) ===
[[File:Sima Rui (Jin Yuandi).jpg|thumb|Emperor Yuan (Sima Rui)]]
After the fall of Chang'an and the killing of Emperor Min of Jin, Sima Rui, later known as Emperor Yuan, became Jin emperor in 318. He recreated the Jin government at Jiankang (its new name Nanjing), which became the dynasty's new capital and marked the beginning of the Eastern Jin period. Since one of Sima Rui's titles was the prince of Langya, the newly created northern states,  denied the [[legitimacy]] of his succession, sometimes referred to his empire as &quot;Langya&quot;.

The Eastern Jin period saw the peak of ''menfa'' (門閥 'gentry clan') politics. The authority of the emperors was weakend, while empire's affairs were controlled by powerful immigrant elite families like the Wang (王) clans of Langya and Taiyuan, the Xie (謝) clan of Chenliu, the Huan (桓) clan of Qiao Commandery, and the Yu (庾) clan of Yingchuan. Among the people, a common remark was that &quot;Wang Dao and Sima Rui, they dominate the nation together&quot; (王與馬，共天下). It was said that when Emperor Yuan was holding court, he even invited Wang Dao to sit by his side so they could jointly accept congratulations from ministers, but Wang Dao declined the offer. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=司马睿 - 政治家 - 江苏省地方志|url=http://www.jssdfz.gov.cn/index.php?m=content&amp;c=index&amp;a=show&amp;catid=133&amp;id=4623|access-date=2026-06-07|website=www.jssdfz.gov.cn}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Category:Chinese History]]
[[Category:Dynasties of Asia]]</text>
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      <text bytes="11634" sha1="dgatni6z2tet7u3h1fmovvhe9hpk0ci" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Map of the Jin dynasty (266–420).png|thumb|Jin dynasty map |389x389px]]The Jin [[dynasty]] was an imperial family that has ruled [[China]] from 265-420 [[Anno Domini|AD]]. It was founded by Sima Yan, who later became known as [[Emperor Wu of Jin]]. Sima Yan was the regent of the Cao Wei dynasty, which existed during the [[Three Kingdoms]] period. A regent is a person that is appointed to rule on the behalf of the [[emperor]]. This  happens when an emperor is unable to rule due to being too young, very sick, or absent. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=de Crespigny|first=Rafe|date=2004-09-28|title=The Three Kingdoms and Western Jin: A History of China in the Third Century AD - I|url=http://hdl.handle.net/1885/41896|language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Theobald|first=Ulrich|title=Jin Dynasty 晉, 265-420 CE (www.chinaknowledge.de)|url=http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Division/jin.html|access-date=2026-06-06|website=www.chinaknowledge.de|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Corradini|first=Piero|date=2006|title=The Barbarian States in North China|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41928429|journal=Central Asiatic Journal|volume=50|issue=2|pages=163–232|issn=0008-9192}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Six dynasties civilization|last=Dien|first=Albert E.|date=2007|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-07404-8|series=Early Chinese civilization series|location=New Haven, Conn}}&lt;/ref&gt;
The Jin dynasty's history was divided into two parts: Eastern Jin and Western Jin. The Western Jin (265-317 AD). formed after Emperor Wu (Sima Yan) took the throne from Cao Huan, the Cao Wei dynasty's last emperor. The first capital of Western Jin was [[Luoyang]], then it became [[Chang'an]] (it's new name is Xi'an). In 280 [[AD]], the Western Jin conquered the Eastern Wu [[state]], finally ending the Three Kingdoms period, and reuniting China for the first time after the [[Han dynasty]]. 

From 291 to 306 AD, a series of civil wars called the War of the Eight Princes were fought between the princes of the Jin dynasty to control the empire. This made the empire very weak. In 304 AD, the non-Han people in China launched rebellions, and these non-Han people were called the Five Barbarians.

The [[Barbarian|barbarians]] created [[State|states]] in the north of China, which caused the Sixteen Kingdoms era to start in Chinese history. These states fought each other and the Jin dynasty. Han-Zhao, one of the states created, captured Luoyang in 311, and captured Chang'an 316, and killed Emperor Min of Jin, ending the Western Jin era.  Sima Rui, who came after Emperor Min, then recreated the Jin dynasty with its capital in Jiankang (its new name is [[Nanjing]]), starting the '''Eastern Jin''' era (317–420 AD).

The Eastern Jin dynasty was in constant problems with the northern states for most of its existence, and it launched several invasions of the north to take back its lost territories. In 383 AD, the Eastern Jin defeated the Former Qin, a Di-ruled state that had shortly unified northern China. After that battle, the Former Qin state collapsed, and Jin armies recaptured the lands south of the Yellow River. The Eastern Jin was eventually [[Coup d'état|overthrown]] by General Liu Yu in 420 CE and replaced with the Liu Song dynasty. The Eastern Jin dynasty is considered the second of the Six Dynasties, which were six dynasties ruled by the Han people from the [[3rd century]] to the [[6th century]].

== History ==
[[File:魏·太傅 司馬懿.jpg|thumb|Sima Yi]]
During the Three Kingdoms period, the Sima family, along with it's most important individual Sima Yi became famous in the Cao Wei kingdom. The Cao Wei kingdom was located in northern China. Sima Yi was the regent of the Cao Wei dynasty, and in 249 AD, he tried to take the thrown in an incident known as Incident at the Gaoping Tombs. The Sima clan began to become more important and powerful than the ruling Cao Wei dynasty. 

After Sima Yi died in 251, Sima Yi's oldest son Sima Shi succeeded his father as regent of Cao Wei, maintaining the Sima clan's important role on the Cao Wei political scene. After Sima Shi died in 255, Sima Shi's younger brother Sima Zhao became the regent of Cao Wei. Sima Zhao further assisted his clans' interests by ending rebellions and dissent. 

In 263, he made the Cao Wei forces conquer Shu Han and capture Liu Shan (the son of [[Liu Bei]]), marking the first fall of one of the Three Kingdoms. Sima Zhao's actions awarded him the title of King of Jin, the last achievable rank under the emperor. He was granted the title because his home was located in Wen County, on the territory of the [[Zhou dynasty|Zhou]]-era state of Jin, which was centered on the Jin River in Shaanxi. Sima Zhao really wanted to take the throne, but he died in 265 before he could take it, passing the opportunity to his ambitious son Sima Yan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The origin and evolution of China's names|last=Hu|first=Axiang|date=2025|publisher=Routledge, Taylor &amp; Francis Group|isbn=978-1-032-81581-7|series=China perspectives|location=London ; New York, NY}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Western Jin (265–316) ===

==== Founding and unification ====
The Western Jin was found by Sima Yan, who became known as Emperor Wu of Jin (The Martial Emperor of Jin).  After succeeding his father as the King of Jin and regent of Cao Wei in 265, Sima Yan declared himself emperor of the Jin dynasty on 4 February 266 and forced the final Cao Wei emperor Cao Huan to abdicate. Emperor Wu allowed Cao Huan to live the rest of his life with honour as the Prince of Chenliu, and he was later buried with imperial ceremony. In 280, Emperor Wu conquered the Eastern Wu and united China, ending the Three Kingdoms period. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=de Crespigny|first=Rafe|date=2004-09-28|title=The Three Kingdoms and Western Jin: A History of China in the Third Century AD - I|url=http://hdl.handle.net/1885/41896|language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Corradini|first=Piero|date=2006|title=The Barbarian States in North China|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41928429|journal=Central Asiatic Journal|volume=50|issue=2|pages=163–232|issn=0008-9192}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Routledge handbook of imperial Chinese history|date=2020|publisher=Routledge, Taylor &amp; Francis Group|isbn=978-0-367-58051-3|editor-last=Xiong|editor-first=Victor Cunrui|edition=First issued in paperback|location=London New York|editor-last2=Hammond|editor-first2=Kenneth James}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Harvard drs 49802792 繡像三國演義續編 v.1 (晉惠帝).jpg|thumb|Emperor Hui, or Sima Zhong]]
Following the unification, China entered a decade of peace and economic prosperity, with accounts detailing the expensive and bizarre lifestyles of the ruling class. Internally, Emperor Wu upheld [[Confucianism|Confucian]] inheritance by making that his eldest son, Sima Zhong, later known as Emperor Hui, would succeed him to the throne, despite his [[developmental disability]]. To protect his heir and dynasty, he made his princes and dukes powerful by appointing them to important military and administrative positions. Meanwhile, a few officials also began expressing concerns regarding the growing population and treatment of the various non-Han peoples (&quot;Five Barbarians&quot;) that had been living in northern China for centuries. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com.my/books/edition/Military_Culture_in_Imperial_China/6yAsEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=%22sima+zhong%22+%22eldest%22+%22confucian%22&amp;pg=PA115&amp;printsec=frontcover|title=Military Culture in Imperial China|last=Cosmo|first=Nicola Di|date=2011-03-04|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-26299-7|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=A prince of martial splendour in the sixteen kingdoms: Li Hao (351-417), ruler of western Liang|date=2025|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-71643-8|editor-last=Declercq|editor-first=Dominik|series=Sinica Leidensia|location=Leiden ; Boston}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Decline'''

Emperor Wu died in 290, and Emperor Hui's ascension began the War of the Eight Princes. In 291, Emperor Hui's wife, Empress Jia, took power and began ruling the empire behind her husband's throne. Under her rule, the wealth of the ruling class went unchecked, and corruption was very widespread in the government. She and her family were overthrown  in 300, but a series of civil wars soon broke out between the Sima princes for the regency and succession of Emperor Hui, devastating most of northern China and the imperial military. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Medieval Chinese warfare, 300-900|last=Graff|first=David Andrew|date=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-23954-7|series=Warfare and history|location=London ; New York}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Liu Cong (Emperor Zhaowu of Han-Zhao).png|thumb|Liu Cong in a painting from the Tang dynasty]]
The short unification of China came to an end in 304; that year, the Cheng-Han and Han-Zhao states declared their independence from Jin. The Upheaval of the Five Barbarians carried on the chaos from the War of the Eight Princes, as [[Rebellion|uprisings]] and famines continued to weaken Jin [[authority]] in the north. In 311, the Jin capital Luoyang was attacked by Han-Zhao forces under Liu Cong, and Sima Chi,  known as Emperor Huai, was captured and later killed. Emperor Huai's successor Sima Ye,  known as Emperor Min, was then also captured and killed by Han-Zhao when they captured Chang'an (present-day Xi'an) in 316, marking the end of the Western Jin era. The surviving members of the Jin imperial family, as well as large numbers of Han Chinese from the North China Plain, fled to southern China. These refugees had a large impact on the lands they moved to—for example, they gave Quanzhou's Jin River its name upon their settlement there. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ae/books?id=GCCeDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=jinjiang+got+its+name+from+jin+dynasty&amp;pg=PT188&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=jinjiang%20got%20its%20name%20from%20jin%20dynasty&amp;f=false|title=The Chinese Mosaic: The Peoples And Provinces Of China|last=Moser|first=Leo J.|date=2019-06-18|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-31542-4|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Eastern Jin (317-420 AD) ===
[[File:Sima Rui (Jin Yuandi).jpg|thumb|Emperor Yuan (Sima Rui)]]
After the fall of Chang'an and the killing of Emperor Min of Jin, Sima Rui, later known as Emperor Yuan, became Jin emperor in 318. He recreated the Jin government at Jiankang (its new name Nanjing), which became the dynasty's new capital and marked the beginning of the Eastern Jin period. Since one of Sima Rui's titles was the prince of Langya, the newly created northern states,  denied the [[legitimacy]] of his succession, sometimes referred to his empire as &quot;Langya&quot;.

The Eastern Jin period saw the peak of ''menfa'' (門閥 'gentry clan') politics. The authority of the emperors was weakend, while empire's affairs were controlled by powerful immigrant elite families like the Wang (王) clans of Langya and Taiyuan, the Xie (謝) clan of Chenliu, the Huan (桓) clan of Qiao Commandery, and the Yu (庾) clan of Yingchuan. Among the people, a common remark was that &quot;Wang Dao and Sima Rui, they dominate the nation together&quot; (王與馬，共天下). It was said that when Emperor Yuan was holding court, he even invited Wang Dao to sit by his side so they could jointly accept congratulations from ministers, but Wang Dao declined the offer. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=司马睿 - 政治家 - 江苏省地方志|url=http://www.jssdfz.gov.cn/index.php?m=content&amp;c=index&amp;a=show&amp;catid=133&amp;id=4623|access-date=2026-06-07|website=www.jssdfz.gov.cn}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Category:Chinese History]]
[[Category:Dynasties of Asia]]</text>
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      <text bytes="11651" sha1="c4ixnvjxw3715q80nsbqfxribgp22q8" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Map of the Jin dynasty (266–420).png|thumb|Jin dynasty map |389x389px]]The Jin [[dynasty]] was an imperial family that has ruled [[China]] from 265-420 [[Anno Domini|AD]]. It was founded by Sima Yan, who later became known as [[Emperor Wu of Jin]]. Sima Yan was the regent of the Cao Wei dynasty, which existed during the [[Three Kingdoms]] period. A regent is a person that is appointed to rule on the behalf of the [[emperor]]. This  happens when an emperor is unable to rule due to being too young, very sick, or absent. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=de Crespigny|first=Rafe|date=2004-09-28|title=The Three Kingdoms and Western Jin: A History of China in the Third Century AD - I|url=http://hdl.handle.net/1885/41896|language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Theobald|first=Ulrich|title=Jin Dynasty 晉, 265-420 CE (www.chinaknowledge.de)|url=http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Division/jin.html|access-date=2026-06-06|website=www.chinaknowledge.de|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Corradini|first=Piero|date=2006|title=The Barbarian States in North China|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41928429|journal=Central Asiatic Journal|volume=50|issue=2|pages=163–232|issn=0008-9192}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Six dynasties civilization|last=Dien|first=Albert E.|date=2007|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-07404-8|series=Early Chinese civilization series|location=New Haven, Conn}}&lt;/ref&gt;
The Jin dynasty's history was divided into two parts: Eastern Jin and Western Jin. The Western Jin (265-317 AD). formed after Emperor Wu (Sima Yan) took the throne from Cao Huan, the Cao Wei dynasty's last emperor. The first capital of Western Jin was [[Luoyang]], then it became [[Chang'an]] (it's new name is Xi'an). In 280 [[AD]], the Western Jin conquered the Eastern Wu [[state]], finally ending the Three Kingdoms period, and reuniting China for the first time after the [[Han dynasty]]. 

From 291 to 306 AD, a series of civil wars called the War of the Eight Princes were fought between the princes of the Jin dynasty to control the empire. This made the empire very weak. In 304 AD, the non-Han people in China launched rebellions, and these non-Han people were called the Five Barbarians.

The [[Barbarian|barbarians]] created [[State|states]] in the north of China, which caused the Sixteen Kingdoms era to start in Chinese history. These states fought each other and the Jin dynasty. Han-Zhao, one of the states created, captured Luoyang in 311, and captured Chang'an 316, and killed Emperor Min of Jin, ending the Western Jin era.  Sima Rui, who came after Emperor Min, then recreated the Jin dynasty with its capital in Jiankang (its new name is [[Nanjing]]), starting the '''Eastern Jin''' era (317–420 AD).

The Eastern Jin dynasty was in constant problems with the northern states for most of its existence, and it launched several invasions of the north to take back its lost territories. In 383 AD, the Eastern Jin defeated the Former Qin, a Di-ruled state that had shortly unified northern China. After that battle, the Former Qin state collapsed, and Jin armies recaptured the lands south of the Yellow River. The Eastern Jin was eventually [[Coup d'état|overthrown]] by General Liu Yu in 420 CE and replaced with the Liu Song dynasty. The Eastern Jin dynasty is considered the second of the Six Dynasties, which were six dynasties ruled by the Han people from the [[3rd century]] to the [[6th century]].

== History ==
[[File:魏·太傅 司馬懿.jpg|thumb|Sima Yi]]
During the Three Kingdoms period, the Sima family, along with it's most important individual Sima Yi became famous in the Cao Wei kingdom. The Cao Wei kingdom was located in northern China. Sima Yi was the regent of the Cao Wei dynasty, and in 249 AD, he tried to take the thrown in an incident known as Incident at the Gaoping Tombs. The Sima clan began to become more important and powerful than the ruling Cao Wei dynasty. 

After Sima Yi died in 251, Sima Yi's oldest son Sima Shi succeeded his father as regent of Cao Wei, maintaining the Sima clan's important role on the Cao Wei political scene. After Sima Shi died in 255, Sima Shi's younger brother Sima Zhao became the regent of Cao Wei. Sima Zhao further assisted his clans' interests by ending rebellions and dissent. 

In 263, he made the Cao Wei forces conquer Shu Han and capture Liu Shan (the son of [[Liu Bei]]), marking the first fall of one of the Three Kingdoms. Sima Zhao's actions awarded him the title of King of Jin, the last achievable rank under the emperor. He was granted the title because his home was located in Wen County, on the territory of the [[Zhou dynasty|Zhou]]-era state of Jin, which was centered on the Jin River in Shaanxi. Sima Zhao really wanted to take the throne, but he died in 265 before he could take it, passing the opportunity to his ambitious son Sima Yan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The origin and evolution of China's names|last=Hu|first=Axiang|date=2025|publisher=Routledge, Taylor &amp; Francis Group|isbn=978-1-032-81581-7|series=China perspectives|location=London ; New York, NY}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Western Jin (265–316) ===

==== Founding and unification ====
The Western Jin was found by Sima Yan, who became known as Emperor Wu of Jin (The Martial Emperor of Jin).  After succeeding his father as the King of Jin and regent of Cao Wei in 265, Sima Yan declared himself emperor of the Jin dynasty on 4 February 266 and forced the final Cao Wei emperor Cao Huan to abdicate. Emperor Wu allowed Cao Huan to live the rest of his life with honour as the Prince of Chenliu, and he was later buried with imperial ceremony. In 280, Emperor Wu conquered the Eastern Wu and united China, ending the Three Kingdoms period. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=de Crespigny|first=Rafe|date=2004-09-28|title=The Three Kingdoms and Western Jin: A History of China in the Third Century AD - I|url=http://hdl.handle.net/1885/41896|language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Corradini|first=Piero|date=2006|title=The Barbarian States in North China|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41928429|journal=Central Asiatic Journal|volume=50|issue=2|pages=163–232|issn=0008-9192}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Routledge handbook of imperial Chinese history|date=2020|publisher=Routledge, Taylor &amp; Francis Group|isbn=978-0-367-58051-3|editor-last=Xiong|editor-first=Victor Cunrui|edition=First issued in paperback|location=London New York|editor-last2=Hammond|editor-first2=Kenneth James}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Harvard drs 49802792 繡像三國演義續編 v.1 (晉惠帝).jpg|thumb|Emperor Hui, or Sima Zhong]]
Following the unification, China entered a decade of peace and economic prosperity, with accounts detailing the expensive and bizarre lifestyles of the ruling class. Internally, Emperor Wu upheld [[Confucianism|Confucian]] inheritance by making that his eldest son, Sima Zhong, later known as Emperor Hui, would succeed him to the throne, despite his [[developmental disability]]. To protect his heir and dynasty, he made his princes and dukes powerful by appointing them to important military and administrative positions. Meanwhile, a few officials also began expressing concerns regarding the growing population and treatment of the various non-Han peoples (&quot;Five Barbarians&quot;) that had been living in northern China for centuries. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com.my/books/edition/Military_Culture_in_Imperial_China/6yAsEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=%22sima+zhong%22+%22eldest%22+%22confucian%22&amp;pg=PA115&amp;printsec=frontcover|title=Military Culture in Imperial China|last=Cosmo|first=Nicola Di|date=2011-03-04|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-26299-7|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=A prince of martial splendour in the sixteen kingdoms: Li Hao (351-417), ruler of western Liang|date=2025|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-71643-8|editor-last=Declercq|editor-first=Dominik|series=Sinica Leidensia|location=Leiden ; Boston}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Decline'''

Emperor Wu died in 290, and Emperor Hui's ascension began the War of the Eight Princes. In 291, Emperor Hui's wife, Empress Jia, took power and began ruling the empire behind her husband's throne. Under her rule, the wealth of the ruling class went unchecked, and corruption was very widespread in the government. She and her family were overthrown  in 300, but a series of civil wars soon broke out between the Sima princes for the regency and succession of Emperor Hui, devastating most of northern China and the imperial military. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Medieval Chinese warfare, 300-900|last=Graff|first=David Andrew|date=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-23954-7|series=Warfare and history|location=London ; New York}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Liu Cong (Emperor Zhaowu of Han-Zhao).png|thumb|Liu Cong in a painting from the Tang dynasty]]
The short unification of China came to an end in 304; that year, the Cheng-Han and Han-Zhao states declared their independence from Jin. The Upheaval of the Five Barbarians carried on the chaos from the War of the Eight Princes, as [[Rebellion|uprisings]] and famines continued to weaken Jin [[authority]] in the north. In 311, the Jin capital Luoyang was attacked by Han-Zhao forces under Liu Cong, and Sima Chi,  known as Emperor Huai, was captured and later killed. Emperor Huai's successor Sima Ye,  known as Emperor Min, was then also captured and killed by Han-Zhao when they captured Chang'an (present-day Xi'an) in 316, marking the end of the Western Jin era. The surviving members of the Jin imperial family, as well as large numbers of Han Chinese from the North China Plain, fled to southern China. These refugees had a large impact on the lands they moved to—for example, they gave Quanzhou's Jin River its name upon their settlement there. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ae/books?id=GCCeDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=jinjiang+got+its+name+from+jin+dynasty&amp;pg=PT188&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=jinjiang%20got%20its%20name%20from%20jin%20dynasty&amp;f=false|title=The Chinese Mosaic: The Peoples And Provinces Of China|last=Moser|first=Leo J.|date=2019-06-18|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-31542-4|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Eastern Jin (317-420 AD) ===
[[File:Sima Rui (Jin Yuandi).jpg|thumb|Emperor Yuan (Sima Rui)]]
After the fall of Chang'an and the killing of Emperor Min of Jin, Sima Rui, later known as Emperor Yuan, became Jin emperor in 318. He recreated the Jin government at Jiankang (its new name Nanjing), which became the dynasty's new capital and marked the beginning of the Eastern Jin period. Since one of Sima Rui's titles was the prince of Langya, the newly created northern states,  denied the [[legitimacy]] of his succession, sometimes referred to his empire as &quot;Langya&quot;.

The Eastern Jin period saw the peak of ''menfa'' (門閥 'gentry clan') politics. The authority of the emperors was weakend, while empire's affairs were controlled by powerful immigrant elite families like the Wang (王) clans of Langya and Taiyuan, the Xie (謝) clan of Chenliu, the Huan (桓) clan of Qiao Commandery, and the Yu (庾) clan of Yingchuan. Among the people, a common remark was that &quot;Wang Dao and Sima Rui, they dominate the nation together&quot; (王與馬，共天下). It was said that when Emperor Yuan was holding court, he even invited Wang Dao to sit by his side so they could jointly accept congratulations from ministers, but Wang Dao declined the offer. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=司马睿 - 政治家 - 江苏省地方志|url=http://www.jssdfz.gov.cn/index.php?m=content&amp;c=index&amp;a=show&amp;catid=133&amp;id=4623|access-date=2026-06-07|website=www.jssdfz.gov.cn}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
[[Category:Chinese History]]
[[Category:Dynasties of Asia]]</text>
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[[Image:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. I noticed that you made a change to an article, [[:Ice Age: Boiling Point]], but you did not provide a [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|reliable source]]. It has been removed and archived in the page history for now, but if you want to [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|include a citation]] and re-add it, please do so! If you need help with referencing, please see [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]], or if you think I made a mistake, you can leave me a message on [[User_talk:Der-Wir-Ing|my talk page]]. Thank you. &lt;!-- Template:uw-unsourced1 --&gt; [[User:Der-Wir-Ing|Der-Wir-Ing]] ([[User talk:Der-Wir-Ing|talk]]) 23:27, 6 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
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[[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make helpful changes to Wikipedia. However, some of [[Special:Contribs/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|your changes]], like those to &quot;[[:Talk:Ariana Grande]]&quot;, did not seem to be helpful and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed.  If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.&lt;!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --&gt; [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG|talk]]) 00:38, 7 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <text bytes="1597" sha1="cbpyymc9eidob4epe49m0142hf7ltqh" xml:space="preserve">'''Rana Mehboob Akhtar''' is a writer,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=A befitting tribute {{!}} Literati {{!}} thenews.com.pk|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/567554-befitting-tribute|access-date=2026-06-07|website=www.thenews.com.pk|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; scholar, columnist,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=روزنامہ دنیا :- شہر کی دنیا:-کتاب سرزمین مظفرگڑھ کی تقریب رونمائی أٓج ہوگی|url=https://dunya.com.pk/index.php/city/multan/2021-07-17/1855019|access-date=2026-06-07|website=Roznama Dunya: روزنامہ دنیا :-|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-05|title=رانا محبوب اختر, Author at ہم سب|url=https://www.humsub.com.pk/author/rana-mahmbood-akhter/|access-date=2026-06-07|website=ہم سب|language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt; politician,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2013-04-07|title=اثاثوں میں ہیرا پھیری کا اعتراض لگانے پر حنا اور نور ربانی دھمکیاں دے رہے ہیں: امیدوار تحریک انصاف رانا محبوب|url=http://www.nawaiwaqt.com.pk/miscellaneous/07-Apr-2013/193304|access-date=2026-06-07|website=Nawaiwaqt|language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt; intellectual, and former bureaucrat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=مظفرگڑھ کی تاریخ،ثقافت،ادب،سیاست،حکومت  اور مشاہیر کی داستانوں پر مشتمل کتاب ”سرزمین مظفرگڑھ“شائع ہو گئی ہے {{!}} Star News HD Online|url=https://www.starnewshdonline.com/?p=34580|access-date=2026-06-07|website=www.starnewshdonline.com|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== References ==</text>
      <sha1>cbpyymc9eidob4epe49m0142hf7ltqh</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>10880663</id>
      <parentid>10880662</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T00:50:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A Prime Knight</username>
        <id>1734753</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>removed extra spaces</comment>
      <origin>10880663</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1593" sha1="nctija92x90usqq0ffs2d7431xz4qob" xml:space="preserve">'''Rana Mehboob Akhtar''' is a writer,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=A befitting tribute {{!}} Literati {{!}} thenews.com.pk|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/567554-befitting-tribute|access-date=2026-06-07|website=www.thenews.com.pk|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; scholar, columnist,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=روزنامہ دنیا :- شہر کی دنیا:-کتاب سرزمین مظفرگڑھ کی تقریب رونمائی أٓج ہوگی|url=https://dunya.com.pk/index.php/city/multan/2021-07-17/1855019|access-date=2026-06-07|website=Roznama Dunya: روزنامہ دنیا :-|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-05|title=رانا محبوب اختر, Author at ہم سب|url=https://www.humsub.com.pk/author/rana-mahmbood-akhter/|access-date=2026-06-07|website=ہم سب|language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt; politician,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2013-04-07|title=اثاثوں میں ہیرا پھیری کا اعتراض لگانے پر حنا اور نور ربانی دھمکیاں دے رہے ہیں: امیدوار تحریک انصاف رانا محبوب|url=http://www.nawaiwaqt.com.pk/miscellaneous/07-Apr-2013/193304|access-date=2026-06-07|website=Nawaiwaqt|language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt; intellectual, and former bureaucrat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=مظفرگڑھ کی تاریخ،ثقافت،ادب،سیاست،حکومت  اور مشاہیر کی داستانوں پر مشتمل کتاب ”سرزمین مظفرگڑھ“شائع ہو گئی ہے {{!}} Star News HD Online|url=https://www.starnewshdonline.com/?p=34580|access-date=2026-06-07|website=www.starnewshdonline.com|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==</text>
      <sha1>nctija92x90usqq0ffs2d7431xz4qob</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>10880669</id>
      <parentid>10880663</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T00:58:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A Prime Knight</username>
        <id>1734753</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>added a source</comment>
      <origin>10880669</origin>
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      <text bytes="1783" sha1="ky84u2stjvhafna3mfasjrpng8d2x3l" xml:space="preserve">'''Rana Mehboob Akhtar''' is a writer,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=A befitting tribute {{!}} Literati {{!}} thenews.com.pk|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/567554-befitting-tribute|access-date=2026-06-07|website=www.thenews.com.pk|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; scholar, columnist,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=روزنامہ دنیا :- شہر کی دنیا:-کتاب سرزمین مظفرگڑھ کی تقریب رونمائی أٓج ہوگی|url=https://dunya.com.pk/index.php/city/multan/2021-07-17/1855019|access-date=2026-06-07|website=Roznama Dunya: روزنامہ دنیا :-|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-05|title=رانا محبوب اختر, Author at ہم سب|url=https://www.humsub.com.pk/author/rana-mahmbood-akhter/|access-date=2026-06-07|website=ہم سب|language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt; politician,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2013-04-07|title=اثاثوں میں ہیرا پھیری کا اعتراض لگانے پر حنا اور نور ربانی دھمکیاں دے رہے ہیں: امیدوار تحریک انصاف رانا محبوب|url=http://www.nawaiwaqt.com.pk/miscellaneous/07-Apr-2013/193304|access-date=2026-06-07|website=Nawaiwaqt|language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt; intellectual, and former bureaucrat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=مظفرگڑھ کی تاریخ،ثقافت،ادب،سیاست،حکومت  اور مشاہیر کی داستانوں پر مشتمل کتاب ”سرزمین مظفرگڑھ“شائع ہو گئی ہے {{!}} Star News HD Online|url=https://www.starnewshdonline.com/?p=34580|access-date=2026-06-07|website=www.starnewshdonline.com|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2007-12-26|title=Missing names in Muzaffargarh|url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/281691/missing-names-in-muzaffargarh|access-date=2026-06-07|website=Dawn|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==</text>
      <sha1>ky84u2stjvhafna3mfasjrpng8d2x3l</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:IsaacBuz</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>1270562</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880676</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T01:07:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>NDG</username>
        <id>1452189</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>sending warning (warning 1)</comment>
      <origin>10880676</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="559" sha1="rjvmvrdtmbopr6enrar528gnliqf4f2" xml:space="preserve">== June 2026 ==

[[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make helpful changes to Wikipedia. However, some of [[Special:Contribs/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|your changes]], like those to &quot;[[:Neutron]]&quot;, did not seem to be helpful and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed.  If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.&lt;!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --&gt; [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG|talk]]) 01:07, 7 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Glentui</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1270563</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880683</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T01:18:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-29279-73</username>
        <id>1804013</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Infobox settlement &lt;!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --&gt; | name = Glentui | settlement_type = [[Rural Area]] | image_skyline = Glentui_River,_Mount_Thomas_Forest,_Canterbury,_New_Zealand_07.jpg | image_alt =  | image_caption = Glentui River | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 7 | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3131" sha1="bekffuwnjhwzomtv6lchv5kkl1ypj5y" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --&gt;
| name = Glentui
| settlement_type = [[Rural Area]]
| image_skyline = Glentui_River,_Mount_Thomas_Forest,_Canterbury,_New_Zealand_07.jpg
| image_alt = 
| image_caption = Glentui River
| image_flag =
| flag_alt =
| image_seal =
| seal_alt =
| image_shield =
| shield_alt =
| nickname =
| motto =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 7
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|-43.22|172.24|region:NZ|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]
| subdivision_name = New Zealand
| subdivision_type1 = [[List of regions in New Zealand|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Canterbury, New Zealand|Canterbury]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Territorial authority]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Waimakariri District]]
| subdivision_type3 = Ward
| subdivision_name3 = Oxford-Ohoka Ward
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = Electorates
| seat = Kaikoura&lt;br&gt;Te Tai Tonga (Maori electorate)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.elections.org.nz/mapping/ |title=Electorate Boundaries |access-date=29 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208035645/http://www.elections.org.nz/mapping/ |archive-date=8 February 2013 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
&lt;!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --&gt;
&lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt; tags --&gt;
| area_footnotes =
| area_urban_footnotes = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_rural_footnotes = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_metro_footnotes = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_magnitude = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_note =
| area_water_percent =
| area_rank =
| area_blank1_title =
| area_blank2_title =
&lt;!-- square kilometers --&gt;
| area_total_km2 =
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| area_metro_km2 =
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| area_blank2_km2 =
&lt;!-- hectares --&gt;
| area_total_ha =
| area_land_ha =
| area_water_ha =
| area_urban_ha =
| area_rural_ha =
| area_metro_ha =
| area_blank1_ha =
| area_blank2_ha =
| length_km =
| width_km =
| dimensions_footnotes =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| timezone1 = [[Time in New Zealand|NZST]]
| utc_offset1 = +12
| timezone1_DST = NZDT
| utc_offset1_DST = +13
| postal_code_type = Postcode
| postal_code = 7495
| area_code_type =
| area_code = 03
| iso_code =
| website = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
| footnotes =
}}
'''Glentui''' is a small rural community in the [[Waimakariri District]], New Zealand. It is located just north of [[Oxford, New Zealand|Oxford]]. It is popular with recreational use and camping sites.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Waimakariri District}}

[[Category:Settlements in Canterbury Region]]
[[Category:Waimakariri District]]
{{geo-stub}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Battlement</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1270564</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880685</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T01:25:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LightProof1995</username>
        <id>1202340</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created Battlements page</comment>
      <origin>10880685</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="510" sha1="qrbq4aiziq2k2khsi4a6ft6x41zocj0" xml:space="preserve">'''Battlements''' line the top of the [[walls]] of [[castle]]s or [[fort]]s. The walls switch between being low and being high, creating spaces. 

[[Archers]] can stand in a space and fire an [[arrow]] at a castle invader, then run behind a higher section of the battlement to protect themselves from an incoming arrow.

Battlements are also known as crenellations. The higher sections of battlements that offer full protection are [[parapet]]s. The lower sections that allow [[visibility]] are called crenels.</text>
      <sha1>qrbq4aiziq2k2khsi4a6ft6x41zocj0</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Masha Gessen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1270565</id>
    <redirect title="M. Gessen" />
    <revision>
      <id>10880687</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T01:26:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Irn</username>
        <id>61833</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Irn moved page [[Masha Gessen]] to [[M. Gessen]]: they changed their name</comment>
      <origin>10880687</origin>
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      <text bytes="23" sha1="9nry8nafjansq3rjq6sbxh1ziq13099" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[M. Gessen]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Marcan Priority</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1270566</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880688</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T01:29:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SuperDuperReally</username>
        <id>1761458</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page; sources needed as well as expansion.</comment>
      <origin>10880688</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1782" sha1="35caejhqy8mmo5a6jza5mmcwct2dqie" xml:space="preserve">'''Marcan Priority''' (or ''Markan Priority'') is the idea that the [[Gospel of Mark]] was the first of the [[Synoptic Gospels]] to be written and that it was used as a source for the others ([[Gospel of Matthew]] and [[Gospel of Luke]]). It is part of the [[Two-source hypothesis|Two-Source Hypothesis]].

Most scholars since the late-19th century have accepted Marcan Priority,{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} but some scholars support different forms of it or reject it entirely.{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}}

== History ==
According to the [[Church Father|Church Fathers]], first in [[Against Heresies]] by [[Irenaeus]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Irenaeus, Against Heresies, Book 3, Chapter 1.&quot;&gt;[https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103301.htm], Irenaeus, Against Heresies, Book 3, Chapter 1.&lt;/ref&gt; the [[Gospel of Matthew]] was written in Hebrew as the first gospel and was used as a source by Mark and Luke.{{sfnp|Tuckett|2008|pp=16–17}} But this began to be challenged in the late-18th century when [[Gottlob Christian Storr]] proposed that the [[Gospel of Mark]] was the earliest gospel.&lt;ref name=&quot;Storr1786&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O4dAAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PP5|title=Über den Zweck der evangelischen Geschichte und der Briefe Johannis|last=Storr|first=Gottlob Christian|publisher=Jacob Friedrich Heerbrandt|year=1786|location=Tübingen|pages=274 ff|language=German|authorlink=Gottlob Christian Storr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Meyboom1993&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=A History and Critique of the Origin of the Marcan Hypothesis, 1835–1866|last=Meyboom|first=Hajo Uden|publisher=Mercer University Press|year=1993|isbn=0865544077|editor-last=Kiwiet|editor-first=John J.|series=New Gospel Studies|volume=8|location=Macon, Georgia|page=xviii|author-link=:nl:Hajo Uden Meyboom}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>35caejhqy8mmo5a6jza5mmcwct2dqie</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Archers</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1270567</id>
    <redirect title="Archery" />
    <revision>
      <id>10880690</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T01:30:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LightProof1995</username>
        <id>1202340</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created redirect page</comment>
      <origin>10880690</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21" sha1="96g4vqxfs3idmqaybapd3uij7bhyzz2" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Archery]]</text>
      <sha1>96g4vqxfs3idmqaybapd3uij7bhyzz2</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Defensive wall</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>1270568</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880694</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T01:32:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LightProof1995</username>
        <id>1202340</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Merge */ new section</comment>
      <origin>10880694</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="150" sha1="ddscnvvww92n6yi7klu2amr6qg6oz1q" xml:space="preserve">== Merge ==

Should this be merged with [[walls]]? [[User:LightProof1995|LightProof1995]] ([[User talk:LightProof1995|talk]]) 01:32, 7 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>ddscnvvww92n6yi7klu2amr6qg6oz1q</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Gospel of John</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>1270569</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880700</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T02:04:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SuperDuperReally</username>
        <id>1761458</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Theology of the Gospel of John */ new section</comment>
      <origin>10880700</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2043" sha1="on5pdv9g5h74hntgpvm8o19ghq55kf4" xml:space="preserve">== Theology of the Gospel of John ==

There are many problems with this article.

There are virtually no citations for the theological interpretation that this article does (in fact, this entire article has three citations, not including the citation to John 20:31 that I added. I also realize that this is a problem for the vast majority of articles on Simple English Wikipedia).

This article also seems to ''imply'' that Jesus is God in some sense (even outright stating that John equates Jesus to God in John 1:1, which is debatable since the construction there implies a qualitative relation between &quot;Theos&quot; and &quot;Logos.&quot; Moreover, John 1:1 says that the Word was with &quot;ho Theos&quot; but that the Logos is qualitatively &quot;Theos&quot; instead of &quot;ho Theos&quot;, which could be a distinction between ''the God of Israel'' and ''divinity'' by presence of the article. Furthermore, the Gospel of John itself denies that &quot;God&quot; is exhausted by the God of Israel in John 10:34, which means that &quot;ho Theos&quot; and &quot;Theos&quot; which the Logos is equated to don't necessarily have the same referents), but it never exactly elaborates on what that means. It mentions the seven &quot;I Am&quot; discourses and how that relates to God's name in the Hebrew Bible (except in a misleading way. The name of God in the Old Testament is &quot;YHWH&quot;, reconstructed as &quot;Yahweh&quot;, which the Book of Exodus seems to connect to the Hebrew &quot;Hayah&quot;, but &quot;I am that I am&quot; is not the name that God gives), but it fails to elaborate on the scholarly debate or consensus on the relation between God and the Logos, between the Father and the Son, in John's high Christology.

The article says that scholars believe that John the Evangelist wrote the Gospel of John, but that is false. All four gospels are commonly viewed to be anonymous works, while John ''might be'' based on a source that is attributable to John (or, at-least, a source that was thought to be from &quot;the disciple whom Jesus loved&quot;). [[User:SuperDuperReally|SuperDuperReally]] ([[User talk:SuperDuperReally|talk]]) 02:04, 7 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>on5pdv9g5h74hntgpvm8o19ghq55kf4</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Waimate North</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1270570</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880704</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T02:25:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-31801-68</username>
        <id>1812592</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Infobox settlement |name             = Waimate North |image_skyline    = Te Waimate Mission House.jpg |image_caption    = Te Waimate Mission House |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = New Zealand |subdivision_type1= Region |subdivision_name1= [[Northland Region]] |subdivision_type2= District |subdivision_name2= [[Far North District]] |subdivision_type3= Ward |subdivision_name3= Kaikohe/Hokianga |subdivision_type4= Community |subdivision_name4= Kaikohe-Hokian...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1618" sha1="smtowvkyma6g9v5oa9w9jxvqtieposh" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
|name             = Waimate North
|image_skyline    = Te Waimate Mission House.jpg
|image_caption    = Te Waimate Mission House
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = New Zealand
|subdivision_type1= Region
|subdivision_name1= [[Northland Region]]
|subdivision_type2= District
|subdivision_name2= [[Far North District]]
|subdivision_type3= Ward
|subdivision_name3= Kaikohe/Hokianga
|subdivision_type4= Community
|subdivision_name4= Kaikohe-Hokianga
|subdivision_type5= Subdivision
|subdivision_name5= Kaikohe
|leader_title     = Territorial Authority
|leader_name      = [[Far North District Council]]
|leader_title1    = Regional council
|leader_name1     = [[Northland Regional Council]]
|leader_title2    = [[Mayor of Far North]]
|leader_name2     = {{NZ officeholder data|Far North District Mayor|y}}
|leader_title3    = [[Northland (New Zealand electorate)|Northland MP]]
|leader_name3     = {{NZ officeholder data|Northland MP|y}}
|leader_title4    = [[Te Tai Tokerau|Te Tai Tokerau MP]]
|leader_name4     = {{NZ officeholder data|Te Tai Tokerau MP|y}}
|seat_type        = Electorates
|seat             = {{ubl|[[Northland (New Zealand electorate)|Northland]]|[[Te Tai Tokerau]]}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 9
|coordinates      = {{coord|35|18|52|S|173|52|55|E|region:NZ|display=inline,title}}
}}
'''Waimate North''' is a small settlement in the Far North, New Zealand. It is located west of [[Kerikeri]] and the [[Bay of Islands]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Far North District}}

[[Category:Settlements in Northland Region]]
[[Category:Far North District]]
{{geo-stub}}</text>
      <sha1>smtowvkyma6g9v5oa9w9jxvqtieposh</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Allanton, New Zealand</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1270571</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880707</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T02:35:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>1804013</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Infobox settlement | name                 = Allanton | type                 = Rural settlement | image_skyline        =  | image_caption        =  | pushpin_map          =  | pushpin_map_caption  =  | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 10 | coordinates          = {{Coord|45|55|S|170|16|E|region:NZ_type:city|display=inline,title}} | native_name          =  | subdivision_type     = Country | subdivision_name     = New Zealand | subdivision_type1    = Island | subdivision_n...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3047" sha1="s81kbnj36qqbitwdcsls9f6yrkau8qa" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                 = Allanton
| type                 = Rural settlement
| image_skyline        = 
| image_caption        = 
| pushpin_map          = 
| pushpin_map_caption  = 
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| coordinates          = {{Coord|45|55|S|170|16|E|region:NZ_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| native_name          = 
| subdivision_type     = Country
| subdivision_name     = New Zealand
| subdivision_type1    = Island
| subdivision_name1    = [[South Island]]
| subdivision_type2    = [[Regions of New Zealand|Region]]
| subdivision_name2    = [[Otago]]
| subdivision_type3    = [[Districts of New Zealand|District]]
| subdivision_name3    = [[Dunedin]]
| subdivision_type4    = [[Community boards in New Zealand|Community board]]
| subdivision_name4    = Mosgiel-Taieri Community Board&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=2016 Mosgiel-Taieri Community Board Boundary |url=https://www.dunedin.govt.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/543508/Mosgiel-Taieri-Community-2016.pdf |website=dunedin.govt.nz |publisher=[[Dunedin City Council]] |access-date=2 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| seat_type            = Electorates
| seat                 = {{ubl|[[Taieri (New Zealand electorate)|Taieri]]|[[Te Tai Tonga]] (Māori)}}
| leader_title         = [[Territorial authorities of New Zealand|Territorial authority]]
| leader_name          = [[Dunedin City Council]]
| leader_title1        = Regional council
| leader_name1         = [[Otago Regional Council]]
| leader_title2        = [[Mayor of Dunedin]]
| leader_name2         = {{NZ officeholder data|Dunedin City Mayor|y}}
| leader_title3        = [[Taieri (New Zealand electorate)|Taieri MP]]
| leader_name3         = {{NZ officeholder data|Taieri MP|y}}
| leader_title4        = [[Te Tai Tonga|Te Tai Tonga MP]]
| leader_name4         = {{NZ officeholder data|Te Tai Tonga MP|y}}
| population_as_of     = {{NZ population data 2018|||y}}
| population_total     = {{NZ population data 2018|Allanton|y}}
| population_footnotes = {{NZ population data 2018||||y}}
| population_density_km2 = auto
| area_footnotes       = &lt;ref name=&quot;Area&quot;/&gt;
| area_total_km2       = 0.79
| timezone1            = NZST
| utc_offset1          = +12
| timezone1_DST        = NZDT
| utc_offset1_DST      = +13
| postal_code_type     = Postcode
| postal_code          = 9092
| area_code_type       = Area code
| area_code            = 03
| blank_name           = Local [[iwi]]
| blank_info           = [[Ngāi Tahu]]
}}
'''Allanton''' is a small town and is located 20 kilometers south of [[Dunedin]]. It is situated on State Highway 1 and State Highway 86 and is close to the international airport. It lies near the [[Tairei River]]. The primary school closed in 2004.

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

&lt;ref name=&quot;Area&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=ArcGIS Web Application|url=https://statsnz.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=6f49867abe464f86ac7526552fe19787| access-date=6 January 2022|website=statsnz.maps.arcgis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

}}

{{Dunedin navbox}}
{{geo-stub}}
[[Category:Towns in Otago]]
[[Category:Dunedin]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User talk:~2026-33441-48</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>1270573</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880710</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T02:56:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>966595</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Only warning: Creating inappropriate pages. ([[WP:TW|TW]])</comment>
      <origin>10880710</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="348" sha1="lmr21rrvvveoinv2wt2f555drfbo8q5" xml:space="preserve">== June 2026 ==
[[Image:Stop hand nuvola.svg|30px]] This is your '''only warning'''. The next time you make a [[Wikipedia:Rules|bad page]], you '''will''' be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from changing pages on Wikipedia. &lt;!-- Template:uw-create4im --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 02:56, 7 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>lmr21rrvvveoinv2wt2f555drfbo8q5</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>User talk:~2026-33566-64</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>1270574</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880728</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T03:43:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ChenzwBot</username>
        <id>16695</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Adding level 1 warning about vandalism on [[Shohei Ohtani]] (BOT)</comment>
      <origin>10880728</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="970" sha1="b72701xiy6dz25ndcygxeez9rsj06ca" xml:space="preserve">== June 2026 ==

[[Image:Information.svg|left|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make useful changes to Wikipedia. However, at least one of your changes, such as the one you made to &quot;[[:Shohei Ohtani]]&quot;, did not seem to be helpful and has been '''automatically reverted''' by [[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]]. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.
*Technical details: [[Special:Diff/10880726|Edit]] (10880726) processed with score of 0.99296.
*&lt;small&gt;As an automated computer program, ChenzwBot makes few mistakes, but it may happen in rare cases. If you believe your change was not vandalism, remove this message from your talk page, and then make the change again.&lt;/small&gt; &lt;!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --&gt; --[[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]] ([[User talk:ChenzwBot|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChenzwBot|contribs]]) 03:43, 7 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>b72701xiy6dz25ndcygxeez9rsj06ca</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>User talk:Days all ho abd gone</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>1270575</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880777</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T04:46:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ravensfire</username>
        <id>121204</id>
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      <comment>General note: Unhelpful changes on [[Little Princess (British TV series)]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]])</comment>
      <origin>10880777</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="607" sha1="g0sv71oc77u4bmnykxvlutvhu9gqg4v" xml:space="preserve">== June 2026 ==
[[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make helpful changes to Wikipedia. However, some of [[Special:Contribs/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|your changes]], like those to &quot;[[:Little Princess (British TV series)]]&quot;, did not seem to be helpful and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed.  If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.&lt;!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --&gt; [[User:Ravensfire|Ravensfire]] ([[User talk:Ravensfire|talk]]) 04:46, 7 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>g0sv71oc77u4bmnykxvlutvhu9gqg4v</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>East Taieri</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1270576</id>
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      <id>10880783</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T05:28:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-31801-68</username>
        <id>1812592</id>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Infobox settlement | name                 = East Taieri | type                 = Settlement | image_skyline        = East Taieri Presbyterian Church.jpg | image_caption        = East Taieri Presbyterian Church | pushpin_map          =  | pushpin_map_caption  =  | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 10 | coordinates          = {{Coord|45|53|55|S|170|20|0|E|region:NZ_type:city|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type     = Country | subdivision_name     = New Zealand | sub...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3020" sha1="5a2carbepw2de4gvgduaq37edny6ct2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                 = East Taieri
| type                 = Settlement
| image_skyline        = East Taieri Presbyterian Church.jpg
| image_caption        = East Taieri Presbyterian Church
| pushpin_map          = 
| pushpin_map_caption  = 
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| coordinates          = {{Coord|45|53|55|S|170|20|0|E|region:NZ_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type     = Country
| subdivision_name     = New Zealand
| subdivision_type2    = Island
| subdivision_name2    = [[South Island]]
| subdivision_type3    = [[Regions of New Zealand|Region]]
| subdivision_name3    = [[Otago]]
| subdivision_type4    = [[Districts of New Zealand|District]]
| subdivision_name4    = [[Dunedin]]
| subdivision_type5    = [[Community boards in New Zealand|Community board]]
| subdivision_name5    = Mosgiel-Taieri Community Board&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=2016 Mosgiel-Taieri Community Board Boundary |url=https://www.dunedin.govt.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/543508/Mosgiel-Taieri-Community-2016.pdf |website=dunedin.govt.nz |publisher=[[Dunedin City Council]] |access-date=2 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| seat_type            = Electorates
| seat                 = {{ubl|[[Taieri (New Zealand electorate)|Taieri]]|[[Te Tai Tonga]] (Māori)}}
| leader_title         = [[Territorial authorities of New Zealand|Territorial authority]]
| leader_name          = [[Dunedin City Council]]
| leader_title1        = Regional council
| leader_name1         = [[Otago Regional Council]]
| leader_title2        = [[Mayor of Dunedin]]
| leader_name2         = {{NZ officeholder data|Dunedin City Mayor|y}}
| leader_title3        = [[Taieri (New Zealand electorate)|Taieri MP]]
| leader_name3         = {{NZ officeholder data|Taieri MP|y}}
| leader_title4        = [[Te Tai Tonga|Te Tai Tonga MP]]
| leader_name4         = {{NZ officeholder data|Te Tai Tonga MP|y}}
| population_footnotes = {{NZ population data 2023 SA2||||y}}
| population_total     = {{NZ population data 2023 SA2|East Taieri|y}}
| population_as_of     = {{NZ population data 2023 SA2|||y}}
| area_total_km2       = 3.13
| area_footnotes       = &lt;ref name=&quot;Area&quot;/&gt;
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone1            = NZST
| utc_offset1          = +12
| timezone1_DST        = NZDT
| utc_offset1_DST      = +13
| postal_code_type     = Postcode
| postal_code          =
| area_code_type       = Area code
| area_code            = 03
| blank_name           = Local [[iwi]]
| blank_info           = [[Ngāi Tahu]]
}}
'''East Taieri''' is a small town on State Highway 1 between [[Mosgiel]] and [[Allanton, New Zealand|Allanton]]. It has a primary school and a church located in the town.

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

&lt;ref name=&quot;Area&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=ArcGIS Web Application|url=https://statsnz.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=6f49867abe464f86ac7526552fe19787| access-date=6 January 2022|website=statsnz.maps.arcgis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

}}

{{Dunedin navbox}}
{{geo-stub}}
[[Category:Towns in Otago]]
[[Category:Dunedin]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:ÖFB Ladies Cup seasons</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-07T06:02:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Navbox | name      = Austrian Ladies Cup | title     = [[ÖFB Ladies Cup]] seasons | state     = {{{state|autocollapse}}} | listclass = hlist | list1     =  '''ÖFB-Frauen-Fußball-Cup (organized by the [[Vienna Football Association]]):'''&lt;br&gt;  * [[1972- 73 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1972-73]] * [[1973- 74 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1973- 74]] * [[1974- 75 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1974-75]] * [[1975- 76 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1975-76]] * 1975- 76 Au...&quot;</comment>
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| name      = Austrian Ladies Cup
| title     = [[ÖFB Ladies Cup]] seasons
| state     = {{{state|autocollapse}}}
| listclass = hlist
| list1     =

'''ÖFB-Frauen-Fußball-Cup (organized by the [[Vienna Football Association]]):'''&lt;br&gt;

* [[1972- 73 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1972-73]]
* [[1973- 74 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1973- 74]]
* [[1974- 75 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1974-75]]
* [[1975- 76 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1975-76]]
* [[1975- 76 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1975-76]]
* [[1976- 77 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1976-77]]
* [[1977- 78 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1977-78]]
* [[1978- 79 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1978-79]]
* [[1979- 80 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1979-80]]
* [[1980- 81 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1980-81]]
* [[1981- 82 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1981-82]]
* [[1982- 83 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1982-83]]
* [[1983- 84 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1983-84]]
* [[1984- 85 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1984-85]]
* [[1985- 86 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1985-86]]
* [[1986- 87 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1986-87]]
* [[1987- 88 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1987-88]]
* [[1988- 89 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1988-89]]
* [[1989- 90 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1989-90]]
* [[1990-91 Austrian Women's Football Cup |1990-91]] 

'''ÖFB-Ladies-Cup  (organized by the [[Austrian Football Association]]):'''

* [[1991- 92 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1991-92]] 
* [[1992- 93 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1992-93]] 
* [[1993- 94 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1993-94]] 
* [[1994- 95 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1994-95]] 
* [[1995- 96 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1995-96]] 
* [[1996- 97 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1996-97]] 
* [[1997- 98 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1997-98]] 
* [[1998- 99 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1998-99]] 
* [[1999- 00 Austrian Women's Football Cup|1999-00]] 
* [[2000-01 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2000-01]] 
* [[2001-02 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2001-02]] 
* [[2002-03 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2002-03]] 
* [[2003-04 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2003-04]] 
* [[2004-05 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2004-05]] 
* [[2005-06 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2005-06]] 
* [[2006-07 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2006-07]] 
* [[2007-08 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2007-08]] 
* [[2008-09 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2008-09]] 
* [[2009-10 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2009-10]] 
* [[2010-11 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2010-11]] 
* [[2011-12 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2011-12]] 
* [[2012-13 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2012-13]] 
* [[2013-14 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2013-14]] 
* [[2014-15 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2014-15]] 
* [[2015-16 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2015-16]] 
* [[2016-17 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2016-17]] 
* [[2017-18 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2017-18]] 
* [[2018-19 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2018-19]] 
* [[2019-20 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2019-20]] 
* [[2020-21 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2020-21]] 
* [[2021-22 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2021-22]] 
* [[2022-23 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2022-23]] 
* [[2023-24 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2023-24]] 
* [[2024-25 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2024-25]] 
* [[2025-26 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2025-26]] 
* [[2026-27 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2026-27]] 
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Austrian Cup|τ]]
[[Category:Sports navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>0rqjg57d6jlvg48vgs3fw0kkcy1oplq</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>2019 Romanian presidential election</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>10880802</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T06:28:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-33673-61</username>
        <id>1817789</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Infobox election | election_name = 2019 Romanian presidential election  | country = Romania  | type = Presidential  | previous_election = 2014 Romanian presidential election  | previous_year = 2014 | next_election = 2024 Romanian presidential election  | next_year = 2024 | election_date = 10 November 2019 (first round)&lt;br /&gt;24 November 2019(second round) | turnout = 51.18% (first round) {{decrease}} 2.00[[Percentage point|pp]]&lt;br /&gt;54.86% (second rouns) {{decrease}} 9....&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="10121" sha1="9epwobbcnglbryizkb18jt89itii3o4" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2019 Romanian presidential election 
| country = Romania 
| type = Presidential 
| previous_election = 2014 Romanian presidential election 
| previous_year = 2014
| next_election = 2024 Romanian presidential election 
| next_year = 2024
| election_date = 10 November 2019 (first round)&lt;br /&gt;24 November 2019(second round)
| turnout = 51.18% (first round) {{decrease}} 2.00[[Percentage point|pp]]&lt;br /&gt;54.86% (second rouns) {{decrease}} 9.25[[Percentage point|pp]]

| image1 = Klaus Iohannis in 2019.jpg
| candidate1 = '''[[Klaus Iohannis]]'''
| party1 = National Liberal Party (Romania)
| popular_vote1 = '''6,509,135'''
| percentage1 = '''66.09%'''

| image2 = Viorica Dăncilă June 2019.jpg
| candidate2 = [[Viorica Dăncilă]]
| party2 = Social Democratic Party (Romania)
| popular_vote2 = 3,339,922
| percentage3 = 33.91%

| map_image = 2019 Romanian presidential election by county.svg
| map_size = 350px
| map_caption =  

| title = [[President of Romania|President]]
| before_election = [[Klaus Iohannis]]
| before_party = [[National Liberal Party (Romania)|PNL]]
| posttitle = President after election 
| after_election = [[Klaus Iohannis]]
| after_party = [[National Liberal Party (Romania) |PNL]]
}}
The '''2019 Romanian presidential election'''was place on 10-24 November 2019.&lt;ref&gt;[[Constitution of Romania]], [http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?den=act2_2&amp;par1=3#t3c2s0a81 Article 83] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508185732/http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?den=act2_2&amp;par1=3#t3c2s0a81 |date=2018-05-08 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.digi24.ro/stiri/actualitate/politica/klaus-iohannis-a-anuntat-ca-va-candida-pentru-un-nou-mandat-de-presedinte-952012|title=Klaus Iohannis va candida pentru un nou mandat de președinte: &quot;Sunt ferm hotărât&quot;|work=digi24.ro|date=23 June 2018|access-date=23 June 2018|archive-date=23 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623124450/https://www.digi24.ro/stiri/actualitate/politica/klaus-iohannis-a-anuntat-ca-va-candida-pentru-un-nou-mandat-de-presedinte-952012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news.ro/politic-intern/curtea-constitutionala-a-validat-rezultatul-primului-tur-al-alegerilor-prezidentiale-zece-contestatii-care-au-vizat-alegerile-au-fost-depuse-toate-fiind-respinse-1922401915002019111419171742|title=Curtea Constituţională a validat rezultatul primului tur al alegerilor prezidenţiale; zece contestaţii care au vizat alegerile au fost depuse, toate fiind respinse|website=News.ro|date=15 November 2019 |access-date=Nov 24, 2019|archive-date=November 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115160923/https://www.news.ro/politic-intern/curtea-constitutionala-a-validat-rezultatul-primului-tur-al-alegerilor-prezidentiale-zece-contestatii-care-au-vizat-alegerile-au-fost-depuse-toate-fiind-respinse-1922401915002019111419171742|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.agerpres.ro/documentare/2019/11/11/calendarul-electoral-dupa-primul-tur-al-alegerilor-prezidentiale--400846|title=Calendarul electoral după primul tur al alegerilor prezidenţiale|website=www.agerpres.ro|access-date=Nov 24, 2019|archive-date=November 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112183128/https://www.agerpres.ro/documentare/2019/11/11/calendarul-electoral-dupa-primul-tur-al-alegerilor-prezidentiale--400846|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;stirileprotv.ro&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://stirileprotv.ro/stiri/alegeri-prezidentiale-2019/ccr-a-validat-rezultatul-celui-de-al-doilea-tur-al-alegerilor-pentru-presedintele-romaniei.html|title=CCR a validat rezultatul alegerilor prezidențiale. Mesajul lui Iohannis pentru români|website=Stirileprotv.ro|access-date=2019-11-28|archive-date=2019-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128161919/https://stirileprotv.ro/stiri/alegeri-prezidentiale-2019/ccr-a-validat-rezultatul-celui-de-al-doilea-tur-al-alegerilor-pentru-presedintele-romaniei.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.g4media.ro/dan-barna-a-facut-publice-veniturile-sotiei-sale-desi-anterior-le-a-anonimizat-in-declaratia-de-avere-depusa-la-bec.html|title=Dan Barna a făcut publice veniturile soției sale, deși anterior le-a anonimizat în declarația de avere depusă la BEC|date=Sep 26, 2019|website=G4Media|access-date=Nov 24, 2019|archive-date=September 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913013638/https://www.g4media.ro/dan-barna-a-facut-publice-veniturile-sotiei-sale-desi-anterior-le-a-anonimizat-in-declaratia-de-avere-depusa-la-bec.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.riseproject.ro/articol/adevarul-despre-dan-barna/|title=Adevărul despre Dan Barna|access-date=Nov 24, 2019|archive-date=November 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015252/https://www.riseproject.ro/articol/adevarul-despre-dan-barna/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://newsweek.ro/investigatii/exclusiv-audio-candidata-lui-voiculescu-il-acuza-pe-varan-de-santaj-si-furt-de-bani-de-campanie|title=EXCLUSIV AUDIO Candidata lui Voiculescu îl acuză pe &quot;varan&quot; de șantaj și furt de bani de campanie &amp;#124; Newsweek Romania|website=newsweek.ro|date=17 October 2019 |access-date=Nov 24, 2019|archive-date=November 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123094919/https://newsweek.ro/investigatii/exclusiv-audio-candidata-lui-voiculescu-il-acuza-pe-varan-de-santaj-si-furt-de-bani-de-campanie|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-esential-23475411-alerta-disparut-candidat-prezidentiale-ninel-peia-plecat-azi-noapte-hotel-nu-mai-putut-contactat.htm|title=Alertă: A dispărut un candidat la prezidențiale / Ninel Peia a plecat azi noapte de la hotel și nu a mai putut fi contactat - Esential - HotNews.ro|date=Nov 7, 2019|website=www.hotnews.ro|access-date=Nov 24, 2019|archive-date=November 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115164344/https://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-esential-23475411-alerta-disparut-candidat-prezidentiale-ninel-peia-plecat-azi-noapte-hotel-nu-mai-putut-contactat.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.libertatea.ro/stiri/ninel-peia-a-fost-gasit-2794486|title=Ninel Peia a fost găsit la Mănăstirea Putna, unde a mers să se roage|date=Nov 8, 2019|website=Libertatea|access-date=Nov 24, 2019|archive-date=November 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116034315/https://www.libertatea.ro/stiri/ninel-peia-a-fost-gasit-2794486|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mediafax.ro/politic/catarama-voi-cere-la-cnsas-documentele-originale-despre-care-vorbesc-e-un-atac-pe-stiri-false-18553912|title=Cataramă: Voi cere la CNSAS documentele originale despre care vorbesc. E un atac pe ştiri false|website=Mediafax.ro|access-date=Nov 24, 2019|archive-date=November 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108161414/https://www.mediafax.ro/politic/catarama-voi-cere-la-cnsas-documentele-originale-despre-care-vorbesc-e-un-atac-pe-stiri-false-18553912|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.digifm.ro/stiri/cumpanasu-nu-a-absolvit-facultatea-dar-are-titlu-de-doctor-honoris-causa-52063|title=Cumpănașu nu a absolvit facultatea, dar are titlu de Doctor Honoris Causa|website=www.digifm.ro|access-date=Nov 24, 2019|archive-date=December 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211200905/https://www.digifm.ro/stiri/cumpanasu-nu-a-absolvit-facultatea-dar-are-titlu-de-doctor-honoris-causa-52063|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://magnanews.ro/2019/10/cumpanasu-era-sa-fie-dat-afara-din-studio-la-radio-romania-actualitati/|title=Cumpănaşu era să fie dat afară din studio, la Radio România Actualităţi|first=Anca|last=Apostol|date=October 16, 2019|access-date=Nov 24, 2019|archive-date=November 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107200515/https://magnanews.ro/2019/10/cumpanasu-era-sa-fie-dat-afara-din-studio-la-radio-romania-actualitati/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.digi24.ro/stiri/actualitate/politica/alegeri-prezidentiale-2019/alexandru-cumpanasu-cu-arma-in-studioul-tvr-ce-transmite-acest-gest-in-campania-electorala-1211073|title=Alexandru Cumpănașu, cu arma în studioul TVR. Ce transmite acest gest în campania electorală?|website=www.digi24.ro|access-date=Nov 24, 2019|archive-date=November 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107200522/https://www.digi24.ro/stiri/actualitate/politica/alegeri-prezidentiale-2019/alexandru-cumpanasu-cu-arma-in-studioul-tvr-ce-transmite-acest-gest-in-campania-electorala-1211073|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://finantarepartide.ro/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/5.-SITE-Declarare-contributii-prezidentiale-14.11.-2019.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2019-11-14 |archive-date=2019-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114195824/https://finantarepartide.ro/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/5.-SITE-Declarare-contributii-prezidentiale-14.11.-2019.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.rfi.ro/politica-115553-sebastian-popescu-schimbare-clasa-politica|title=(VIDEO) Candidatul la Președinție Sebastian Popescu: Vreau schimbarea clasei politice, dar nu cu cătușe, ci prin vot|date=Oct 31, 2019|website=RFI România: Actualitate, informaţii, ştiri în direct|access-date=Nov 24, 2019|archive-date=November 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116193201/https://www.rfi.ro/politica-115553-sebastian-popescu-schimbare-clasa-politica|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://finantarepartide.ro/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/7.SITE-SITUATIA-CONTRIBUTIILOR-ALEGERI-PREZ-2019-PTR-PUBLICARE-WEBSITE-27.11.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2019-12-02 |archive-date=2020-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913013039/https://finantarepartide.ro/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/7.SITE-SITUATIA-CONTRIBUTIILOR-ALEGERI-PREZ-2019-PTR-PUBLICARE-WEBSITE-27.11.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <revision>
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        <username>~2026-33673-61</username>
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      <text bytes="10122" sha1="l0zpwmw2pkh4xvr1n81b1l3x65r1rq6" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2019 Romanian presidential election 
| country = Romania 
| type = Presidential 
| previous_election = 2014 Romanian presidential election 
| previous_year = 2014
| next_election = 2024 Romanian presidential election 
| next_year = 2024
| election_date = 10 November 2019 (first round)&lt;br /&gt;24 November 2019(second round)
| turnout = 51.18% (first round) {{decrease}} 2.00[[Percentage point|pp]]&lt;br /&gt;54.86% (second rouns) {{decrease}} 9.25[[Percentage point|pp]]

| image1 = Klaus Iohannis in 2019.jpg
| candidate1 = '''[[Klaus Iohannis]]'''
| party1 = National Liberal Party (Romania)
| popular_vote1 = '''6,509,135'''
| percentage1 = '''66.09%'''

| image2 = Viorica Dăncilă June 2019.jpg
| candidate2 = [[Viorica Dăncilă]]
| party2 = Social Democratic Party (Romania)
| popular_vote2 = 3,339,922
| percentage3 = 33.91%

| map_image = 2019 Romanian presidential election by county.svg
| map_size = 350px
| map_caption =  

| title = [[President of Romania|President]]
| before_election = [[Klaus Iohannis]]
| before_party = [[National Liberal Party (Romania)|PNL]]
| posttitle = President after election 
| after_election = [[Klaus Iohannis]]
| after_party = [[National Liberal Party (Romania) |PNL]]
}}
The '''2019 Romanian presidential election''' was place on 10-24 November 2019.&lt;ref&gt;[[Constitution of Romania]], [http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?den=act2_2&amp;par1=3#t3c2s0a81 Article 83] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508185732/http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?den=act2_2&amp;par1=3#t3c2s0a81 |date=2018-05-08 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.digi24.ro/stiri/actualitate/politica/klaus-iohannis-a-anuntat-ca-va-candida-pentru-un-nou-mandat-de-presedinte-952012|title=Klaus Iohannis va candida pentru un nou mandat de președinte: &quot;Sunt ferm hotărât&quot;|work=digi24.ro|date=23 June 2018|access-date=23 June 2018|archive-date=23 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623124450/https://www.digi24.ro/stiri/actualitate/politica/klaus-iohannis-a-anuntat-ca-va-candida-pentru-un-nou-mandat-de-presedinte-952012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news.ro/politic-intern/curtea-constitutionala-a-validat-rezultatul-primului-tur-al-alegerilor-prezidentiale-zece-contestatii-care-au-vizat-alegerile-au-fost-depuse-toate-fiind-respinse-1922401915002019111419171742|title=Curtea Constituţională a validat rezultatul primului tur al alegerilor prezidenţiale; zece contestaţii care au vizat alegerile au fost depuse, toate fiind respinse|website=News.ro|date=15 November 2019 |access-date=Nov 24, 2019|archive-date=November 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115160923/https://www.news.ro/politic-intern/curtea-constitutionala-a-validat-rezultatul-primului-tur-al-alegerilor-prezidentiale-zece-contestatii-care-au-vizat-alegerile-au-fost-depuse-toate-fiind-respinse-1922401915002019111419171742|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.agerpres.ro/documentare/2019/11/11/calendarul-electoral-dupa-primul-tur-al-alegerilor-prezidentiale--400846|title=Calendarul electoral după primul tur al alegerilor prezidenţiale|website=www.agerpres.ro|access-date=Nov 24, 2019|archive-date=November 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112183128/https://www.agerpres.ro/documentare/2019/11/11/calendarul-electoral-dupa-primul-tur-al-alegerilor-prezidentiale--400846|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;stirileprotv.ro&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://stirileprotv.ro/stiri/alegeri-prezidentiale-2019/ccr-a-validat-rezultatul-celui-de-al-doilea-tur-al-alegerilor-pentru-presedintele-romaniei.html|title=CCR a validat rezultatul alegerilor prezidențiale. Mesajul lui Iohannis pentru români|website=Stirileprotv.ro|access-date=2019-11-28|archive-date=2019-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128161919/https://stirileprotv.ro/stiri/alegeri-prezidentiale-2019/ccr-a-validat-rezultatul-celui-de-al-doilea-tur-al-alegerilor-pentru-presedintele-romaniei.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.g4media.ro/dan-barna-a-facut-publice-veniturile-sotiei-sale-desi-anterior-le-a-anonimizat-in-declaratia-de-avere-depusa-la-bec.html|title=Dan Barna a făcut publice veniturile soției sale, deși anterior le-a anonimizat în declarația de avere depusă la BEC|date=Sep 26, 2019|website=G4Media|access-date=Nov 24, 2019|archive-date=September 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913013638/https://www.g4media.ro/dan-barna-a-facut-publice-veniturile-sotiei-sale-desi-anterior-le-a-anonimizat-in-declaratia-de-avere-depusa-la-bec.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.riseproject.ro/articol/adevarul-despre-dan-barna/|title=Adevărul despre Dan Barna|access-date=Nov 24, 2019|archive-date=November 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015252/https://www.riseproject.ro/articol/adevarul-despre-dan-barna/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://newsweek.ro/investigatii/exclusiv-audio-candidata-lui-voiculescu-il-acuza-pe-varan-de-santaj-si-furt-de-bani-de-campanie|title=EXCLUSIV AUDIO Candidata lui Voiculescu îl acuză pe &quot;varan&quot; de șantaj și furt de bani de campanie &amp;#124; Newsweek Romania|website=newsweek.ro|date=17 October 2019 |access-date=Nov 24, 2019|archive-date=November 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123094919/https://newsweek.ro/investigatii/exclusiv-audio-candidata-lui-voiculescu-il-acuza-pe-varan-de-santaj-si-furt-de-bani-de-campanie|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-esential-23475411-alerta-disparut-candidat-prezidentiale-ninel-peia-plecat-azi-noapte-hotel-nu-mai-putut-contactat.htm|title=Alertă: A dispărut un candidat la prezidențiale / Ninel Peia a plecat azi noapte de la hotel și nu a mai putut fi contactat - Esential - HotNews.ro|date=Nov 7, 2019|website=www.hotnews.ro|access-date=Nov 24, 2019|archive-date=November 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115164344/https://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-esential-23475411-alerta-disparut-candidat-prezidentiale-ninel-peia-plecat-azi-noapte-hotel-nu-mai-putut-contactat.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.libertatea.ro/stiri/ninel-peia-a-fost-gasit-2794486|title=Ninel Peia a fost găsit la Mănăstirea Putna, unde a mers să se roage|date=Nov 8, 2019|website=Libertatea|access-date=Nov 24, 2019|archive-date=November 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116034315/https://www.libertatea.ro/stiri/ninel-peia-a-fost-gasit-2794486|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mediafax.ro/politic/catarama-voi-cere-la-cnsas-documentele-originale-despre-care-vorbesc-e-un-atac-pe-stiri-false-18553912|title=Cataramă: Voi cere la CNSAS documentele originale despre care vorbesc. E un atac pe ştiri false|website=Mediafax.ro|access-date=Nov 24, 2019|archive-date=November 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108161414/https://www.mediafax.ro/politic/catarama-voi-cere-la-cnsas-documentele-originale-despre-care-vorbesc-e-un-atac-pe-stiri-false-18553912|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.digifm.ro/stiri/cumpanasu-nu-a-absolvit-facultatea-dar-are-titlu-de-doctor-honoris-causa-52063|title=Cumpănașu nu a absolvit facultatea, dar are titlu de Doctor Honoris Causa|website=www.digifm.ro|access-date=Nov 24, 2019|archive-date=December 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211200905/https://www.digifm.ro/stiri/cumpanasu-nu-a-absolvit-facultatea-dar-are-titlu-de-doctor-honoris-causa-52063|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://magnanews.ro/2019/10/cumpanasu-era-sa-fie-dat-afara-din-studio-la-radio-romania-actualitati/|title=Cumpănaşu era să fie dat afară din studio, la Radio România Actualităţi|first=Anca|last=Apostol|date=October 16, 2019|access-date=Nov 24, 2019|archive-date=November 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107200515/https://magnanews.ro/2019/10/cumpanasu-era-sa-fie-dat-afara-din-studio-la-radio-romania-actualitati/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.digi24.ro/stiri/actualitate/politica/alegeri-prezidentiale-2019/alexandru-cumpanasu-cu-arma-in-studioul-tvr-ce-transmite-acest-gest-in-campania-electorala-1211073|title=Alexandru Cumpănașu, cu arma în studioul TVR. Ce transmite acest gest în campania electorală?|website=www.digi24.ro|access-date=Nov 24, 2019|archive-date=November 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107200522/https://www.digi24.ro/stiri/actualitate/politica/alegeri-prezidentiale-2019/alexandru-cumpanasu-cu-arma-in-studioul-tvr-ce-transmite-acest-gest-in-campania-electorala-1211073|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://finantarepartide.ro/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/5.-SITE-Declarare-contributii-prezidentiale-14.11.-2019.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2019-11-14 |archive-date=2019-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114195824/https://finantarepartide.ro/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/5.-SITE-Declarare-contributii-prezidentiale-14.11.-2019.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.rfi.ro/politica-115553-sebastian-popescu-schimbare-clasa-politica|title=(VIDEO) Candidatul la Președinție Sebastian Popescu: Vreau schimbarea clasei politice, dar nu cu cătușe, ci prin vot|date=Oct 31, 2019|website=RFI România: Actualitate, informaţii, ştiri în direct|access-date=Nov 24, 2019|archive-date=November 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116193201/https://www.rfi.ro/politica-115553-sebastian-popescu-schimbare-clasa-politica|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://finantarepartide.ro/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/7.SITE-SITUATIA-CONTRIBUTIILOR-ALEGERI-PREZ-2019-PTR-PUBLICARE-WEBSITE-27.11.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2019-12-02 |archive-date=2020-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913013039/https://finantarepartide.ro/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/7.SITE-SITUATIA-CONTRIBUTIILOR-ALEGERI-PREZ-2019-PTR-PUBLICARE-WEBSITE-27.11.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>l0zpwmw2pkh4xvr1n81b1l3x65r1rq6</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Vanguard Animation</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>10880818</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T07:30:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Simba1997!28</username>
        <id>1784326</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Navbox  | name = Vanguard Animation  | title = [[Vanguard Animation]]  |listclass = hlist   | group1 = Feature films  | list1 =  * ''[[Valiant (film)|Valiant]]'' (2005) * ''[[Happily N'Ever After]]'' (2007) * ''[[Space Chimps]]'' (2008) * ''[[Space Chimps 2: Zartog Strikes Back]]'' (2010) * ''[[Get Squirrely]]'' (2016) * ''[[Gnome Alone]]'' (2017) * ''[[Charming (film)|Charming]]'' (2018) * ''[[Trouble (2019 film)|Trouble]]'' (2019) * ''[[Fearless (2020 film)|Fearless]...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="612" sha1="awm7x2yntzcbo1ifelz89eqq6azmak9" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
 | name = Vanguard Animation
 | title = [[Vanguard Animation]] 
|listclass = hlist

 | group1 = Feature films
 | list1 = 
* ''[[Valiant (film)|Valiant]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Happily N'Ever After]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Space Chimps]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Space Chimps 2: Zartog Strikes Back]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Get Squirrely]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Gnome Alone]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Charming (film)|Charming]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Trouble (2019 film)|Trouble]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Fearless (2020 film)|Fearless]]'' (2020)
* ''[[Rally Road Racers]]'' (2023)

 | group2 = People
 | list2 = 
* [[John H. Williams (film producer)|John H. Williams]]

}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:War pigeons</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1270580</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880819</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T07:33:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Simba1997!28</username>
        <id>1784326</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Navbox |name  = War pigeons |title = [[War pigeon|War pigeons]] |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |listclass = hlist |image =   |above =   |group1 = [[Croix de Guerre]] recipients of World War I |list1 = * [[Cher Ami]]   |group2 = [[Dickin Medal]] recipients of World War II |list2= * [[All Alone (pigeon)|All Alone]] * [[Beach Comber]] * [[Billy (pigeon)|Billy]] * [[Broad Arrow (pigeon)|Broad Arrow]] * [[Cologne (pigeon)|Cologne]] * [[Commando (pigeon)|Commando]] * DD...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1624" sha1="oby9oun16dekt1rpc7i6oasxb57x858" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = War pigeons
|title = [[War pigeon|War pigeons]]
|state = {{{state|autocollapse}}}
|listclass = hlist
|image = 

|above = 

|group1 = [[Croix de Guerre]] recipients of World War I
|list1 =
* [[Cher Ami]] 

|group2 = [[Dickin Medal]] recipients of World War II
|list2=
* [[All Alone (pigeon)|All Alone]]
* [[Beach Comber]]
* [[Billy (pigeon)|Billy]]
* [[Broad Arrow (pigeon)|Broad Arrow]]
* [[Cologne (pigeon)|Cologne]]
* [[Commando (pigeon)|Commando]]
* [[DD.43.Q.879]]
* [[DD.43.T.139]]
* [[Duke of Normandy (pigeon)|Duke of Normandy]]
* [[Dutch Coast]]
* [[Flying Dutchman (pigeon)|Flying Dutchman]]
* [[G.I. Joe (pigeon)|G.I. Joe]]
* [[Gustav (pigeon)|Gustav]]
* [[Kenley Lass]]
* [[Maquis (pigeon)|Maquis]]
* [[Mary of Exeter]]
* [[Mercury (pigeon)|Mercury]]
* [[Navy Blue (pigeon)|Navy Blue]]
* [[NPS.42.NS.2780]]
* [[NPS.42.NS.7524]]
* [[NURP.38.BPC.6]]
* [[NURP.43.CC.1418]]
* [[Paddy (pigeon)|Paddy]]
* [[Princess (pigeon)|Princess]]
* [[Royal Blue (pigeon)|Royal Blue]]
* [[Ruhr Express (pigeon)|Ruhr Express]]
* [[Scotch Lass]]
* [[Tommy (pigeon)|Tommy]]
* [[Tyke (pigeon)|Tyke]]
* [[White Vision]]
* [[William of Orange (pigeon)|William of Orange]]
* [[Winkie (pigeon)|Winkie]] 

|group3 = Others
|list3 =
* [[John Silver (pigeon)|John Silver]]
* [[Leaping Lena]] (Cold War)

|group4 = In fiction
|list4 =
* ''[[The Pigeon That Took Rome]]''
* ''[[Valiant (film)|Valiant]]''
* [[Dastardly and Muttley in Their Flying Machines|Yankee Doodle Pigeon]]

|group5 = Institutions
|list5 =
* [[National Pigeon Service|National Pigeon Service (UK)]]
* [[United States Army Pigeon Service]] 

|below  = 
}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Itala 35</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1270582</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880822</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T07:48:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-29623-71</username>
        <id>1805491</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;The Itala 35 is a [[Concept car|concept]] [[SUV]] [[Automobile|car]] produced by the historic brand [[Itala]] starting from [[2026]]/[[2027]].  The brand was revived in 2026 thanks to an agreement with [[DR Automobiles Groupe]], the Itala 35 will be available in [[Gasoline|petrol]] or [[Hybrid vehicle|hybrid]].&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="312" sha1="4pdsltdi7w9fojg53wf00ntdcyv6sqh" xml:space="preserve">The Itala 35 is a [[Concept car|concept]] [[SUV]] [[Automobile|car]] produced by the historic brand [[Itala]] starting from [[2026]]/[[2027]].

The brand was revived in 2026 thanks to an agreement with [[DR Automobiles Groupe]], the Itala 35 will be available in [[Gasoline|petrol]] or [[Hybrid vehicle|hybrid]].</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Stilnovo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1270583</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880825</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T07:53:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-29623-71</username>
        <id>1805491</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;Stilnovo is an [[Italy|Italian]] [[Automobile|car]] manufacturer founded in [[2025]] by [[DR Automobiles Groupe]].  The company will produce two car models: the 5 and the 6, derived from Chinese [[Changan Automobile|Changan]] models, available with [[gasoline]] or [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]] [[Engine|engines]].&quot;</comment>
      <origin>10880825</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="316" sha1="1fr47gnwi03ap52qbaapbzgpyqzswt0" xml:space="preserve">Stilnovo is an [[Italy|Italian]] [[Automobile|car]] manufacturer founded in [[2025]] by [[DR Automobiles Groupe]].

The company will produce two car models: the 5 and the 6, derived from Chinese [[Changan Automobile|Changan]] models, available with [[gasoline]] or [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]] [[Engine|engines]].</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gospel of Marcion</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1270584</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880835</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T08:30:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SuperDuperReally</username>
        <id>1761458</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created the page; expansion needed, particularly regarding the Gospel of Marcion as possibly the first gospel and the different models of Marcion Priority</comment>
      <origin>10880835</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4927" sha1="tkwut6nx8tefi0fnjaxng3rayk1zxft" xml:space="preserve">The '''Gospel of Marcion''' (or the ''Gospel of the Lord'', or the ''Evangelion'') was part of a separate [[Biblical canon]] by [[Marcion of Sinope]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehrman 20052&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew|last=Ehrman|first=Bart D.|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=978-0-19-518249-1|location=[[Oxford]]|pages=95–112|chapter=At Polar Ends of the Spectrum: Early Christian Ebionites and Marcionites|doi=10.1017/s0009640700110273|lccn=2003053097|author-link=Bart D. Ehrman|orig-year=2003|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=URdACxKubDIC&amp;pg=PA95|s2cid=152458823}}&lt;/ref&gt; an early [[Gnosticism|Gnostic]] teacher who was an important figure in [[Marcionism]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/firstnewtestamen0000bedu|title=The first New Testament: Marcion's scriptural canon|last=BeDuhn|first=Jason David|date=2013|publisher=Polebridge Press|isbn=978-1-59815-131-2|publication-place=Salem, Oregon}}&lt;/ref&gt; and was was excommunicated from the Church in Rome as a [[Heresy|heretic]].{{sfn|Harnack|1921|p=17}}

Marcion believed, as many [[Gnosticism|Gnostics]] did, that [[YHWH|Yahweh]] in the [[Hebrew Bible]] was ultimately not the true God but was responsible for creating the world. He believed that the Father was the true God who had sent [[Jesus]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehrman 2005&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew|last=Ehrman|first=Bart D.|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=978-0-19-518249-1|location=[[Oxford]]|pages=95–112|chapter=At Polar Ends of the Spectrum: Early Christian Ebionites and Marcionites|doi=10.1017/s0009640700110273|lccn=2003053097|author-link=Bart D. Ehrman|orig-year=2003|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=URdACxKubDIC&amp;pg=PA95|s2cid=152458823}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Most scholars are aligned with the traditional view that Marcion himself created this gospel by cutting away at the [[Gospel of Luke]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Ber&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QLQ5EAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Rethinking+the+Dates+of+the+New+Testament+Marcion%27s+Gospel&amp;pg=PT61|title=Rethinking the Dates of the New Testament|last=Bernier|first=Jonathan|publisher=Baker Academic|year=2022|isbn=978-1-4934-3467-1|quote=According to late second- and early third-century fathers, Marcion (who was active in Rome in probably the 140s) produced a version of Luke's Gospel shorn of material that he found to be doctrinally unacceptable. For the most part, critical scholarship has been content to affirm these patristic reports.}}&lt;/ref&gt; though there have been arguments that favor the idea that the Gospel of Marcion comes before all the other gospels.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/firstnewtestamen0000bedu|title=The first New Testament: Marcion's scriptural canon|last=BeDuhn|first=Jason David|date=2013|publisher=Polebridge Press|isbn=978-1-59815-131-2|publication-place=Salem, Oregon}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Klinghardt 2021&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=The oldest gospel and the formation of the canonical gospels|last=Klinghardt|first=Matthias|date=2021|publisher=Peeters|isbn=978-90-429-4310-0|edition=2nd|series=Biblical Tools and Studies|publication-place=Leuven|language=en|oclc=1238089165}} 2 volumes.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Marcion and the dating of the synoptic gospels|last=Vinzent|first=Markus|date=2014|publisher=Peeters|isbn=978-90-429-3027-8|publication-place=Leuven|oclc=870847884}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reception ==
Many church fathers and theologians believed that Marcion was a [[Heresy|heretic]] or even an [[antichrist]], such as [[Irenaeus]] in his ''[[Against Heresies]]'', [[Tertullian]] in his ''[[Against Marcion]]'', and [[Epiphanus]] in his ''[[Panarion]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kaatz 2012 p. 44&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nFd0tlBV8e4C&amp;pg=PA44|title=Early Controversies and the Growth of Christianity|last=Kaatz|first=K.W.|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2012|isbn=978-0-313-38360-1|series=Praeger Series on the Ancient World|page=44|access-date=2023-08-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Jerome]] accused Marcion of ''mutilating'' the [[Gospel of Luke]] and the [[Pauline epistles|writings of Paul]],{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} and [[Origen]] stated that Marcion cut out the ''necessary parts of the gospels''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Poulos|first=~ Alex|date=2019-08-29|title=Text Criticism and Biblical Authority in Origen’s Homily on Ps 77|url=https://alexpoulos.com/2019/08/28/text-criticism-and-biblical-authority-in-origens-homily-on-ps-77/|access-date=2026-06-07|website=Alex Poulos, PhD|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;https://books.google.com/books?id=QLQ5EAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Rethinking+the+Dates+of+the+New+Testament+Marcion%27s+Gospel&amp;pg=PT61&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ref2&quot;&gt;https://archive.org/details/GramagliaMarcioneEIlVangeloDiLuca&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
[[Category:Literary works]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Breach of contract</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1270585</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880839</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T08:45:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SuddenArtichokes</username>
        <id>1810777</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page partly based on [[en:Breach of contract]]</comment>
      <origin>10880839</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3496" sha1="7lg7z62v1j22mwxmpvjs4csjvyeqf4z" xml:space="preserve">{{Use British English|date=June 2026}}

'''Breach of contract''' is related to [[contract law]]. It is a [[civil law|civil]] wrong (if someone breaches a contract, the other person in the contract can use the law to fix some problems that the breach caused). A breach of contract happens when someone does not do something that they agreed to do as part of a contract.&lt;ref name=&quot;LexNex1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Breach of contract definition |url=https://www.lexisnexis.co.uk/legal/glossary/breach-of-contract |publisher=LexisNexis Employment expert |access-date=7 June 2026 |language=en |quote=When a party to a formal agreement (contract) breaks a condition (term) of that contract.}}&lt;/ref&gt; A breach of contract also happens if someone does not do {{em|everything}} that they said they would do for a contract, or if they only do some of it.&lt;ref name=&quot;LawTeacherBreach&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=An Introduction to the Breach of Contract |url=https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/contract-law/an-introduction-to-the-breach-of-contract-contract-law-essay.php |publisher=LawTeacher |access-date=7 June 2026 |language=en |date=2 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A person who is legally bound by a contract (someone who has to follow the rules of a legal contract) is called a 'party' to the contract. The 'terms' of the contract are the things that the parties agreed to do. 

== Remedies ==
There are three legal remedies that are used to help one party if another party breached their contract. These three remedies are [[damages]], [[specific performance]] and [[injunction]].&lt;ref name=&quot;LawTeacherBreach&quot; /&gt;

=== Damages ===
Damages are normally in the form of money. The person who breached the contract pays damages to another party that they harmed.&lt;ref name=&quot;LexNexDamages&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Damages definition |url=https://www.lexisnexis.co.uk/legal/glossary/damages |publisher=LexisNexis Dispute Resolution expert |access-date=7 June 2026 |language=en |quote=The monetary compensation awarded by law to a person for the legal wrong done to him}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Specific performance ===
Specific performance is when the court forces a party to do what they agreed to do in the contract. Judges use this remedy when damages would not be enough to help the person who was harmed.&lt;ref name=&quot;LawProfSpecPerf&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Chen |first1=Will |title=Specific Performance |url=https://lawprof.co/definition/specific-performance/ |publisher=LawProf |access-date=7 June 2026 |language=en |quote=Specific performance is an equitable remedy that compels a party to fulfil their contractual obligation as originally agreed, rather than simply paying monetary damages for breach.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Injunction ===
An injunction is an order to stop doing something ([[prohibitory injunction]]). An injunction can also stop people from doing things in the future. An injunction is only used if damages would not be enough to help the person who was harmed.&lt;ref name=&quot;LawProfInjunction&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Chen |first1=Will |title=Injunction (Tort) |url=https://lawprof.co/definition/injunction-tort/ |publisher=LawProf |access-date=7 June 2026 |language=en |quote=An injunction in tort law is an equitable remedy granted by the court that orders a defendant either to cease committing a wrongful act (prohibitory injunction) or to take specific action to remedy a tortious situation (mandatory injunction).}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Related pages ==
* [[Contract]]
* [[Damages]]
* [[Injunction]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Law]]</text>
      <sha1>7lg7z62v1j22mwxmpvjs4csjvyeqf4z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>10880840</id>
      <parentid>10880839</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T08:47:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SuddenArtichokes</username>
        <id>1810777</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Changed category from Law to Legal terms</comment>
      <origin>10880840</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3504" sha1="itlpn6piwibih73eyja5q3bu5cbtw8q" xml:space="preserve">{{Use British English|date=June 2026}}

'''Breach of contract''' is related to [[contract law]]. It is a [[civil law|civil]] wrong (if someone breaches a contract, the other person in the contract can use the law to fix some problems that the breach caused). A breach of contract happens when someone does not do something that they agreed to do as part of a contract.&lt;ref name=&quot;LexNex1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Breach of contract definition |url=https://www.lexisnexis.co.uk/legal/glossary/breach-of-contract |publisher=LexisNexis Employment expert |access-date=7 June 2026 |language=en |quote=When a party to a formal agreement (contract) breaks a condition (term) of that contract.}}&lt;/ref&gt; A breach of contract also happens if someone does not do {{em|everything}} that they said they would do for a contract, or if they only do some of it.&lt;ref name=&quot;LawTeacherBreach&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=An Introduction to the Breach of Contract |url=https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/contract-law/an-introduction-to-the-breach-of-contract-contract-law-essay.php |publisher=LawTeacher |access-date=7 June 2026 |language=en |date=2 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A person who is legally bound by a contract (someone who has to follow the rules of a legal contract) is called a 'party' to the contract. The 'terms' of the contract are the things that the parties agreed to do. 

== Remedies ==
There are three legal remedies that are used to help one party if another party breached their contract. These three remedies are [[damages]], [[specific performance]] and [[injunction]].&lt;ref name=&quot;LawTeacherBreach&quot; /&gt;

=== Damages ===
Damages are normally in the form of money. The person who breached the contract pays damages to another party that they harmed.&lt;ref name=&quot;LexNexDamages&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Damages definition |url=https://www.lexisnexis.co.uk/legal/glossary/damages |publisher=LexisNexis Dispute Resolution expert |access-date=7 June 2026 |language=en |quote=The monetary compensation awarded by law to a person for the legal wrong done to him}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Specific performance ===
Specific performance is when the court forces a party to do what they agreed to do in the contract. Judges use this remedy when damages would not be enough to help the person who was harmed.&lt;ref name=&quot;LawProfSpecPerf&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Chen |first1=Will |title=Specific Performance |url=https://lawprof.co/definition/specific-performance/ |publisher=LawProf |access-date=7 June 2026 |language=en |quote=Specific performance is an equitable remedy that compels a party to fulfil their contractual obligation as originally agreed, rather than simply paying monetary damages for breach.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Injunction ===
An injunction is an order to stop doing something ([[prohibitory injunction]]). An injunction can also stop people from doing things in the future. An injunction is only used if damages would not be enough to help the person who was harmed.&lt;ref name=&quot;LawProfInjunction&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Chen |first1=Will |title=Injunction (Tort) |url=https://lawprof.co/definition/injunction-tort/ |publisher=LawProf |access-date=7 June 2026 |language=en |quote=An injunction in tort law is an equitable remedy granted by the court that orders a defendant either to cease committing a wrongful act (prohibitory injunction) or to take specific action to remedy a tortious situation (mandatory injunction).}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Related pages ==
* [[Contract]]
* [[Damages]]
* [[Injunction]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Legal terms]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Audi Allroad Quattro</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1270586</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10880861</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T10:04:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-29623-71</username>
        <id>1805491</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;Audi Allroad Quattro is the '[[Crossover SUV|crossover]]' version of the [[Audi A6|Audi A4 II]], it was produced by [[Audi]] from [[1999]] to [[2006]]. [[File:Audi Allroad Quattro.JPG|thumb|Front ]]  == Highlights of the term 'Allroad' == The Allroad Quattro was the first Audi to have the term &quot;Allroad&quot;, it differs in the side skirts, higher ground clearance, additional bumpers, and it cost more. It was available with powerful [[Engine|engines]]: 2.5 with 163 HP or 180 H...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>10880861</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="868" sha1="9z6cl8umsx848cci95zx9jypv18bzui" xml:space="preserve">Audi Allroad Quattro is the '[[Crossover SUV|crossover]]' version of the [[Audi A6|Audi A4 II]], it was produced by [[Audi]] from [[1999]] to [[2006]].
[[File:Audi Allroad Quattro.JPG|thumb|Front ]]

== Highlights of the term 'Allroad' ==
The Allroad Quattro was the first Audi to have the term &quot;Allroad&quot;, it differs in the side skirts, higher ground clearance, additional bumpers, and it cost more. It was available with powerful [[Engine|engines]]: 2.5 with 163 HP or 180 HP, a 2.7 with 250 HP, and a 4.2 V8 with 300 HP. It was available with [[Gasoline|petrol]] or [[Diesel engine|diesel]] engines.&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Audi allroad quattro 2.5 TDI (C5, Facelift) – Heckansicht, 3. Juli 2011, Essen.jpg|Rear
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Reuse of the name ==
The name was also used to identify the Audi A6 Allroad.

== External links ==
{{Commons category-inline|Audi Allroad Quattro}}</text>
      <sha1>9z6cl8umsx848cci95zx9jypv18bzui</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>10880862</id>
      <parentid>10880861</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T10:05:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-29623-71</username>
        <id>1805491</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Da A4 a A6</comment>
      <origin>10880862</origin>
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      <text bytes="868" sha1="rgg440iy26pd8736hg3oeonpd8mhwxg" xml:space="preserve">Audi Allroad Quattro is the '[[Crossover SUV|crossover]]' version of the [[Audi A6|Audi A6 II]], it was produced by [[Audi]] from [[1999]] to [[2006]].
[[File:Audi Allroad Quattro.JPG|thumb|Front ]]

== Highlights of the term 'Allroad' ==
The Allroad Quattro was the first Audi to have the term &quot;Allroad&quot;, it differs in the side skirts, higher ground clearance, additional bumpers, and it cost more. It was available with powerful [[Engine|engines]]: 2.5 with 163 HP or 180 HP, a 2.7 with 250 HP, and a 4.2 V8 with 300 HP. It was available with [[Gasoline|petrol]] or [[Diesel engine|diesel]] engines.&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Audi allroad quattro 2.5 TDI (C5, Facelift) – Heckansicht, 3. Juli 2011, Essen.jpg|Rear
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Reuse of the name ==
The name was also used to identify the Audi A6 Allroad.

== External links ==
{{Commons category-inline|Audi Allroad Quattro}}</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>10880865</id>
      <parentid>10880862</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T10:09:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-32488-75</username>
        <id>1813658</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* External links */</comment>
      <origin>10880865</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1271" sha1="rhg691bextwfva4ygkj1hhvr8u301vz" xml:space="preserve">Audi Allroad Quattro is the '[[Crossover SUV|crossover]]' version of the [[Audi A6|Audi A6 II]], it was produced by [[Audi]] from [[1999]] to [[2006]].
[[File:Audi Allroad Quattro.JPG|thumb|Front ]]

== Highlights of the term 'Allroad' ==
The Allroad Quattro was the first Audi to have the term &quot;Allroad&quot;, it differs in the side skirts, higher ground clearance, additional bumpers, and it cost more. It was available with powerful [[Engine|engines]]: 2.5 with 163 HP or 180 HP, a 2.7 with 250 HP, and a 4.2 V8 with 300 HP. It was available with [[Gasoline|petrol]] or [[Diesel engine|diesel]] engines.&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Audi allroad quattro 2.5 TDI (C5, Facelift) – Heckansicht, 3. Juli 2011, Essen.jpg|Rear
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Reuse of the name ==
The name was also used to identify the Audi A6 Allroad.

== External links ==
{{Commons category-inline|Audi Allroad Quattro}}

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Audi, vent’anni di Allroad quattro, il &quot;SUV non SUV&quot;|language=it|work=Motor1.com|url=https://it.motor1.com/news/308669/audi-allroad-storia-20-anni/|access-date=2026-06-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Motor1 Italia|title=Audi allroad quattro (C5, 2.7 T), Perché Comprarla... Classic|date=2023-03-30|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L6Lbdy_wtsA|access-date=2026-06-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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    <title>User:Afdjptwzya129</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>10880871</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T11:36:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Afdjptwzya129</username>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;Hallo&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="5" sha1="ahu6boht5wvhcfo3z6ob77ccec8eqof" xml:space="preserve">Hallo</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User talk:~2026-33714-99</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>10880873</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T11:38:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>966595</id>
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      <comment>General note: Creating inappropriate pages. ([[WP:TW|TW]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="494" sha1="39gvpu1ru6gpg5kaz13vv3eiw9qnqgk" xml:space="preserve">== June 2026 ==
[[File:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to Wikipedia. A page you made may not meet our [[Wikipedia:Rules|rules]] for new pages, so it will shortly be [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|removed]]. Please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]] for any tests. You may also want to read our [[Wikipedia:Introduction|introduction page]] to learn more about changing. Thank you.&lt;!-- Template:uw-create1 --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 11:38, 7 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
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